Gramatika - Engleski_jezik(Za Sve Tri Godine)

Ivana Đokić

Marija Boranijašević

Learn and Practice Your

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

2011 1

LEARN AND PRACTICE YOUR ENGLISH GRAMMAR Ivana Đokić Marija Boranijašević Recenzent: dr Dragana Spasić Izdavač: Visoka poslovna škola strukovnih studija Blace Za izdavača: dr Ružica Stanković, direktor Tehnička priprema: Bojan Vasović Tiraž 500 Štampa "SIGRAF PLUS", Kruševac

Odlukom Saveta Visoke poslovne škole strukovnih studija Blace knjiga LEARN AND PRACTICE YOUR ENGLISH GRAMMAR smatra se udžbenikom Visoke poslovne škole strukovnih studija i odobrava se za upotrebu.

Sva prava zadržana. Ni jedan deo ove knjige ne može biti reprodukovan, presnimavan ili prenošen bilo kojim sredstvom, elektronskim, mehaničkim, za kopiranje, za snimanje, ili na bilo koji drugi način bez prethodne saglasnosti Izdavača.

ISBN 978-86-7544-084-0

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PREDGOVOR Ova gramatika engleskog jezika sa vežbanjima nastala je kao rezultat potrebe za pomoćnim gramatičkim udžbenikom u nastavi engleskog jezika na Visokoj poslovnoj školi strukovnih studija u Blacu. Prvenstveno je namenjena studentima, ali i svima onima koji žele da prošire i utvrde svoja znanja iz oblasti gramatike engleskog jezika. Udžbenik obiluje gramatičkim vežbanjima čija su rešenja data na kraju knjige, pa samim tim nudi mogućnosti provere stečenog znanja. Udžbenik je rezultat višegodišnjeg iskustva autora u izvođenju nastave engleskog jezika. Cilj ove gramatike sa vežbanjima koja je napisana dvojezično, na engleskom i srpskom jeziku, je da omogući studentima da što lakše usvoje englesku terminologiju sa jedne strane i obezbedi im lakše razumevanje pravila gramatike engleskog jezika sa druge strane. Poglavlja: I Članovi, II Imenice, IV Pridevi za količinu, VII Predlozi, X Buduća vremena, XI Zapovedni način, XII Modalni glagoli, XVI Slaganje vremena, XVII Indirektni govor, XVIII Uslovne rečenice i XIX „Zar ne?“ pitanja pripremila je Marija Boranijašević, dok je Ivana Đokić sastavila poglavlja: III Zamenice, IV Pridevi, V Prilozi i priloški izrazi, VI Brojevi, VIII Sadašnja vremena, IX Prošla vremena, XIII Infinitiv, XIV Gerund, XV Pasiv, XX Odnosne rečenice, kao i Obnavljanje vremena i listu nepravilnih glagola. Autori

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CONTENTS SADRŽAJ

I ARTICLES ...............................................................................13 ČLANOVI

THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE (A/AN) ..........................................13 NEODREĐENI ČLAN (A/AN)

THE DEFINITE ARTICLE (THE) ................................................16 ODREĐENI ČLAN (THE)

OMISSION OF ARTICLES............................................................21 IZOSTAVLJANJE ČLANA

EXERCISES .....................................................................................24 VEŽBANJA

II NOUNS ....................................................................................27 IMENICE

KINDS OF NOUNS..........................................................................27 VRSTE IMENICA

THE USAGE OF CAPITAL LETTERS ........................................28 UPOTREBA VELIKOG SLOVA

GENDER OF NOUNS......................................................................30 ROD IMENICA

NUMBER OF NOUNS.....................................................................33 BROJ IMENICA

PLURAL OF NOUNS ......................................................................33 MNOŽINA IMENICA

REGULAR PLURAL.......................................................................34 PRAVILNA MNOŽINA

IRREGULAR PLURAL ..................................................................38 NEPRAVILNA MNOŽINA

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PLURAL OF COMPOUND NOUNS .............................................44 MNOŽINA SLOŽENIH IMENICA


III PRONOUNS ..........................................................................47 ZAMENICE PERSONAL PRONOUNS ...............................................................48 LIČNE ZAMENICE

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES.........................49 PRISVOJNE ZAMENICE I PRIDEVI

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES .............51 POKAZNE ZAMENICE I PRIDEVI

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES ..............52 UPITNE ZAMENICE I PRIDEVI

RELATIVE PRONOUNS................................................................53 ODNOSNE/RELATIVNE ZAMENICE

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES .........................55 NEODREĐENE ZAMENICE I PRIDEVI

COMPOUND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS ....................................57 SLOŽENE NEODREĐENE ZAMENICE

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS .............................................................58 POVRATNE ZAMENICE

RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS..........................................................60 UZAJAMNO - POVRATNE ZAMENICE


IV ADJECTIVES .......................................................................67 PRIDEVI ADJECTIVE ORDER......................................................................69 REDOSLED PRIDEVA

- ED OR – ING ADJECTIVES .......................................................70 - ED ILI – ING PRIDEVI

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COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES................................................71 POREĐENJE PRIDEVA

IRREGULAR COMPARISON .......................................................74 NEPRAVILNO POREĐENJE

COMPARISON WITH LESS AND THE LEAST ........................75 POREĐENJE SA LESS I THE LEAST


QUANTIFIERS ................................................................................81 PRIDEVI ZA KOLIČINU


V ADVERBIALS ........................................................................93 PRILOZI I PRILOŠKI IZRAZI

ADVERBIALS OF MANNER ........................................................94 PRILOŠKE ODREDBE ZA NAČIN

ADVERBIALS OF PLACE.............................................................95 PRILOŠKE ODREDBE ZA MESTO

ADVERBIALS OF TIME................................................................96 PRILOŠKE ODREDBE ZA VREME

ADVERBIALS OF DEGREE..........................................................96 PRILOŠKE ODREDBE ZA STEPEN

COMPARISON OF ADVERBS......................................................97 POREĐENJE PRILOGA


VI CARDINAL AND ORDINAL NUMBERS ........................103 OSNOVNI I REDNI BROJEVI EXERCISES .....................................................................................106 VEŽBANJA

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VII PREPOSITIONS .................................................................109 PREDLOZI

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE .........................................................109 PREDLOZI ZA MESTO

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME ............................................................116 PREDLOZI ZA VREME

SOME OTHER USEFUL PREPOSITIONS .................................122 NEKI DRUGI KORISNI PREDLOZI


VIII PRESENT TENSES...........................................................129 SADAŠNJA VREMENA

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE..................................................129 PREZENT

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE ......................................133 TRAJNI PREZENT


THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE...............................................139 SADAŠNJI PERFEKAT

THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE...................144 SADAŠNJI TRAJNI PERFEKAT


IX PAST TENSES ......................................................................149 PROŠLA VREMENA THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE ..........................................................149 PROŠLO VREME

THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE ..............................................153 PROŠLO TRAJNO VREME

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THE PAST PERFECT TENSE.......................................................157 PLUSKVAMPERFEKAT

THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE...........................159 TRAJNI PLUSKVAMPERFEKAT


IX FUTURE TENSES ................................................................163 BUDUĆA VREMENA THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE....................................................163 BUDUĆE PROSTO VREME

THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE ........................................166 BUDUĆE TRAJNO VREME

THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.................................................167 BUDUĆI PERFEKAT

THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE.....................168 BUDUĆI TRAJNI PERFEKAT

GOING TO........................................................................................170 GOING TO KONSTRUKCIJA

BE TO + INFINITIVE .....................................................................172 BE TO + INFINITIVE KONSTRUKCIJA

THE PRESENT TENSES EXPRESSING FUTURE ....................173 UPOTREBA SADAŠNJIH VREMENA ZA IZRAŽAVANJE BUDUĆNOSTI


TENSE REVIEW .............................................................................180 OBNAVLJANJE VREMENA

XI THE IMPERATIVE MOOD ...............................................185 ZAPOVEDNI NAČIN


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XII MODAL VERBS..................................................................189 MODALNI GLAGOLI


XIII THE INFINITIVE .............................................................207 INFINITIV

INFINITIVE FORMS ......................................................................207 OBLICI INFINITIVA

INFINITIVE FUNCTIONS .............................................................209 FUNKCIJE INFINITIVA

USE OF THE BARE INFINITIVE.................................................212 UPOTREBA KRNJEG INFINITIVA

XIV THE GERUND ...................................................................215 GERUND

GERUND VS INFINITIVE .............................................................219 GERUND ILI INFINITIV


XV THE PASSIVE VOICE .......................................................227 PASIV

USE OF THE PASSIVE VOICE ....................................................230 UPOTREBA PASIVA


XVI THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES ........................................239 SLAGANJE VREMENA


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XVII REPORTED SPEECH .....................................................245 INDIREKTNI GOVOR

INDIRECT STATEMENTS............................................................245 INDIREKTNE IZJAVNE REČENICE

INDIRECT QUESTIONS................................................................251 INDIREKTNA PITANJA

INDIRECT COMMANDS...............................................................254 INDIREKTNI IMPERATIV


XVIII CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.....................................261 USLOVNE REČENICE

THE FIRST CONDITIONAL (TYPE 1)........................................261 PRVI KONDICIONAL (TIP 1)

THE SECOND CONDITIONAL (TYPE 2)...................................263 DRUGI KONDICIONAL (TIP 2)

THE THIRD CONDITIONAL (TYPE 3) ......................................264 TREĆI KONDICIONAL (TIP 3)

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (MIXED TYPE) .........................266 USLOVNE REČENICE (MEŠOVITI TIP)

EXERCICES.....................................................................................268 VEŽBANJA

IX QUESTION TAGS................................................................273 „ZAR NE?“ PITANJA


XX RELATIVE CLAUSES .......................................................281 ODNOSNE REČENICE

DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES ......284 ODREĐENE I NEODREĐENE ODNOSNE REČENICE

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DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES ...............................................285 ODREĐENE ODNOSNE REČENICE

NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES.....................................285 NEODREĐENE ODNOSNE REČENICE


IRREGULAR VERBS .....................................................................289 NEPRAVILNI GLAGOLI

KEY TO EXERCISES .................................................................295 REŠENJA VEŽBANJA

BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................................................313 LITERATURA

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I ARTICLES ČLANOVI

There are two kinds of articles in English: the indefinite article (a/an) and definite article (the). Nouns in English can occur with an indefinite article, definite article or with no article. Postoje dve vrste članova u engleskom jeziku: neodređeni član (a/an) i određeni član (the). Imenice u engleskom jeziku mogu stajati sa neodređenim članom, određenim članom ili bez člana.

THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE (A/AN) NEODREĐENI ČLAN (A/AN) The indefinite article is used before singular countable nouns. A is used before nouns that begin with a consonant. An is used before nouns beginning with a vowel. Neodređeni član stoji ispred brojivih imenica u jednini. A stoji ispred imenica koje počinju suglasnikom. An stoji ispred imenica koje počinju samoglasnikom.

For example (na primer): a table, a picture, a radio but (ali): an apple, an umbrella, an egg Pay attention (obratiti pažnju)! The usage of the indefinite article (a/an) depends on the pronunciation of the noun. We take into account the sound of the first letter of a noun, not the writing! Upotreba neodređenog člana (a/an) zavisi od izgovora imenice. Uzimamo u obzir glas prvog slova u imenici, a ne samo slovo! 13

a university

a one-year-old boy

but (ali): an hour

an MP

The indefinite article is used with a countable noun in singular when this noun is mentioned for the first time and we give no extra information: Neodređeni član stoji sa brojivom imenicom u jednini kada se ova imenica pominje prvi put i ne dajemo nikakvu dodatnu informaciju:

There is a book on the shelf. I see a boy in the street. However, if we want to add some extra information, the indefinite article is transformed into the definite article. Ipak, ukoliko želimo da ponudimo neku dodatnu informaciju, neodređeni član prelazi u određeni član.

There is a book on the shelf. The book is very old. I see a boy in the street. The boy is playing with a ball. The indefinite article is also used in the following situations: Neodređeni član se takođe koristi u sledećim situacijama:

1. With the meaning one: U značenju jedan:

I have two sisters and a brother. It won’t be a minute. I can’t say a word.

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2. After the expressions like: there is, there was, there will be etc: Nakon izraza kao što su: there is, there was, there will be itd:

There is an apple in the bowl. Ther is a glass of juice on the table. There is a flower in the vase. 3. Before nouns expressing professions: Ispred imenica koje označavaju profesiju:

My neighbour is a writer. My brother’s wife is an engineer. John is a doctor. 4. Before nouns expressing species: Ispred imenica koje označavaju vrstu:

A tiger is an animal. A rose is a flower. A noun is a word. The indefinite article never occurs with: Neodređeni član nikada ne stoji uz:

a) nouns in plural (imenice u množini) dogs, windows, sheep, phenomena, media etc. b) uncountable nouns (nebrojive imenice) milk, flour, water, love, space, furniture, information etc.

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THE DEFINITE ARTICLE (THE) ODREĐENI ČLAN (THE) The definite article the is pronounced as / ð / before nouns beginning with a consonant and as / ði: / before those beginning with a vowel: Određeni član the se izgovara kao / ð / ispred imenica koje počinju suglasnikom, a kao / ði: / ispred onih koje počinju samoglasnikom:

the box, the train, the park but (ali): the incident, the example, the airport The definite article can be used with both countable nouns (in singular and plural) and uncountable nouns: Određeni član može stajati i uz brojive imenice (u jednini i množini) i uz nebrojive imenice:

Is this the sweater you were looking for? Are these the colour pencils your aunt has bought you? The beauty of his paintings is well-known. Pass me the salt, please. We use the definite article when we mention the person or thing for the second time, offer some extra information or when it is clear from the context who or what we are talking about: Koristimo određeni član kada pominjemo osobu ili stvar po drugi put, dajemo neku dodatnu informaciju ili kada je iz konteksta jasno o kojoj osobi ili stvari je reč:

There is an apple in the bowl. The apple is red. Is this the jacket you told me about yestarday? Could you pass me the book from the shelf, please?

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The definite article is also used: Određeni član se takođe koristi:

1. Before nouns that are the only one of their kind: Ispred imenica koje su jedine iz vrste:

the earth, the sun, the moon, the universe, the sky, the equator, the world etc. 2. With the sides of the world: Sa stranama sveta:

the North, the South, the East, the West but (ali:) I’m travelling north. The army is heading south. 3. Before the names of musical instruments: Ispred naziva muzičkih instrumenata:

the piano, the violin, the guitar etc. 4. With singular countable nouns to express the whole class of people, animals, things: Sa brojivim imenicama u jednini da označe celu klasu ljudi, životinja, stvari:

The telephone is a very useful invention. The carrot is very healthy. The dog is a smart animal.

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5. It is used when we want to emphasise that this person or thing is “the most important“, “the right“. In this case the is pronounced as / ði: / regardless whether the noun starts with a consonant or a vowel: Koristi se kada želimo da naglasimo da je ta osoba ili stvar “najvažnija“, “prava“. U ovom slučaju the se izgovara kao / ði: / bez obzira da li imenica počinje suglasnikom ili samoglasnikom:

Do you mean the Mr Iglesias? Can you lend me the suitcase from Spain? 6. It is used before superlatives or ordinal numbers: Koristi se ispred superlativa i rednih brojeva:

Jack is the smartest boy in the class. The computer was invented in the twentieth century. 7. With uncountable nouns if we are talking about some specific limited amount: Uz nebrojive imenice ukoliko govorimo o nekoj određenoj i ograničenoj količini:

Will you pass me the bread, please? (the bread on the table) The meat we ate yesterday was delicious. However, if we use uncounrable nouns generally, in their basic meaning, they are used without an article: Mada, ukoliko koristimo nebrojive imenice uopšteno, u osnovnom značenju, one stoje bez člana:

People can not live without air. Milk is very important for small children.

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8. Before family names in plural to refer to a family as a whole: Ispred prezimena, u obliku množine, da bismo govorili o celoj porodici:

The Stevensons live next door. The Browns are our good friends. 9. With nouns expressing nationalities to indicate the whole nation: Uz imenice koje označavaju nacionalnosti kako bi se označila cela nacija:

The Italians speak quickly. The British are considered cold. 10. With adjectives when they are used as nouns to express a whole class of people: Uz prideve kada se koriste kao imenice za izražavanje cele klase ljudi:

I enjoy helping the disabled. The charity ball collected a large sum of money to help the poor. 11. Geographical names are usually used without an article except with: Geografski nazivi obično stoje bez člana osim sa:

a) mountain ranges (lancima planina): the Alps, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains but (ali): Mount Everest (a single mountain (samostalna planina)) b) groups of islands (grupama ostrva): the Bahamas, the Canaries, the British Isles but (ali): Ontario (a single island (samostalno ostrvo))

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c) names of rivers, seas, oceans, canals, straits (imenima reka, mora, okeana, kanala, moreuza):

the Danube, the Mediterranean, the Pacific Ocean, the Bosphorus, the Suez d) names of countries which contain plural, represent unions of countries or are republics (imenima država koje u nazivu imaju množinu, predstavljaju saveze država ili su republike):

the United Kingdom, the United States, the Netherlands, the Balkans, the Chech Republic, the Republic of Andorra e) names of the following countries, areas, towns, because it is assumed that after them there are nouns: “country“, “province“, “republic“, “desert“ etc. (imenima sledećih država, područja, mesta, jer se iza njih podrazumevaju imenice: “država“, “provincija“, “republika“, “pustinja“ itd.):

the Ukraine, the Congo, the Crimea, the Sudan, the Lebanon, the Hague, the Sahara 12. With the names of buildings and institutions (sa imenima građevina i institucija):

the Houses of Parliament, the British Museum, the Bastille, the Ministry of Finance 13. With the names of restaurants, hotels and theatres (sa imenima restorana, hotela i pozorišta):

the Moskva Cafẻ, the Park Hotel, the Sydney Opera 14. With names of newspapers (sa nazivima novina i magazina): the Times, the Daily News, the Guardian, the Observer, the National Geographic Magazine

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OMISSION OF ARTICLES IZOSTAVLJANJE ČLANA The article is usually not used with proper nouns (except for the previously mentioned exceptions): Član obično ne stoji uz vlastite imenice (osim u prethodno pomenutim izuzecima):

1. Uncountable nouns and plural countable nouns usually stand alone, without an article, if we use them in their general meaning: Nebrojive imenice i brojive imenice u množini obično stoje samostalno, bez člana, ukoliko ih upotrebljavamo u njihovom opštem značenju:

Children are often lively. Sugar is not good for your teeth! 2. No article is used with names of streets, parks, squares, bridges, train stations, airports: Član se ne koristi sa imenima ulica, parkova, trgova, mostova, železničkih stanica i aerodroma:

For example (na primer): Oxford Street, Trafalgar Square, Hyde Park, Central Park, London Bridge, Golden Gate, Victoria Station, Heathrow, Gatwick 3. Names of public institutions such as school, church, hospital, prison are used without an article when these places are visited or used for their primary purpose: Imena javnih institucija kao što su škola, crkva, bolnica, zatvor se koriste bez člana ukoliko se ova mesta posećuju ili koriste shodno njihovoj osnovnoj nameni:

He committed a crime, so he was sent to prison. My younger son still goes to school. 21

Our neighbour is in hospital he broke his leg yesterday. However, if we are referring to the building itself, the definite article is used, since we go there for some other purpose: Ipak, ako govorimo o samoj zgradi, koristi se određeni član, jer odlazimo tamo zbog nekog drugog cilja tj. namene:

I went to the hospital to visit my sick grandmother. He came to the school to pick up his daughter. 4. Names of meals are used without an article: Nazivi obroka se koriste bez člana:

When do you usually have dinner? I often read my newspaper while having breakfast. However, if we are talking about a specific meal, we use the definite article: Ipak, ako govorimo o nekom konkretnom obroku, koristimo određeni član:

The lunch we had at the restaurant the other day was delicious! The Christmas dinner was perfect. 5. Names of parts of the days and seasons are usually used with no article: Nazivi delova dana i godišnjih doba obično stoje bez člana:

See you at lunchtime. I usually go to bed at midnight. Winter is my favourite season. It wasn’t until morning that she fell asleep. but (ali): in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, during the night (but: at night!), the summer of 1995 (we are talking about the specific summer (govorimo o konkretnom letu)) 22

6. The article is also omitted with nouns such as: Član se takođe ne koristi uz imenice kao što su:

home, bed, sea, work, table Let’s go home, shall we? I’m so tired. I think I’ll go to bed right away. He’s on his way to work. They sat at table and ate dinner. Note (primetiti): He’s at sea. (as a sailor! (kao mornar!)) He’s at the sea. = He’s at the seaside. (as a tourist! (kao turista!)) 7. No aticle is also used with the names of sports and games: Član ne stoji ni sa nazivima sportova i igara:

chess, tennis, basketball, golf, skiing

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EXERCISES VEŽBANJA I Put a, an, or zero article to fill the blanks: Stavite a, an ili ništa da biste pounili praznine:

1. My friend is _____ scientist, while his wife is _____ actress. 2. We are having _____ meat and _____ vegetables for dinner. 3. “Do you take _____ sugar and _____ milk in _____ tea?“ “Unfortunately not. I’m on _____ diet.“ 4. He’s _____ self-employed man. He owns _____ business of his own. 5. My best friend is expecting _____ baby in _____ July. 6. _____ film usually lasts _____ hour and _____ half. 7. Let’s go out for _____ cup of coffee. 8. He broke _____ arm while playing _____ basketball. 9. I heard _____ knock on the door. When I answered it, I found _____ baby in _____ basket in front of my _____ door. 10. I’m ready to pay you _____ thousand dollars for this shelf. I really like it! II Put the or zero article to fill the blanks: Stavite the ili ništa da biste popunili praznine:

1. “Are you travelling by _____ car tomorrow?“ “No, I’m travelling by _____bus. _____ car I’d bought has already broken down! 2. “I saw _____ Mr Daniels in the street last night.“ “Do you mean _____ Mr Daniels who’s written that famous novel?“

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3. My neighbour was sent to _____ prison for _____ eight months for _____ stealing. I go to _____ prison at _____ weekends to visit him. 4. Everyone from _____ neighbourhood was at _____ church on _____ Sunday morning. 5. He lives on _____ third floor in a modern building in _____ centre of _____ city. 6. My husband reads _____ Times every morning after breakfast. 7. The International Court of Justice is situated in _____ Hague in _____ Netherlands. 8. There will always be a misunderstanding between _____ old and _____ young. 9. _____ earth goes around _____ sun. 10. My cousin plays _____ piano, while his daughter plays _____ flute. III Put a, an, the or zero article in the spaces to complete the story: Stavite a, an, the ili ništa u praznine da biste kompletirali priču: One cold winter, in _____ faraway kingdom, _____ gentle queen sat sewing in her bedroom, by _____ window made of _____ fine ebony. As she leaned out of _____ window, she pricked her finger and three drops of blood fell on to _____ snow. She thought to herself, “I wish I had _____ little daughter with skin as white as _____ snow, cheeks as red as _____ blood and hair as black as _____ ebony.“ Soon after, she gave _____ birth to _____ daughter with skin white as snow, cheeks red as blood, and hair black as ebony. Her wish had come _____ true! _____ baby was named Snow White but sadly _____ queen died soon after her birth. _____ year later, _____ king married again. _____ new queen was beautiful but cruel and vain and, of all her possessions, her _____ most treasured was

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_____ magic mirror that would speak to her. She would often gaze at her reflection and ask, “Mirror, mirror, on _____ wall, who is _____ fairest of them all?“ And _____ mirror would unfailingly reply, “You, O Queen, are _____ fairest in the land.“ One day, when she asked _____ mirror _____ usual question, it answered, “You, my Queen, may lovely be, but _____ Snow White is by far _____ most beautiful in _____ land.“ Adapted from: “Fairy Tales“ Based on the stories by the Brothers Grimm By Robert Frederick, 2004

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II NOUNS IMENICE

KINDS OF NOUNS VRSTE IMENICA Nouns in English are divided into: Proper Nouns, Common Nouns, Material Nouns, Collective Nouns and Abstract Nouns. Imenice u engleskom jeziku se dele na: vlastite imenice, zajedničke imenice, gradivne imenice, zbirne imenice i apstaktne imenice.

1. Proper Nouns are names given to separate people, animals or things. For example: Vlastite imenice su imena posebnih ljudi, životinja ili stvari. Na primer:

Samantha, Jim Brown, Laika, the Thames, The Hotel Moscow, Italy 2. Common Nouns are names given to people, animals and things that belong to the same species: Zajedničke imenice su imena ljudi, životinja i stvari koji pripadaju istoj vrsti:

man, woman, child, teacher, doctor, apple, potato, tree, house 3. Material Nouns are names of various kinds of matters: Gradivne imenice su imena raznih vrsta materija:

milk, juice, water, bread, wood, gold, silver, air, paper, silk, wool 4. Collective Nouns represent a sum of alive creatures or things: Zbirne imenice označavaju zbir živih bića ili stvari:

class, crowd, flock, family, nation, team 27

5. Abstract Nouns represent non-material things such as characteristics, actions or ideas: Apstraktne imenice predstavljaju nematerijalne stvari kao što su osobine, radnje ili pojmovi:

honour, love, elegancy, intelligence, thought, friendship, envy, fear, devotion

THE USAGE OF CAPITAL LETTERS UPOTREBA VELIKOG SLOVA The capital letter is used with: Velikim slovom pišu se:

1. Proper Nouns and adjectives derived from them: Vlastite imenice i pridevi izvedeni od njih:

Nikola Tesla, Belgrade, the Italian language 2. Names of peoples, languages and races: Imena naroda, jezika i rasa:

the French, the Chinese, the Spanish language, the Greek language, the African Americans 3. Names of holidays, months, days of the week: Nazivi praznika, meseci, dana u nedelji:

Christmas, New Year, May, October, Sunday, Wednesday

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4. Names of cities, countries, states, continents, waters, mountains, constellations, and planets: Imena gradova, zemalja, država, kontinenata, vodenih površina, planina, sazvežđa i planeta:

New York, England, Europe, the Pacific, The Alps, Orion, the Earth 5. Names of streets, parks, buildings, ships, institutions, hotels, orchestras: Nazivi ulica, parkova, zgrada, brodova, institucija, hotela, orkestara:

The Fifth Avenue, Central Park, The Empire State Building, The Queen Mary, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Park Hotel, The Belgrade Symphony Orchestra 6. Historical events: Istorijski događaji:

the First World War, the Battle of Kosovo, the Middle Ages 7. Names of political parties, religious groups, economic organisations and associations: Imena političkih partija, religijskih grupacija, privrednih organizacija i društava:

The Republicans, Catholics, the Fiat Company 8. Nouns denoting members of a family, except when preceded by a possessive adjective: Imenice koje označavaju članove porodice, osim kada im prethodi prisvojni pridev:

I told my brother that Mother called us for dinner! but (ali): It is sometimes hard to be a mother. 29

9. Titles: Titule:

Captain Cook, Lord Byron, Senator Jones, the President, the Minister for Foreign Affairs

GENDER OF NOUNS ROD IMENICA 1. Nouns in English could be of: 1) masculine gender 2) feminine gender 3) neuter gender 4) common gender Imenice u engleskom jeziku mogu biti: 1) muškog 2) ženskog 3) srednjeg 4) zajedničkog roda

1) Nouns of masculine gender are those denoting creatures of male sex: Imenice muškog roda su one koje označavaju bića muškog pola:

man, son, uncle, father, husband, Jason, Patrick, cock, bull 2) Nouns of feminine gender are those denoting creatures of female sex: Imenice ženskog roda su one koje označavaju bića ženskog pola:

woman, daughter, aunt, mother, wife, Mary, Sally, hen, cow

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3) Nouns of neuter gender are those denoting things, plants, ideas: Imenice srednjeg roda su one koje označavaju stvari, biljke, pojmove:

table, chair, wall, bread, milk, flower, dark, light 4) Nouns of common gender are those using the same form to denote creatures of both male and female sex: Imenice zajedničkog roda su one koje koriste isti oblik da označe bića i muškog i ženskog roda:

parent, child, student, friend, artist, teacher, cat, dog, neighbour, cousin, relative 2. Gender of nouns in English denoting people or animals can also be defined by using different words: Rod imenica u engleskom jeziku koje označavaju ljude ili životinje može biti određen upotrebom različitih reči:

Masculine Gender (muški rod):

Feminine Gender (ženski rod):

boy

girl

bridegroom

bride

king

queen

monk

nun

nephew

niece

wisard

witch

uncle

aunt

bull

cow

bachelor

spinster

widower

widow

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3. The difference between masculine and feminine gender with some nouns is made by a noun or pronoun put in front of the common noun: Razlika između muškog i ženskog roda kod nekih imenica se pravi tako što se imenica ili zamenica stave ispred oblika za zajednički rod:

man friend, woman friend, man servant, woman servant, he-bear, shebear etc. 4. Nouns of feminine gender with some nouns are formed by adding a suffix: -ess, -ine, -ina, -trix, -a: Imenice ženskog roda kod nekih imenica se formiraju dodavanjem nastavka: ess, -ine, -ina, -trix, -a:

host – hostess master – mistress lion – lioness steward – stewardess hero – heroine executor – executrix sultan - sultana

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NUMBER OF NOUNS BROJ IMENICA In the English language nouns can be divided into: U engleskom jeziku imenice se mogu podeliti na:

1. Countable Nouns (brojive imenice): pen, desk, chair, case, plate, bed, glass, apple, armchair, trousers etc. and (i): 2. Uncountable Nouns (nebrojive imenice): water, salt, wine, juice, space, love, honour, furniture, advice, information, dirt, success, money etc. Note (primetiti): Uncountable nouns, as the very name denotes, do not form plural! Nebrojive imenice, kao što i sam naziv ukazuje, ne grade množinu!

PLURAL OF NOUNS MNOŽINA IMENICA Only Countable Nouns form plural in English. Some nouns form Regular Plural, while the other nouns form Irregular Plural. Samo brojive imenice u engleskom jeziku grade množinu. Neke od njih grade pravilnu množinu, dok druge grade nepravilnu množinu.

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REGULAR PLURAL PRAVILNA MNOŽINA Most nouns in Eglish form plural by adding the ending –s, which can be pronounced as /s/ if the noun ends in a voiceless consonant, and as /z/ if a noun ends in a voiced consonant or a vowel. For example: Većina imenica u engleskom jeziku gradi množinu dodavanjem nastavka –s, koji se izgovara kao /s/ ukoliko se imenica završava bezvučnim suglasnikom, a kao /z/ ukoliko se imenica završava zvučnim suglasnikom ili samoglasnikom. Na primer:

hat – hats /s/ fork – forks /s/ student – students /s/ street – streets /s/ but (ali): sofa – sofas /z/ window – windows /z/ picture – pictures /z/ song – songs /z/ With nouns ending in –ce, -ge, -dge, -se, -ze, where the final e is silent, the ending –es which is formed when –s is added to a noun, is pronounced as /iz/: Kod imenica koje se završavaju na –ce, -ge, -dge, -se, -ze, gde je poslednje e nemo, nastavak –es koji se dobija dodavanjem nastavka –s na imenicu, izgovara se kao /iz/:

face – faces /iz/ page - pages /iz/ fridge – fridges /iz/ 34

horse – horses /iz/ prize – prizes /iz/ Nouns ending in: -s, -ss, -ch, -sh and –x form plural by adding the ending –es which is pronounced as /iz/: Imenice koje se završavaju na: -s, -ss, -ch, -sh and –x grade množinu dodavanjem nastavka -es koji se izgovara kao /iz/:

bus – buses /iz/ glass – glasses /iz/ church – churches /iz/ bush – bushes /iz/ box – boxes /iz/ Nouns ending in –o preceded by a consonant, form plural by adding –es pronounced as /z/ to the noun: Imenice koje se završavaju na –o kome prethodi suglasnik, grade množinu dodavanjem nastavka –es koji se izgovara kao /z/:

tomato – tomatoes /z/ potato – potatoes /z/ echo – echoes /z/ hero – heroes /z/ However, if a noun ends in –o preceded by a vowel, only –s pronounced as /z/ is added: Ali, ukoliko se imenica završava na –o kome prethodi samoglasnik, dodaje se samo –s koje se izgovara kao /z/:

studio – studios /z/ scenario – scenarios /z/ folio – folios /z/ 35

Note (primetiti): Nouns of foreign origin or abbreviated words ending in –o form plural by adding only –s pronounced as /z/: Imenicama stranog porekla ili skraćenim rečima koje se završavaju na –o u množini se dodaje samo -s koji se izgovara kao /z/:

piano – pianos /z/ photo – photos /z/ kilo – kilos /z/ dynamo – dynamos /z/ Nouns ending in –y preceded by a consonant, form plural by changing –y into –i and adding the ending –es pronounced as /iz/: Imenice koje se završavaju na –y kome prethodi suglasnik, grade množinu tako što –y prelazi u –i i dodaje se nastavak –es koji se izgovara kao /iz/:

baby – babies /iz/ city – cities /iz/ country – countries /iz/ story – stories /iz/ However, nouns ending in –y which is preceded by a vowel, form plural by adding the ending –s pronounced as /z/: Ali, imenice koje se završavaju na –y kome prethodi samoglasnik, grade množinu dodavanjem nastavka –s koji se izgovara kao /z/:

boy – boys /z/ day – days /z/ joy – joys /z/ tray – trays /z/

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The following nouns which end in –f or –fe, when forming plural change –f into –v and add –es pronounced as /z/: Sledeće imenice koje se završavaju na –f ili –fe, kada grade množinu –f prelazi u –v i dodaje se nastavak –es koji se izgovara kao /z/:

knife – knives /z/ life – lives /z/ wife – wives /z/ half – halves /z/ leaf – leaves /z/ shelf – shelves /z/ loaf – loaves /z/ thief – thieves /z/ wolf – wolves /z/ self – selves /z/ calf – calves /z/ sheaf – sheaves /z/ The nouns hoof, scarf and wharf have two different forms in plural: Imenice hoof, scarf and wharf imaju dva oblika množine:

hoof – hoofs /s /

or (ili)

hoof – hooves /z/

scarf – scarfs /s/

or (ili)

scarf – scarves /z/

wharf – wharfs

or (ili)

wharf – wharves

All the other nouns ending in –f or –ff pronounced as /s/:

form plural by adding –s

Sve ostale imenice koje se završavaju na –f ili –ff grade množinu dodavanjem nastavka –s koji se zgovara kao /s/:

roof – roofs /s/ 37

cliff – cliffs /s/ gulf – gulfs /s/ handkerchief – hankerchiefs /s/

IRREGULAR PLURAL NEPRAVILNA MNOŽINA Certain number of nouns in English form irregular plural, which means that they possess a plural form which has to be memorised by heart. There are no rules to be applied when forming plural as there are for regular plural! Određeni broj imenica u engleskom jeziku gradi nepravilnu množinu, što znači da poseduje oblik množine koji se mora učiti napamet. Ne postoje pravila koja bismo primenili kod građenja množine kao što postoje kod pravilne množine imenica!

There are different cases of irregular plural in English: Postoje različiti slučajevi nepravilne množine imenica u engleskom jeziku:

1. The following nouns have kept the old forms of plural: Sledeće imenice zadržale su stare oblike množine:

man - men woman – women child - children mouse – mice louse – lice foot – feet tooth – teeth goose – geese ox – oxen 38

Note (primetiti): The noun brother has two forms of plural: both the regular and irregular one with a difference in meaning: Imenica brother ima dvostruki oblik množine: i pravilnu i nepravilnu množinu sa razlikom u značenju:

brother – brothers (braća) brother – brethren (bratstvo) 2. The following nouns have the same form both in singular and plural: Sledeće imenice imaju isti oblik i jednine i množine:

fish - fish deer – deer sheep – sheep series – series species – species means – means gas-works – gas-works cross-roads – cross-roads 3. The following nouns do not have a plural form. They are always followed by a singular verb: Sledeće imenice nemaju oblik množine. Iza njih uvek stoji glagol u jednini:

advice information furniture business courage news 39

nonsense knowledge progress luggage strength intelligence music dancing produce 4. The following nouns have only the plural form: Sledeće imenice imaju samo oblik množine:

goods arms weapons damages grounds outskirts thanks teens headquarters premises clothes spirits stairs etc.

