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
6. &=> C>-GO<, L @*9 3 < +9. C+, 9 I3<9+ 3 N<= G9 (1750-1816), B>>, #>= = J=, 2005.
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<><= >= >=O= = O= ==>= > >= = >= =>- <= (C>-GO< G>>, 2007: 19). #> =>, ><> > C>-GO<, => = WX > = W>X @M /= <= = O= >= >> <O= . D ><O= = < <=>-, == <O= <O <= >< >= >= > > , ><>O> > >>. E >> =>>O= == <O= => =, = O= >< >= > , >=> , > =>, =. D => , =>O= >>= >< = >>=<>;10 >>= >= =, > = >, = >== <> >>= = <>=, <, > >> >, N @ >= >>= > == <= = <=O= <. E> @ @ <O/>O, M ><> >< >=><=> >=> >= >= < <=>-<>=> (C>-GO< G>>, 2007: 19). AM, , >>= => <<= > > >< @ > O= >>=. < = = >=> >>O>, = = >=@ A<; <= = < >>= @ <= <> <=, >=O >= >< ><=O=, @ >= = <== >=> > > >>=> = A<. ' ><> > >= $=>, >>= =>= = O= > @ < O= = M >, >=><=>, > >= = <> ($=>, 2000). L > > O> == = <> ><> = < <= => = S=>T ST >< > = > >O>> =><=> I<<= *=, > O S<-<=> <>=>T, = >= >== O= < <> ><> = < 10. E >>=<> = > >=O<> >M> @ >=M = > >> > > =O=, > @ >= = = <>. & = ><=O= >O=, >= >=> > >M, > > >O= > = >O= <= > = > = = = > O= >. D > $=>, +33 => < < >= >, < => @ +33 , = <> > < >= = > P<> 500 N>; > >= => >>=<>, = => M >> < = = <=> ($ =>, 2007: 93).
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<= >O= = > O= O, > <= =>> > >=O= = > = =O= = > P<> > > ++.11 E= => >=> >> =><=> <>=/>>= @ = = = =>O= > O>>, =P> = >= =>->=. L => =>@ =><=> @ >>= > >= <-<=> <>=> . E> =, @ >> <>= />>= =>O= @ O= ==>= > = => , M ><> @O= =>- >>=, >< = > > =O= >>= >, => =>= ><O= > E>-=O= (C>-GO< G>>, 2007: 13). E >> =><=> <>=/>>= >= @ = <=>= >>= ><O= > => E>-=O= = > M =><=> => < = <=> >>=> = >>>=. D > => = > =><=> <> = =O= >>=<> <>=> >>= >, <= <> = >> = @ >< ><=O= > <>= = =><>, > => >= = =>- <= (C>-GO< G>>, 2007: 13). E O= =>= >= > ><>= @ >== @ <> > >=<>=> => >>=; =, > >=>, @ <> > =, = ><> ><>=>, >= >> > @M <, /= => > > <>=. C>-GO< N @ O= >==P => = <>= = =. D => =>@, >M @ > >> <>=/>>= =>> = => = = == +<3<9 = > >> >=>M, => > >>. E= => >> >< = >M <-<=> *=. E > > =>= >=> =<= <, ><> > >== > > 11. A=M $=>, SC>>= > O= >T = &. C>-GO< %. G>>, ., E3 9..., . 96. A=M $=> N> 1996 =>= => = E> ! > (&!), = B=<>=, < => >= > =><=> I<<= *=, @= > > > C=> F== B = #M. $=> =O = > N> 70, > >> >M == , *= >=>> ><> => => > =>@ < ==>> >>>M >= = , = <-<=> (C>-GO< G>>, 2007: 9).
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Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
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>== > <>=, > , >>= >>= (=>>, 2003). D <= < @ S =<=> >=>T > >O= => = S>= >=>T = = >>=. J<= > = * E> >= = = >>=. A> E>, = => < = <>=, = ==O= >=><=>; > ==O= => "=, M <= = >. E> @ <=> >O=, ==> >, == ==- = = = >=O< "=, <<= @ => <=> <> = = <><>=. E= > , >M > > P<> N> @ >= O= <= <=O= , = O= >= > @ < >O=, > = > ==O= "=; > , >O= ><== =>= => = > >=>. > O> <=> >== = < @ => = ST <>=, @ <=> <>=> <= <= <<= >> =, => = > > =.15 # G=, B, L H<, = O= =<>=<>=, >O= >= =O= >=O= <>=.16 E> @ @ >=>= >= ><> EE> <>=> > =>= <>=, O= <> <O> ><> => > < >, = > = > O= > >=> =, > >, = > = >=> > <> ==>. L> < > >= < => > >>= ><> @ >== =>< = @ = > > = <>= >=. '=> > < > ><> > <> <O> = >== => => = >=, => = 17 @ =<= >> >> >M<>. G=, L B (1997) >= >=O= @ O= > < >, = > >= > @ = = > M, > >. L > @ = > > >= > >, >=, >= <= @ = >> =. M< . G3*3+ @ 9+, B>>, I=> 15. A> A> E> E>, M 33 3 $9+9 M<. C>><=> A=>>>M A=>>>M H>, = C, 2005. 16. E >O= <=== <> <> > > >=<>=>, >=<>=>, = B (1998); B B 3. (1997). 17. A=>= A=>= G G= =,, C+<+ 3 9 , , A= =, 1994, . 32-44.
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Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
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Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
E>, = > > => >> > = > ><> < D &> &=>, = > > = ><> < *, <=> == <=O= > @ > >. E > >== =>= @ , , > > @ => >= >> <= = > >= = = > =. L > > = > >> <>=/>>= >= = = => < =, => >>=, < = >== P@. L = = < = = >> = >=<> <= >= > => >> > <.
