ArcGIS 10 How to License ArcGIS 10 How to License ArcGIS 10 How to LicenseFull description
ArcGIS 10 How to License ArcGIS 10 How to License ArcGIS 10 How to LicenseDescripción completa
guiaDescripción completa
Introducción al ARCGISFull description
Some notes I made of "Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In." This covers everything but the bibliography notes.Full description
.Full description
Some must to know facts in Hematology.
VWAP
IMPROVE UR ENGLISHFull description
DESKTOP Orm sby' Napoleon' Burke' Groess l • Bowd en
[~RI
PRJ"
ESRI Press,380 NewYork Street, Redlands, California 92373-8100
Copyright @ 2010 ESRI All rghts reserved. Frrst ed tio']2OO1. Sscond oort'on 2004 14 13 12 11
10 1234567a910
Printed in the United States of America LibEry of Congess Catalogingin-Publbatton Data Gefting to know ArcGlS desktop / llmothy James ormsby...let al.].-2nd ed. cm. lncludes index. ISBN 97&1-58948-260-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) Graphical user interfaces (Computer systems) l. Ormsby, Tim. ArcGlS. Geographic infomation systems. G70.2I2.G489 2010
p.
l.
3.
2.
910.285'53-dc22
2O1OO14231
The information contained in this document is the exclusive prop€rty of ESBl.This work is protected under United States copy right lawand the copyright laws of the given countries of origin and applicable international laws, treaties, and/or conventions. No part of thls work may be reproduced ortransmifted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, except as expressly permitted in writing by ESRI. All requests should be sent to Attention: Contlacts and Legal Services N4anager, ESRI, 380 NewYo* Street, Redlands, California
92373€100, USA. The information contained in this document is subjgctto change without notice. U.S. Government Restricted/Limited Rights: Any software, documentation, 6nd/or data delivered hereunder is subject to the terms ofthe License Agreement. ln no event shallthe U.S. Government acquire greater than restricted/limited rights. At a minimum, use. duplication, or disclosure bythe U.S. Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in FAR 5 52.227'14 Alternates l, ll, and lll (JUN 1987); FAH 952.227-19 UUN 198, andlot FAR 512.211112.212 (CommercialTechnical Data/Computer Softwarel; and DFARS 5252.227-7015 (NOV 1995) (Technical Data) and/or DFAAS t227.72O2lcompur$ Software), as applicab e. Contractor/Manufacturer is ESRI, 380 NewYork Street, Bedlands, California 92373-8100, USA.
ArcGlS, ArcMap, Arcview ArcEditot Arclnfo, ArcReader, 3D Analyst, Arccatalog, ArcToolbox, Mode Buildar, ArcPad, ArcSDE, Spatial Database Engine, StreetMap. Arcobjects, ESRI, vwvwes .com, @esri-com, and the ESRl Press logo are trademarks. registered tEdemarks, or service marks of ESRI in the Unit€d States, the European Community, orcertain other jurisd ictions. Other companies and products mentioned herein are trademarks or registered tradem6rks oftheir respective trademark owners. Ask for ESRI Press titles at your local bookstore or order by calling 800447-9778, or shop online at wwwesri.com/esrip€ss. Outside the United States, contact your local ESRI distributor or shop online at \dwweurospanbookstore.com/EsBl. ESRI Press titles are distributed to the trade by th€ following:
F-rrdrl: custo.nerserv [email protected] ln the United Kingdon, Europe, Middle East and Africa, Asia, and Australia: Eurospan Group 3 Henrietia Sireet LondonWC2E 8LU United Kingdom
Getting started with maps and data Chapter 3 Exploring ArcMap Exercise 3a Displayi ng map data
Section 3
13
19
22 34
Exercise 3b
Navigating a map
Exercise 3c
l ooking at fe ature attributes
Chapler 4
Exploring ArcCatalog
Exercise 4a
Brows ing ma p data
Exercise 4b
Searching for map data
Exercise 4c
Adding data to ArcMap
43
53
55
66 74
Displaying data Chapter 5 Symbolizing features and rasters 89 Exercise 5a Changi ng symbology 92 Exercise 5b Symbolizing features by categorical attributes Exercise 5c
Using styles and creating layer files
Exercise 5d Symbolizing rasters
12 1
111
99
vi
COI/fI.'IlfJ'
Section 4
Section 5
Chapter 6
Cla ssifying featu res and rasters
131
Exercise 6a
Classifying features by standard methods
Exercise 6b
Classifying features manually
134
145
Exercise 6c
Mapping density
Exercise 6d
Using graduated and chart symbols
154
Chapter 7
Labeling features
Exercise 7a
Using dynamic labels
Exercise 7b
Setting rules for placing label s
Exercise 7c
Us ing interactive label s and creating annotation
161
175 177 185 196
Getting information about features Chapter 8
Querying data
Exercise 8a
Ident ifying, selecting, finding, and hyperlinking features
203
Exercise 8b
Selecti ng features by attribute
Exercise Be
Creating reports
Chapter 9
Joining and relating tables
Exercise 9a
Join ing tables
Exercise 9b
Relat ing tables
216
22 1
229
233 243
Analyzing feature relationships Chapter 10 Selecting features by location Exercise lOa Using location queries
257
259
Exercise lOb Combin ing attribute and location queries
Chapter 11
Preparing data for analysis
Exercise 11a Dissolving features Exercise lIb Creating graphs
290
Exercise 11c Clipping layers
296
Exercise lId Exporti ng data
303
Chapter 12 Analyzing spatial data Exercise 12a Bufferi ng feat ures Exercise 12b Overlaying data
279
281
309
312 32 1
Exercise 12c Ca lculating attribute val ues
Chapter 13 Projecting data in ArcMap Exerc ise 13a Projecti ng data on the fl y Exercise 13b Defin ing a prOjection
332
339 344
357
265
205
COl/tents
Section 6
Creating and editing data Chapter 14 Building geodatabases
367
E.xercise 14a Creat ing a personal geodatabase Exercise 14b Creating feature classes Exercise 14c Add ing fields and doma ins
Chapter 15 Creating features Exercise 15a Drawing featu res
384
391 394
Exercise 15b Usi ng feature construction tools
401
Chapter 16 Editing features and attributes Exercise 16a Deleting and modifying features
4 17
415
Exercise 16b Splitting and mergi ng features
428
Exercise 16c Editing feature attribute values
436
Chapter 17 Geocoding addresses
443
Exercise 17a Creating an address locator Exercise J7b Matching addresses
446
454
Exercise 17c Rematching addresses
Section 7
370
377
465
Presenting data Chapter 18 Making maps from templates
473
Exercise 1& Openi ng a map template
47 5
Exercise IBb Adding x,y data to a map Exercise IBc Drawing graphics on a map
483
Chapter Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise
489
19 Making maps for presentation 497 198 Layi ng out the page 499 19b Add ing a title 508 19c Add ing a north arrow, scale bar, and legend 5 17 19d Adding f inal touches and setting print options 526
Appendix B Insta lling the data and software Index
579
573
vii
This Page is Intentionally Left Blank
Scanned by Sunbeam Rahman
I
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
)
ESRI t hanks t he following people and groups for contributing data and images to this book. Maps of rainfa ll, elevation, soils, a nd growing seasons for North and South America (chapter I) are based on data provided by DATA+ and the Russian Academy of Sciences. Maps of elevation, hillshacle, and tempera[Ure for the Mojave Desert (chapter 5) are based on data provided by the U.S. Defense Depan ment Mojave Desert Ecosystem Program.
Satellite image and map of Mission Bay, San Diego, California, (chapter 5) provided by the U.S .
Geological Survey. African diamond mine. river, and wildlife layers (chapters 5 and 6) provided by OATA+ and the
Russian Academy of Sciences. State of Louisiana layers (chapter 9). including nonhazardous waste pits, parish boundaries, and navigable waterways, provided by David Gisclair of the Louisiana Oil Spill Coordinator's Office, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
City of Riverside, California, layers (chaprer 10), includ ing neighborhoods, places, buildings, and zoning, provided by the City of Riverside G IS Departmenr. City of Riverside census tract layer provided by the U.S. Census Bureau. Cit y of Riverside freeways layer provided by Goo· graphic Data Technology Inc. Copyright 1990-98 Geographic Data Technology Inc. All rights reserved. Tongass National Forest, Alaska, stream and forest stand layers (chapters 11, 12, and 20) provided by [he U.S. Forest Service, Tongass National Forest, Ketch ikan Area. Population attributes for U.S. states and cities (chapter 13) provided by t he United States Census Buteau.
x
ArknollJ[t dgll/(//(s
City of Manhanan, Kansas, and Riley County. Kansas, layers (chapters 14, IS, and 16), including parcels, watc=r lines, water valves. fire hydrants, and air photo, provided by Dan O ldehoeft. City of Manhattan. Kansas, and John Cowan, Ri ley COUnty, Kansas. Satellite image of Crater Lake (chapter IS) provided by the Unitc=d States Geological Survc=y. O n t hc= Web: craterlake . wr.usgs.gov/ space.html. Atlanta streets layer (chaptc=r 17) provided by Geograph.ic Data Tc=chnology, Inc. Copyright 1990-98 Geographic Data Technology Inc. All rights reserved. Typhoon Etang latitude and longitude coordinates (chaptc=r 18) provided by thc= U.S. D efense Dc=partmc=m Joint Typhoon Warning Center. . Tigc=r reserve layers for India (chapter 18) provided by the World Wildlifc= Fund. On the Web: www.worldwildlife.org. Thanks to our editor, Michael Karman, if miglior fobbro. Thanks also to JoneH Alvi for additional writing; to Judy Boyd, Tom Brennc=man. Nick Frunzi, C hristian H arder, Mak.ram Murad, Brian Parr, Gillian Silvertand, Damian Spangrud, Thad Tilton, and Randy Worch for rc=chnical reviews and advicc=; to Prashant Hc=dao and Brian Parr for d ata acquisition; to Donna Celso for redeSign; to Riley Peake fo r tc=chnical review; and to Michael Law for t he ArcG IS 10 update.
INTRODUCTION
)
Gttting t(J Know ArcGIS Desktop is a workbook for ~ginners. Its detailed, step·by-step exercises teach yOll the core functionality of ArcGIS D esktop software: how to make maps, carry out spatial analysis, and build and edit spatial databases in the context of realistic projects. The exercises are supported by conceptual discussions at the start of each chapter and as needed throughout the book. Abundant color graphics confirm your progress along the way. The exercises can all be completed with a n ArcView, A rcEditor. or Ardnfo Ikense. That's because all three software products share a common interface and much of the same functionality: anythi ng that can be done in ArcView can also be done in ArcEditor or Arclnfo, and in exactly the same way. For this reason, Getting to Know ArcGIS Desktop is an introduction to each of the products. (Advanced capabilities of Arc Editor and ArcI nfo are not covered.)
Gming to Know ArcGIS Desktop has been a GIS best seller since its publication in 200 1. This volume has been updated to ensure compatibility with ArcGIS 10, with many new graphiCS and instructions added to showcase the latest functionality. The book comes with a CD containing exercise data. To download a trial copy of ArcGIS Desktop, ArcEditor license, go to www.esrLcom/esripresss. You need to install both the software and the data to do the exercises in (he book. (If you have access to a computer on which the ArcView. A rcEd itor, or A rclnfo license of ArcGIS D esktop 10 is already installed. you only need to install the data CD.) Appendix B describes the installation process.
Getting to Know ArcGIS Desktop is a hands~on workbook meant to be a practical manual for classroom lab work or on-the-job training. If you have no G IS background, chapter 1 gives you a quick overview. If you have no ArcGIS software experience, chapter 2 describes ESRI GIS software products.
