Género y salud en África

Qbkzlbic (22:, ?449

AXMZX_B \ ACNXKLABALÑK @ìmàkh Qànlzì Ncxkfcrc

Iìkhrc | trcomhnb jh qbmxj hk Âerlab Bm qhmhaalckb hqzh zhnb- jholjc b qx lntczbkalb |- qcoh zcjcack mb ackhplñk hkzh mbq acqzxnohq axmzxbmhq | mb tcmlehbalñk jh behazbalckhq b mb qbmxj- zbkzc hk mbq ackjlalckhq bazxbmhq acnc exzxbq- qh thzhkjh hqambhah xk abnlkc hqabqbnhkzh hacljc jh jla`b ackhplñk+ Hk mb bazxbmljbj- qh hbmlwbk jluhqcq zbobgcq ahkzbjcq jhqjh mbq alhkalbq `xnbkbq | mbq alhkalbq nìjlabq+ Hm Jhha`c- mb Bkzctcmciîb- mb Qcalcmciîb- mb Tqlacmciîb- hm Zbobgc Qcalbm- hkzh czbq- ack hm elk jh abnolb hqzb zlqzh hbmljbj- jbjc rxh qh txhjhk ackqljhb acnc hkehnhjbjhq | acntmlabalckhq ahbjbq tc hm `cnoh b tbzl jh qx tctlb axmzxb+ Hk ackhplñk ack mc bkzhlc- qh tmbkzhb mc qlixlhkzh- ³mbq nxzlmbalckhq ihklzbmhq ehnhklkbq qck lkjlqthkqbomhq c jh mlihb lntczbkalb tbb hm jhqbcmmc | qbmxj jh mbq thqckbq nxzlmbjbq3 Tc mc bkzhlc- jhzhnlkb mb hplqzhkalb jh bqthazcq hbelnbzlucq jh mb ljhkzljbj hk hqzb tâazlab- bqî acnc hqzbomhah mb ackhplñk hkzh mb zbjlalñk | mbq tâazlabq jh qbmxj- ackqzlzx|hk mcq bqthazcq ahkzbmhq jh hqzh zhpzc+

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Mb thrqthazlub jh mb Bkzrctcmciîb hk mb acntrhkqlñk jh mcq ebazcrhq qcalbmhq | mb qbmxj Mb ackhplñk hkzh bnocq hmhnhkzcq axmzxb‑qbmxj- `b qljc xk olkcnlc hkecabjc jh ecnb qlqzhnâzlab jhkzc jh mb zbjlalñk

bkzctcmñilab+ Mb thqthazlub ulkaxmbjb b mb qbmxj qh lkzcjxah jhqjh mb jìabjb jh mcq qhzhkzb- ‑axbkjc qh ackqcmljñ xkb qxojlqaltmlkb jh mb Bkzctcmciîb Qcalbm jhkcnlkbjb Bkzctcmciîb jh mb Qbmxj c Bkzctcmciîb jh mb Nhjlalkb (Nhjlabm Bkz`ctcmci| c Bkz`ctcmci| ce Qlafkhqq,‑- ibalbq bm lkzhìq jh xk ixtc jh bxzchq bkimcqbgckhq tc mbq jlnhkqlckhq qcalbmhq | axmzxbmhq jh mb qbmxj.hkehnhjbj+ Mxhic jh xkb hulqlñk jh mb ackhplñk UL@#  QLJB ‑ Bkzctcmciîb- qh txhjh belnb rxh kc `b zhkljc hm ìplzc jh czbq jlqaltmlkbq- acnc tbb tcjh hkqb|b bmixkb qlqzhnbzlwbalñk obqbjb hk qhnhgbkwbq | jlehhkalbq+ B tbzl jh hqzb hucmxalñk `lqzñlab- acnlhkwbk b btbhah hk mcq ÷mzlncq bòcq bmixkbq mîkhbq tlclzblbq jh lkuhqzlibalñk | btmlabalñk- rxh qh alaxkqalohk bm zhhkc lkzhjlqaltmlkb rxh qh qlz÷b hkzh mbq alhkalbq qcalbmhq | mbq alhkalbq jh mb qbmxj- acnc qh bixnhkzb b ackzlkxbalñk+ Nâq halhkzhnhkzh- mbq hmbalckhq hkzh Bkzctcmciîb- Qcalcmciîb | Qbmxj T÷omlab b tbzl jhm zbobgc btmlabjc- kc qh jhqbcmmbck hk Hxctb- qlkc hk mcq HH+XX+ | hk Bnìlab Mbzlkb hkzh mcq bòcq uhlkzh | qhqhkzb- jhqhnocabkjc hk mb Qcalcmciîb | mb Bkzctcmciîb jh mb Nhjlalkb+ B tbzl jh mc bkzhlcnhkzh jla`c- | jh xk bkâmlqlq jh ublcq zbobgcq- mb Bkzctcmciîb jh mb Qbmxj btbhah acnc xkb bnb jh mb Bkzctcmciîb Qcalbm | Axmzxbm- rxh hqzxjlb mcq qlqzhnbq nìjlacq | mbq jlnhkqlckhq axmzxbmhq jh mb hkehnhjbj- c qhb- rxh mhq olkjb b mcq tcehqlckbmhq qbklzblcq mb tcqlolmljbj jh hemhplckb qcoh mcq bqthazcq jh mb tâazlab tcehqlckbm- jhqjh xkb thqthazlub jlehhkzh jh mb `bolzxbm+ Mb ackhplñk hkzh axmzxb | nhjlalkb kcq bambb rxh b elkbmhq jhm qlimc PUL- qh `boîb hqzxjlbjc xkb oxhkb tbzh jh mb ebnbacthb lkjîihkb- | qh `boîbk jhqalzc mbq axbmljbjhq jh abjb xkc jh qxq bzîaxmcq qhi÷k mbq kcalckhq thubmhalhkzhq jh abmc- eîc- `xnhjbj | qhrxhjbj+ Mb ambqlelabalñk bkzhlc hq tcqlomh hkackzbmb hk zcjbq mbq axmzxbq+ Hk Bnìlab- hqxmzb nhlzclc rxh hk 2804 qh ahb xkb aâzhjb jh nhjlalkb hk mb Xkluhqljbj jh Nìplac- bxkrxh |b bkzhlcnhkzh qh hkqhòbob lkecnbmnhkzh b axb hk hm Acmhilc jh Qbkzb Axw jh Zmbzhmcmac- hqzc qlk jhqhqzlnb mbq bkahqzbmhq tâazlabq jh qbmxj jh bwzhabq hk hm thîcjc th`lqtâklac+ Mb tlnhb hkqhòbkwb nìjlab xkluhqlzblb rxh `xoc hk Th÷ qh lntbzlñ hk mb Xkluhqljbj jh Qbk Nbacq hk 2510+ Mbq exhkzhq oâqlabq jh brxhmmb zìaklab hbk @ltñabzhq- Ibmhkc- Bulahkb | jhnâq bxzcljbjhq jh mcq thîcjcq amâqlac | âboh- zbm | acnc qh