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La f!$'$f.a !a(#$a"e&ca#a de !a H'($&a + !a ac()a! %&$%)e'(a de'c$!$#ad$&a I!'%"DCCI[! E M> =>= = ><> >O> =><=> > N> 70 > ++, > =<= > O>> ==> A> A= %>. E >O> >> S >>M M >T >=> > %> = ==> =<=> >=> > =O> >M ==22 <=O= S>T > <>=. L >>M =><= > >= =<= = >=> SA< L=T @ >> ><> <> =><> => < = >> O> > =>>= , P<<= S=T. L >>M =><= = > %> <> @ = >= >M @ >== > S=T >=O= = = => <= >= <>> > H > A< > = L++ *9 3 3 3 9 <=93, >= = > = >=O= > =><= == ><> > >== =><=.23 D > = > >> %> U P<> <= > >>M =><= >U = = 9+ <=> <=>, @ M > = > H. D <= @ >>M =><= > M > = ST A< L= = >==> > <=. E ST = > ==> ><> <> > >>=> > >< <>= @ M= > = > >>=>. #= > <= O<> > =><=> > 70 == <>= > >>= = M22. L O= >M == >= ><> =><=> > = => M> =O=. 23. A> %>, SI<>= > = A< L=T, = <+9, !>. 1, C=, 1977, . 55.
22
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
> = > >=> > =>. R$ <O= >= < >< > >> <>=> > =><= = >> ><> >O>? C <= =, R@ >M = > U><> > %>U > = 9+ > 3 3<9 A< L= => > <=, => =<> > >=><=> @ > 9+ , > >>M >=><=> @ > = S=T < A< L= @ = = >O > <> S> <=?T R&M = = >>M =><=? R& M <=> >> <>=> A< L= > < = <M= >=>= @ > >> <>= >>=> >>=>? E = >= = M>, @ >= <= >O= => > =><=> >=<>=> > >> <>=/>>=. * =>>, <O>> ==>, => > <<> >> >=<>=>, @ SA< L=T = >== = >> >>M >=><=> <, <= @ SA< L=T => ><> > > <>=. E <=> M= <> > = =><=> > 70, > = = > > S<>=>T, ><> S<>=T = => S=> O= >>= >T.24 '<= O>> >><=> &=> C>-GO< > => >>=<> <>-> U ><> > ><> =><=>U => < = >=<=> > @ > <= >=>= >>=> >>=>.25 L >O= = >> <>=/>>= > >> <>=, >>= > ><> >= >> <>=>. E= > , ><=> => > =>> = => >> <>=/>>=, ><> >= $ => =>>, = >>M >=><=> >>= > >>= ><> <>O= = O= > <>=, = = <= @ < = >= >/ => = ><=> ><=>24. C= *, SL >>M >=><=> >>= >T = * =>>, = I+39 3 ++ +3. G3+ 3 ++ @ +33 3 9. 9+= 3 , $>, = A== &M, & E> / A-, 2002, . 18. 25. &=> C>-GO<, D 3 9 K3*. D2<9= K99< 9 B9*9 9 392+ G++3, 'Q==, = 'Q==, F F>>M, 1996, . 5.
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23
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
24
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
$ > >=O= = S< >>T (=>>, 2003) >=> > > @ = >=> = > 70. & >=O= S< >>T = > O , =>= >M = @ > <>= >= U><> = > > U = > @ >> => > >< @ S=>T > > >. ' ><> => A> E>: R => <= = > < <>= > ><> = > >/> >= = >M<= =@? (E>, 2003: 59). <= = =<= @ > > => =><=> >> <>=/>>= < >.28 & = >>=, = >>= @ <>= << >=> >=O= <=> > >= =>.
LA FIL"&"FZA LA'I!"AE%ICA!A DE LA HI&'"%IA LA C%Z'ICA AL #%"EC'" DE LA "DE%!IDAD C><> <>, >>M =><= > (%>, ) <> @ = >= >M @ >== > S=T >=O= = = => <= >= <>> > H > A<, ==> > = >=O= > =><= = >> > >==O= O (H), = = > =>>O> (K=); > = > >> %> = = 9+ <=> <=>, @ M > = > H. E => C3*. A< *9 3 +<3<9 <9 A9+ @ = 1971 %>> F== %<29 >=O = > 70 = = => O= >> >>M =><28. L> > => = >> <>=/>>=, =>> = = = A< L= > EA, >= > =: A=M $=> (#P), E> L= (=), &=> C>-GO< (C>><), C= * (E >), E=@ D (>), J &== (B>), < #<> (A==), * =>>, A> E>, F &, F==> C>>=, !>= >=>-'>, AM= L>->=, %> (EA). 29. %>> F== %<, C3*. A< *9 3 +<3<9 N<9 A9+, B=> A, #, 1984.
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= > (, %>).30 C>=<= > F== %< > >> %> =O > >=>= <>=: = < , >=><O= >>M =><=, = S=T <= > = A< L=; = => , = >=<=> >>M >M > >= <, @ >= <= >, <= = = = @ = > >M> > >=<>>== A== <= > A< L=, ><> M > M<= > <> > <; => >O= =; > > <>> >; <><=> > >; C>== > "> CO> = M=, . '>> > > >== @ = =><= @ = >70 = = > M>> S=><O= >>MT, @ > <= = A== = = > ++.31 L <O= <<> >>M = = >= II C>=> !>= F>>M = CO>, = 1971, > > ><> > @ M >= < S>>M O=T.32 = =O= ><>< >>M >= >M > > M =><=>, = = >=> >>=>, @ <><=> <> S>>M O=T, > = A== = > 70. L S>>M O=T U> == = <>M >= 30. %>> F== %< => ><> = = O= <>>M = L $ (1611). L > > => @ C=, M<>> > <> > = #O> ( = >>=>) A, = M> A< L=, = =>= > >. F== %< : SA< = >=O= C= < = = > >> >, >> >>=T (F== %<, 1984: 52). L C=, > , <= ><> = >>M (>)N. 31. C><> = >=>, = > ++, > = A== > @ =><= ><> M>> S=><O=T >>M. B<= >= = =>O= = = >=O= =. E >=<=> >=><=> =>=, @ > O= = @ >= >= >=>= <= =>, < >O= ><=> <> = => >O= =<O= >=><=> > (", 1995: 95). 32. E =<=> >O> >=, => <<> == O>> <=> E=@ D, <>M > >=O= @ => >= ><=> <> > @ <= >=>> >>M, => = =><> > ><> = >=; M = = =O= M, > =>, <=> (", 1995: 98; , 2000: 23); > > S>T C G (1983) >>M O=.
