GRADE 10 SCIENCE FIRSTQUARTER MODULE 1: PLATE PLATE TECTONICS TECTONI CS Summary/Synthe!/Fee"#a$% • According to the plate tectonics model, the entire lithosphere of the Earth is broken into numerous segments called plates & • Each plate is slowly but continuously continuously moving. • As a result of the motion of the plates, three types of plate boundaries were formed: Divergent, Convergent, and ransform fault boundaries. • Divergent boundary is formed when plates move apart, creating a !one of tension. • Convergent boundary is present when two plates collide. • ransform fault is characteri!ed by plates that are sliding past each other. • "late tectonics give rise to several geologic features and events.
G'(ary () Term C(nt!nenta' *('$an!$ ar$ mountains formed in part by igneous activity associated with subduction of oceanic lithosphere beneath a continent C(n*er+ent #(un"ary a boundary in which two plates move toward each other, causing one of the slabs of the lithosphere to subduct beneath an overriding plate Crut the outer portion of the earth C(nt!nenta' Crut the thick part of the Earth#s crust, not located under the ocean
Ma+ma a mass of molten rock formed at depth, including dissolved gases and crystals. M!"($ean r!"+e a continuous mass of land with long width and height on the ocean %oor. P'ate rigid sections of the lithosphere that move as a unit P'ate te$t(n!$ a theory which suggests that Earth#s crust is made up of plates that interact in various ways, thus producing earth&uakes, mountains, volcanoes, and other geologic features Pr!mary P 2a*e the $rst type of seismic wave to be recorded in a seismic station R($% consolidated mi'ture of minerals Se$(n"ary S 2a*e second type of earth&uake wave to be recorded in a seismic station Se!m(+ram a record made by a seismograph Se!m(+ra.h a device used to record earth&uake waves Su#"u$t!(n an event in which a slab of rock thrusts into the mantle Tran)(rm )au't #(un"ary a boundary produced when two plates slide past each other Tren$h a depression in the sea%oor produced by subduction process 3('$an!$ I'an" ar$ a chain of volcanoes that develop parallel to a trench
MODULE 4: T-E EART-5S INTERIOR Summary/Synthe!/Fee"#a$%
O$ean!$ Crut the thin part of the Earth#s crust located under the oceans
• he Earth is composed of three ma(or layers: layers: the crust, mantle, and core which is subdivided into outer and inner core.
D!*er+ent #(un"ary a region where the crustal plates are moving apart
• he crust is the outermost and thinnest layer of the Earth.
Earth,ua%e vibration of Earth due to the rapid release of energy
• he mantle is the middle layer of the Earth. )t makes most of the Earth#s volume and mass.
Fau't a break in a rock along which movement has occurred
• he crust and a part of the upper mantle make up the lithosphere. he lithosphere is subdivided into portions called lithospheric plates.
Fra$ture any break in a rock in which no signi$cant movement has taken place Ge('(+y the science that studies Earth -(t .(t a concentration of heat in the mantle capable of creating magma
• he asthenosphere is the weak layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere %oats. • he outer core is made up of molten material and accounts for the Earth#s magnetic $eld. • he inner core is the deepest layer of the Earth. )t is made up of solid nickel and iron. he
temperature in the inner core reaches as high as *+++ degree Celsius.
Su#"u$t!(n the process in which the crust plunges back into the Earth
• he speed, re%ection and refraction properties of seismic waves are used by scientists to study the structure and composition of the Earth#s interior.
Te$t(n!$ branch of geology that deals with the movements that shape the Earth#s crust
• he Continental Drift heory of Alfred egener states that the continents were once part of a large landmass called "angaea which drifted away from each other. he continents moved away from each other towards their current positions. • Alfred egener based his theory on evidences from fossils imbedded in rocks and rock formations. • -ea%oor spreading is believed to occur as hot magma rises at the rift in the midocean ridge. his magma cools down and becomes the new sea%oor as it pushes the former. • he old sea%oor is destroyed at the subduction !one and melts inside the mantle. • he age of rocks and the magnetic stripes in the ocean %oor support the -ea%oor -preading heory. • he heory of "late ectonics helps e'plain the formation and destruction of the Earth#s crust and its movement over time. • -cientists believe that the plates# movement is due to convection currents in the mantle.