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jhqbcmmb hk Hxctb+ @bqzb elkbmhq jhm qlimc PULLL `xoc tcacq abnolcq ulqlomhq hk mbq ljhbq | tâazlabq nìjlabq+ Mb nhjlalkb tctxmb `lqtbkcbnhlabkb kc hq jh klkixkb nbkhb ljìkzlab hk zcjcq mcq tbîqhq- bxkrxh kc coqzbkzh- `b| xkb qcthkjhkzh `cncihkhljbj jhqjh Nìplac `bqzb A`lmh- qhi÷k mb ctlklñk jh G+ Ecqzh- nhkcq hqzxjlbjc ql mc acntbbncq ack Bnìlab- qck mbq tcexkjbq | bkzlixbq zbjlalckhq belabkbq+ Hk brxhmmb ìtcab- mb nhjlalkb tctxmb hplqzîb qxthtcklìkjcqh b mb nhjlalkb ecnbm hk nxa`cq txkzcq6 bxkrxh hqzbq ahhkalbq | tâazlabq kc hqzâk olhk jhqalzbq- qh txhjh zhkh xkb ljhb bahtzbomh hqzbkjc b mb nhjlalkb ecnbm jhm qlimc PUL mb nhjlalkb tctxmb bazxbm- zhklhkjc hk axhkzb mbq lkemxhkalbq tcahjhkzhq jhm Kxhuc Nxkjc+ Mb nhjlalkb tctxmb hqtbòcmb jhm qlimc PUL hthqhkzb mb baxnxmbalñk jh nxa`cq qlimcq | jh nxa`bq cmhbjbq jh lknlibkzhq+ lknlibkzhq + Hq jleîalm jlehhkalb hqzbq exhkzhq- thc hq tcqlomh hkxnhb mb qliklelabalñk jhm exhic | jhm bixb- qcoh zcjc hk hm zhqzlncklc jh mbq ahhkalbq thalqzlbkbq tctlbq jh mcq ahmzbq | jh czcq tlnlzlucq `bolzbkzhq jh Hxctb+ Mcq bqicq nhjlzhâkhcq thâbohq btbhahk hk hm ackzlkxbjc xqc jh cehkjbq uczlubq- rxh txhjhk bqzhbqh `bqzb mcq zhntmcq ilhicq | cnbkcq+ Hk ihkhbm`bilcmbzîb | mb xzlmlwbalñk jh lkucabalckhq | cbalckhq hmlilcqbq jxbkzh mb hbmlwbalñk jh mbq axbq hthqhkzbk mb btczbalñk alqzlbkb+ Mbq nlqnbq ahhkalbq tctxmbhq jh mcq nccqboqcmxzbnhkzh b xk nbihk jhm qlqzhnb amâqlac- `bk qljc xkb lntczbkzh exhkzh jh mb nhjlalkb tctxmb hqtbòcmb+ Mb ahhkalb hk hm nbm jh cgc txhjh jhohqh bm ackzbazc ack mcq âbohq- c olhk txhjh hthqhkzb xkb bkzhlc lkemxhkalb nhjlzhâkhb+ N+ Ecqzh hk  _h mb a lc kh q h kz rh  Mbzlkcb  Mbz lkcbnhr nhrlab labkb+ kb+

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Hq acn÷k hkackzb hm thjcnlklc jh jhzhnlkbjbq abbazhîqzlabq ihkhbmhq+ Mb tìjljb jhm bmnb- rxh cabqlckbob hm zhc- mb tcqhqlñk tc mcq nbmcq hqtîlzxq | mbq mhqlckhq abxqbjbq tc mb oxghîb- ehaxhkzhnhkzh hk ecnb jh lkqzxaalñk jh coghzcq- qh ackqljhbobk mbq abxqbq exkjbnhkzbmhq jh mb ebmzb jh qbmxj+ Hq tcobomh rxh mbq hpthlhkalbq hncalckbmhq- rxh hk mb bazxbmljbj- qh ackqljhhk mb abxqb jh mbq hkehnhjbjhq acnc mb uhiýhkwb- hm nlhjc- mb jhqlmxqlñk- mb lb- mb hkuljlb c hm jhqhc- `b|bk thqlqzljc hk xkb nhjljb ackqljhbomh jhqjh mcq zlhntcq bkzhlchq b mb ackrxlqzb+ Mcq a`bnbkhq | mcq `ha`lahcq xzlmlwbobk nxa`bq zìaklabq tbb axb7 nhjlalkbq hmbocbjbq b tbzl jh `lhobq- hkhnbq- qxaalckhq-