26
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
<> =<= > =U = =>= <=O= > >>M.33 L>>> A> %> === => O=, > >= > = >O= > => <= = >O> >. R$ = L>>> A> %> <=O= > >>M =O= > >= > H > A<? # <> > >= <= >= = = > <=> <=>, @ M > = = > H > A<.34 '=> ><> %> = > > =><=, > = >=O= =><= == > = <> O>, >=> P= > = >>=. , > >< " G, =M @ > @ = > >O > = O= ==, <M >=><=> S >< =><=>T , > => U><> <<> > >=U <O= = A< L=.35 %>, = <>, = @ M @ @ , @ = >=, = > O=, >=>= =< > <> => > >>=.36 L> > O>> = >==> @ <=<> O>-> <>= > => = =O= => >>M > =, ><> = <><=> > M ==> . E= =>, <=O= > >>M >= = ==>= M: =>< > =><= (", 1995: 98-99) = = < <=>; < @ == S<=O=T ><> = >> > >==O=.
33. G> ", SL >>M = A==. = =O= >< T, = %P F>=-B=>, ., C+9 " M9. B 14. F9 E9< D<3. A< A3 60 G*<9, A@=, A= B==, 2005, . 98. 34. E > H > A< >= = < @ = A< => = >= >= M, =<= >@ A< =. E , O=, =>= >M, >>M >= >= <=> >>. L >>= M @ = = > >== M <<> (>>==) >= >= E>. > H >> > = > ><=> >== >> =, =>= > @ A< = >=== = > (C>-GO<, 1996: 4). #> > <<> = > =<> <> @ = > (G*F H, L++ *9 3 3 3 9 <=93, , A=, 1980). 35. L>>> , E3 39+, B>=, A, 1976, . 48. 36. A> %>, E3 39+ @ < =<9 (I), B=> A, C=> E> A< L=, 1994, . 78-83.
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
28
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
> @, > > >, => == W>X <>, = >, = > > =<=> >, => @ > = => >, > =M=> = W= <X > >= = >< >== >O= > >>T. C><> M >>=<> = >> >>M =><= > =<= > = = > > >>=>. & > == ><> = > =>>= >@ S=T > > >>=> ><> = < >O >= >>=>, > =>, @ <== >=O= = <=> >>, S>>T, = <=> ST =><=. L> => = =><= = S=T, = > >= S> = M>T @ >M= <= >>=> = >> ><, => <<> >=>. & < =>= @ > > = = = E> =>=->, P=> > O= ST =><=. E E> =>=-> => ><> = O= >>=O= = ' =>. E=>= >=O= >>=<> > > =><=> = > N> 60 70, < > > >> O= =>= @ M= = A, Y > > <><=> > > > >=== U => >O= =U = >=> E> =>=-> = >=>O= E> <>>=>, > ><> = <<>.39 %> <= S<>=T A< L=, @ M > = = >> => = >> <>=> >>. & > == ><> = >> > >==O= =>= > @ <> O>> =><=> <>= S=T > => >>=>, > @ H => > > @ A< ><> =.40 L> >> U, , >=, >>U @ 39. L M >>=<> = >>M =><= > =M <> > = = = <> S>T = > <>>=> <. C @ >> <>=/>>= => = => >>=<>, => >>=. >>= == @ > >> <>= = O= > @ > >=@ A< -> =<= = >=O= > > =>=; >>= <>= <= >=<>, >>= , ><> P= >=><=> @ => >=><=> >> >, @ => == 4=> 4 =>= >84= 4?84<>O8>. L >>=88 ><> ?O= 4 ?>4 4=>= 4 >=88 <>4=8 H =>8O= 4 W'44 =>X 4 ?4 4 O8 858 >. 40. L >=>= = >=><=> = >> O= <=> =. E O= <= = = >> > > >-
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>>=> O = > >>=>, >= > <> > =>= ST = >> > > = (C>-GO<, 1996: 5). L >>M =><= > (%> ) > => ST > >>=>, => M @ < <> H @ = > <= ST. L = = @ >M >> >>M =><= =: R!> O> > => ST, => <<> <> <=<> >> >O> <>= >? D = = =>= >>M =><= > >= > >> <>= (K=, H, ), >= = <>=. Zea + e! %&$+ec($ de !a f!$'$f.a !a(#$a"e&ca#a de !a h'($&a
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
30
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
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= = >>> @ <M = <= >>=><=>. L O= =>= > =><=> ><> > = = =><= > <=> <== >>>. L ><>O= @ > > > =O >> > M =><=>, => M => > = > =><=> ><> > =: E C>> >, E C=> E> L=><=> = AO=>< >, E I=> F>>M = B=> A, E I=> F>>M = &> #>, E C=> E> C, E C=> E> L=><=> S%O<> G>T C, E I=> E> L=><=> S= T = B=> A, E C=> E> L8=><48=> 4 #>=8588 =848 CO8 4 $8>, 4. (%>8, 1993: 47-80). = =O= = > > > =><=. L <, => , >= = >>M, = =<=> = <<; = <>, > ><> O= = > =><= => > , => >< ><> > = > =><=. E= > >>M > >= , = >>, >=<>, ><>, ><<>, O=, <>, ><>, <>, ><>, =<> <<>. L > >>M = =, > < >= >>M. E> => >= = > >O @ = <>, ><<>, O=, <>, ><>, ><> > <<> = L=><. !> <> > ><> A<, => O<> >>M >= , > =>. ... >>M, => > >> >>< >>, => M > => @ >=>= >O=. &= > @ > > A<, > = <>>= @ = > >= > = L=><T .43
C><> , >==> @ = =><= <==> O<> = > > >O= == >=. !> = >>M > >> < >>, => =>, =O= @ = < > => = = > == M. E= > > <>= M >O= 43. L>>> , F3 3 9 9+, >, FCE, 1987, . 15-16.
