CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction As a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award Diploma in Civil Engineering, this student must at least take one session of Industry Training or practical at an organization that have been by the Polytechnic for the student. Industrial training will be progress for five month or twenty two week at the organization where the student taking their practical. Starting from June 2001, all of the polytechnic student at Malaysia Education Ministry have executed the system which giving the entire Polytechnic student ten times credit who doing the Industry Training. I have been accepted by a company name Yung Seng Construction which the Head Quarters was located at the 7th mile, Kota Sentosa. The training session has been progress for five month from the beginning of 01 December 2014 until 17 April 2015. The training session was started at a construction site which was located at Jalan Serian nearest to the and the site project was next close to the UiTM (University Technology Mara Malaysia). 1.2
Industrial Training Objective Industrial training is the most important conditions that required for every
students of Polytechnic Kuching Sarawak before they are eligible to be considered for the award of Diploma. Each student must pass through the training session
1
before being allowed to attend for the next semester. The student who failed shall repeat the training session. 1.2.1
Objective of Industrial Training such as:
Allowed the students to expose to the real environment of
employment. Fostering a sense of working in a team as the member of a company
and to enhance a closer relationship at workplace. Enable the students to observe and compare the connection between
theoretical and practical learning session during the training. To adopt attitudes to comply the company’s rule sand safety
procedures during the training. Improving the trustworthy between the officer and responsibility character of the students during the training.
1.3
The important of industrial training to student The industrial training program is a part of the curriculum in Polytechnic Kuching Sarawak which every student can gain the experiences and knowledge during their training session. It also can help to improve the knowledge and self-confidence level of students into the future employment. 1.3.1 The important to student such as: The student can discipline themselves in matters that relating to
the
employment
for
example:-
attendance,
timeliness,
perseverance, interested for the work done, accepted and carried out the instructions properly. Enable the students to have good communication skills to help themselves to adapt to a given task and also can improving the quality of work based on the work experiences. The students can gain more information from a company that they signed up. Therefore, they are able to learn the different theory and help them to practice the knowledge or works. Enable the students to improve the self-learning during the industrial training.
2
Students can learn and practice the new knowledge where they can gained from the company based on learning acquired then they might compared for their studies session at the class.
3
CHAPTER 2 : COMPANY BACKGROUND & ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE 2.1 Yung Seng Organization Background There are specialized in residential housing development. The management foresees the potential market in Muara Tuang district, leading the company to develop vigorously and enthusiastically in the Muara Tuang district over the year. In later year, the development focuses and expand at the new Unimas are (UniGarden). There are also developments in Mukah Division. The various projects have gain enormous success, although a lot challenges and difficulties were face throughout. The life-long Learning process is applied in our company where we always work hard to gain success, to learn from the society, and keep up with advancement of the technology. Throughout, the home design has been consistently upgraded to meet the demand and desire for a better home in coincidence with the progress of the development and improvisation. We continue to implement “serving the best house” spirit and heading towards the motive. Whereas, the management implements strategies that are best to control and maintain the quality wise of our housings. By carefully selecting the raw materials, paying attention to the details of the construction work, and with the after-sale service, we believe that we are ever ready in serving our customer the best house that they after.
4
FIGURE 1.1 : Map showing Yung Seng Construction Sdn. Bhd
2.2
FIGURE 1.2 : Map showing Taman Berlian. Vision & Mission The company’s mission is to deliver the highest customer satisfaction, quality
residential housing through continuous improvement and learning process and hearing the customer feedback. We try our best to provide house that fulfill the requirements of the general public, ensure that they are within customer budget, affordable dream house at 5
minimal cost with the best quality, ranging from single-storey terrace house type B to the high-end-semi-detached house.