nbqbghq- lkucabalckhq jh mcq hqtîlzxq | jhnâq+ Tcobomhnhkzh- qx acnthkqlñk jh mbq abxqbq | jh mbq axbq jh mbq hkehnhjbjhq kc hb nx| lkehlc b mb rxh qh zhkîb hk hm hqzc jhm nxkjc+ Hkackzb mbq nlqnbq bazlzxjhq oâqlabq hqthazc hq thazc b mb qbmxj | mb hkehnhjbj`bah thkqb hk mbq nlqnbq abxqbq jh mbq hkehnhjbjhq- xkb oxhkb tbzh jh mbq hkehnhjbjhq ¦tctxmbhq¶ qh jhkcnlkbk jh mb nlqnb ecnb |- hk zcjbq tbzhq- qh hkaxhkzbk qlnlmbhq nhjlabnhkzcq | zìaklabq axbzlubq+ Hk ibk nhjljb- hqzb `cncihkhljbj qxih jh mb abql xkluhqbm ahhkalb hk mb ljhb `ltcaâzlab jh mbq axbmljbjhq jh eîc | abmlhkzh- lk`hhkzh b mb kbzxbmhwb- | mb ljhb nhkcq bzlaxmbjb jh mcq `xnchq bqcalbjcq ack mbq hkehnhjbjhq+ Hqzh zbobgc hq xk bkâmlqlq hptmlabzluc jhqjh mb thqthazlub qcalcmñilab- rxh thzhkjh cehah xkb ulqlñk ihkhbm jh bmixkbq tâazlabq zbjlalckbmhq ”kcalubq„- hk tbzlaxmb mb Nxzlmbalñk Ihklzbm Ehnhklkb (NIE,- zbnolìk ackcaljb acnc alaxkalqlñk ehnhklkb c aczh jh mcq ihklzbmhq ehnhklkcq- txhqzc rxh thqhkzb nâq ackqhaxhkalb khibzlub rxh mb alaxkalqlñk nbqaxmlkb- tc mc rxh kc qh jhqhqzlnb mb hplqzhkalb h lntczbkalb jh hqzb ÷mzlnb+

Mbq zrbjlalckhq hk hm ackzhpzc nxkjlbm | jhm qxojhqbrrcmmc berlabkc7 mcq trcomhnbq jh qbmxj Bxkrxh nxa`bq zbjlalckhq qluhk jh btc|c- ac`hqlñk | xkljbj qcalbm- czbq baz÷bk tcjxalhkjc behazbalckhq hk mb qbmxj eîqlabtqlacmñilab | mb lkzhiljbj jh mb acnxkljbj- tbzlaxmbnhkzh mbq klòbq | nxghhq+ Mb NIE qh hkaxhkzb hkzh mbq tâazlabq axmzxbmhq nâq tczhiljbq | hbmlwbjbq hk Âelab |- zbm acnc qh nhkalckb bkzhlcnhkzh- `b haloljc obqzbkzh lkzhìq hk mcq ÷mzlncq bòcq+ Qh tbazlab hk uhlkzlca`c tbîqhq belabkcq- bqî acnc hk bmixkcq tbîqhq âbohqâbohq - hk Bqlb | hk acnxkljbjhq jh lknlibkzhq bjlabjcq hk HxctbBxqzbmlb | Hqzbjcq Xkljcq+ Hm qliklelabjc h lntczbkalb jh mb alaxkalqlñk ubîbk qhi÷k mbq qcalhjbjhq- ihkhbmnhkzh qh ackqljhb acnc thqalzb tc mbq hmlilckhq- qlk txhobq ackahzbq+ Tc czb tbzh- nxa`b ihkzh ackqljhb hqzb tâazlab acnc xk lntczbkzh lzc jh lklalbalñk b mb ackjlalñk jh nxgh+ Hk czbq qcalhjbjhq- qh q h ahh rxh jlqnlkx|h hm jhqhc qhpxbm ehnhklkc- ibbkzlwbkjc bqî mb ulilkljbj h lntljlhkjc mb tcnlqaxljbj h lkeljhmljbj jh mb nxgh6 ackqzlzx|h xk nhjlc tbb ackzcmb mb qhpxbmljbj jh mbq nxghhq- zbnolìk qh ahh rxh hqzìzlabnhkzh hq nâq bibjbomh- b|xjb b thqhub mb `lilhkh |

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bahalhkzb mb ehaxkjljbj- bqcalbjb hkzckahq acnc hqzhhczltc- tc mc rxh mcq `cnohq txhjhk `bqzb khibqh b abqbqh ack xkb nxgh rxh kc hqzì alaxkaljbjb+ Hqzb tâazlab `b bzbîjc mb bzhkalñk nxkjlbm jholjc b mbq ibuhq hthaxqlckhq khibzlubq rxh zlhkh qcoh mb qbmxj | hm olhkhqzb jh klòbq | nxghhq6 qlk hnobic- nxa`bq uhahq- mbq zhkzbzlubq tc ncjlelabmb qck ulqzbq ack hqhubq- jxjbq | `cqzlmljbj tc tbzh jh mcq rxh mb tbazlabk+ Hk hqzbq qcalhjbjhq- mhq hqxmzb lkbahtzbomh babob ack qxq zbjlalckhq- txhq jla`bq tâazlabq ackqzlzx|hk xkb tbzh lkzhibm jhm alamc ulzbm jh mb qcalhjbj- | nxa`bq thqckbq hk Âelab tlhkqbk rxh hm bobkjckc jh mb alaxkalqlñk hq lixbm b xk jhqcjhk- c xkb thzxobalñk qcalbm+ Hplqzhk zhq ibkjhq zltcq jh nxzlmbalñk ihklzbm ehnhklkb . Mb 2b hq mb ombqzcklamîzclq- axbkjc qh aczb hm amîzclq- | zlhkh acnc coghzluc `bah b mb nxgh nhkcq qhkqlomh+ . Mb ?jb- mb ombqzcklamlzclq- hk mb rxh bjhnâq qh aczbk mcq mbolcq nhkchq jh mcq ñibkcq ihklzbmhq jh mb nxgh- qlhkjc ìqzb mb nâq tbazlabjb hk Nbmî+ . Mb 1b- jhkcnlkbjb /lkeloxmbalñk/ ackqzlzx|h mb nâq ibuh jh zcjbq- hq jhal- qh aczbk acntmhzbnhkzh hm amîzclq- mcq mbolcq nhkchq | mb tbzh lkzhkb jh mcq mbolcq nb|chq6 hqzh zltc jh alaxkalqlñk zbh acnc ackqhaxhkalb mb ahbjxb jhm qhpc- jhgbkjc xkb thrxhòb bthzxb tbb thnlzl hm emxgc jh clkb | qbkih nhkqzxbm+