32
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
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>= >O= = >>M > =><=, = >= > = S >= OT >= @, = >=O= , = > @ > S>< =><=>T > > = = N>. L > =><= =>= ><> = >> S>O= =>=T (, 1987: 17). &= , >> = < >> <>= >>, >>M > = = =O= >> >> > S>== =><=T = > = = <=O=, ><> H M >=> S>T, ><> = >> > <=O=; O> @ , >>M > > @ <M = H = S=M>T >>M > = A< (, 1987: 19). E= >=O= , >< >> > > <=, <=> > = = >=> = = > O=. E= <>, => > L=><, ><> > >=O= >O= > =><=, M @ S>< =><=>T > > => <=> >, >=> = N > O=. E= > , L=>< > > <= >>=, => <= > >>= = => >> N>, @ <= > => > > >O= >>. E >> > < = O= S>> O>T. S>O= , = > ><, = > @ >T (, 1987: 20). E <= > = L=><, S T > >O= =>=, >== <= @ @ > > <=> (, 1987: 21). AM <= E> O<= >< <= = >> >, = A< L= <=> => < >, = <> N O, SO ><>T45 U@ > => > =><= > +I ><=> > ++U = , @ < = H, @ <=> > > >== > => P=> @ >= < = > = (, 1987: 166). &O> ><=> > ++ <M = L=>< = >< >== = (: 1987: 270-271). E S>> =>T, > >== =>= =>, = ><> <><=> >==O= =><45. (1987: 20) >= ><> <> >= < B> F @=, @ > > =><=>, ><> << : S%= > , => >< = =, >=> = NT.
34
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
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E= M >=== = => , = E> => U= >= <=, ><> H =O, =>=O < >= ==O=, > < >> >U A< L=, @ = > ++ < => = >== < < <= (, 1976: 21). E S>> =>T < S>== =T = << O=, = >> @ < SA< L=T = O, => >= <<> > E> =>, > ><=> >> E>, > >=M =>= > = .47 L >O= <= 1910, >=><O= A#%A = #P, >=<> ==>, >O= =, ., >= > M=>< S>== =><=T = >> O= (, 1976: 22). E > . R$g + !a f!$'$f.a !a(#$a"e&ca#a de !a h'($&a
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
36
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
== >=O< > > =><=> ><> = O= O <<>, <= @ =<=> >O> = M> M => + 9<+<93, ><> > O> == M= ==> M. & B>= M >=> > =: 49 L >>M = = P= > W = = <> == @ > : >= = >== P = >=O= < ><> > = =<=> == ><> >> > >=O=X. L >>M M < W... = >== => >, <>, M>>, = >== = O= ><> > = O= ><> <=>; = >== , = >== > @ <= =O= =>>O =><=>X.
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
38
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
X @ > , <, => > @ @ == = < = = >> >=<= >==>, >O= @ <>= > >=>= > = >> > => >O= = > >= <=>, = > M ><== > > M ><=> .... E= >== > =>>> >< = = => =>, = => > > > = = W<>X, <=> = @ =O= < >> > 4=> 4 = 88O= > 4 84=8O=, @4 7 8> 8= = 4 => =@ <O= A> & B>= (%>, 1994: 94). 51
L M >O => > >O>, => <=> , P=> <=> >= > > > >== =><<= ; >=O= = <=> > @ %> == > S > =>>O>T. %> = = <=: E > =>>O> > = > <M> <> => =, = = <><=> >=>, = = <=> O> = = >. E @> = > @ <> W>==X > > >>, = > >=O= = >O>. L> > @ <>> = > > W><X > WX @ >==> <= > > @ > = <= > > ><-O> > ==>. E > < = = =<> @ >> = =O= @ <= => > >, => > > , > @= =>, @ < >< = O= >= = <==<= >O << (%>, 1981: 12-13).
L> @ @ %> @ ><O= = > > = => >, = => > > >, = = == =>>O>. #> > S=>>O>T => = = <> =><> O> > == ><> = K=, => @ = > = = , @ = =<=> S>=>< = > ==51. # & B>=, >> >> = >O =><= O= > @ M = >, @ O> M= >> = >>M ><> > (G, 1989: 197). 52. A@M, %> >= >= ><> <>, O>> %>>> A>, @= >= @ >== O >= = S < O= @ > >, >=, > > >> >= <>> O= ><T. E = >< = => = = = >< S N > > <<> = > > > T (%>, 1981: 198, 199). E <>= => @ %> => >< = O= =, > = <>, ><O= < < == = >>M > H.
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
40
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
>O= >> <= < > =><= => O> >, => <= >< =><=> > >>. % > =><= ><> = >> > @ < O= >=O= <= >> %>. E <> <=<> O> > <>= > %> <= P= > @ M <=> > = >=><=> >> =><=. E= > , ><> == C>-GO<, => = => >>M = = (<>, =><=>>M, >M M, <=, =<>, .) = = = >= M > <=> @ > ><=> >= =, =, > <> (C>-GO<, 1996: 70). & =<= = > > = > >, = @ = >< ><> > P=> > >> >, > @ <> = =><=> == @ > > M= > > SO= =<=T.55 R$g + e! h)"a#'"$ (e&c$-%&c(c$ de "$de&#dad e)&$%ea
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
42
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
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><O= >>M =><= >. E >O> >= U @ < =<=> >>M =><= > = >> <>= >U = = > = =>: , => H, = @ <><=> > S > ><> >>T >< =><=>, >>=> ><> >; <=> K=, @> > >O> O= =><= @ = > ><> S >T >= > A< L= P= = <>; > = =O= >= = >> O=, <= @ > =<=> =><=> => > >=>. E P<> => = >=<= >M B>M >> S<=O= <=T A > +I+58 @ = => > >= =<=> =><=>. &O> =O= , >= > S=>T >>M = >=== @ >>M > =><= > => >. L S= >===T, = >M <> A< L= > = =O= = > =><= = >> <=O= @ M= < > > >===.59 A @ K= = >=>= >= >> <>= >, %> >==> @ >< >M> =>= >M >= < >< O=. E S T ==> < >= S >T = >= = =O= > => >>=>. E O= >>M =><= > = =O= >> <>= >. E= => , %> > >= = >=> >>M ><> M> >, ><<= > = >O >> >=> <>=>.60 ' ><> > C>-GO<, %> <=> > M> <>=. L ->>O= M = = >= <>=>, = @ M == = <=> S= ><=> <M>-==, <> WO=XT (C>-GO<, 1996: 101). E= , => = M > => > A<, %> = S> =><=> (C=), 58. A> %>, S >< >O= = F>>MT. E= = F= = 1991 A> %> > %P F>=-B=> = '=, = C+9 I93 +9 9 3 , B= 23, 1993, . 77. 59. &=8> C>-GO<4, C9;1+) , 3) 9)G5 3);156)491+)5), B4>=, #8 L8>, 1996, ?. 113. 60. %P F>=-B=>, SCM = >>M =><= T, = %P F>=-B=>, ., , '>, 2004, . 46.