2.3
Company Structure
Sumbangan Aneka SDN BHD
2001) Yung Seng Construction SDN BHD (604388-H, established in 22nd January
2003) Yeshome Development SDN BHD Berlian Stabil SDN BHD APT Growth SDN BHD Bandar Riyal SDN BHD Evergreen Icon SDN BHD
(554126-X, registered in 23th July
(594500-X) (840014-U) (718020M) (610273T) (718020M)
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2.4 Organization Structure Map
Account Department Sales Department OFFICE
Purchasing Department
DIRECTOR
Quantity Surveyor Administration Enginner MANAGER
Site Supervisor Maintaince SITE
Mechanic Lorry Driver Other Excavator
STORE
CHART 2.1 : Organization Structure Map
7
2.5
Units House Built Each Year 500 450 400 350 300
Unit Of HOuse Buit 250 200 150 100 50 0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Year
CHART 2.2 : Units of House Built Each Year 2.6
Overview of Project
PROJECT Yung Seng Garden (Kuching) Yeshome Garden Yung Seng Garden (Mukah) Merdang Garden APT Garden Uni Garden Merlin Garden Merbau Garden Merdang Baru Entingan Garden Merbau Baru Taman Bukit Berangan TOTAL
UNIT OF HOUSI NG
PHASE 1
2
3
4
123
52
71
67
67
222
39
45
41
97
161 115 1019 294 88 123 55 69
40 115 87 66 88 63 55 69
53
52
16
106 29
86 199
180
72
72
60
2408
8
5
6
306
254
TABLE2.1 : Overview of Projects
CHAPTER 3 : WEEKLY SUMMERY As a student Polytechnic that under His Industrial Training as the requirement for award Diploma, a student must wrote down the information and data about the knowledge or work that have the student face, learnt and hear during the Industrial Training. To make sure marking work or evaluation more easily, the activity has been made weekly and in a table form. Date
Activities
1 Dec – 5 Dec 2014 (1 week)
Reporting myself to the office Introduce our self to staff Acquaintanceship with leveling device Obtain peg Reading plan Leveling Transfer of TBM
8 Dec-13 Dec 2014 (2 week)
Leveling Transfer of TBM Looking peg for drain Leveling for deep of drain
15 Dec-20 Dec 2014 (3 week)
See the process of cement Estimating of perimeter area of house Marking for classify of house Measure the drain Estimating of length for drain in Phase 7C & 7B
21 Dec – 27 Dec 2014 (4 week)
Office was close (Celebrating Christmas) 9
Keep in data into the computer
5 Jan – 10 Jan 2015 (6 week)
Checker (material : Rock)
12 Jan – 17 Jan 2015 (7 week)
Checker (material : Rock) Leveling for road Sub-Base
19 Jan – 24 Jan 2015 (8 week)
Construct Sub-Base
26 Jan – 31 Jan 2015 (9 week)
Checker ( material : Rock) Installation culvert
2 Feb -7 Feb 2015 (10 week)
Checker ( material : Rock)
9 Feb – 14 Feb 2015 (11 week)
Checker ( material : Rock)
16 Feb – 21 Feb 2015 (12 week)
Leveling for sub base of road Planting the lose peg Checker ( material : Rock) Practical use the excavator
23 Feb - 28 Feb 2015 (13 week)
Burn the firewood Chinese New Year Checker (material : Rock)
2 Mac – 7 Mac 2015 (14 week)
Checker (material : Rock) Checker (material : Soil)
9 Mac – 14 Mac 2015 (15 week)
Checker ( material : Soil) Checker ( material : Rock) Piling work
16 Mac – 21 Mac 2015 (16 week)
Checker ( material : Rock) Piling work
23 Mac – 28 Mac 2015 (17 week)
Piling work Checker (material : Rock) Prepare Formwork [Ground Beam]
30 Mac – 4 April 2015 (18 week)
Prepare Formwork [Column] Prepare Formwork [Floor slab] Checker (material : rock)
29 Dec 2014 – 3 Jan 2015 (5 week)
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6 April – 11 April 2015 (19 week)
Formwork [Upper beam] Formwork [Upper Floor Slab] Checker (material : rock)
13 April – 17 April (20 week)
Checker (material : rock)
CHAPTER 4 : TECHNICAL CONTENTS
4.1
PILING WORK
4.1.1
Definition The pile is derived from the word "Pil" meaning arrows or sharp pole of
language "Anglo-Saxon" and there is also named as spikes. In Malay language, pile was call as “cerucuk”. Pile play an important role as the major component in the
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basic load transfer through the soil strata that have low bearing capacity of the strata or rocks - rocks that have high bearing capacity. In normal soil conditions, pile foundation is used to hold the lift ride like structure lure shore rigs, foundation below ground water level or basic transmission towers. Pile foundation is also used in soft soil to withstand horizontal loads, such as wind power and the power of the earthquake in bending. The soil was easily to expands and contracts the soil sensitive to changes in soil moisture percentage also require pile foundation. In addition, for the construction work on the sand as jetties and piers of the bridge also require pile foundation There are various types, shapes, sizes and materials used for pile foundation and the selection is dependent on the specific situation. 4.1.2 The Factor using Pilling Use the pile as one important element in the construction of a structure has been started in the history of civil engineering in the world. The pile is used as a supporter and tools for transferring the load from the structure to the ground. Use the pile is caused by: 1. The existence of the bearing layer is not obtained. The ground beneath the structure does not function properly or in other words not able to bear the burden caused by these structures when used shallow foundations. 2. The compressibility of the soil which causes sediment great when used shallow foundations. 3. The distribution of land under the land surface is not uniform. 4. For the purpose of preventing the action of the thrust of the subsurface such as hydrostatic action. 5. To obtain a strong strata in the work - excavation.