XII
Illtroductioll
The book has twO introductory chapters and eighteen exercise chapters. Each exercise chapter contains two to four exercises that focus on a particular GIS task or problem. Many common tasks are covered, including symbolizing and labeling maps, classifying data, querying maps, analyzing spatial relationships, setting map projections, building spatial databases, editing data, geocoding addresses, and making map layouts. Each new exercise in Getting to Know ArcGIS Desktop is a fresh starting point, with the maps and data you need already prepared for you. It is advisable to follow the chapters in order because tools and functions used often in early chapters may not be described again in later ones. The exercises will work, however, no matter which chapter you start with. Each chapter takes about an hour or two to complete. Roll up your sleeves and start Getting to Know ArcGIS Desktop.
Section 1: Getting to know GIS
Chapter 1
Introducing GIS
2
:MoTion J: Gmillg to kl/oI/J GIS
For a long ti me. people have s[Udied the world using models such as maps and globes. In the past thi rty years or so, it has become possible to put these models inside computers-more sophisdcated models into smaller computers every year. These computer models, along with the tools for analyzi ng them, make up a geographic informatio n system (G IS). In a G IS, you ca n s[Udy not just this map or that map, but every possible map. W ith the right data, you can see whatever you want-land , e1evarion, cl imate zones, forests, pol itical boundaries, popu lation density, per capita income, lan4 use, energy consumption, mineral resources, and a thousand other things-in whatever parr of the world interests you. The map of the world, below, shows countries, ciries, rivers, lakes, and the ocean.
Ii!! LNI
Ell
•
CoI.ririeI
o
'" 0 _
The map has a legend (or table of contents) on the left and a display area on the right.
A GIS map contains layers On a paper map, you can't peel cities away from countries, or countries away from the ocean, but on a G IS map you can. A GI S map is made up oflayers, or collections of geographic objects that are alike. To make a map, you can add as many layers as you want.
l fltrodlldllg GIS Cities
l akes
",
Oceans Countries This world map is made up of five layers. It cou ld have many more.
Layers may contain features or surfaces In rhe map (page 2), rhe Cities layer includes many different cities and the Rivers layer many d ifferent rivers. The same is true of the Lakes and Countries layers. Each geographic object in a layer-each city, river. lake, or country- is called a feature. Not all layers contain features. The Oceans layer is not a collection of geographic objects the way the others are. It is a single, continuous expanse that changes from one location to an~ other according to t he depth of t he water. A geographic expanse of this kind is called a surface.
Features have shape and size Geographic objects have an endless variety of shapes. All of them, however, can be represented as one of three geometrical forms- a polygon, a line, or a point. Polygons represent things large enough (0 have boundaries, such as countries. lakes, and tracts of land. Lines represent t hings roo narrow to be polygons, such as rivers, roads, and pipel ines. Points are used for things tOO small to be polygons. such as cities, schools, and fi re hydrants. (The same object may be represented by a polygon in one layer and a line or a point in a different layer, depending on how large it is presented.) Polygons, lines. and points collectively are called vec(Oc data.
3
4
S('(lioll I: Gnti,,! to kllow GIS
Surfaces have numeric values rather than shapes Unlike countries or rivers, things such as elevation, slope:, temperature, ra infa ll, and wind speed have no distinct shape. What they have instead are measurable values for any particular locadon on the earth's surface. (Wherever you go, for insta nce, you are eit her at sea level or a number of meters above or below it.) Geographic phenomena like these are easier ro represent as su rfaces than as features. The most common kind of surface is a raster, a matrix of identically sized square cells. Each cel l represents a unit of su rface area- for example, 10 square meters-a nd contains a measured or estimated value for chat location.
A close look at this raster of ocean depth shows that it is composed of square cells. Each cell holds a numeric value.
The world is not divided neady into featu res and su rfaces. M any thi ngs can be looked at either way. For example, polygons are often used ro mark the boundaries of different vegetation types in a region, but this implies that the change from one type to another is more abrupt than it probably is. Vegetation can also be represented as a raster surface, where each cell value stands fo r [he presence of a type of vegetation.
Features have locations If you were asked to find Helsin ki, Finland, on a map of the world, it probably wouldn't take you very long. But suppose Helsinki wasn't shown on the map. Could you make a pencil mark where it ought to go? Now suppose you could lay a fine grid over the world map and you knew that Helsinki was a certain number of marks up from and to the right of a given starting point. It would be easy to put your pencil on t he right spot. A grid of this kind is called a coordinate system, and it's what a GIS uses to put features in their proper places on a map.
Introducing GIS
Helsinki K'" 2,777,281 meters y '" 6,693,532 meters
K-axis
origin (D,O) On a map, a coordinate system has an x-axis and a y-axis. The intersection of the axes is ca lled the origin. Feature locations are specified by their distance from the origin in meters, fee t, or a similar unit of measure.
The location of a point feature on a map is defined by a pair of x,y coordinates. A straight line needs twO pairs of coordinates-one at the beginning and one at the end. If the line bends, like a river, there must be a pair of coordinates at every location where [he line changes direction. The same holds true for a polygon, which is simply a li ne that returns to its starting point.
Features can be displayed at different sizes On a G IS map, you can zoom in to see features at closer range. As you do so, the scale of the map changes,
Left: The scale is 1:400,000,000, and the entire world is shown. Right: The scale is LlOO,OOO,OOO, and you see part of South America and Central America.
5
6
Sl'Ction J: Gl'lIillg to know GIS
Scale, commonly expressed as a ratio, is the relationship between the size of features on a map and the size of the corresponding places in the world. If the scale of a map is 1:100,000,000, it means that features on the map are one hundred million times smaller than their true size. Zoom ing in gives you a closer view of feat ures withi n a smaller area. The amount of detail in the features does not change, however. A river has the same bends, and a coastline the same crenuladons, whether you are zoomed in and can discern them or are zoomed out and cannot. How much detail features have depends on the layer you use. JUSt as a paper map of the world generalizes the shape of Brazil more than a map of South America does, so di fferem GIS layers can contain more feature detail or less. .
Features are linked to information There is more [Q a feature than its shape and location. There is everything else that might happen to be known about it. For a country, this might include its population, capital, system of governmem, leading imports and exports, average rainfall , mineral resources, and many other things. For a road , it m ight be its speed limit, the number oflanes it has, whether it is paved or unpaved , and whether it is one-way or two-way. There is a great deal ofinformation to be had about any feature, from a humble length of sewer pipe to an ocean. Information about the features in a layer is stored in a table. The table has a record {row} for each featu re in the layer and a field (column) for each category of information. These categories are called attributes.
The attribute table for a layer of countries includes each feat ure's shape, 10 number, and name, among other t hings.
Illtrodl/chlg GIS
Features on a GIS map are linked co the information in their attribute table. If you highlight China on a map, you can bring up all the information scored about it in the anribute table for countries. If you highlight a record in the table, you see the corresponding feature on the map.
The link between features and their anributes makes it possible co ask questions about the information in an attribute table and display the answer on the map.
Which cities are national capitals?
Which cities have populations over five mi llion?
Whic h countries are net importers of goods?
Which coun t ries are net importers of goods and have per capita GDP of $10,000 or more?
7
8
Ster;o" I: GUt;"g to k"ow GIS
Similarly, you can use arrrihures (Q create thematic maps, maps in which colors or other symbols a re applied to features ro indicate t heir auributes. Energy consumption per capita
Migration
...--..",
The darker the shade of brown, the more energy is used per person in each country,
Urban population by percentage
~
~.,
Da rker shades of purple show countries where a higher percentage of the population lives in c ities.
Red countries have net emigration, blue countries have net immigration. Light yel low countries have little or no change. Gree nhouse gas emissions
1:=
~~
Greenhouse gas emissions are lowest in green countries, higher in yellow and orange countries, and highest in red countries.
Features have spatial relationships Besid es asking q uestions abour [he information in auribure tables, you can a lso ask queslions abour the spatial relationsh ips among features-for example, which ones a re nearest o thers. which ones cross others, and which ones contain others. The GIS uses the coordinates of features to compare their locations.
Introducing GIS
Which cities are within 50 kilometers of a river?
Which countries have a river that crosses their border?
Which countries share a border with China?
Which count ries cont ain a lake completely within their borders?
New leatures can be created lrom areas 01 overlap Questions about amibutes and spatial relationships identify existing featu res that do or do not have cerrai n qualities. To solve some geographic problems, however, a GIS must create new features. Suppose you wa nt to fi nd su itable places for growing amaranth, a nutritious grain originally grown by the Aztecs. You know that in Mexico amaranth is grown in areas of moderate elevation (1,000 ro 1,500 meters) that have an average yea rly rainfa ll of 500 to 800 mill imeters, and loam or sandy-loam soil. You also know that the plant requires a fairly long growing season, at least 120 days without frost.
9
10
SUlion I: Gming 10 kl/ow GIS
You have layers of elevation, rainfall, growing season, and soil type for North and South America.
To find places that meet the specified conditions, the GIS looks for areas of overlap among features in the different layers. Wherever there is overlap among four features with the right attributes-the right elevation, the right amount of rainfall, the right growing season, and the right kind of soil-a new feature is created. The new feature's boundary is the area of overlap, which is different from the boundaries of each of the four features it was created from.
Introducing GIS
The result of the analysis is a new layer that shows where amaranth can be grown.
l.,... ~
Tradlional amaranth growr.gr~
o
New layer "'~ ea ~_anth groMlg regions
o o o
•
AmuaI reinf~ Growing leason Soh D Relei ~ ~
COY1Iries
.. o
Oce"",
You now have some idea of what a GIS is and what it can do. In the next chapter. you'll learn a little about ArcGIS Desktop, the latest GIS software from ESRI.
11
This Page is Intentionally Left Blank
Scanned by Sunbeam Rahman
Section 1: Getting to know GIS
Chapter 2
Introducing ArcGIS Desktop
14
5ra;01l /; Gnling 10 knou' GI5
When you shop for a car, a cordless vacuum, or a credit card, you ofren choose among different models in a product line. The models do essentially the same ching, and usually look similar- the difference is in the excras that come with the medium or high-end models. ArcGIS Desktop is a GIS software product line. The entry-level model is ArcReader, a product that comes with every ArcGIS installation or can be downloaded fo r free from the ESRI Web site. Arc Reader leu you view and print d igital maps created by others, navigate to different pam of the map, and zoom to various levels of detail. ArcView makes the maps and data that ArcReader can only view and print. With ArcView, you can also query data; analyze spatial relationships like distance, intersection, and containment among map features; and overlay layers to discover how different types of data are interrelated at particular locations. ~rcEditor gives you complete ArcView functionality and has additional data creation and
editing tools. Other features include versioning, which allows multiple users to edit data simultaneously, and disconnected editing, which allows data to be checked out of a database, edited in the field, and then checked back in. At the top of the line, Ardnfo gives you complete ArcEditor functionality plus a fu ll set of spatial analysis tools. Ardnfo also comes bundled with Ardnfo Workstation, a parallel, self-standing GIS software product. ArcView, ArcEditor, and Ardnfo share a com mon user interface and can freely exchange maps and data. ArcMap has a data view for creating, symbolizing, and analyzing maps. ArcMap also has a layout view for composing maps for printing. You can add titles, scale bars, legends, and ocher elements.
The ArcMap and ArcCatalog applications GIS tasks can be broadly divided into twO categories. One includes mapmaking, editing, and spatial analysis; the other includes database design and data management. This division is reRected in the ArcMap and ArcCatalog applications of which ArcView, ArcEditor, and Ardnfo are composed. ArcMap is the application for making maps and analyzing data.
ImrQdll cillg AreGIS Drrklop ArcMap has a data view for creating, symbolizing, and analyzing maps .
..-
li lill o_ _
Ii
" puq
_ @
••
$I
iF
•
••?---
"
..o
li lilloa. _ _
" ArcMap also has a layout view for composing maps for printing. You can add titles, scale bars, legends, and other elements.
li lill _ _ _
"
,
.
15
,.
16
Sarion I: Gmillg 10 k'WI/) GIS
ArcCatalog is the data-management application.
With ArcCatalog, you organize, browse, document, and search for spatial data . ArcCatalog also has tools for building and managing GIS databases.