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_hqxnlhkjc mc bkzhlc- mb NIE ackqlqzh hk aczb- zczbm c tbalbmnhkzh- mcq ihklzbmhq hpzhkcq ehnhklkcq tc bwckhq axmzxbmhq c jh czc zltc rxh kc qck nìjlabq+ Hqh aczh ub jhqjh mb hpzltbalñk jhm tmlhixh jh zhgljc rxh haxoh hm amîzclq `bqzb `bq zb mb ecnb nâq hpzhnb+ Mb CNQ hqzlnb hm k÷nhc jh thqckbq ack hqzh tcomhnb hkzh 244 | 21? nlmmckhq jh nxa`ba`bq | nxghhq- | qh abmaxmb rxh jcq nlmmckhq jh klòbq hqzâk qlhkjc nxzlmbjbq abjb bòc+

Mb NIE | qxq lntmlabalckhq qcalbmhq c ackqhaxhkalbq tbrb mb qbmxj Mbq lntmlabalckhq jh hqzbq tâazlabq zbjlalckbmhq qck lkelklzbqthc ackmmhubk nâq ackqhaxhkalbq khibzlubq rxh tcqlzlubq- hkzh mbq rxh alzbhncq7 . Mb `hncbilb (txhjh qh lntczbkzh- `bqzb tckh mb uljb jh mb uîazlnb hk thmlic- b thqb jh rxh mbq mmhubk b ahkzcq jh qbmxj hqthalbmlwbjcq,+ . Hm zìzbkcq (rxh zlhkh xkb nczbmljbj nx| hmhubjb,- bqî acnc czbq lkehaalckhq tcjxazc jh ackjlalckhq lkqbmxohq+ . Ebalmlzb mb tctbibalñk jh hkehnhjbjhq nâq c nhkcq ibuhqzbmhq acnc mbq LZQ | hm h m UL@#QLJB- jholjc bm xqc jh lkqzxnhkzcq kc hqzhlmlwbjcq | xzlmlwbjcq hlzhbjbnhkzh6 hqzbq hkehnhjbjhq txhjhk- ack hm zlhntc- zbh acntmlabalckhq lntczbkzhq hk mb uljb jh hqzbq klòbq- jbjc rxh hqc hq c txhjh bmzhb mb exkalñk jh htcjxaalñk| `bqzb mmhib b qh xk lnthjlnhkzc tbb zhkh `lgcq- rxlzâkjcmhq hm jhha`c jh jlqexzb qx ehnlkljbj- |b rxh qh bmzhb mb nlqnb jxbkzh hm tbzc- qlk qboh axâkzc jcmc hkihkjb b xkb nxgh hm `ha`c jh kc tcjh tcahb+ . Tc czb tbzh- ql mb klòb alaxkjbjb hqabtb b mbq `hncbilbqLZQ- UL@#QLJB- zìzbkcq- txhjh rxh bm ahah- hmmb jhqbcmmh czbq acntmlabalckhq zbmhq acnc thzxobalckhq hk mb nhkqzxbalñk c ahbjxbq jhm qhpc (hkzckahq mb qbkih qb kih jh mb nhkqzxbalñk- acnc kc mmhib b qbml- hkzbòb jcmchq | tcomhnbq nâq nâ q qhlcq,6 c zbnolìk hk bmixkcq abqcq- qh coqhub xkb lkabtbaljbj jh hbmlwb hmbalckhq qhpxbmhq c jcmchq bm `bahmc- acqbq rxh nxa`bq uhahq hkzbòbk tcomhnbq qcalbmhq acnc jlqaxqlckhq ack mb tbhgb- lkeljhmljbj c jlucalc+ . Xkh czb acntmlabalñk (mb nâq ibuh,- rxh qh txhjh thqhkzb b

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hqzbq nxghhq hk hm tbzc- jbjc rxh qxq ñibkcq ihklzbmhq `bk qxeljc nxzlmbalckhq6 kc exkalckbk acnc qh jhoh- bjhnâq jh thjh mb hmbqzlaljbj6 hk bmixkcq abqcq- hm klòc kc mmhib b qbmllnthjljc tc mb alabzlw jh mb nxzlmbalñk- | bmixkcq nxhhk jholjc b rxh kc txjlhck tbqb tc hm abnlkc kcnbm- bxkrxh b uhahq mmhibk b `bahmc- thc ibalbq b hqexhwcq nx| lntczbkzhq jh mb nbjh- rxlhk b qx uhw rxhjb nbabjb tc mb uljb- |b rxh hqc nxa`bq uhahq hkzbòb tcomhnbq hk h k hm nlqnc ñibkc ihklzbm- mcq lòckhq c jhm bkc `bqzb hm btbbzc jlihqzluc- hkzh czcq+ Zcjc hqcmmhib b jhqzxl qx uljb tbb qlhnth- |b rxh qck jleîalmhq jh axb hqzbq nxghhq+

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Tc czb tbzh- hplqzh xkb ackzbjlaalñk hk zckc b mb zbkqnlqlñk jh hqzb tâazlab- hq ehaxhkzh rxh mbq nlqnbq nxghhq qhbk mbq rxh btc|bk ack nâq elnhwb hm tcahqc- jbjc rxh hmmbq caxtbk xk lntczbkzh tbthm hk mb qcalbmlwbalñk | hkqhòbkwb jh mbq zbjlalckhq zb jlalckhq axmzxbmhq |- ihkhbmnhkzh- nxa`cq jh mcq rxh tbazlabk mb NIEmb jhelhkjhk ack exhwb- txhq ackqzlzx|h qx ÷klab exhkzh jh lkihqcq6 qlk hnobic- `b| xk ixtc jh nxghhq rxh hqzâk hk ackzb jh mb NIE- thc zlhkhk nlhjc jh hpthqbmc+

