G325A GENDER EQUALITY: INDISPENSIBLE ELEMENT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP ABSTRACT
Mainstream economic analysis assumes that economic opportunity and outcome are equally and evenly distributed across social segments, including the gender. The reality is, however, not so. There are various factors which inhibit equality oriented outcomes e.g. patriarchy and masculinity engender gender discrimination and injustice and, thereby, inhibit growth of women capacity building and empowerment, including entrepreneurship. Gender inequality, in turn, remains a serious limitation of economic growth and development and keeps women powerless and backward. Women Women own own only a little of economic assets, have less consumption entitlements, lack access to economic opportunities, and lag far behind in social and political arena. The issue of gender equality can be solved to a great etent through considerate policy regimes favouring women empowerment and entrepreneurship. The paper, while discussing the issue from various angles like entrepreneurship, empowerment, and feminism, ends with policy suggestions aimed at development of mass level women entrepreneurship in the developing societies like ours. INTRODUCTION
!ndian Women have proven their great potential as successful entrepreneur. "ome !ndian women entrepreneurs today lead the biggest shipping companies, trading and eport houses, brewing plants, plastic factories and electronic establishments. Garment and handicrafts eport are primarily in the hands hands of women entrepreneurs. The #th $conomic census gave out the figures pertaining to total number of establishments owned by women entrepreneurs entrepreneurs was %.&' million ()*.+#-. ()*.+#-. These establishments establishments provided provided employment to )*.' million persons ()&./-, out of which %*.)0 were without hired workers. workers. 1bout 1bout %%.% %%.% of the workers workers were employed employed in the establishments establishments hiring less than )& workers. Total number of "elf 2elp Groups ("2Gs- were &.)0 million out of which all women 3wn 1ccount $stablishments were %0. %0 .)
1 6th Economic Census
G325A 4ertain barriers to understanding why there are lesser number of women entrepreneur in india are to be understood at three basic levels. These levels being as follows5 ).6rocess, 6ractices 7 6olicies of $ntrepreneurship 8evelopment in !ndia /.
Gender status in the contemporary scenario and the way it hinders the
entrepreneurship emergence, functioning and its growth *.
6olicy and public intervention for reduction of barriers to equality in entrepreneurship
Process, Practices Po!icies o" E#tre$re#e%rs&i$ De'e!o$(e#t i# I#)ia
6rocess, 6ractices and 6olicies of $ntrepreneurship development in !ndia has a national movement in the early )0+& the integration of internship development approach you want come pricing in mechanism )- "imulator /- "upport *- "taining activities Through eperimentation the entrepreneurship development programme commonly known as the $86 programme aims to facilitate the individuals with both aspects of 6ost training and pre training of various kinds of work. $ach year
approimately ) million prospective
entrepreneurs, business persons and individuals train to grasp and understand the delicacies of being an entrepreneur for the past *& years both my government organisations, thousands of 9G3 and :3 for all categories that included women, educated, unemployed, rural, poor, e;service men, students and artisan. Main purpose of such entrepreneurship development programme was too widen the base of entrepreneurship by developing, achieving motivation and entrepreneur skills among the less privileged sections of the society. 1ccording to <6 "ingh()0%'-/ =$nterpreneurship development is designed to help an individual in strengthening his entrepreneurial motives and acquiring skills and capabilities necessary for playing his entrepreneurial role effectively. !t is necessary to promote this understanding of motives and their impact on entrepreneur real values and behaviour for this purpose now we can easily define it as a planned effort to 2 JP Singh on Entrepreneurship in India.