4.1.3
Selection and Design Criteria pile.
Selection and design of pile system must fulfill the following: 1. Has the appropriate factor of safety against failure of the pile and soil structure that supports the pile system. 2. The amount of sediment deposition and the difference is not great so it should not affect the state of the service structure. 3. The resistance of pile and soil conditions for certain. 12
4. Security and stability as well as living structures near the service must be maintained. However, there are three major factors in the design and selection of the appropriate pile, namely:
Underground conditions. Location of construction Type of structure. Durability pile.
4.1.3 Condition of underground. As is known, the selection of the type of pile foundation system depends to lewd underground conditions. Use a pile for underground conditions is divided into 4 sections: • • • •
The land above ground strata. Land on the ground in hard clay or granular soil. Clay hard or clay compressibility. Land on the rock hard ground.
4.1.3 Durability pile. Steel piles have a long life expectancy resistance in most soil if the pile is located in undisturbed soil. Part steel pile should be protected from exposure to seawater, brackish water or ground disturbance of chemical reactions. Wood pile is easy to rot, especially above the ground water level. To cast pile there, he could not resist something that is aggressive because of the difficulty to predict and detect congestion poured concrete it is quite compressed or not. Thus, this type of pile can be given by placing concrete in the 'permanent linings' gauge steel coated with plastic or lightweight. Concrete piles are the most popular. Pile length can reach up to 20 m. The pile is made of concrete with steel reinforcement pillars in it. This pile is composed of two types of piles cast in situ and precast concrete. These piles are commonly used in home construction because the house is a building does not have a high load. 4.1.4 Type of pile. 13
There are various types of piles used in construction. Each pile must be used according to the specifications of a plan that has been prepared by the consultant engineer or Public Works Department [Jabatan Kerja Raya – JKR]. Among these are:
Spun Pile
. FIGURE 4.1 : Spun Pile
Sheet Pile.
14
FIGURE 4.2 : Sheet Pile RC Pile.
FIGURE 4.3 : Reinforcement Concrete Pile
4.1.5 Preparation for fasten Piling 15
Before work - piling run, early preparation to be done. Among these are included the following: 1. System for determining the position and the level of the pile as found in the working drawings. Reference marks such as stone floors shall be outside the work area to avoid any interruption upon him. 2. Identify the types of plants and other - other equipment used for piling next method and manner of use. For example, heavy knocker should be commensurate with the weight of pile used. Whether past or diesel hammer knocker use is subject to the scope, complexity and soil conditions. Diesel Hammer is not suitable for limestone by the difficulty of controlling the 'hammer drop' when needed. 3. Determine the value set for 10 pounder shot for controlling the depth of piling when it is grown based on it as described in the drawing or document job offers. 4. Provide data boring piling. Data - data relating to the position of the pile, arrangement 'number of blow' it is grown, weight and distance of the fall of the knocker and other important information shall be drawn up. 5. Provide equipment to control the 'alignment' and the slope of the pile that will be planted this is made up of 'plum bob' hung elbows and 'spirit level'. 4.1.6 Equipment to fasten pile. 1. Consists of piling frame (piling frame) and hammer (hammer). Piling frame have various sizes, depending on usage. 2. Hammer pile (piling hammer) the most simple is the hammer falls (drop hammer). Hammer weight is between 2-4 tons and high waterfalls will not exceed 5-6 feet. 3. When either fasten pile of wood, concrete or steel, the head of the pile shall be sheathed with a pile cap (helmet) together - together with a layer of wood cushion to withstand blows and pile cap above will receive hammer is lining (dolly) consisting of iron sheets and hardwood.
16
FIGURE 4.4 : The Equipment to fasten the pile. 4.1.7 Procedure to Set 'Set' is the distance past the pile penetration into the soil for each shot. Usually it taken 10 shots last armpits. The aim of 'set' is taken to determine the ability of the ultimate responsibility (ultimate bearing capacity) pile. Type the pile to be taken 'set' is a kind of pile tips entirely alone and do not need the kind of friction piles. 1. 'Set' is taken to put on “pile” graph paper and pencil placed crosswise on a wooden straight and level, supported by two killers. 2. Each blow on the pile pencils and rubbed switched from left to right to 10 shots. 3. The size of the final set for each pile to be recorded either on transparency in the unit mm for every 10 piles needed to produce a 25mm transparency so far. 4.1.8 Procedure piling RC (Reinforcement Concrete) Pile Each piling, it should be handled by people who are more experienced and knowledgeable enough to avoid mistakes during cultivation work carried out. It should also be in accordance with the regular procedure and is set so that accidents do not happen and piling running smoothly.