Bxkrxh hthqhkzbk xkb nlkcîb- acntbbjc ack czc ncjc jzbkqnlqlñk- kc jhohncq jhqhqzlnb mb abkzljbj jh thqckbq (qcoh zcjc hk nhkchq, rxh qh lkehazbck tc hm UL@ jhqtxìq jh mb alaxkalqlñk jholjc b ebazchq zbmhq acnc7 2+ Hm mxib jh hqljhkalb- nbq olhk hk mbq wckbq xbmhq (jckjh nâq qh tbazlab,+ ?+ Thehhkalb `balb mcq zbjlalckbmhq tbb hbmlwb mb alaxkalqlñk bm thqckbm rxh zbobgb hk mcq qhulalcq jh qbmxj+ 1+ Hm tcac baahqc b mcq qhulalcq jh qbmxj ebuchah mb tâazlab hk ackjlalckhq tìqlnbq+ :+ Mb xzlmlwbalñk jhm nlqnc lkqzxnhkzc qlk bkhqzhqlb hk jlehhkzhq thqckbq (jh jcq `bqzb jlhw c nâq, n âq, jxbkzh hm lzxbm- rxh hk nxa`cq abqcq qck lkqzxnhkzcq kc hqzhlmlwbjcq6 bjhnâq- hqzcq lkqzxnhkzcq

?9

jhqtxìq jhm xqc qh ixbjbk hk ackjlalckhq nâq c nhkcq axhqzlckbomhq+ Acnc hghntmc ackahzc jh hqzb qlzxbalñkq lzxbalñk- | tc hm zbobgc jh abntc mmhubjc b aboc- qh thqhkzb hm qlixlhkzh abqc rxh thnlzh acnthkjh mc bkzhq hptxhqzc+ Qh jhqaxolñ xkb abjhkb jh akac klòbq (hkzh jcq | ca`c bòcq, lkehazbjbq tc hm UL@ jhqtxìq jh mb alaxkalqlñk- | xkb jh hmmbq jhqbcmmñ bmixkbq acntmlabalckhq jxbkzh mcq qhlq nhqhq rxh qlixlhck6 acnc mcq tbjhq kc zhkîbk nâq ctalñk- mb mmhubck b mcq ahkzcq jh qbmxj+ Lknhjlbzbnhkzh- jhaljlhck rxh `boîb rxh cthbmb- | bkzhq zhkîbk rxh `bah a`hrxhb b mb klòb- tc mc rxh qh qxtc rxh hmmb hqzbob lkehazbjb tc hm UL@- thc mcq tbjhq kc+ Bkbmlwbkjc mb qlzxbalñk- mcq nìjlacq clhkzbck hm a`hrxhc b mb tlnb rxh `boîb qljc alaxkaljbjb bm nlqnc zlhntc rxh hmmbhqxmzbkjc qhctcqlzlub zbnolìk- tc mc rxh oxqabck b mbq jhnâq ack hm coghzluc jh acntmhzb mb abjhkb+ Lklalbmnhkzh- qh `boîbk alaxkaljbjc qhlq- thc xkb jh hmmbq hqzbob lkehazbjb (jh tbjhq qhctcqlzlucq, qlk qbohmc- | hmmb exh alaxkaljbjb hk ?jb tcqlalñk bkzhq jh axbzc klòbq qbkbq- rxlhkhq jhqibalbjbnhkzh babobck qlhkjc lkehazbjbq+ Hk hqzh abqcabq c- qñmc qh qbmuñ jhm UL@ mb 2b+ klòb rxh `boîb qljc alaxkaljbjb bkzhq jh mb lkehazbjb+ B`cb olhk- ³rxì txhjhk hqthb hqzbq klòbq jh mb uljb3 Bjhnâq jh mbq acntmlabalckhq jh mb nlqnb NIE- zhkjâk rxh abib ack czb hkehnhjbj- | mb nâq axhm jh kxhqzcq jîbq+ ³\ añnc abnolb hqzb zlqzh hbmljbj ackqljhbkjc hqzbq hkehnhjbjhq | acntmlabalckhq acnc ahbjbq tc hm `cnoh b tbzl jh qx tctlb axmzxb3 Hm hghntmc bkzhlc kc ackqzlzx|h xk abqc blqmbjc- bkzhq `boîb rxh thkqb hk hm bmabkah jh xkb tâazlab axmzxbm bqhkzbjb | hqtbmjbjb hq tbmjbjb tc qlimcq jh zbjlalñk jh jleîalm qxthbalñk- aboîb thkqb hkzckahq7

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³Rxì hmbalñk ixbjbk mbq zbjlalckhq hqthazc b mb qbmxj jh mbq thqckbq3 ³Añnc ululâk hqzbq ebnlmlbq b tbzl jhm ncnhkzc rxh qxtlhck rxh hmmcq nlqncq mmhubck mbq klòbq b xkb hkehnhjbj lkaxbomh `bqzb hm ncnhkzc3 \ thkqb rxh hmmbq hqzbobk qbkbq `bah tcac- thc hm thqc jh mb zbjlalñk baalckñ hk hqzh abqc acnc xk ebazc jhqhkabjhkbkzh+

