FIZIOLOGIA APARATULUI DIGESTIV
Aparatul digestiv aprovizioneaza organismul cu substante nutritive: apa, vitamine, sarurui minerale. El se interpune intre mediul intern si cel extern. Este format din tub digestiv si organe anexe. Tubul digestiv este alcatuit din: - cavitatea bu bucala; - faringe; - esofag; - stomac; - inte intest stin in subt subtir iree ( duode duoden, n, jej jejun un,, ileo ileon) n);; - intest intestin in gros (cec, (cec, colon colon ascend ascendent ent,, colon colon transver transvers, s, colon colon descen descenden dent, t, colon sigmoid si rect) Orga Organe nele le anex anexee sunt sunt:: limb limba, a, dint dintii ii,, glan glande dele le cu secr secret etie ie exte externa rna (salivare,pancreas si ficat). Peretele tubului digestiv este format din 4 tunici: mucoasa, submucoasa, musculara si adventice. 1. mucoasa (spre interior) – formata din celule epiteliale ce difera de la o regiune la alta; musculat ura mucoasei a carei contractie formeaza forme aza pliurile mucoasei; - musculatura 2. submucoasa cu tesut conjunctiv, glande, fibre nervoase si vase de sange. 3 .Stratul muscular din doua componente: - Musculatura circulara spre interior, de 3-5 ori mai groasa decat musculatura longitudinala dispusa spre exterior. conjunctiv dispus la suprafata. 4. Adventicea – (tunica externa) un invelis conjunctiv
Componenta abdominala a tubului digestiv este acoperita de seroasa peritoneala avand o foita parietala aplicata pe peretele abdomenului si una viscer viscerala ala ce inconj inconjoar oaraa stomac stomacul, ul, intest intestinu inull subtir subtire, e, colonu colonull transv transvers ers si sigmoid si se continua cu mezenter care contin vase de sange si nervi. Peri Perito tone neul ul trec trecee pest pestee colo colonu null asce ascend nden entt si desc descen ende dent nt si pest pestee pancreas (organe retroperitoneale) Vascularizatia provine din: - Aorta descendenta pentru organele din abdomen (splanhne); - aorta abdominala prin: trunchiul celiac artera mezenterica superioara; artera mezenterica inferioara;
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artera hiogastrica.
Intoarcerea venoasa se face prin: - vena porta care se varsa in capilarele sinusoide ale ficatului; - vena centro-lobulara; centro-lobulara; - venele suprahepatice suprahepatice; - vena cava inferioara. In acest fel, in calea substantelor absorbite se gaseste ficatul care prin celulele reticulo-endoteliale – celulele Kapfer, opreste microorganismele si particulele straine patrunse pe cale digestiva. Ficatul opreste si prelucreaza ½ - 2/3 din substantele absorbite. Circulatia splanhnica se intensifica in timpul digestiei deoarece: - unii unii hormoni hormoni secret secretati ati in timpul timpul diges digestie tieii produc produc vasodil vasodilata atatie tie (CCK, (CCK, gastrina, VIP, secretina); - in timp timpul ul acti activi vita tati tiii secr secret etor orii ii se form formea eaza za brad bradik ikin inin inaa – subs substa tant ntaa vasodilatatorie; - in timpu timpull dige digest stie ieii se consu consuma ma oxige oxigen n – scad scadee pres presiu iune neaa oxig oxigen enul ului ui ceea ce produce vasodilatatie. produc ucee vaso vasodi dila lata tati tiee indi indire rect ct prin prin stim stimul ular area ea Parasimpaticul prod activitatii glandelor. produc ucee vaso vasoco cons nstr tric icti tie, e, dar dar tesu tesutu tull scap scapaa repe repede de de Simpaticul prod aceasta actiune prin factorii vasodilatatori rezultati din metabolism. Constrictia venelor din teritoriul splanhnic sub actiunea SNS (sistem nervos simpatic) indreapta sangele spre teritorii cu importanta vitala in situatii cum ar fi socul hemoragic (se pot mobiliza 200-300 ml de sange). este asig asigur urat ataa in primu primull rand rand de SNE SNE (sis (siste temu mull nerv nervos os Inervatia este enteric). SNE este reprezentat de cele 2 plexuri: (vegetati ativ) v) -situa -situatt intre intre cele cele 2 stratu straturi ri mienteric sau Auerbach Auerbach (veget 1. mienteric musculare circular si longitudinal. 2. submucos sau Meissner (vegetativ) situat in submucoasa. SNE e format din cca 100 milioane de neuroni (aproximativ numarul neuronilor din maduva spinarii) si prelungirile lor amielinice. Neuronii sunt:
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Neuronii senzitivi (1/3) trimit dendritele spre mucoasa si spre muschi. Ele (dendritele) joaca rol de receptori fiind excitate de distensie, tact, factori chimici din compozitia chimului. Stimulii sunt transmisi direct sau prin inmtermediul neuronilor efectori. Neuronii efectori (motori) din din plex plexul ul mien miente teri ricc trimi trimitt axon axonii ii spre spre muschii celor doua straturi, determinand contractia lor. Neuro Neuronii nii efecto efectori ri din plexul plexul submuc submucos os inerve inerveaza aza glande glandele, le, celule celulele le endocrine, epiteliile si vasele de sange comandand vasoliditatia. Neuronii din SNE elaboreaza un numar mare de mediatori chimici cum ar fi: Acch Acch (aceti (acetilch lcholi olina) na),, NA (norad (noradren renali alina) na),, seroto serotonin nina, a, Substa Substanta nta P, somatostatina, VIP, neurotensina, bombezina, encefalina, NO etc, unii cu actiune incomplet elucidata (Acch si VIP – vasodilatatie, Acch, substanta P – contractie musculara, VIP si NO – relaxare musculara) etc. SNE este cel care regleaza activitatea aparatului digestiv. Asupra lui se exercita influenta din partea sistemului nervos vegetativ (SNV). Parasimpaticul Este reprezentat de nervii vagi si nervii pelvici. Nervii vagi au originea in nucleul dorsal al vagului din bulb. Cel de-al 2-lea neuron se gaseste in SNE- neuronul efector din plexuri. Nervii pelvici au originea in maduva sacrala (S2-S4). Al doilea neuron se afla in plexuri. Sistemul nervos simpatic (SNS)
SNS are primul neuron in coarnele laterale al maduvei spinale (T2-L5), axonul acestuia prin nervii splanhnici strabat ganglionii paravertebrali. Al 2-lea neuron este situat in ganglionii prevertebrali: celiac, mezenterici, hipogastric. Axonii acestui neuron ajung in plexuri unde: - unii unii inhi inhiba ba activi activitat tatea ea neuron neuronilo ilorr efec efector tori; i; - altii altii produc produc vasocon vasoconstr strict ictie ie sau influen influentea teaza za negativ negativ direc directt activita activitatea tea musculara. Simpati Simpaticul cul stimul stimuleaz eazaa contra contracti ctiaa muscul musculatu aturii rii mucoas mucoasei. ei. In genera generall reduce activitatea digestiva. La nivelul SNE se inchid reflexele scurte , locale de reglare a activitatii
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SNE participa participa si la realizare realizarea a unor reflexe lungi ce se inchid in axul cerebro-spinal (de ex. de defecatie – in maduva; vago-vagal – in nucleul dorsal din bulb) aceasta deoarece nervii vegetativi (vagi, pelvici) pe langa fibre eferente are si foarte multe fibre aferente, (senzitive). Aceste fibre senzitive au corpul neuronal in ganglionul atasat nervului, dendrita ajunge la mucoasa sau musculatura jucand un rol de receptor sau face sinapsa cu un neuron senzitiv din plex. Stimul Stimulul ul ajunge ajunge in nucleu nucleull din axul axul cerebr cerebro-s o-spin pinal al unde unde se inchid inchidee reflexul.
FUNCTIILE APARATULUI DIGESTIV
aparatul ul digest digestiv iv fragme fragmente nteaza aza si transp transport ortaa Functie Functie motorie motorie – aparat alimentele; 2. Functie secretorie - secreta sucurile digestive necesare digestiei; Functia de digestie digestie – sucurile contin enzime ce degradeaza prin 3. Functia hidroliza principiile alimentare in componente simple; Functia ia de absor absorbti btiee – comp compon onen ente tele le simp simple le sunt sunt trec trecut utee prin prin 4. Funct peretele digestiv in mediul intern. realiz izat ataa de glan glande de.. Pe toat toataa supr supraf afat ataa Functia Functia secretori secretoriee – e real mucoasei digestive sunt bilioane de glande unicelulare, celule mucoase care care secre secreta ta mucu mucuss cu rol rol de prot protec ecti tiee si de favo favoriz rizare are a alun alunec ecari ariii continutului digestiv ca si de formarea bolului din cavitatea bucala si din colon. In submucoasa submucoasa se gasesc glande tubuloase ce secreta secreta pe langa langa mucus si enzime. In afara tubului digestiv exista glannde anexe: - Salivare (seroase, mucoase, mixte); - pancreas; - ficat. Secretiile sunt declansate de actiunea unor substante specifice : 1. produsi ai secretiei neurocrine; 2. produs produsii ai secre secretie tieii endocri endocrine; ne; 3. produs produsii ai secre secretie tieii paracri paracrine. ne. 1.