44
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
=> > >> O> O= =><=. F>F>> ST = = %> >> S >> > >T, <><=> = @ A< L= = S MT > >>==, > H => > M >. & > >> >> =<=> O> <M> S =><=T, > ><>, =M N> > >. E S>> > >T =M >, > => > <= <= , => > @ = >= > ><=>. SL > A< L= == >> > > = > HT (&, 1993: 15), M > = = O= > =<=> %>. E= P< ==, > > ST = =>= =O= > SO=T.61
EL #%"EC'" C"!'E#"%Y!E" S"DE%!IDAD/C"L"!IALIDADT E >> S<>=/>>=T >= = => > =><=> >=<>=> = > N> 90 = = >> > S>>M >=><=>T S>>= >T. = >< >> = @ => O> = =>> > = <> >= > > >>>=, => <= = = A<A<, @ = >==> = N> 2001 >=>= >> ( = D = !> C>= = > E> ==>, = J= = B>> = A== &B>M = $>, = B C>=, =>>=>>O < = >> (*, 2005: 17). L> < = >=> S>>M >=><=>T >= <> P= < = >> >= = >== > <><=> =M= >>=>, @ > = = A== &&-
61. H ST = >>M >>M =><= =><= > > < < = O= O= > SO=T >, ==> >< S>T > >=><=> . E= => => === M >>M >=><=> <; > ST => >< 3+< ==O= >=><=> <>=>, < = > .
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M $> = < > <<> N>. L >>= > = >== <>> >= > <> >O= >>M == > > = >> M> = = ><= =, <= @ >= > >=><=> = >= > ; = > >>= >O= >=><=>, =>= =>= <= O<> < <>= == > >=><=> =>.62 A> E> > => =<= =>=> = L=>< E> => >= => <<> >> , > =><= S>< =O= <>=/>>=T (E>, 2003: 53). E >> <>=/>>= <= => > = @ = <>M = A< L= > = =><=, > =<= ><==> < >>=, ><> A=M $=>, * =>>, E=@ DD, C= *, F==> C>>=, &=> C>-GO<, E> E> L=, A> E>, !>= >=>-' >= >-'>, >, => >> <. E> <> M> >> =<> = >= > >=, <= >= &, ><> >= Y, I= >. E > < @ <= >=<=> > = <> ><=O= >=<>= > =><=. E= > < M =>= = > >, >@ >; >< > >= > > = <>=; >= = <><>= >= >>=; >=>= O <=> > <>=> = > => >> >=O= < <=> <>=>/>>=; O= @ = >, =M>, >< > > /> >=; @ = => > = =O= <O= >==> >> >>=O= =>>>=O= => = ><> == == > > .63 L <O= @ >> <== >= > > > >>>= => O= = = <> > > @ = => = =<=> = = !>; < = = ><=O= > @ >M ==62. C= *, F & & &=> &=> C>-GO<, C>-GO<, SI=>O=T, SI=>O=T, = I+39 3 ++ +3. G3+ 3 ++ @ +33 3 9. 9+= 3 , $>, A&B / A , 2002, . 7-16. 63. E> L=, L=, S#=<=> M> =><=>: =><=>: <=O= <=O= >=<>T, >=<>T, D><=> => = D>>> = E> L=><=>, $>, A&B, & E>, E>, 2002, . 4.
46
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
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
65. A>> A=, SE ==> ==> > <>= <>= . = < < >= >= = =O=T, = C= *, ., +9+ @ 9 ()+33. "3 39+ 39+, $>, A&B / A A, 2005.
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= >, >>M >=><=> >== = N> < >= ><== , > >> >, >>=O= < @ >< >> >> <>=/>>= <= = >>M >=><=>. & = <= M N> >>= > = =, ><=> ><> >= > > > M ==> O= = > > > N> > (* 3., 2002: 11). E=>=, => > @ > >> >>=O= <=> >=><=> @ = > <><=>, M <>O , O=->=><=>->O= >>= = ><= > =>. E= >== >> < >< >, > =<=, >= <><=> > @ == = >> =O= > >< >=><=> <>> , ><> >=, > <>, > > =M= (C, B>, E>), > <><=> => => C>>< ><> E>, . (L=, 2002: 4). D => , >>M >=><=> @ > >> <>=/>>= = =>= = >== 3+< ==O= >=><=>, <= >M @ = = => ><= = = >O= >=><=>. & = = > > >>M> >O= >=><=> <>=> @ > > > = >=> = >>= (=><=, =, ) ><> =<=<= >= <. L> @ < = =>@ >=> > (> ><=>), O= > => >> <> (, =>, , .), @ >=>= = >> > (* 3., 2002: 12).