Extendin, ArcGIS Desktop You can augment the capabilities of ArcGIS Desktop with specialized extension products chac are fully integrated with ArcView, ArcEditor, and ArcInfo. ArcG lS Spatial Analyst, ArcG IS 3D Ana lyst, and ArcGIS Geosraristical Analyst, described below. along with several other extension products are included on the demo CD that comes with chis book. The book does not teach you how to use them, but you can explore them on your owri using the online help and the ArcGIS Tutorial data that is also on the CD. Like ArcView, the extensions are good for 180 days. ArcGIS Spatial Analyst maps and analyzes measured data like elevation, rainfall, or chemical concentrations. By dividing geographic space into a marrix of square cells that store numbers. ArcG IS Spatial Analyst allows you to represent, query, and statistically summarize this kind of data. You can also estimate values at unmeasured locations through the mathematical interpolation of known sample values . ArcG IS 3D Analyst gives you the ability to see spatial data in three di mensions. You can "fly through " terrain and examine it from any height or angle. You ca n model cities and neighborhoods by drawing build ings at their correct heights. Analysis tools let you solve visibility, volume, and downhill path problems. (W hich areas can be seen fro m the mountaintop? Can Tower 1 be seen from Tower 2? How much earth is in the hill? W hich course will water follow down a su rface?)
IlifrodlicillK ArcCIS Desktop
ArcG IS Geostadsdcal Analyst Ie=:ts you evaluate measure=:d spatial data according to statistical principle=:s. You ca n e=:xplore=: the=: value d istributions of darase=:ts, compare=: the=:m to normal (bd l-shaped) distributions and to each other, and look fo r correlations between d iffe=:re=: nt types of data. As with ArcG IS Spatial Analyst, you can make maps of predicted values at unmeasu red locations. ArcG IS Geostatistical Analyst. howeve=:r, give=:s you a wider choice of pred ictive models, more control ove=:r the=:ir parameters, and statistical technique=:s for assessing the quality of the resu lts.
1.H
....
1,52 1.31
"
0,89
O,BB O. ~ B
.... ....
o, ~ e
0.68
III..... R.,HoI..,.$_ A. . . SIIndordE_ III_~
Root ....... 5_S~
0.9$
1.10
131
0.C1X13299 0.01383 0.01869 0.01202 0.7'B1
s..,. 193d193
Top: ArcG IS Geostatistical Analyst uses cross-validation to assess the quality of ozone level predictions for California. Upper right: ArcGIS 3D Analyst draws a map of a dam in Kansas. Lower right: ArcGIS Spatial Analyst represents distances to the nearest airport (green points) with graduated colors. (Only airports serving more than 25,000 passengers annually are shown .)
1.52
17
18
Sul;oll I: Gettillg to kllow GIS
ArcGIS Desktop is juSt one of five parts of the ArcGIS system, which also includes mobile G IS, online GIS, server GIS, and ESRI Data.
Mobile GIS goes into the field Mobile GIS technology extends GIS beyond the office and allows organizations to make accurate, real-time business decisions and collaborate in both field and office environments. Mobile GIS products and services are essential to the success of many GIS field mapping applications and enable organizations to expand their enterprise GIS to various mobile platforms. Many industries and field-workers (su rveyors, field rechnicians, delivery staff, public service and utility workers) use mobile GIS tech nology to help complete boch complex projects and routine field tasks. ESRI's mobile GIS products include ArcPad and ArcG IS Mobile for the Windows XP, Vista, 7 and Windows Mobile platforms, and ArcGIS for iPhone which can be accessed and used on the Apple iPhone and iPad platform.
Online GIS goes to digital worlds ArcGIS Online content and capabilities are built-in to the ArcGIS user experience. ArcGIS Online, hosted by ESRI and powered by ArcGIS Server and ArcGIS Data Appliance, provides ready-to-use, high-quality basemaps, layers, tools. and other content chat has been published by £SRI and the user community.
Server GIS goes over the Web and through the enterprise ArcGIS Server is used to publish the maps, tools. and G IS data created in A rcGIS D esktop as services that can be delivered over the Web and throughout the enterprise. These G IS services can be used in desktop, mobile and Web applications. ArcGIS Server also manages the exchange of information between ArcGIS and relational database management systems (RDBMs), such as Microsoft SQL Server, IBM OB2, O racle and PostgreSQL. It enables users to share and edit centrally-stored geographic data over the
Web.
ESRI Data goes to work for you £SRI Data encompasses updated demographics. business, and consumer spending data used by organizations to analyze markets, profile customers, evaluate competitors, and more. ESRI StreetMap Premium is an enhanced street dataset that provides routing, geocoding, and high-quality cartographic display for the United States, Canada, and Europe. £SRI Data & Maps is a set of annual map data that is included at no additional COSt with ArcGIS software and preconfigured to work with ArcGIS products.
In this book, you will learn the basics of ArcView, ArcEditor, and Arclnfo. To find OUt more about ArcGIS Desktop extensions, or about mobile GIS, online GIS, server GIS, or ESRI Data, visit the ESRI Web site at www.esri.com.
Section 2: Getting started with maps and data
Chapter 3
Exploring ArcMap Displaying map data Navigating a map looking at feature attributes
20
SteliOIl 2: Gettillg lIarud wilh maps and data
ArcMap is an applicacion for d isplaying maps and investigating them. for analyzing maps to answer geographic questions and producing maps that make analysis persuasive. The ArcMap application window consists of a map d isplay for viewing spatial data, a table of contents for listing the layers shown in the display, and a variety of toolbars for working with the data. Tools toolbar
Table of
Draw
You can change the way ArcMap looks to suit your preferences and the kind of work you do. Toolbars can be hidden or shown . New commands can be added to them. They can be docked at different places in the application window or can Roat independently of it. To dock a floating toolbar, drag it to the interface. To undock it, dick the vertical gray bar at its left edge and drag it away from the interface. To hide or show a toolbar, dick the Customize menu, point to Toolbars, and check or uncheck the toolbar name. Alternatively, some windows (such as Catalog or Search) can be docked to the interface. These windows have the ability to collapse into a tab or expand to show its entirety. To dock a Roating window. drag it to the interface. The window turns blue and four arrows point at locations where the window can be docked. When the window is docked. dick the Auto Hide bunon to enable the tabbed behavior. To remove the tab, click the Auto Hide bunon and undock the window.
E>.plorblg A reMap
21
Mam menu I Catalog window
OJI$toolbar :Ildred
rH +-.::":::"t::;O'hidden)
at top
Search window
Standard toolbar docked al I
0 ~
..-.....--
.'" .. . '"
.~
III
Draw toolbar hIdden
0
'=
~
r_:-" .~
" Table of
This book assumes t hat you are working with the default interface. The exercise graphics reRect this, w ith one exception-tool bars are always shown horizontally. C hanges you make to the imerface are applied ro subsequem ArcMap sessions, so if you dock a (Qolbar or wi ndow in one session, it will be docked the next t ime you start ArcMap, and if you resize the application w indow, it will keep the new size in the next session. C ha nges like this w ill not significantly affect t he exercises, but may give you slightly different results for such operations as labeling that are inAuenced by the size and scale of the map display. For more information about customizing the interface, click the Contents tab in ArcGIS Desktop Help and navigate [Q Customizing and developing with ArcGIS > Customizing the
Displaying map data In this exercise, you'll learn how to display data in ArcMap. You' ll learn how to navigate maps and get inform ation about map features. You will be able to do the exercises only if you have installed the ISO-day trial version of ArcView 10 that comes with this book, or if you have a licensed version of ArcEd iror 10 or Ardnfo 10 software on your computer. Keep in m ind that using a previous version of ArcG IS means that certain tools, fu nctions. windows, or dialog boxes mayor may not be present. You may encounter steps in the exercises where a workaround may be necessary.
Exercise 3a You work for an aviation history foundation that is researching the last flight of Amelia Earhart. In 1937, Earhart was near the end of a flight around the world when her plane disappeared over the Pacific Ocean. The U.S. government spent more than $4 million searching fo r Earhart and her navigator, Fred Noonan. The foundation believes Earhart may have crashed on Nikumaroro. one of several tiny islands [hat make up th e country of Kiribati, and would like to mount an exped ition ro look for [he wreckage. You have been asked to manage a G IS project that will help organize data and acquaint potential sponsors with the foundation's plans. 1
Start Arc Map by clicking the Start button on the Windows taskbar, point to All Programs, point to ArcGIS 10, and click ArcMap 10.
When ArcMap opens, you see the Getting Started dialog box on top of the main application window. This d ialog box allows you to quickJy start a new map, open an existing map or template.
Exploring ArcMap
co;
2
II
c-.I
I
In the Getting Started dialog box, under t he Existing Maps section, ctick " Browse for more .. ."
-ODonol_",cWo>j~IIIo"""'.
C1 • co;
II
c-.I
23
24
5(((iOIl
3
2: Grltillg mmrd with "lilt, fwd data
In the Open dialog box, navigate to C:\ESRIPress\ GTKArcGlS\ Chapter03 (or to the folder where you installed the GTKArcGIS data). Click ex03a.mxd, as shown in the following graphic. and click Open.
A preview of the map document opens inside the New Docu ment dialog box. ~ A',II,!,
?
'n!lu" 'I "To ,1
X
••{)3.
There Is no desalptlan avdable for u.. SfIIct..:lItem.
-_...-
p~th: C:\BIUPr""\GTVIrd:;'~\
"
4
In the New Document dialog box, click OK.
The map document opens. The map looks d ifferent fro m ma ny world maps because it is centered on the South Paci fic area where Amel ia Earhart va nished, rather than on the pri me merid ian (which runs through Greenwich, England).
Exploring ArcM'lp
The map shows the countries of the world. Earhart's Right path, and a gradcule. which is the technical name for lines oflaritude and longitude on a map. Each of these categories of geographic information (cou ntries, Right path. graticu le) is called a layer. The fabl e of contents listS fhe names of the layers in the map. h shows the color or symbol used to draw each layer and fell s you, by a check mark, whether or not the layer is visible. The Flight Parh, Countries. and Graricule layers are currently visible. The Cities layer is not. 5
In the table of contents, click the check box next to the Countries layer to turn it off.
••
The cou ntries d isappear from [he map.
25
26
Sution 2: G~tting startrd flJit}; mapi alld data
6
In t he table of contents, cl ick the Countries check box to turn it back on. Click the check box next to the Cities layer to turn it on as well.
The Cities layer is checked but you still can't see the cities. Th is is because data is displayed on the map in the order of the layers in the table of contents. The Cities layer is covered by the couneries. 7
In the table of contents , click the Cit ies layer name to highlight it. Click and drag the layer to the top of the table of contents, then release the mouse button. As you drag the layer, a horizontal black bar indicates its posit ion.
Exploring ArcMnp
. ~~
"o
B !i!lGrallaJo
Now you can see the cities on the map. Each of them is a Stop on Earhart's route. You' l! change the layer name to make this clear. 8
In the table of contents, right-clic k the Cities layer name. A context menu opens.
Many ArcMap operations are started from context menus. On the context menu, click Properties to open the Layer Properties dialog box.
27
28
Sution 2: G~ttillg started with maps and data
9
In the Layer Properties dialog box, click the General tab.
-0_...,... .... ........
.... ...,... .. bo-=
.,... ... ~Iho,.-.god ...... _
ODcoll_...,... _ _ , ClI.t>oy.:nI,
"
Inborond'
- -"
(-...~)
("-"'0<010)
-
The Layer Properties dialog box has several tabs for sening layer properties, most of which you'll use in (his book. 10 In the Layer Name text box, the name "Cities" is highlighted. Type Cities Earhart Visited in its place. Make sure that your dialog box matches the following graphic, then click OK.
You will now track the progress of Earhart's rou nd-the-world Right, which began on the west coast of the Un ited States. She chose an equatorial route so as to ci rcle the globe at its fu ll circu mfe rence and Rew east to min imize the effects of storms and headwinds. 11 On the Tools toolbar, click the Zoom In tool. (Move the mouse poi nter over it to see its
name.) Your tool bar may be oriented vertically. You can change its orientation if you like by dragging one of its corners.