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regiuni stimuleaza secretiile, dar actiunea e tranzitorie deoarece produce vasoconstrictie. 2. Produsii endocrini sunt hormoni, se varsa in sange si transportati prin sange ajung la locul de actiune. elaborati in vecinatate vecinatateaa celulelor celulelor secretoare secretoare 3. Produsii paracrini sunt elaborati ajungand la ele prin difuziune. Subs Su bsta tant ntel elee ce stim stimul ulea eaza za secr secret etia ia se nu nume mesc sc secr secret etog ogog oge. e. Ele actioneaza printr-unul din urmatoarele doua mecanisme: - dupa dupa interac interactiu tiunea nea cu recept receptoru orull activea activeaza za adenilc adenilcicl iclaza aza,, se formeaza formeaza cAMP care actioneaza prin proteinkinaze, enzime ce fosforileaza deci activeaza diferite procese; - dupa interactiune cu receptorul activeaza fosforilaza C din membrana, care care prin prin fosf fosfor oril ilar aree acti active veaz azaa fosf fosfat atid idil il-i -ino nozi zito tolu lu rezultand inozotoltrifosfatul. Acesta mobilizeaza Ca ++ din depozite si stimuleaza transportul transmembranar de Ca ++ . Materialul necesar secretiei provine din sangele capilar iar energia – din scindarea ATP. Mecanismul secretiei Substantele proteice sunt sintetizate pe ribozomi, trecute in reticolul endopl endoplasm asmati aticc si transp transport ortate ate la aparat aparatul ul Golgi Golgi unde unde se desava desavarses rseste te sinteza. Sunt inconjurate inconjurate de membrana membrana si depozitat depozitatee sub forma de vezicule la extremitatea apicala a celulei. Eliminarea se face la sosirea stimulului cand creste permeabilitatea pentru Ca ++ , patrundere patrundereaa Ca++ determina fuzion fuzionare areaa vezicu veziculel lelor or cu membra membrana na apical apicala, a, rupere rupereaa membra membranei nei si eliminarea continutului veziculei in lumenul glandei (exocitoza) . Apa si sarurile, dupa una din teorii se elibereaza astfel: La sosirea stimulului creste permeabilitatea membranei pentru Cl, care patrunde in celula celula.. Negati Negativit vitate ateaa din celula celula atrage atrage ionii ionii poziti pozitivi, vi, creste creste presiu presiunea nea osmotica din celula, ceea ce atrage apa prin osmoza. In celula creste presiunea, apar mici rupturi ale membranei apicale si continutul de apa si saruri este eliminat in lumenul glandei. Parasim Parasimpat paticu icull stimul stimuleaz eazaa secret secretiil iilee la nivelu nivelull cavita cavitatii tii bucale bucale,, a stomacului, duodenului si portiunii distale a colonului. In intestinul subtire si 2/3 proximale ale colonului secretia e stimulata
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Functia motorie e realizata de musculatura neteda formata din fibre cu lungime de 500 µm si latime de 5-20 µm. Ele sunt aranjate in benzi, fiecare din cateva sute de fibre, intre care trans transmi mite terea rea impu impuls lsul ului ui se face face cu usur usurin inta ta atat atat long longit itud udin inal al cat cat si transversal incat se considera ca unitatea functionala o reprezinta banda si nu fibra fibra muscul musculara ara.. Benzil Benzilee se ramific ramificaa si vin in contac contactt cu benzil benzilee vecine. La nivelul acestor muschi exista o stare de semicontract semicontractie ie continua continua numita tonus , peste care se suprapune contractia fazei. Acea Aceast staa acti activi vita tate te meca mecani nica ca are are la baza baza feno fenome mene ne elec electr tric icee ale ale mambranei . In repaos membrana prezinta un potential de -50 - -60 mV. Acest poten potentia tiall poate poate deveni deveni mai negati negativ v – hiperpolarizare sau sau mai mai puti putin n negativ – depolarizare. Hiperpolarizarea se insoteste de scaderea excitabilitatii, depolarizarea – de crestere. De valoarea acestui potential depinde tonusul. Peste acest fond au loc variatii de potential de 10-15 mV cu o frecventa de 3-12/min care se numesc “unde luate” sau “ ritm electric de baza” (BER). Ele se datoreaza generarii de PA in niste celule interstitiale situate intre cele 2 straturi musculare, intr-un strat cu o grosime de 3-5 celule. Ele Ele elab elabor orea eaza za spon sponta tan n PA. PA. Aces Aceste te celu celule le trim trimit it prel prelun ungi giri ri ce fac jonctiuni cu celulele musculare, prin care transmit PA generand undele lente. Pe partea ascendenta sau pe platoul undelor lente pot apare niste PA. Ele apar cand potentialul de membrana a devenit mai putin negativ de -40mV ce reprezinta pragul electric si sunt cu atat mai frecvente cu cat stimulul care le-a declansat este mai puternic sau depolarizarea mai mare. PA se datoresc deschiderii canalelor lente de Ca ++ . Cum Ca ++ cupleaza excita excitatia tia cu contra contracti ctia, a, apariti aparitiaa PA coinci coincide de cu raspun raspunsul sul mecani mecanicccontractia. Controlul activitatii motorii se face predominant prin SNE, SNV doar o moduleaza. Activitatea motorie fazica e reprezentata de: - misc miscar arii de propu ropuls lsie ie;; - misc miscar arii de de ame amest steecare care
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o contractie contractie a musculaturii musculaturii circulare circulare in sens oral si o relaxare in sens sens ab intestinului). oral , ceea ce propulseaza propulsea za continutul (legea intestinului). Aceasta contractie si relaxare se propaga propulsand continutul pe o distan distanta ta variab variabila ila.. Miscar Miscarea ea perist peristalt altica ica necesi necesita ta integr integrita itatea tea plexul plexului ui mienteric. Miscarile de amestecare se pot datora: - fie prezentei unui sfincter contractat in fata undei peristaltice; fie sunt sunt cont contra ract ctii ii segm segmen enta tare re adic adicaa cont contrac racti tiii ale ale musc muscul ulat aturi uriii - fie circulare circulare ce impart tubul digestiv in segmente, segmente, urmeaza relaxarea lor si contractia musculaturii circulare la mijlocul segmentelor anterioare.
FIZIOLOGIA CAVITATII BUCALE
Cavitatea bucala este formata din : - vestibul , situat intre buze si arcadele dentare; - cavitatea propriuzisa, delimitata de: a) pala palatu tull dur sup super erio ior; r; b) planse planseul ul bucal bucal infe inferio rior; r; c) arcade arcadele le denta dentare re anteri anterioar oare; e; d) orificiul orificiul buco-faringi buco-faringian, an, delimitat delimitat de pilierii pilierii amigdalieni amigdalieni posterior. posterior.
Muco Mucoas asaa aces aceste teii cavi cavita tati ti e form format ataa dint dintrr-un un epit epitel eliu iu pavi pavime ment ntos os stratificat. Scheletul prezinta o parte mobila – mandibula, ale carei miscari se
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c) d)
nervul vag (nX) cu receptorii in mucoasa faringiana si esofagiana, soma in ganglionii jugular si plexiform; nervul trigemen (nV), cu receptorii pentru tact, termici si durerosi din mucoasa cavitatii bucale si cu soma in ganglionul Gasser.
Inervatia secretorie parasimpatica
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Cu punct punct de plecar plecaree din din cent centru rull sali saliva varr supe superi rior or,, prin prin nervu nervull faci facial al,, face face sina sinaps psaa in gang gangli lion onii ii din din hilu hilull glan glande delo lorr subm submax axil ilar aree si subl sublin ingu gual ale, e, fibr fibrel elee post postga gang ngli lion onare are termi termina nand nduu-se se in glan glande dele le respective. Cu punct punct de de plecar plecaree din cent centrul rul saliv salivar ar inferi inferior or din bulb bulb,, prin prin nervul nervul glosofaringian, face sinapsa in ganglionul otic, fibrele postganglionare se termina in glanda parotida.
Inervatia simpatica are primul neuron in coarnele laterale T1 , T2, sinapsa se face in ganglionul cervical superior, fibrele postganglionare in jurul carotidei externe si ramurile sale ajung la glandele salivare.