17
Determine the location of piling work will be undertaken by a land surveyor using a theodolite. The area to be implanted piles will be marked with a steel pin placed a red mark on it so clearly visible from afar.
FIGURE 4.5 : Blue Peg and Red Peg After marking to all locations already prepared, then piling can be started by placing a 'piling machine' to be grown pile. Blue Peg is for 20 meter pile and Red Peg for 10 meter pile.
FIGURE 4.6 : The machine fasten the piling
18
After 'piling machine' ready to do piling, pile then lifted slowly - slowly and then inserted into the hole 'piling machine'. Under the pile surface must be accurate with the notation that has been done. Spirit level will be used to measure erectness pile planted.
FIGURE 4.7 : Show 20 meter pile Having examined the level of vertical pile, then the work - piling started using the 'piling machine' that has a heavy load several tones (not sure how heavy the load). Piling need to make sure the pile upright 90 degrees
FIGURE 4.7 : The machine piling stand the piling 19
After piling up and running, cutting the pile is done to facilitate future construction work.
FIGURE 4.8 : The worker cutting the piling.
FIGURE 4.9 : After piling work was finished for one sub lot
4.2 ELEMENT AND STUCTURE OF HOUSE BUILDING 20
4.2.1 Definition Element and structure is a foundation to build a building. Structure and elements have long been used in the field of Civil Engineering. In ancient times, structure and element is composed of stone, wood and clay. Element and structure was important for building an extreme structure or simple structure. Structure is the framework for a building. Element is a complete building structure. Bricks, cement, plywood, asbestos and reinforcement bar was call as Elements. Even were interesting structure element are not exposed, they are nonetheless of significance and contribute to the character of the building.
4.2.2 Beam Beam is one of structural element that can support the weight of a building and can withstand the bending of the piles, vibration and motion. Usually, the end of the beam was tied to a pole. In ancient times, the beam made of wood. The type of wood used is “terberlian” wood. Beam is something common in engineering. This is because, the beam is not only used in the field as the construction of, but are used in the structure of vehicles and mechanical systems and has been analyzed as the same concept. There are several types of beams in the building: •
Simply support beam - a beam can be supported which the end
•
are free to rotate and have no moment of resistance. Cantilever beam - a beam that fixed by projecting only at the
•
end of surface such as at the ledge. Continuous beam - extended beam that can be expending over
•
than two or more support. Over hanging beam - the extending beam are beyond its
•
support on one of the end. Fixed beam - a supported beam that on both ends and
•
restrained from the rotation. Trussed beam - adding the cables or rods to form truss and become a beam to support the structure for example to support the roof trusses.
a) Ground Beam The structure that shown above is known as ground beam. Ground beam is a reinforcement beam for supporting walls, joists at or nearest to the ground level, itself either resting directly upon the ground or 21
supported at both end by piers. It also can be used in a situation where the foundation walls may not be achievable. This situation cause by the swampy areas, loose soil, or where the low condition of the soil bearing capacity. The ground beam is mostly used for building construction. The both end of the beam is tied up to the column and lying between the two columns. The erected beam are connect to the columns or piers that taken into the soil. In domestic construction (e.g. house construction), ground beam are selected to be construct to carry the boundary walls or sheds that built outside on the landscape soils. It can also be erected over the drains, sewers or other services in the ground.
FIGURE 4.10 : Show about the ground beam •
Procedure to construct the Ground Beam i.
The construction of the ground beam was started with
ii.
the erected formwork. The formwork was placed horizontally to shape the
iii. iv.
horizontal ground beam on the ground. Fixed the soffit of the formwork for the ground beam. Then, construct the formwork to the side of the ground beam soffit formwork and placed with the struts to hold the formwork.
22
v.
The steel reinforcement then was placed on the soffit
vi.
formwork. A formwork was erected to the side of the formwork
vii.
and also placed the formwork with the struts. Lastly, the procedure was ended with concreting. But before the concrete was poured, the workers must make sure the formwork was clean and free from the rubbish. The supervisor will check the formwork was straight and without any broken.
FIGURE 4.11 : The worker prepare the Form Work
23
FIGURE 4.12 : The worker tight the reinforcement bar with wire b) Upper Beam The upper beam is the one of the structural elements for a building. It almost has the same function such as the ground beam and it was constructed before the walls. It also can be define as the upper level of foundation before forming the upper slabs (double story house). Upper beam also functioning to support the upper level of the building until the construction of the roof trusses (single story house).