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5. Nouns denoting the names of objects consisting of two equal or similar parts are always used in plural only: Imenice koje označavaju imena objekata koji se sastoje od dva jednaka ili slična dela se uvek upotrebljavaju u množini:

spectacles glasses trousers shorts pants pyjamas scissors pincers scales compasses pliers binoculars etc. 6. A number of nouns taken from Greek and Latin have kept the original forms of plural: Određeni broj imenica preuzetih iz grčkog i latinskog jezika zadržao je originalni oblik množine:

datum – data memorandum – memoranda medium – media erratum - errata phenomenon - phenomena nucleus – nuclei radius – radii 41

terminus – termini stimulus – stimuli appendix – appendices index – indices formula – formulae 7. A number of words taken from French, Hebrew, Italian and some other lanuages have also kept the original forms of plural: Jedan broj imenica preuzetih iz francuskog, hebrejskog, italijanskog, i nekih drugih jezika takođe je zadržao originalni oblik množine:

beau – beaux bureau – bureaux trousseau – trousseaux seraph – seraphim virtuoso – virtuosi tempo – tempi libretto – libretti Note (primetiti): However, most of the above mentioned nouns taken from different foreign languages also have the forms of regular plural made by adding the English ending –s or –es to the singular when used in everyday speech or nonscientific texts. For example: Ipak, većina gore navedenih imenica preuzetih iz različitih stranih jezika takođe imaju i oblike pravilne množine koja se gradi dodavanjem engleskog nastavka –s ili – es na množinu kada se koristi u svakodnevnom govoru i nenaučnim tekstovima. Na primer:

index – indexes formula – formulas 42

memorandum – memorandums tempo – tempos seraph – seraphs etc. 8. A certain number of nouns of Greek and Latin origin which end in –is in singular, have the plural form which ends in –es, where this ending is pronounced as /i:z/: Određeni broj imenica grčkog i latinskog porekla koje se završavaju na –is u jednini, imaju oblik množine koji se završava na –es, gde se ovaj nastavak izgovara kao /i:z/:

analysis – analyses axis – axes basis – bases oasis – oases thesis – theses crisis – crises 9. Names of sciences and diseases which end in –ics or –s, although they have a plural form, take a verb in singular. For example: Nazivi nauka i bolesti koji se završavaju na –ics ili –s, iako imaju oblik množine, zahtevaju glagol u jednini. Na primer:

Economics was my favourite subject at college. He thinks phonetics is very interesting. Mumps is a different disease from measles. Also (takođe): mathematics, physics, statistics, mechanics, electronics, optics

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PLURAL OF COMPOUND NOUNS MNOŽINA SLOŽENIH IMENICA Compund nouns usually form plural by adding –s or –es or irregular plural to the last word of the compound: Složene imenice obično grade množinu dodavanjem nastavka –s ili –es ili oblik nepravilne množine na poslednju reč u složenici:

bedrooms, travel agents, boy-friends, grown-ups, spoonfuls, writing tables, policewomen, horsemen etc. However, where man or woman is the first word in a compund, then both words are made plural: Ali, ukoliko je prva reč u složenici man ili woman, onda se obe reči stavljaju u oblik množine:

men drivers, women friends, men doctors, women servants etc. In compounds formed of nouns + preposition with a noun, adjective or adverb, the noun is made plural: U složenicama koje se grade od imenica + predlog sa imenicom, pridev ili prilog, imenica dobija oblik množine:

passers-by, lookers-on, runners-up, courts-material, sisters-in-law, men-of-war, ladies-in-waiting, editors-in-chief etc.

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EXERCISES VEŽBANJA I Put the following nouns into the regular plural: Stavite sledeće imenice u oblike pravilne množine:

flower, window, fridge, computer, plate, bed, city, cliff, shelf, baby, blanket, scenario, potato, photo, church, bus, box, glass, boy, prize II Put the following nouns into the irregular plural: Stavite sledeće imenice u oblike nepravilne množine:

man, child, mouse, foot, tooth, ox, deer, sheep, species, means, datum, phenomenon, analysis, axis, radius, appendix, formula, seraph, crisis, bureau III Transform the following sentences into the plural: Transformišite sledeće rečenice u oblik množine:

1. A daisy is a flower. 2. They made a different analysis from this one. 3. A table is made of wood. 4. A city is bigger than a town. 5. A school is a place where a pupil gets education. 6. A cat likes fish. 7. That is a strange phenomenon! 8. A tooth is in your jaw. 9. A teacher teaches a student. 10. There is a goose in the pond.

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IV Transform the following sentences into the singular: Transformišite sledeće rečenice u oblik jednine:

1. Sandals are kinds of shoes. 2. Earrings are pieces of jewellery. 3. Children are often naughty. 4. Deer are wild animals. 5. Monasteries are often situated in the countryside. 6. Knives are very sharp. 7. Lorries are bigger than cars. 8. Women are rarely bus drivers. 9. Italians like spaghetti. 10. Sweets are bad for children’s teeth. V Find the mistakes in the sentences and correct them: Pronađite greške u rečenicama i ispravite ih:

1. I always appraeciate good advices. 2. Pyjamas is worn at night. 3. My foots are so tired! 4. Mathematics are a difficult subject. 5. Athletes drink a lot of waters. 6. The latest news are shocking! 7. I have an interesting information for you. 8. They listen to different kinds of musics. 9. Policemans are usually adored by children. 10. Everyone likes babys.

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III PRONOUNS ZAMENICE

Pronouns are words that take the place of a noun. They can be used instead of a noun. Zamenice su reči koje zamenjuju imenice. Mogu se koristiti umesto imenice.

Pronouns can be divided into: Zamenice se mogu podeliti na:

1.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS LIČNE ZAMENICE

2.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS PRISVOJNE ZAMENICE

3.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS POKAZNE ZAMENICE

4.

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS UPITNE ZAMENICE

5.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS ODNOSNE ZAMENICE

6.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS NEODREĐENE ZAMENICE

7.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS POVRATNE ZAMENICE

8.

RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS UZAJAMNO-POVRATNE ZAMENICE

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PERSONAL PRONOUNS LIČNE ZAMENICE Personal pronouns refer to people or things. Lične zamenice se odnose na ljude ili stvari.

Personal pronouns are used in two forms depending on the case. Lične zamenice se koriste u dve forme zavisno od padeža.

Subject (Subjekat)

Object (Objekat)

I

me

you

you

he

him

she

her

it

it

we

us

you

you

they

them

Note (primetiti): ‘I’ is always used with a capital letter! (‘I’ se uvek piše velikim slovom!) For example (na primer): I am a teacher. You are students. We weren’t very happy with the outcome. Maria saw him yesterday. The policeman told us to wait. Jake talked to her about his job. 48

When we are talking about a thing, we use it. However, we sometimes refer to an animal as he/him or she/her, especially if the animal is a pet: Kada govorimo o stvarima, koristimo it. Međutim, ponekad govorimo o životinji kao on ili ona, posebno kada je u pitanju kućni ljubimac:

This is our cat Mary. She's a Siamese. We also use it in the following phrases: Takođe koristimo it u sledećim izrazima:

It is nice to have a long vacation. It's difficult to find a job. It doesn’t take long to walk to school. It's snowing outside. It will probably be very cold next week.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES PRISVOJNE ZAMENICE I PRIDEVI We will present both possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives in this section. Possessive pronouns are used independently. A noun cannot follow a possessive pronoun. However, possessive adjectives are followed by a noun. Predstavićemo i prisvojne zamenice i prisvojne prideve u ovom odeljku. Prisvojne zamenice se koriste samostalno. Imenica ne može uslediti posle prisvojne zamenice. Međutim, imenica sledi posle prisvojnih prideva.

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Possessive Pronouns

Possessive Adjectives

(prisvojne zamenice)

(prisvojni pridevi)

mine

my

yours

your

his

his

hers

her

its

its

ours

our

yours

your

theirs

their

For example (na primer): This is my book. This book is mine. Those are your keys. Those keys are yours. This is his dog. This dog is his. That is her piano. That piano is hers. This is their mistake. The mistake is theirs.

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DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES POKAZNE ZAMENICE I PRIDEVI Demonstrative pronouns stand for a thing or things. Pokazne zamenice zamenjuju stvar ili stvari.

Singular

This

That

These

Those

(jednina)

Plural (množina)

When something is near in distance or time we use the forms this/these and when something is far in distance or time we use the forms that/those. Kada je nešto blizu u prostoru ili vremenu koristimo oblike this/these, a kada je nešto daleko u prostoru ili vremenu koristimo oblike that/those.

Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives are often confused. Although they have the same form, demonstrative pronouns stand alone while demonstrative adjectives are followed by a noun. Pokazne zamenice i pridevi se često mešaju. Iako imaju isti oblik, pokazne zamenice su samostalne, a pokazne prideve uvek prati imenica.

For example (na primer): This is more interesting than that. That is beautiful! These are more useful than those. This book is mine and that one is yours. That dress fits you better than this one. Look at that girl! She has been running for two hours already. 51

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES UPITNE ZAMENICE I PRIDEVI Interrogative pronouns are: who, whom, whose, what, which. Upitne zamenice su who = ko, whom = koga, kome itd. (tj. kad je ko u zavisnom padežu), whose = čiji, what = šta, which = koji (koristi se u izboru između određenih predmeta ili lica).

For example (na primer): Who is that woman? Who drove to work? To whom did you talk? Whom did he see at the festival? Whose are those books? Whose car is this? What did he say about this? What are you doing? Which of you is Mary? There are two ways. Which way should I go?

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RELATIVE PRONOUNS ODNOSNE/RELATIVNE ZAMENICE

FOR PERSONS (ZA

Who

Whose

LICA)

Whom

That

FOR THINGS (ZA STVARI)

Which

INDEFINITE RELATIVE PRONOUN

Whose That

What

(NEODREĐENA ODNOSNA ZAMENICA)

Relative pronouns can be used independently (indefinite relative pronoun) or after a noun or a pronoun. Relative pronouns are used in connecting relative clauses with the concept in the main clause. Odnosne/relativne zamenice se mogu upotrebiti nezavisno (neodređena odnosna zamenica) ili posle imenice ili zamenice. Odnosne zamenice se upotrebljavaju pri povezivanju odnosne rečenice sa pojmom iz glavne rečenice.

Who, whom, whose and that are used for persons. Which, whose and that are used for things. Who = koji, whom = koga, whose = čiji i that se koriste za lica. Which = koji, whose = čiji i that se upotrebljavaju za stvari. What = što, ono što

Note (primetiti): Find more about relative pronouns in section on Relative Clauses Saznajte više o odnosnim zamenicama u poglavlju o odnosnim rečenicama.

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For example (na primer); I know the man who wanted to see you. He is one of those people whom you can ask for help. The person whose name you don’t know is my father! The dog whose name is Rex is mine. I will buy the house which is near the river. This is the woman that he is in love with. He read the article about health that was in today’s newspaper. He’ll do what he can to help you. You will find what you want in that store.

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INDEFINITE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES NEODREĐENE ZAMENICE I PRIDEVI SOME and ANY can be used independently or with countable and uncountable nouns. Depending on the use, in Serbian they have different meanings. SOME i ANY se mogu upotrebiti samostalno ili sa brojivim i nebrojivim imenicama. Zavisno od upotrebe, mogu imati različita značenja u srpskom jeziku. SOME u potvrdnim i upitnim rečenicama znači neki, nekoliko, nešto, (nešto) malo.

For example (na primer): Some agreed and some disagreed. (neki) Can I borrow some books from you? (nekoliko knjiga) There is some food left in the fridge. (nešto hrane) I’d like some milk in my coffee. (malo mleka) ANY u upitnim rečenicama znači imalo, neki, ijedan, nešto, išta, u negativnim rečenicama nekakav, imalo, nimalo, a u potvrdnim ma koji, bilo koji, svaki.

For example (na primer): Is there any food left in the fridge? (imalo hrane) There isn’t any butter in this sandwich. (nimalo putera) Give me any pen you have. (ma koju olovku) Any dog would understand that instruction. (svaki pas) NONE = niko, ništa, nimalo, nikakav, nijedan: None of us knew the answer. (niko) 55

Have you got any advice for me? - I’ve got none. (nikakav) Which of these things have you stolen? - None. (nijednu) ONE is translated into Serbian by the noun ‘čovek’ or by impersonal verbs. One (ones) is also used in order to avoid repetition. ONE se prevodi na srpski jezik imenicom ‘čovek’ ili bezličnim glagolima. One (ones) se takođe upotrebljava kako bi se izbeglo ponavljanje.

For example (na primer): One must think for oneself. (Čovek) One can never imagine what can happen. (Nikad se ne može zamisliti šta se može dogoditi) I don't like this dress but I like that one. She had a good job and he had a bad one.

EVERY/EACH = svaki bez izuzetka/svaki pojedini iz grupe: He goes to work every day. Each of them had the chance to drive the new car. ALL = sav, ceo, svi: All his work was lost when the computer crashed. You can watch the television all day if you want to. All in this room agree with you. BOTH = oba, i jedan i drugi: Both his parents are retired. Both she and her boyfriend came to visit us.

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EITHER = bilo jedan, bilo drugi; nijedan: Either of them can pick up the package. I won’t accept either of those. NEITHER = nijedan; ni jedan ni drugi: Neither of them came to the party.

COMPOUND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS SLOŽENE NEODREĐENE ZAMENICE Compound indefinite pronouns ending with – body and – one refer to persons and those ending with – thing refer to things. Složene neodređene zamenice koje se završavaju na – body ili – one se odnose na ljude, a one koje se završavaju na – thing se odnose na stvari.

somebody (neko), anybody (neko, iko), nobody (niko) , everybody (svako) someone (neko), anyone (neko, iko), no one (niko), everyone (svako) something (nešto), anything (nešto, išta), nothing (ništa), everything (sve)

For example (na primer): Somebody is looking for you. Can anybody tell me where to look for him? Nobody came to visit me. Everybody was pleased to meet her fiancée. Someone must be able to help you. Is there anyone at the office? 57

No one wanted to go there. She told everyone what to do next. Something went wrong with their plan. Let me know if there is anything I can do to help. Nothing can be done for him. We did everything we could to get there in time.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS POVRATNE ZAMENICE Reflexive pronouns are used to refer back to the subject of the sentence. In singular form, reflexive pronouns end in – self and in plural form they end in – selves. Povratne zamenice se upotrebljavaju kada upućuju na subjekat rečenice. U jednini se povratne zamenice završavaju na – self, a u množini na –selves.

Singular (jednina)

Plural (množina)

1.

myself

1.

ourselves

2.

yourself

2.

yourselves

3.

himself/herself/itself

3.

themselves

For example (na primer): He shot himself while trying to clean his gun. She was looking at herself in the mirror. How embarrassing! You found me talking to myself! We need to get ourselves to the other side of the river somehow. They were satisfied with themselves after the test results.

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Reflexive pronouns are also used for emphasis. Povratne zamenice se takođe koriste za naglašavanje.

For example (na primer): I found the way out myself. You should go there yourself. She wrote the whole report herself. By + myself/ yourself/ himself/ herself/ itself/ ourselves/ yourselves/ themselves = sam/i For example: She can finish the dinner by herself. He must talk to the manager by himself. They can do it by themselves. When we want to refer back to a general subject, we use the form oneself. Kada želimo da uputimo na uopšteni subjekat upotrebljavamo oblik oneself.

For example (na primer): One always dresses oneself after getting up in the morning.

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RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS UZAJAMNO - POVRATNE ZAMENICE There are two reciprocal pronouns in English: each other and one another. These pronouns are used when each of two or more subjects is acting the same way, that is, when the action is reciprocal. U engleskom jeziku postoje dve uzajamno-povratne zamenice: each other i one another. Ove zamenice se upotrebljavaju kada se svaki od dva ili više subjekata ponaša isto, odnosno, kada je radnja uzajamna.

For example (na primer): They talked to each other in order to solve the problem. We like each other very much! How will they understand one another if they all speak different languages?

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EXERCISES VEŽBANJA I Replace the words in italics with personal pronouns: Zamenite reči u kosim slovima ličnom zamenicom:

1. I saw Susan and Mark yesterday. ______ 2. The dogs are in the garden. ______ 3. Put the keys in the drawer. ______ 4. Peter visited us last month. ______ 5. Give the little boy some change. ______ 6. I went out with Mary last night. ______ 7. Jessica is our new teacher. ______ 8. Tim and Jeff are coming over for dinner. ______ II Circle the correct possessive pronoun or adjective: Zaokružite tačnu prisvojnu zamenicu ili pridev:

1. Look at those bags. My/Mine is the biggest one. 2. His dog is very friendly, but her/hers is friendlier. 3. Is this car your/yours? 4. I know where your house is, but I don’t know where their/theirs is. 5. Our/ours kids are playing in the park. 6. They forgot their/theirs keys on the table. 7. It’s cold outside! I have to put on my/mine coat. 8. She had her/hers hair cut yesterday at the hairdresser’s.

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III Use this/that/these/those to fill in the blanks: Koristite this/that/these/those da biste popunili praznine:

1.

________ here tastes great!

2.

I don’t like these ones. I want to buy ________ ones.

3.

Do you see ________ man over there?

4.

________ exercise will help you learn demonstrative pronouns!

5.

Look at ________ shoes here. I really want to have them.

6.

________ were good times!

7.

________ books are more interesting than those ones.

8.

________ was a good film we saw last night.

IV Match the interrogative pronouns on the left with the rest of the sentence on the right: Povežite upitne zamenice sa leve strane sa ostatkom rečenice sa desne:

1.

Who

____ of these keys is yours?

2.

Whom

____ is the name of your teacher?

3.

What

____ did she see at the club?

4.

Whose

____ were you talking to?

5.

Which

____ can you tell me about this course?

6.

Whom

____ one was made first?

7.

What

____ car is that parked in our driveway?

8.

Which

____ did you tell the secret?

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V Fill in the blanks with a relative pronoun (who/whom/whose/which/what/that): Popunite praznine odnosnom zamenicom (who/whom/whose/which/what/that):

1.

The woman to ________ you spoke was very rude.

2.

The man ________ comes here every day seems to be always sad.

3. Those people ________ whereabouts at the time were unknown will be questioned. 4.

The car ________ crashed into mine was red.

5.

________ he wants is not relevant.

6.

She can do ________ she likes.

7.

Do you know the girl ________ was in the shop yesterday.

8. do.

He bought me a gift for my birthday, ________ was very nice of him to

9. This is the author ________ has written such wonderful books for children.

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VI Circle the correct relative pronoun: Zaokružite tačnu odnosnu zamenicu:

1.

The river that/who flows through Niš is called Nišava.

2.

That's the piano whose/who sounds woke you up.

3.

Is this the man which/whom you talked about so much.

4.

This is the best advice who/that you could hear from him!

5.

Is this the room in which/what he proposed to her?

6. Mr Smith, that/who wrote over 100 short stories, is my favourite author. 7. That's the woman who/whose luggage was missing when her airplane landed. 8.

Ms Stevens, which/who got the job, is a very hardworking person.

VII some/any/none/one 1.

There were ________ people still waiting to enter the museum.

2.

Is there ________ milk in the coffee?

3.

I want to buy ________ new clothes for tomorrow’s party.

4.

Are there any vegetables left on the table? No, there are ________.

5.

Have you got ________ new information about the accident?

6.

________ food was given to the homeless.

7. Which of these films have you seen? - ________. I didn’t have the time. 8.

I don’t want to buy this dress. I want to buy the other ________.

9.

Have you ever taken ________ sleeping medication?

10.

Would you like ________ sugar in your tea?

11.

His performance was a very nice ________.

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VIII every/each/all/both/either/neither 1.

Have a glass of water ________ two hours.

2.

________ of the two ot them was satisfied with the vacation.

3. help.

________ him and his friend were very rude to us when we asked for

4.

- Will you take the red one or the yellow one? - ________.

5.

He goes to school ________ day except on the weekends.

6.

________ of you has the opportunity to win the prize.

7.

________ think that she will get the job.

8.

I won’t take ________ of the two suits.

9.

________ his possessions were stolen at the hotel.

10.

________ word of what he said was a complete lie.

IX Circle the correct compound indefinite pronoun: Zaokružite tačnu složenu neodreženu zamenicu:

1. Everybody/Nobody/Somebody in the room received a present. They were all very pleased. 2. You can give this letter to anybody/nobody/somebody you see there. It doesn’t matter. 3. When she finished her presentation there was complete silence. No one/Someone/Anyone said anything. 4.

Does anyone/something/everybody has anything to say about this?

5.

You have dropped something/nothing/anything on your way out.

6. I didn’t like anything/everything/something he said. It wasn’t all completely true! 7. We felt nothing/something/anything strange was going on. Everyone started to panic. 8. Please let me know if there is anything/nothing/something I can help you with. 65

9. I’m still not sure why everyone/no one/anyone was against the proposal. It was such a good idea! 10. I’m afraid that there is nothing/something/everything you can do to help him at this point. X Fill in the blanks with an appropriate reflexive pronoun (myself, yourself, etc.): Popunite

praznine

odgovarajućom

povratnom

zamenicom

(myself,

yourself, etc.): 1.

She cut __________ so much that she had to go to the ambulance.

2.

Please don’t tell me the answer! I want to figure it out __________.

3.

When we saw him yesterday he was talking to __________.

4. Thank you for the invitation! We are going to help __________ with the served food now! 5. Nobody is going to be able to help them unless they take more care of _______________. 6.

I __________ have finished making the whole wedding cake.

7.

Attention everyone! Please take care of your belongings __________.

8.

The cat reached the food from the cupboard __________.

9. You have to help __________ get through this problem without anyone’s help. 10.

After some training, the dog __________ will know where not to sleep.

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IV ADJECTIVES PRIDEVI

Adjectives are words which describe nouns. They are used in front of nouns. However, adjectives are also sometimes used after nouns, which is the result of the influence of French on English. Pridevi su reči koje opisuju imenice. Upotrebljavaju se ispred imenica. Međutim, pridevi se takođe ponekad upotrebljavaju posle imenica što je rezultat uticaja francuskog jezika na engleski jezik.

For example (na primer): They have a small dog. A young lady is waiting for you. *Secretary general. (generalni sekretar) Adjectives can be used after certain verbs. These verbs include: be, become, feel, get, look, seem, etc. Pridevi se mogu upotrebiti posle određenih glagola. U ove glagole spadaju: be, become, feel, get, look, seem, itd.

For example (na primer): She is pretty. He feels sick. They look happy. We use adjectives as object complements. Upotrebljavamo prideve kao dodatak objektu.

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For example (na primer): The snow made me cold. The children keep their room tidy. Many descriptive adjectives are formed by other parts of speech by adding different suffixes, the most common of which are: Mnogi opisni pridevi su izvedeni od drugih vrsta reči dodavanjem različitih sufiksa od kojih su najčešći:

- able: refundable, portable, changeable - al: regional, logical, accidental - ed: talented, cold-hearted - ful: rightful, respectful, beautiful, helpful - ic/ical: musical, poetic - ish: reddish, girlish, childish, fiendish - ive: imaginative, pervasive, creative - less: endless, nameless, priceless - ly: friendly, sisterly - ous: nauseous, dangerous, nutritious - y: sleazy, easy, sunny, cloudy or by adding certain prefixes, which add negative meaning to adjectives: ili dodavanjem određenih prefiksa koji daju negativno značenje pridevima:

- dis: dishonest, disrespectful, disobedient - il: illegal, illiterate, illegible - im: impossible, imperfect, improper

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- ir: irregular, irresponsible - un: unhelpful, unceasing, unkind

ADJECTIVE ORDER REDOSLED PRIDEVA More than one adjective can be used to describe a noun. In such cases, the adjectives cannot be written in any order. The following order should be used, although we almost never use all of the different adjectives to describe only one noun. Više prideva se može upotrebiti u opisu imenice. U takvim slučajevima, pridevi se ne mogu napisati po bilo kakvom rasporedu. Sledeći redosled se treba koristiti iako gotovo nikada ne koristimo sve ove različite prideve za opis samo jedne imenice:

1.

Determiner/article (Determinator/član):

this, my, your, that, etc. / a, an, the 2.

Opinion (Mišljenje)

polite, ridiculous, beautiful, easy 3.

Size (Veličina)

large, small, huge, little 4.

Shape (Oblik)

oval, rectangular, circular, round 5.

Age (Starost)

new, yound, old, ancient 6.

Colour (Boja)

white, yellow, red, greenish, purplish, pink 7.

Origin (Poreklo)

Serbian, English, French 69

8.

Material (Materijal)

cotton, metal, wood, silk 9.

Purpose (Svrha)

sleeping bag, running shoes

- ED OR – ING ADJECTIVES - ED ILI – ING PRIDEVI Adjectives ending in – ed or – ing are often confused. Adjectives ending in –ed show that the subject of the sentence is the one that has the feeling. Adjectives ending in –ing indicate that the subject of the sentence causes a certain feeling. Pridevi koji se završavaju na – ed ili – ing se često mešaju. Pridevi koji se završavaju na – ed pokazuju da je subjekat rečenice onaj koji ima određeno osećanje. Pridevi koji se završavaju na – ing ukazuju na to da je subjekat rečenice taj koji izaziva određeno osećanje.

We were very bored by his story.

His story was very boring.

Bilo nam je dosadno od njegove priče.

Njegova priča je bila dosadna.

We were excited to see him.

The film was very exciting.

Bili smo uzbuđeni što ga vidimo.

Film je bio veoma uzbudljiv.

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COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES POREĐENJE PRIDEVA There are two ways of comparing adjectives in English: Postoje dva načina za poređenje prideva u engleskom jeziku:

1. By adding – er to the positive for forming the comparative or – est for forming the superlative, preceded by the definite article ‘the’. Dodavanjem – er pozitivu za formiranje komparativa ili – est za formiranje superlativa, kome prethodi određeni član ‘the’.

2. By adding the adverb ‘more’ before the positive for forming the comparative or ‘the most’ for forming the superlative. Dodavanjem priloga ‘more’ ispred pozitiva za formiranje komparativa ili ‘the most’ za formiranje superlativa.

1. – ER and – EST Positive (pozitiv)

Comparative (komparativ)

a) b) c) d)

Superlative (superlativ)

old

older

the oldest

strong

stronger

the strongest

happy

happier

the happiest

busy

busier

the busiest

grey

greyer

the greyest

*NOT greier

*NOT the greiest

red

redder

the reddest

hot

hotter

the hottest

thin

thinner

the thinnest

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a) Monosyllabic and disyllabic adjectives form the comparative and superlative forms by adding – er and – est Jednosložni i dvosložni pridevi grade komparativ i superlativ dodavanjem – er i – est

b) Adjectives ending in – y which is preceded by a consonant change – y into – i. Pridevi koji se završavaju na – y ispred kog se nalazi suglasnik menjaju – y u – i.

c) Adjectives ending in – y which is preceded by a vowel do NOT change – y into – i. Pridevi koji se završavaju na – y ispred kog se nalazi samoglasnik NE menjaju – y u – i.

d) Adjectives ending in a consonant which is preceded by a vowel double the last consonant. Pridevi koji se završavaju suglasnikom ispred kog se nalazi samoglasnik dupliraju krajnji suglasnik.

Than is used after the comparative. Than se upotrebljava posle komparativa.

For example (na primer): Maria is taller than her sister. Mark is always happier in the morning than in the afternoon. His hair is greyer now than it used to be 10 years ago. It’s hotter in summer than in spring. 2. MORE and THE MOST Just like endings – er and – est are used to form the comparative and superlative for monosyllabic and disyllabic adjectives, more and the most are used in front of longer adjectives to form the comparative and superlative.

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Kao što se – er i – est koriste za građenje komparativa i superlativa jednosložnih i dvosložnih prideva, more i the most se upotrebljavaju ispred dužih prideva za građenje komparativa i superlativa.

Positive (pozitiv)

Comparativ (komparativ)


beautiful

more beautiful

the most beautiful

famous

more famous

the most famous

interesting

more interesting

the most interesting

excited

more excited

the most excited

respectful

more respectful

the most respectful

*Some adjectives can be compared in both ways. *Neki pridevi se mogu porediti na oba načina.

Adjective (pridev) common shallow handsome tidy simple

+ er / est

more / the most +

commoner

more common

the commonest

the most common

shallower

more shallow

the shallowest

the most shallow

handsomer

more handsome

the handsomest

the most handsome

tidier

more tidy

the tidiest

the most tidy

simpler

more simple

the simplest

the most simple

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IRREGULAR COMPARISON NEPRAVILNO POREĐENJE

Positive (pozitiv)



good

better

the best

bad

worse

the worst

little

less

the least

much

more

the most

many

more

the most

*Some adjectives have double forms. *Neki pridevi imaju dvostruke oblike.

Positive Comparative

Superlative

Example

Meaning

(pozitiv)

(komparativ)

(superlativ)

(primer)

(značenje)

old

older

the oldest

elder

the eldest

far

late

This is the oldest book I have. His eldest brother is 5 years older than him.

farther

the farthest

further

the furthest

later

the latest

At a later time

latter

the last

The last warning

Their house is the farthest. I'll give you further help.

- odnosi se na godine

- rodbinski odnosi /starešinstvo - razdaljina - za apastraktne pojmove i za daljinu - odnosi se na vreme - odnosi se na niz

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As already mentioned, we use than to compare adjectives when we want to show that somone or something has a certain quality in a greater degree. However, comparison as + positive + as is used to show that certain persons or things have an equal quality of the adjective in the positive form. In negative sentences not as + positive + as or not so + positive + as are used for comparison of inequality. Kao što je već rečeno, upotrebljavamo than u poređenju prideva kada hoćemo da pokažemo da neko ili nešto poseduje određenu osobinu u većem stepenu. Međutim, poređenje as + pozitiv + as se upotrebljava kada određeni ljudi ili stvari poseduju iste osobine prideva u pozitivu. U negativnim rečenicama se upotrebljava not as + pozitiv + as ili not so + pozitiv + as za poređenje po nejednakosti.

For example (na primer): Mark is as tall as Jim. Mary is not as intelligent as Susan. She is not so happy as he is about the new house.

COMPARISON WITH LESS AND THE LEAST POREĐENJE SA LESS I THE LEAST The comparison with less and the least is translated into Serbian as manje and najmanje. Poređenje sa less i the least se prevodi na srpski jezik kao manje i najmanje.

For example (na primer): The seminar was less interesting than I thought. It is the least possible thing that he can do.

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EXERCISES VEŽBANJA I Make adjectives from the given words by adding a suffix: Formirajte prideve od ponuđenih reči dodavanjem sufiksa:

1.

refund

________________

2.

logic

________________

3.

right

________________

4.

music

________________

5.

fool

________________

6.

create

________________

7.

name

________________

8.

friend

________________

9.

danger

________________

10.

ease

________________

II Make adjectives from the given words by adding a prefix: Formirajte prideve od ponuđenih reči dodavanjem prefiksa:

1.

honest

________________

2.

legible

________________

3.

possible

________________

4.

responsible

________________

5.

kind

________________

6.

regular

________________

7.

perfect

________________

8.

happy

________________

9.

interesting

________________

10.

literate

________________ 76

III Put the adjectives in the correct order: Pravilno poređajte sledeće prideve:

1.

suit/brown/a/old _________________________________________

2.

an/old/lady/fat _________________________________________

3.

new/mother’s/car/red _________________________________________

4.

box/a/metal/big _________________________________________

5.

an/big/ugly/plastic/plate/white _________________________________________

6.

my/short/father’s/hair/grey _________________________________________

7.

dress/white/silk/a/beautiful _________________________________________

8.

brand-new/laptop/her/computer/blue _________________________________________

IV Add – ed/ - ing to the given words in brackets in order to form the correct adjective: Dodajte – ed/ - ing ponuđenim rečima u zagradama da biste formirali tačne prideve:

1. His parents seemed _________________ (frighten) by the haunted house. 2. The journey from _________________ (tire). 3.

the

village

to

the

mountain

was

very

The outcome was rather _________________ (disappoint).

4. The children were _________________ (excite) to see the animals at the zoo. 77

5.

Were you _________________ (surprise) by his decision?

6. The students were _________________ (confuse) by yesterday's lecture on religion. 7. She wasn't _________________ (interest) to hear the rest of my explanation. 8. The whole speech was very _________________ (confuse) for the people. 9.

I'm so _________________ (bore)! Let's go out!

10.

Was this exercise _________________ (interest) for you?

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V Write the missing forms of the adjectives. Write two forms where possible: Upišite oblike prideva koji nedostaju. Tamo gde je moguće ubacite dva oblika:

Positive (pozitiv)

Comparative


(komparativ)

1. rich 2.

funnier

3. tall 4. thin 5.

the most exciting

6. famous 7.

more generous

8.

the happiest

9. common 10. tidy 11.

the best

12. old 13.

less

14.

the most

15. bad 16. far 17. simple 18.

more famous

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VI Put the adjectives in brackets in the comparative or superlative form: Stavite prideve u zagradama u oblik komparativa ili superlativa:

1.

He speaks English _________________ (good) than Ann.

2.

She is _________________ (smart) woman I have ever met.

3.

Cars are _________________ (fast) than bicycles.

4. You must be _________________ (careful) with the dishes than the last time. You broke half of them! 5.

John is _________________ (young) in the family.

6.

The school is _________________ (far) away than the church.

7.

I saw George _________________ (late) week.

8. I tried both the cake and the ice-cream and I like the _________________ (late) better. 9.

You gave me _________________ (heavy) bag to carry.

10.

Steven is _________________ (bad) student in class.

VII as + ... + as / not as + ... + as Eg. bus ticket/train ticket (expensive) – A bus ticket is as expensive as a train ticket. 1.

This computer/laptop (expensive) _______________________________________

2.

Mercedes/BMW (fast) _______________________________________

3.

Jane/Sandra (not intelligent) _______________________________________

4.

This bag/that bag (not cheap) _______________________________________

5.

Helen/Jim (tall) _______________________________________

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QUANTIFIERS PRIDEVI ZA KOLIČINU

Quantifiers are indefinite adjectives which denote either indefinite amount or indefinite number depending on the fact whether they stand in front of a countable noun or an uncountable one. Pridevi za količinu su neodređeni pridevi koji označavaju ili neodređenu količinu ili neodređeni broj u zavisnosti od toga da li stoje ispred brojive ili nebrojive imenice.

SOME / ANY / NO / NONE The adjective some can be used either with countable or uncountable nouns. When used with a singular countable noun, it means “certain“ and can be used both with nouns denoting people and things. For example: Pridev some može stajati i uz brojive i uz nebrojive imenice. Kada stoji uz brojivu imenicu u jednini, ima značenje „izvestan“ i može se koristiti sa imenicama koje označavaju ljude i stvari. Na primer:

There’s some man in the backyard. For some reason he doesn’t like me. When used with a plural countable noun, it can mean either: 1) “certain“ or 2) “a few“: Kada stoji uz brojivu imenicu u množini, može značiti ili 1) “izvesni“ ili 2) “nekoliko“:

1) Some people prefer the seaside to the mountains. 2) There are some colour pencils in the case.

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In questions and negative statements instead of some we use any: U upitnim i odričnim rečenicama umesto some koristimo any:

Are there any questions? There aren’t any clean glaasses in the cupboard. When used with uncountable nouns, some means “a certain quantity of“. For example: Kada se upotrebljava sa nebrojivim imenicama, some ima značenje “izvesna količina nečega“ i na srpski jezik se prevodi sa “nešto“ ili “malo“. Na primer:

There’s some rice in the bowl. There’s some juice in the glass. In questions and negatives we use any again: U upitnim i odričnim rečenicama takođe koristimo any:

Is there any rice in the bowl? There isn’t any juice in the glass. Note (primetiti): However, if we expect a positive answer, then some is used in the question as well: Ipak, ukoliko očekujemo pozitivan odgovor, onda se some koristi i u upitnoj rečenici:

Would you like some more coffee? Pay attention (obratiti pažnju)! Instead of any in negative sentences we can use no with both countable and uncountable nouns, provided that the verb is in a positive form, since in English there can be only one negation in a sentence:

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Umesto any u odričnim rečenicama možemo koristiti i no i uz brojive i uz nebrojive imenice, pod uslovom da glagol stoji u potvrdnom obliku, jer u engleskom jeziku može stajati samo jedna negacija u rečenici:

There are no apples in the fridge. There are no students in the classroom at the moment. There is no jam in the jar. There is no milk in the mug. If we use no, it has to be followed by a noun. However, if we want to use it without a noun, then none is used instead of no. For example: Ako koristimo no, ono mora biti praćeno imencom. Međutim, ukoliko želimo da ga koristimo bez imenice, oblik none će biti korišćen umesto no. Na primer:

- Are there any apples in the fridge? - There are none. - Are there any students in the classroom at the moment? - There are none. - Is there any jam in the jar? - There is none. - Is there any milk in the mug? - There is none. MANY / MUCH / A LOT OF The adjective many is used with plural countable nouns to denote an indefinite number, while much is used with uncountable nouns to denote indefinite quantity. Both many and much are preferred in English in questions and negative statements, while a lot of (lots of) is used in positive sentences (statements) for both countable and uncountable nouns: Pridev many se korisi uz brojive imenice u množini da bi se označio neodređeni broj, dok se much upotrebljava sa nebrojivim imenicama da se označi neodređena 83

količina. I many i much se u engleskom jeziku više koriste (prirodnije je) u upitnim i odričnim rečenicama, dok se a lot of (lots of) koristi u potrvdnim rečenicama i uz brojive i uz nebrojive imenice. Many, much i a lot of se na srpski jezik prevode kao “mnogo“, “puno“.

There are a lot of books on the shelf. on the shelf.

or (ili)

There are lots of books

Are there many books on the shelf? There aren’t many books on the shelf. There is a lot of tea in the pot.

or (ili)

There is lots of tea in the

pot. Is there much tea in the pot? There isn’t much tea in the pot? Note (primetiti): With countable plural nouns the verb in plural is used, while with uncountable nouns the verb in singular is used. Sa brojivim imenicama u množini koristi se glagol u množini, dok se sa nebrojivim imenicama koristi glagol u jednini.

If it stands at the end of a sentence, a lot of is used without of. For example: Ukoliko stoji na kraju rečenice, a lot of se koristi bez of. Na primer:

How many novels have you got in your personal library? I’ve got a lot.

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FEW / A FEW / LITTLE / A LITTLE The adjective few is an indefinite adjective which is used with countable nouns in plural and denotes an indefinite number. A few also stands with plural countable nouns. The difference between these two adjectives is that few has a negative connotation, while a few has a positive one. Few means “not enough“, while a few means “enough“. Pridev few je neodređeni pridev koji stoji uz brojive imenice u množini i označava neodređeni broj. A few takođe stoji uz brojive imenice u množini. Razlika između ova dva prideva je u tome što few ima negativnu konotaciju, dok a few ima pozitivnu. Few se na srpski jezik prevodi kao “malo“, “nedovoljno“, dok se a few prevodi kao “nekoliko“ u smislu “dovoljno“.

For example (na primer): Jason has few friends. (not enough!) (nedovoljno!) Ann has a few friends. (enough!) (dovoljno!) I have few eggs. I can’t make a cake. (not enough eggs to make a cake!) (nedovoljno jaja da se napravi torta!)