E >> = > >>= == = >, S... = = =<=>, = ><>= = @ = => >==> = = > > +I+, > <= = =>=O= = A< L= = > ++, > >>=T (* 3., 2002: 13). E >=> S>>= >T =>> > >O>> => A=M $=> >= = = > = > = == = M ><> <= == > => >> >M = ><>> > > > =M= => > 90 = O= ==.66 66. C= *, SL ()O= >M = >>= = E>. %>= > <> >>M >=><=>T, = I+39
48
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
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> ST. E > > = > = > > =M= => U = =><= > N> 70 > =O=U > @ > = <=> >>=O= >=><=> >= @ <==> ><> P=> @ > => > = O= = > = >< @ =>O= ST. L >>=O= >=><=> ><== = =>= =><O= >= >, @ => = @, =><O= < >>= @ < <=> <>=> > <==, =><O= =>= <>= ><> == > > =. = =>O= >> <>=/>>= < <=> <>=>/>>= == ><> =< >> ><>= > @ ><N= >>=<> <>=> <>= >>=; =@ <= >=>, = >< > = = <. E =>O= <= = <>= => ><> > %> U><> = >> @ = > U => >= = >, >>=. D M @ <>= => == = >>= > ($=>, 1999), = O= >= @ >= = <>= =<= <= = . E >=> 9+ +33 67 = >=><=> <=>= >> =O= > > >>= >. SL W= >>=X , <=, @ > < >=O, > +I, = => > > >>=> > EN, I=, F= EE..T.68 L =>O= => > =>> = >>= =>= < = S... =, = > <= > >>= > = O= <=> <>=>/>>=T (=>>, 2000: 23,24). #> > = = >>= @ >= < <>O = > > <>=. E >=> = >>= < < >=> > > %>. E= =<=> O>> ==>, = > == >= >O=; >=>>, SD= >>= O= >>=T, = &=> C>-GO<, ., "9<+<9+ 3 ++ +3 A9+ L, B>>, C=> E> J=>, 2000. 68. * =>>, SC>>= >, <> <>=M <T, = C= *, F & &=> C>-GO<, ., I+39 3 ++ +3. G3+ 3 ++ @ +33 3 9: 9+= 3 , $>, A&B / A , 2002, . 221.
50
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
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a c&.(ca a !a (e$&.a de !a h'($&a de'de e! %&$+ec($ "$de&#dad/c$!$#a!dad
L >M > >> <>= > = ==O= > @ = ><> > > = = >; >=O= > @ > <=<= >==> >>==> <, > =, > => = E> ><> = >> <=> ($ =>, 2000: 308). L >>=, <><=> <> == =>= > = >=O= >= @ <O =>= > >=. L >M >69. J> E<==, F3 . E< 9+<3<93 3 *<9 <+ , $>, A-, 1998, . 32.
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>> <>=> < >==<= = >= = => < =O= > <>= ><> >< < = =>< = <=. E >O>> E> L= <= > <=>= >= > <>=> @ >== ++ <939.70 L < 9+ <=> > ST @ = O<= = > >= >< ><> >==> >=><=> > >> >=. L = <=O= >< ><> > <>=> = >= >=O= >, <= 3 93+ +33/93 9 >= <=> <>=>. D > L=, <=>= = => >=O= => > > <>=>. L >=O= >M > <== => > <=>= >=. = > O> => = > > >> O= >= >=>O = > <=, = <=> O=, ><> > 5>< > 4 D44 H <4 4 4>> 4 = <>= IO=. E> @ @ <=> => = >= => => >= <>=>, <= <>, <= @ O> > > =>= >=> >=> > O= (L=, 2000: 16, 17). D > O= L=, O> > >=, = O= <=> UO= @ => = > , ><> = = =M= = O= == U >= > < >=><=> @ = -> (> , >>) =. L >M > >> <>=> >> >>= = S> =T (&, H ) = < >= O= >> >, >< > <>= >: > @ >< ><> >> >> @ = =<= >> >> O> => >= = >> = P=>: >< >>; > > @ > <<>, > > ==<=: >< > <=>M >= >== <=O= > >=< > <>O= N>M> >< >> = <=>. L S> =T >> <>=> >> ><> <= >O= >=>O <, <>. E > 70. E> L=, SC= &>: >>= >=>T, = E> L=, ., L +33 3 *9: <9+9 @ ++ +3. 9+= 39+, C, FACE&-C / !E&C", 2000, . 15.
52
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
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
De'de !a f!$'$fa !a(#$a"e&ca#a haca )# %&$*ec($ de'c$!$#+ad$&
53
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
54
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
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, = = ><= =T, ><> > = >>M > <>= >> > <>=> >>= (L=, 2000: 20).77 #> >> >, ><=> = = >= L= $=>, N @ >=@ >=== <=> <><=> == > > >>: <>= >=O= >>= <=> (L=, 2000: 18; $=>, 2000: 282). A< >=O ><> < >/<> = => O= > >O= <= , <>> > >, ><> < = <>=. D> >> O> >=>= >>= = >O= > >/<> >= ><> > > =<= => O= >. D = , >O= = = >=@> >=@> = , , = = >O @ > => = O= = => > > >>. E < > > >=@> ><> = <=> >=>, ==, >= ><=O= @ >=@ <>=M. &> , = >==, >O= A<, <=> , = > => O= >. D > , O= > >< O >=> >, > >>, = >=> <> <= ($=>, 2000: 282). L> @ @ $=> @ => >>=<> = A< ><= => O> >= >=O= >>= <=> O= > >< >=> >O= > > O= > = => <> <=, => <= > >> O= ><> = <>> >> < >= ><=O= < > >=@. E <=> @ <=O >><= = >O= >= >=><=>, <= @ @O = = >= >>= ><=O= = >> =>->>. E > >> >=O= > >>= >=> = > > +III +I+; > < , >= > > <> U> , > >> =U = = = = = = (L=, 2000: 19). L <=O= O= > <>=>/>>= = >=O= > < <=> <>=>/>>= <9377. L= <= @ = =<> -<=93 = < @ = >> > = , @ => = > =. D <= = >= > = >> > <=>, ><> > <= = <>M > (L=, 2000: 20, 22).
56
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
+ > <>= ><> >< < = =>< = <=. D => , = >> > = >=O= >= >> <>=/>>= == > >>M =><= > > N> 70, > >=> <=== = <>=>/>>=, >= > = >> >>=>, >> <>=/>>=, @ = > O= @ >== == > M< = <>=/>>=, >= = , , ><=> >= >> >M>, =, M> > @ >== = > => <>O>. = < > = >>=> >=><=> >= = >> > > < = >>=, > >> @ > <>= >=> ><> O= >.