24
FIGURE 4.13 : Show about Upper Beam •
Procedure to construct upper beam: The construction for the upper beam has the same method or procedure as the construction of the ground beam. The differentiation for the beam which is the beam that constructed below the ground level and the beam that constructed upper level between the columns. I. II.
Erected the formwork to support the beam. The formwork should be placed horizontally as the
III.
same level with the ground beam. Fixed the soffit that lying to the columns for the
IV.
formwork. Construct the formwork for the side of the beam and
V. VI.
placed the struts to hold the formwork. Placed the steel reinforcement into the soffit formwork. Erected formwork was placed to the side and also
VII.
placed with the struts for the supports. The process of concreting will take over after the work done of the formwork.
25
FIGURE 4.14 : Show about formwork or mould upper beam
FIGURE 4.15 : After Formwork was eliminate form Upper Beam
4.2.3 Floor Slab 26
Floor slab is one of the building structures. It is because, as it allows us to inhabit the building. Floor slab work load building. In addition, the floor slab serves to cover the ground or slab for multistorey building. Floor slab can be constructed in accordance with its multi-storey building. In a multistory building, floor slab built through the support of the upper beam and column. Floor slab can be constructed of concrete, plywood boards, wood and iron, depending on the characteristics of building use. In building plays, floor slab requires strong materials to accommodate the load.
FIGURE 4.16 : The Floor Slab on Ground Level
27
FIGURE 4.17 : Floor Slab on level 1 (Semi-D Double Storey House) • Step to construct the Upper Floor Slab
•
I. II.
Provide formwork to support the floor slab. Reference should be placed as the same level with the
III.
floor. Build formwork for the side beams and struts to hold
IV. V.
the formwork put it. Rating reinforcement steel into molds soffit. Established mold is placed to the side and also placed
VI.
with struts to support. The process will take over after the concrete work
VII.
done that formwork. Pour the concrete into the formwork floor slab
Step to construct the Ground Floor Slab I.
The excavator excavates the space between the
II. III.
ground beams with same deep with ground beam. The ground beam are replaced the formwork The reinforcement was keep on that space
IV.
The process of concreting will take over after the work done of the formwork. 28
FIGURE 4.18 : The operator will keep away the soil form the space 4.2.4 Column In the field of building structure, column structure is one of the important elements in the process of building construction. The column same function with the human spine to support the load. In addition, the column provides support to the upper beam, upper floor slab and roof truss. If the building has a column that is less strong, the building does not have a long shelf life and is easy to collapse. Column serves to accommodate the load of the upper beam, upper floor slab and roof truss. Column is the pillar of the whole building.
29
FIGURE 4.19 : Column a)
Types of columns Columns are divided into three types as the way they
are reinforced. As the ‘Taman Berlian’ project, reinforcement concrete columns are often to be used to erect the building structure according to drawing design. •
Produces to construct the Column I.
The reinforcement is tied together with separate smaller
II.
diameter transverse bars or known as ties/links. Link is tied up with centre by centre with steel wire based on specified distance according to drawing design and
III.
formed the shape of rectangular. Concreting can be done after the reinforcement bars was setting up.
30
FIGURE 4.20 : Prepare the form work
FIGURE 4.21 : Setting Up the Reinforcement Bar for Column 31
4.2.5 Formwork The formwork is a temporary or permanent mould which the concrete or the other similar materials are poured. In term for the concrete construction, the formwork is used to support the shuttering moulds. Good formwork should have the following requirements:
Formwork should be strong to withstand all types of load. It should be light in weight as possible. Formwork should be easily available and suitable to be reuse. It should have plane surface and should be set accurately to the desired line and level. Several types of formwork uses at the site:-
i.
Traditional timber formwork It usually built on the site by using the timber, plywood or moistureresistance particleboard. It is easy to produce and also the most flexible type of formwork. The timber formwork are extensively used where the labour cost are lower than the cost for procuring the reusable formwork. Although the formwork are easy to produce, but the time consuming the larger structures and plywood has facing the relatively short of lifespan.
ii.
Timber slab formwork The traditional slab formwork built up by the plywood or timber board which supports out of lumber or young tree trunks.
iii.
Ceiling formwork Ceiling formwork is the type of formwork mostly found in building construction. It consists of sheeting boards or prefabricated sheeting panels.
iv.
Beam formwork Beam formwork is the prefabricated formwork sheeting parts in which it is sheeting the bottom and side of sheeting panels. The sheeting bottom and the side panels consist of sheeting boards and nailed together.
v.