There are a few eggs in the fridge. You don’t have to go to the market now. (enough for now!) (dovoljno za sada!) The adjective little is an indefinite adjective which is used with uncountable nouns to denote indefinite quantity. A little is also used with uncountable nouns. The difference between these two adjectives is that little has a negative connotation, while a little has a positive one. Little means “not enough“, while a little means “enough“. Pridev little je neodređeni pridev koji stoji uz nebrojive imenice i označava neodređenu količinu. A little se takođe koristi sa nebrojivim imenicama. Razlika između ova dva prideva je u tome što little ima negativnu konotaciju, dok a little ima pozitivnu. Little se na srpski jezik prevodi kao “malo“, “nedovoljno“, dok se a little prevodi kao “nešto“ u smislu “dovoljno“.

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For example (na primer): There’s little pie in the oven. You’ll have to add something to it. enough for a meal!) (nedovoljno za obrok!)

(not

There’s a little flour in the can. You can make some pancakes. (enough to make pancakes!) (dovoljno da se naprave palačinke!) There’s little bread in the bag. You can’t make a sandwich. (not enough to make a sandwich!) (nedovoljno da se napravi sendvič!) There’a a little bread in the bag. You can make yourself a sandwich. (enough to make a sandwich!) (dovoljno da se napravi sendvič) ALL / BOTH / EACH / EVERY / EITHER / NEITHER

We use all or all of when we are talking about a total number or total amount of something. For example: Koristimo all ili all of kada govorimo o ukupnom broju ili ukupnoj količini nečega. Na primer:

All (of) my friends came to my birthday party last night. Sally thinks about her boyfriend all (of) the time. We use both (of) when we are talking about two people or two things together: Koristimo both (of) kada govorimo o dvoje ljudi ili o dve stvari odjednom:

Both (of) his sons go to Harvard. Both (of) the rooms were painted in one day. We use each and every with singular countable nouns to mean all the things and people in a group. For instance: Koristimo each i every sa brojivim imenicama u jednini da bismo opisali sve stvari ili ljude u grupi. Na primer:

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My son has his English classes each (every) Wednesday. Each (every) bus ticket costs 15 euroes. Notice the difference! Primetiti razliku!

The Dean of the Faculty greeted every student. meaning all the students, u značenju: čestitao je svim studentima,

while, dok,

The Dean of the Faculty greeted each student. means: he greted the students individually (emphasising!) znači: čestitao je svakom studentu lično (naglašavanje!)

Either means “one or the other“ while neither means “not one nor the other“: Either znači jedan ili drugi, dok neither znači ni jedan ni drugi:

Either way you decide, I’ll still love you. Have you seen either of my children? Note (primetiti): When used in the construction: either ... or... , they are conjunctions: Kada se koriste u konstrukciji: either ... or ... , oni su veznici i na srpski jezik se prevode kao: ili ... ili...

One of us will have to leave: either you or me! He is either in the garden or in the study. 87

Neither of them was happy to see me. Neither of the stories is true! Note (primetiti): When used in the construction: neither ... nor... , they are conjunctions: Kada se koriste u konstrukciji: neither ... nor ... , oni su veznici i na srpski jezik se prevode kao: ni ... ni...

Neither my mother nor my father have met their new neighbours yet. I’m neither for nor against living together before marriage.

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EXERCISES VEŽBANJA I Put some, any, no or none in the spaces: Upišite some, any, no ili none u praznine:

1. There isn’t __________ butter left in the fridge. 2. There is __________ sugar at all and I want to make a cake. I’ll have to go to the shop and buy __________. 3. How many children does your new neighbour have? He has __________. He lives with his wife only. They’ve just got married. 4. Are there __________ colour pencils in the drawer? Yes, there are __________. 5. I can’t eat __________ more meat, but I’d like __________ salad, please. 6. There are __________ roses in the garden, only __________ tulips. 7. “I’ve had too many drinks already. What about you?“ “I had __________. I don’t drink alcohol.“ 8. Can I have __________ salt please? This meal isn’t salty enough! 9. Is there __________ chocolate left. I would really want __________. 10. I have __________ more letters to post today. II Use many, much and a lot of to fill in the gaps: Koristite many, much i a lot of da biste popunili praznine:

1. Ann’s son has __________ toys. His room is full of them 2. I can’t buy this shirt. It’s very expensive and I don’t have __________ money. 3. How __________ brothers and sisters do you have? 4. There is not __________ coffee left. Just a little.

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5. My sister has __________ friends. People simply love spending time with her. 6. Our neighbour, who is very old, doesn’t have __________ friends. That is why she feels so lonely sometimes. 7. My nieces don’t make __________ noise while playing. They are such calm children. 8. “How __________ crime stories have you read?“ “I’ve read __________ them.“ 9. I’m sorry. I don’t have __________ time and I have to hurry. 10. I didn’t find __________ apples in the tree. Just two. III Chose between few and a few, little and a little to complete the sentences: Izaberite između few i a few, little i a little da biste dovršili rečenice:

1. Tom has few / a few friends and he is not very happy. 2. There’s little / a little coffee left. I can’t make us coffee. Would you like some tea? 3. “Can I have some sugar for my coffee, please?“ “Certainly. There’s little / a little in the bowl. 4. I’ve just moved to the city and I’ve already met few / a few people. 5. “Are there any oranges?“ “Yes, there are few / a few in the kitchen.“ 6. “Is there any milk left?“ have it.“

“Yes, there is little / a little in the jug. You can

7. “Can I have some juice?“ “There’s little / a little in the bottle. I’m afraid there isn’t enough.“ 8. There are few / a few people at the party. I don’t think it’ll be fun. 9. I’ve just found few / a few toys under the bed. Take them to your room. 10. There’s little / a little paper in the printer. I don’t think I’ll be able to print the document.

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IV Use all, both, each, every, either or neither to complete the sentences: Upotrebite all, both, each, every, either ili neither kako biste dovršili rečenice:

1. “How much do these pencils cost?“ “Twenty pence __________.“ 2. I go to the hairdresser’s __________ Saturday. 3. “Who are __________ these children?“ “They are my friends!“ 4. _________ Jason and his sister play the violin. 5. _________ he or his brother broke the window! 6. __________ of my friends like folk music. 7. “Would you like the blue or the red one?“ “__________ one. I like them __________.“ 8. I think about him __________ day. 9. I would really like to take you __________, but there is only room for one of you. 10. __________ we nor our parents have ever been to Japan.

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V ADVERBIALS

PRILOZI I PRILOŠKI IZRAZI In English, adverbials include adverbs and adverbial phrases. An adverbial can be one word, an adverb (eg. often) or a group of words (eg. well enough, in the room, last year). Adverbials are used to describe verbs, adjectives and adverbs. It is not easy to determine the exact place of an adverb in a sentence even though there are some rules. We can usually find them after the verb in a sentence. They are divided into different types in various ways by different authors. In this book we will use the following divison: 1.

Adverbials of Manner (how?)

2.

Adverbials of Place (where?)

3.

Adverbials of Time (when?)

4.

Adverbials of Degree (how much?).

U engleskom jeziku, priloške odredbe sadrže priloge i priloške izraze. Priloške odredbe mogu biti jedna reč, prilog (npr. often) ili grupa reči (npr. well enough, in the room, last year). Priloške odredbe se koriste za opis glagola, prideva i priloga. Nije lako utvrditi tačno mesto priloga u rečenici iako postoje neka pravila. Obično stoje iza glagola u rečenici. Različiti autori ih dele na različite vrste na različite načine. U ovoj knjizi ćemo koristiti sledeću podelu:

1.

Priloške odredbe za način (kako?)

2.

Priloške odredbe za mesto (gde?)

3.

Priloške odredbe za vreme (kad?)

4.

Priloške odredbe za stepen (koliko?)

Some adverbs are formed by adding – ly to an adjective (eg. friendly, happily, nicely); however, many adverbs do not have a particular form (eg. well, often, always, sometimes). Sometimes changes occur when adding – ly to 93

adjectives. If an adjective ends in – able/ible, 'e' changes into 'y' (eg. notable – notably); when an adjective ends in – y, - ily is added (eg. happy – happily) and in the case of adjectives ending in - ic, it changes into - ically (eg. music musically). Neki prilozi se grade dodavanjem –ly na pridev (npr. friendly, happily, nicely); međutim, mnogi prilozi nemaju određenu formu (npr. well, often, always, sometimes). Ponekad dolazi do promena kada se doda –ly pridevima. Ako se pridevi završavaju na – able/ible, 'e' se menja u 'y' (eg. notable - notably); kad se pridev završava na – y, ily se dodaje (eg. happy - happily), a u slučaju prideva koji se završavaju na – ic, oni se menjaju – ically (eg. music - musically).

ADVERBIALS OF MANNER PRILOŠKE ODREDBE ZA NAČIN There are numerous examples of adverbials of manner. Here, we list only some of them: Postoje brojni primeri za priloške odredbe za način. Ovde je spisak samo nekih od njih:

badly

kindly

well

hard

fast

foolishly

somehow

slowly

truthfully

wisely

loudly

calmly nervously

unexpectedly

so

For example (na primer): I was treated badly at the company I was working for 5 years ago. I cannot believe that he acted so foolishly to give away all the money he won. I am doing well at my school. He unexpectedly showed up at her wedding. Jane nervously answered the policeman's questions about her whereabouts at the time of the murder. 94

ADVERBIALS OF PLACE PRILOŠKE ODREDBE ZA MESTO For example (na primer): here

there

above

beneath

outside

around

under

over

underneath

behind

inside

between

upstairs

somewhere

In my house, the bedroom I sleep in is upstairs. The cat was hiding under the table. Look inside this box! Your keys might be in there. Please stand one behind another!

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nowhere

ADVERBIALS OF TIME PRILOŠKE ODREDBE ZA VREME For example (na primer): now

then

soon

before

today sometimes

yesterday ever

last year never

Please hold on one moment! The operator will talk to you soon! The times were different then than they are now. I sometimes have cereal for breakfast. I went to Italy last year on holiday.

ADVERBIALS OF DEGREE PRILOŠKE ODREDBE ZA STEPEN For example (na primer): fully totally

little somewhat

much

less

really

only

very

almost

Does the music bother you much? I was somewhat disgusted by his behaviour. After walking for half an hour I was a little tired. It was so hot outside that she almost fainted.

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COMPARISON OF ADVERBS POREĐENJE PRILOGA Just like adjectives in the English language, monosyllabic and disyllabic adverbs are compared by adding – er for the comparative and – est for the superlative; longer adverbs are compared by more for the comparative and most for the superlative. Unlike adjectives, adverbs that can be compared cannot be preceded by the definite article. Kao i pridevi u engleskom jeziku, jednosložni i dvosložni prilozi se porede dodavanjem – er za komparativ i – est za superlativ; duži prilozi se porede sa more u komparativu i most u superlativu. Za razliku od prideva, ispred priloga koji se mogu porediti ne može stajati određeni član.

For example (na primer): Positive

Comparative

Superlative

(pozitiv)

(komparativ)

(superlativ)

soon

sooner

soonest

slowly

more slowly

most slowly

beautifully

more beautifully

most beautifully

If you drive more slowly, we will feel safer. She sings most beautifully in the whole choir He came sooner than we had expected.

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Some adverbs have an irregular comparison: Neki prilozi se nepravilno porede:

Positive

Comparative

Superlative

(pozitiv)

(komparativ)

(superlativ)

well

better

best

late

later

latest or last

far

farther or further

farthest or furthest

little

less

least

much

more

most

badly, ill

worse

worst

near

nearer

nearest or next

This is my favourite teacher! She teaches best! He ate less while he was sick. As days passed, he behaved worse. Some adverbs have two forms: 1) the same like the adjective and 2) formed by adding –ly. These two forms of an adverb differ in meaning: Neki prilozi imaju dva oblika: 1) isti kao pridev i 2) koji se gradi dodavanjem – ly. Ova dva oblika priloga se razlikuju u značenju:

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direct (neposredno)

directly (pravo, direktno)

hard (mnogo, vredno)

hardly (jedva)

eg. He works hard to accomplish his eg. I could hardly remember his face. goals. highly (veoma)

high (visoko)

eg. He lives high on the eleventh eg. These are higly important rules. floor. justly (pravedno, valjano)

just (baš, upravo, tek)

eg. He has just finished writing his eg. I do not think he was convicted justly. book. late (kasno)

lately (nedavno)

eg. She came to work late.

eg. I haven't seen him lately.

near (blizu)

nearly (skoro)

eg. I live in the centre and my mother eg. I'm tired. It's nearly 3am. lives near. pretty (prilično, dosta)

prettily (lepo)

eg. The tickets were pretty expensive

eg. Susan dressed prettily for the occasion.

short (naglo)

shortly (ubrzo)

eg. The electricity was cut short.

eg. The plane will take off shortly.

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EXERCISES VEŽBANJA

I Fill in the blanks with the adverbs in the box: Popunite praznine odgovarajućim ponuđenim prilozima:

there

next

surely

gently

sometimes badly

extremely

quite

during

well

1. I was __________________ nervous before the film casting. 2. He felt __________________ odd in the new environment. 3. I made many friends __________________ my stay there. 4. He exercises in the gym __________________. 5. A pile of books was standing __________________ to his bed. 6. She __________________ removed make-up from her face. 7. That guy painted our house __________________. 8. I speak French, but I don't speak it very __________________. 9. I went with him for a drink __________________ the holiday. 10. The taxi driver __________________ knows the quickest route. II Circle an adjective or an adverb: Zaokružite pridev ili prilog:

1.

This is a very easy/easily exercise.

2.

Since he moved here, he has hard/hardly made any new friends.

3.

Whenever I drive, I tend to be too slow/slowly.

4.

Julia acts beautiful/beautifully in that film.

5.

The train for Belgrade is leaving short/shortly.

100

6.

Ben was very sad/sadly when his girlfriend left him.

7.

Please be very careful/carefully when stepping into the attic.

8.

Jeff is a very good/well singer.

9.

I was invited to come to the party unexpected/unexpectedly.

10.

I visit my high school friends frequent/frequently.

III Make sentences from the words: Sastavite rečenice od datih reči:

1.

Jordan/can kick ball/well/than/Mark.

______________________________________________________________ 2.

Mary/smart girl/in class.

______________________________________________________________ 3.

Please dress/appropriate/for the occasion.

______________________________________________________________ 4.

He/hard/ever/visits his parents.

______________________________________________________________ 5.

I/not read/many interesting books/late.

______________________________________________________________ IV Make adverbs from the adjectives: Formirajte priloge od sledećih prideva:

1.

pretty

_______________________________

2.

happy

_______________________________

3.

calm

_______________________________

4.

bad

_______________________________

5.

beautiful

_______________________________

6.

entire

_______________________________ 101

7.

normal

_______________________________

8.

frequent

_______________________________

V Write the irregular comparative and superlative forms of the following adverbs: Napišite nepravilne oblike komparativa i superlative sledećih priloga:

Positive (pozitiv)


well little much badly far

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VI CARDINAL AND ORDINAL NUMBERS OSNOVNI I REDNI BROJEVI

Cardinal Numbers

Ordinal Numbers

(Osnovni brojevi)

(Redni brojevi)

0 – zero 1 – one

1st – first

2 – two

2nd – second

3 – three

3rd – third

4 – four

4th – fourth

5 – five

5th – fifth

6 – six

6th – sixth

7 – seven

7th – seventh

8 – eight

8th – eighth

9 – nine

9 th – ninth

10 – ten

10th – tenth

11 – eleven

11th – eleventh

12 – twelve

12th – twelfth

13 – thirteen

13th – thirteenth

14 – fourteen

14th – fourteenth

15 – fifteen (*note: ‘f’, not ‘v’)

15th – fifteenth

16 – sixteen

16th – sixteenth

17 – seventeen

17th – seventeenth

18 – eighteen (*note: one ‘t’)

18th – eighteenth

19 – nineteen

19th – nineteenth

20 – twenty*

20th – twentieth 103

21 – twenty-one

21st – twenty-first

30 – thirty*

30th – thirtieth

40 – forty (*note: no ‘u’)

40th – fortieth

50 – fifty*

50th – fiftieth

60 – sixty

60th – sixtieth

70 – seventy

70th – seventieth

80 – eighty (*note: one ‘t’)

80th – eightieth

90 – ninety

90th – ninetieth

100 – a/one hundred

100th – a/one hundredth

101 – a/one hundred and one

101th – a/one hundred and first

1,000 – a/one thousand

1,000th – a/one thousandth

1,000 – a/one thousand and one

1,001th – a/one thousand and first

100,000 – one hundred thousand

100,000th – one hundred thousandth

1,000,000 - a/one million

1,000,000 th – a/one millionth

1,000,000,000 – a/one billion

1,000,000,000 th – a/one billionth

Tens are formed by adding – ty to a unit; however, in some tens a change occurs. (see the table). Numbers 1-9 are added to tens and in writing they are separated by a hyphen (eg. 23 – ‘twenty-three’). When we add numbers to hundreds and thousands, ‘and’ is added (eg.110 – ‘one hundred and ten’) Desetice se grade dodavanjem – ty jedinici; međutim, kod nekih desetica dolazi do promene (vidite tabelu). Brojevi 1-9 se dodaju deseticama i u pisanju ih odvaja crtica (npr. 23 – ‘twenty-three’). Kada dodajemo brojeve stotinama ili hiljadama ‘and’ se koristi (npr. 110 – ‘one hundred and ten’).

Ordinal numbers are formed by adding ‘th’ to the number, except for the numbers 1, 2 and 3, where each has its own form – first, second, third. When ‘th’ is added to tens, ‘y’ + th’ becomes ‘ieth’. Ordinal numbers are used for dates (eg. March 8th – which is pronounced: ‘March the eight or the eight of March’), for book chapters (eg. Chapter 9 – pronounced: ‘chapter nine or 104

the ninth chapter’) and for the names of monarchs (eg. Louis XIV – ‘Louis the Fourteenth’). Redni brojevi se grade dodavanjem ‘th’ broju, osim brojevima 1, 2 i 3, od kojih svaki ima poseban oblik – first, second, third. Kada se ‘th’ doda deseticama, ‘y’ + ‘th’ postaje ‘ieth’. Redni brojevi se upotrebljavaju za datume (npr. March 8th – se izgovara ‘March the eighth ili the eighth of March’), za poglavlja u knjigama (eg. Chapter 9 – se izgovara ‘chapter nine ili the ninth chapter’) i za imena vladara (eg. Louis XIV – ‘Louis the Fourteenth’).

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EXERCISES VEŽBANJA

I Write the following numbers: Napišite sledeće brojeve:

1.

35 _____________________________________________________

2.

67 _____________________________________________________

3.

98 _____________________________________________________

4.

143 _____________________________________________________

5.

732 _____________________________________________________

6.

1,003 _____________________________________________________

7.

23,400 _____________________________________________________

8.

333,600 _____________________________________________________

9.

1,000,250 _____________________________________________________

10.

3,870,000 _____________________________________________________

11.

35th _____________________________________________________

12.

121st _____________________________________________________

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13.

82nd _____________________________________________________

14.

73rd _____________________________________________________

15.

1,050th _____________________________________________________

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VII PREPOSITIONS PREDLOZI

Prepositions are uchangeable kind of words usually placed in front of nouns or pronouns. They can be followed by verbs, but in this case the verb has to be in the gerund form. Predlozi su nepromenljiva vrsta reči koja obično stoji ispred imenica ili zamenica. Mogu stajati i ispred glagola, ali u tom slučaju glagol mora biti u obliku gerunda.

For example (na primer): She’s at home.

NOUN (IMENICA)

The notebook’s in the drawer. Are you looking for me?

NOUN (IMENICA)

PRONOUN (ZAMENICA)

but (ali): Are you interested in finding a better job? He’s thinking of moving to another city.

VERB (GLAGOL) VERB (GLAGOL)

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE PREDLOZI ZA MESTO AT / IN / ON We use at in English to talk about a place that we consider a point not an area, or to talk about an event or gathering of people: Koristimo at u engleskom jeziku da bismo govorili o mestu koje smatramo tačkom a ne oblasti, ili da govorimo o nekom događaju ili okupljanju: 109

When did he arrive at the bus station? I’ll meet you at the concert. See you at school tomorrow! Is your brother at home? We use in to talk about a position within some larger area or larger space, or inside some closed space: Koristimo in kada govorimo o poziciji unutar veće oblasti ili prostora, ili unutar zatvorenog prostora:

Nigel lives in London. Ally’s in her room. We use on to talk about a position on a larger surface or a line such as a road or river: Koristimo on kada govorimo o poziciji na većoj površini ili liniji kao što je put ili reka:

Is there a stain on the wall? They possess a beautiful villa on the River Danube. When we talk about vehicles, we use in for a car or taxi and on for a bus, train, plane, boat, ship: Kada govorimo o prevoznim sredstvima, koristimo in uz imenice car i taxi, a on uz imenice bus, train, plane, boat, ship: IN a car a taxi ON a bus a train 110

a plane a boat a ship a motorbike a bicycle

However, if we want to say that we are travelling by means of a vehicle, rather than being in it, we use by instead: Ipak ako hoćemo da kažemo da putujemo prevoznim sredstvom, a ne da se nalazimo u istom, koristićemo by:

BY car

but (ali): ON foot

bus taxi boat ship plane train bicycle motorbike Note (primetiti): Get

INTO / OUT OF

a car/a taxi

but (ali): get

ON / OFF

a bus, train, plane, boat, ship, bicycle, motorbike

We use at when we are talking about addresses, but in if we are mentioning a street in general, or on if it is a longer and broader street:

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Koristimo at kada govorimo o adresama, a in ako pominjemo ulicu uopšteno, ili on ukoliko se radi o dužoj i široj ulici:

The Jacksons live at 46 Oxford Street. The children are playing in the street. I met an old friend of mine the other day on the street. ACROSS / OVER / ALONG / THROUGH We can use across or over if we want to say that someone or something is on the other side of a road, street, bridge, river etc., or if we are talking about getting to the other side: Možemo koristiti across ili over ako želimo da kažemo da se neko ili nešto nalazi na drugoj strani puta, ulice, mosta, reke itd, ili ako govorimo o prelasku s jedne na drugu stranu:

There is a pharmacy across/over the street. The car went across/over the bridge. However, if we want to talk about reaching the other side of something that is high, we use over rather than across: Ipak, ukoliko želimo da govorimo o prelasku na drugu stranu nečega što je visoko, koristićemo over, ne across:

Gregory tried to jump over the fence and hurt his leg. Do you think you can reach over the shelf? On the other hand, if we are talking about a flat surface or some larger area, we use across rather than over: S druge strane, ako govorimo o ravnoj površini ili većoj oblasti, koristićemo across, a ne over:

Zackary suddenly noticed his girlfriend across the yard. She would really like to sail across the ocean. 112

If we talk about a movement within a line, like a road, corridor, street, river etc., we use along: Ako govorimo o kretanju duž neke linije, kao što je put, hodnik, ulica, reka itd, koristićemo along:

The couple strolled along the path in the park. The boat moved along the river. Through, on the other hand, is used to talk about movements in some three dimensional space, not a flat surface or area: Through se koristi za kretanja u trodimenzionalnom prostoru, a ne na ravnoj površini ili oblasti:

The soldiers moved slowly through a thick forest. I couldn’t get through the crowd and got stuck. OVER / UNDER / ABOVE / BELOW We use over to say that some thing is directly over the other and there is nothing between them, while we use above to say that a thing is not directly over the other but a little higher. The opposite of over is under, while the opposite of above is below. Over se koristi kada hoćemo da kažemo da je neka stvar direktno iznad druge i da nema ničega između njih, dok above koristimo da bismo rekli da neka stvar nije direktno iznad druge, već nešto više. Suprotno od over je under, dok je suprotno od above below.

Compare (uporediti): She put a glass over the mat. The mat was under the glass. 113

and (i): The clock is above the kitchen door. If I were you I would put that new painting below. There are too many at the top of the wall. IN FRONT OF / BEHIND In front of is used when we want to say that a thing or person is located before the other thing or person, at the front side of it. For example: In front of se koristi kada želimo da kažemo da se neka stvar ili osoba nalazi ispred neke druge stvari ili osobe, sa prednje strane, tj. ispred. Na primer:

There is a beautiful bench in front of their house. Charles sits in front of Jeremy at school. Behind is the opposite of in front of and it means that a thing or a person is located at the back side of the other thing or person. For example: Behind je suprotno od in front of i znači da se stvar ili osoba nalaze sa zadnje strane neke druge stvari ili osobe, tj. iza. Na primer:

Watch out! There’s a very big dog behind you. There’s a lot of dust behind the radiator. BETWEEN / AMONG We use between when we are talking about two or more things or people seen as individual and concrete, while we use among to talk about things or people seen as belonging to a group or mass. Among cannot be used to talk about two things or people, only a larger number: Between se koristi kada govorimo o dve ili više stvari ili osobe koje smatramo individualnim i konkretnim, dok among koristimo kada govorimo o stvarima i

114

ljudima koje vidimo kao deo grupe ili mase. Among se ne može koristiti kada govorimo o dve stvari ili dvoje ljudi, već o većem broju:

Jack usually sits between Mary and Donald on the train. We put a new table between the sofa, armchair and shelf. She didn’t feel comfortable in such a crowd among all those people. I really enjoy sitting in the woods among the trees. NEAR / CLOSE TO / NEXT TO / OPPOSITE / BY / BESIDE We can use either near or close to when we want to say that something or someone is not far: Možemo koristiti ili near ili close to kada želimo da kažemo da nešto ili neko nije daleko, tj. da je blizu:

Douglas’s house is near/close to the new shopping centre. My grandparents used to live near/close to the seaside. Beside, by and next to are used to describe that a thing or a person is very close to the other thing or person, being at its or their side: Beside, by i next to se koriste da opišu situaciju kada se neka stvar ili osoba nalazi jako blizu druge, tj. pored nje:

My son sits beside/by/next to his best friend at school. The book you’re looking for is just beside/by/next to the dictionary. Opposite is used when we want to say that a thing or a person is located on the other side of the other thing or a person: Opposite se koristi kada hoćemo da kažemo da se neka stvar ili osoba nalazi sa druge strane u odnosu na neku drugu stvar ili osobu, tj. preko puta:

The bakery is opposite the bank on the other side of the street. They were sitting opposite each other in the lounge and talking. 115

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME PREDLOZI ZA VREME AT / IN / ON In English, at is used as a time preposition in the following cases: U engleskom jeziku at se koristi kao predlog za vreme u sledećim slučajevima:

 With exact points of time: Sa tačnim vremenkim trenutkom:

AT

6 o’clock 7.30 p.m. dawn noon midnight

etc. (itd.)

For example (na primer): The class starts at 8.15 a.m. I’m supposed to meet him at noon in front of the school.

 With ages: Sa godinama (uzrastom):

AT

fifteen (the age of fifteen) forty (the age of forty)

My mum got married at the age of twenty-five. Her son learned to read at the age of five.

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 With phrases that contain the words: beginning or end: Sa frazama koje sadrže reči: beginning i end:

AT

the beginning of October the end of the book the beginning of the month the end of the year

etc. (itd.)

I usually receive my salary at the end of the month. Christina’s birthday is at the beginning of May. Pay attention (obratiti pažnju)! However, this should not be confused with in the beginning/end which means at first and finally respectively. For example: Ipak, ovo ne treba mešati sa in the beginning/end, jer ova fraza znači u početku, odnosno konačno. Na primer:

In the beginning I didn’t realise what he was talking about.

(at first) (u

početku)

In the end, she managed to learn the poem by heart.  With the names of short holidays: Sa nazivima kratkih praznika: AT

Christmas Easter New Year the weekend

etc. (itd.)

We’re visiting our grandparents at Christmas. Will you be travelling at the weekend?

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(finally) (konačno)

Note (primetiti): In American English, as well as spoken British English now, we use ON the weekend: U američkoj varijanti engleskog jezika, kao i u govornom britanskom engleskom sve više, koristi se ON the weekend.

 With mealtimes: Sa nazivima obroka:

AT

braekfast lunch dinner

At lunch yesterady my friend told me she was getting married. See you at breakfast tomorrow. In, as a time preposition, is used in the following situations: In, kao predlog za vreme, se koristi u sledećim situacijama:

 With longer periods of time time such as: months, seasons, years, decades, centuries. For example: Sa dužim vremenskim periodima kao što su meseci, godišnja doba, godine, dekade, vekovi. Na primer:

IN

the summer 1976 January the 1960s the 19th century

etc. (itd.)

I really enjoy spending time in the mountains in the winter. We usually go to the seaside in July. Rock-n-roll was very popular back in the 60s. 118

 With parts of the day: Sa delovima dana:

IN

the morning the afternoon the evening

but (ali): AT

night

I usually have breakfast very early in the morning. It’s not safe to walk the streets of New York at night nowadays.  When we are talking about a time period that is going to pass before something happens: Kada govorimo o vremenskom periodu koji će proći pre nego što se nešto dogodi:

IN

a few minutes a week three months four years

etc. (itd.)

In thirty year’s time I hope to be retired and spending time with my grandchildren. The doctor will be there in a few minutes.  With phrases starting with the middle of: Sa frazama koje počinju sa the middle of:

IN the middle of

the night February 2002

etc. (itd.) 119

I woke up in the middle of the night because of a bad dream and couldn’t sleep any longer. Jessica’s birthday is somewhere in the middle of November. We use on to talk about a partcular day of the week or date: Koristimo on kada govorimo o određenom danu u nedelji ili datumu:

ON

Monday Thursday 3rd August 23 May

etc. (itd.)

I’ll meet you on Friday. The conferrence meeting in on 9th September. DURING / IN / FOR / OVER As time prepoistions, during or in are used to talk about somethinhg that happens within a particular period of time. For example: Kao vremenski predlozi, during ili in se koriste kada govorimo o nečemu što se dešava u toku određenog vremenskog perioda. Na primer:

Mellory plans to stay at a hotel during/in the time that she’s in Rome on business. Technology has developed really fast during/in the last decade. However, during is preferred when we want to say that something happens within the same time as something else: Ipak, koristićemo during, a ne in kada želimo da kažemo da se nešto dešava u isto vreme kad i nešto drugo:

I went to the hairdresser’s during the football match that my husband was watching. Paige bought a new pair of shoes during her visit to Budapest. 120

We can use either during or over to say that something happened within a period of time, whether the activity lasts for some of that period or the whole of it: Možemo koristiti ili during ili over da bismo rekli da se nešto dešava u toku vremenskog perioda, bilo da ta aktivnost traje samo deo vremenskog perioda ili tokom celog perioda:

Stephanie has really improved her knowledge of Greek during/over the past few months. We had a wonderful time at the beach during/over the weekend. However, we prefer during if the action is instant, with shorter duration, happening within a period of time: Mada, koristićemo during, a ne over ako govorimo o kraćoj aktivnosti koja se dešava u toku vremenskog perioda:

Jill suddenly left the office during the meeting. Her mobile phone rang during the performance. We use during in English to say when something happens, and for to emphasise how long something goes on: Koristimo during u engleskom jeziku da kažemo kada se nešto dešava, a for da naglasimo koliko dugo nešto traje:

Frederick caught a cold during his stay in Washington. He was feeling very bad for a few days, but then suddenly got better.

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SOME OTHER USEFUL PREPOSITIONS NEKI DRUGI KORISNI PREDLOZI Here are some more useful and widely used prepositions not mentioned in the previous sections: Evo još nekih korisnih predloga u širokoj upotrebi koji nisu pomenuti u prethodnim odeljcima:

EXCEPT (FOR) / BESIDES / APART FROM Except (for) is used to describe the exception, i.e. the only thing (things) or person (people) not included in the main part of the sentence. For example: Except (for) se koristi da bi se opisao izuzetak, tj. jedina stvar (stvari) ili osoba (osobe) koje nisu uključene u glavni deo rečenice. Na primer:

I couldn’t see the thieves except (for) one of them. Everyone from the company was invited to the celebration exceept (for) Ms Richards. We use except, not except for, before prepositions, infinitive, bare infinitive or that clauses: Koristimo except, ne except for, ispred predloga, infinitiva, krnjeg infinitiva ili that klauza:

There was dust everywhere except on the upper shelf. The children were allowed to do what they want except to speak very loudly. There’s nothing you can do except stay calm. She’s a good friend except that she really likes gossiping.

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Except for, on the other hand, is used rather than except to say that a statement made in the main part of the sentence is not completely true: Except for, a ne except, s druge strane, se koristi da se kaže da izjava iz glavnog dela rečenice nije u potpunosti istinita:

Frank went unhurt from the accident except for some scratches. Except for a couple of rainy days, the weather was wonderful throughout the summer. While except (for) is used with the meaning: “with the exception of“, besides is used with the meaning: “as well as“ or “in addition to“. Compare: Dok se except (for) koristi u značenju: „sa izuzetkom“, besides se koristi u značenju „takođe“ ili „pored toga“. Na srpski jezik se i except i besides prevode kao „osim“. Uporediti:

Nick doesn’t really like school except for maths. Besides maths, Holly likes physics and chemistry. Apart from can be used instead of except for and besides. For example: Apart from se može koristiti umesto except for i besides. Na primer:

Samuel hasn’t read any book, except for a single book of fairy tales. or (ili): Samuel hasn’t read any book apart from a single book of fairy tales. Besides a book of fairy tales, Lilly has read a lot of novels. or (ili): Apart from a book of fairy tales, Lilly has read a lot of novels.

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BY / WITH By and with are used to talk about the way something is done. By is used to emphasise what action is taken to do something, while with is used to talk about what is used to do something, i.e. by means of which something is done: By i with se koriste kada govorimo o načinu na koji se nešto radi. By se koristi da bi se naglasilo koja radnja se preduzima da bi se nešto uradilo, dok se with upotrebljava da bi se opisalo šta se koristi da bi se nešto uradilo, tj. čime se nešto radi:

Richard managed to break into the cottage on fire by hitting its door. The little boy reached his toy under the bed with a wooden stick. By is also used in the following common phrases: By se takođe koristi u sledećim uobičajenim frazama:

BY

mistake accident phone cheque/credit card road/air/land/sea hand heart force post/fax/e-mail

etc. (itd.)

She switched the lights off by mistake. Are you travelling by air? I ruined the documents in the computer by accident.

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EXERCISES VEŽBANJA I Fill the spaces with the appropriate preposition of place: Popunite praznine odgovarajućim predlogom za mesto:

1. – Is your mum __________ home now?

- No, she’s __________ work.

2. Are you going to meet me __________ the railway station tomorrow? 3. – Where’s Steve?

- He’s __________ his room, playing a computer game.

4. There are too many toys _________ the floor. Clear them out before you hurt yourself! 5. There appear animals __________ the road to his village. 6. Come on, hurry up! Get __________ the car! 7. Ben has a broken leg, so it’s really hard for him to get ________ and _______ the bus. 8. We usually travel to the seaside __________ plane. 9. Sam sometimes goes to school __________ bike, but he usually goes __________ foot. 10. Nick helped an old lady go __________ the street. 11. Can you see __________ that banner there? 12. There are a lot of benches __________ the river bank. 13. John noticed his old friend __________ the room. 14. The McAllisters had to pass __________ the woods to get to their friends’ cottage. 15. The book you’re looking for is __________ the red and the blue one on the shelf. 16. I really felt relaxed __________ all those trees. 17. Vicky sits __________ me in Spanish class and keeps turning around and asking me questions, which is really irritating!

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18. The swimming pool is __________ the house in the yard, not in front of it. 19. The cat is lying and purring __________ the table. 20. My best friend lives __________ me on the third floor. I live on the fourth. 21. A new painting is put __________ the sofa. 22. The dictionary’s on the desk __________ the files. 23. The new bank is located __________ the big bookshop in the main street, not on the same side of the street.. 24. My godfather’s family live __________ us, so we often visit them. 25. Please come and sit __________ me so we can duscuss this matter in private. II Fill the spaces with the appropriate preposition of time: Popunite praznine odgovarajućim predlogom za vreme:

1. We’re meeting our new business partner __________ Monday morning. 2. George was born __________ January. 3. The First World War ended __________ 1945. 4. My father usually takes a nap __________ the afternoon. 5. I really enjoy swimming in the sea __________ the morning, but I wouldn’t dare do it __________ night. 6. The company was founded __________ 1st August 2002. 7. Brittany fell asleep __________ the middle of the chemistry class. 8. I suddenly fell sick __________ the meeeting. 9. Dan visited his grandparents __________ his stay in Belgrade. 10. The train for Manchester leaves __________ noon. 11. __________ the beginning I didn’t really like him, but __________ the end I realised how generous and warm-hearted he was. 12. There is a preface __________ the beginning of the book. 13. Go straight on and turn left __________ the end of the street. 126

14. Let’s meet in that new fancy reastaurant __________ lunch. 15. My grandfather was young __________ the 1950s. 16. __________ the end of the year we usually make plans for the following year. 17. Wait for me in the office. I’ll be there __________ a few seconds. 18. Ben moved to Italy __________ the age of seventeen. 19. Natally is planning to stay with her grandparents __________ the summer. 20. Claire stayed in Paris __________ a few days and then continued her trip. III Fill the spaces with the appropriate preposition: Popunite praznine odgovarajućim predlogom:

1. I really liked the show last night __________ the music. 2. __________ being hardworking, Nathaniel is a very generous person. 3. I like all the shirts __________ the blue one. 4. Hank convinced Ann to mary him __________ giving her a wonderful diamond ring. 5. Can you please inform me about the results __________ e-mail? 6. Sarah turned the meat in the pan __________ a spatula. 7. I’m sure he didn’t do it on purpose. He must’ve done that __________ mistake. 8. There wasn’t a soul in the street __________ a single man sleeping on a bench. 9. The man put the nail back to its place __________ a hammer. 10. Patrick really likes his new job __________ the fact that it’s far away from home. 11. Sally bought the green dress __________ the red and white. 12. Are you paying __________ credit card? 13. __________ English and French, Mary speaks Italian. 127

14. My mum managed to wash the stain on my t-shirt __________ pure water. 15. Jack would do anything for Zoe __________ move away from town.