12 Move the mouse pointer over the map. The cursor changes to a magni fying glass. Drag a box around the United States, approximately as shown in the following graphic. (If you make a mistake, click either the Full Extent or Go Back To Previous Extent buttons and try again.)
29
30
Seaion 2: Grtt;lIg Jft1rud with IIUlpJ find data
The display zooms in on the United States.
Zooming in or out changes the display scale, which is shown on the Standard toolbar. When the map showed the whole world, the scale was about 1:300,000,000. This means that map features are displayed at one three hundred millionths of their actual size. The scale should now be about 1:50,000,000. (Scale is also affected by the size of the ArcMap application window.) Although the cities are not labeled, you can find out their names and get other information about them with ArcMap [Oois.
Exploring AreA/ap
13 On the Tools toolbar, click the Select Elements tool.
14 Move the cursor over the westernmost city on the display. The city name displays as a map tip.
Map tips are a layer property. They can he [limed on or off on the Display tab of the Layer Properties dialog box. You can see map tips no maner which tool is selecte:d.
15 Move the cursor over the other three cities on the display. They are Tucson, New Orleans, and Miami. You may also be able to see San Juan, Puerto Rico. To make: the names visible at all times. you can labd the cities. J6 In the table of contents, right-click the Cities Earhart Visited layer and click Label Features. The name: of each city appea rs next to the map feature. From Miami, Earhart Aew southeast to Puerto Rico and then to South America.
n
On the Tools toolbar, click the Pan tool.
31
32
Stetio" 2: Grttillg rtartrd with maps and dllfa
18 Move the mouse pointer over the map. The cursor changes to a hand. Click and drag the display up and to the left until Miami is in the upper left corner of the window. Release the mouse button.
.-
'. :
You ca n get info rmation about any of the cities Earharr visited with the Identify tool. 19 On t he Tools toolbar, click the Ident ify tool. When you click the tool, the Identify window opens. If it covers most of the map display, move it out of the way.
20 On the map, click the city of Natal. You must click exactly on the city or you will identify something else, such as a segment of the flight path or the country of Brazil. If this happens, try aga in.
Explorillg ArcMtlp
The Identify window shows you the country and city name, and various facts about Natal, such as its elevation (meters), its average annual precipitation (millimeters), and the dates Earhart and Noonan arrived and departed. 21 Close the Identify window. On the Tools toolbar, click the Full Extent button.
The map zooms (Q its original extent.
In the next exercise, you will fo llow the rest of Earhart's journey to the poim where she and Noonan disappeared. 22 If you want to save your work, click the File menu and click Save As. Navigate to \GTKArcGIS\Chapter03\MyData. Rename the file my-ex03a.mxd and click Save.
Saving your work is optional. When you begin a new exercise, however, it is important that you open the new map document specified in the instructions. The exercises are nOt always perfectly continuous, and if you work in the same map document throughout a chapter you may get results that don't match those in the book. 23 If you are continuing with the next exercise, leave ArcMap open . Otherwise, click the File menu and click Exit. Click No if prompted to save your changes.
33
34
Sutioll 2: Gettillg stnrud with ml'ps Iwd data
Navigating a map In this exercise, you' ll continue to work with ArcMap navigational tools. You will also learn how to create spatial bookmarks, which save a speCific view of a map.
Exercise 3b Earhart and Noonan crossed the Atlantic at night. When they saw the west coast of Africa, they realized they were north of their intended destination-the city of Dakar in Senegal. They landed at the first airstrip they saw, in the Senegalese city of Sai nt Louis, and from there made the short Bight to Dakar. They proceeded to By across Africa and Asia, making their last smp in Lae, Papua New Guinea. They intended to go on to ti ny Howland Island in the South Pacific, then to Hawaii and back to California. Start Arc Map. In the ArcMap-Getting Started dialog box, under the Existing Maps section, click Browse for more . (If ArcMap is already runn ing, cl ick the File menu and click Open.) Navigate to C:\ ESRIPress\GTKArcGI S\Chapte r03. Click ex03 b.mxd and cl ick Open .
•
Iii S...,. ...
--
Iil li!l-.... ...... _
Iii S~_
o
o.
The map resembles the one in the previous exercise but has two add itional layers. The Diverging Flight Paths layer contains twO line features. One represents the course Earhart and Noonan planned to cake. The other represents the course the foundation believes they actually fo llowed.
Explorillg A rcMap
l'be Area of Disappearance layer is shown in the table of contents with a grayed-out c:heck mark (and a tiny scale bar under the check box). This means that the layer's visibiliry depends on the map's display scale. This layer includes hund reds of Pacific islands roo small to be represented on a genera l world map. When you room in to look at the end of Earhart's fl ight, this layer wil l become visible.
2. On the Tools tool bar, click the Zoom In tool.
3
On the map, drag a rectangle that includes the northern half of Africa and reaches to India, as shown in the following graphic .
The d isplay zooms in on the African stretch of the route. If your d isplay doesn't show the west coast of Africa, use the Pan tool to adjust it.
35
36
Sectioll 2: Grttin! Sl(lrIed will) maps and data
At this scale, the city labels appear. The display of labels, like that of map features, can be made scale-dependent in the Layer Properties dialog box. In this map, labels ap~ pear only when the sca le is larger than 1: 100,000,000. (The larger the scale, the nearer features are to their actual size.) 4
On the Tools toolbar, click the Pan tool.
5
Drag the display to the left to follow the flight path .
From Assab (in what is now Eritrea) on the east coast of Africa, Earhart flew to Karachi (now in Pakistan). She then headed south, flying over Southeast Asia to Indonesia .
.s
Continue panning along the route.
From Darwin. Australia, Earhart flew to her Ian known srop in Lae, Papua New Guinea. At this point, the path the foundation believes she followed diverges from the planned Bight path.
Exploring ArrMap
In the table of contents, the check mark by the Area of Disappearance layer is no longer grayed~out. (The layer displays at scales larger than 1:100,000,000.) The features in this layer are small islands. Until you zoom in very dose, you see mostly outlines. In the tab le of contents,
r ig ht~c lick
the Area of Disappearance layer and click Zoom
To Layer.
•
1l 1i!I..,._
-. -
,-~
..
"""'"'-_... ...
You can see a number of dny islands in the display. but it looks as if both flight paths StOP in the middle of the ocean .
37
38
SuttOIl 2: Getting u flru d with mapI and ddla
8
Click the Window menu and click Magnifier. A magnification window opens on top of the display. (Yours may open in a slightly different position from the one in the graphic')
"
When you move the Magnifier window over the map. the area seen through the window is magnified four times (or 400 percent).
9
Click and drag the blue title bar at the top of the Magnifier window to move it to the right. As you drag it. it displays a crosshair to show you the point on which it 's centered. Place the crosshair on the end of the probable flight path and release the mouse.
:: ::
.. t
If your eyes are good. you can discern the tiny island of Nikumaroro at the end of the probable Right path. If not, you will soon get a better look.
Exploring ArcMnp
10 Close the Magn ifier window. On the Tools tool bar, click the Zoom In too l.
11 On the map, drag a rectangle that includes the ends of both the planned and probable flight paths.
The display zooms in.
Even at this scale, it's hard to see land. Earhart and Noonan d isappeared somewhere in this watery expanse. You will set a bookmark to save this map extent. You'll return [0 it later to measure [he distance from Howland Island to Nikumaroro-the distance, if the foundation is right, by which the aviatOrs were off course.
39
40
Srclion 2: GflIing If(trud with mflps flnd dnrfl
12 Click the Bookmarks menu and click Create.
The Spatial Bookmark d ialog box opens.
e~ ..~~ IOil Itrail 13 Replace the existing text with End of Flight, as shown in the following graphic, then click OK.
or:
II
~
Now you' ll zoom in fo r a dose look at the islands at the ends of the twO fl ight paths. You' ll use bookmarks that have already been created. 14 Click the Bookmarks menu and click Howland Island.
The display zooms in on Howland Island at the end of the planned flight path. Earhart intended to refuel here before going on to Hawaii.
L-_-'C()
Exploring ArcM"p
15 Click the Bookmarks menu and cl ick Nikumaroro Island. The display zooms in on Nikumaroro Island.
o
Clothing and empty food tins found on the west bank of the island suggest that Earhart and Noonan may have crashed nearby. In addition, Earhart said, in her last message to the U.S. Coast Guard cutter Ithaca, "We are in line of position 158 degrees - 337 degrees ... " The line she mentioned is a sun line. used in celestial navigation, thac runs directly through both Howland Island and Nikumaroro. If, indeed, Earhart crashed on or near Nikumaroro, she and Noonan were far off course. 16 Cl ick t he Bookmarks menu and cl ick End of Flight. The display zooms to the extent you bookmarked. 11 On the Tools toolbar, click the Measure tool. The Measure window opens. Click the Choose Un its drop-down arrow, point to Distance, and click Kilometers.
To measurtlil featull,
tt... clckll featu.1I.
41
42
Srctioll 2: Gtltillg JMrttd with maps and daM
18 Move the mouse pointer over the display. The cu rsor is a ruler with a small crosshair. Place the crosshair at the end of the planned flight path and click to begin a line. Move the cu rsor to the end of the probable flight path and double-click to end the line .
The length of the li ne is displayed in the Measure window. If the probable path is the actual one, Earhart and Noonan were off course by about 770 kilometers. Poor maps, cloud cover, the scarcity of landmarks, and the sheer length of the plan ned Right from Lae all may have contribmed. 19 If you want to save your work, click the File menu and click Save As. Navigate to \GTKArcGIS\Chapter03\MyData . Rename the file my-ex03b.mxd and click Save. 20 If you are continuing with the next exercise, leave ArcMap open. Otherwise, click the Fi le menu and click Exit. Click No if prompted to save your changes.
Explorillg A rcMflp
Looking at feature attributes In a GIS, a feature on a map may be associated with a great deal ofinformation-more than can be displayed at any given time. Th is information is stored in an attribute table. A layer's amibure table concains a row (or record) fo r every feature in the layer and a column (or field) for every attribute or category of information. W hen you clicked the city of Natal to identify it at the end of exercise 3a, the information you saw in the Identify window was the information stored in the layer attribute table. In this exercise. you will look at the attribute tables for two map layers. You will learn how to change a table's appearance and how to get statistical information fro m it.
Exercise 3c The long transatlantic flight from Brazil to Senegal put Earhart north of her intended destination. The Right from Lae (0 Howland Island would have been even longer. You will look at the lengths of the various Stages of the Right. Start ArcMap. In the ArcMap-Getting Started dialog box, under the Existing Maps section, click Browse for more. (If ArcMap is already funning, click the File menu and click Open.) Navigate to C:\ ESRIPress\ GTKArcGlS\ Chapter03. Click ex03c.mxd and click Open.
You see the fam iliar map of the world and of Earhart's Right.
--
ii ill _ _ _
•• .":' ·~-- I I • D
I
43
44
StCr;OTl 2: Gt'tling strJrud with maps and datil
Now you will open the attribute table for the Cities Earhan Visited layer. 2
In the table of contents, right-click t he Cities Earhart Visited layer and click Open Attribute Table.
3
Scroll down through the table . There are twenty-eight records, one for each city. Scroll across the table to look at the attributes.
There are ten attributes, or fidds. The OBJECTID field contains a un ique identifi cation nu mber for every record. The Shape field describes the fea ture geometry. Among the other attributes are the name of each city, the dares Ea rhart arrived and departed, and com ments on any u nusual activity. The intersec(ion of a record and a field is a cell. A cell comains an attribute va lue. For example, the attribute value ofrhe NAME fi eld fo r the first record is "Tucson." You'll adjust the display width of the fields so you can see more amibutes. 4
Scroll back all the way to the left. Place the mouse pointer on the vertical black bar between the NAME and CAPITAL fields. The cursor changes to a two-headed arrow.