Column formwork Similar to the beam formwork, column formwork is constructed at the site as prefabricated sheeting. The sheeting panels are placed vertically and screwed in the ground floor surface by steel bolts. 32
Removal period of formwork Concrete must be fully hardened to bear its load before formwork is able to be removed. Formwork should be removed part by part to sustain its workability and strength depending on concrete hardening period. Time period for removing formwork according to its particular parts are as follows:-
No. 1. 2. 3. 4.
Parts of formwork Vertical sides of beams, columns and walls Edge sides of beams, columns and walls Ground beams and slabs (left under) Formwork soffits
Time period 1 – 2 days 2 – 6 days 7 – 14 days 28 days
Table 4.1 : Show the period to remove the formwork
4.3 DRAINAGE Drainage system has existed centuries ago. In Civil Engineering, drainage is important to them. Drainage system is very important in the construction sector. This is because the drainage system used to remove water from a surface. In Highway Engineering, drainage system is very useful as to avoid too wet road surfaces cause tires to fail to get friction. Drainage system occurs in two forms, namely Culvert, Inlet and Drain. In addition, drainage system is useful to prevent the occurrence of the phenomenon of flooding. Good drainage system to avoid flooding and water flows more smoothly into the sea or estuary. 4.3.1 Drain Drain very important in building construction sector. This is because the trench was built to prevent water retention in the soil surface. In Taman Berlian, trenches used to prevent water reservoir after the rain. Water reservoir can soften the soil conditions. In addition, the water reservoir will disturb the soil as soil excavation work will be muddy. Drainage system must be regularly maintained to avoid floods on construction sites. Usually after site clearing, construction site drainage system will be made first. Before the construction of buildings or sites the 33
way, they will make the drainage work first. This is because to avoid drainage system in the area of planning is not disrupted.
Procedure construct Drain I. Operators will begin excavating the ground by plan provided II. Drain will be excavated to a depth of 1 meter and 1 meter III. IV.
wide Dug Drain must be connected to the main drain After dredging was completed, workers will plant peg along
V. VI.
the trench Supervisor will make leveling work to ensure trenches 1 meter Supervisor will benchmark level on the peg
FIGURE 4.22 : Show the excavator excavated the drain
4.3.2 Culvert In the world of civil engineering, culverts are closely related to Highway Engineering. Culvert otherwise known as "pembentong" in the term Bahasa Malaysia. The culverts one branch in the drainage system. In the drainage system, there are several types of items used to throw water drains, culverts and Inlet. Culvert was same function with drain. However, this culvert planted in the ground and not opens like a moat. Such as large culvert pipe to remove water. Usual culverts installed to connect the drain crossing the road or under the buildings or across the river.
Type Of Culvert 1. Pipe Culvert 2. Box Culvert 3. Arch Culvert 34
4. Slab Culvert During my training in industry, I only see and Box Culvert and Pipe culvert. The culvert was plant across the road. In addition, culverts were installed to connect the trenches at a crossroads. Besides that, the culverts plug the drain to connect the main drain with across the roundabout. In this company, they usually use a culvert diameter Ø = 1 meter or 0.5 meters long and all culverts are the same which 1 meter. 1 meter diameter culvert usually mounted on a road that crossed the big drain. Box culvert usually mounted on the main road junction near the ditch there because larger and rectangular. I.
Procedure to Install the Culvert The operator will excavate the hole like the drain by use the
II. III.
excavator. The hole will excavate until both of drain was connected The supervisor will measure the hole to know how much culvert
IV. V. VI. VII. VIII.
need to install The worker will brought culvert from the store The operator keep up the culvert and then put it on the hall All the culvert need to connect with each other to prevent leaks All the culvert will cover by convers The soil will keep on the hole to cover the culvert
FIGURE 4.23 : The excavator keep back the soil into the hole 35
FIGURE 4.24 : Final step of installation culvert
4.4 LEVELING 4.4.1 Definition Leveling work is very important in building construction work. The majority of its construction companies use geometry in the construction process. Leveling method has been used for centuries in Civil Engineering through the use of EDM, Theodolite auto level or water level. In addition, the method of leveling work to give us that the earth is not flat even surface using visible even to the naked eye. The aim is to distinguish leveling a ground level. In the process of construction of the building, leveling method is used to distinguish ground level, adjust the level ground with TBM, distinguishing level house base with roads base and drains, floor drains and differentiate with road site. Leveling work is used in the process of cut and fill, as measured by the Surveyor.