La nivelul cavitatii bucale are loc: 1. o functie secretorie – secretie salivara; 2. o functie motorie – masicatia. 1. Secretia salivara este produsa de trei perechi e glande exocrine si de
un numar mare de glande unicelulare unicelulare de pe suprafata mucoasei.
Cele trei perechi de glande sunt:
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Acin Aciniii sunt sunt cap captusi tusiti ti cu celu elule pira pirami mida dale le,, avan avand d apex pexul spre spre lumen.Celulele au caracter secretor (prezinta reticul endoplasmatic si aparat Golgi) si granulatii de secretie. Celulele sunt de doua feluri: a) seroase, cu granulatii de zimogen, ce secreta ptialina (amilaza); b) mucoase, cu granulatii de mucinogen, ce secreta mucina. Acinii sunt serosi in glandele parotide, mucosi in glandele sublinguale si micsti in glandele submaxilare. Ductele sunt: a) inte interc rcal alat ate; e; b) b) stri striat ate; e; c) excr excret etoa oare re..
Ductele intercalate si excretoare joaca rol de conducte. Ductele striate sunt marginite de celule cuboidale, inalte cu microvili spre extrem extremita itatea tea lumina luminala, la, cu aspect aspect striat striat spre spre baza baza determ determina inatt de prezen prezenta ta inva invagi gina nati tiil ilor or memb membran ranei ei si a mito mitoco cond ndri riil ilor or ( la fel ca cel cel din din tubu tubull proximal renal). Ductel Ductelee striat striatee partic participa ipa la formare formareaa salive salivei, i, ele lipses lipsescc la glande glandele le sublinguale. Acin Acinul ul si cele cele 3 duct ductee forme formeaz azaa o unit unitat atee morf morfofu ofunc ncti tion onal alaa numi numita ta salivon. Atat in acin cat si in ducte exista celule mioepiteliala cu rolin eliminarea salivei. In citoplasma celulelor acinare exista miofilamente cu acelasi rol. Glandele unicelulare raspandite pe suprafata mucoasei secreta mucus sub actiunea stimulilor locali. Ele sunt mai numeroasa in regiunea palatina si labiala.
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Substantele proteice sunt sintetizate pe ribozomi, transportate prin reticul endopl endoplasm asmati aticc la aparat aparatul ul Golgi Golgi si depozi depozitat tatee sub forma forma de vezicu vezicule le la extremitatea apicala a celulei de unde sunt eliminate in acin prin exocitoza. In ceea ceea ce prives priveste te substa substante ntele le anorga anorganic nice, e, semnal semnalul ul secret secretor or creste creste permeabilitatea pentru Cl la nivelul membranei bazale si laterale. Cl - e transportat activ, ceea ce atrage ionii pozitivi in celula. Creste osmolaritatea ceea ce atrage apa. Creste presiunea in celula, aceasta isi mareste volumul, apar mici rupturi ale marginii apicale prin care se elimina continutul celular in acin. Saliva primara ajunsa in ductul striat isi modifica compozitia. Aici Na + este reabsorbit activ iar K + secretat. Reabsorbtia Reabsorbtia Na+ este este mai putern puternica ica ceea ceea ce determi determina na in interi interioru orull ductului un potential de -70mV. Acest potential determina reabsorbtia pasiva a Cl- . Prin schimb cu Cl dar si printr-un proces activ este secretat HCO 3- . In consecinta, in repaos secretor concentratia in saliva a Na si Cl este scazuta (Na+ 15 mEg/l fata de 142 in plasma), cele ale K + si HCO3- sunt crescute (K + - 30 mEg/L fata de 4 in plasma, HCO 3- 50-70 mEg/L fata de 24 in plasma). Cum reabsorbtia este mai puternica decat secretia iar ductele sunt f.putin per permea meabi bile le pent pentru ru apa, apa, sali saliva va fina finala la este este hipo hipoto tona na ( cu xcep xcepti tiaa cele celeii sublinguale unde nu exista ducte striate). In cres creste terea rea debi debitu tulu luii sali saliva var, r, sali saliva va trec trecee mai mai reped repedee prin prin duct ducte, e, procesele de la acest nivel sunt mai reduse. In exces de aldosteron, care ca si la nivel renal stimuleaza absorbtia de + Na si secretia de K + , ClNa din saliva poate fi redua chiar la zero, iar eliberarea K + creste. Prin ducte se elimina o serie de ioni, fenomen constatat prin injectarea unor ioni radioactivi intr-o artera din apropierea glandei. In ordinea aparitiei:
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Compozitia se modifica cu tipul alimentelor ingerate: - devine devine abun abunden denta ta si apoasa apoasa cand cand se se consum consumaa alimen alimente te uscat uscate; e; - abun abunde dent ntaa in caz cazul ul sub subst stan ante telo lorr acide acide;; - boga bogata ta in in mucu mucuss cand cand se con consu suma ma carn carne. e. Este formata din: - 99,4% apa; - 0,6% 0,6% rezi rezidu du uscat: uscat: 0,2% 0,2% subs substan tante te anorga anorganic nicee 0,4% substante organice. Substantel Substantelee anorganice anorganice sunt saruri de Na, K, sub forma de cloruri, bicarbonati, fosfati. Exista si Ca ++ care creste cu fluxul salivar. In mediul acid Ca ++ e mobilizat din smaltul dentar. In mediul alcalin se formeaza saruri insolubile de Ca ++ dand calculisialolati in ductele salivare. Ca ++ participa si la formarea tartrului dentar. In saliva saliva exista si sulfocian sulfocianat at - forma de eliminar eliminar a ionului ionului CN rezultat rezultat din metabolizarea proteinelor. El are rol antiseptic. Prin saliva se elimina si iod, glandele salivare il concentreaza de 60 de ori (rol necunoscut). Se elimina si Fl- necesar mentinerii integritatii dentare. Substantele organice sunt reprezentate in primul rand de proteine, cele mai importante fiind enzimele: Amila milaza za (ptia (ptiali lina na)) este este o αa αamil milaz azaa ce desf desfac acee lega legatu turi rile le α 1-4 1-4 glicozidice din amidonul sau glicogenul preparate. E activata de Cl - , are pH-ul optim de 6,8 si temperatura optima de 37 0 C.Este activa intre pH 4-11, de aceea isi continua actiunea in stomac pana cand pH-ul bolului scade sub 4.
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Mai exista antigene de grup sanguin care se intalnesc intalnesc la persoanele persoanele secretoare (80%) – sunt glicoproteine. Exista si IgA, anticorp cu rol de aparare impotriva bacteriilor.
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Substante cu rol bactericid : bactericidina – impotriva lactobacilului si a streptococului; lactoferina – ce s-a gasit la persoanele fara carii. Substante azotate neproteice: uree; acid uric; creatinina; aminoacizi; glucoza gluc oza 0-5 mg%; mg% ; acid lactic; lipide : colesterol, colester ol, acizi grasi, gr asi, fosfolipide. fos folipide.
Rolurile salivei
1). Faciliteaza masticatia si deglutitia;
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sali saliva vari ri infe inferi rio ori din din bulb bulb.. Calea eferenta (descrisa anterior) prin nervii facial si glosofaringian.
Reflexul desfasurat pe aceasta cale este parasimpatic si declanseaza o secretie abundenda dar saraca in amilaza. Concomitent se produce vasodilatatie prin badikinina. Sist Sistem emul ul nerv nervos os paras parasimp impat atic ic stimu stimule leaz azaa dezv dezvol olta tare reaa glan glande delo lor r sali saliva vare re,, meta metabo boli lism smul ul lor. lor. Dene Denerv rvar area ea para parasi simp mpat atic icaa duce duce la atro atrofia fia glandelor salivare. Sistemul Sistemul nervos nervos simpatic simpatic stimuleaza stimuleaza secretia amilazei, amilazei, dar secretia secretia este putin abundenta deoarece contracta vasele. Denervarea simpatica nu duce la modificari ale glandelor salivare. Regl Reglar area ea refl reflex ex cond condit itio iona nata ta are are o impo import rtan anta ta redu redusa sa la om. om. E declansat de stimuli care nu au importanta biologica daca acestia se asociaza repetat cu administrarea mancarii. Acesti stimuli capata astfel semnificatie de semnal. Reflexele conditionate se formeaza in timpul vietii, arcul lor reflex fiind completat la nivelul scoartei cerebrale prin stabilirea unei conexiuni tempor temporare are intre intre centru centrull stimul stimululu uluii indife indiferen rentt (vaz, (vaz, auz,et auz,etc.) c.) si proect proectia ia corticala a centrilor salivari.