EA F%E!'E AL #%"EC'" DE&C"L"!IAD"% = @ > = < O= = >O= =<=> @ N => => @ = =O= > <>= ><> >< < = = <= = @ O ><> >=>, <>= > => = O= > <=>. E= < , > = M >O >> <>= >, @ >= = < > > <= <>= A< L=. &P= => <> @ >>M >, >=<= O= H, = => , = ><=> > >> >. H @M =<= >< >= > H > A<. &= <>, ==O= > = >> < 3 3 9 39+ @ >=<>, <= @ = O= @ == > > ><=> > M <<> > ><=> (C>-GO<, 1996: 162). = >>M =><= > @ <= = = >> > > = => O= > => M => = > @ ><= >. E= => M >> >O> <>= <<= >= = < = O= =99 = <>=. E= > , = @ >=><=> => = @ > > <= > => > = >
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
58
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
>=>O. L S=O= >=<>=T > = > > = <> => = >, @ == ><O= < < = >>M > (1822) H.79 E> @ @ O= <== = >=O= S>T >> <>=>; > M > = <>. E= <>= <= @ = < S<>=T A< L= > =>. E >> >=> ST =><= > > >O> <>=, <= > >> =>. L = O= @ SO=T = > >> =, > ST, =>. E =O= > = <=> >>=>, @= +I+, @ > =M @ < > <=> =O= O= > (=>>, 1999: 57). E > ==> D><=> F=> &<=>, >> >> >> >=O= =>= O< @ >=O = =O= =><= , <<> <>, = = O= >>=<> ==> (=>>, 1999: 56). L > , <= =O= = O= , >> >>. '><=> = = >= C>-GO<, S>> =>T =M = A, M<>> = M>, @ = > = C=, M<>> > ><> <>, > > S =T O= >= = >. E= >= >= = >>M > =><= = > A< L= ><> < P= > < (F>=-B=>, 2004: 29). E> = = <O= , >> S=T, > S>>T A< L= <= >> <> =O= < > > O= >=. L S= T ==, >>, > ; S=T =M = >> > >, @ => M > >=>> > H. E= >=> S=T = = >> < > =<=<= >> <>. & = >< >=O= = A< L= E> ><= = 79. * =>>, SG>O=, >> >> O= = T, = &=> C>-GO<, ". G>-% C. = B= C., ., 9 () 3 9+. $9 @ 9++ 3 +9+ +33 , B>>, #>= = J=, 1999, . 58.
De'de !a f!$'$fa !a(#$a"e&ca#a haca )# %&$*ec($ de'c$!$#+ad$&
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
D , O= => >= >O= < = #< =>. L SO=T => >= = => ==O= = =. L S>O= T = => < = >O=
60
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
><> O>, => < = = = >= < <> > O=. E= => A< L= > ><> = >> >= = S>T <, > = S=T. %><> @ >=O= @ > > > <= > = = = = > S= T , , > = >>M > >. E> = @ >>M =><= > => > = S=O= >=<>=T = => => < ><==> <<==> , = >= < > >>M <O= />> O= (=>>: 1999: 74).80 L S>O= T = => >= = = @ > >> > > O=, = =, < = = = = > > =<=> => > <>>M <>=. R$g f&e#(e a! %&$+ec($ de'c$!$#ad$&
& >= M> >>M =><= > >> <>= >, %> @ <= => >> > =O= > = ><O= >>= <= @ =O= @ <O == = >, = = (%>, 1994: 13-22); = <>, %> = M >> <>=> @ = = >O= A< L= = > <=; <= @ = = <= >=O= >, > == ><> = >> >O> =>=. &> = >=O= = >, >>M =><= > > =>, <= = >, , > <>, S=T, => > < > > O >.81 L >>M 80. =>> N @ = S>O= T == ><> = =>>>M >=, => ><> >>O= S>O= T (== > => M =, ><> O= =M) => ><> <=> ><> = => => . & <= >O= >= ST > > @ <O= > <O. & =>= = S=>>>M T (< @ <>>M) @ = > >< (>, , , =>=, >, >, .,) < ><> = = <= = = >=>= >= > > > >>= > >O= >=O< (=>>, 1999: 69). 81. > > > A=> D= J= D> = ( >, > =>, > >, => > @ ><> < O= == (A=> 3., 2000).
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
62
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
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. I > @ = >, =>> > =>, > > <= = = > . ' => @ = = ><O= =<>, < @ O = => <> G> & @= =, , @ = >>M W H HX => M > = O= K= = A< L=. A> >=<> => @ M, > @ , < @ >, = = < @ > <>= U <>= @ <> U @ @> = =>>> = =>.
L =O= %> > O= >=O= =><= >M = <= U> = <>= = = = A< L=U => > = < >=O= >= @ >=>= A< L= <=> = > => > >>=83 = = ,84 => O> = <= > =>. E> = @ >>M =><= => =<= = == <=> => > < S <T (F>=-B=>, 2004: 22). D <= @ = = < ><> O= =><=, ==> = , = , <==> >>. L = <= = %> = >=> @ = ><=O= = >O >=, >=> M <>=>. #> >> >, >= @ S O=T > %> ><> = S<> <=T = A< L= (%>, 2002: 70), <===> = > > S> =>=T >>M =><= (F>=-B=>, 2004: 40), > @ > ><=> = = = A< L= <<>, >= > > O>=, > = >> > > =>. D M @ >>M =><= => 83. E O>> >@N> >=>-'>, => >= $=>, >= @ >>= = O= > @ <O ><> > >>=<> <> =>, > @ = <> = O= >< = > =>=, < = >< @ >, >=><=>, > >= = = = M, <> . E >>=<> => > <<> @ >>=, => = O= >M >=O<, = >=M = > = > >>, > @ >= =O= = <>. A= @ < @ >>=<> >>=, >>= > >>=<> (!>= >=>-'>, S&> >>= : >=>= >> = >=>T, = &. C>-GO< %. G>>, ., E3 9... 84. L = > > > >>=> > > @ =><= >=>-'>, >>= . %> => >= S= <=T > @ = >>= .