36
4.4.2 Concept of Leveling The general terms applied to any of various processes by which elevations of the points of difference in elevation are determined. The leveling methods are used to measure the different in height (ΔH) between the two point A and B, vertical rods are set up at each of these two point and a level somewhere between them. The height difference between A and B is difference between the rod (staff) readings. The concept is, once the elevations of a point is determined that point can be used for determining the elevations of other point. 4.4.3 Leveling Work When I undergo industrial training, I have been teaching by using the leveling tool water level. Leveling Work is usually done after the site clearing. The aim is to adjust the leveling of land with TBM level or according to the size of the plan. In addition, the leveling is used to distinguish the level of building bases, drain and road bases. This is because the level of the home, drain the site cannot be the same level. This is because to avoid flash floods. Floor drains must be deeper than tread the streets and houses.
Procedure of Levelling Works I. Planting the temporary on every point that you'd got readings II. Setting Up the Auto-Level i. Set up the Tripod ii. Make sure head Tripod are flat iii. Put auto level on a tripod iv. Adjust the auto-level to get into an air bubble into the
III. IV.
circle v. The auto level ready to use The worker will put the staff near the peg The auto-level shoot into staff to get the reading
• TBM - (10.00, 10.50, 9.5) Example of Calculation • Floor Plan - (8.0, 7.5,after 7.2,get 7.4,reading: 7.0, 6.5, 6.2, 6.0) TBM + Reading Taken - Level in Plan 9.5 + 2.5 - 7.5 = 6.0 This means, we need to take a 37 reading of 6.0.
CALCULATION 4.1 : Calculation for leveling for
FIGURE 4.24 : Supervisor taken reading by Auto – Level
38
FIGURE 4.25 : Justine planting the point
FIGURE 4.26 : Marking the Level of Plan
39
FIGURE 4.27 : Transfer TBM to the site
4.5 CHECKER
Checker is a work receiving the goods delivered to the construction site. This job to ensure that the goods until sufficient quantities. There are two items that are sent and received by reviewers. The materials are sent a responsibility to checker. Any deficiency will be borne by the checker.
4.5.1
Rock This stone is used to make the site the way. This stone was bought from Sub-Contractor. Sub-Con sends the stone to the construction site by lorry itself. The rock type is SYNITE.
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FIGURE 4.28 : SYNITE
Procedure I. Lorry send the rock to the site II. Rock will be keep to the stock pile III. Checker will cop a signature on receipt
FIGURE 4.29 : The Receipt
4.5.2
Soil
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The soil sent to INTAN. The soil to create the open space in front of shop in INTAN
Procedure IV. Lorry send the soil to the site V. The soil will be keep to open space VI. Checker will cop a signature on receipt
FIGURE 4.30 : INTAN’s Site
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FIGURE 4.31 : The Operator embankment the soil to the open space
FIGURE 4.32 : Receipt for The Soil
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FIGURE 4.33 : Permission Letter from Land Surveyor
FIGURE 4.34 : The lorry inject the soil behind the open space
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4.6 SUB-BASE OF ROAD 4.6.1 Introduction In civil engineering, road construction work is part of Highway Engineering. This facilitates the transfer of goods. Road construction has been done from time immemorial. Road construction has been done with a variety of current technology it. How roads are built with layers, from the bottom of the sub-grade, sub-base, road base and pavement. In the process of construction of roads, sub base is very important in structuring the road, Sub base is the main assistant to support load on the road. Without sub base, the highway will be easily damaged and roads will not flat. The important highway for connecting other areas with other areas.
Procedure Sub Base construction I. Operator will excavate to a depth of 0.4 meters using II.
excavator Leveling work carried out to ensure compliance with the street-level on the plan i. Peg planted along the roads that have been dug ii. Workers will get a reading on staff using auto level iii. Peg will be marked in accordance with sub-base
III.
thickness required (usually; 0.5 or 0.4 meters) The stone stored on the stock pile will be sent to reclaimed for
IV. V.
use as sub base The stone will be flattened using excavators steps will be repeated until all the way ready to reclaimed
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FIGURE 4.35 : Leveling work
FIGURE 4.36 : The worker stand the staff on the peg to get a reading
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FIGURE 4.37 : Operator using the excavator to flatten the surface of the Sub-Base
FIGURE 4.38 : During proses construct of Sub Base 4.7 ESTIMATING & PROGRESSION 4.7.1 Definition of Estimating 47
Estimating can be considered as a financial planning in doing construction work. Estimating is very important in modern construction work. Usually, estimating work done before. It's how to estimate the costs necessary to make a big project. Normally estimating work done by Quantity Surveyors. Besides that, it can make it easier for customers to know how much it costs necessary to carry out construction work. Moreover, it can avoid over spending money in attempting to work. In addition, it facilitates the work of architects to design a building with the goods needed in construction work someday. For the example :
(M)
(Num.)