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2. participarea sistemului limbic e dovedita prin modificari ale secretiei
in timpul reactiilor emotionale. Secretia salivara are si rol endocrin. In saliva se secreta substante biologic activ in functie de specie (de ex. veninul , panza de paianjen etc.) La soareci s-a gasit somatostatina si glucagon. De asem asemeenea nea NGF (fa (factor ctor de cres creste tere re al nerv ervilo ilor in gang anglio lionii nii submandibulari) cu rol in dezvoltarea ganglionilor simpatici si in ser la om. Administrata creste concentratia NA (noradrenalinei) in tesuturi. Serul antiNGF e folosit pentru desimpatizare. Un alt factor, tot la soareci EGF (factor de crestere al epidermei) produce keratiniza keratinizarea rea epidermei, epidermei, fiind necesar necesar pentru eruptia dintilor, dintilor, deschiderea deschiderea fantei palpebrale (deschiderea ochilor la puii de pisica si caine). S-au gasit sialogastrona – un inhibitor al secretiei gastrice, parotina cu rol in metabolismul glucidelor. Azi s-a realizat un extract din glanda parotida, ce usureaza fixarea Ca ++ in oase.
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In timpul masticatiei miscarile sunt combinate. Punctul de sprijin al articulatiei, forta dezvoltata de contractia musculaturii si rezistenta opusa de alimente realizeaza parghii. La mast mastic icat atie ie parti partici cipa pa musc muschi hiii mast mastic icat ator ori, i, in prim primul ul rand rand cei cei mandibulari, care dezvolta forta necesara. Muschi Muschiii auxili auxiliari ari sunt sunt cei ai limbii limbii care plasea plaseaza za alimen alimentel telee intre intre arcadel arcadelee dentar dentaree si muschi muschiii orofac orofacial ialii ce mentin mentin saliva saliva si alimen alimentel telee in cavitatea bucala si le plaseaza intre arcadele dentare. Muschii mandibulari sunt : 1. Ridica Ridicatori tori ai mand mandibu ibulei lei:: - m. maseter; - m. temporal; - m. pte pteri rig goid oidian ian int intern. rn. Coborat ori ai mandibulei ma ndibulei : 2. Coboratori - m. digastric; - m. mil milohioidian; - m. geniohioidian ; - m. pterigoidian extern. Muschi Muschiii sunt sunt inerva inervati ti de ramura ramura mandib mandibula ulara ra a nervul nervului ui trigem trigemen en
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Intervin si mecanoreceptorii de pe suprafata dorsala a limbii si din mucoas mucoasaa palatu palatului lui dur. dur. Stimul Stimulul ul ia calea calea N.trig N.trigeme emen n – nucleu nucleull senzit senzitiv iv mezen mezence cefa fali licc – nucl nucleu eull moto motorr din din punt puntee si se coma comand ndaa cont contrac racti tiaa m. ridicat ridicatori ori si relaxa relaxarea rea celor celor cobora coborator tori. i. Acest Acest reflex reflex protej protejeaz eazaa arcade arcadele le dentare de o supraincarcare. Acti Activi vita tate teaa moto motori riee a mand mandib ibul ulei ei e cont contro rola lata ta si de impu impuls lsur urii propriocep proprioceptive tive din articulati articulatiaa temporo-man temporo-mandibul dibulara. ara. Intre nucleul nucleul senzitiv senzitiv din mezencefal si cel motor din punte exista nucleul supratrigemenal, care este un nucleu integrator al masticatiei. El e stimulat de impulsuri de la presoceptori dar si de la proprioceptori (deci (deci cu semn semnif ific icat atii ii dife diferit rite) e) si are rolu rolull de coor coordo dona nare re a misca miscari rilo lor r complexe de masticatie. Cent Centri riii mast mastic icat atie ieii sunt sunt stim stimul ulat atii si de la nive nivelu lull amig amigda dale lei, i, a hipotalamu hipotalamusului sului ventro-med ventro-medial(ce ial(centrul ntrul satietatii satietatii). ). Hipoglice Hipoglicemia mia produce produce PPSE in muschii ridicatori. Valoarea functionala a masticatiei – pregateste alimentele pt.digestia chimica favorizand contactul cu enzimele. O dantura proasta afecteaza alimentatia prin selectia alimentelor pe criterii mecanice si nu gustative.