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VIII PRESENT TENSES SADAŠNJA VREMENA

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE PREZENT TO BE Affirmative +

(Short form)

Negative -

(Short form)

Interrogative ?

I am

I'm

I am not

I'm not

Am I?

You are

You're

You are not

You aren't

Are you?

He is

He's

He is not

He isn't

Is he?

She is

She's

She is not

She isn't

Is she?

It is

It's

It is not

It isn't

Is it?

We are

We're

We are not

We aren't

Are we?

You are

You're

You are not

You aren't

Are you?

They are

They're

They are not

They aren't

Are they?

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TO DO Affirmative +

Negative -

(short form)

Interrogative ?

I do

I do not

I don't

Do I?

You do

You do not

You don't

Do you?

He does

He does not

He doesn't

Does he?

She does

She does not

She doesn't

Does she?

It does

It does not

It doesn't

Does it?

We do

We do not

We don't

Do we?

You do

You do not

You don't

Do you?

They do

They do not

They don't

Do they?

For example (na primer): to drive - voziti Affirmative +

Negative -

(Short form)

Interrogative ?

I drive

I do not drive

I don't drive

Do I drive?

You drive

You do not drive

You don't drive

Do you drive?

He drives

He does not drive

He doesn't drive

Does he drive?

She drives

She does not drive

She doesn't drive

Does she drive?

It drives

It does not drive

It doesn't drive

Does it drive?

We drive

We do not drive

We don't drive

Do we drive?

You drive

You do not drive

You don't drive

Do you drive?

They drive

They do not drive

They don't drive

Do they drive?

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The Simple Present Tense is formed by the infinitive of the verb. For the third person singular, - s is added (eg. he talks). Prezent se gradi od infinitiva glagola. Za treće lice jednine se dodaje nastavak – s (npr. he talks).

– es is added for the third person singular for verbs that end in – s, - ss, sh, -ch, -x, and – z. – es is also added to some verbs that end in – o (eg. go, do). – es se dodaje za treće lice jednine kod glagola koji se završavaju na – s, - ss, sh, - ch, -x i – z. – es se takođe dodaje nekim glagolima koji se završavaju na – o (npr. go, do).

Verbs ending in – y preceded by a consonant change in the third person singular into – ie before the ending – s. Glagoli koji se završavaju na – y kojima prethodi suglasnik se menjaju u trećem licu jednine u – ie pre nastavka – s.

For example (na primer): He always misses the television show because he falls asleep. She brushes her teeth thoroughly three times a day. Jerry catches the ball every time. Sally quizzes her daughter before a test. She goes to Spain every year to visit different conferences. She tries to win over and over again.

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USE UPOTREBA

The Present Simple Tense is used: Prezent se upotrebljava:

 for things that happen regularly, ie. for repeated actions: za stvari koje se uobičajeno dešavaju, tj. za radnju koja se ponavlja:

They often go for long walks in the evening.  for facts or generalizations: za činjenice ili generalizacije:

The earth rotates around the sun. Babies like milk.  for future scheduled events: za buduće zakazane događaje:

The bus leaves the station at 9 pm. Note (primetiti): The following time adverbials are often used with The Present Simple: always, often, sometimes, every day/month/year, rarely, ever, never, usually, occasionaly, frequently etc: Sledeće vremenske odrednice se obično koriste sa prezentom: always, often, sometimes, every day/month/year, rarely, ever, never, usually, occasionaly, frequently itd:

I always drink coffee first thing in the morning. They frequently go to the gym. She never goes to school unprepared. 132

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE TRAJNI PREZENT BE + V + ING The present continuous tense is formed by the present simple tense of the verb – to be and – ing added to the verb infinitive. Trajni prezent se gradi od prezenta glagola – to be i dodavanjem – ing na infinitiv glagola.

For example (na primer): to talk - pričati Affirmative +

Negative -

Interrogative ?

I am talking

I'm not talking

Am I talking?

You are talking

You aren't talking

Are you talking?

He is talking

He isn't talking

Is he talking?

She is talking

She isn't talking

Is she talking?

It is talking

It isn't talking

Is it talking?

We are talking

We aren't talking

Are we talking?

You are talking

You aren't talking

Are you talking?

They are talking

They aren't talking

Are they talking?

133

USE UPOTREBA

The Present Continuous Tense is used: Trajni prezent se upotrebljava:

 for an action happening at the moment of speaking, ie. now: za radnju koja se dešava u trenutku govora, tj.sada:

She cannot talk to you right now. She is taking a shower. The kids can't hear you now. They are watching cartoons. You are reading about the use of the present continuous tense now.

 for longer actions which are in progress now: za duže radnje koje se sada odvijaju:

Are you doing any special projects at work? They are preparing for the exams.

 for future scheduled events: za buduće dogovorene događaje:

They are getting married next spring. I am seeing my dentist this Friday.

 with 'always' for repeated actions, which are sometimes irritating: sa 'always' za radnje koje se ponavljaju, koje su ponekad iritirajuće:

He is always complaining about his problems at the office. They are always arguing about meaningless things. I think that he is very interesting. He is always talking and laughing. 134

Note (primetiti): Now, at the moment, currently, presently etc are some of the time advrbials that we often use with The Present Continuous Tense: Now, at the moment, currently, presently itd. su neke od vremenskih odrednica koje se obično koriste uz trajni prezent:

I'm presently working on a thesis. She's washing the dishes now.

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EXERCISES VEŽBANJA I Make a negative and an interrogative sentence: Sastavite odričnu i upitnu rečenicu:

Eg. The children are swimming in the lake. The children aren't swimming in the lake. Are the children swimming in the lake? 1. Michael is pretending to be someone else. a) ____________________________________________ b) ____________________________________________ 2. Marcia sells many articles during the day. a) ____________________________________________ b) ____________________________________________ 3. Students attend all the classes where Mr Jones gives lectures. a) ____________________________________________ b) ____________________________________________ 4. They are studying biology at the university. a) ____________________________________________ b) ____________________________________________ 5. Monkeys like bananas. a)____________________________________________ b)____________________________________________ 136

6. She is leaving on Wednesday. a) ____________________________________________ b) ____________________________________________ 7. He is always playing the piano at midnight! It's very annoying! a) ____________________________________________ b) ____________________________________________ 8. The sun is shining. a) ____________________________________________ b) ____________________________________________ 9. They live in Belgrade. a) ____________________________________________ b) ____________________________________________ 10. Your English class begins at 10 am. a) ____________________________________________ b) ____________________________________________ II Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate verb tense: Stavite glagole u zagradama u odgovarajuće vreme:

1. She usually ____________________ (not/work) there on Saturdays, but this weekend she ____________________ (work). 2.

____________________ (you/listen) to the radio all the time?

137

3. ____________________ (she/speak) in English? I thought that she only knew French. 4. She ____________________ (not/remember) the names of her highschool teachers. 5.

Why ____________________ (they/drive) on the left in Britain?

6. ____________________ (you/laugh) at me? I ____________________ the best I can. 7.

They ____________________ (not/know) where to wait for the bus.

8.

I ____________________ (always/eat) brekfast in the dining room.

9. Why ____________________ (always/complain) about everything he does? 10.

I ____________________ (be) late for my date.

III Circle the correct verb forms. Zokružite tačan glagolski oblik:

1.

George doesn't watch/isn't watching television at the moment.

2.

His friend speaks/is speaking Portuguese a little.

3.

That girl carries/is carrying an umbrella.

4.

Do they usually have/Are they usually having lunch at restaurants?

5.

They prefer/are preferring films to plays.

6.

Does she wait/Is she waiting for me?

7.

The weather is awful! – Does it rain?/Is it raining?

8.

We stay/are staying at a luxury hotel.

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THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE SADAŠNJI PERFEKAT HAVE (present simple) + VERB (past participle) TO HAVE Affirmative +

(short form)

Negative -

(short form)

Interrogative?

I have

I’ve

I have not

I haven’t

Have I?

You have

You’ve

You have not

You haven’t

Have you?

He has

He’s

He has not

He hasn’t

Has he?

She has

She’s

She has not

She hasn’t

Has she?

It has

It’s

It has not

It hasn’t

Has it?

We have

We’ve

We have not

We haven’t

Have we?

You have

You’ve

You have not

You haven’t

Have you?

They have

They’ve

They have not

They haven’t

Have they?

139

For example (na primer) to say - reći Affirmative +

(short form)

I have said

I've said

You have said He has said

You've said He's said

She has said

She's said

It has said

It's said

We have said You have said They have said

We've said You've said They've said

Negative -

(short form) Interrogative ?

I have not said You have not said He has not said She has not said It has not said

I haven't said You haven't said He hasn't said She hasn't said It hasn't said

Have I said?

We have not said You have not said They have not said

We haven't said You haven't said They haven't said

Have we said?

Have you said? Has he said? Has she said? Has it said?

Have you said? Have they said?

The Present Perfect Tense is formed by the present simple of the verb – have and the past participle of the main verb. Sadašnji perfekat se obrazuje od prezenta glagola have i participa prošlog glagola.

140

USE UPOTREBA

The Present Perfect Tense is used for an action which occurred at some uspecified time before the moment of speaking. Expressions such as: ever, never, a few times, a couple of times, many times, before, so far, yet, already, since, for etc. are used with The Present Perfect Tense. Sadašnji perfekat se upotreblajva za radnju koja se dogodila u neodređeno vreme pre trenutka govora. Izrazi kao što su: ever, never, a few times, a couple of times, many times, before, so far, yet, already, since, for itd. se koriste sa sadašnjim perfektom.

The Present Perfect Tense is used: Sadašnji perfekat se upotrebljava:

 to show certain experience or the lack of it: za određeno iskustvo ili nedostatak iskustva:

I have never been to Greece. I have read that book already. I haven't met him yet.

 for an uncompleted action that is expected to be finished: za nedovršenu radnju za koju se očekuje da će se završiti:

I haven't finished my homework yet. I'm a bit worried! They haven't arrived yet.

 in sentences which contain an adverb of time which shows an uncompleted time period: today, this morning, this week, this month, this year, always, lately, etc. and it includes the present moment:

141

u rečenicama koje sadže prilog za vreme koji pokazuje nesvršeni vremenski period : today, this morning, this week, this month, this year, always, lately, itd. i obuhvata sadašnji trenutak:

I have studied a lot this morning. (*jutro još uvek traje) (I studied a lot this morning) (*Note: kada govorimo u toku dana šta smo radili ujutru) Have you been on vacation this year?

 when the consequences of the action are present at the moment of speaking: kada posledice radnje postoje u trenutku govora:

Oh, no! The children have broken the window! I have given her my bag. (*she has the bag now) (*torba je sada kod nje) I have just told you what to expect. (*now you know) (*sada znaš)

 for actions which have started at some point earlier and still last at the moment of speaking: za radnje koje su počele u nekom ranijem trenutku i još uvek traju u trenutku govora:

I have known him for ten years. I have lived in this building since 2000. We have always wanted to visit Athens.

 for different actions which have happened in the past at different times; the present perfect suggests that more actions are possible: za različite radnje koje su se dogodile u prošlosti u različito vreme; sadašnji perfekat ukazuje na to da je još takvih radnji moguće:

We have seen this film five times already. They have had a lot of problems with their boss in the last week. 142

 for an action which has occurred in the immediate past: za radnju koja se desila u neposrednoj prošlosti:

I'm sorry, he's not in. He has just gone out. She has just arrived.

143

THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE SADAŠNJI TRAJNI PERFEKAT HAVE/HAS + BEEN + PRESENT PARTICIPLE For example (na primer): to walk – hodati Affirmative +

(short form)

I have been walking You have been walking

I've been walking You've been walking

He has been walking

He's been walking

She has been walking

She's been walking

It has been walking

It's been walking

We have been walking

We've been walking

You have been walking

You've been walking

They have been walking

They've been walking

(short form)

Interrogative ?

I haven't been walking You haven't been walking He hasn't been walking She hasn't been walking It hasn't been walking

Have I been walking? Have you been walking? Has he been walking? Has she been walking? Has it been walking?

144

Negative I have not been walking You have not been walking He has not been walking She has not been walking It has not been walking We have not been walking You have not been walking They have not been walking

We haven't been walking You haven't been walking They haven't been walking

Have we been walking? Have you been walking? Have they been walking?

USE UPOTREBA

The Present Perfect Continuous Tense is used for actions that started in the past and still last up to now. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense is often used with words: for, since and sometimes also with recently, lately: Sadašnji trajni perfekat se upotrebljava za radnje koje su počele u prošlosti i još uvek traju. Sadašnji perfekat se često upotrebljava sa rečima: for, since a ponekad i sa recently, lately:

I have been studying a lot for the last couple of months. I have been working in this company since 2001. I am freezing! I have been waiting for you here for 45 minutes! Have you been feeling exhausted lately? Martha has been doing a lot of research about that drug on the Internet recently.

145

EXERCISES VEŽBANJA

I Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous? Fill in the blanks: Sadašnji perfekat ili sadašnji trajni perfekat? Popunite praznine:

1. I ____________________ (try) to reach you for hours! Who ____________________ (you talk) to? 2. I think that he ____________________ (watch) too much television recently. 3. The postman ____________________ (forget) ____________________ (not come) for a month.

about

us.

He

4. Julie ____________________ (study) in Moscow for 2 years already. 5. Mark needs a new car. He ____________________ (drive) that car for 25 years! 6. I ____________________ (see) this man before! 7. I ____________________ (visit) Rome 3 times up to now. 8. She ____________________ (love) eating candy since her childhood.

II Circle the correct verb forms. Zaokružite tačne glagolske oblike:

1. That team has won/has been winning the tournment 5 times. 2. She cannot talk to you now. She has just gone/has just been going out. 3. You have grown/have been growing so much since the last time I saw you!

146

4. They have been/have been being together ever since they first saw each other. 5. I have felt/have been feeling very weak lately. 6. They have worked/have been working very hard lately to earn the needed money. 7. I have known/have been knowing Ms Gates for 10 years. 8. I'm so tired! I have run/have been running for two hours!

147

148

IX PAST TENSES PROŠLA VREMENA

THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE PROŠLO VREME TO BE Affirmative +

Negative -

(short form)

Interrogative ?

I was

I was not

I wasn't

Was I?

You were

You were not

You weren't

Were you?

He was

He was not

He wasn't

Was he?

She was

She was not

She wasn't

Was she?

It was

It was not

It wasn't

Was it?

We were

We were not

We weren't

Were we?

You were

You were not

You weren't

Were you?

They were

They were not

They weren't

Were they?

149

TO DO Affirmative +

Negative -

(short form)

Interrogative ?

I did

I did not

I didn't

Did I?

You did

You did not

You didn't

Did you?

He did

He did not

He didn't

Did he?

She did

She did not

She didn't

Did she?

It did

It did not

It didn't

Did it?

We did

We did not

We didn't

Did we?

You did

You did not

You didn't

Did you?

They did

They did not

They didn't

Did they?

For example (na primer): to walk – hodati Affirmative +

Negative -

(short form)

Interrogative ?

I walked

I did not walk

I didn't walk

Did I walk?

You walked

You did not walk

You didn't walk

Did you walk?

He walked

He did not walk

He didn't walk

Did he walk?

She walked

She did not walk

She didn't walk

Did she walk?

It walked

It did not walk

It didn't walk

Did it walk?

We walked

We did not walk

We didn't walk

Did we walk?

You walked

You did not walk

You didn't walk

Did you walk?

They walked

They did not walk

They didn't walk

Did they walk?

150

The Simple Past Tense is formed by adding – ed to the verb. In some cases, - ed is not added to the verb because the verbs have an irregular form. These verbs are called irregular verbs (see the end of the book for the list of the most common irregular verbs). Prošlo vreme se gradi dodavanjem nastavka – ed na glagol. U nekim slučajevima, - ed se ne dodaje glagolu zato što ti glagoli imaju nepravilan oblik. Ovi glagoli se zovu nepravilni glagoli (videti na kraju knjige spisak najčešćih nepraviljnih glagola).

USE UPOTREBA

The Simple Past Tense is used for: Prošlo vreme se upotrebljava za:

 facts about the past: činjenice o prošlosti:

Albert Einstein was a scientist.  an action or situation in the past which is completed: radnje ili situacije u prošlosti koje su završene:

I phoned you last night.  actions occuring at a certain time in the past: radnje koje su se dogodile u određeno vreme u prošlosti:

The last time I saw him was in 2005. They had an important meeting last week.  a series of completed actions:

151

niz završenih radnji:

I finished my homework, got dressed and went out.  actions that lasted for a certain period in the past: radnje koje su trajale određeni vremenski period u prošlosti:

I lived in Belgrade for 2 years.  habits in the past: uobičajene radnje u prošlosti:

He played basketball in elementary school. Note (primetiti): The following time adverbials are often used with The Past Simple: yesterday, last week, last month, last year, etc., ago, in 2000, in 1962, etc., in January, in March, etc., on Monday, Tuesady, etc: Sledeće vremenske odrednice se obično koriste sa prošlim vremenom: yesterday, last week, last month, last year, itd, ago, in 2000, in 1962, itd, in January, in March, itd, on Monday, Tuesday, itd:

We went to a concert two days ago. I visited an old friend yesterday. My favourite actor was born in 1960. It was very cold in February.

152

THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE PROŠLO TRAJNO VREME The Past Continuous Tense is formed by the past simple tense of the verb to be and by adding – ing to the verb. Prošlo trajno vreme se gradi od prošlog vremena glagola to be i dodavanjem nastavka – ing na glagol.

For example (na primer): to go – ići Affirmative + I was going You were going He was going She was going It was going We were going You were going They were going

Negative -

(short form)

Interrogative ?

I was not going You were not going He was not going She was not going It was not going

I wasn't going You weren't going He wasn't going She wasn't going It wasn't going

Was I going? Were you going?

We were not going You were not going They were not going

We wern't going You weren't going They weren't going

Were we going? Were you going?

153

Was he going? Was she going? Was it going?

Were they going?

USE UPOTREBA

The Past Continuous Tense is used: Prošlo trajno vreme se upotrebljava:

 for an action which was in progress at a specific time in the past: za radnju koja je bila u toku u određenom trenutku u prošlosti:

He was reading the newspaper yesterday at 9 a.m.  for two actions occuring at the same time: za dve radnje koje su se odvijale u isto vreme:

I was washing the dishes while my husband was vacuuming the house.

 for an interrupted action in the past: za prekinutu radnju u prošlosti:

I was leaving the house when she called What were you saying when he interrupted you?

 with 'always' for an action in the past which was often irritating: sa 'always' za radnju u prošlosti koja je često bila iritirajuća:

He was fired because he was always arriving to work late.

154

EXERCISES VEŽBANJA I Make sentences from the given words by putting the verbs in the Past Simple or Past Continuous Tense: Sastavite rečenice od datih reči tako što ćete glagole staviti u prošlo ili prošlo trajno vreme:

1. They/arrive/while/I/talk/phone _________________________________________ 2. John/drink/friends/when/he/see/Jane _________________________________________ 3. I read/accident/when/bus/arrive _________________________________________ 4. John/meet/Ann/yesterday _________________________________________ 5. I/not know/answer/question _________________________________________ 6. They/ring/doorbell _________________________________________ 7. You/understand/what/I/say? _________________________________________ 8. You/not sleep/when/I/come _________________________________________ II Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Simple or Past Continuous Tense: Stavite glagole u zagradama u prošlo ili prošlo trajno vreme:

1.

What __________________ (you do) while I was talking to you?

2. Mary __________________ (try) to pass the exam although she __________________ (not know) much. 155

3. I __________________ (watch) an interesting show on television when you changed the channel. 4. __________________ (you be) here when she was telling the story about the accident? 5. They __________________ (manage) to rescue the man who __________________ (try) to put out the fire by himself. 6. I couldn't believe he __________________ (make) such a fool of himself. 7. He __________________ __________________ (study) hard. 8.

(not

anything

while

I

__________________ (you see) that man last week?

9. The car __________________ __________________ (have to) take the bus. 10. bed.

do)

(break)

down

so

we

When she finished reading the book, she __________________ (go) to

III Put the verbs in the Past Simple or Past Continuous Tense to fill in the blanks in the story: Stavite glagole u prošlo ili prošlo trajno vreme da biste dopunili priču:

Sally 1)__________________ (get up) at 6 am, 2)__________________ (get) ready, 3)__________________ (leave) the house and 4)__________________ (go) to work. As she 5)__________________ (drive), her phone 6)__________________ (ring). She soon 7)__________________ (find out) that it was her friend Alice whom she hadn't spoken to for a few months. Alice 8)__________________ (tell) Sally that she 9)__________________ (be) in town and that she 10)__________________ (start) her own business. Alice 11)__________________ (wonder) if Sally had time to go for a coffee and catch up. Sally 12)__________________ (agree) to meet her the following day. They 13)__________________ (meet) at 5 pm.

156

THE PAST PERFECT TENSE PLUSKVAMPERFEKAT TO HAVE (past simple) + VERB (past participle) For example (na primer): to work – raditi Affirmative +

(short form)

Negative -

I had worked

I’d worked

I had not worked

You had worked

You’d worked

You had not worked

He had worked

He’d worked

He had not worked

She had worked

She’d worked

She had not worked

It had worked

It’d worked

It had not worked

We had worked

We’d worked

We had not worked

You had worked

You’d worked

You had not worked

They had worked

They’d worked

They had not worked

(short form)

Interrogative ?

I hadn’t worked

Had I worked?

You hadn’t worked

Had you worked?

He hadn’t worked

Had he worked?

She hadn’t worked

Had she worked?

It hadn’t worked

Had it worked?

We hadn’t worked

Had we worked?

You hadn’t worked

Had you worked?

They hadn’t worked

Had they worked? 157

The Past Perfect Tense is used for a completed action that occurred before another action in the past. Pluskvamperfekat se upotrebljava za svršenu radnju koja se dogodila pre neke druge radnje u prošlosti.

For example (na primer): I could not phone you because I had lost your telephone number. Had you ever visited US before you went there last year. When we came there he had already gone. I had never fallen in love so much before I met him. They had lived in Sofia for 5 years before they moved back.

158

THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE TRAJNI PLUSKVAMPERFEKAT HAD + BEEN + VERB +ING For example (na primer): to read – čitati Affirmative +

(short form)

Negative -

I had been reading You had been reading He had been reading She had been reading It had been reading

I'd been reading You'd been reading He'd been reading She'd been reading It'd been reading

I had not been reading You had not been reading He had not been reading She had not been reading It had not been reading

We had been reading You had been reading They had been reading

We'd been reading You'd been reading They'd been reading

We had not been reading You had not been reading They had not been reading

(short form)

Interrogative ?

I hadn't been reading You hadn't been reading He hadn't been reading She hadn't been reading It hadn't been reading

Had I been reading? Had you been reading?

We hadn't been reading You hadn't been reading They hadn't been reading

Had we been reading? Had you been reading?

Had he been reading? Had she been reading? Had it been reading?

Had they been reading?

159

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense is used for an action which had been going on for a certain time before another past action happened. Trajni pluskvamperfekat se upotrebljava za radnju koja je trajala određeno vreme pre nego što se druga radnja u prošlosti dogodila.

For example (na primer): They had been walking for 2 hours before they reached the forest. She had been living in that building for 3 years before she moved to this one. He failed his driving test because he hadn't been attending classes.

160

EXERCISES VEŽBANJA I Put the verbs in The Past Perfect Tense or The Past Perfect Continuous tense: Stavite glagole u pluskvamperfekat ili trajni pluskvamperfekat:

1. The meal that he ____________________ (recommend) was served late. 2. After she ____________________ (complete) her house chores she went out. 3. What ____________________ (you do) before you left the house. 4. He felt pain in his back because he ____________________ (sit) for a long time. 5. When I came to the gate the plane ____________________ (already go). 6. He ____________________ (teach) for 40 years before he retired. 7. She was telling her friends what ____________________ (happen) to her. 8. We ____________________ (just finish) our meal when they came over. 9. We ____________________ (sell) much more before he started working as a salesman. 10. He ____________________ (not talk) much about the incident before I asked him.

161

162

IX FUTURE TENSES BUDUĆA VREMENA

In English we can express future in two different ways: by using “real“ future tenses and constructions such as The Future Simple Tense, The Future Continuous Tense, The Future Perfect Tense, The Future Perfect Continuous Tense, Going to and Be to + Infinitive, or by using present tenses such as The Present Simple Tense, The Present Continuous Tense and The Present Perfect Tense. U engleskom jeziku možemo izraziti budućnost na dva različita načina: pomoću “pravih“ budućih vremena kao što su The Future Simple Tense (Buduće prosto vreme), The Future Continuous Tense (Buduće trajno vreme), The Future Perfect Tense (Budući perfekat), The Future Perfect Continuous Tense (Budući trajni perfekat), Going to (Going to konstrukcija) i Be to + Infinitive (Be to + Infinitive konstrukcija) ili pomoću sadašnjih vremena kao što su The Present Simple Tense (Sadašnje prosto vreme), The Present Continuous Tense (Sadašnje trajno vreme) i The Present Perfect Tense (Sadašnji perfekat).

THE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE BUDUĆE PROSTO VREME The Future Simple Tense is used to denote an activity that will take place at a definite or indefinite time in the future. The Future Simple Tense (Buduće prosto vreme) se koristi da opiše radnju koja će se desiti u određenom ili neodređenom trenutku u budućnosti.

We form The Future Simple Tense in this way: The Future Simple Tense (Buduće prosto vreme) se gradi na sledeći način:

163

SHALL +

INFINITIVE

WILL

Shall is used for the first person singular and plural, while will is used in the rest of the cases. Shall se koristi za prvo lice jednine i množine, dok se will koristi u svim ostalim slučajevima. For example (na primer): I shall go to the shop and buy some fruit. We shall meet in front of the house tomorrow morning. but (ali): Samuel will come to my party on Saturday night. They will be back soon. Abbreviated forms sound more natural and are widely used in spoken language. For example: Skraćene forme zvuče prirodnije i u širokoj su upotrebi u razgovornom jeziku. Na primer:

I think I will be home by 9 p.m.

=

I think I’ll be home by 9 p.m.

We will be back in a minute.

=

We’ll be back in a minute.

Their train will not arrive on time.

=

Their train won’t arrive on

time. However, when it comes to written forms and formal correspondence, full forms should be used. For example: Mada, kada se radi o pisanoj formi i formalnoj korespondenciji, koriste se puni oblici. Na primer:

164

The meeting of the executive board will be held on the premises. You will be present at tomorrow’s audit! It is obligatory! And you will not be late! The interrogative form is made by using inversion, while the negative form is made by adding the negative particle not to shall and will: Upitni oblik se gradi inverzijom, dok se odrični gradi tako što se na shall i will doda odrična rečca not:

Will you turn the music down, please? We shall go out tonight. I think he will not (won’t) finish the task on time. We shall not (shan’t) go there! Note (primetiti): However, nowadays will is more and more used instead of shall. Therefore, in all the examples above shall can freely be substituted by will with the same meaning. Ipak, u današnje vreme will se sve više koristi umesto shall. Zato, u svim gore navedenim primerima shall se slobodno može zameniti sa will, a da se značenje ne promeni.

Pay attention (obratiti pažnju)! If we are offering to do something or inspiring to some action (i.e. giving a proposition), we use shall only, not will for the first person singular and plural: Ukoliko nudimo da uradimo nešto ili inspirišemo na neku radnju (tj. nudimo neki predlog), koristimo samo shall, ne will za prvo lice jednine i množine:

Shall we go out tonight? Shall I open the window. It’s too hot in here.

165

THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE BUDUĆE TRAJNO VREME The Future Continuous Tense describes an action that will be in progress at a certain moment in the future or will be in progress during a certain period of time in the future. Unlike The Future Simple Tense which describes a complete activity, here the accent is put on the duration of the action. The Future Continuous Tense (Buduće trajno vreme) opisuje radnju koja će biti u toku u određenom trenutku u budućnosti ili će trajati u toku određenog vremenskog perioda u budućnosti. Za razliku od The Future Simple Tense (Budućeg prostog vremena) koje opisuje kompletnu radnju, ovde je akcenat stavljen na trajnost radnje.

This is how we form The Future Continuous Tense: Ovako se gradi The Future Continuous Tense (Buduće trajno vreme):

SHALL +

BE

+

VERB

+

ING

WILL The same as with The Future Simple Tense, will is used more often than shall for the first person singular and plural. The interrogative form is made by using inversion, while the negative form is made by adding the particle not to shall and will. The abbreviated forms are preferred as well: Isto kao i sa The Future Simple Tense (Budućim prostim vremenom), will se češće koristi od shall za prvo lice jednine i množine. Upitni oblik se pravi korišćenjem inverzije, dok se odrični oblik gradi dodavanjem rečce not na shall i will. Skraćene forme su i ovde poželjnije: At 10 a.m. on Friday my friend and I will be playing tennis. What will you be doing at this time next year? 166

I will not (won’t) be studying tomorrow afternoon. I will be wathing TV with my family. When my brother arrives from London at 6 a.m., I’ll probably be sleeping. What will your parents be doing while you’re taking the exam? Will you be reading that book all day long tomorrow?

THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE BUDUĆI PERFEKAT The Future Perfect Tense describes a future activity that will be completed before a certain moment in the future or before some other future activity. By and before are the time expressions usually used with this tense. The Future Perfect Tense (Budući perfekat) opisuje radnju koja će se završiti pre nekog određenog trenutka u budućnosti ili pre neke druge buduće radnje. By i before su vremenske odrednice koje se uglavnom koriste uz ovo vreme.

The Future Perfect Tense is formed in the following way: Ovako se gradi The Future Perfect Tense (Budući perfekat):

SHALL +

HAVE

+

PAST PARTICIPLE

WILL

As with all the other future tenses using shall and will forms, here will is preferred and recommended in spoken language nowadays as well. The interrogative form is made by using inversion, while the negative form is made 167

by adding the particle not to shall and will. The abbreviated forms are more commonly used in spoken language as well, while the full form is preferred in the written form. Kao i sa svim ostalim budućim vremenima koja koriste oblike shall i will, i ovde se oblik will u današnje vreme mnogo više koristi i preporučuje u razgovornom jeziku. Upitni oblik se gradi inverzijom, dok se odrični oblik gradi dodavanjem odrične rečce not na shall i will. Skraćene verzije se takođe mnogo više koriste u razgovornom jeziku, dok se puni oblici koriste u pisanoj formi.

Examples (primeri): I will have finished my breakfast before 9 a.m. tomorrow morning. Will you have made the cake before the party begins, mum? I think he will not (won’t) have repaired the car by Friday. We’ll have finished our report before the main meeting. They won’t have painted the house by tomorrow night, I’m sure. She’ll have completed the puzzle before 5 o’clock. She’s really good at that. By this time next year, George will have worked for this company for forty years! Can you believe that? By the time her husband arrives home, Jenny will have ironed all the clothes.

THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE BUDUĆI TRAJNI PERFEKAT

The Future Perfect Continuous Tense describes an action that will be in progress for a certain period of time before a definite moment in the future or before some other future action. The same as with The Future Perfect Tense, by and before are the time expressions commonly used with this tense, too.

168

The Future Perfect Continuous Tense (Budući trajni perfekat) opisuje radnju koja će trajati izvesno vreme pre određenog trenutka u budućnosti ili pre neke druge buduće radnje. Kao i sa The Future Perfect Tense (Budućim perfektom), by i before su vremenske odrednice koje se obično koriste sa ovim vremenom.

The Future Perfect Continuous Tense is formed in the following way: Ovako se gradi The Future Perfect Continuous Tense (Budući trajni perfekat):

SHALL +

HAVE BEEN

+

VERB

+

ING

WILL As with all the other future tenses using shall and will forms, here will is preferred and recommended in spoken language nowadays as well. The interrogative form is made by using inversion, while the negative form is made by adding the particle not to shall and will. The abbreviated forms are more commonly used in spoken language as well, while the full form is preferred in the written form. Kao i sa svim ostalim budućim vremenima koja koriste oblike shall i will, i ovde se oblik will u današnje vreme mnogo više koristi i preporučuje u razgovornom jeziku. Upitni oblik se gradi inverzijom, dok se odrični oblik gradi dodavanje odrične rečce not na shall i will. Skraćene verzije se takođe mnogo više koriste u razgovornom jeziku, dok se puni oblici koriste u pisanoj formi.

Examples (primeri): I will have been reading the new book for five hours by 6 o’clock. Will you have been listening to music all day before I get home from work? They won’t have been studying for their exam for two months by the time they take the exam. Only for a fortnight!

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He’ll have been preparing himself for the interview for a week by the time the interview starts. Samantha will have been practicing for her performance for months before she takes part in the play.

GOING TO GOING TO KONSTRUKCIJA

Going to construction in English is used when we want to describe the action that is planned to take place in the future. We are talking about a plan or intention to do something. Going to konstrukcija u engleskom jeziku se koristi kada želimo da opišemo radnju koja je isplanirana za budućnost. Govorimo o planu ili nameri da se nešto uradi.

TO BE

+

GOING TO

+

INFINITIVE

The interrogative form is formed by using inversion, while the negative form is made by adding the particle not to the positive form. Upitni oblik se gradi inverzijom, dok se odrični oblik gradi tako što se na potvrdni oblik doda odrična rečca not.

Examples (primeri): My best friend is going to study medicine. I am going to do my homework after lunch. Are you going to visit your grandparents soon? We are not going to sell our car. It serves its purpose. They are going to spend more time with their children in the future.

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Note (primetiti): As with all the other tenses in English, abbreviated forms are preferred and more natural in spoken language, while in written language full forms are used: Kao i kod ostalih vremena u engleskom jeziku, skraćene forme su poželjnije i prirodnije u razgovornom jeziku, dok se u pisanoj formi koriste puni oblici:

Spoken language (razgovorni jezik): My daughter’s going to be an architect when she grows up. We aren’t going to invite them to our party! We’re going to buy a new house. We need a bigger one. Written form (pisana forma): The Chief Executive Officer is going to organise a staff gathering at the weekend. Our best business partners are going to visit our company on Friday. Going to construction is also used when we are talking about predictions based on real facts or evidence, while Will is used if we are talking about predictions based on our personal feelings or thoughts or based on our past experience: Going to konstrukcija se takođe koristi ako govorimo o predviđanjima koja se baziraju na stvarnim činjenicama i dokazima, dok se Will koristi ako govorimo o predviđanjima baziranim na našim ličnim mislima ili osećanjima ili baziranim na prethodnom iskustvu:

Look at those black clouds. It’s going to rain. but (ali): I think he’ll come to Peter’s birthday party. He always does.

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Note (primetiti): If the verb to go is used in this construction, for the sake of avoiding repetition and monotony the Present Continuous form of the verb to go is used instead of Going to: Ako se koristi glagol to go u ovoj konstrukciji, da bi se izbeglo ponavljanje i monotonija umesto Going to konstrukcije koristiće se Present Continuous oblik glagola to go:

Rachael is going to her colleague’s party tonight. I’m going out tomorrow night.

BE TO + INFINITIVE BE TO + INFINITIVE KONSTRUKCIJA Be to + Infinitive is used when we want to describe an action that will take place as a result of some instruction or arrangement. It is also used to give strict orders. It could be followed either by the active or passive form of the verb. This construction is usually used in news reports or newspaper artcles’ headlines to talk about future events. Be to + Infinitive (Be to + Infinitive konstrukcija) se koristi kada želimo da opišemo radnju koja će se dogoditi kao rezultat neke naredbe ili dogovora. Takođe se koristi kako bismo izdali striktna naređenja. Može se koristiti i sa glagolom u aktivu, kao i sa onim u pasivu. Ova konstrukcija se obično koristi u izveštavanju, kao i u naslovima novinskih članaka kada govorimo o budućim događajima.

It is formed in the following way: Gradi se na sledeći način:

BE TO

+

INFINITIVE

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Examples (primeri): About twenty teams are to take part in the competition. arrangement) (dogovor) Jake is to meet the CEO tomorrow morning.

(an

(an arrangement)

(dogovor)

You are to leave now!

(an order) (naređenje)

Children are not to be let on the premises without supervision! order) (naređenje) The students are to finish their tests in an hour.

(an

(an instruction)

(uputstvo)

The medicine is to be taken with meals.

(an instruction) (uputstvo)

THE PRESENT TENSES EXPRESSING FUTURE UPOTREBA SADAŠNJIH VREMENA ZA IZRAŽAVANJE BUDUĆNOSTI Future actions can also be expressed by means of the following present tenses: The Simple Present Tense, The Present Continuous Tense and The Present Perfect Tense. Buduće radnje takođe mogu biti izražene pomoću sledećih sadašnjih vremena: The Simple Present Tense (Sadašnje prosto vreme), The Present Continuous Tense (Sadašnje trajno vreme) i The Present Perfect Tense (Sadašnji perfekat).

1. The Simple Present Tense is used to denote a future action that is part of some official, fixed and definite arrangement. It is usually used when we are talking about timetables or programmes. For instance: The Simple Present Tense (Sadašnje prosto vreme) se koristi da označi buduću radnju koja je deo nekog zvaničnog, utvrđenog i definitivnog dogovora. Obično se koristi kada govorimo o redovima vožnje ili programima. Na primer:

The train leaves at 8.15 a.m. The next board meeting is on 14th November. 173

My favourite TV show begins at 9 p.m. tomorrow night. My French class starts at 4 p.m. on Monday. We start the trip on Tuesday and finish it on Friday. 2. The Present Continuous Tense is used to describe a future action that will happen as a result of a previous arrangement. In this case we usually know the exact time of happening of the action or it is clear from the context: The Present Continuous Tense (Sadašnje trajno vreme) se koristi da se opiše buduća radnja koja će se desiti kao rezultat nekog ranijeg dogovora. U ovom slučaju obično znamo tačno vreme dešavanja radnje ili se to jasno može zaključiti iz konteksta:

I’m going to the dentist’s tomorrow afternoon. My daughter is having her hair cut at 5 p.m. on Friday. My friends and I are playing tennis at 9 o’clock tonight. Our neighbour is taking his driving test on Wednesday. My cousin’s leaving from Belgrade airport at 7.45. Therefore the key word here is ARRANGEMENT! Stoga, ključna reč ovde je DOGOVOR!