Exp/or/lIg ArcMflp
5
Drag the cursor to t he left. As you drag, the original field width is marked by a vertical red li ne and t he new width by a vertical black line. Release the mouse button somewhere before you start cutting off city names.
The last letter of the DEPARTURE field name is cut off'. You'll widen this field. 6
Scroll to the right side of the table. Place the mouse pointer on the vertical black bar between the DEPARTURE and COMMENT fields. Drag the cursor slightly to the right to see the entire field name.
The elevation and precipitation (ELEVATION and PRECIP) field s could contribute to a study of the weather Earhart faced. The CAPITAL field is probably not useful for any analysis connected with the Right. You will hide this field.
45
46
Stction 2: Gtltillg ltarUd with maps and dota
7
Place the mouse pointer on the vertical black bar between the CAPITAL and ELEVATION fields . Click and drag the cursor to the right edge of the NAME fie ld and release the mouse button. The CAPITAL field is hidden.
If you wamed to restore the hidden field , you would double-click the border between the NAME and ELEVATION field names. You can rearrange the order of fields as well. It would be more natural to have the city name appear before [he coumry name. 8
Scroll to the left. Click the column heading of the NAME field. The field is highlighted.
9
Drag the column heading to the left. The cursor becomes a pointer with a small rectangle, showing that a field is being moved. When the vertical red line is between the Shape and COUNTRY fields, as shown in the following graphic, release the mouse button .
Explorillg Al'cMflP
The fi eld names are rearranged.
Records, as well as fields, can be highlighted . When a record is high lighted in a table, its correspondi ng feature is highlighted on the map. A highlighted record or feature is sa id to be selected. 10 Click the gray tab at the left edge of the first record in the table. The record is selected.
47
48
5(((;011 2: Gellillg stllrted w;th map, Imd data
11
Move the attribute table away from the map display. Tucson is highlighted on the map. (The attribute table can be docked; however, for this exercise, do not dock it.)
12 At the top of the attribute table, click the Table Options menu and click Clear Selection.
"",otto"'...,...
::e- ----I
--. ...
The record is unselected in the table, and the fearure is unselecred on the map.
Exploring A rcM"p
J3 In the table of contents, right-cl ick the Flight Path layer and c lick Open Attribute Table.
The attribute table opens. Notice the tabs at the bottom of the Table window. These tabs aUow you to quickly switch between d ifferent attribute tables. The Flight Path table contains a record for each stage of Earhart's Right. The attributes include the starting city (FROM _CITY), the destination city (TO_C ITY), and the flig ht length (LENGTH) in kilometers. The Right from Lae to Howland Island would have been 4,120 kilometers. The cumulative effect of small navigation errors over this distance might plaUSibly account fo r Earharr and Noonan's going well off course. You' ll sorr the LENGTH field to compare the d istances of the flight segments they completed. Right-cl ick the LENGTH f ield name and click Sort Descending.
49
50
Stction 2: Gllling starttd with m/lps tlnd dtlttl
The records are ordered by length of Right segment from longeS[ to shonesr.
The longest completed leg of the Right, 3,184 kilometers, was over W:Her from Natal, Brazil, to Saint Louis, Senegal. This was also a flight that had significant navigational error. (The aviacots were about 175 kilometers off course from their intended destination, Dakar.) Sorting a field is useful fo r seeing high and low values, but ArcMap can give you more detailed information. 15 Right-click the LENGTH field and click Stat istics . The Stat istics of fl ight_path window opens.
The Sta[istics box displays the number of records in the table (27) and the minimum, maximum, sum, mean, and standard deviation values. The average Hight length, for example, was 1,318 kilometers. The Frequency Distribution chart represents the distribution of values graphically. You can see that most of the flights were less than 1,500 kilometers and that only two were more than 2,500 kilometers. (The last bar in the chart reaches the 2 mark.)
18 Close the Statistics window. Close the Attributes of Flight Path table. In the next chapter. you w ill see how the data fo r the Earhart project is managed in ArcCatalog. 17 If you want to save your work, click the Fi le menu and click Save As. Navigate to \GTKArcGIS\Chapter03\MyData. Rename the fi le my_ex03c.mxd and click Save.
18 Click the File menu and click Exit. Click No if prompted to save your changes.
51
This Page is Intentionally Left Blank
Scanned by Sunbeam Rahman
Section 2: Getting started with maps and data
Chapter 4
Exploring ArcCatalog Browsing map data Searching for map data
ArcCatalog is an applicalion for managing geograph ic data. You can copy, move, and delete data; search for data; look at data before deciding whether to add it to a map; and create new data. The ArcCatalog application window includes the catalog display for looking at spatial data, the catalog tree for browsing data, and several toolbars.
Standard toolbar
Metadata tool bar
Cata log tree
.......... .s_.-. ...-...,
...,,-,-
Ca talog display (preview
-lrm :::"'"
S _~
OJ-
."'-
1111 =0>000:_ =0>000:_
Spatial data comes in many differenr formats, including geodatabases, coverages, shapefiles, CAD (computer-aided design) files, rasters, and T INs (triangulated irregular networks). Each fo rmat is identi fi ed by its own icon in ArcCatalog. The shapefile icon, for example, is a green recta ngle. Different patterns on the green rectangle distingu ish point, line, and polygon shapefiles. In this book, you' ll use geodatabase, shapefile, and raster data. You'll also use layer fi les, which are not spatial datasets, but rather instructions for displaying spatial datasets with certain colors, symbol markers, li ne widths, and so on. Layer fi les, too, have [heir own ArcCatalog icon. You'll learn more about layer fi les and spatial data formats throughout this book.
Exploring ArcCIll(/log
Browsing map data .\rcCatalog gives you more information about spatial data than you can get from Windows Explorer or other file browsers. 1r can show you which folders comain spatial data and what kinds of spatial data they comain. It Jets you preview features and amibutes of data before ~ add the data to a map. It lets you examine and edit metadata, which is information .oom your data, such as when and how it was created.
Exercise 4a As the GIS manager of the aviation history foundation 's Earhart project. you need to be fa miliar with its spatial data. You' ll use ArcCatalog to look at this data and get information about it. The exercise instructions assume you have installed the data for Getting to Know ArcGIS DeJktop to the defauh directory (C:\ESRfPrm\GTKArcG/S). If you have installed the data elsewhere, you'U need to substitute the correct paths. To open ArcCata log, click the Start button on the Windows taskbar, point to All Programs, point to ArcG IS 10, and click ArcCatalog 10.
The ArcCatalog application window opens. The Catalog Tree lists the data and services that ArcCatalog is connected to. This is where connections to local drives on your computer are made. Your application may look different from the following graphic depending on the drivt':s you have con nected.
55
56
Sr ftioll 2: Grltillg itilrud with
You can also connect other services.
InllpS lIIid
(0
data
subdirectories, network drives, databases, Internet servers, and
Once you connect to a fo lder, you can access the data it contains. In this exercise, it will be helpful to see the fil e extensions of different spatial datasets, so you will make sure that ArcCatalog is set to display these extensions. 2
Click t he Customize menu and cl ick ArcCatalog Opt ions. In the ArcCatalog Options dialog box, click the General tab.
The ArcCaraiog Options d ialog box lets you specify the types of data ArcCatalog displays and the information it shows about them (file name, 61e size, date modi fi ed , and so on). You can distinguish folders contain ing spatial data from those that don't, and make many other customizations to the way data is displayed. 3
If necessary, unch eck Hide file extensions, then click OK .
0_"'_
1i:I_ . ... _ _ _
~_
...
To access the spatia l data in the GTKArcG IS folder more quickly, you'll create a connection to it. 4
On the Standard tool bar, click t he Connect to Folder button.
Explorillg ArcClltllfog
The Connect to Folder dialog box opens. Your dialog box may look d ifferent depending on your local and network drives.
..--
_ 10" , , _
lIi llj ",, _ _
b __, _
. <> ~
<><> ~
e O" -
I
1--- 1 5
In the Connect to Folder dialog box, click the plus sign (+) next to the Loca l Disk (C:) drive to view its contents. Click the plus sign next to the ESRIPress folder to expand it. Click the GTKArcGlS folder as shown in the following graphic, then click OK.
co::
II
CoruI
57
58
Sl'etion 2: Gmillg started with mapi and datil
A connection is made to C:\ESRIPress\GTKArcGIS.
------
•• ••• •• •• •• •• •• 6
In the catalog tree, click the plus sign next to C:\ESRIPress\GTKArcGIS. Click the plus sign next to the Chapter04 folder. It contains three folders, Bathymetry, Data , and MyData, and one map document, ex04c.mxd.
·...,-.,-.,-. ."."'·'",--"""""."'"-'"
CItl - . -
Eil e:I Choptol"lO
!II !II !II IJI !II !II
•
7
e:I Choptorn eI Choptorl2 eI Chopt.13 eI Chopt.JoI e::l Chopt.15 eI Chopt.l~
_I
Click the plus sign next to the Data folder. It contains a geodatabase (World.mdb), two shapefiles, and two layer files. Click t he plus sign next to World.mdb.
£v:ploring A rcCafafog
~ .' ;;:--~
-t-l!--- -- Geodatailase
;=:;:... .1---
.
Feature class
J~§~:;~~== Layer fil e ..
Shapefile
The geodatabase contains four feature classes. A feature class is a group of points, lines, or polygons representing geographic objects of the same kind. The cities feature class contains point fearures, the other three contain polygon fearures. This data was used to make the map of Earhart's fli ght in the previous chapter. For a more detailed explanation of featu re classes, see the introduction to chapter 14. •
•
On the Standard tool bar, make sure the Detai ls button is selected.
In the catalog tree, click World.mdb. In the catalog display, make sure the Contents tab
is active .
---_0_ _ _ _ ao..
•
59
60
Section 2: Gntillg started witb
lIIt/pS
,/lid data
Four adjacent bunons on the Standard toolbar change how files look on the Contents tab. The Large Icons bunon displays large icons horizontally. The List button displays small icons veuicaUy. The Details bunon is like the List button except that it also shows the file type- in this case, geodatabase feature classes. The Thumbnails bunon allows you to view small images of spatial datasets. W henever a folder or a geodatabase is highlighted in the catalog tree, these fou r buttons are enabled.
10 On the Standard tool bar, click t he Thu mbnails button .
I ~W I
=
The display changes to show thumbnail images for each file. At the moment, the thumbna ils are simply larger versions of the icons. A thumbnail that shows an image of a dataset can help you decide quickly if you want to use the data or not. You'U create a thumbnail for the countries feature class.
--
11 In the catalog tree, click the countries feature class in the World geodatabase. In the catalog display, click the Preview tab. The geographic data for countries displays in pale yellow.
£v:pforing ArcCi/tflfog
•• ••
iIj
-
12 On the Geography toolbar, click the Create Thumbnail button.
An image:: of (he dam shown on (he Preview tab is save::d as a thumbnail graphic.
13 In the catalog display, click the Contents tab to see the thum bnail. Contenb PUM"'" O~ N_ 11""'
COUI'ItriN "-ttOMl G~~ F....e a...
61
62
SrctiOIl 2: Geu i ng ffilrf(d wi th maps n nd d llln
A thumbna il graphic may not be enough. The preview tab and the tools on the Geography toolba r let you furthe r investigate a dataset before decidi ng if you want to use it in a map. 14 In the catalog display, click the Preview tab again. On the Geography tool bar, click the Zoom In tool.
15 Drag a box around the area north of Australia, as shown in the following graphic .
16 On the Geography tool bar, click the Identify tool.
17 Click a feature to identify it. If you don't see it flash green, move the Identify Results window away from the display and click the feature again.
E).-p/orillg ArcCtllnlog
Close the Identify Results window. On the Geography tool bar, click the Fu ll Extent button to zoom to the full edent of the data.