G'(ary () Term Athen(.here soft, weak upper portion of the mantle where the lithospheric plates %oat and move around C(nt!nenta' Dr!)t The(ry states that all the continents were once one large landmass that broke apart, and where the pieces moved slowly to their current locations C(n*e$t!(n $urrent current in the mantle because of the heat from the inner layers of the Earth, and is the force that drives the plates to move around L!th(.here the topmost, solid part of the Earth that is composed of several plates L!th(.her!$ P'ate the moving, irregularly shaped slabs that $t together to form the surface of the Earth M!"($ean r!"+e area in the middle of the ocean where a new ocean %oor is formed when lava erupts through the cracks in the Earth#s crust M(h(r(*!6!7 D!$(nt!nu!ty M(h( the boundary that separates the crust and the mantle P'at!$!ty the ability of solid to %ow Sea8((r .rea"!n+ process by which new ocean %oor is formed near the midocean ridge and moves outward
MODULE 3: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM V. Summary/Synthess/!ee"#a$%
• Many of the audio-video recording technology apply the relationship between electricity and magnetism known as electromagnetic induction. • A typical recording studio consists of an audio-video console, microphones, computers, studio monitors or speakers, disc players and cables used for the exchange of audio and digital data signal during production, recording, mixing, and even editing of all audio-video elements digitally stored on disk drives. • Devices that detect and convert audio inputs to electric outputs or vice versa are called transducers. Most transducers like microphones and speakers use the generator effect! characteri"ed by the production of electromotive forces due to either a changing electric signal within a magnetic field or a changing magnetic field near a current-carrying conductor. • Magnetism is commonly attributed to ferromagnetism and electromagnetism depending on the material and moving charges. #very atom and all moving charges are in constant motion and therefore has a bit of magnetism due to magnetic spins and domains creating a net magnetic field. • A magnet has two magnetic poles $north and south seeking poles%. • &troking with a permanent magnet is one of the ways to induce or cause magnetism in an ob'ect that can be magneti"ed. (he polarity of the induced magnetism in the ob'ect is opposite to the polarity of the nearer end of the permanent magnet. Attraction happens after magnetic induction occurs. • A magnet attracts, but do not repel, unmagneti"ed ferromagnetic materials such as iron, nickel, cobalt and some of its alloys like steel and alnico. • )oth forces of attraction and repulsion is possible between magnets and between a magnet and a temporarily magneti"ed ob'ect. • A magnetic field surrounds a magnet. *ithin this region, the magnet affects another magnet and other ob'ects that can be magneti"ed. • (he magnetic field is strongest at the poles where the magnetic lines of induction $flux% are closest. (he
magnetic field pattern can be shown using iron filings that align along magnetic lines of induction.
center of the coil of wire, deflecting about a wider angle than the compass needle along the straightened wire.
• (he magnetic lines of induction leave the north-pole and enter the south-pole in close loops and can be indicated by the north pole of a compass.
• (he end of the current-carrying coil where the magnetic lines of induction come out acts as the north pole of the coil.
• (he loops of magnetic field lines between like poles bend away from each other showing a force of repulsion. (he lines between unlike poles 'oin with each other to form continuous lines showing a force of attraction.
• A magnetic field exerts a force on a current-carrying conductor. sing the right-hand rule, the direction of this force is in the direction where the palm faces.
• (he earth acts like a giant bar magnet and has a magnetic field similar to it. • A charge has an electric field around it where other charges will experience an electromagnetic force. +ike charges repel while unlike charges attract. • Moving charges or current in a wire produces a magnetic field. • An electromagnet is a coil of wire that uses current to produce a strong magnetic field. • (he magnetic field patterns of a disk magnet, an electromagnetic nail, a current carr ying straight conductor, and a current carrying coil are similar to that of the single bar magnet. • (he magnetic field pattern between the poles of a shaped magnet resembles the field pattern between unlike poles of two bar magnets. ompasses aligned along the magnetic field show that the lines point from the north to the south poles and back forming close loops. • f the two bar magnets with two unlike poles which are close in between is brought together, the magnetic field pattern will resemble that of the single bar magnet. +ines from one pole enter the other pole. • Most refrigerator magnets have a pattern of alternating bands of magnetic field. • f the direction of the current is known, the direction of the magnetic field that is perpendicular to it and the magnetic force that is perpendicular to both current and magnetic field can be determined by applying the hand rules. • sing the right hand rule, the direction of the magnetic field follows the direction of the right hand fingers when the right thumb points in the direction of the conventional current $from positive to negative%. • sing the left-hand rule, the direction of the magnetic field follows the direction of the left hand fingers when the left thumb points in the direction of the r eal flow of current $from negative to positive%. • (he magnetic field is strongest at the center of a current-carrying coil. • (he magnetic field increases in direct proportion to the number of turns in a coil with the compass needle, at the
• (he motor effect is shown when a current-carrying conductor within a magnetic field moves in the direction of the force. (he force on a moving current carrying conductor may be varied by changing the magnetic field. • An electric motor is a device that converts electrical energy into rotational mechanical energy. A simple D motor can be assembled using a single coil that rotates in a magnetic field. (he direct current in the coil is supplied via two brushes. (he forces exerted on the currentcarrying wire creates a rotation-causing force on the coil. • An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. A simple electric generator is made when a coil or any closed loop of conductor moves through or cuts across magnetic field lines. (he coil will experience an induced voltage or an electromotive force that will cause a pulsating direct current $D% to be generated. (he pulsating direct current fluctuates in value but does not change direction. • #lectromagnetic induction is a process in which electric current is generated in a conductor by a moving or changing magnetic field. • A changing magnetic field occurs when there is relative motion between a source of a magnetic field and a conductor/ it does not matter which moves. • A changing magnetic field may also arise from a changing nearby current. • (he amount of voltage $ EMF % induced when a conductor and a magnetic field are in relative motion depends on $a% the length L of the conductor or the number of turns in the coil, $b% the strength and orientation of the magnetic field B relative to the conductor, and $c% (he relative velocity v of the changing magnetic field. • (he e0uation for the induced voltage or electromagnetic force $#M1% in a wire b y a changing magnetic field is EMF = BLv. )y 2hm3s +aw the amount of induced current is directly proportional to the induced voltage. • A transformer uses electromagnetic induction in two nearby coils $the primary and secondary coils%. (ypically, the two coils of insulated wire are wound around an iron core. (his device changes the A voltage of the primary coil by inducing an increased or decreased EMF in the secondary coil.