Mb zbkqecnbalñk jhm `cnoh hqzâ qcnhzljb b xkb jluhqljbj jh lkemxhkalbq qcalbmhq- hkzh mbq axbmhq mbq axmzxbq- ack xk nbabjc abâazh lkzhkalckbm- tcqhhk hqthalbm lntczbkalb tbb rxh hm lkjluljxc qh jhqbcmmh acnc qh qcalbm- b zbuìq jh mb thqckbmljbj+ Hm nhjlc hq hk hbmljbj- hm rxh tckh hk nba`b tcahqcq jh bqlnlmbalñk hk abmljbj jh ihqzc jhm jhqbcmmc jhm lkjluljxc- c olhk lkemx|h hk hmmcq jh n÷mzltmhq ncjcq hk abmljbj jh ebazchq jh baalñk (acnc mb lkzhbaalñk jh nxa`bq axmzxbq- mbq nlibalckhq- mb hqaxhmb | mb hmlilñk,+ Zbzb jlhazbnhkzh mb tcomhnâzlab jh mb nxzlmbalñk ihklzbm ehnhklkb- kc ackqzlzx|h xk zhnb eâalm- jbjc rxh hm ha`bwc `balb mb nlqnb jh tbzh jh mb ihkzh rxh mb tbazlab- | rxh ihkhbmnhkzhlntckhk qx tcjh hk hm qhkc jh mb qcalhjbj+ Thc |b rxh mb ncjhkljbj `b tcucabjc ibkjhq abnolcq qcalbmhq rxh `bk zbkqecnbjc ackqljhbomhnhkzh mb uljb `xnbkb- hkzh mcq axbmhq qh hkaxhkzbk hm lkahnhkzc jh mbq hkehnhjbjhq (zbm acnc mbq LZQ | hm UL@#QLJB,- mb hpzhkqlñk jh mb jhncabalb jh mbq hmbalckhq qhpxbmhq thnbzlncklbmhq | mb nb|c zcmhbkalb acn c ackqhaxhkalb jh mcq zbo÷hq qhpxbmhq- hm bxnhkzc ibjxbm jh mb hjbj nhjlb tbb ackzbh nbzlncklc | mcq abnolcq hk h k mcq hqzhhczltcq jh mcq cmhq jh mb nxgh | jhm `cnoh hk mb qcalhjbj- hkzh czcqbaz÷bk acnc ebalmlzbjchq hqthazc b mcq abnolcq rxh hqzâk zhklhkjc mxib gxkzc b mb khahqljbj jh hkehkzb mb hbmljbj+ B`cb olhk- b thqb jh mc bkzhq hptxhqzc- acnc hqxmzbjc jh mbq abntbòbq jh qhkqlolmlwbalñk | hjxabalñk jh mb ihkzh- bazxbmnhkzh qh ackqljhb nâq bahtzbomh `bomb ebkabnhkzh jh hqzh hq zh tcomhnb+ Qh `bk txhqzc hk tâazlab tcibnbq tbb comlib b mbq thqckbq rxh hehaz÷bk mb NIE b hbmlwb czbq abhbq- c ncjlelab mb tâazlab- jh nbkhb zbm rxh ìqzb ackqhuh qx lntczbkalb acnc lzxbm jh zbkqlalñk- qlk jbòb b mb klòb+ Mb lkaljhkalb jh mb NIE `b jlqnlkxljc- hqthalbmnhkzh hk mbq wckbq xobkbq rxh olkjbk baahqc b lkecnbalñk qcoh qxq ackqhaxhkalbq kcalubq+ Hk hqzh qhkzljc- xk ixtc jh mhilqmbjchq belabkcq qh hxklñ hk Bjjlq Bohob hk qhtzlhnoh jh 2<<9- ack mb elkbmljbj jh ecnxmb hqzbzhilbq tbb mxa`b ackzb mb tâazlab jh mb NIE hk hm ackzlkhkzh++ Mcq tbzlaltbkzhq hk hm qlntcqlc rxh exh cibklwbjc tc ackzlkhkzh hm Acnlzì Lkzhbelabkc qcoh Tâazlabq Zbjlalckbmhq rxh Behazbk b mb Qbmxj jh mbq Nxghhq | mcq Klòcq (LBA tc mb qlimb hk lkimìq,hqtbmjbck xk tmbk tbb babob ack mb nxzlmbalñk ihklzbm ehnhklkb (NIE, hk Âelab tbb hm bòc ?448+

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Hqzh zbobgc ackzlox|h b jhqbcmmb nâq mb tcomhnâzlab achqtckjlhkzh b mb qbmxj | zbjlalñk7 mb hmbalñk hkzh mb Nxzlmbalñk Ihklzbm Ehnhklkc (NIE, c alaxkalqlñk | mb tctbibalñk jh mbq LZQ hk Nbmî- | b bjrxll nâq lkecnbalñk qcoh mb zhnâzlab jh mbq LZQ- hm UL@#QLJB+ B`cb olhk- acnc zcjcq mcq tbîqhq belabkcq- hk Nbmî- tc xk mbjcqh txhjh coqhub xk ibk k÷nhc jh bkbmebohzcq bacntbòbjcq jh hmhnhkzcq zbmhq acnc xkb ackqhubalñk jh mcq ubmchq zbjlalckbmhq.axmzxbmhq- mb NIE- hm qhpc acnc zbo÷- mhkixbqnhkzbmljbjhq- hkzh czcq6 thc zbnolìk- ehkzh b mbq nxzbalckhq c zbkqecnbalckhq qcalcaxmzxbmhq rxh ackcah hm tbîq- bqlqzlncq b xk jhqcjhk hk mbq hmbalckhq jh tbhgb- xkb jhqbtblalñk | jhibjbalñk tcihqlub jh acqzxnohq | ubmchq ìzlacq | axmzxbmhq (zbmhq acnc hm hqthzc nxzxc hk mb tbhgb- mb eljhmljbjeljh mljbj- mb boqzlkhkalbmb cohjlhkalb jh mc qbibjc c hmlilcqc | hm hqthzc jh mcq bkalbkcq,6 hm qhkzljc jh ibzxljbj jhqbtbhah | hm jlkhc qh zbkqecnb hk hm nczc jh mb uljb qcalbm (tcqzlzxalñk (tcq zlzxalñk | acxtalñk,6 mb qcmljbljbj jhgb mxib bm lkjluljxbmlqnc6 mbq jhqulbalckhq qhpxbmhq lkackzcmbjbq rxh zbhk ackqlic hkehnhjbjhq acnc mbq LZQ- hm UL@#QLJBn÷mzltmhq hnobbwcq- boczcq | nczbmljbj lkebkzlm6 hm ackqxnc ackqxn c jh jcibq- bmac`cm hk hpahqc | czcq hqzlnxmbkzhq- acqbq rxh thjlqtckhk bm ha`bwc jh nâq abnolcq+ B`cb olhk- acnc mbq tcqlomhq qcmxalckhq jh hqzb qlzxbalñk (hbmljbj rxh kc qñmc caxh hk Nbmî- qlkc hk zcjcq mcq jhnâq tbîqhq belabkcq,- qh hrxlhh7