Compare (uporediti): However, if we are talking about a plan or intention to do something, Going to construction is used: Mada, ako govorimo o planu ili nameri da se nešto uradi, koristi se Going to konstrukcija:

My brother is going to study medicine. My parents are going to travel around the world next year. Daniel is going to move to another city and start a new life. I’m going to finish my homework before I go out. They’re going to visit their grandparents at the weekend. 174

And the key word here is PLAN! I ključna reč ovde je PLAN!

Also compare (takođe uporediti): On the other hand, if we are making a decision at the moment of speaking, i.e. making a sudden decision, we use The Simple Future Tense: Sa druge strane, ukoliko donosimo odluku u trenutku govora, tj. donosimo iznenadnu odluku, koristimo The Simple Future Tense (Buduće prosto vreme):

Are you hungry. I’ll make us something to eat. Oh, my hair’s dirty. I’ll go and wash it. “I hear the door bell.“ “That’s ok. I’ll open it.“ “This suitcase is really heavy.“ “I’ll help you with it.“ “I have to go to the shop and the postman may arrive with the cheque.“ “We will stay at home, mum!“ This time the key words are: A SUDDEN DECISION! (a decision at the moment of speaking) Ovog puta ključne reči su: IZNENADNA ODLUKA! (odluka u trenutku govora)

3. The Present Perfect Tense is used when we are talking about a future action that will be completed before some other future action. For example: The Present Perfect Tense (Sadašnji perfekat) se koristi kada govorimo o budućoj radnji koja će se završiti pre neke druge buduće radnje. Na primer:

When I’ve finished writting this letter, I’ll go and post it. I’ll go to bed as soon as I have seen the film. Sam will invite you to dinner when he has prepared it. We’re going to visit Spain as soon as we’ve got a few days off. As soon as they’ve saved enough money, they’re going to buy a new car.

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EXERCISES VEŽBANJA I Use either the Future Simple or Future Continuous form of the verbs in brackets to complete the sentences: Glagole u zagradama stavite u Future Simple (Buduće prosto vreme) ili Future Continuous (Buduće trajno vreme) da biste dopunili rečenice:

1. Oh, we’ve run out of sugar! I ____________________ (go) to the shop and buy some. 2. __________ you please __________ (close) the window? It’s really cold in here. 3. Samuel ____________________ (paint) the walls all day tomorrrow. 4. “How many people are going to participate in the charity ball?“ “I’m not sure. I ____________________ (know) tomorrow.“ 5. This time next month, we ____________________ (sunbathe). 6. “What __________ he __________ (do) this time next year?“ “I guess he __________ still __________ (work) for the same company.“ 7. “__________ you __________ (come) to my party on Saturday night?“ “I’m sorry, but I think I ____________________ (stay) at home and have some rest. I really don’t like crowds. 8. “What would you like to drink?“ “I ____________________ (have) a glass of orange juice, please.“ 9. “Let’s go to the restaurant for lunch tomorrow.“ “Thanks a lot, but I ____________________ (work) all day tomorrow. I have to finish this report. 10. I’m sure Patrick ____________________ (help) you if you ask him to.

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II Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Perfect or Future Perfect Continuous to complete the sentences: Stavite glagole u zagradama u Future Perfect (Budući perfekat) ili Future Perfect Continuous (Budući trajni perfekat) da biste upotpunili rečenice:

1. I hope Alexander ____________________ (finish) the report by Thursday. I really need it for the meeting. 2. By next Friday ____________________ (live) in this city for fifteen years. 3. Brittany ____________________ (read) the book she’s borrowed from her friend before she returns it. 4. I ____________________ (wash) all the dishes before I start wiping them. 5. By the time their mother comes back from work the children ____________________ (watch) cartoons for hours. 6. Thousand of people in Somalia ____________________ (die) of hunger by next week unless some help is sent to them. 7. The actors ___________________ (perform) the same play for fifty times by next Saturday. 8. A lot of endangered species ____________________ (disappear) by the year of 2020. 9. By the time her husband gets home Ann ____________________ (iron) for four hours. 10. By next Wednesday you ____________________ (write) the book for five years. When are you going to finish it? III Use the Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect or Be to + Infinitive form of the verbs in brackets to complete the sentences: Stavite glagole u zagradama u Present Simple (Sadašnje prosto vreme), Present Continuous (Sadašnje trajno vreme), Present Perfect (Sadašnji perfekat) ili Be to + Infinitive (Be to + Infinitive konstrukciju) da biste dopunili rečenice:

1. When __________ the next train for Venice __________ (leave)? 2. The next meeting of area managers ____________________ (be) on Friday at 10 a.m. 177

3. The construction works in the neighbourhood ____________________ (finish) soon. 4. You can go out only after you ____________________ (do) your homework. 5. People not employed in the company ____________________ (not / let) on the premises. 6. Our cousin, who lives in Australia, ____________________ (visit) us this summer during her holidays. 7. Frank and Sally _____________________ (play) cards with their neighbours at 10 p.m. tonight. 8. You ____________________ (not / go out) untill your mum arrives home. 9. When I ____________________ (prepare) dinner, I’ll have some rest. 10. I ____________________ (go) to the hairdresser’s at 5 p.m. on Tuesday. IV Use the Will, Going to or Present Continuous forms of the verb in brackets to fill in the spaces: Upotrebite Will, Going to i Present Continuous oblike glagola u zagradama da biste popunili praznine:

1. “What __________ you __________ (be) when you grow up?“ sure. I think I ____________________ (be) an architect.

“I’m not

2. “When __________ you __________ (leave) for Liverpool?“ “At 6.15 in the morning.“ 3. “I think someone should turn the heating down. It’s too hot here.“ ____________________ (do) it.

“I

4. “Would you like something to eat?“ “Certainly. I ____________________ (have) fried chicken and tomato salad.“ 5. My son ____________________ (go) to his best friend’s birthday party on Friday night. 6. I ____________________ (visit) several foreign countries in the future.

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7. The wind’s blowing really hard. The weather ____________________ (change). 8. I feel really tired. I ____________________ (take) a short nap. 9. What __________ your dad ___________ (do) when he retires? 10. I suppose Frank ____________________ (be) there tomorrow.

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TENSE REVIEW OBNAVLJANJE VREMENA

I Identify the tense in the sentences. Prepoznajte vreme u rečenicama.

1. I am a teacher. ____________________ 2. I have just finished washing the dishes. ____________________ 3. He had called before he came. ____________________ 4. I am practicing verb tenses. ____________________ 5. I went to Egypt last summer. ____________________ 6. I was watching the news when you came. ____________________ 7. They have been living here for 20 years. ____________________ 8. I had been writing for 2 hours before I stopped. ____________________ 9. Will you help me with these suitcases? ____________________ 10. I will be waiting for you when you arrive. ____________________ 11. You will have learned a lot by the time this course ends. 180

____________________ 12. He will have been studying for hours before he leaves for work. ___________________ II Put the verbs in the Past Simple, Past Continuous, Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous. Stavite glagole u prošlo vreme, prošlo trajno vreme, pluskvamperfekat ili trajni pluskvamperfekat.

1. When he ____________________ (come) ____________________ (already prepare) dinner.

home,

his

wife

2. He ____________________ (wait) long before she showed up. 3. They ____________________ (not know) where to go because nobody ____________________ (inform) them. 4. She ____________________ (already write) 3 books before the first one was published. 5. Before they moved, they ____________________ (live) there since 1990. 6. I ____________________ (see) a strange man in our backyard yesterday evening. 7. I ____________________ (play) the piano when you called. 8. The car broke down so we ____________________ (have to) walk home. 9. While he ____________________ (study) she ____________________ (watch) the television. 10. She ____________________ (get) up and ____________________ (go) to work. III Past Simple vs. Present Perfect Prošlo vreme ili sadašnji perfekat?

1. Did you ever visit/Have you ever visited Canada? 2. I went/have gone to the supermarket yesterday. 181

3. I lived/have lived here since 2004. 4. Did they finish/Have they finished their homework yet? 5. I didn’t give/haven’t given her my jacket yet. 6. I worked/have worked in that company from 1999 to 2001. 7. Did you go/Have you gone anywhere last weekend? 8. Look at them! They grew/have grown so much! 9. I didn’t talk/haven’t talked to them for two weeks. 10. The last time I saw/have seen him was in the winter. IV Circle the correct answer:e Zaokružite tačan odgovor:

1. Why __________ him a nice present for his birthday? a) hasn’t we bought

b) will we buy

c) don’t we buy

d) doesn’t buy

2. He was feeling sick so he __________ to school yesterday. a) didn’t go

b) won’t go

c) isn’t going

d) hadn’t gone

3. __________ someone in the house? I thought I saw the lights. a) were

b) has been

c) will be

d) was

4. - Where are you? – I __________ for you in front of the building! a) wait

b) is waiting

c) am waiting

d) would wait

5. I __________ tennis with John on Friday afternoon. a) am playing

b) have played

c) have been playing

d) plays

6. Mary rarely __________ on weekdays. a) making

b) makes

c) is making

d) will be making

7. Susan __________ on a serious project at the moment. a) is working

b) worked

c) was working

d) had been working

8. The bus for Belgrade __________ every hour. a) is left

b) has left

c) leaving 182

d) leaves

9. Mark __________ to pass the test for the licence. a) wasn’t managed b) isn’t managed c) didn’t manage d) won’t be managed 10. I __________ to open the door when you called. a) will be trying

b) was trying

c) will try

d) am trying

11. David was helping the children with their homework while Melanie _______ the new show. a) was watching b) is watching c) will be watching d) has been watching 12. It __________ when I went out. a) raining

b) rains

c) will be raining

d) was raining

13. __________ writing the new book? a) you finished

b) have you finished c) you finishing

d) were you finished

14. You __________ the clock. It’s not working now. a) have broken

b) will break

c) will be breaking

d) had been broken

15. They __________ on holiday for ten days already. a) were

b) is

c) have been

d) will be

16. Ann __________ the groceries yet and the guests are coming tonight! a) didn’t buy

b) hasn’t bought c) haven’t bought

d) won’t buy

17. Rachel __________ John next spring. a) are going to marry b) is marry

c) married

d) is going to marry

18. When he arrived at the station, the train __________ already. a) have left

b) has left

c) is leaving

d) had left.

19. I __________ a cold while I was on holiday in the mountains. a) catch

b) caught

c) will catch

d) am catching

c) will go

d) went

20. They __________ out last night. a) goed

b) go

21. I __________ to the hairdresser’s this evening. a) am going

b) going

c) will have gone 183

d) go

22. This time next year, they __________ a new bridge. a) will built

b) are building

c) built

d) will be building

23. I __________ the assignment by 5 o’clock. a) finished

b) was finished

c) will have finishedd) am finishing

24. Yesterday I saw an old friend who __________ in Alaska for a couple of years. a) had been living

b) will live

c) are living

d) have lived

25. He must be tired! He __________ for his exam the whole day. a) has been reviewing

b) is review

c) will review

d) won’t review

26. I am so upset! I __________ with my boyfriend for the past two hours. a) argue

b) will argue

c) had argued

d) have been arguing

27. __________ we have a cup of coffee? a) Are

b) Was

c) Shall

d) Were

28. I’m hungry! I __________ myself a sandwich. a) am going to make b) making

c) had been made

d) will make

29. Laura __________ for 5 years next month. a) will worked

b) will have been working c) was working

d) has worked.

30. The play __________ when we entered the theatre. a) had already started b) will start

c) has started

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d) is going to start

XI THE IMPERATIVE MOOD ZAPOVEDNI NAČIN

The imperative mood is used when we want to express a command, request or invitation. The imperative for the second person singular and plural has the form of the bare infinitive. For example: Zapovedni način se koristi kada želimo da izrazimo zapovest, zahtev (molbu) ili poziv. Imperativ za drugo lice jednine i množine ima oblik krnjeg infinitiva. Na primer:

Listen to me! Leave the premises! Shut up! Read this letter for me. Hurry up! Visit us some time. We make the imperative negative by putting don’t in front of the positive form: Odrični imperativ gradimo tako što stavljamo don’t ispred potvrdnog oblika:

Don’t make such noise! Don’t leave before you’re told to! Don’t touch the fence! It’s been painted. Don’t use that chair! It’s broken. The fist person plural and third person singular and plural are formed by using the words let and let’s. For example: Prvo lice množine i treće lice jednine i množine se grade uz pomoć reči let i let’s. Na primer:

Let’s make a party! 185

Let him tell his story. Let her call her boss. Let the children play outside. If we want to make the emphatic form of the imperative, we put the imperative of the verb to do in front of the main verb: Ukoliko želimo da napravimo naglašeni oblik imperativa, stavićemo imperativ glagola to do ispred glavnog glagola:

Do come to work earlier tomorrow morning! Do clean up after the party! Do stop screaming! The pronoun you can also be put in front of the imperative for the sake of emphasis or in order to express irritation or impatience: Zamenica you takođe može biti stavljena ispred imperativa da bi se nešto naglasilo ili da bi se izrazila iritiranost ili nestrpljenje:

You come here immediately! You listen to what I have to say! You stop scratching the surface of the table! If we want to transform the command into a request, we use please and will you with the imperative, while won’t is used to transform the command into an invitation. For instance: Ako želimo da transformišemo zapovest u molbu koristićemo please and will you sa imperativom, dok se won’t koristi da bi se transformisala zapovest u poziv. Na primer:

Help me with the suitcase, will you? Read this srory for me, please. Come with me to the theatre, won’t you? 186

EXERCISES VEŽBANJA I Translate the following sentences into Serbian: Prevedite sledeće rečenice na srpski jezik:

1. Clean your room! 2. Don’t touch my computer! 3. Let’s go to a restaurant. 4. Let him read the poem out loud. 5. Don’t behave so childlishly. 6. Do move your dirty clothes away! 7. You turn that music down! 8. Open the window, will you? 9. Join us for lunch, won’t you? 10. Help me with this exercise, please. II Translate the following sentences into English Prevedite sledeće rečenice na engleski jezik:

1. Sačekajte nas napolju. 2. Neka ona ode u prodavnicu. 3. Neka deca srede svoju sobu. 4. Pomeri se malo, molim te. 5. Posetite nas ovog leta, hoćete li? 6. Pojačaj grejanje, hoćeš? 7. Ne diraj moju torbu! 8. Dođi i stani ovde ispred mene! 9. Napiši sastav, odmah! 10. Ne stavljaj paškanat u supu, molim te. 187

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XII MODAL VERBS MODALNI GLAGOLI

Modal verbs are sometimes called defective verbs. They have some common characteristics:  They do not occur in all the verb forms.  They are usually not used on their own, but are followed by the main verb.  There is no – s ending in the third person singular.  They are usually followed by the bare infinitive except for the verb ought which is followed by the full infinitive form.  The interrogative form is made by using inversion, while the negative is made by adding the particle not to the modal verb. Modalni glagoli se ponekad nazivaju i nepotpunim glagolima. Imaju neke zajedničke karakteristike:  Ne javljaju se u svim glagolskim oblicima.  Obično se ne koriste samostalno, već ih prati glavni glagol.  U trećem licu jednine se ne dodaje nastavak – s  Obično ih prati takozvani “krnji“ infinitiv tj. infinitiv bez to, osim glagola ought koji je praćen punim infinitivom.  Upitni oblik se gradi inverzijom, dok se odrični gradi dodavanjem odrične rečce not na modalni glagol.

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CAN / COULD / BE ABLE TO The modal verb can expresses ability in the first place. Modalni glagol can izražava sposobnost na prvom mestu. Na srpski jezik se prevodi kao: moći, znati, umeti:

For example (na primer): My nephew can jump really high. Our best man’s daughter can speak Japanese. My grandma can knit beautiful sweaters. Can you draw a map? George can’t read without his glasses on. Be able to can be used instead of can in all the above examples to express ability, although can is preferred when talking about a general ability, while be able to is preferred when talking about specific achievements. For example: Be able to se može koristiti umesto can u svim gore navedenim primerima da bi se izrazila sposobnost, mada se can više koristi kada govorimo o nekoj sposobnosti uopšte, dok se be able to koristi kada govorimo o posebnim dostignućima. Na primer:

My nephew is able to jump really high. Are you able to draw a map? When expressing ability in the past, either could or was/were able to can be used. However, if we are talking about physical ability or a concrete situation, was/were able to is preferred, while if we are talking about skills or knowledge in general, we prefer could, although they can be used interchangeably: Kada izražavamo sposobnost u prošlosti možemo koristiti ili could ili was/were able to. Mada, ako govorimo o fizičkoj sposobnosti ili konkternoj situaciji, prirodnije 190

je koristiti was/were able to, dok ako govorimo o veštinama ili znanju uopšte, koristi se could, iako se ravnopravno mogu koristiti:

I could read and write when I was only five years old. My son could swim at the age of four. When I was little, I was able to walk large distances. My best friend was able to lift a lot of weight as a boy. When expressing ability in the future, we use will be able to: Kada izražavamo sposobnost u budućnosti, koristimo will be able to:

I think I’ll be able to be there on time. We’ll be able to prepare the meal before our friends arrive for dinner. The students will be able to speak elementary French when they finish the course. Can and could can be used to express probability with a very slight difference in meaning. Could is just slightly less probable, but nowadays they are used interchangeably with almost the same meaning: Can i could se mogu koristiti za ižražavanje verovatnoće sa jako malom razlikom u značenju. U pitanju su nijanse. Could je samo malo manje verovatno, ali u današnje vreme koriste se jedno umesto drugog sa gotovo istim značenjem:

Have you heard the news. The CEO has resigned! That can’t be true. Where’s Peter? I’m not sure. He could be in his room. Faith can’t be at work. I’ve just seen her in the street! I have a missed called without identification. It could be anyone. If we want to express past probability we will use the perfect infinitive instead: Ukoliko želimo da izrazimo verovatnoću u prošlosti, koristićemo prošli infinitiv:

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He couldn’t have finished his task already. He got it yesterday. They couldn’t have spent the whole day outside. They went to school in the morning. They could have met at the party last night. If we are expressing probability in the future, could can be used: Ako izražavamo verovatnoću u budućnosti, može se koristiti could:

Hope could appear at the ceremony tonight. She just loves ceremonies. We could leave tomorrow morning, but we are not sure yet. Can is also used when asking for a permission in spoken language, while can’t is used to express denial of a permission or prohibition. When asking for a permission, could is considered more polite. Could is also preferred in polite requests: Can se takođe koristi kada tražimo dozvolu u razgovornom jeziku, dok se can’t koristi da se izrazi uskraćivanje dozvole ili zabrana. Kada tražimo dozvolu, could se smatra učtivijim. Could se takođe više koristi u učtivim zahtevima i molbama:

Can I leave now? Yes, you can.

(asking for a permission)

(traženje dozvole)

(giving a permission) (davanje dozvole)

No, you can’t. The class has not finished yet.

(denying a permission) (uskraćivanje dozvole)

You can’t go out! You have to study for school. (a prohibition) (zabrana)

Could I hand in my homework tomorrow? (politely asking for a permission) (učtivo traženje dozvole) Could you please tell me where the bus station is? (učtiv zahtev)

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(a polite request)

MAY / MIGHT May and might are used to express possibility or probability of something happening or of something being true in the present or future. Might can indicate that there is slightly less possibility, but those are just nuances, so they are usually used interchangeably. Could can also be used instead of may or might in these situations: May i might se koriste da se izrazi mogućnost ili verovatnoća da se nešto desi ili da je nešto istina u sadašnjosti ili budućnosti. Might može implicirati da se radi o nešto manjoj verovatnoći, ali radi se o nijansama, tako da se uglavnom ravnopravno koriste. Could se takođe može koristiti umesto may ili might u ovim situacijama:

“Why hasn’t Christian come to school today?“ “He may/might/could be ill.“ There may/might/could be something to eat in the fridge. I’ll go and check. We’re planning to go on a picnic at the weekend, but it may/might/could rain. The weather keeps changing these days. May/might/could not are used to express the possibility or probability of something not happening or not being true: May/might/could not se koriste da se izrazi mogućnost ili verovatnoća da se nešto neće desiti ili da nije istina:

I’ve invited our new neighbours for dinner, but they may/might/could not come. We may/might/could not finish the cleaning before our guests arrive. If we want to express the probability of something happening or being true in the past, we use the perfect infinitive instead: Ukoliko želimo da izrazimo verovatnoću da se nešto dogodilo ili je bilo istinito u prošlosti, koristićemo prošli infinitiv:

“Why wasn’t Christian at school yesterday?“ have been ill.“ 193

“He may/might/could

Mum may/might/could have left us something to eat in the fridge. Samuel may/might/could have finished his homework before he went out with his friends. If we want to express the probability of something not happening or not being true in the past, we add the particle not to may or might: Ukoliko želimo da izrazimo verovatnoću da se nešto nije dogodilo ili nije bilo istinito u prošlosti, dodaćemo rečcu not na may ili might:

He may/might not have been at home all day yesterday, because I tried to call him several times and could’t reach him. They may/might not have gone to the party last night. I didn’t see them, but again, there was such a crowd that I might have missed them somewhere. Note (primetiti): However, could can not be used instead of may and might in negative past sentences, since it would have a different meaning. It wouldn’t mean the possibility of something not happening in the past, but it would have the meaning of making a negative deduction. Compare: Ipak, could se ne može koristiti umesto may i might u odričnim rečenicama u prošlom vremenu, pošto bi u tom slučaju značenje bilo različito. Could ovde ne bi označavalo mogućnost da se nešto nije dogodilo u prošlosti, već bi imalo znaćenje negativnog zaključka. Uporediti:

Jackson may/might not have been in the theatre last night. wasn’t at the theatre.) (Možda nije bio u pozorištu.)

(Maybe he

Jackson couldn’t have been at the theatre last night. (He certainly wasn’t there. Maybe he was in some other town or country, so it was impossible for him to be there.) (On sigurno nije bio tamo. Možda je bio u nekom drugom gradu ili državi, tako da je nemoguće da je bio tamo)

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May and might can be used in formal English when asking for a permission or when giving or denying a permission. Might is considered even more polite: May i might se mogu koristiti u formalnom engleskom jeziku kada tražimo dozvolu ili kada dajemo ili uskraćujemo nekome dozvolu. Might se smatra još učtivijim od may:

“May I leave now, please?“ “Of course you may. See you next week.“ (asking for a permission) (traženje dozvole) “May I leave now, please?“ “No, you may not. The meeting hasn’t finished yet.“ (denying a permission) (uskraćivanje dozvole) Might I open the window, please? It is really hot in here. asking for a permission) (učtivo traženje dozvole)

(politely

If we want to use may and might for a permission in the past or future, we will use is/are allowed to: Ukoliko želimo da upotrebio may i might za dozvolu u prošlosti ili budućnosti, koristićemo is/are allowed to:

The children were allowed to stay up late last night. I guess they will be allowed to participate in the competition even though they are not of age.

WILL / WOULD Will is used in English when we want to express willingness to do something and will not (won’t) to express unwillingness to do something. U engleskom jeziku will se korsti da bi se izrazila spremnost tj. voljnost da se nešto uradi, a will (won’t) da izrazi nespremnost tj. nevoljnost da se nešto uradi.

For example (na primer): I will make you a birthday cake. There’s no need for you to buy it. The children won’t turn the music down. It’s unbearable. Mum, Fran won’t return my doll! I’ll take your bags. They’re too heavy for you. 195

We use will or won’t when we want to express that we think a present or future situation is certain: Koristimo will ili won’t kada želimo da izrazimo da mislimo da je sadašnja ili buduća situacija sigurna:

“Shall I tell Dan about the problem at work?“ know.“

“Don’t bother. He will

I will see him in the restaurant at lunch today and tell him all about it. They won’t come to the match tonight. They’re having guests in. If we want to imply that we think a past situation as seen from the present or future point of view is certain, we use will (won’t) + perfect infinitive: Ukoliko želimo da naznačimo da mislimo da je prošla situacija viđena iz ugla sadašnjosti ili budućnosti sigurna, koristićemo will (won’t) + prošli infinitiv:

He will have arrived home from work hours ago. It’s 11 p.m. already. (past seen from the present point of view) (prošlost viđena iz ugla sadašnjosti) As you will have noticed, Mary has a new haircut. (past seen from the present point of view) (prošlost viđena iz ugla sadašnjosti) Nathan won’t have finished tidying his room before he leaves for school. (past seen from the future point of view) (prošlost viđena iz ugla budućnosti) We can use would to talk about repeated willingness in the past: Možemo koristiti would da bismo govorili o voljnosti koja se ponavljala u prošlosti:

When I was little, my mum would read me fairytales every evening before I went to bed. When we were children, we would visit our grandparents every summer.

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We use will for the present and would for the past to talk about things that are, or were always true, or to talk about habits: Koristimo will za sadašnjost, a would za prošlost da bismo govorili o stvarima koje su uvek istinite, ili su uvek bile istinite, ili da govorimo o navikama:

Every afternoon my dad will take a nap. When they were younger, my children would watch cartoons every day. My neighbour will come tired from work everyday because he works in a mine. Her grandchildren wouldn’t visit her regularly in the past. We can use will and would in spech stressed to emphasise that someone’s behaviour or habit is, or was, irritating: Možemo koristiti naglašeno will i would u govoru da naznačimo da je nečije ponašanje ili navika iritantna, ili je bila irritantna:

He will always go out and leave all the lights on! My brother will always use my printing paper and leave me without any. Lana’s friends would come to her place and make a mess regularly. That’s why she never invites them now.

SHOULD / OUGHT TO In English should is used to denote obligation, as well as ought to, except for the fact that ought to has a little stronger meaning (between should and must). They could be used for giving advice or making a recommendation. For example: U engleskom jeziku should se koristi da bi se izrazila obaveza, kao i ought to, osim činjenice da ought to ima malo jače značenje (između should i must, odnosno između trebalo bi i morati). Ipak i should i ought to se na srpski jezik prevode kao trebalo bi. Mogu se koristiti kada nekome dajemo savet ili preporuku odnosno predlog. Na primer:

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You should / ought to study more if you want to pass the exam. They should / ought to leave now unless they want to be late for the train. You shouldn’t / oughtn’t to go out in a T-shirt. It’s pretty cold outside. Should and ought to are also used when we are talking about responsibility or duty: Should i ought to se takođe koriste kada govorimo o odgovornostima ili obavezama:

We should / ought to visit our relative who is in hospital. The bills should / ought to be paid on time if you want to get a discount. You shouldn’t / ought not to leave the office before 5 p.m. unless you want to be suspended. Should and ought to are also used to express probability, i.e. to denote that something is probably true now or will be true in the future: Should and ought to se takođe koriste za izražavanje verovatnoće, tj. da naznače da je nešto verovatno istinito ili da će biti istinito u budućnosti:

“Are there any cakes left?“ fridge.“

“There should / ought to be a few in the

I should / ought to finish this statement in a few minutes. Then we can watch the film. If we are talking about an obligation in the past, we use should / ought to + perfect infinitive. We are giving some advice about the past and usually are regretting something i.e. indicating that things should have been done differently, or expressing some irritation: Ako govorimo o obavezi u prošlosti, koristimo should / ought to + prošli infnitiv. Dajemo savet u vezi s prošlošću i obično žalimo zbog nečega tj. ukazujemo na to da je trebalo da se stvari drugačije odigraju, ili izražavamo neku iritiranost situacijom: 198

You should / ought to have gone there earlier. If you had, you would have seen him before he left. He shouldn’t / ought not to have touched my stuff! I’d told him thousands of times not to. We also use should / ought to + perfect infinitive to make an assumption about a past or future action: Takođe koristimo should / ought to + prošli infnitiv da bismo izrekli neku pretpostavku u vezi sa prošlom ili budućom radnjom:

Claire should / ought to have arrived in Belgrade by now. The bus was on time. Kim should / ought to have completed her assignment by Thursday. She’s a hard worker.

MUST / HAVE TO Must and have to are used in English to express obligation, i.e. to say that it is necessary to do something. However, there is a difference in meaning between these two modal verbs. We use must when we are talking about an obligation that we impose on ourselves. It is a matter of our personal decision. If the obligation is imposed on us by another person or authority, we use have to. Must i have to se koriste u engleskom jeziku da izraze obavezu, tj. kada želimo da kažemo da je nešto neophodno uraditi. Ipak, postoji razlika u značenju između ova dva modalna glagola. Must se koristi kada govorimo o obavezi koju sami sebi namećemo. U pitanju je naša lična odluka. Ukoliko nam je obaveza nametnuta od strane neke druge osobe ili autoriteta, koristi se have to.

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For example (na primer): I have a terrible toothache. I must go to the dentist before it’s too late. I must study more this time. I really want a better mark. We have to wear uniforms at work. It’s an official order. Passangers have to enter the airport at least an hour before the flight. However, must and have to have the same past and future forms. Thus, the past form of both must and have to is had to, while the future form of both these modal verbs is will have to: Ipak, must i have to imaju isti oblik za prošlost i budućnost. Stoga, i must i have to u prošlosti glase had to, dok oba ova glagola u budućnosti imaju oblik will have to:

I think we will have to get up earlier tomorrow if we don’t want to be late for school again! They’ll have to close the shop earlier on Friday, because they are going to organise a fashion show in the shop. I’ll have to study a lot more if I want to pass the exam. You won’t have to get up early tomorrow. It’s Sunday. The teacher had to yell at the students in class yesterday because they were so noisy that he coluldn’t say a word. My friend had to go to the hairdresser’s because his hair was too long and messy and he really needed a haircut. I had to bring an umbrella with me last night when I went out because it was going to rain. Sally didn’t have to make a cake for her son’s birthday, because her husband had already bought one. If we want to express a conclusion that something is true or that something has happened, we use must + bare infinitive for the present and must + bare perfect infinitive for the past: 200

Ukoliko želimo da izrazimo zaključak da je nešto tačno ili da se nešto dogodilo, koristimo must + krnji infinitiv za sadašnjost, a must + prošli krnji infinitiv za prošlost:

He must be at home. I’ve just talked to him. You should try calling him again. Sam must be telling the truth. He never lies. Paul must have left already. His office lights are off. The Petersons must have gone on a holiday. I haven’t seen them for days. Pay attention (obratiti pažnju)! However, if we are making a negative conclusion, we use can’t + bare infinitive for the present and couldn’t + bare perfect infinitive for the past: Međutim, ukoliko izvlačimo negativan zaključak koristićemo can’t + krnji infinitiv za sadašnjost, a couldn’t + krnji prošli infinitiv za prošlost:

It can’t be John across the street. He’s away on business. That can’t be true. It’s impossible! You couldn’t have finished the task that fast by yourself. Someone must have helped you. By brother couldn’t have arrived there before noon. It’s a long distance. Note (primetiti): To express the absence of obligation, i.e. to denote that something is not necessary, we use the negative form of must and have to which is don’t have to for both these modal verbs, while mustn’t denotes a prohibition: Da izrazimo nepostojanje obaveze, tj. da naznačimo da nešto nije neophodno, koristimo odrični oblik od must i have to koji glasi don’t have to za oba ova modalna glagola, dok mustn’t označava zabranu:

You don’t have to be at the station before 5 o’clock. The bus leaves at 5.30 p.m.

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Brian doesn’t have to travel to Belgrade to buy that shirt. He can find it in the new shopping mall. You mustn’t touch those wires! It’s very dangerous! The children mustn’t be left without a supervision in the park. It’s very close to the street. Instead of don’t have to, needn’t can be used in English with the same meaning: Umesto don’t have to u engleskom jeziku može se koristiti needn’t u istom značenju:

You needn’t prepare dinner tonight because I’m taking you out to a restaurant. Dan needn’t buy any more apples for the pie. There are plenty in the cupboard. Pay attention (obratiti pažnju)! When we are talking about the past you should note the difference in meaning between didn’t need to and needn’t have. Didn’t need to is used when it was not necessary for the past action to be performed and it wasn’t performed. Needn’t have, on the other hand, is used when it wasn’t necessary for the past action to be performed, but it still was performed after all. There is a certain regret expressed about this past action having been performed. Kada govorimo o prošlosti treba primetiti razliku u značenju između didn’t need to i needn’t have. Didn’t need to se koristi kada nije bilo neophodno da se prošla radnja dogodi i nije se dogodila. Needn’t have, sa druge strane, se koristi kada nije bilo neophodno da se neka radnja dogodi, a ona se ipak dogodila. Izraženo je određeno žaljenje zbog činjenice da se ova prošla radnja dogodila.

For example (na primer): I didn’t need to prepare the basket for the picnic yesterday morning. It started raining, so we cancelled the picnic. (I didn’t prepare the basket!) (Nisam spremio korpu!)

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I needn’t have preapared the basket for the picnic yesterday morning. Just as we were about to get out of the house it started raining and we had to cancel the picnic. (I prepared the basket!) (Spremio sam korpu!) Compare (uporediti): If we want to express criticism about something that has been done, we use shouldn’t have, not needn’t have: Ukoliko želimo da izrazimo kritiku u vezi s nečim što je učinjeno, koristimo shouldn’t have, a ne needn’t have, iako se na srpski jezik i jedno i drugo prevodi kao „nije trebalo“:

You shouldn’t have gone out when your mother had told you not to! The children shouldn’t have eaten so many sweets before lunch!

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EXERCISES VEŽBANJA I Fill the gaps with the appropriate modal verb Popuniti praznine odgovarajućim modalnim glagolom:

1. __________ I leave now, please? I have a bus to catch. 2. I really __________ visit the dentist. I haven’t checked my teeth for quite a long time now. 3. “Where’s Peter?“ friend’s.“

“I’m not sure. He __________ be either out or at his

4. My sister __________ wear a uniform at work. She’s a nurse. 5. “I haven’t been feeling very well lately.“ doctor’s.“

“You __________ go to the

6. I __________ have lost my car keys. I can’t find them anywhere. 7. “I can’t solve this equasion! It’s rally hard.“ know. He’s really good at maths.“

“Ask Tom. He __________

8. You __________ have used my computer! I’ve told you a hundred times not to!“ 9. George __________ have repaired his old bike. His parents have bought him a new one for his birthday next week. 10. My cousin __________ paint beautiful paintings. 11. When my brother and I were little, we __________ play in the yard a lot. 12. I guess I __________ have finished cleaning the house by 6 o’clock. 13. I __________ swim when I was only four years old. 14. We __________ make decorations for the party because Simon had already bought them. 15. It __________ have been Zack in the mall. He’s abroad on his holiday. 16. “Have you heard that the Richardsons are getting divorced?“ __________ be true. They look so much in love!“ 204

“That

17. You __________ be at school before 7 o’clock. The classes start at 7.15. 18. My colleague hasn’t appeared at work this morning. He __________ be ill. 19. You __________ study more if you want to achieve better results. 20. My niece __________ jump really high in yesterday’s competition. II Translate the folowing sentences into Serbian: Prevedite sledeće rečenice na srpski jezik:

1.

Jennifer can’t use a computer! Can you believe that?

2.

My husband could read at the age of four.

3. I think I saw Sam at the party last night. That couldn’t have been him. He’s in Spain on holiday. 4.

Can I leave now?

5.

We may not go on holiday this summer.

6.

Our godfather will be at Sarah’s wedding on Sunday.

7.

My grandpa would take a nap every afternoon.

8.

We should get down to business. There’s a report to finish.

9. rain.

You shouldn’t go out without an umbrella. It looks as if it’s going to

10. late.

You should have left home earlier. If you had, you wouldn’t have been

11. We will have to study really hard if we want to pass the entrance examination. 12.

I stayed up all night because I had to finish the financial report.

13.

I haven’t seen the Smiths for years. They must have moved away.

14.

Children, you mustn’t touch the electricity!

15. You needn’t have travelled all the way to New York just to schedule the meeting. You could have done that on the phone.

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III Translate the following sentences into English using the appropriate modal verb: Prevedite sledeće rečenice na engleski jezik koristeći odgovarajući modalni glagol:

1.

Moj najbolji prijatelj zna četiri jezika.

2. Moj telefon će biti isključen u toku sastanka. Moći ćeš da me dobiješ kada sastanak bude završen. 3.

Gde je Džon? Možda je u bašti. Čujem nekoga da govori tamo.

4.

Mogao si to da završiš i brže!

5.

Možete li mi, molim Vas, reći gde se nalazi železnička stanica?

6. - Zaista sam loš iz matematike a imam test sutra. - Ja ću ti pomoći da se pripremiš za test. 7.

Kao dete svakog dana sam gledao crtane filmove.

8.

Moja sestra stalno čita moju poštu!

9.

- Ima li soka? Žedan sam. - Trebalo bi da ima malo u frižideru.

10.

Nije trebalo da reagujem tako. Sada mi je žao zbog toga.

11.

Trebalo bi da je Danijel stigao u Beograd do sada. Već je 10.50.

12. - Osećam se jako umorno u poslednje vreme. Moram da uzmem nekoliko slobodnih dana. - Ne možeš to uraditi! Treba da završiš zadatak! 13.

Šta misliš koliko godina ima? Mora da mu je bar pedeset.

14.

Ne moraš biti u školi pre 7.15. Prvi čas počinje u 7.30.

15. Nije trebalo da spremamo toliko hrane. Jako malo ljudi se pojavilo na žurci.

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XIII THE INFINITIVE INFINITIV

In English, the infinitive of the verb is its basic form with or without the particle ‘to’ (to be or be, to do or do, to make or make, etc.). When there is no particle ‘to’ then the infinitive is called ‘the bare infinitive’. There are six forms of the infinitive for transitive verbs and four forms for intransitive verbs. U enleskom jeziku, infinitiv glagola je njegov osnovni oblik sa ili bez ‘to’ (to be ili be, to do ili do, to make ili make, itd.). Kada nema ‘to’ onda se infinitiv naziva ‘krnjim infinitivom’. Postoji šest oblika infinitiva za prelazne glagole i četiri za neprelazne glagole.