You can preview (he attributes of a dataser as wdl as its geography. AI: the bottom of the catalog display, clic k the Preview drop-down arrow and click Table. The display shows you the attribute table of the cou ntries feature class .
•
Cick the Preview drop-down arrow again and click Geography.
63
I
64
SecrioJl 2: Getting U(lr/rt! with maps alld data
The th ird tab in the catalog display is the Description tab. Metadata provides information about a dataset, such as its coordinate system, its spatial extent, and descriptions of its attributes. It may also explain how and when the data was created, what standards of accu racy it meets, and what its appropriate uses are. A great deal of metadata is maintained automatically by ArcCatalog; some, however, must be maintained by the people who use and manage the data. ArcCatalog doesn't require you to maintain metadata, but you should. In the catalog display, click the Description tab. If needed, scroll down to see the thumbnail you created, tag words, summary, description, and other information.
cou nt ries P.... o"o l a ... Dol aba .. Flatu ,", Clou
Click the Edit button inside the description to access metadata about the countries feature class. ~,......~
il -
K ""'"
Item Description Todel _ _
I
I~ •
~
Ii6 UpdoIo...
£yplorillg ArrCautiog
Me:r.adata can be gene:r.ued inside the Description tab. The format of me:tadata has changed. with ArcGIS 10. All metadata crc:ated in prior rele::ues must be upgrade:d to the current ArcGlS metadata format. This upgrade will not remove: any existing me:tadata- existing me:tadata can be: accessed in the same manner as before with previous releases of ArcGIS. You can include: usdi.J..I details about the fi le includ ing spat ial refe:rence information a nd attribute info rmation. A ny of the information here can be ed.itc=d. H owever. it w ill not be done fo r m.is exercise.
:za
Browse the different categories to see what type of metadata could be entered. For more information abom metadata. d ick the For more information about metadata. click the Contents tab in ArcGIS Desktop H elp (not the: Conte:nu tab in ArcCatalog) a nd navigate to Profmiona/ Library > Data managemmt > Geographic d4ta typ~s >
Metadata.
IMJ ln the cata log display. click the Contents tab. In the catalog tree, click World.mdb. On the Standard toolbar, click the Details button.
The: display is restorc:d to its initial state.
(25 If you are continuing with the next exercise. leave ArcCata log open . Otherwise. exit the application.
65
Searching for map data With ArcC3[alog, you can ..,arch for gwgrnphic da,a On disk Or across a network. You can , ...eh by name, file type. geograph ic Iodata .
Exercise 4b In this cxcrd«, you will ",arch ArcCatalog for more data that may be merul TO rh.
Earh . n
proj~t.
If necessary. start ArcCatalog. If ArcCu.log is open from the previou, exercise, you arc con n"" .. d to the C :IESR IP rc ..IGTKArcG1 S folder. as , hown in ,he following graphic.
-------
If )"'u " .."oJ .. n~ ArcC.t> log SC.\$ion, you may be fulder lisred . bove.
2
On the Standa rd toolba'. click the Searc h button.
Explo ring ArcCatalog
67
The Search window opens. Depending on how your interface is set up, it may be docked TO the right side of the ArcCatalog interface or it may be floating. You can work with it in either docked or floating orientation.
lhe Search window gives you more flexibility to search for maps, data and tools. Data :and tools from a search result can be used with your active map or model. It indexes data so that it can be searched more efficiently and quickly. Before ArcCatalog can search for maps or data, you must specify a search location-such a folder or geodatabase. An index of the contents of the specified search location will created by ArcCatalog. As you will see in a moment, the search results are listed in Search window as shortcuts, or pointers, to the maps, data and tools it finds. -ou will define the search to the contents of the Chapter04 folder. This spares _-\rcCatalog the trouble of looking for data in unlikely places.
e Search window, click the Index/Search Options button .
I
~ ~ IIM1Mi1d
t
The Index/Search Op'ion s d i. log box open<.
-
'=- -----'I ~
----- - -- -
_.,::J _
- - - - 0 - ' ''''-__
----.-- --- ----
~
=~ -
[;iJ In the Register Folders and Server Co nnections frame, c lick the Add button. In the Browse Fo lders to be In dexed dialog box, nav igate to C:\ ESR IPre&s\GTKAlcG1S. Click the Ch~pte r04
lolder, as shown in t he lollowing graphic, then c lick Se lect.
I
* l he
to
-
,he conten.. of ,h. Chaptcr04 folder.
The Index/Search Op'ion s d i. log box open<.
-
'=- -----'I ~
----- - -- -
_.,::J _
- - - - 0 - ' ''''-__
----.-- --- ----
~
=~ -
[;iJ In the Register Folders and Server Co nnections frame, c lick the Add button. In the Browse Fo lders to be In dexed dialog box, nav igate to C:\ ESR IPre&s\GTKAlcG1S. Click the Ch~pte r04
lolder, as shown in t he lollowing graphic, then c lick Se lect.
I
* l he
to
-
,he conten.. of ,h. Chaptcr04 folder.
Hawrvcr, Ixfon: ,he Ch'p,er<>4 fol
.5.
Click the Index New Items bullon.
------, -
In a few oecondl. ,he conrent of Chap
--"'-'
_ _ _ J-.
" -a_", ,.,,"'" _
Twdv.: i,on • • ", Indcttd and thc ,,_and du ..., ion of ,he ,ndu a",
~.
Induing
duration dq><:ndl on ,he I"',forma""" of your .y"~m and ,he numlxr of fOlder or ...-wr connection. to be indexed. Th~ In
time . nd will nor imerrupt indexing. •
Click OK to close the IndexlSearch Options dialog boll.
You will cor>Ccn,"',e your sClIch f(>f da,. abou, Earh. rt using keYW1>ld. Slo",d in a """ial "..,.ad.... If many matches.", found, the d"un and iu dc.Krip,ion
d.a,,...,,',
.'" returned in ,he ....",h ..,...1". In the Sea rch winclow, type Ear ha rt into the searc h box and ~ I ick the sea rch button adjacent to it.
Search mult. ,eruln wi, h all da,a ,h.. have ,he keyword "Earha,,- in iu mer:od..a .... Hover over .. ..earch , .... 1. to view a brief dcKriptlon ofi,. H()\O'CVCr, we . '" in,eres,ed in ohc ocean arc,t w~ Earha" di$>.pfIC.mI.
The Seorch window Ii,,, ,h,..e da,a""" ,ha! were found. The,.. i. a r,,,,er d.,ue< coiled ...11001' ,h" you may have not .cen before (at the top of ,h. list.) 9
In the top search result listi ng. cl ick the text seafloor (o r the path link be low it.) Make sure you click the tex t link and not the de&Criptio n. Clicki ng the description opens t he Item De&cript ion w indow.
• Th. c",alog t,... opens to the location of ,he da". If no,csury. oeroll to the top of the (Oblc of comcnto '0 se. ;"
110 Close the Search windOW.
1':1.""'- dota"" i, in ,II< B3! hYm •. ly •.
lh~ ~o.AOOI"
II In the cata log tree. make $Ure that s ea floor.til is highl ighted. In the catalog display. cloc k tile Preview lab.
--
You Stt .. 1':1."'" d:w uet of ",o. Roor elevaow d""p the W~t ... >round il il. lh •• inform ation might ~ If""t opc"n;onl tO find .nd ,reover plane wreckoge. 'Ihe black-and-white im .ge. bo"""" ". ,. not e01Y to int .rpm a. ",. Aoor elevat ion. The ",.Aoor I.yer file di, pl ay. the dc-.rion dalO in .h~dr$ of bl ue, 12 In the catalog tlee. click seafloor. I~I.
In , he layer fi le. the dep
ckq>er. Wh it. aru. arc l. nd.
72
s-"'#~ 1: ewing "ama
wi,h map' ,Ina data
13 On the Geugraphy toolbar. click the Ide ntily too l.
14 Click a few locations to identify elevat ion va lues (des.cr ibed as pixel values in the Ident ify Results window), The values are in meters, 1/ you click a spot of land. yo u shou ld get the va lue No Data.
15 Close the Ident ify Results window, In the catalog tree. click the minus sir:n next to the Bathy metry folder to co ll apse it. If necessa ry, cl ick the plus sign next to the Data fo lder to expand it.
Besides ,he World geod".b . ... ,h~ Da,,, fold~r con,ain •• h'pcfi t.:. and layer li les for ,ho b ,h .. t Aigh, p"hs,
til Make sure Ihe Preview to\!> i$ ocli¥t' in the display. Click the IlighU liverge shape/ile (green,quare Icon) to preview it. Next, elide the rlighLdi'o'erge Iaytf lile ()"!lkIw diamond) an
_
,a _
M
~
___
_
- ---
Th~ sh.pdile displays as ......
blue lines. The Laytr lik .hows the: thick doncd lines ,h.. 1"" lOW in the: l"eYiou. chap, .nd Ii.., •• h" )"" choo$c for fe. tures-so you neve. have to re-cre. te It. Every l.yer file i. usod ..ed
wi.h and depend. On a Ip.ti. l d">$I;" The flight_diverg~ l'ye, file won'. display in A,cM.p unle •• •he fl ight_diverge sh.pcfile i, :acce/Siblc on disk.
In ,he: next exerci.e, you will . dd data and I.ye. fil •• from ArcC . .. log to A"M.p.
!IJ:
If you aft continuing wit h the next exerci!.a. leave ArcCatalog open. Otherwise, elIit the applit ation.
•a
Adding data to ArcMap On~
wo.y 10 add dara w ArcMap js 10 d!':lg it from AreCa, .. log. Once it', th. re, you can look
., il , .. you did in ,he pl'0 look at it as if;! were on .. page thai you >end to .. prim". Thi' j,
c.. lled I..you, view. In layom view, you see map layers organized in one or rno," rectangle, on a l.~r N.ckground
fcct.ngle. The . ma ller rectangb arc called d .... frames and the background is called [he virtu.1 page. A map docurnem can have one da,. frame or many. D ata frame. may comai" diff.",n, .. " of data (u.u.lly reiated!O a common subject) or they may .how d iffefem view, of the >arne da, • .
.....-
+ """"-
..."
.....-----..1I:r.< dieIlYd... ).11K n.me of.he acli", d.t>. f...... i. boIdf":N;n {he {able of oon.en".
Exercise 4c The ,vb.ion hinory found"ion hope. {O .aise: mo,,",y fo. an expedi{ion IO look for ,h. ,..,,:<:hge of Earn a!!·, pl. "e. Part of you . job i. IO " ••• e map. IO imerest potenti.1 in'CSfOlL In .hap ••• 19, you·II]",.,n in de,.i l .bou. crea.ing map$ roo- I"=n{.{lon. For now. you'll learn how .o add ..... to AreM.p from ArcCa..1og and how to...,.k wi.h d". (",rna; n ArcM.p.
I
It nl!'t:essa ry. start ArcCatalog. If ArcUotalog is OS"'" from ,he p«viou, curci.., you an: . on n«{N 10 C:IESRI Pre.. IGTKArcC1SlChap.crll410a•• IH igh._divorgc.ly r,., Ihow n in the graphic on lhe next pagc. If you startcd. now AreC". logid.ion, navis:ue 10 ,hi' Ioc•• ion now and click ,he Preview {ab if n«=ry.
---- --
--"'''':::- --- - ---,_. • • ,$ _ ___
_
[2
On the Standard too lbar. cl ick the Launc h Arc Map t>utton .
3
In the ArcMa p- Getting Started di alog box , click "Browse more __" to start using ArcMap with an e' isting map. In the Open fi le browse r, na. igale to C:\GTKArcG IS \Chapter04 , Cl ick the fi le el04c.mxd to highlight it and clICk Open.
'(If
~
A preview 0( ex04c.mxd i$ $hOWn. Click Open .
.
_-•
You 5tt ,t.., f.tmili.>, m"l' of AontIi.> E:am..n·s High!. 1ht nup h". One do", f.... me ,h., CON:Iins four You will.dd . I.yer for ,t.., di""rging 0;, 111 JIO.,h ..