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In pereti se gaseste musculatura striata bogat inervata ceea ce permite o fina coordonare a miscarilor in timpul respiratiei, vorbirii, deglutitiei (in deglutitie respiratia se opreste). Timpul Timpul faringi faringian an este este reflex reflex.. Reflex Reflexul ul incepe incepe la contac contactul tul bolulu boluluii alimentar cu receptorii din jurul orificiului buco-faringian(mai ales pilierii amigdalieni). Contractia limbii impiedica refluxul spre cavitatea bucala, ridicarea valului palatului impiedica refluxul spre cavitatea nazala. Trecerea spre trahee e impiedicata de ridicarea laringelui si plasarea lui sub epiglota si de contractia corzilor vocale. Unda Unda perist peristalt altica ica incepe incepe in nazofa nazofaring ringee si parcur parcurge ge faring faringele ele in 1 secunda, sfincterul esofagian superior deschis, permite trecerea bolului in
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care strabate esofagul in 5-10 secunde (lichidele trec in 1 secunda datorita gravitatiei). Sfin Sfinct cter erul ul infe inferi rior or se desc deschi hide de in mome moment ntul ul decl declan ansa sari riii unde undeii peristaltice (prin interventia neuronilor inhibitori mienterici) si continutul esofagian este eliminat in stomac. Daca Daca in esofag esofag au ramas ramas restur resturi, i, in locul locul disten distensie sieii esofag esofagulu uluii se declanseaza o unda peristaltica secudara, pana la completa eliminare a continutului esofagian in stomac. Controlul sfincterului inferior Tonusul de repaus realizeaza o presiune de 30 mm Hg, reglat prin
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corpul stomacului – portiunea verticala; antrul piloric – portiunea orizontala orizontala care se termina cu sfincterul sfincterul piloric – o portiune ingosata a musculaturii circulare gastrice.
Peretele stomacului e format ca tot restul tubului digestiv din: - mucoasa; - submucoasa; - musculatura formata din 3 straturi : circular; • longitudinal; • oblic intern. •
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supraf afat ataa muco mucoas asei ei exfol exfolia iaza za in timp timpul ul Celulele Celulele epitelia epiteliale le de pe supr functionarii normale si sunt inlocuite prin celulele mucoasei ce migreaza din colul glandelor oxintice. Produsul de secretie al acestor glande este sucul gastric – un lichid incolor, transparent sau usor opalescent, in volum de 1-1,5l/24 ore, hipoton (densitate 1002-1005), foarte acid – cu un pH=1,5-2. E format din: - 99% apa; - 1% rez reziduu uscat: 0,6% substante anorganice; 0,4% substante organice.
Substantele Substantele anorganice
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Tributiraza este lipaza ce actioneaza optim la pH peste 4-5, fiind activa la sugari. Ea scindeaza trigliceridele gata emulsionate din alimente ca laptele, smantana, frisca. Are o importanta redusa la adult. Gelatinaza lichefiaza gelatina. Factorul intrinsec Castle este necesar pentru absorbtia vit. B12 . E o glicoproteina secretata de celulele parietale care fixeaza vit. B12, complexul fiind rezistent la digestie. Sub aceasta forma vit. B12 ajunge in ileon unde este absorbita. Eliberarea factorului intrinsec din celulele parietale e stimulata de factorii ce stimuleaza secretia de HCl. Alte substante organice din sucul gastric sunt mucoproteinele care
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anhidr anhidraze azeii carboni carbonice ce forman formand d HCO3 - . Aces Acesta ta difuz difuzea eaza za in afara afara celulei in plasma sanguina in schimbul Cl - . Secretia HCl se insoteste de alcalinizarea sangelui ce vine in contact cu mucoasa gastrica.
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Exprimat in mEg/L in sucul gastric se gaseste sub forma de aciditate libera 15 mEg/L, combinat 25mEg/L, totala 40-60mEg/L. Rolurile HCl
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El inhiba inhiba secret secretia ia de somato somatosta statin tina.P a.Prin rin toate toate aceste aceste actiun actiunii vagul vagul stimuleaza secretia de HCl si pepsinogen. Cale Caleaa refle reflexa xa cond condit itio iona nata ta se expl explic icaa la fel fel ca in cazu cazull secr secret etie ieii salivare .Calea eferenta si aici e reprezentata de N.Vag.
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Substantele acide actioneaza prin determinarea secretiei de secretina care inhiba eliberarea de gastrina si inhiba raspunsul celulelor parietale la gastrina. Substantele acide elibereaza si bulbogastrona cu aceleasi efecte.
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La nivelul corpului stomacului aceste contractii sunt slabe. Ele pun in contact suprafata mucoasei pe care se gasesc enzimele, cu alimentele. Ele au un usor rol de mixare si propulsie . La nivelu nivelull antrul antrului ui pilori piloricc contra contracti ctiile ile devin devin mai putern puternice ice.. Inelel Inelelee
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