INFINITIVE FORMS OBLICI INFINITIVA to offer – transitive verb (ponuditi – prelazni glagol) PRESENT SIMPLE

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

PERFECT SIMPLE

PERFECT CONTINUOUS

(SADAŠNJI INFINITIV)

(SADAŠNJI TRAJNI INFINITIV)

(PROŠLI INFINITIV)

(PROŠLI TRAJNI INFINITIV)

Active (aktiv)

Active (aktiv)

Active (aktiv)

Active (aktiv)

to offer

to be offering

to have offered

to have been offering

Passive (pasiv)

Passive (pasiv)

Passive (pasiv)

Passive (pasiv)

to be offered

---

to have been offered

---

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to come – intransitive verb (doći – neprelazni glagol) PRESENT SIMPLE

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

PERFECT SIMPLE

PERFECT CONTINUOUS

(SADAŠNJI INFINITIV)

(SADAŠNJI TRAJNI INFINITIV)

(PROŠLI INFINITIV)

(PROŠLI TRAJNI INFINITIV)

Active (aktiv)

Active (aktiv)

Active (aktiv)

Active (aktiv)

to come

to be coming

to have come

to have been coming

Passive (pasiv)

Passive (pasiv)

Passive (pasiv)

Passive (pasiv)

---

---

---

---

The Present Infinitive is the basic form of the verb. The Present Simple Infinitive (eg. to walk), the Present Continuous Infinitive (eg. to be walking) and the passive form (eg. to be given) are used for an action which is happening at the same time as the action expressed by the finite verb. Sadašnji infinitiv je osnovni oblik glagola. sadašnji infinitiv (npr. to walk), sadašnji trajni infinitiv (npr. to be walking) i pasiv (npr. to be given) se upotrebljavaju za radnju koja se dešava u isto vreme kao i radnja glagola u ličnom glagolskom obliku.

For example (na primer): It’s interesting to sit on that bench in the park. I’d really like to be skiing on that mountain now. The Perfect Infinitive (eg. to have done), the Perfect Continuous Infinitive (eg, to have been doing) and the passive form (eg. to have been offered) are used for an action which occurred before the action of the finite verb.

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Prošli infinitiv (npr. to have done), prošli trajni infinitiv (npr. to have been doing) i pasiv (npr. to have been offered) se koriste za radnju koja se desila pre radnje koju izražava glagol u ličnom glagolskom obliku.

For example (na primer): They are known to have committed many crimes. She expects her son to have been picked up by her husband.

INFINITIVE FUNCTIONS FUNKCIJE INFINITIVA Infinitives are often used in English. They can have the functions of the subject, the object or the predicative: Infinitive se često upotrebljavaju u engleskom jeziku. Oni mogu vršiti funkcije subjekta, objekta ili predikta.

1. The subject (subjekat): - To have met her is of great importance to me. - To be or not to be, that is the question. - To continue to work is the only way to success. 2. The object (objekat): - He hoped to achieve his goals. - She wanted to be promised in order to be sure. - They seemed to have come only to get the news. - I managed to be accepted at the university. 3. The predicative (predikat): - This is to be managed. - She was to have started with the driving lessons.

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USE UPOTREBA As already mentioned, infinitives are very often used in English. Therefore, the many uses of the infinitives are listed: Kao što je već pomenuto, infinitivi se često upotrebljavaju u engleskom jeziku. Dakle, brojne upotrebe infinitiva su nabrojane:

 Infinitives are used to show purpose: Infinitivi se upotrebljavaju da pokažu svrhu:

I came here to study. He went to that seminar to learn new things.

 Infinitives are used after the verbs which express wishes, likes or promises: Infinitivi se upotrebljavaju posle glagola koji označavaju želje ili obećanja:

Mother wanted me to go to that school. He promised not to tell anyone.

 Infinitives are used after wh - words (eg. what, whom, which, etc.) Infinitivi se upotrebljavaju posle wh – reči (npr. what, whom, which, itd.)

I didn’t know what to tell him. He must think of how to tell her the bad news.

 Infinitives are used in exclamatory sentences: Infinitivi se upotrebljavaju u uzvičnim rečenicama:

To be so courageous!

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 Infinitives are used after ordinal numbers and superlatives: Infinitive se upotrebljavaju posle rednih brojeva i superlativa:

He was the first to walk on the moon. She was the smartest to figure out the problem.

 Infinitives can be used to show that the doer of the action in the infinitive verb form is not the same doer of the action of the finite verb form: Infinitivi se mogu upotrebiti da bi pokazali da vršilac radnje u glagolskom obliku infinitiva nije isti vršilac radnje ličnog glagolskog oblika:

They believed her to be the person from the newspaper. I’d hate you to feel embarrassed. I imagine him to be a very interesting person.

 Can, must, may + the present infinitive are used for the present or the future, while can, must, may + the perfect infinitive are used for the past: Can, must, may + sadašnji infinitiv se upotrebljavaju za present i za budućnost, dok se can, must, may + prošli infinitiv upotrebljavaju za prošlost:

He must finish the work by tomorrow. They may have gone to the theater. She can come over for dinner.

 Should, would, might, could + the perfect infinitive indicate that it was possible for the action to take place, but it actually didn’t: Should, would, might, could + prošli infinitiv ukazuju na to da je bilo moguće da se radnja izvrši, ali se nije izvršila:

I should have helped her! Now I feel so guilty! He could have told you what to expect when you come here.

211

 Sometimes the infinitive can be omitted: Ponekad se infinitiv može izostaviti:

Why don’t you do that? – I don’t want to (do that).

USE OF THE BARE INFINITIVE UPOTREBA KRNJEG INFINITIVA The bare infinitive is used: Krnji infinitiv se upotrebljava:

 After verbs can/could, may/might, must, shall/should, will/would, need and dare: Posle glagola can/could, may/might, must, shall/should, will/would, need i dare:

He would have given him the delivery but he wasn’t home.

 After the expression ‘I had better’: Posle izraza ‘I had better’:

I had better tell him the truth!

 After certain verbs, eg. to see, to hear, to make, to help: Posle određenih glagola, npr. to see, to hear, to make, to help:

I saw her dance.

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SOME OF THE MOST COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY AN INFINITIVE NEKI OD NAJČEŠĆIH GLAGOLA IZA KOJIH SLEDI INFINITIV

afford choose fail intend plan seem

agree claim get learn prefer start

appear come hate like promise swear

ask continue hesitate manage prove tend

begin decide hope need refuse want

care expect hurry offer say wish

SOME OF THE MOST COMMON ADJECTIVES FOLLOWED BY AN INFINITIVE NEKI OD NAJČEŠĆIH PRIDEVA IZA KOJIH SLEDI INFINITIV

afraid determined excited lucky

amazed disappointed glad pleased

anxious eager happy proud

astonished embarrassed hesitant ready

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careful encouraged interested sad

scared shocked sorry upset

214

XIV THE GERUND GERUND

The gerund is the – ing form of a verb which functions as a noun in a sentence. Although it is the same in form like the present participle of a verb, it can only function as a verb within a clause. That clause must have the function of a noun within another larger sentence. Gerund je – ing oblik glagola koji vrši funckiju imenice u rečenici. Iako ima isti oblik kao particip sadašnji, gerund može da vrši funckiju glagola samo unutar zavisne rečenice. Ova rečenica mora da vrši funckiju imenice unutar druge veće rečenice.

For example (na primer): Studying is hard for most students. ( = gerund functions as the noun of the sentence) ( = gerund vrši funkciju imenice u rečenici)

Writing this book was an interesting task. ( = gerund functions as the verb of the clause, but as a noun of the whole sentence) ( = gerund vrši funkciju glagola zavisne rečenice, a funkciju imenice cele rečenice)

A gerund has both I nominal and II verbal properties. Postoje i I imeničke i II glagolske odlike gerunda.

215

I Nominal properties of a gerund: Imeničke odlike gerunda:

 it can function as the subject of a sentence: može vršiti funckiju subjekta rečenice:

Reading should be easy for most people.

 it can function as the object of a sentence: može vršiti funkciju objekta u rečenici:

He quit smoking last week.

 it can function as the predicative of a sentence: može vršiti funkciju predikta rečenice:

Her motto is helping people whenever she can.

 a gerund can be preceded by a preposition: ispred gerunda se može nalaziti predlog:

I am afraid of skating.

 a gerund can be modified by a noun in the possessive case: prisvojni genitive imenice može bliže odrediti gerund:

I am starting to worry about Mary’s drinking.

 a gerund can be modified by a possessive adjective or an adjective: prisvojni pridev ili pridev može bliže odrediti gerund:

Do you want to say something about my driving here? Step-by-step learning improves results. 216

II Verbal properties of a gerund: Glagolske odlike gerunda:

PRESENT (SADAŠNJOST)

PERFECT (PROŠLOST)

Active (aktiv) – asking

Active (aktiv) – having asked

Passive (pasiv) – being asked

Passive (pasiv) – having been asked

 The present gerund can refer to the present, the future and sometimes the past depending on the tense of the finite verb form. The perfect gerund refers to an action which occurred before the finite verb form action. Gerund prezenta se može odnositi na sadašnjost, budućnost, a ponekad i na prošlost u zavisnosti od vremena glagola ličnog glagolskog oblika. Prošli gerund se odnosi na radnju koja se dogodila pre radnje glagola u ličnom glagolskom obliku.

For example (na primer): It began snowing when we were about to leave the flat. I prefer driving to walking. I didn’t regret seeing him. He was accused of having stalked Mrs Rose.

 a gerund of a transitive verb can take a direct object: gerund prelaznog glagola može imati direktni objekat:

I look forward to seeing you.

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 a gerund can be modified by an adverb: prilog može bliže odrediti gerund:

Walking slowly makes you relax. Note (primetiti): A gerund is used after these phrases – can’t help, look forward to, feel like, no use, be accustomed to, etc: Gerund se upotrebljava posle ovih izraza – can’t help, look forward to, feel like, no use, be accustomed to, itd:

I can’t help eating large quantities of chocolate every single day. I feel like having a cold glass of wine. She is accustomed to working on the computer all day long.

SOME OF THE MOST COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY A GERUND NEKI OD NAJČEŠĆIH GLAGOLA IZA KOJIH SLEDI GERUND

admit celebrate dislike imagine permit prohibit risk

allow confess enjoy justify pospone quit suggest

appreciate defend evade mention practice resent support

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attempt deny explain miss prefer resist tolerate

avoid dismiss finish omit prevent resume understand

GERUND VS INFINITIVE GERUND ILI INFINITIV

English learners are often confused as to which non-finite form they are supposed to use with certain verbs, whether it is a gerund or an infinitive. Sometimes either can be used without a change in meaning, but sometimes the choice between these two makes a significant change in meaning. Pri učenju engleskog jezika, često dolazi do zabune u vezi upotrebe bezličnog glagolskog oblika, da li da se upotrebi gerund ili infinitiv. Nekad je moguće upotrebiti bilo koji od ova dva oblika bez promene u značenju, ali ponekad izbor između ova dva pravi veliku razliku u značenju

 stop + gerund/infinitive = different meaning (različito značenje) He stopped to smoke. = He stopped in order to smoke! (Stao je da bi zapalio cigaretu.)

He stopped smoking = He quit smoking. (Prestao je da puši.)  after certain verbs: to remember, to regret, to forget the gerund signifies a past action and the infinitive a future action: posle određenih glagola: to remember, to regret, to forget gerund označava prošlu radnju, a infinitiv buduću:

Remember to send him my best wishes. (Seti se da ga pozdraviš.) He remembered sending him my best wishes. (Setio se da ga je pozdravio u moje ime.)

 a gerund used after certain verbs: begin, start, continue, cease expresses a progressive activity, while an infinitive after these verbs expresses a momentary action or the beginning of an action: gerund se upotrebljava posle određenih glagola: begin, start, continue, cease da izrazi trajnu radnju, dok se infinitivom posle ovih glagova izražava trenutna radnja ili početak neke radnje:

It began to snow when we wanted to leave. (Sneg je počeo da pada kad smo hteli da krenemo.) 219

He continued singing. (Nastavio je da peva.)  to like, to love, to detest, to hate, to prefer + a gerund = general statement (opšte saopštenje):

to like, to love, to detest, to hate, to prefer + an infinitive = particular situation (određena situacija): He likes dancing. I hate to have to tell you this now.

220

EXERCISES VEŽBANJA I Put the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form of the infinitive: Stavite glagole u zagradama u odgovarajuće oblike infinitiva:

1.

There’s so much ____________________ (say) about that matter.

2.

Where is he? He must ____________________ (go) out.

3. They could ____________________ (catch) very easily if they tried harder. 4. I really don’t want ____________________ (walk) the whole way to their house. 5. They must ____________________ (receive) many notices for their unpaid bills. 6.

We saw him ____________________ (catch) the bus.

7.

I didn’t see anything weird ____________________ (happen).

8.

There’s no one ____________________ (hear) at that time of the night.

9.

I’ve never seen her ____________________ (dance).

10. I watched them ____________________ (fight) over the last piece of cake. Very childish of them! II Put the particle ‘to’ where necessary: Stavite rečcu ‘to’ gde je potrebno:

1.

He wants _____ do it himself.

2.

I saw him _____ walk over to her.

3.

I want _____ hurry up and _____ finish my duties.

4.

I must _____ leave now!

5.

They wish _____ be alone.

6.

Have you watched him _____ play basketball? He’s great! 221

7.

He needed someone _____ help him.

8.

Did you feel something _____ move?

III Translate the following sentences by using the infinitive form of the verb wherever possible: Prevedite sledeće rečenice koristeći oblike infinitiva gde god je moguće:

1.

Ne javlja se na telefon. Mora da radi!

_______________________________________________________________. 2.

Mora da je gledao utakmicu.

_______________________________________________________________. 3.

Možeš li da pišeš i govoriš u isto vreme?

______________________________________________________________? 4.

Zašto ne pokušati?

______________________________________________________________? 5.

Izgleda da mu je posao ponuđen.

______________________________________________________________. 6.

Otputovao sam tamo da bih naučio više o njihovoj kulturi.

_______________________________________________________________. 7.

Nisam znao kako da mu saopštim loše vesti.

_______________________________________________________________. 8.

On je bio prvi koji je stigao na žurku.

______________________________________________________________. 9.

Zamišljam ga kao veoma pametnog čoveka.

_______________________________________________________________. 10.

Mogla sam da isplaniram odmor drugačije da si mi to na vreme rekao.

_______________________________________________________________.

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IV Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate form of the gerund: Stavite glagole u zagradama u odgovarajući oblik gerunda:

1.

He left without _____________________ (explain) anything.

2. _____________________ (ask) to come to the private gathering was an honour. 3.

He wanted to stop _____________________ (smoke).

4.

She’s thinking of _____________________ (buy) new furniture.

5. _____________________ (offer) such an opportunity always feels so great! 6.

_____________________ (run) is a great exercise.

7.

I was interested in _____________________ (find out) the true story.

8.

I don’t recall _____________________ (tell) you such nonsense.

9.

They detest _____________________ (wash) the dishes.

10. Please forgive me for _____________________ (say) such awful things to you the other night. V Translate the following sentences by using the gerund form of the verb: Prevedite sledeće rečenice koristeći gerund:

1.

Baš sam raspoložena za jednu dugu šetnju.

_______________________________________________________________. 2.

Nakon što su mu ponudili posao on je napustio staru firmu.

_______________________________________________________________. 3.

Mnogi ljudi vole plivanje.

_______________________________________________________________. 4.

Brine me njegova vožnja.

_______________________________________________________________.

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5.

Slušanje muzike me čini srećnom.

_______________________________________________________________. 6.

Penjanje je bilo lako, ali ne znam samo kako ćemo da se spustimo.

_______________________________________________________________. 7.

Imaš li nešto protiv da zapalim cigaretu?

______________________________________________________________? 8.

Plašim se da ne budem ostavljena.

_______________________________________________________________. 9.

Kako bi bilo da ga pozovemo i kažemo mu da nam je zaista žao.

_______________________________________________________________. 10.

Bio je zauzet pisanjem novog članka.

______________________________________________________________. VI Infinitive vs. Gerund: Infinitiv ili gerund:

1. They can’t stand ____________________ (reject) every time they apply for a visa. 2. My parents don’t allow ____________________ (walk) in shoes all over the house. 3. Would you like ____________________ (continue) with the story now? 4.

Her hair needs ____________________ (cut). It’s all tangled up!

5. He told us ____________________ (not leave) the room without his permission. 6.

I regretted ____________________ (not go) to that concert.

7. She resented ____________________ (have to) stay at home and do housework every day. 8.

The terrorist threatened ____________________ (kill) the crowd. 224

9. You promised ____________________ (call) me as soon as you got there. 10. They neglected ____________________ (mention) their new gardener to the police. 11. I reminded you very clearly ____________________ (leave) the door unlocked. 12. He remembers ____________________ (get up) every morning at 5 AM to water the plants and he is happy that he doesn’t have to do that anymore. 13. I strongly encourage ____________________ (speak) in English during our classes. 14. He needs you ____________________ (show) him the solution to his math problem. 15.

They are going to go ____________________ (sing) tonight.

16.

I forgot ____________________ (bring) my photos from the trip.

17.

I’m definitely ____________________ (start) to learn German soon.

18. My sister wants to go ____________________ (shop) for groceries with me tomorrow. 19. He went there ____________________ (see) the famous actors walk down the red carpet. 20. I appreciate you ____________________ (come) here on such short notice to help me.

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226

XV THE PASSIVE VOICE PASIV

The passive voice is used in English very often. It is formed by different forms of the verb to be (depending on the verb form in the active sentence) and the past participle. The passive voice is used when the subject is not performing an action, but rather the action is performed on the subject. We can only use transitive verbs (verbs which require an object) for the passive voice. What once was the object of an active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. U engleskom jeziku se pasiv često upotrebljava. Gradi se od različitih oblika glagola to be (u zavisnosti od oblika glagola to be u aktivnoj rečenici) i participa prošlog glagola. Pasiv se upotrebljava kada subjekat rečenice ne vrši radnju, već se radnja vrši na subjektu. Samo prelazni glagoli (glagoli koji zahtevaju objekat) se mogu upotrebljavati u pasivu. Objekat aktivne rečenice postaje subjekat pasivne rečenice.

For example (na primer): Clint Eastwood directed ‘The Bridges of Madison County’. ‘The Bridges of Madison County’ was directed by Clint Eastwood. Active (aktiv) Simple Present (Prezent)

Present Continuous (Trajni prezent)

Passive (pasiv)

make

is made

John makes breakfast every morning.

Breakfast is made by John every morning.

is giving

is being given

Sarah is giving the award.

The award is being given by Sarah.

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Simple Past (Prosto prošlo vreme)

Past Continuous (Trajno prošlo vreme)

Present Perfect (Sadašnji perfekat)

Present Perfect Continuous (Sadašnji trajni perfekat)

Past Perfect (Pluskvamperfekat)

Past Perfect Continuous (Trajni pluskvamperfekat)

Simple Future

gave

were given

The professor gave the instructions.

The instructions were given by the professor.

was writing

was being written

He was writing the letter when she walked in.

The letter was being written by him when she walked in.

has stolen

has been stolen

A thief has stolen the famous painting.

The famous painting has been stolen.

have been cleaning

has been being cleaned

John and Mary have been cleaning the house.

The house has been being cleaned by John and Mary.

had done

had been done

They had done the housework before they left.

The housework had been done before they left.

had been buying

had been being bought

Mark had been buying groceries before he went home.

Groceries had been being bought by Mark before he went home.

will/is going to

will be finished/is going to be finished

(Prosto buduće vreme)

They will/are going to finish their homework.

Future Continuous

will be watching/is going to be watching

(Trajno buduće vreme)

Peter will be 228

The homework will be finished/is going to be finished by them. will be being watched/are going to be being watched

Future Perfect (Budući perfekat)

Future Perfect Continuous (Budući trajni perfekat)

Modal Verbs (Modalni glagoli)

watching/is going to be watching the news at 7 pm.

The news will be being watched/are going to be being watched at 7 pm by Peter.

will/are going to have phoned

will/are going to have been phoned

They will/are going to have phoned us by the time we get there.

We will/are going to have been phoned by the time we get there.

will/is going to have been playing

will/is going to have been being played

The musician will/is going to have been playing the piano for 4 hours by the time the concert ends.

The piano will/is going to have been being played for 4 hours by the time the concert ends.

must, can, should…buy

must/should/can.. be bought

They should buy that car!

That car should be bought.

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USE OF THE PASSIVE VOICE UPOTREBA PASIVA  The passive voice is used when the doer of an action is unknown. Pasiv se upotrebljava kada je vršilac radnje nepoznat.

For example (na primer): I was forced to leave the room. The bridge was being built for 2 years. He had been given the invitation before he went to the party.

 by is used in the passive voice when we want to emphasise who the doer of the action is. by se upotrebljava u pasivu kada želimo da naglasimo ko je vršilac radnje.

For example (na primer): The window was broken by the neighbors’ children. That book was written by Agatha Christie. The charity has been given money by Oprah. I was told the secret by my best friend. The house was bought by a young couple.

 The passive voice is used when the doer of an action is unimportant or indefinite. This is the case with sentences beginning with: somebody, anybody, people, they, etc. ‘It’ can also replace these indefinite subjects. Pasiv se upotrebljava kada je vršilac radnje nevažan ili neodređen. To je slučaj s rečenicama koje počinju sa somebody, anybody, people, they, etc. ‘It’ može takođe da zameni ove neodređene subjekte. 230

For example (na primer): Mistakes are frequently being made. Citizens were invited to come to the summer festival. He was sent on assignment. I had been told that he was dangerous. You will be given your tasks tomorrow. It is believed that he will be arrested.

 If there are two objects – the direct and the indirect object – the passive sentence can have either of the two as the subject. Ako postoje dva objekta - direktni i indirektni objekat – subjekat rečenice u pasivu može da bude bilo koji od ova dva.

For example (na primer): Active (aktiv)

Passive (pasiv) Mary was given the ring by John.

John gave Mary the ring. IO

The ring was given to Mary by John.

DO

They will be sent a letter by the principal.

The principal will send them a letter.

A letter will be sent to them by the principal.

IO DO

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EXERCISES VEŽBANJA I Are the underlined verb forms in the active or the passive voice? Da li su podvučeni glagolski oblici u aktivu ili pasivu?

1.

I always listen to music when I go jogging. __________________

2.

Has Jane been given the gifts for her birthday? __________________

3.

Is it going to rain tonight? __________________

4.

They will be working on an important project this time next year. __________________

5.

The house has been broken into. __________________

6.

People say that he is a very dangerous man. __________________

7.

It is believed that a famous painter once lived in this attic. __________________

8.

They planted different flowers in their backyard. __________________

9.

Their car had been stolen before they bought a new one. __________________

10.

Hurry up! The tickets will have been sold by the time we arrive. __________________

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II Write the passive verb forms: Napišite oblik pasiva ovih glagola:

1.

is giving

→

_______________________

2.

was cleaning

→

_______________________

3.

had done

→

_______________________

4.

will buy

→

_______________________

5.

must do

→

_______________________

6.

have finished

→

_______________________

7.

was going to paint

→

_______________________

8.

take

→

_______________________

9.

chose

→

_______________________

10.

will have written

→

_______________________

III Rewrite the following sentences into the passive voice: Napišite sledeće rečenice u pasivu:

1.

Did the teacher explain the lecture?

______________________________________________________________? 2.

Someone stole her bag.

_______________________________________________________________. 3.

Ann washed the dishes when the guests left.

_______________________________________________________________. 4.

Many tourists have been visiting the Eiffel Tower.

_______________________________________________________________. 5.

Someone has broken the window!

______________________________________________________________!

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6.

They had opened a new store there before we moved.

_______________________________________________________________. 7.

They had been moving the furniture before people came to the party.

_______________________________________________________________. 8.

The Committee will approve the new study program.

_______________________________________________________________. 9.

They are going to be watering the garden next week.

_______________________________________________________________. 10.

People gave me a lot of advice for my job interview.

_______________________________________________________________. 11. flat.

They will renovate the living room by the time we move in the new

_______________________________________________________________. 12.

Everyone raised enough money to give to charity.

_______________________________________________________________. IV Put the passive sentences into the active: Prebacite pasivne rečenice u aktivne:

1.

Sports are played in leisure time.

_______________________________________________________________. 2.

All kinds of books are sold in this bookstore.

_______________________________________________________________. 3.

Do you think that I was noticed?

______________________________________________________________? 4. The telephone wasn’t invented by Nikola Tesla. It was invented by Alexander Bell. ______________________________________________________________. 234

5.

We will have to be given some answers.

_______________________________________________________________. 6.

Had you been invited to come before they went on holiday?

______________________________________________________________? 7.

Most clothes will have been sold by the end of the season.

_______________________________________________________________. 8.

You will be shown the way to the museum.

_______________________________________________________________. 9.

Visitors were being given directions.

_______________________________________________________________. 10.

Has the equipment been purchased?

______________________________________________________________? 11.

Food won’t be brought to work anymore.

_______________________________________________________________. 12.

The clown was being watched by the children.

_______________________________________________________________. V Put the verbs in brackets in the active or the passive voice: Stavite glagole u zagradama u aktiv ili pasiv:

1. Their car _________________________ (repair) by the mechanic last week. 2. English _________________________ (speak) by many people in the world. 3. The famous playwright _________________________ (write) the plays in the 19th century. 4. Someone _________________________ (just organise) the file cabinets in our office.

235

5. The two countries _________________________ (sign) the mutual agreement soon. 6. The Law _________________________ (pass) many years before it started being used. 7. I _________________________ (help) by a complete stranger the whole night in the middle of nowhere. 8. Beverages _________________________ (sell) near the entrance to every cinema. 9. The laundry _________________________ (wash and dry) by our housemaid. 10.

_________________________ (they/prepare) lunch when we arrive?

VI Make questions from the given sentences: Napravite pitanja od datih rečenica:

1.

The bag was bought in the newly-opened department store.

Where?________________________________________________________? 2.

The kids will be picked up at 8 am for the field trip.

When? ________________________________________________________? 3. Penicillin had been discovered by Fleming long before it could actually be used on people. What? ________________________________________________________? 4.

The murderer has just been arrested by the police?

Who? ________________________________________________________? 5.

The sculpture will be offered on a private auction tonight.

When? ________________________________________________________? 6.

This house has been broken into 5 times.

How many times ________________________________________________?

236

7.

The roads were being cleaned by the citizens.

What? ________________________________________________________? 8.

New buildings were being built everywhere in the city.

Where? _______________________________________________________? VII Translate the following sentences into English. Make sure that the sentences are in the passive voice! Prevedite sledeće rečenice na engleski jezik. Pobrinite se da stavite rečenice u pasiv!

1.

Da li se ovde prodaju karte za muzej?

_______________________________________________________________. 2.

Sva pisma su već poslata.

_______________________________________________________________. 3.

Domaći zadaci će biti završeni do sutra.

_______________________________________________________________. 4.

Ovo vežbanje se može uraditi za 15 minuta.

_______________________________________________________________. 5.

Osećale su da su posmatrane.

_______________________________________________________________. 6.

Vodili su me u obilazak grada.

_______________________________________________________________. 7.

Misliš li da su me slušali?

_______________________________________________________________. 8.

Da li ćete dobiti poklone za useljenje?

_______________________________________________________________. 9. Kuće su srušene mnogo godina ranije nego što su na tom mestu napravili park. _______________________________________________________________. 237

10.

Rečeno mi je da ga mogu pronaći ovde.

_______________________________________________________________. 11.

Mnogo grešaka će biti napravljeno pre nego što se slože.

_______________________________________________________________. 12.

Ubili su ga u ratu.

_______________________________________________________________.

238

XVI THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES SLAGANJE VREMENA

In the English language we use different tenses to express different situations according to the context. Therefore, we could use past, present or future tenses depending on the time prospect of the actions happening. For example: U engleskom jeziku koristimo različita vremena da opišemo različite situacije u zavisnosti od konteksta. Stoga, možemo koristiti prošla, sadašnja ili buduća vremena u zavisnosti od vremenske perspektive radnji koje se dešavaju. Na primer:

My cousins live in New York.


I think we will be ready by 2 o’clock.

FUTURE (BUDUĆNOST)

I met a few celebrities at the seaside last summer.

PAST (PROŠLOST)

However we have to be careful about the mutual relation of the tenses in a complex sentence. If the verb in the main clause is in the present tense, we can use either tense in the subordinate clause. However, if the verb in the main clause is in the past tense, the verb, or verbs, in the subordinate clause is also in some of the past tenses. For example: Međutim, moramo biti oprezni što se tiče međusobnog odnosa vremena u složenoj rečenici. Ukoliko je glagol u glavnoj rečenici u sadašnjem vremenu, možemo koristiti bilo koje vreme u zavisnoj rečenici. Ipak, ukoliko je glagol u glavnoj rečenici u prošlom vremenu, glagol, ili glagoli, u zavisnoj rečenici će takođe biti u nekom od prošlih vremena. Na primer:

I believe he is a good person.


I think he will behave appropriately. I’m sure he didn’t say that.

FUTURE (BUDUĆNOST)

PAST (PROŠLOST)

but (ali): I just knew that he was there. I could imagine how she felt at that moment. We all felt relieved when we realised that we had finished all the work. 239

Pay attention (obratiti pažnju)! If the actions in the past are simultaneous, they are both in the Past Simple Tense. However, if one of them happens first, the one happening before the other is in the Past Perfect Tense while the other one is in the Past Simple, as can be seen in the examples above. Ukoliko se prošle radnje dešavaju istovremeno, obe su u prostom prošlom vremenu (The Past Simple Tense). Ipak, ako se jedna od njih dešava pre druge radnje, prva će biti u pluskvamperfektu (The Past Perfect Tense), dok će druga biti u prostom prošlom vremenu (The Past Simple Tense), kao što se može videti u primerima iznad.

Note (primetiti): If we are talking about some general truths, natural laws or some common situations and actions, the verb in the subordinate clause stays in the present tense regardless of the fact that the main verb is still in the past tense: Ukoliko govorimo o nekim opštim istinama, zakonima prirode ili nekim uobičajenim situacijama i radnjama, glagol u zavisnoj rečenici ostaje u sadašnjem vremenu, bez obzira na činjenicu da je glagol u glavnoj rečenici i dalje u prošlom vremenu:

The teacher explained the students that an hour consists of sixty minutes. I told my little brother that the earth goes around the sun. Susan informed her future employer that she speaks four languages. If the main verb is in the past tense, and the verb in the subordinate clause expresses a future activity, the subordinate verb will appear in the “future in the past“ form, which means that will transforms into would, is/are going to into was/were going to, while is/are doing transforms into was/were doing: Ukoliko je glavni glagol u prošlom vremenu, a glagol u zavisnoj rečenici izražava buduću radnju, zavisni glagol će se pojaviti u obliku “budućnost u prošlosti“, što znači da se will pretvara u would, is/are going to u was/were going to, dok se is/are doing pretvara u was/were doing:

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I said I would do that! Don’t touch it! Jacob mentioned that he and his family were going to move to Italy. Simon mentioned they were visiting their old friends that evening. More about the sequence of tenses and transformation of verbs, pronouns and time determiners will be said in the next chapter on Reported Speech. Više reči o slaganju vremena i transformaciji glagola, zamenica i vremenskih odrednica biće u narednom poglavlju pod nazivom Indirektni govor.

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EXERCISES VEŽBANJA I Translate the following sentences into English paying attention to the sequence of tenses: Prevedite sledeće rečenice na engleski jezik vodeći računa o slaganju vremena:

1. Učiteljica je objasnila đacima da je 2 plus 2 jednako 4. 2. Meri je pomenula da će doći na žurku. 3. Rekao je da se ne oseća dobro. 4. Objasnila mu je da je već završila zadatak. 5. Odgovor na pitanje je bio da se sedmica sastoji od sedam dana. 6. Gordonovi su rekli da izlaze u restoran te večeri. 7. Majk je rekao da neće to učiniti. 8. Fren je objasnila da se njen brat nalazi u inostranstvu službeno. 9. Obećali su da će doći. 10. Kim je rekla da ne zna odgovor na to pitanje. II Translate the following sentences into Serbian: Prevedite sledeće rečenice na srpski jezik:

1. Peter mentioned that he knew my brother. 2. Did he tell you that they were leaving the country? 3. Helen promised that she would help me with my homework. 4. Jake informed his boss that he had already finished the report. 5. Lilly told us that she was ging to become an architect. 6. Mum said that Jill was in the other room.

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7. The shop assistant said that the table was made of wood. 8. The teacher informed us that the seminar would last for four days. 9. My neighbours told me that they had lived in Belgium before they moved to our country. 10. Ben suddenly said that he would make us something to eat. III Complete the sentences with the verb in brackets in the appropriate tense according to the sequence of tences: Dopunite sledeće rečenice glagolima u zagradi u odgovarajućem vremenu shodno slaganju vremena:

1. Nathan said that they (live) in Boston. 2. When I met him I (know) he was the one. 3. George mentioned that they (come) to see you tonight. 4. She always knew she (become) an actress some day. 5. They said they (be) all right. 6. He taught me that 6 divided by 2 (be) three. 7. My first teacher taught me that the English alphabet (consist) of 26 letters. 8. He promised he (do) all the work himself. 9. When he arrived the dinner (finished) already. 10. When I met him for the first time he (graduate) already.

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XVII REPORTED SPEECH INDIREKTNI GOVOR

INDIRECT STATEMENTS INDIREKTNE IZJAVNE REČENICE There are two kinds of speech in English: the Direct and Indirect Speech. The Direct Speech represents the actual words of a speaker which are cited under the quotation marks. The Indirect Speech, on the other hand, represents the reported or retold words of a speaker which do not have quotation marks. For example: Postoje dve vrste govora u engleskom jeziku: direktni (upravni) i indirektni (neupravni) govor. Direktni govor su konkretne reči govornika citirane pod navodnicama. Indirektni govor, sa druge strane, predstavlja izmenjene tj. prepričane reči govornika koje ne stoje pod znacima navoda. Na primer:

Charles said: “My parents live in Liverpool.“

DIRECT SPEECH

(DIREKTNI GOVOR)

Charles said that his parents lived in Liverpool.

INDIRECT SPEECH

(INDIREKTNI GOVOR)

We can transform the Direct Speech into the Indirect Speech in two different ways, according to the reporting verb. If it is in the present tense, present perfect or future tense, the verb in the reported sentence stays in the same tense. For example: Možemo pretvoriti direktni govor u indirektni na dva različita načina u zavisnosti od glagola idirektnog govora. Ukoliko je ovaj glagol u sadašnjem vremenu, sadašnjem perfektu ili budućem vremenu, glagol u glavnoj rečenici koju pretvaramo u indirektni govor ostaje u istom vremenu. Na primer:

My mum says: “Studying foreign languages is important.“ My mum says that studying foreign languages is important.

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Jackson has said: “I’ll be there on time.“ Jackson has said that he’ll be there on time. They will say: “We know the answer!“ They will say that they know the answer. Note (primetiti): If we are reporting a question i.e. an interrogative sentence, the order of the words in the question changes, it becoming a statement: Ukoliko prebacujemo upitnu rečenicu u idirektni govor, red reči u rečenici se menja tako da ona postaje izjavna rečenica:

He asks: “Where do you live?“ He asks where I live. She asks: “Who are you talking to?“ She asks who I am talking to.

If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the verb in the reported sentence changes in the following way according to the rules of the sequence of tenses: Ako je glagol indirektnog govora u prošlom vremenu, glagol u rečenici koja se pretvara u indirektni govor se menja na sledeći način shodno pravilima slaganja vremena:

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Present Simple

becomes (postaje)

Past Simple

Present Continuous

becomes (postaje)

Past Continuous

Present Perfect

becomes (postaje)

Past Perfect

Present Perfect Continuos becomes (postaje)

Past Perfect Continuous

Past Simple

becomes (postaje)

Past Perfect

Past Continuous

becomes (postaje)


Past Perfect

becomes (postaje)

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuos

becomes (postaje)


Future Tense (will)

becomes (postaje)

Future in the Past (would)

Will be doing

becomes (postaje)

Would be doing

Will have done

becomes (postaje)

Would have done

Will have been doing

becomes (postaje)

Would have been doing

Is/Are Going to

becomes (postaje)

Was/Were Going to

Can

becomes (postaje)

Could

May

becomes (postaje)

Might

Must

becomes (postaje)

Had to (must)

Mustn’t

becomes (postaje)

Mustn’t

Ought to

becomes (postaje)

Ought to

Shall

becomes (postaje)

Should

Note (primetiti): As you can see above, some modal verbs change in the Reported Speech, while the others stay the same. Kao što možete primetiti u primerima iznad, neki modalni glagoli se menjaju u indirektnom govoru, dok drugi ostaju nepromenjeni.