Total
Table 4.1 : Show of estimating work
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95%(TT) 95% of (price) X (Total)
Perimeter of Sub-Lot
Rear
The price are provided
Name of Sub-Lot
Rear
Number of rear house
Surround
Length of rear house
Sub-Lot
FIGURE 4.39 : Estimating Work
FIGURE 4.40 : Marking to classify the house
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FIGURE 4.41 : Marking the sub-lot
FIGURE 4.42 : Marking the boundary of sub-lot
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FIGURE 4.43 : Estimating work are always referred to the plan
4.7.2 Definition of Progressions Progression to assess the extent of the construction works are progressing well. In addition, the progression is to find a problem that occurs in the construction work. The progression work usually done during construction works. Work is always ongoing progression depends on how often companies want to know the project. The engineers will go to construction sites, get data on how much progress has occurred in the construction work. The data obtained through vision or measure of a building structure. 4.8 Excavator In construction work, there is a variety of machinery used as Bulldozer, excavators Machinery, Vibratory Roller, Backhoe Loader, and so on. During the construction process, the excavator is useful because this machine is used in a variety of jobs. Excavators used for site clearing, building drainage system and soil excavation work.
4,9.1 Step to use the excavator 51
1. Two pedal for forward and rear excavator 2. Right button I. Lifting and lowering the arm II. Opening and closing Baked
3. left button I. Lengthening and shortening the arm II. Turning the excavators are 360°
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CHAPTER 5 : FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 FINDINGS Throughout the 20th weeks of attachment in the industry for Industry Training, it has exposed the real working environment compared to the theoretical that we learned in Polytechnic. Student is able to try their hands on based on the theory being taught in the campus. During the middle of the semester, students undergoing Industry Training was shocked by the news of the "Report and Presentation must use English". It, therefore, provides a sense of panic to students who have started to write the report in the Malay language. The majority of its students have to write a reflection journal Malay language they use. It will burden them convert their sentences into English. Malay grammars with English grammar are quite different. This will give effect to the lecturers to evaluate the final report Industry Training students. Problems that occur in the Industry, the industry gave assignments are fixed. For example, during the 20th week, the students just do the same task. This will give you a sense of bored students who undergo industrial training. This will cause fewer students get objective of the training industry. Students will have less exposure in industrial training. This will cause the students lack the knowledge to be expressed in the final report.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION 53
`
Some terms used by employees while teaching the students may not be the
same in terms of the theory. Polytechnics need to give space to students that not good in English in using the English language to present experiences during training industry. Perhaps, polytechnics should facilitate students to present their experiences in the presentation. During that time, students must write a final report in English. This simplifies the lecturer know, how far students understand what he experienced in the training industry. It also helps students to appoint of understanding him in the work he is going in the training industry. Students who undergo industrial training is not the same capabilities with the ability of ordinary workers. Students who undergo industrial training, they want to experience what about his career or work they will do in the courses they take in polytechnics. UPLI should provide recommendations to the firm or company that provides industrial training to students planning activities necessary to prepare to launch student activities during the training industry. It will reduce student experiencing the same things as long as 20 weeks. This will provide many benefits to students who undergo industrial training. It will give a lot of exposure to the students during their industrial training. A good preparation must be made by the student their self who will undergo industrial training before they step out from campus. The preparation is not only on the equipment or stationary but mentally and physically is also very important so that student is ready to enter the working zone, the changing of the environment around them. This is a must for student so that this situation will not affect student mentally making them easily to give up and moan during the training.
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CHAPTER 6 : CONCLUSION
Industrial Training is a program to give time for Polytechnic student’s experience real working conditions and a new experience for students to prepare themselves for their future careers. Through the Industrial Training, I conclude that the training industry is very important to students and give a good impression in the preparation of semi-professional workforce for the future. Industrial training can provide students more willing to suffer through the work environment, both mentally and physically students in the future. In addition, industrial training can improve the quality of a student after a roll of certificate and diploma awarded. Through industrial training, students will increase the quality of interactions with the public. This is because, this exercise can increase the value of collaboration within an individual. Training can reveal more new things for students although the matter is not taught in the classroom. In addition, exercise can help train more mature polytechnic students to solve problems. Through training, the students will be more disciplined when doing assignments given and the student will be responsible for performing a task. `
REFERENCE 1. www.google/image.com. 55
2. Laporan Akhir Latihan Industri Rizal Shah (Diploma Teknologi Pembuatan) http://www.slideshare.net/rizalshah94/contoh-laporan-latakhir 3. Highway Engineering Note CC304 4. The History of Engineering Survey (written by: Edward Kumar) (1982) Hall “m.s 131, 171) 5. Nota Estimating , Universiti Teknologi Mara Malaysia (UiTM)
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