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2+ Xkb xihkzh hqzbzhilb tbb jhqbcmmb nâq mb mxa`b ackzb zbm tâazlab- tc xk mmbnbnlhkzc b mcq hqzbjcq belabkcq tbb rxh qh lkzcjxwabk mh|hq hqthaîelabq | kbalckbmhq acntbzlomhq ack mbq kcnbq bqcalbjbq b mb NIE | czbq tâazlabq kcalubq+ ?+ Ahb nhabklqncq ackahzcq ackah zcq tbb mb btmlabalñk jh mb tcmîzlab | mbq mh|hq kbalckbmhq hk ebuc jh mb hmlnlkbalñk jh zcjbq mbq ecnbq jh ulcmhkalb ackzb mbq nxghhq | mcq klòcq+ Bxkrxh ibalbq b mb mboc jh jhehkqb jh mb abxqb mmhubjb b aboc tc ixtcq jh nxghhq | bazlulqzbq hk ebuc jh mcq jhha`cq `xnbkcq- mb NIE `b tbqbjc b caxtb xk mxib hk mb bihkjb tcmîzlab jh nxa`cq Icolhkcq | zbnolìk jh cibklwbalckhq hilckbmhq h lkzhkbalckbmhq+ OìmilabI`bkb- Qxhalb | hm _hlkc Xkljc `bk tcqalzc jluhqbq ecnbq jh NIE- | mcq icolhkcq jhm Qxjâk | Jgloxzl thnlzhk thnlzh k mb amlzcljhazcnîbthc kc mb lkeloxmbalñk+

\ elkbmnhkzh- mb hjxabalñk abtbalzb bqlnlqnc bqlnlq nc b mb nxgh tbb xkb nhgc ihqzlñk jhm nhjlc bnolhkzh ebnlmlb- xkb btmlabalñk nâq bjhaxbjb jh tâazlabq jh `lilhkh | kxzlalñk- xkb xzlmlwbalñk nâq helalhkzh jh mcq qhulalcq qbklzblcq | xkb nb|c `bolmljbj tbb `bah ehkzh b mb abhkalb jh hqzbq ebalmljbjhq+ Acnc hqxmzbjc hq xmzbjc jh zcjc hmmc- mb hjxabalñk jh mb nxgh hqzâ mlibjb b xk jhqahkqc hk mb nczbmljbj lkebkzlm- xkb nb|c hpthazbzlub jh uljb | xkb qbmxj nhgc+ Mb hjxabalñk jh mb nxgh zlhkjh zbnolìk b nhgcb mb abmljbj jh uljb jh mbq ihkhbalckhq exzxbq- bm bxnhkzb mbq tcqlolmljbjhq jh rxh mb nxgh bqhixh b qxq `lgcq xkb qxelalhkzh bqlqzhkalb b mb hqaxhmb- tc mc rxh hmmb khahqlzb baahjh b xkb hjxabalñk | ecnbalñk rxh tbqbk `c| jîb tc mb bmebohzlwbalñk- mb ackzbolmljbj- mb abtbaljbj mbocbm | hm ackcalnlhkzc jh nbzhlbq tcombalckbmhq | ebnlmlbhq+ Qlk hnobic- hqzc kc hq zcjc- xkb bjhaxbjb hjxabalñk | ecnbalñk jhohîb bqlnlqnc jczbmb jh bazlzxjhq- ackcalnlhkzcq | abtbaljbjhq hkabnlkbjbq `baîb xkb tbzlaltbalñk hk mcq tcahqcq jh jhqbcmmc | jh zcnb jh jhalqlckhqzbkzc hk mb ñolzb acnxkbm acnc hk mb kbalckbm+ Mb hjxabalñk jhoh qh comlibzclb- hqzlnxmbjb hq zlnxmbjb | mmhib b zcjcq mcq kluhmhq jh mb qcalhjbj (tcmîzlac- alulm, | b zcjb mb qcalhjbj (lacq | tcohq,- mcibkjc mb ecnbalñk jh ihkzh- abtbahq jh btczb hk mb mxa`b ackzb mbq zbjlalckhq kcalubq+ Bxkrxh `b| rxh mxa`b tc jhqbcmmb nâq mbq wckbq xbmhq- hm Icolhkc jhoh btc|b b mcq hbmlwbjchq jh nhkalckhq bjlbmhq | qtczq zhmhulqlucq- hk mb hmbocbalñk jh ìqzcq tbb rxh hghwbk xkb nb|c n b|c lkemxhkalb hk mb ackjxazb | bazlzxjhq jh mbq thqckbq hk zckc bm zhnb+ Bkbmlwb | hubmxb mb lkaljhkalb jh mcq nhjlcq jh acnxklabalñ acnxklabalñkk nbqlucq acnc bihkzhq qcalbmlwbjchq | acnc nhabklqnc jh thuhkalñk hk hqzh qhkzljc+ Qlk hnobic- hq lntczbkzh mb hbmlwbalñk jh czcq hqzxjlcq nâq tcexkjcq hk axbkzc b mb zhnâzlab tbb jhzhnlkb mcq tcahqcq jh abnolc rxh hqzâk caxlhkjc- | hm lntbazc tbb btczb nâq b mb axmzxb nbmlhkqh | belabkb hk ihkhbm- bqî acnc mcq nhabklqncq jh lkzhthzbalñk jh mbq jluhqbq axmzxbq qlk thjh qx ljhkzljbjtxhq tbb abnolb hqzbq tâazlabq kcalubq qh khahqlzb jh nxa`b lkecnbalñk- acnthkqlñk | qhkqlolmlwbalñk- |b rxh mbq ahhkalbq | zbjlalckhq axmzxbmhq zlhkhk nxa`c thqc | qck tcjhcqbq- tc mc rxh mbq lklalbzlubq tbb abnolbmbq c hmlnlkbmbq jhohk mmhubqh b aboc axljbjcqbnhkzh- tbb rxh mb ihkzh kc mbq mb q ackqljhh acnc xk qlikc jh lnthlbmlqnc axmzxbm- acqbq rxh caxhk nxa`bq uhahq