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These grammatical changes are not the only ones happening when using Reported Speech. There are also certain changes regarding the personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, possessive adjectives, possessive pronouns and references to time. For example: Ove gramatičke promene nisu jedine promene koje se javljaju kada koristimo indirektni govor. Javljaju se i određene promene što se tiče ličnih zamenica, pokaznih zamenica, prisvojnih prideva, prisvojnih zamenica i vremenskih odrednica. Na primer:

I

becomes (postaje)

he/she

you (singular)

becomes (postaje)

I or he/she

we

becomes (postaje)

they

you (plural)

becomes (postaje)

we or they

this

becomes (postaje)

that

these

becomes (postaje)

those

now

becomes (postaje)

then

today

becomes (postaje)

that day

yesterday

becomes (postaje)

the day before (the previous day)

last night/

becomes (postaje)

week/year etc. tomorrow

the previous night/ week/year etc.

becomes (postaje)

the next day (the following day)

tonight

becomes (postaje)

that night (that evening)

ago

becomes (postaje)

before

next week

becomes (postaje)

the following week (the next week)

next year

becomes (postaje)

the following year (the next year)

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Here are some examples of Reported Speech, when reporting statements, and the reported verb is in the past: Evo nekoliko primera indirektnog govora, kada prebacujemo izjavne rešenice u indirektni govor, a glagol indirektnog govora je u prošlom vremenu:

Paul remarked: “These cakes are too hard!“ Paul remarked that those cakes were too hard. Sally promised: “I will do that!“ Sally promised that she would do that. Richard announced: “I’m getting married next month.“ Richard announced that he was getting married the following month. Paige said: “I have finished preparing the dinner for my guests.“ Paige said that she had finished preparing the dinner for her guests. Zoe exclaimed: “I saw him outside the building yesterday.“ Zoe exclaimed that she had seen him outside the building the day before. It can be noticed here that the reporting verb can vary. Apart from say and tell, which are most commonly used, we also use: think, notice, promise, mention, agree, exclaim, announce, remark, reply, add, declare, complain, deny, answer, etc. Ovde možemo primetiti da glagol indirektnog govora može varirati. Pored say i tell, koji se najčešće upotrebljavaju, takođe koristimo: think, notice, promise, mention, agree, exclaim, announce, remark, reply, add, declare, complain, deny, answer, itd.

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Note (primetiti): The word that which follows the reporting verb can be omitted after tell and say without any change of meaning. The usage is strictly subjective and depends on the style of the speaker only. However, it is not usual to omit it after the other reporting verbs. Reč that koja prati glagol indirektnog govora može biti izostvaljena nakon tell i say bez ikakve promene u značenju. Upotreba je strogo subjektivna i zavisi samo od stila govornika. Ipak, nije uobičajeno izosaviti that nakon drugih glagola indirektnog govora.

Pay attention (obratiti pažnju)! When using the most common reporting verbs say and tell, we should pay attention to the fact that say is used independently while tell has to be followed by an object. For example: Kada koristimo najčešće glagole indirektnog govora say i tell, treba obratiti pažnju na činjenicu da say stoji samostalno, dok tell mora pratiti objekat. Na primer:

“I’m feeling dizzy these days“ Sally said. Sally said that she was feeling dizzy those days. Sally told me that she was feeling dizzy those days. Note (primetiti): When we are reporting statements, it is not always the case that the verbs in the reported clause or adverbials for time and place change according to the above mentioned rules. For example, if we are at the place mentioned in the reported sentence, or a person being talked about is in front of us, the adverbials for time and place do not change: Kada prebacujemo izjavne rečenice u indirektni govor, nije uvek slučaj da se u rečenici koju transformišemo glagoli i vremenske i prostorne odrednice menjaju prema gore navedenim pravilima. Na primer, ako se nalazimo na mestu koje se pominje u rečenici koju transformišemo, ili se osoba o kojoj je reč nalazi ispred nas, odrednice za vreme i mesto se ne menjaju:

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Ann said: “This house was built by my grandparents.“ Ann said that this house had been built by her grandparents. Tom said: “I graduated here!“ Tom said that he had fraduated here. Also, when we are stating some common truths, natural laws or wellknown facts, the verb in the reported clause does not change: Takođe, kada izražavamo neke opšte istine, prirodne zakone ili dobro poznate činjenice, glagol u rečenici koju prebacujemo u indirektni govor se ne menja:

My son said: “The earth goes around the sun.“ My son said that the earth goes around the sun. The teacher said: “Manchester is located in England.“ The teacher said that Manchester is located in England.

INDIRECT QUESTIONS INDIREKTNA PITANJA When questions are reported in English, the reporting verb changes, so instead of say and tell, other verbs like ask, inquire, wonder, want to know etc. are used. What is also relevant is that the word order in the reported sentence changes, so the question is transformed into a positive sentence i.e. a statement. And all the other rules about transformation of the direct into indirect speech concerning verb change and changes of adverbials for time and place are respected here as well. Kada u engleskom jeziku prebacujemo pitanja iz direktnog u indirektni govor, glagol indirektnog govora se menja, pa umesto say i tell koriste se drugi glagoli kao 251

što su: ask, inquire, wonder, want to know itd. Ono što je još važno je činjenica de se red reči u rečenici koja se prebacuje iz direktnog u indirektni govor menja, pa se pitanje transformiše u izjavnu rečenicu. A sva ostala pravila koja se tiču transformisanja direktnog u indirektni govor, a tiču se promene glagola i odrednica za vreme i mesto, se takođe poštuju.

If a question starts with a question word, it is repeated after the reporting verb and followed by the tranfsormed question into a statement. For example: Ukoliko pitanje počinje upitnom rečcom, ona se ponavlja posle glagola indirektnog govora, a zatim sledi pitanje koje je transformisano u izjavnu rečenicu što se tiče reda reči. Na primer:

“Where do you live?“ he asked me. He asked me where I lived. “How are you?“ Luke asked his friend. Luke asked his friend how he was. “When are you leaving for New York?“ my neighbour wanted to know. My neighbour wanted to know when I was leaving fro New York.“ “Which one will you choose?“ George wondered. George wondered which one I would choose. “What have you made for dinner?“ her boyfriend asked. Her boyfriend asked what she had made for dinner.

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However, if the question does not start with a question word, we use if or whether to connect the reporting verb with the reported question: Međutim, ako pitanje ne počinje upitnom rečcom, koristimo if ili whether kako bismo povezali glagol indirektnog govora sa rečenicom koju prebacujemo u indirektni govor:

“Are you going with me?“ Sam wanted to know. Sam wanted to know if (whether) I was going with him. “Will you be staying at the Four Seasons?“ the colleague inquired. The colleague inquired whether she would be staying at the Four Seasons. “Have you finished the report?“ the boss asked him. The boss asked him if he had finished the report. “Were you travelling for long?“ the host wanted to know. The host wanted to know whether I had been travelling for long. “Are you really going to move to Africa?“ Jenny asked her friend. Jenny asked her friend if she was really going to move to Africa.

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INDIRECT COMMANDS INDIREKTNI IMPERATIV When transforming commands in English from the Direct to Indirect Speech, the reporting verbs are usually: tell, ask, command, order, want, advise, warn, beg etc. followed by the indirect object and infinitive. Kada transforišemo zapovedni način u engleskom jeziku iz direktnog u indirektni govor, glagoli indirektnog govora su obično: tell, ask, command, order, want, advise, warn, beg itd. koje prati indirektni objekat i infinitiv.

For example (na primer): “Go to your room!“, a mother ordered her son. A mother ordered her child to go to his room. “Close the window, please.“ She asked me to close the window. “Concentrate on your own work.“ The teacher advised us to concetrate on our own work. “Be at the office first thing in the morning.“ The boss wanted me to be in the office first thing in the morning. “Help me with this equation, please.“ A student asked the teacher to help her with the equation.

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Pay attention (obratiti pažnju)! If the command is a negative sentence, the rules applied are the same except for the fact that the negative imperative is used, i.e. the particle not is put in front of the infinitive. For instance: Ukoliko je zapovedni način odrična rečenica, primenjuju se ista pravila osim činjenice da se koristi odrični infinitiv, tj. rečca not se stavlja ispred infinitiva. Na primer:

“Don’t touch that!“ The mother warned her child not to touch that. “Don’t be late for the class.“ The teacher advised students not to be late for the class. “Don’t shut the window. It’s too hot in here.“ Mollie asked me not to shut the window since it was too hot in there.

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EXERCISES VEŽBANJA I Put the following statements into the Indirect Speech: Prebacite sledeće izjavne rečenice u indirektni govor:

1. “I live in Los Angeles.“ Jennifer said. 2. “My best friend works as a doctor.“ she commented. 3. “The children are playing in the other room.“ the mother said. 4. “We are thinking of moving to a bigger city.“ Dan mentioned. 5. “I will be there at 5 o’clock.“ Susan agreed. 6. “I’m going to write a new novel.“ the writer announced. 7. “We have finished our homework.“ the children exclaimed. 8. “I saw a fantastic film last night.“ Nigel mentioned. 9. “We’ll be having dinner at 9 p.m. tomorrow.“ my colleague said. 10. “I would like to visit Egypt.“ Mary remarked. 11. “I’m getting married next month.“ my cousin announced. 12. “I was cleaning the house all day yesterday.“ my mum complained. 13. “I have been scheduling meetings all morning“ the secretary remarked. 14. “I did my best.“ the doctor announced. 15. “Richard has washed the car.“ Mellory said. 16. “I haven’t finished the task yet!“ Ann screamed. 17. “I’m not sure about the number of participants in the seminar.“ the manager replied. 18. “Sally is not going to study architecture after all.“ Mike said. 19. “My parents have left for England this morning.“ Peter commented. 20. “Jack didn’t make it on time last night.“ Eve said.

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II Put the following questions into the Indirect Speech: Prebacite sledeće upitne rečenice u indirektni govor:

1. “Where do you live?“ the interviewer asked. 2. “How old are you?" the teacher inquired. 3. “Where are you going now?“ my mum wanted to know. 4. “How far is the center of the town from your house?“ my colleague wondered. 5. “When are you leaving for Scotland?“ my friend asked. 6. “Where have you been?“ Sam asked his son. 7. “Why haven’t you told me the truth?“ Lilly asked her boyfriend. 8. “How tall is this building?“ he wondered. 9. “How many people came to your party last night?“ my neighbour wanted to know. 10. “Have you finished yet, Zack?“ she asked. 11. “What will you be doing at 8 a.m. tomorrow?“ he inquired. 12. “How did he get hurt?“ the officer wanted to know. 13. “Who told you such a lie?“ his friend asked. 14. “Who were you talking to?“ her boyfriend wondered. 15. “How long will it take?“ the customer inquired. 16. “Are you talking to me?“ the waitress asked. 17. “Do you work in this company?“ the girl asked. 18. “Are you coming to the party tomorrow night?“ my friend wanted to know. 19. “Will you be visiting all your friends while in Belgrade?“ my dad asked. 20. “Is he going to become an engineer?“ Gillian wondered. 21. “Have you graduated yet?“ an old friend asked. 22. “Did you paint the wall last night?“ Chris asked his colleague. 23. “Are you telling me the truth?“ the mother asked her son. 257

24. “Do you recognise him?“ she wondered. 25. “Has he repaired the radio?“ the neighbour asked. III Put the following commands into the Indirect Speech: Prebacite sledeće zapovedne rečenice u indirektni govor:

1. “Pay attention to what I’m saying!“ the teacher ordered. 2. “Don’t touch the electricity!“ his father warned. 3. “Have a seat, please.“ the host offered. 4. “Bring an umbrella with you.“ her sister advised. 5. “Don’t travel by that plane.“ Helen advised. 6. “Don’t forget to iron the clothes.“ her sister said. 7. “Don’t run that fast!“ his mum warned him. 8. “Take the second turning on the left.“ the officer said. 9. “Don’t drive so fast, please!“ her brother begged. 10. “Take these sweaters to the dry cleaner’s.“ my sister asked. 11. “Read these lines for me, please.“ the teacher asked. 12. “Leave the classroom now!“ the teacher commanded. 13. “Make me a nice cup of tea.“ my grandma wanted. 14. “Don’t yell at me!“ her friend ordered. 15. “Don’t go to that awful restaurant again!“ a friend warned him. 16. “Sign in here.“ I was asked. 17. “Don’t park there!“ they were warned. 18. “Come to my birthday party on Saturday.“ he asked her. 19. “Rewrite this report!“ she was ordered. 20. “Stay with us during the holidays.“ William was offered.

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IV Put these indirect sentences into the Direct Speech: Prebacite ove indirektne rečenice u direktni govor:

1. I was told to finish the report by Monday morning. 2. They said that they lived in Hungary. 3. George mentioned that he had lived in Germany for fifteen years. 4. He was warned not to cross the street that fast. 5. Samuel said that he would take the guests to a restaurant. 6. He mentioned that he was playing tennis with his friends that night. 7. Wendy commented that the story couldn’t be true. 8. The boss thought that they had done a good job. 9. She said that she had been washing the clothes the previous day. 10. Jack was told that his mum knew all about his new girlfriend. 11. The students were ordered to listen more carefully. 12. She mentioned that they were having dinner in a restaurant with their friends. 13. She wanted to know where he was from. 14. My neighbour wondered how long it had taken me to organise the celebration. 15. He wanted to know if I was travelling with them the next day. 16. Richard thought that everything would be all right. 17. The teacher wondered if anyone knew the answer to the question. 18. The man inquired how old my friend was. 19. A friend of mine wanted to know whether my brother was married. 20. I was ordered to stop the car and open the window. 21. We were asked to help with the preparation for the surprise party for our boss. 22. He commented that he knew the person in the photo. 23. Nathan said that he had already graduated. 259

24. Dan commented that he hadn’t seen me for years. 25. He wanted to know how long I was staying in London. 26. Their cousin asked me how many children I had. 27. Evelin wondered if the man was addressing her. 28. The teacher wanted to know what the pupil was going to be when he grew up. 29. Valory remarked that she had come to work first. 30. Adam said that he had been studying all morning but still hadn’t memorised the poem by heart.

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XVIII CONDITIONAL SENTENCES USLOVNE REČENICE

There are three types of conditional sentences: The First Conditional (Conditional Sentences Type 1), The Second Conditional (Conditional Sentences Type 2) and The Third Conditional (Conditional Sentences Type 3) according to the time of happening of the action and its probability. Postoje tri tipa uslovnih rečenica: prvi kondicional (uslovne rečenice tip 1), drugi kondicional (uslovne rečenice tip 2) i treći kondicional (uslovne rečenice tip 3) u zavisnosti od vremena dešavanja radnje i njene verovatnoće.

THE FIRST CONDITIONAL (TYPE 1) PRVI KONDICIONAL (TIP 1) The First Conditional is also referred to as REAL PRESENT. If the condition of the first clause (the if-clause) is fulfilled, the action of the second clause will realistically happen. It refers to the present and future. The verb in the if-clause is in the Present Tense, while the main clause is put into the Future Tense. Prvi kondicional se takođe pominje i kao REALNI PREZENT. Ukoliko se ispuni uslov prve rečenice (if-rečenice), radnja druge rečenice će se realno dogoditi. Odnosi se na sadašnjost i budućnost. Glagol u if-rečenici je u sadašnjem vremenu, dok je glavna rečenica stavljena u buduće vreme.

IF

+

PRESENT TENSE

+

FUTURE TENSE

For example (na primer): If I have some spare time, I will go to visit my grandmother this afternoon. If my husband and I earn enough money, we will buy a new car. 261

If I see him at school, I’ll tell him to bring you the book you mentioned. If they invite me to join them for the picnic, I’ll accept. If Patrick doesn’t appear at work tomorrow morning, he will be fired. If Samuel does such a thing again, I won’t talk to him again! Ever! The if-clause and the main clause can change places. It doesn’t matter which one comes first. The meaning stays the same: If-rečenica i glavna rečenica mogu zameniti mesta. Nije bitno koja stoji prva. Značenje se ne menja:

We will travel abroad if we succeed to save enough money for the trip. They will help you if you ask them to. I will prepare the dinner before the guests come if I hurry. If not can be replaced by unless with the same meaning: If not se može zameniti sa unless u istom značenju:

Unless you finish your part of the job, I’ll get really angry! (or: If you don’t finish . . .) Unless they win this time, I will never come to see them play again! (or: If you don’t win..) Unless you do your homework this time, I’m afraid I’ll have to give you an F. (or: If you don’t do . . .)

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THE SECOND CONDITIONAL (TYPE 2) DRUGI KONDICIONAL (TIP 2) The Second Conditional can also be called IMAGINARY PRESENT or UNREAL PRESENT. The verb in the if-clause is in the Past Tense while the main clause is in the Conditional Tense (would + bare infinitive). This conditional also refers to the present and future as the First Conditional, but the difference is that this time the action is unreal or improbable. Drugi kondicional se takođe može nazvati i ZAMIŠLJENI PREZENT ili NEREALNI PRESENT. Glagol u if-rečenici je u prošlom vremenu, dok je glavna rečenica u potencijalu (would + krnji infinitiv). Ovaj kondicional se takođe odnosi na sadašnjost i budućnost kao i prvi kondicional, ali razlika je u tome što je ovog puta radnja nerealna ili neverovatna.

IF

+

PAST TENSE

+

WOULD

+

BARE INFINITIVE

For example (na primer): If I lived closer to you, I would visit you more often. (But I don’t live close to you.) (Ali ne živim blizu tebe.) If we were younger, we would travel more. (But we aren’t younger.) (Ali nismo mlađi)

If he had a better job, he would be happier. (But he doesn’t have a better job.) (Ali nema bolji posao.) If we didn’t live in such a small town, we would have more opportunities. (But we live in a small town.) (Ali živimo u malom gradu.) If they weren’t such nice people, we wouldn’t spend so much time with them. (But they are nice people.) (Ali oni su fini ljudi.) Once again, it doesn’t matter whether the if-clause comes first or the main clause: 263

Da pomenemo još jedanput da je nebitno da li prvo stoji if-rečenica ili glavna rečenica:

I would help him if he asked me to. We would come to her birthday party if she invited us. I wouldn’t be angry if my brother took my car for a ride. Note (primetiti): If we are using the verb TO BE in the if-clause, we use were for each person, although was is possible for the 1. and 3. person singular in colloquial English: Ukoliko koristimo glagol TO BE u if-rečenici, koristićemo oblik were za sva lica, iako je was moguće koristiti za prvo i treće lice jednine u razgovornom jeziku:

If I were you, I would accept the offer. If he were more careful, he wouldn’t be making mistakes all the time. Jillian would ask you for a favour if she weren’t so shy. If I were younger, I would go to college. I would pay more attention if I were you. What would you do if you were me?

THE THIRD CONDITIONAL (TYPE 3) TREĆI KONDICIONAL (TIP 3) This conditioal is sometimes called IMAGINARY PAST or UNREAL PAST. The verb in the if-clause is in the Past Perfect Tense, while the main clause is in the Perfect Conditional (would have + past participle). The Third Conditional refers to the past and the action is unreal. The condition cannot be fulfilled, i.e. the action of the main clause cannot happen, because the action in the if-clause hasn’t occurred. Ovaj kondicional se ponekad naziva i ZAMIŠLJENA PROŠLOST ILI NEREALNA PROŠLOST. Glagol u if-rečenici je u pluskvamperfektu, dok je glavna 264

rečenica u prošlom potencijalu. Treći kondicional se odnosi na prošlost i radnja je nerealna. Uslov ne može biti ispunjen, tj. radnja glavne rečenice se ne može dogoditi, jer se radnja if-rečenice nije desila.

IF

+ PAST PERFECT + WOULD HAVE

+ PAST PARTICIPLE

For example (na primer): If I had known the truth, I woudn’t have reacted in such a way. (But I didn’t know the truth, so I reacted in such a way.) (Ali nisam znao istinu, pa sam tako reagovao.)

If we hadn’t made a mistake, we wouldn’t have been punished. (But we made a mistake and we were punished.) (Ali napravili smo grešku i bili smo kažnjeni.)

If they had arrived on time, they would’t have missed the opening of the show. (But they didn’t arrive on time and they missed it.) (Ali nisu stigli na vreme i propustili su ga.)

If he had studied harder, he would have passed the exam. (But he didn’t study harder and he didn’t pass the exam.) (Ali nije učio marljivije i nije položio ispit.)

The order of the clauses in the sentence can be reverse here as well: Red klauza u rečenici i ovde može biti obrnut:

I would have come to the party if he had invited me. They would have painted the other wall if you had asked them to. The cake would have been more delicious if she had put some cream on the top. I wouldn’t have spoken so loudly if I had known he could hear me well.

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CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (MIXED TYPE) USLOVNE REČENICE (MEŠOVITI TIP) This type of conditional sentences is a combination of the Second Conditional and the Third Conditional. There are two possible combinations. The first one is used when the action that has happened in the past has a strong impact or consequence in the present, or if some action didn’t happen in the past and this fact of its not happening has a strong impact or consequence in the present. The verb in the if-clause is in the Past Perfect Tense while the main clause is in the Conditional Tense (would + bare infinitive). Ovaj tip uslovnih rečenica je kombinacija drugog i trećeg kondicionala. Postoje dve moguće kombinacije. Prva se koristi kada radnja koja se desila u prošlosti ima jak uticaj na sadašnjost ili posledice u sadašnjosti, ili ako se neka radnja nije dogodila u prošlosti i činjenica da se ona nije dogodila ima jak uticaj na sadašnjost ili izaziva posledice u sadašnjosti. Glagol u if-rečenici je u pluskvamperfektu, dok je glavna rečenica u potencijalu (would + krnji infinitiv).

IF

+

PAST PERFECT

+

WOULD

+

BARE INFINITIVE

For example (na primer): If he had graduated at university, he would have better chances for a job now. If I had started earlier, I wouldn’t be late now. If they hadn’t behaved in such a rude manner, they wouldn’t have to apologise now. I wouldn’t be here with you today if I hadn’t survived the accident. They would be better children if their parents had been srticter. The other combination of the Mixed Conditional Sentences is when the verb in the if-clause is put into the Past Tense, while the main clause is put into the Perfect Conditional (would have + past participle). 266

Druga kombinacija mešovitog kondicionala nastaje kada je glagol u if-rečenici u prošlom vremenu, dok je glavna rečenica u prošlom potencijalu (would have + prošli particip).

IF + PAST TENSE + WOULD + HAVE

+ PAST PARTICIPLE

For example (na primer): If Brian weren’t so lazy, he would have finished his homework earlier. If Dan were more compassionate a person, he wouldn’t have told such a thing to the poor lady. She wouldn’t have made such a big mistake if she were more careful in general. You could notice in the above examples that the rule concerning the order of the clauses in the sentence is applied in the mixed type as well. Either of the clauses can come first or second without any change of meaning. Možete primetiti u primerima iznad da se pravilo o redosledu klauza u rečenici primenjuje i kod mešovitog tipa. Svejedno je koja klauza će doći prva, a koja druga, bez promene značenja.

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EXERCICES VEŽBANJA Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the verbs in brackets to form the First Conditional sentences: I

Dopunite sledeće rečenice odgovarajućim obikom glagola u zagradi da biste formirali rečenice u prvom kondicionalu):

1. If we ____________________ (start) immediately, we won’t be late. 2. The colour will be much nicer if you ____________________ (put) some more red in it. 3. If Hanna ____________________ (not/finish) the article on time, she won’t get a raise. 4. They will travel to Bahamas if they ____________________ (save) enough money for their holiday. 5. If she __________________ (wake up) at 6 a.m., she’ll catch the train. 6. You ____________________ (see) that the house is very ruined if you look close enough. 7. If George comes home on time, he _________________ (find) a complete mess in his room. 8.You ____________________ (not/be) a good student if you don’t study hard enough. 9. If you ask your mum, she ____________________ (make) you your favourite meal. 10. I ____________________ (iron) all the clothes if she washes them.

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Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the verbs in brackets to form the Second Conditional sentences: II

Dopunite sledeće rečenice odgovarajućim obikom glagola u zagradi da biste formirali rečenice u drugom kondicionalu):

1. If I ____________________ (be) you, I would be more careful with electricity. 2. She would be much happier if she ____________________ (not/live) in such a small flat. 3. They would move away if they ____________________ (have) any opportunity. 4. If you ____________________ (speak) slower, I would understand you better. 5. We would buy a new house if we ____________________ (can) afford it. 6. If I had more time, I ____________________ (attend) Spanish classes. 7. They _________________ (be) your guests during the summer holidays if you invited them. 8. If I were taller, I ____________________ (go) in for basketball. 9. Her daughter ____________________ (not/be) so naughty if she were much stricter. 10. If he didn’t have any brothers or sisters, he ____________________ (be) unhappy. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the verbs in brackets to form the Third Conditional sentences: III

Dopunite sledeće rečenice odgovarajućim obikom glagola u zagradi da biste formirali rečenice u trećem kondicionalu:

1. If he ____________________ (not/insult) me, I wouldn’t have reacted so emotionally. 2. If I had known how hard his situation was, I ____________________ (not/talk) about our trip to Egypt.

269

3. If we ____________________ (finish) the task as planned, we would have been rewarded. 4. I would have prepared something else if I ____________________ (know) that he was a vegetarian. 5. Michael ____________________ (not/hurry) that much if he had known that the match had been delayed. 6. Zack wouldn’t have been so sleepy today if he ____________________ (sleep) better last night. 7. If we hadn’t forgotten to buy eggs, I ____________________ (make) us some pancakes. 8. People in the street wouldn’t have been so astonished if she ____________________ (not/appear) with green hair. 9. If Kim ____________________ (try) harder, she would have entered university. 10. I would have made dinner much earlier if I ____________________ (have) all the ingredients. IV Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the

verbs in brackets to form Conditional Sentences (Myxed Type): Dopunite sledeće rečenice odgovarajućim obikom glagola u zagradi da biste formirali rečenice u mešovitom kondicionalu:

1. If I had passed all the exams in the previous semester, I ____________________ (not/have to) study now. 2. If they ____________________ (discuss) their problems earlier, they wouldn’t be divorced now. 3. I wouldn’t be so tired if I ____________________ (not/spend) all the night awake. 4. If they ____________________ (plan) their holiday earlier, they wouldn’t have a problem now. 5. You wouldn’t be so confused if you ____________________ (read) the book I’m talking about. 270

6. If Dana hadn’t broken her mum’s ____________________ (not/be) so afraid now.

favourite

vase,

she

7. They would still be living in the street if Karen ____________________ (not/help) them. 8. If I ____________________ (not/lose) my car keys, I would be able to open the car now. 9. I wouldn’t be so exhausted if I ____________________ (not/clean) all the mess the children had made. 10. If we had posted the letter on time, ____________________ it (be) in their hands now. Translate the following sentences into English paying attention to the fact which conditional should be used: V

Prevedite sledeće rečenice na engleski jezik vodeći računa o tome koji kondicional treba upotrebiti):

1. Ukoliko ustaneš dovoljno rano, uhvatićeš prvi let za Los Anđeles. 2. Ako obrišeš ekran televizora, slika će biti jasnija. 3. Ako ga pitaš, sigurna sam da će ti pozajmiti kola za sutrašnje putovanje. 4. Ako sretneš Meri na poslu, kaži joj da mi se javi. 5. Završićeš čišćenje ranije ako koristiš ovaj veliki sunđer. 6. Da sam na tvom mestu, dobro bih razmislio o svemu. 7. Kada bi se više potrudio, siguran sam da bi rešio zagonetku. 8. Kada bi jela manje slatkiša, izgubila bi na težini. 9. Bila bih zadovoljnija kada bih umela da koristim komplikovanije kompjuterske programe. 10. Bio bi uspešniji da si malo optimističniji. 11. Da si bio malo pažljiviji, ne bi pokvario računar. 12. Da nisi bila onako gruba prema njoj, ona se ne bi naljutila. 13. Ne bih pao na ispitu da sam uspeo da završim sve zadatke. 271

14. Drugačije bih postupila da sam znala da gaji osećanja prema meni. 15. Da si se pripremila za čas, ne bi ispala smešna pred ostalima. 16. Da si ostao na selu, ne bi bio uspešni inženjer. 17. Da je nisi uvredila, još uvek biste bile dobre prijateljice. 18. Da se udala za Marka, Džejn bi sada živela u Londonu. 19. Da nisi bio nepažljiv i uganuo članak, sada ne bi bio u bolnici. 20. Da je stekao neko više obrazovanje, ne bi čistio ulice.

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IX QUESTION TAGS „ZAR NE?“ PITANJA

In order to state the rules for using Question Tags, let’s first go through short answers. Da bismo utvrdili pravila za korišćenje „Zar ne?“ pitanja, prvo ćemo proći kratke odgovore.

For example (na primer): John is seven years old. Is John seven years old? Yes, he is.

or

No, he isn’t.

“Yes, he is.“ and “No, he isn’t.“ are short answers. The full answer would be: “Yes, he is seven years old.“

or

“No, he isn’t seven years old.“

“Yes, he is.“ i “No, he isn’t.“ su kratki odgovori. Pun odgovor bi bio: “Yes, he is seven years old.“

ili

“No, he isn’t seven years old.“

Here are some more examples of short answers: Evo još nekoliko primera kratkih odgovora:

Charles Dickens has written a lot of novels. Has he written many novels? Yes, he has.

or

No, he hasn’t. (No, he has not.)

I met Nathan at the party last night. Did you meet him at the party? Yes, I did.

or

No, I didn’t. (No, I did not.) 273

We’ll meet her at the airport. Will you meet her at the airport? Yes, we will.

or

No, we won’t. (No, we will not.)

You can notice here that in the positive answer the full form od the verb is used, while in the negative form it is more natural to use the contracted form although the full form is possible. However, in the positive answer only the full form can be used, not the contracted one. Možete primetiti da se u potvrdnom odgovoru koristi pun oblik glagola, dok je u odričnom mnogo prirodnije koristiti skraćeni oblik, iako je moguće koristiti i puni oblik. Međutim kod potvrdnog odgovora to nije slučaj i može se koristiti samo puni oblik, ali ne i skraćeni.

What is important to memorise is the fact that in English short or contracted forms are widely used and are preferred and considered more natural in spoken English. However, if we consider formal correspondence, the full forms are obligatory. Važno je upamtiti činjenicu da su u engleskom jeziku kratke i skraćene forme u širokoj upotrebi i da zvuče mnogo prirodnije u razgovornom jeziku pa ih je zbog toga bolje koristiti. Ipak, ukoliko se radi o formalnoj korespondenciji, pune forme su obavezne.

Let’s compare a formal and an informal sentence: Uporedimo formalnu i neformalnu rečenicu:

We are glad to inform you that we will be present at your conference on Friday. We will be arriving by our own car, so there is no need for you to meet us at the airport. FORMAL I’m happy to tell you that we’ll be at the party as well. We’re coming by bus, but we’ll catch a cab at the station, so you don’t have to meet us there. INFORMAL

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Question Tags are short questions occurring at the end of a sentence. They are more like a statement or a conclusion than a real question, since the speaker is almost sure that what they are saying is true and the question is purely rhetorical. „Zar ne?“ pitanja su kratka pitanja koja se javljaju na kraju rečenice. Ona su više u formi konstatacije ili zaključka nego stvarnog pitanja, jer je govornik gotovo siguran da je ono što govori istina i pitanje je čisto retoričke prirode.

Question Tags are formed by placing a short question at the end of a sentence. If a sentence is a statement, the question tag is in the interrogative negative form, while if the sentence is a negative statement, the question tag is in the interrogative form. The question tag is in the same tense as the statement and it is separated from the statement by a comma. „Zar ne?“ pitanja se formiraju tako što se postavi kratko pitanje na kraju rečenice. Ukoliko je rečenica potvrdna, „zar ne?“ pitanje će biti u upitno-odričnom obliku, dok u slučaju odrične rečenice „zar ne?“ pitanje ima upitni oblik. „Zar ne?“ pitanje je u istom vremenu kao i rečenica i od iste se odvaja zarezom.

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For example (na primer): PRESENT SIMPLE (SADAŠNJE PROSTO VREME) You’re a student, aren’t you? He isn’t a doctor, is he? You live in the same building as Sam, don’t you? Lorry can’t drive, can she? You don’t like me, do you? PRESENT CONTINUOUS (SADAŠNJE TRAJNO VREME) You’re reading a magazine, aren’t you? He’s washing his car, isn’t he? They aren’t doing their homework, are they? PAST SIMPLE (PROSTO PROŠLO VREME) You broke the vase, didn’t you? He didn’t tell you, did he? Sally moved away, didn’t she? PAST CONTINUOUS (TRAJNO PROŠLO VREME) You weren’t listening to what I was saying, were you? They were studying all morning, weren’t they? Ann was ironing all night, wasn’t she? PRESENT PERFECT (SADAŠNJI PERFEKAT) You two have already met, haven’t you? You haven’t painted the wall, have you? Jeff has won the race, hasn’t he? 276

PRESENT

PERFECT

CONTINUOUS

(SADAŠNJ

TRAJNI

PERFEKAT)

He has been drawing a picture for hours, hasn’t he? They’ve been working on the plan since this morning, haven’t they? She hasn’t been swimming for four hours, has she? PAST PERFECT (PLUSKVAMPERFEKAT) You hadn’t written the letter before I reminded you to, had you? She had met him years before the event, hadn’t she? They hadn’t bought all you needed for the dinner, had they? PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS (TRAJNI PLUSKVAMPERFEKAT) Quentin had been sleeping when you entered the room, hadn’t he? You’d been driving for hours before you stopped at the station, hadn’t you? You hadn’t been sleeping well before you solved the problem with Mike, had you? FUTURE SIMPLE (PROSTO BUDUĆE VREME) You won’t come to the celebration, will you? They will be there at 5 o’click, won’t they? Jenny will clean up, won’t she? FUTURE CONTINUOUS (TRAJNO BUDUĆE VREME) The Richardsons will be throwing a welcoming party for our new neighbours, won’t they? You won’t be sleeping at 10 a.m. tomorrow morning, will you? Susan will be having dinner with you tomorrow night, won’t she? 277

FUTURE PERFECT (BUDUĆI PERFEKAT) They will have arrived by 8 p.m., won’t they? You will have read the book by Tuesday, won’t you? Lenny won’t have finished the experiment on time, will he? FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS (BUDUĆI TRAJNI PERFEKAT) They won’t have been playing cards till night, will they? Mark will have been going to this school for three years next week, won’t he? You won’t have been lying there doing nothing till tomorrow, will you?

GOING TO (GOING TO KONSTRUKCIJA) Michael is going to buy a new bicycle, isn’t he? Jully isn’t going to study medicine, is she? You’re going to quit your job, aren’ you? Note (primetiti): With imperative sentences and suggestions we use will and shall in Question Tags: Uz rečenice u imperativu i predloge koristimo will i shall u „Zar ne?“ pitanjima:

Let’s go to a concert tonight, shall we? Open the window please, will you? Let’s repeat all this, shall we? Move that chair for me, will you?

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EXERCISES VEŽBANJA I Complete the following sentences with an appropriate question tag: Dovršite sledeće rečenice koristeći odgovarajuće „zar ne?“ pitanje:

1. Jack works as a vet, ____________________? 2. You aren’t listening to me, ____________________? 3. You didn’t hear me, ___________________? 4. He wasn’t cleaning the house all the afternoon, ____________________? 5. They haven’t repaired the car yet, ____________________? 6. You’ve been studying since I left for work, ____________________? 7. They had left home before you arrived, ____________________? 8. They had been preparing ____________________?

for

months

for

the

performance,

9. You’ll meet me at the airport tomorrow, ____________________? 10. You’ll be watching tomorrow’s show, ____________________? 11. Tom and Ben won’t have mended the fence before the dark, ____________________? 12. She will have been training tennis for six years next month, ____________________? 13. The Gordons aren’t ___________________?

going

14. Danielle has made ____________________?

a

to

decision

sell

their

about

house her

after

future

all,

career,

15. You’ll be watching me play on Saturday, ____________________? 16. You met your husband when you were kids, ____________________? 17. Let’s learn something new, ____________________? 18. You had met him years before you got married, ____________________? 279

19. You aren’t talking about my aunt, ____________________? 20. Hank works for a big company, ____________________? 21. Tod is your best friend, ____________________? 22. Samantha isn’t very clever, ____________________? 23. You’ve been calculating all night, ____________________? 24. You didn’t realise it was him, ____________________? 25. Ann hasn’t met her future in-laws yet, ____________________?

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XX RELATIVE CLAUSES ODNOSNE REČENICE

Relative clauses are used to give additional information about the subject, the object of the main clause, or about the whole sentence. They are used in connecting otherwise separate sentences which can sound awkward and cause disconnected speech. Odnosne rečenice se koriste za davanje dodatnih informacija o subjektu, objektu glavne rečenice ili o celoj rečenici. One se upotrebljavaju u spajanju inače razdvojenih rečenica koje mogu da zvuče neprikladno i da izazovu nepovezan govor.

For example (na primer): 'I talked to Jeff. He is my sister's husband.' → 'I talked to Jeff who is my sister's husband.' A relative clause is connected to the main clause by a relative pronoun. Sometimes the relative pronoun can be omitted. Therefore, relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns: who, which, whose, whom, that, relative adverbs: when, where, why, or without a relative pronoun. Odnosna rečenica se povezuje sa glavnom rečenicom odnosnom zamenicom. Nekada se odnosna zamenica može izostaviti. Dakle, odnosne rečenice se uvode odnosnim zamenicama: who, which, whose, whom, that, odnosnim prilozima: when, where, why ili bez odnosne zamenice.

Relative pronouns can be either subject pronouns or object pronouns. When the relative pronoun is followed by a verb, than the relative pronoun is a subject pronoun and if it is not followed by a verb, but rather a noun or a pronoun, than it is an object pronoun. Object pronouns can be omitted in defining relative clauses. Odnosne zamenice mogu biti ili subjekatske zamenice ili objekatske zamenice objekta. Kada se iza odnosne zamenice nalazi glagol, onda je odnosna zamenica subjekatska zamenica, a ako se ne nalazi glagol iza odnosne zamenice, već imenica ili

281

zamenica, onda je to objekatska zamenica. Objekatske zamenice se mogu izostaviti u određenim odnosnim rečenicama.

For example (na primer): the cat which is sitting on the doormat → which = a subject pronoun (subjekatska zamenica)

the cat (which) Mary bought at the pet shop → which = an object pronoun (objekatska zamenica)

Who – is used as a subject pronoun or an object pronoun for people: Who – se upotrebljava kao subjekatska ili objekatska zamenica za ljude:

This is the man who won the award. Which – is used as a subject pronoun or an object pronoun for things or animals: Which – se upotrebljava kao subjekatska ili objekatska zamenica za stvari ili životinje:

Can you give me the dress which I lent you last weekend? Which - is also used to refer to the whole sentence: Which

- se takođe upotrebljava kada se odnosi na celu rečenicu:

He gave me a strange look, which made me upset! Whose – is used to show possession for people, animals or things: Whose

- se upotrebljava za pripadanje ljudima, životinjima ili stvarima:

I don't know the doctor whose office is located at the corner of the street.