G325A identify, inculcate and develop abilities and skills as a pre requisites of a person to become and behave as an entrepreneur> Ge#)er
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The contemporary discourse has created the modern world, with improving the status of women but in !ndia /&&& years ago women have enjoyed a high status, Gargi, Maitri and other woman of :edic ?ore illustrated the high status of !ndian women enjoyed in ancient times. @eminist "cholars abroad not !ndians have recently come studying how the traditions have enabled women in !ndia to participate in the public domain contrary to the country traditions in the West where women are only limited to household and livestock. *
. Workforce5 8ue to poor economic conditions, most kids are forced to enter the industrial world as child labour, so as to maintain their family. 2owever female kids are paid less than males for the same amount of work due to a sense of Gender !nequality. ?awful !nheritance5 Most legal heirs are "ons, whereas daughters share is disregarded. $ven though the "uccesion 1ct 1mendment in /&&', gave way to a vested right for daughters in not just ancestral property but self acquired property as well. $ven though the law, says so it has not yet been fully implemented. !f such law was implemented diligently the females would have a solid ground for backing up their loans and becoming successful entrepreneurs. Po!ic* a#) $%-!ic i#ter'e#tio# "or re)%ctio# o" -arriers to e.%a!it* i# e#tre$re#e%rs&i$
3 Gender Status of omen in Contemporar! India "! #andini Chami
G325A $
!n !ndia, the Micro, "mall 7 Medium $nterprises development organisations, various "tate "mall !ndustries 8evelopment 4orporations, the 9ationalised banks and even 9G3s are conducting various programmes including $ntrepreneurship 8evelopment 6rogrammes ($86s- to cater to the needs of potential women entrepreneurs, who may not have adequate educational background and skills. The 3ffice of 84 (M"M$- has also opened a Women 4ell to provide coordination and assistance to women entrepreneurs facing specific problems. ' There are also several other schemes of the government at central and state level, which provide assistance for setting up training;cum;income generating activities for needy women to make them economically independent. "mall !ndustries 8evelopment Aank of !ndia ("!8A!- has also been implementing special schemes for women entrepreneurs. !n addition to the special schemes for women entrepreneurs, various government schemes for M"M$s also provide certain special incentives and concessions for women entrepreneurs. @or instance, under 6rime MinisterBs CoDgar Eojana (6MCE-, preference is given to women beneficiaries. The government has also made several relaations for women to facilitate the participation of women beneficiaries in this scheme. "imilarly, under the M"$ 4luster 8evelopment 6rogramme by Ministry of M"M$, the contribution from the Ministry of $ %inistr! of omen and Chi&d 'e(e&opment) Go(ernment of India 5 %inistr! of *r"an 'e(e&opment) Go(ernment of India
G325A M"M$ varies between *&;%& of the total project in case of hard intervention, but in the case of clusters owned and managed by women entrepreneurs, contribution of the MFo M"M$ could be upto 0& of the project cost. "imilarly, under the 4redit Guarantee @und "cheme for Micro and "mall $nterprises, the guarantee cover is generally available upto +' of the loans etended however the etent of guarantee cover is %& for M"$s operated andF or owned by women. "ome of the special schemes for women entrepreneurs implemented by the government bodies and allied institutions are provided below. •
"chemes of Ministry of M"M$
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"chemes of Ministry of Women and 4hild 8evelopment
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"chemes of Herala "tate WomenBs 8evelopment 4orporation
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Herala GovernmentBs Women !ndustries 6rogramme
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8elhi GovernmentBs "tree "hakti 6roject
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"chemes of 8elhi 4ommission for Women (Celated to "kill development and training-
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!ncentives to Women $ntrepreneurs "cheme, /&&%, Government of Goa
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Magalir Idavi "cheme, 6udhucherry Government
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@inancing "chemes by AanksF @inancial !nstitutionJs # SUMMARY CONCLUSION
"tudies on the topic of gender inequality in entrepreneurship including $86 studies that have eamined the rate of entrepreneurship in the past *& years have revealed a consistent result, the rates of women entrepreneur are lower than the men. !n a country like !ndia where only )*.%# percent of the enterpreneurship population is consistent of women which are even engaged in small scale businesses are more than enough to prove that the woman in !ndia dislike in enterpreneurship rules these findings have been @orce the eplanation for womenJs 6 %inistr! of omen and Chi&d 'e(e&opment) Go(ernment of India
G325A entrepreneur really inferiority as a result arising out of social and economic eclusion and the lack of equality whose influence tends to grow stronger in times of economic crisis.