"'yea.
S
Position the ArcCatalog and ArcMap applicatioo windows so th3t you can see both the catalog t'ee arld the ArcMap displa)/ window.
&
In t he cata log tree. cl ick t he fll &hC di ver2! layer file lye llow ico n). D'a~ the file anywhere over the ArcMap displa~ window and re lear.e the moose buttcn. Brina ArcMap forward by clicking ils I'tle bar.
The layer file i, added!O ArcMap.
You'll rename the layer file. 7
In the table of contenl s, righl·clic~ Uight..di~erge. l yr and cli c~ Pmpe rties.
8
In the L~yer Properties di~ log box. clic k the Gene ral tab. Repl~ce the layer name with Diveraini Fli ght Path s, as show n in Ihe follow ing graphic, then click OK.
-._- --
-
H
The l. yer nome i, cha nged in th. tabl. of contenn. 9
In ArcMap. c lick the View menu and cl ick uyo ut View.
You ... the map as if it i, on • pi••,. of P' P'" A n<'W toolbar, the layout tool bar, OP'"" 11 can be docked or lef, Hoadng.
& pIQri"l ArcCatalot
Th. map document has a .ingk data ["'me, occup)'ing the top half of the virtu.1 p.~. Some other d ements ha,'e been addM to thel"yout for you. ·Ih ... is " title above the d... f",me, a green rectangle graphic that marks the ar.a where Eorh"" di"ppe>rM, .nd anothe, title th .. will accompany. d.r. frame you .re abom '0 add. This new dat" fra.me w;]) .how .. LOomed·in view of ,he .... a of disoppe" rance .
....."-"
10 Click the Inse rt menu and click Data Frame.
-..-..-_ ....,,-"o
A data frame j. added to [hel.yom and its name. New 0",,, Fr. me, .ppe. ... in the "ble of contents. Th. name i. boldf.tced, indicating that it i. the acti,·. da,a fra.me- the one t'm loycn will heoddw to.
79
[1 1 In t he layout window, move the mouse pointer o~e( the new data frame. The CurSO r cha nges to a fou r-headed arrow. Drag the frame t>eneath the "Area of Disappearance " title.
".....
_-
1,··,:,-,1 The name of a d3[3 frame is independent of .ny rid. you may choo,e to:>dd to the layout. By def,ml" ,he firs, data frame in a mop d"'umcnr i, "lied " Layers and the ..cond i, c.IIM "New Dara Frame: h i, often helpful to rename a dara frame to somerhing more d. ",ripr;ve (and you will do ,ha, larer in , hi. ex ...:I,.), bur it is not nece.."y. You'll ,wirch bock!O dara view ro odd in layou, view a, wdl.)
la~rs!O
,he new dot, f"me. (You could do ,hi,
B . . . I!)I •• •
•
Exploring ArcCaldlog
12 Cl ick tile Data View bUt\(Kl in tile lower lelt corner 01 tile layout winoow. This button and the Layout View button next to it Can be used instead 01 the View menu to switch betWl!en views.
The display window i. emp'y because the active da" fnome (New D o" Fra",~) con.. in.
n" l'y~r$.
..:"" •
.. ..D Make ArcCatalog the act ive applic ation by c li cking its title bar. In the catalog tree. cl ick the plus si~n ne.t to the Wor ld geodatabase and click dis~pp_area, Dra~ t he feature da55 to the ArcMap display window and rele,,,,, the moo"" butto n.
81
14 Bring ArcMap forwa rd by clicking it s title bar. The feature c lass is added as a layer to the new data frame.
••
••
ArcM op . " igt\" "",dam color 10 the cii,app_. reo larc r, '" Y'"'' g the active app lication. In the catal og tree, cl ick the plus siin by the Bathymet ry folder and c lick seaflcor.lyr Iye tta", iconl. Drag the laye r li le t o Arc Map and
bring ArcMap forwa rd,
The .... Aoof.ly, layer di'p lay, lIndernea
Now roo will copy ,he DiwrgO"& Fligh'
_ •
d.,2 r",J1'Ic.
~h.
b)"'
In the An:Map tablt! of contents , right-d ick the Oiverlling Flight Paths layer in the la~ers data frame, On th e context menu , cli ck Cop~.
-
.J1 In the tab le of c""tents. right-elick Paste Layerls) .
._---
..--_--
-.-.o o
New Data Frame. On the c""text menu . cl;ck
Thc Divc'l;ing Flight I'"h. h)'er i, I',,,< "e w Jat> f",me ,nd d"pl,y. on ,he map.
18 Cl ick the Layout Vif:N butto n m the lower left corner of the layout w, noow.
The d~ta frame di.play. the d"a r oo'v, ,dd"d to it.
--.....-
Now you'U ch. nge . hecolor of.he di""'PI'_ara of ,he se.Aoor I.yer.
~Y"r .o
m.ke i. con.ra" wi.h .he blue
19 Cl ick the Data View button to switch !lack to data view. In the taOie 01 cont~nts, riihtclic k the polygon symboj lor the disilPIU lfU!eyer. A color palette opens .
• l _ ..... _ li l i
20 Move the mouse poi nter OVer the color palette . Each color "1 uare is identilied by name. Cl ick Sahara Sa nd.
'J".
cu]", of ,ho Jarer is lIpd a!ed in ,he "ble of co ntcn" and in ,he m, p fc"w'e•.
Finally. you will "'!I.1me the: dar> (",me.
21 In the tat>le of contents. ri&ht·eliek New Data Frame. On the COIlte.t menu, clid Properties. The Data Frame Properties diale>g 00. opens. Click the Genera l tab.
----
~~-.-
~- ~ - .~-
---_.--
22 In the Name box, New Oala Frame is highlighted. Type Arll al Oiuppe.r.rnn in its place, as shown in the foItowin& &r'ap/'lic. then click OK.
--
--
---_.-
Tho now n,me i, d i'pl ' yed in the "ble of COntent<_
---
~e _
...
.
m" _.o
..,-.
~e_
..
' .." ,
y()lJ know how '0 previcw d", in Arc(a"log and b"k . , ito mo,ada". You can us< ArcCaLO.log [0 =rch for '1"',",-1 doLO. on disk. And you know how '0 odd 1.)'<'" w ArcM.p from ArcC.,alog. Y()lJ'U have no trouble m.n.ging [he da,. for ,he E,rh,rt project. 23 If you want to explore mo re in ArcCata log , leave it open. otherwise, exit the app li c~t ion _ 24 If you want to save your work, click the File menu in Arc Map and c lick Save As. Navigate to \GTKArcGIS\c hapteIil4\MyData. Rename the file mLex04c.m~d and c lick Save. 25 Close the Layout too lbar. If you are cr>nlinuing 10 the next chapter, leave ArcMap open. Otherw ise, ex it the appl icat ion. Click No when prompted to save changes.
Section 3: Displaying data
Chapter 5
Symbolizing features and rasters ChallCinc sym~og)' Symoo liling featu res boi categorical attributes Usinil styles artd creating layer files Symboliling rasters
Symbolizing fe.ture, mean' '''igning ,hem colors, markers, ,h'." width., .nglc., p.ttcrm, tr''''porency, and orher properties by which ,hey co.n be recognized or, a mop. Symbol, of.." look like ,he objects ,hey repre""n" as when 0. l.k e polygon i. blue and fire hydrants are marked by icons ,h" look like fire hydra"" . Somerimes ,he rela'ionship i, b. ,,,. ighrforw.rd. On. 5tH"" map, varying lin. thickne..., may ,how wherher . Stre<:t i•• loc.1road,.n .rteriol. or. highw.y wi,hout implying ,h . , ,he width, on the map are proportion.1 to ,he wid,hs of ,he .ctu. l "r,,.,,. Symbology may ,,1.0 be purely conven,ion,l. Citie" for example. >te commonly symbolized as circl.. , .though cities are seldom round. By vuying .ymbol ptoperties, you convey inform. ,ion about fe. ture, .
. .•..•. ... \
.....)
•
• •
• •
Left: Fill p"ttern • ."d colors dille,ent iate inte,m ittent I"kes. pe,enn ial lakes. and sa lt pan •. Conter: Une thick"",., color . ."d sol idity show railwaY" and ma in. ,,",,ooda,y. and loc. 1'oads. Ri&ht Unique icon. m,,'" major aod mi"", citie•.
Symbology is .1.0 inAuenced by ... Ie. A ci,y may be a cirde on one map and a polygon on ano,her.
Sc.I. Llo.I)(l(l.1)(l(l
Sc. lo U?OO.1)(l(l
LeU: Redland • . Calitorn i•• '.~ ... nt.d ••• circ le. Riiht R.d l"nd • . Ca lifornia, re~e ..nt. d a. a polygon.
ArcG1S h.. ,houoand, of ,ymbol, for common map feature,. Symbol •• re organized by "ylc (Environmental, Tran'portation, Weather, and", on) TO make ir e.. ,y '0 loco" the one, you need. You can . 1", crea'e your own .ymbol•. When a d ....e' i, added to AreMap, all i" featu re, have ,he same symbology. To ..,ign ncw symbology, you usc informat ion from afield in the I.yer attribute " bl..
.. -.
~
Center:
R~ 01 the Cotel. leIt: ~tl leot U'... lIN! the some symbology. luture I\a<. a d illeref'1 !ill cotor. RigI1l: The Vegetation Ty~ •• tue s symbolited b'i the
in the Oemoa.rtic
[ ;>:;h
You can .. ~ a b)'Cf·' symbology by making a l:I~, ~ly'J file. When you add a l:I~, file 10 a !!Up. .he: featurn att already symbo!iw:!.hc woy you wont. Symbolizing "liter 1. Y'rs i • •imilar to sym boli~ing fo.m,e loyers. but wi,h fewer option,. lhe on ly property ,hat can be controlled i. the colo, of the cdl. ,h., comprise ,he ",",cr.
92
SW;C" J: Di,pl~Jin.f data
Changing symbology Data"''' added to ArcMap hove defaul! ,ymbology. Poim, are displayed with small cirrI«, for im,,,nee, and polygon. have omline., The colo" for points, Ii ne" and polyg<>n. are randomly chosen.
In ,hi, exerci,e, you'll change,~ defuul, symbology for a polygon layer of coumrie. and .. poin! layer of cities. You'll al,a ch,mg. tho background color of the doto frome.
Exercise Sa You.,e, Srophic dO';gnor donoting your lime!O c,",,,e a PO"" abour Africa for Geas .... ph)' Awaren ... Week. Sponsored by the Nationa l Gcogr;o phic Society, Geography Aware,..,.. Week is hc\d every Novcmlxr a nd indudo. GIS O"Y .mong its m.nr evmt$ ond prog"'-m ••
1h. Afric. Adas poster will con,ist of ninc map. di,pt.ying eilie>, CQumrie" rive .., wildlife, lopoBr;ophy (,,,,f.ce ,diof), populotion, and notural rosoura,. It will bo distr ibuted to d omonra,y 1Chool, , round ,be country. The compk
",' r l c a
AI
al
When you fin ish chaprer 6, you can >end you, po"er to .. platter, if you h,ve .cce.. to one. AI
1
Stillt Ar<:Map. In the ArcMap----Getting Started dialoe bolr., undef the Ewine Maps section, clock Browse for more, (It ArcMap is alrudy running, click the File menu and click Open ,) Navigate to C:\ESRIPren\GTKAreGIS\CllapterOS. Click ex05a.mxd and click Open .
The cable of ( Oments has a data f",me c.lled M.j-or Cit ies thot i""lud"., . Ci,iesl a~r .nd. Counrr;.,s I,~r. Countr;.,s a" .ymboli lOd in 1"1<: purple, cities os dark g"'y poi nts, E.ch city has . popul ation of one million Or mo". You'Jt ch.ng<: the symbology for both ,he counrries a nd thl: cid".,. 2
In the table of contents, .ight·dic k the symOOl fO<' the Counllies layer to open the colo. ~tetle. In the patette, click Salla.a Sand.