282

Whom – is used for people: Whom – se upotrebljava za ljude:

I received a phone call from the employer whom I met last week. That – can be used as a subject or an object pronoun for people, things or animals in defining relative clauses. Who/Which can be substituted by that: That - se može upotrebiti kao subjekatska ili objekatska zamenica za ljude, stvari ili životinje u određenim odnosnim rečenicama. That može zameniti who/which:

They wanted to watch the films that I had recommended. When – is used for time: When – se upotrebljava za vreme:

That was the day when we met him. Where – is used for place: Where – se upotrebljava za mesto:

That's the place where we met. Why – is used for reason: Why – se upotrebljava za razlog:

That's the reason why we met him.

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DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES ODREĐENE I NEODREĐENE ODNOSNE REČENICE Defining and non-defining relative clauses are also called restrictive or non-restrictive clauses. In English, restrictiveness is marked either by commas in writing, or by pauses in speech. The restrictiveness brings about a change in meaning. Određene i neodređene odnosne rečenice se takođe nazivaju restriktivne i nerestriktivne rečenice. U engleskom jeziku se određenost i neodređenost naznačavaju zarezima u pisanju ili pauzama u govoru. Određenost i neodređenost unosi promene u značenju.

For example (na primer): Professors, whom students like, have been fired. ( = all professors were fired) ( = svi profesori su otpušteni)

Professors whom students like have been fired. (= only the professors liked by students were fired) ( = samo profesori koji se studentima dopadaju su otpušteni)

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DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES ODREĐENE ODNOSNE REČENICE Defining relative clauses give important information which is used for defining or identifying the person or thing being talked about. Commas are NOT used for defining relative clauses. Određene odnosne rečenice daju važne informacije koje se koriste za definisanje ili identifikovanje osobe ili stvari o kojoj se govori. Zarezi se NE koriste u određenim odnosnim rečenicama.

For example (na primer): The newspaper which you gave me is from yesterday! (the specific newspaper given to me by you) (određene novine koje si mi ti dao) The students with whom I was sitting were very hard-working.

NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES NEODREĐENE ODNOSNE REČENICE Non-defining relative clauses are marked by commas in writing and by pauses in speech. They only give additional information about the person or thing being talked about. Neodređene odnosne rečenice su označene zarezima u pisanju ili pauzama u govoru. One samo daju dodatne informacije o osobi ili stvari o kojoj se govori.

For example (na primer): Those people, who are very nervous, have come to get answers! This book, which most students will like, is very useful.

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EXERCISES VEŽBANJA I Fill in the blanks with an appropriate relative pronoun or a relative adverb (who/whom/whose/which/where/why/when): Popunite praznine odgovarajućom odnosnom zamenicom ili odnosnim prilogom (who/whom/whose/which/where/why/when):

1.

The woman __________ lives next door is very old.

2.

You can find the notes in my bag __________ is under the desk.

3.

Have you been introduced to the man __________ I met last week.

4. Is Mr Thomas, __________ sister works at our office, going to take care of the children? 5. do.

They threw me a surprise party, __________ was very nice of them to

6. The street __________ they found the missing child is very dangerous at night. 7.

This is the reason __________ I decided to cancel the purchased goods.

8.

Have you filled in the applications __________ I gave you yesterday?

9.

This is the author __________ books I have been reading lately.

10. Those __________ weren’t present for the lecture will have difficulties understanding this. 11.

This is the teacher to __________ I gave the assignment.

12.

Those __________ believe so are not quite right.

13.

The film __________ you took me to was horrible!

14.

It was a beautiful day __________ we went on a picnic.

15.

The car __________ we had bought turned out to be a disaster!

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II Circle the correct relative pronoun: Zaokružite tačnu odnosnu zamenicu:

1. I cannot remember the reason why/that the workers refused to go on strike. 2.

Mark, which/whose father is a math professor, is a great mathematician.

3.

Do you know the place which/where to look for me if you need me?

4.

I remember the days who/when I used to go for long evening walks.

5.

This is Jane, whom/when we were introduced to at the last meeting.

6.

All the proposals which/who he gave were accepted.

7.

They visited many monuments, who/which made their vacation great.

8.

The people who/when live there are the natives.

9.

Is this the restaurant where/when they serve excellent food?

10.

This is the woman which/whose daughter is the best student in class.

III Join the two sentences to make one sentence using relative pronouns: Povežite dve rečenice upotrebom odnosne zamenice:

1.

There's the man. He was charged with first degree murder.

_______________________________________________________________. 2.

That's the house. My grandparents live there.

_______________________________________________________________. 3.

My computer wasn't so expensive. It's an HP.

_______________________________________________________________. 4.

You were watching a play. She wanted to see it.

_______________________________________________________________. 5.

You've met my husband. I've told you so much about him.

_______________________________________________________________.

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6.

What's the name of that businessman? His daughter is a famous model.

_______________________________________________________________. 7.

Mrs Jackson is the new CEO. She is very ambitious and charming.

_______________________________________________________________. 8.

That's a restaurant. We went there after work.

_______________________________________________________________. 9.

The keys seem to be the reason. He broke into his own car.

_______________________________________________________________. 10. We saw a strange woman there. Her children had mysteriously disappeared. _______________________________________________________________. 11.

That's the exact spot. They left the bags there.

_______________________________________________________________. 12.

He gave me candy. It was very sweet of him.

_______________________________________________________________. 13.

Are you making jokes about that man? The man is my best friend!

_______________________________________________________________. 14.

He gave us advice. The advice was very useful.

_______________________________________________________________. 15.

Don't take that book. The pages in the book are torn.

_______________________________________________________________.

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IRREGULAR VERBS NEPRAVILNI GLAGOLI

VERB

PAST SIMPLE

PAST PARTICIPLE

(GLAGOL)

(PROŠLO VREME)

(PROŠLI PARTICIP)

arise

arose

arisen

awake

awoke/awakened

awoken/awakened

be

was,were

been

bear

bore

born/borne

beat

beat

beaten/beat

become

became

become

begin

began

begun

bend

bent

bent

bet

bet

bet

bid

bade/bid

bidden

bind

bound

bound

bite

bit

bitten

bleed

bled

bled

blow

blew

blown

break

broke

broken

breed

bred

bred

bring

brought

brought

build

built

built

burst

burst

burst

buy

bought

bought

289

cast

cast

cast

catch

caught

caught

choose

chose

chosen

cling

clung

clung

come

came

come

cost

cost

cost

cut

cut

cut

deal

dealt

dealt

do

did

done

draw

drew

drawn

dream

dreamt/dreamed

dreamt/dreamed

drink

drank

drunk

drive

drove

driven

eat

ate

eaten

fall

fell

fallen

feed

fed

fed

feel

felt

felt

fight

fought

fought

find

found

found

fit

fit

fit

fly

flew

flown

forbid

forbade

forbidden

forget

forgot

forgotten/forgot

freeze

froze

frozen

get

got

got/gotten

give

gave

given

290

go

went

gone

grind

ground

ground

grow

grew

grown

have

had

had

hear

heard

heard

hide

hid

hidden

hit

hit

hit

hold

held

held

hurt

hurt

hurt

keep

kept

kept

knit

knit/knitted

knit/knitted

know

knew

known

lay

laid

laid

lead

led

led

leave

left

left

lend

lent

lent

let

let

let

lie

lay/lied

lain/lied

light

lit/lighted

lit/lighted

lose

lost

lost

make

made

made

mean

meant

meant

meet

met

met

pay

paid

paid

prove

proved

proven/proved

put

put

put

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quit

quit

quit

read

read

read

rid

rid

rid

ride

rode

ridden

ring

rang

rung

rise

rose

risen

run

ran

run

saw

sawed

sawed/sawn

say

said

said

see

saw

seen

seek

sought

sought

sell

sold

sold

send

sent

sent

set

set

set

sew

sewed

sewed/sewn

shake

shook

shaken

shed

shed

shed

shoot

shot

shot

show

showed

shown/showed

shrink

shrank/shrunk

shrunk

shut

shut

shut

sing

sang

sung

sink

sank

sunk

sit

sat

sat

sleep

slept

slept

slit

slit

slit

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speak

spoke

spoken

spend

spent

spent

spin

spun

spun

split

split

split

spread

spread

spread

stand

stood

stood

steal

stole

stolen

stick

stuck

stuck

sting

stung

stung

stink

stank

stunk

strike

struck

stricken

swear

swore

sworn

sweep

swept

swept

swim

swam

swum

swing

swung

swung

take

took

taken

teach

taught

taught

tear

tore

torn

tell

told

told

think

thought

thought

throw

threw

thrown

wake

woke

woken

wear

wore

worn

weave

wove/weaved

woven/weaved

wed

wed/wedded

wed/wedded

weep

wept

wept

293

win

won

won

wind

wound

wound

write

wrote

written

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KEY TO EXERCISES REŠENJA VEŽBANJA

I ARTICLES I 1. a/an 2. /, / 3. /, /, /, a 4. a, a 5. a, / 6. a, an, a 7. a 8. an, / 9. a, a, a, / 10. a II 1. /, /, the 2. /, the 3. /, /, /, the, the 4. the, /, / 5. the, the, the 6. the 7. the, the 8. the, the 9. the, the 10. the, the III a, a, a, /, the, the, a, the, /, /, /, a, /, the, the, a, the, the, /, a, the, the, the, the, the, the, /, the, the II NOUNS I flowers, windows, fridges, computers, plates, beds, cities, cliffs, shelves, babies, blankets, scenarios, potatoes, photos, churches, buses, boxes, glasses, boys, prizes II men, children, mice, feet, teeth, oxen, deer, sheep, species, means, data (or datums), phenomena (or phenomenons), analyses, axes, radii (or radiuses), appendices (or appendixes), formulae (or formulas), seraphim (or seraphs), crises, bureaux (or bureaus) III 1. Daisies are flowers. 2. They made different analyses from these ones. 3. Tables are made of wood. 4. Cities are bigger than towns. 5. Schools are places where pupils get education. 6. Cats like fish. 7. Those are strange phenomena! 8. Teeth are in your jaws. 9. Teachers teach students. 10. There are geese in the pond.

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IV 1. A sandal is a kind of shoe. 2. An earring is a piece of jewellery. 3. A child is sometimes naughty. 4. A deer is a wild animal. 5. A monastery is often situated in the countryside. 6. A knife is very sharp. 7. A lorry is bigger than a car. 8. A woman is rarely a bus driver. 9. An Italian likes spaghetti. 10. A sweet is bad for a child’s tooth. V 1. I always appreciate good advice. 2. Pyjamas are worn at night. 3. My feet are so tired! 4. Mathematics is a difficult subject. 5. Athletes drink a lot of water. 6. The latest news is shocking! 7. I have some interesting information for you. 8. They listen to different kinds of music. 9. Policemen are usually adored by children. 10. Everyone likes babies. III PRONOUNS I 1. them 2. They 3. them 4. He 5. him 6. her 7. She 8. They II 1. Mine 2. hers 3. yours 4. theirs 5. Our 6. their 7. my 8. Her III 1. This 2. those 3. that 4. This 5. these 6. Those 7. Those 8. That IV 1. Which 2. What 3. Whom 4. Who 5. What 6. Which 7. Whose 8. Whom V 1. whom 2. who 3. whose 4. which 5. What 6. what 7. that 8. which 9. Who VI 1. that 2. whose 3. whom 4. that 5. which 6. who 7. whose 8. Who VII 1. some 2. any 3. some 4. none 5. any 6. some 7. none 8. one 9. any 10. some 11. One 296

VIII 1. every 2. Neither 3. Both 4. Neither 5. every 6. each 7. all 8. either 9. All 10. Every IX 1. Everybody 2. anybody 3. No one 4. anyone 5. something 6. everything 7. something 8. anything 9. everyone 10. Nothing X 1. herself 2. myself 3. himself 4. ourselves 5. themselves 6. myself 7. yourselves 8. itself 9. yourself 10. itself IV ADJECTIVES I 1. refundable 2. logical 3. rightful 4. musical 5. foolish 6. creative 7. nameless 8. friendly 9. dangerous 10. Easy II 1. dishonest 2. illegible 3. impossible 4. irresponsible 5. unkind 6. irregular 7. perfect 8. unhappy 9. uninteresting 10. illiterate III 1. an old brown suit 2. a fat old lady 3. mother’s new red car 4. a big metal box 5. an ugly big white plastic plate 6. my father’s short grey hair 7. her brandnew blue laptop computer 8. a beautiful white silk dress IV 1. frightened 2. tiring 3. disappointing 4. excited 5. surprised 6. confused 7. interested 8. confusing 9. bored 10. Interesting V 1. richer/the richest 2. funny/the funniest 3. taller/the tallest 4. thinner/the thinnest 5. exciting/more exciting 6. more famous/the most famous 7. generous/the most generous 8. happy/happier 9. commoner or more common/the commonest or the most common 10. tidier or more tidy/the tidiest or the most tidy 11. good/better 12. older or elder/the oldest or the eldest 13. 297

little/the least 14. much or many/more 15. worse/the worst 16. farther or further/the farthest or the furthest 17. famous/the most famous 18. simpler or more simple/the simplest or the most simple VI 1. better 2. the smartest 3. faster 4. more careful 5. the youngest 6. farther 7. last 8. latter 9. the heaviest 10. the worst VII 1. This computer is as expensive as a laptop 2. A Mercedes is as fast as a BMW 3. Jane is not as intelligent as Sandra 4. This bag is not as cheap as that bag 5. Helen is as tall as Jim. QUANTIFIERS I 1. any 2. no/some 3. none 4. any/some 5. any/some 6. no/some 7. none 8. some 9. any/some 10. some II 1. a lot of 2. much 3. many 4. much 5. a lot of 6. many 7. much 8. many/a lot of 9. much 10. Many III 1. few 2. little 3. a little 4. a few 5. a few 6. a little 7. little 8. few 9. a few 10. little IV 1. each 2. every or each 3. all 4. both 5. either 6. neither or all 7. either / both 8. every or each 9. all or both 10. neither V ADVERBIALS I 1. extremely 2. quite 3. there 4. sometimes 5. next 6. gently 7. badly 8. well 9. during 10. Surely

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II 1. easy 2. hardly 3. slow 4. beautifully 5. shortly 6. sad 7. careful 8. good 9. unexpectedly 10. Frequently III 1. Jordan can kick a ball better than Mark 2. Mary is the smartest girl in class 3. Please dress appropriately for the occasion 4. He hardly ever visits his parents 5. I haven’t read many interesting books lately. IV 1. prettily 2. happily 3. calmly 4. badly 5. beautifully 6. entirely 7. normally 8. Frequently V 1. better, best 2. less, least 3. more, most 4. more badly, most badly 5. further or farther, furthest or farthest VI NUMBERS I 1. thirty-five 2. sixty-seven 3. ninety-eight 4. one hundred and forty-three 5. seven hundred and thirty-two 6. one thousand and three 7. twenty-three thousand and four hundred 8. three hundred and thirty-three thousand six hundred 9. one million two hundred and fifty 10. one million eight hundred and seventy thousand 11. thirty-fifth 12. one hundred and twenty-first 13. eighty-second 14. seventy-fourth 15. one thousand and fiftieth VII PREPOSITIONS I 1. at / at 2. at 3. in 4. on 5. on 6. into 7. on / off 8. by 9. by / on 10. across / over 11. over 12. along 13. across 14. through 15. between 16. among 17. in front of 18. behind 19. under 20. below

299

21. above (by)

22. over

23. across

24. near (close to) 25. beside (next to)

II 1. on 2. in 3. in 4. in 5. in / at 6. on 7. in 8. during / in 9. during 10. at 11. in / in 12. at 13. at 14. at 15. in 16. at 17. in 18. at 19. during / over 20. for III 1. except for (apart from) 2. beside 3. except for (apart from) 4. by 5. by 6. with 7. by 8. except for (apart from) 9. with 10. except for (apart from) 11. beside 12. by 13. beside 14. with 15. except VIII PRESENT TENSES PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS I 1.a) Michael isn’t pretending to be someone else. b) Is Michael pretending to be someone else? 2.a) Marcia doesn’t sell many articles during the day. b) Does Marcia sell many articles during the day? 3.a) Students don’t attend all classes where Mr Jones gives lectures. b) Do students attend all classes where Mr Jones gives lectures? 4.a) They aren’t studying biology at the university. b) Are they studying biology at the university? 5.a) Monkeys don’t like bananas. b) Do monkeys like bananas? 6.a) She isn’t leaving on Wednesday. b) Is she leaving on Wednesday? 7.a) He isn’t always playing the piano at midnight. b) Is he always playing the piano at midnight? 8.a) The sun isn’t shining. b) Is the sun shining? 9.a) They don’t live in Belgrade. b) Do they live in Belgrade? 10.a) Your English class doesn’t begin at 10 a.m. b) Does your English class begin at 10 a.m.? II 1. doesn’t work; is working 2. Do you listen 3. Is she speaking 4. doesn’t remember 5. do they drive 6. Are you laughing; I’m doing 7. don’t know 8. eat 9. is she always complaining 10. Am

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III 1. isn’t watching; 2. speaks 3. is carrying 4. Do they usually have 5. prefer 6. Is she waiting 7. Is it raining 8. are staying PRESENT PERFECT AND PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS I 1. have been trying; have you been talking 2. has been watching 3. has forgotten 4. has been studying 5. has been driving 6. have never seen 7. have visited 8. has loved II 1. has won 2. has just gone 3. have grown 4. have been 5. have been feeling 6. have been working 7. have known 8. have been running IX PAST TENSES PAST SIMPLE AND PAST CONTINUOUS I 1. They arrived while I was talking on the phone. 2. John was drinking with his friends when he saw Jane. 3. I was reading about the accident when the bus arrived. 4. John met Ann yesterday. 5. I didn’t know the answer. 6. They rang the doorbell. 7. Did you understand what I said/was saying? 8. Were you sleeping when I came? II 1. were you doing 2. tried/didn’t know 3. was watching 4. Were you 5. managed to/was trying 6. made or was making 7. wasn’t doing or didn’t do/was studying 8. Did you see 9. broke/had to 10. Went III 1. got up 2. got 3. left 4. went 5. was driving 6. rang 7. found out 8. told 9. was 10. was starting 11. was wondering 12. were meeting or met

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PAST PERFECT AND PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS I 1. had recommended 2. had completed 3. had you been doing 4.had been sitting 5. had already gone 6. had been teaching 7. had happened 8. had just finished 9. had been selling 10. hadn’t talked X FUTURE TENSES I 1. will go 2. will you please close 3. will be painting 4. will know 5. will be sunbathing 6. will be doing / will still be working 7. will you come / will stay 8. will have 9. will be working 10. will help II 1. will have finished 2. will have been living 3. will have read 4. will have washed 5. will have been watching 6. will have died 7. will have performed 8. will have disappeared 9. will have been ironing 10. will have been writing III 1. does / leave 2. is 3. are to be finished 4. have done 5. are not to be let 6. is visiting 7. are playing 8. are not to go out 9. have prepared 10. I’m going IV 1. are you going to be / will be 2. are you leaving 3. will do 4. I’ll have 5. is going 6. I’m going to visit 7. is going to change 8. will take 9. is your dad going to do 10. will be TENSE REVIEW I 1. present simple 2. present perfect 3. past perfect 4. present continous 5. past simple 6. past continous 7. present perfect continous 8. past perfect continuous 9. future simple 10. future continuous 11. future perfect 12. future perfect continuous. 302

II 1. came; had already prepared 2. had been waiting 3. didn’t know; had informed 4. had already written 5. had been living 6. saw 7.w as playing 8. had to 9. was studying; was watching 10. got up; went III 1. Have you ever visited 2. went 3. have lived 4. Have they finished 5. haven’t given 6. worked 7. Did you go 8. have grown 9. haven’t talked 10. saw IV 1. c 2. a 3. d 4. c 5. a 6. b 7. a 8. d 9. c 10. b 11. a 12. d 13. b 14. a 15. c 16. b 17. d 18. b 19. b 20. d 21. a 22. d 23. c 24. a 25. a 26. d 27. c 28. d 29. b 30. a XI THE IMPERATIVE MOOD I 1. Počisti / počistite svoju sobu! 2. Ne diraj moj kompjuter! 3. Hajdemo u restoran. 4. Neka pročita pesmu naglas. 5. Ne ponašaj / ne ponašajte se tako detinjasto. 6. Skloni / sklonite svoje prljave stvari! 7. Smanji / smanjite tu muziku! 8. Molim te otvori prozor. 9. Pridruži / pridružite nam se, hoćeš li / hoćete li? 10. Pomozi / pomozite mi s ovim vežbanjem, molim te / Vas. II 1. Wait for us outside. 2. Let her go to the shop. 3. Let the children tidy their room. 4. Move just a little, please. 5. Visit us this summer, won’t you? 6. Turn up the heating, will you? 7. Don’t touch my bag! 8. You come and stand here in front of me! 9. Do write the essay, immediately! 10. Don’t put parsnips in the soup, please.

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XII MODAL VERBS I 1. may / can 2. must 3. may / might 4. has to 5. should / ought to 6. must 7. will 8. shouldn’t 9. needn’t 10. can 11. would 12. will 13. could 14. needn’t / don’t have to 15. couldn’t 16. can’t 17. needn’t / don’t have to 18. may / might 19. should / ought to 20. was able to / could II 1. Dženifer ne ume da koristi kompjuter! Možeš li da poveruješ u to? 2. Moj suprug je umeo da čita sa četiri godine. 3. Mislim da sam video Sema na žurci sinoć. To nije mogao biti on. On je u Španiji na odmoru. 4. Mogu li da idem sada? 5. Možda nećemo ići na odmor ovog leta. 6. Naš kum će biti na Sarinom venčanju u nedelju. 7. Moj deda je redovno dremao svako popodne. 8. Treba da se latimo posla. Čeka nas izveštaj koji treba završiti. 9. Ne bi trebalo da izlaziš bez kišobrana. Izgleda kao da će padati kiša. 10. Trebalo je ranije da podješ od kuće. Da si pošao ranije, ne bi zakasnio. 11. Moraćemo dosta da učimo ukoliiko želimo da položimo prijemni ispit. 12. Ostala sam budna cele noći jer sam morala da završim finansijski izveštaj. 13. Nisam videla porodicu Smitovih godinama. Mora da su se odselili. 14. Deco, ne smete dirati struju! 15. Nisi morao da putuješ čak do Nju Jorka samo da bi zakazao sastanak. Mogao si to učiniti telefonom. III 1. My best friend can speak four languages. 2. My telephone will be turned off during the meeting. You’ll be able to call me when the meeting is over. 3. - Where’s Patrick? - He may/might/could be in the garden. I hear someone speaking there. 4. You could have finished it faster! 5. Could you, please, tell me where the railway station is? 6. - I’m really bad at maths and I have a test tomorrow. – I will help you prepare for it. 7. As a child I would watch cartoons every day. 8. My sister will always read my mail! 9. - Is there any juice? I’m thirsty. – There should be some in the fridge. 10. I shouldn’t have reacted like that. Now I feel sorry about that. 11. Daniel should have arrived in Belgrade by now. It’s 10.50 already. 12. - I’ve been feeling very tired lately. I must take a few days off. - You can’t do that! You have to finish the assignment! 13. - How old do you think he is? - He must be at least fifty. 14. You don’t have to be at school before 7.15. The first class 304

starts at 7.30. 15. We should’t have prepared so much food. Very few people appeared at the party. XIII THE INFINITIVE

& XIV THE GERUND

I 1. to be 2. must have gone out 3. could be caught 4. to be walking 5. must have received 6. catch 7. to be happening 8. to be heard 9. dance 10. fight II 1. to 2. / 3. to, / 4. / 5. to 6. / 7. to 8. / III 1. He isn’t answering the phone. He must be working! 2. He must have watched the game. 3. Can you talk and write at the same time? 4. Why not try! 5. He seems to have been offered a job. 6. I went there to learn more about their culture. 7. I didn’t know how to tell him the bad news. 8. He was the first to arrive at the party. 9. I imagine him to be a very intelligent person. 10. I could have planned my vacation differently if you had told me that earlier. IV 1. explaining 2. Having been asked 3. smoking 4. buying 5. Being offered 6. Running 7. finding out 8. having told 9. washing 10. having said. V 1. I really feel like having/taking a long walk. 2. After being offered the job, he left the old company 3. Many people like swimming. 4. I’m worried about his driving 5. Listening to music makes me happy 6. Climbing was easy, but I don’t know how we are going to climb down 7. Do you mind me having a cigarette here? 8. I’m afraid of being left 9. How about calling him and telling him we’re very sorry? 10. He was busy writing a new article. VI 1. being rejected 2. making 3. to continue 4. cutting 5. not to leave 6. not going 7. having to 8. to kill 9. to call 10. to mention 11. to leave 12. getting up 13. speaking 14. to show 15. singing 16. to bring 17. starting 18. shopping 19. to see 20. coming. 305

XV THE PASSIVE VOICE I 1. active 2. passive 3. active 4. active 5. passive 6. active 7. passive 8. active 9. passive 10. passive II 1. is being given 2. was being cleaned 3. had been done 4. will be bought 5. must be done 6. have been finished 7. was going to be painted 8. is taken 9. was chosen 10. will have been written. III 1. Was the lecture explained by the teacher? 2. Her bag was stolen. 3. The dishes were washed by Ann when the guests left. 4. The Eiffel Tower has been being visited by many tourists. 5. The window has been broken 6. A new store had been opened there before we moved. 7. The furniture has been being moved before people came. 8. The new study program will be approved by the Committee. 9. The garden is going to be being watered next week. 10. I was given a lot of advice for my job interview. 11. The room will have been renovated by the time we move in the new apartment. 12. Enough money was raised to give to charity. IV 1. People play sports in leisure time. 2. They sell all kinds of books in this bookstore. 3. Do you think they noticed me? 4. Nikola Tesla didn’t invent the telephone, Alexander Bell invented it. 5. Somebody will have to give us some answers. 6. Had they invited you to come over before they went on holiday? 7. They will have sold most clothes by the end of the season 8. Somebody will show you the way to the museum. 9. They were giving directions to the visitors. 10. Have they purchased the equipment? 11. They won’t bring food to work anymore. 12. The children were watching the clown.

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V 1. was repaired 2. is spoken 3. wrote 4. has just reorganised 5. will sign 6. had been passed 7.was being helped 8. are being sold 9. will have been washed and dried 10. will they be preparing VI 1. Where was the bag bought? 2. When will the kids be picked up for the field trip? 3. What had been discovered by Fleming long before it could actually be used on people? 4. Who has just been arrested by the police? 5. When will the sculpture be offered on a private auction? 6. How many times has this house been broken into? 7. What was being cleaned by the citizens? 8. Where were new buildings being built? VII 1. Are the museum tickets sold/being sold here? 2. All the letters have already been sent. 3. Homework will be finished by tomorrow. 4. This exercise can be done in 15 minutes. 5. They felt they were being watched. 6. I was taken on a city tour. 7. Do you think that I was listened to? 8. Will they be given presents for moving in? 9. The houses had been destroyed long before the park was made at that place. 10. I was told that I could find him here. 11. Many mistakes will be made before they agree. 12. He was killed in war. XVI THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES I 1. The teacher explained her pupils that 2 plus 2 is 4. 2. Mary mentioned that she would come to the party. 3. He said that he wasn’t feeling well. 4. She explained to him that she had already finished the task. 5. The answer to the question was that a week consists of seven days. 6. The Gordons said that they were going to a reastaurant that night. 7. Mike said that he wouldn’t do that. 8. Fran explained that her brother was abroad on business. 9. They promised that they would come. 10. Kim said that she didn’t know the answer to that question.

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II 1. Piter je pomenuo da poznaje mog brata. 2. Da li ti je rekao da odlaze iz zemlje? 3. Helen mi je obećala da će mi pomoći oko domaćeg zadatka. 4. Džejk je obavestio svog šefa da je već bio završio izveštaj. 5. Lilly nam je rekla da će postati arhitekta. 6. Mama je rekla da je Džil u drugoj sobi. 7. Prodavac je rekao da je sto napravljen od drveta. 8. Profesor nas je obavestio da će seminar trajati četiri dana. 9. Komšije su mi rekle da su živele u Belgiji pre nego što su se doselile u našu zemlju. 10. Ben je iznenada rekao da će nam on spremiti nešto za jelo. III 1. lived 2. knew 3. were coming 4. would become 5. were consists 8. would do 9. had finished 10. had graduated

6. is

7.

XVII REPORTED SPEECH I 1. Jennifer said that she lived in Los Angeles. 2. She commented that her best friend worked as a doctor. 3. The mother said that the children were playing in the other room. 4. Dan mentioned that they were thinking of moving to a bigger city. 5. Susan agreed that she she would be there at 5 o’clock. 6. The writer announced that he/she was going to write a new novel. 7. The children exclaimed that they had finished their homework. 8. Nigel mentioned that he had seen a fantastic film the previous night. 9. My colleague said that they would be having dinner at 9 p.m. the following day. 10. Mary remarked that she would like to visit Egypt. 11. My cousin announced that he/she was getting married the following month. 12. My mum complained that she had been cleaning the house the previous day. 13. The secretary remarked that she had been scheduling meetings the previous morning. 14. The doctor announced that he/she had done their best. 15. Mellory said that Richard had washed the car. 16. Ann screamed that she hadn’t finished the task yet. 17. The manager replied that he/she wasn’t sure about the number of participants in the seminar. 18. Mike said taht Sally was not going to study architecture after all. 19. Peter commented that his parents had left for England that morning. 20. Eve said that Jack hadn’t made it on time the previous night..

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II 1. The interviewer asked where I lived. 2. The teacher inquired how old I was. 3. My mum wanted to know where I was going then. 4. My colleague wondered how far the center of the town was from my house. 5. My friend asked when I was leaving for Scotland. 6. Sam asked his son where he had been. 7. Lilly asked her boyfriend why he hadn’t told her the truth. 8. He wondered how tall that building was. 9. My neighbour wanted to know how many people had come to my party the previous night. 10. She asked Zack if he had finished yet. 11. He inquired what I would be doing at 8 a.m. the following day. 12. The officer wanted to know how he had got hurt. 13. His friend asked who had told him such a lie. 14. Her boyfriend wondered who she had been talking to. 15. The customer inquired how long it would take. 16. The waitress asked if I was talking to her. 17. The girl asked if I worked in that company. 18. My friend wanted to know if I was coming to the party the following night. 19. My dad asked if I would be visiting all my friends while in Belgrade. 20. Gillian wondered if he was going to become an engineer. 21. An old friend asked if I had graduated yet. 22. Chris asked his colleague if he had painted the wall the previous night. 23. The mother asked her son if he was telling her the truth. 24. She wondered if I recognised him. 25. The neighbour asked if he had repaired the radio. III 1. The teacher ordered us to pay attention to what he/she was saying. 2. His father warned him not to touch the electricity. 3. The host offered me to have a seat. 4. Her sister advised her to bring an umbrella with her. 5. Helen advised me not to travel by that plane. 6. Her sister told her not to forget to iron the clothes. 7. His mum warned him not to run that fast. 8. The officer told me to take the second turning on the left. 9. Her brother begged her not to drive so fast. 10. My sister asked me to take those sweaters to the dry cleaner’s. 11. The teacher asked me to read those lines for him/her. 12. The teacher commanded us to leave the classroom then. 13. My grandma wanted me to make her a nice cup of tea. 14. Her friend ordered her not to yell at him/her. 15. A friend warned him not to go to that awful restaurant again. 16. I was asked to sign in there. 17. They were warned not to park there. 18. He asked her to come to his birthday party on Saturday. 19. She was ordered

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to rewrite that report. holidays.

20. William was offerd to stay with them during the

IV 1. “Finish the report by Monday morning.“ 2. “We live in Hungary.“ 3. “I lived in Germany for fifteen years.“ 4. “Don’t cross the street that fast!“ 5. “I will take the guests to a restaurant.“ 6. “I’m playing tennis with my friends tonight.“ 7. “That story can’t be true!“ 8. “You have done a good job.“ 9. “I was washing the clothes yesterday.“ 10. “Your mum knows all about your new girlfriend.“ 11. “Listen more carefully!“ 12. “We are having dinner in a restaurant with our friends.“ 13. “Where is he from?“ 14. “How long did it take you to organise the celebration?“ 15. “Are you travelling with us tomorrow?“ 16. “Everything will be all right.“ 17. “Does anyone know the answer to the question?“ 18. “How old is your friend?“ 19. “Is your brother married?“ 20. “Stop the car and open the window!“ 21. “Please help with the preparation for the surpsise party for our boss.“ 22. “I know the person in the photo.“ 23. “I have already graduated.“ 24. “I haven’t seen you for years.“ 25. “How long are you staying in London?“ 26. “How many children do you have?“ 27. “Are you addresssing me?“ 28. “What are you ging to be when you grow up?“ 29. “I came to work first.“ 30. “I have been studying all morning, but I still haven’t memorised the poem by heart.“ XVIII CONDITIONAL SENTENCES I 1. start 2. put 3. doesn’t finish 4. save 5. wakes up 6. will see 7. will find 8. won’t be 9. will make 10. will iron II 1. were 2. didn’t live 3. had 4. spoke 5. could 6. would attend 7. would be 8. would go 9. wouldn’t be 10. would be III 1. hadn’t insulted 2. wouldn’t have talked 3. had finished 4. had known 5. wouldn’t have hurried 6. had slept 7. would have made 8. hadn’t appeared 9. had tried 10. had had 310

IV 1. wouldn’t have to 2. had discussed 3. hadn’t spent 4. had planned 5. had read 6. wouldn’t be 7. hadn’t helped 8. hadn’t lost 9. hadn’t cleaned 10. would be V 1. If you get up early enough, you’ll catch the first plane for Los Angeles. 2. If you wipe the TV screen, the picture on it will be clearer. 3. If you ask him to, I’m sure he’ll lend you the car for tomorrow’s trip. 4. If you meet Mary at work, tell her to call me. 5. You’ll finish the cleaning earlier if you use this big sponge. 6. If I were you, I would think carefully about everything. 7. If you tried harder, I’m sure you would solve the riddle. 8. If she ate less sweats, she would lose some weight. 9. I would be more satisfied if I could use more complicated computer programs. 10. You would be more successful if you were more optimictic. 11. If you had been more careful, you wouldn’t have broken the computer. 12. If you hadn’t been so rude to her, she wouldn’t have got angry. 13. I wouldn’t have failed the exam if I had succeeded to finish all the tasks. 14. I would have reacted differently if I had known that he had feelings for me. 15. If you had prepared for the class, you wouldn’t have been ridiculous in front of everybody. 16. If you had stayed in the village, you wouldn’t be a successful engineer. 17. If you hadn’t insulted her, you would still be good friends. 18. If she had married Mark, Jane would be living in London now. 19. If you hadn’t been uncareful and sprained your ankle, you wouldn’t be in hospital now. 20. If he had gained some higher education, he wouldn’t be cleaning streets now. XIX QUESTION TAGS I 1. doesn’t he? 2. are you? 3. did you? 4. was he? 5. have they? 6. haven’t you? 7. hadn’t they? 8. hadn’t they? 9. won’t you? 10. won’t you? 11. will they? 12. won’t she? 13. are they? 14. hasn’t she? 15. won’t you? 16. didn’t you? 17. shall we? 18. hadn’t you? 19. are you? 20. doesn’t he? 21. isn’t he? 22. is she? 23. haven’t you? 24. did you? 25. has she?

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XX RELATIVE CLAUSES I 1. who 2. which 3. whom 4. whose 5. which 6. where 7. why 8. which 9. whose 10. who 11. whom 12. who 13. which 14. when 15. which. II 1. why 2. whose 3. where 4. when 5. whom 6. which 7. which 8. who 9. where 10. whose. III 1. There’s the man who was charged with a life sentence. 2. That’s the house where my grandparents live. 3. My computer, which is an HP, wasn’t so expensive. 4. You were watching a play which she wanted to see. 5. You’ve met my husband, whom I’ve told you so much about. 6. What’s the name of that businessman whose daughter is a famous model? 7. Mrs Jackson, who is very ambitious and charming, is the new CEO. 8. That’s a restaurant where we went after work. 9. The keys seem to be the reason why he broke into his own car. 10. We saw a strange woman there whose children were missing. 11. That’s the exact spot where they left the bags. 12. He gave me candy, which was very sweet of him! 13. Are you making jokes about the man who is my best friend? 14. He gave us advice which was very useful. 15. Don’t take the book whose pages are torn.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY LITERATURA

1. Allen, Stannard W., Living English Structure, Longman Group Ltd., 2001; 2. Collins Cobuild, Intermediate English Grammar, Harper Collins Publishers, 2004; 3. Eastwood, J., Oxford Practice Grammar, Oxford University Press, 2006; 4. Hewings, M., Advanced Grammar in Use, a self-study reference and practice book for advanced learners of English with answers, Cambridge University Press, 1999; 5. Longman dictionaries, Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Longman Group Ltd., 1995; 6. Mihailović, Lj., Gramatika engleskog jezika (morfologija i sintaksa), Kolarčev narodni univerzitet, Beograd, 1958; 7. Pollock Washington C., Communicate What You Mean, Prentice-Hall Inc., 1982; 8. Popović, Lj., Mirić, V., Gramatika engleskog jezika sa vežbanjima, jedanaesto izdanje, Zavet, Beograd, 1996; 9. Thomson, A.J., Martinet, A.W., A Practical English Grammar, Oxford University Press, 1986. 313

Gramatika - Engleski_jezik(Za Sve Tri Godine)

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