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acnc hqxmzbjc jh mbq thqlckhq jhm Caaljhkzh+ Xkb hbmljbj hq rxh mcq lkzhkzcq tc ncjlelab hqzbq tâazlabq zbjlalckbmhq khibzlubqtxhjhk qh nâq helabahq axbkjc qh jhqbcmmbk hk hm qhkc nlqnc jh mb axmzxb hk mbq rxh qh tcjxahk+

Olomlcirbeîb Bixlh- Bkihm (HJ+,- Axmzxrb h ljhkzljbj axmzxrbm+ Lkzrcjxaalñk b mb Bkzrctcmciîb- Obahmckb- Hjlalñk Objhkb- 2<<:+ Bkjlbnlbjc- Qhkkhk 6 Bkjlbnlbjc Bkjlbnlbjc UlilklhUlilklh-  Mh Nb ml bx gcxr gcxrj“`x j“`x l:ì ìjlzlckìjlzlck- Mhq ìjlzlckq jx Gbixb+ Bqcalbalñk Kbalckbm jh Xkluhqljbjhq h Lkqzlzxalckhq jh Hjxabalñk Qxthlc- Ackehhkalbq jh xk acmhazluc jh bxzchq- Lkzhkhz- ”Mb Ncjhkljbj„- `zzt7##yyy+bkxlhq+np- Q#E+ Olomlczhab jh Ackqxmzb Nlacqcez- Hkabzb- 2<<1.?44?.?44 1.?44:. ?448+ Acmhazluc jh bxzchq-  Lkzrc jxaa lñk b mb Bkzrc tcmc iîb jh mb Qbmx j Bkâmlqlq  Bkâ mlqlq jh mcq ebaz ebazcrhq crhq axmz xrbm xrbmhq hq - 2<<0+ Jxnckz- M+- /Hqqblq qx m) lkjluljxbmlqnhlkjluljxbmlqnh- Tbîq- Qhxîm- 2<01+ Hnoh- Abcm _+6 Hnoh Nhmulk -  Bkzr  Bkzrctcm ctcm ciîb axmz axmzxrbm xrbm - cazbub hjlalñk- Nbjlj- Thkzlah @bmm- 2<<9+ Ebohibz- A+ Hqzhub-  Hzkl  Hzklbb- hzkl hzklalj aljbj bj | rhmb rhmbalck alck hq lkzh rìzk rìzklabq labq - 2<<0+ Emchkah- Z`cnbq- Nxgh | nhjlcq7 xkb thqthazlub aîzlab- ackehhkalb qlk txomlab- 2<<:+ Iljjhkq- Bkz`ck|- Qcalcmciîb- ?jb hjlalñk- Nbjlj- Bmlbkwb HjlzclbmHjlzclbmQ+ B+- 2<<:+ Ixtc jh bxzchq /m“Hpalqlck hz qhq ackqìrxhkahq/- ?448- Lkzhkhz7 yyy+|b`cc+e @hzla`- Uhcklrxh6 Qh|jcx Fhlzb- Rxhqzlckq jh Tctxmbzlckq bx ?441+

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@chohm H+- Bjbnqck6 Yhbuh - Z`cnbq-  Bkzr  Bkzrctc ctcmciî mciîb b | hpt hpthrlh hrlhkalb kalb `xnbkb6 Obahmckb- Cnhib- Q+ B+ - 2<08

1?

Fczzbf- Ackbj T`lmmlt- Xkb hptmcrbalñk jh mb jluhrqljbj `xnbkb ack zhnbq jh mb axmzxrb `lqtbkb- qhpzb hjlalñk- NaIby.@lmm- 2<<:+ +Nbzî- B+-  Bkzr  Bkzrctc ctcmciî mciîb b jh j h m b qb mxj7 Xkb btrc btrcplnb plnb alñk ihkh bmñi lab2<09+

Nhlh- Bzx- Qcalcmciîb jh mb hjxabalñk- Mb @bobkb- Hjlzclbm jh Alhkalbq Qcalbmhq- 2<0:+ Nlklqzhlc jh mb Qbkzh- ”Tmbk qhazclhm jh Mxzzh ackzh mh Qljb (?448. ?44<,„6 Bcxz ?44:- Nbml+ Nckabjb Qbkzcq- Nbiblzb- Hm tbthm jh mcq ebazcrhq qcalbmhq hk hm zrbzbnlhkzc jh mcq trcomhnbq jh mb qbmxj - Zhqlq jcazcbm- Xkluhqljbj jh Clhkzh- ?44?+ _hemhplñk Gxuhklm- Cibklwbalñk Nxkjlbm jh mb Qbmxj- 2<<5 Ehnbmh Ihklzbm Nxzlmbzlck7 B Gclkz Y@C#XKLAHE#XKETB Qzbzhnhkz + _hulqzb Ambuhq jh _bwñk Trâazlab- Kc+ 85- Caz+ 2<<8+ _hulqzb Axobkb jh Bkzctcmciîb ABZBX_C - Bòc 5#Kc+24#?44:Exkjbalñk Ehkbkjc Czlw- @bobkb+ Z`cnbq- M+ U+6 Mxkhbx _+-  Mb zhrrh berla blkh hz qhq rhml rhmlilck ilck q (?hnh hjlzlck,- Tblq- m“@bnbzzbk- 2<05+ Zcxblkh- Bmblk- ³Rxì hq xkb qcalhjbj nxmzlaxmzxrbm3 Ebmqcq | uhrjbjhrcq trcomhnbq+

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