The mumrie...e redrown in Ihe new color. Polygon feotu",. are composed of IwO .ymbols, .. fill and an omline. To change lhe color or wid,h of ,he oudine. ),ou open ,he Symbol Sdwor. 3
In the lable 01 contents, click the symbol feM" the Countries laye,. The SymOOI Se lector d i ~ log OOx Or>"ns.
•- -
.-
•- -
--..u
-- -
' ....... 1
0 0 0 0 0
I -~I~
- - -
The scrolling box on ,he lef, contains prcdefinM .ymbols. The Oplions fume on ,he right allow> you ro pick ,olors and "" outline wid,h •. 4
In the Options frame, click the Outl ine Colo r square to open the color palette. In the co lor palette , cl ick Gray 40% . Cli ck OK at the bottom 01 the Symbol Selector dialog box. !, .
•- •- - •- •-- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-
-D .-
--
The citi •• Sland Oul mo", di'rined)' against 'heligh ,er gray oudine. of ,he coumri ....
Now, you' ll ch.ngc the symbology for the cities. You' ll make them larger, change ,heir color, and labd them. 5
In the table of contents, cl ick the point symbol for the Cit ies laye r. The Sy mbol Selector dialog box opens. In the sc rolling box of predefined poi nl symbo ls, cl ick Circle 2. In the Opt ions frame , click the Size down arrow to change the symool size to 10 po ints .
• • ., -,• -, -' • • • -...• ' -'• -•' ~ -,
•
•
-,
• •
-' -' -' 6
Cl ick the Co lor SQ uare to open the color pa lette. In the color pa lette . cl ick Ginger Pi nk. Click OK to close the Symbol Se lector dia log box.
--,• -,•
•
-' •
--,• -,• -,• --,• -,• • • •
-'
-, •
-' -'
On the map. rhe ci[ie, di'play wirh rhe now symbol .
rJ 7J In the t~ bte of content~. right-cl ick the Cities layer name (II(lt the symbol) and click labe l Features .
,i".
The citi.s are labelod with , heir name, . Depe ndi ng on [h. of your A,cMop window. and [he ",.1•• you . I.bel, may be po'itioncd dilfe.cndy from [ho"" in [h. gnph ic. In chop[. r 7. you'lIl.am how to chong. the , i>c . colo r, . nd fon, of bbct.. Next, you'lI change the background colo. ofth. da .. f."mc .
8
In the table of contents.. right
9
On the Frame tab. click the Background drop·down ar,ow and click Lt Blue. When the backsround color is applied. a~ shown in the IoIlow'"8 graphic. click OK to close the Data F,ame Prope,ties d "'log 00'.
lhe colo, is .pplicd to tlte data fra me.
-
You have finished .he major ci, i<, map. In .he: "<"X, "'"'rei.... J"O'l·U mau a map in ",hich each (OUnlfy h.. uniq"" oymbology. You·U also symbolize the rive .. or Mrica.
10 II you want to save your work, click the File meJ1U and click $;we As. Navi&ate to \GTKAlcGIS\Cl\.apter05\M,Oata. Rename the file lIy_,,05;l.lud and click Save. 11 II you are continuing wit h the next exercise. leave ""cMap ope n. Otherwi$e, el it the applicatio n. Click No il prom pted to sa'le )'QUI ch a nHe~ .
Symbolizing features by categorical attributes In fM previous exerdse, c.ch city had.he .. ",., marker .ymbol.nd all c"untrks wore dr:lwn in.he .. me color. You an make symbology ...."c informa';"" by ....gni ng . dilf..c,u 'ymbol .0 ca.:h un;quo: ",fue. 0«aUK every country It... diff«.", name. You migh••1>0 .ymboli.., countries by ,heir polit;c.1 "Y"cm•. Featu,., with the some .y>,cm would h.ve the 5:1. ,,1< color: rcpublk' might b. bluc. conot;t
coo.. ... nding for description<. Amibu,n .h.t .", m'''.... rcmcnu or counts off""."," arc' talltd quo ..,i••• ;... amibu,es. A country's ar~a in square kilome.~rs;' a popul .. ion i. a coun •.
=.
In ,his """"ioe, you'll symbo!i" fwure. by ,"egorical .",ibutel. You'll wo,k wi,h 'luomimlve a..,ibUir. in chop
Exercise 5b You ore cominuing you r worlc on ,he Africa Ad,.. poue<. You'U .ymbol'''' cmlmries by norne, 50 thOi each h •• a uniquo color. Then you·1t 'ymbo!i.., African ,iv" •. To giv. each ri.er 0 unique color would be confu,i ng- thero.n:.oo mony of ,hem. Ins'ead. you·1t symbolize Il>om by an • ..,ibu,. ,h:I! idemifi .. ,hem .lpe.enni.1or in",mi".n,. I
Sta.t ArcMap. In the ArcMap- Getlong SUlfteti dialog box, under tho! Existing Map$ 5e(:tion. d ick B.OW$e for more. (It ArcMap is already sunning. click the File menu and clic~ Open.) Navigate to C:\ESRIPreu\GTKAreGIS\chaple r05. Click u05b ... xd and cl ick Open.
I "
Thc m.p open s in layout view. You s.e the Major Cilies dot" frame from the ptcvious ">
r2
Click t he Vi£!W menu and c lick Data View. On t he Tools toolDar, click t he Full Extent buttoo .
0_0 -
The Countries dara frame i, .ctive and ~o nta in. one laycr, . 1.0 called Count ric. , All fea m res in the byer arc ,ymbolized witb the som" color. To give each feature its own ~ol or, you'll open tbe Lay
In t he table of cootent s, right· click t he Co unt ries layer (not the Countries dat~ frame) and clic k Propert ies. The Layer Prope rt ies dialog oox opens. Click t he Sym oology tab . lhe Show box on , he lef, .ide of ,he d ialog bo~ lim d iff"erent me,hod, for symbol i4i ng r.,Hures. Some me,hod, have more , h.n one option . By defau lt, Featurc. i, ,d""ted. It has only one op,ion- Single . ymbol.
-o --_...__...._ _ _ . .. _ _. _
I,
Siott y"" wa n, to Iymboliunch coun'ry w;,h ]!Sown color, you neN an '''''l)1l!c wi,h . unique .... I~ fur""ch r(';1Hl~,hc oounlfy n.me would be. D.tu ..] choice. 4
In the Show 00>, click Cateaories.
1M Uniq"" ....1"... "fItion oft he Catog<>rio:. melhod i. highlighted and
Ii,.
"The Color Scheme d rop-dow n con .... iR$ diffe~n' color paucrns. If ,hi. ;. ,hoe ~,.. rime you h,,,,, sc[ . color !Cherne in A.eM.p. you o.houkl ltt. bar of l'2".d colors;
otherwise. you' ll Itt wh i<:hewr sd.."", you applied I.., . lhe luge window in . he midd le of [t.., dialog box ,how, whkh future. in ,he l.yer are being .ymbol iud. You can symbolize.1I (."ure. or juS! oomc of them.
5
M ~ke sure the Val ue Field drop·down list is set to NAM E. At the bottom of the dia log box, click Add Al l Values.
Each f~a!U r~ in , h~ Cou n"i.. l ay~r i, Jj".d in , h~ V. lue column a nd hao. symbol from the color scheme a.. igned ' 0 it. The Labd column d isplay, , h~ feature n. me as i, will . ppo.. in , ho table of con'ents. (It wi ll be , ho ", me ' S the value un l... you change it.] The COUnt column [OIl, you , he number of fe., uteS being sy mr..,li,cJ .nd ,he number of f.atures ,h" h. ve •• ch v, lue. In th is ">c, the COUnt i, on. for each value because c. eh country's n.me is unique. 6
Cl ick the Col()l" Ramp drop· down arrow to see the list of colo r schemes. Scrol l up and cl ick the scheme at the top of the list. The feat ures are assigned new sy mbo ls from th e Basic Random Scheme. (If this ha ppens to lie the scheme that is already set. choose a different one.)
II For .hi. map. )'Ou'li go back .o paHdJ. 1
In the Color R"",p drop-down list righH:Ii<;k the colors (not the drop-
by its name. Click the Paslels. Click to ~lect it.
•
-
~Of
Ramp drop-down ""OW lWId scroll back dawn to
In the S~mbol co lumn. cl;c k the check boA next to to uncheck it. The «til other values> symbol is used when you wanl to assign unique symbolDiY to some features in it layer and want the rest to be ioenllcal. That isn't the case here. Make SUle)'OUr dialoi: box matches the following graphic. then click OK.
In the map, the countri~, ar~ .ymbolized in pastel,. (The colors of ,he countr i« m.y be different on your map.) The table of contents show. ,he n,me of each country .nd its symboL
rJ After a color scheme h.. ,",cn applied,)uu can change individual colo". For enmple, you could righ,-dick ,h. symbol for Algeria in the ,able of contents and change i, to Mars Red or S'ed Blue. The countries .ro distinguished by uniquc .ymbol" but the symbols don', make it ea,y !O identify countries. (How quickly can you find Malowi?) You willl.bel ,he countries with their n,me>. 9
In the table of contents , right· click the Count ries laye r and click Labe l Feat ures.
S}l!Jboibtlt /M'''''' and raUm
A. with the cities, your eoumry label. may look diffe",,,, deptnding on the ,ize of your ArcMap window, Your cou ntry m,p i. hni,hed, Your hm tMk in ,hi, e...,cise i, to ere>!e • map of African river<, 10 In the table 01 contents, c li ck the minus sigll,5 nexl to the Cou nlries laye r and the Co untri es dala frame. 11 Right-cl ick the R i~ers dala frame and cl ick Activate. Click the plus sign next to the data Ira me. II necessary, click the Full Extents button The data frame cootai ns a Rive rs layer and a Count ries layer.
Before you symboli", the Rivers layer. you'lI look at its ", tribute "J,lc m.. ion is ;,,"a ilable.
12 R,ghHlick the Rivers laye r and click Open Attr ibute Tab le.
(Q " ' .
who< infor-
105
The . ... iburo i<>cludt ,he ri= n.me. iu Iype (permnial or in.ermin""tl. ils ""Iul (mlin Of "",,,,,dory). and its llovig:lbililY. You'U Iymboliu fi'.... by 'ype. 13 Close the table. In the table of contents. doubIe·click the Rive.,; layer to open its Layer Properties. (Oouble-clicki/1& is a shortcut lor right·clicklng and choosing Properties.) On the ~ Properties dialoti bo.o;, click the $)'ffIboIo£y tab.
- El
-
_ __
_
=::0
. _ . _ [I
I I ----.~---
14 In the Show bo~. click Categofie-s and make sure the Uniqlle ~al ues option is hiehliehted. Cl ick the Value Field drop-down arrow aod cl ick TYPE . Clic k Add All Val ues.
The~. ~ two values ill
Adding values You may want to focus 011 some features in a layer and deemphasize Of igoore others. The Add Values button (next to Add All Values) Jets you select pa,ti(:l.IIar attribute values and assign symbology to features that have them. Other features are assigned a single symbol- the one designated for . If the check box fs unc hecked, these features are not displayed at all.
15 In the Symbol column. double-click the line symbol next to the intefmitlent value to open the Symbol Selector.
16 In the Symbol Selector, Kroll down two th irds of the w if'j unt il you see the Slrum, Intermittent symbol. Click tile symbol as shown in the following graphic. then click OK in the Symbol Selector.
-
- - --
- .. t .. ,... I
-- --"t...,-
- ----
17 In the Symbol co lumn of the La)'el Prope rties dialog box, double·click the symbol next
to the perennial va lue. Th e Sym bol Selector opens aga in. This l ime. type ,iver into the sea rch ~ and clic k the search ootton ad jacent to it. HI may take a minute for the symbols to index.)
- ,.. - -~ .
-
Th~
symbol sckclor seuch ulilily allows you 10 quickly find a srmbol.