64
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
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
De'de !a f!$'$fa !a(#$a"e&ca#a haca )# %&$*ec($ de'c$!$#+ad$&
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
66
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
@ =<= > >= <<> > M, @ = > >> =>, <=O= >=. $ = <= = A< L= = . La c&.(ca de! %&$+ec($ "$de&#dad/c$!$#a!dad a !a f!$'$f.a !a(#$a"e&ca#a de !a h'($&a
E >> S>>M =><= >T => > >< >= > H >@ ST U =O= >> @ %> =>= L=><U => O= SO=T ( > @ > >=>= >= <>). L > > > O>> =><=> =>= > =<=> >O> <>=>, <= @ ==> > > >< =, >=> > . A<=> , ><=> >= =>>, >=> @ ><> >O> (, %>) >= ><> = =<=> <>, > = >, > = <= >= > >>M > (=>> = *, 2002: 27); M ><O= > =>. ><> %> == >= >=><=> => = =>. E = > > => =><=> => => > => > ; = <>, > >> >, >O> O<= > = >O= >=><=> @ = ><> P=> = => >= >< >O=, => > >> , >=><=> >< >O=, ==>>. E=>=, <= >= >M <, @ <= > > > =><=> >= > >< == >= < <=> <>=>/>>=, > => <= >=>, =@ > >M > , => @ = <> > = <= >= > =<=> >> > > <<> > = >> > @ = <=> >= >>= >, <= =>= @ => >= => >=<=. & M >> <=> <> > = <=O= >>=, ><> <= @ = . L > >O %> >=, > <>, = = >> >M> => > ><><> O= > > =><=> ><> = = >=> O> O= > 70 , > =>, <>> >O<= . &= <>, = >-
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O>, > >O >= E> ><> ==O= >=><=>. L >>M =><= => > >= > >=> >@ = > >O E> => >O= >=><=>, => > >> >=><=>, => > >O= >= ST. #> > =>, >>M =><= > => < > > @ <O= > <O: S >>O= > @ >= = > >T (=>>, 1999: 69). = >O= =, > , >< = > @ >=><=> => => =, => @ <> > = >>= < > > < = >O= = (=>> = *, 2002: 27). =>> > N >= <> = S<>>M >=T > <><=> > = > =M= = P< = O= ==: S= <>>M @ = M< > >=><=> =M= >=> > >>= >, <=> > = >>= > >=><=> >= > =M= >=><=> = >M >=O= T (=>> = *, 2002: 27, 28). =>> = = @ S= = >==, = => , < O= @ ><M O= >=. E => => = >=, => =O= =O= WX. !> = M= = => >O= > => W>X => WO= XT (=>>, 1999: 68).87 R$ = M >=<>, ><> > = %> , >> > >O> >> <>= >? E> = 39 A9+ L + <9 E<9 , ><> = >-<>>->=. ' ><> $ =>, >= => = = >. S!> , > =>, >>= = >==<> ( =><=<>) >> ( >=<>),
87. I= = =<=> >= , =>=, <> < >M < =<=> >=. E < => < <>>M =, @ > > >==P= => , = => , <== ><> > M > M. A >=>, > @ > <>>M >, ><> > =>>, @ = > =><>= >M . & = = > =<=> = > @ == >=<> ><> P= >=><=>. D => =>O= @ => =>>, 3 9+ +33, < = = > >>= > = O= <=> <>=>/>>= (=>>, 2002).
68
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
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
C0?MD;> II
La (e$&.a de !a "$de&#ac/#, !a (e$&.a de !a de%e#de#ca + e! ac()a! %&$+ec($ de'c$!$#ad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
72
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
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1989: 35). L> > >=> > N> 90, O= $=>, = @=> = >==>O= < O P= <>> = >==> = =>>= = > @ >= >M == > 70. D M @ <>= >= = >> = =<= > > >> =><=>. E= > 90, S>= O>-T > > $=> = @ > S>T > ST = >=O= <=> @ >= < > >M, > >/<>, >== = M <>> >==>, >=>, > ><=> = >==> >, > , = <=> O<= >=>. = > @ >=><>, = ><O= < <=> <>=>/>>=, >= = >= > M>, @ = => O<= = M>>. D <>>, S>= O>-T >>= = >=> = > <= = = >O= >=.93 E >=> == O>- >> > $=> O= = <=> O> E> "= > M=> >>= @ =O, = > > > , >, = = A< L=, >== >= ==. E =O= $=> < @, = >=> >> <> <>=>/>>=, >> =O= <>= >=O= > > =>= = A< L= =O, ==> = = , O= >>= > > = =>=.94 L >=O= << > >>= = >> <>=/>>= ==, =>=, = <= < = ><=O= = >> >= > N> 70, ><> => <=>. E= =>, >>= M == => ><> = > <>= >, => ><> >= <<. E > = > N> 90 > O= <>=>/>>= > = M >=<>, ==> M ><=O =>= = A< L= = >>. SL W>= X = <>> M> >=O= = >, = ><=O= >=>O= >= > >M= = = < > = MT ($=>, 1989: 29). = = >>, A=M #=>, $9 @ *9 C3 @ A9+ L , E. &>, B=> A, 1971, A=M $=>, E3 9+ <9*+ A9+ L, CE#AL, &=> C, 1966. 93. A=M $=>, S% M O= $=> *T, 16 >, 2005. 94. # C M=, SL ()>=O= > >: = >=O= =<=> M> =><=>T, = C= *, ., +9+ @ 9 ()+33. "3 39+, $>, A&B / A-A, 2005, . 173.
74
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
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>, > =, > >= = = => ><== (*, 2005: 19). L> < @ > M> >= > =: M >M == >M <>=O=; O= <<> O> = > ==; =O= ><> >O> (%>) >M == <<> O>. '> < => O> < >= = ><=O= >=> >O= > > O=, => <= = > = ()=<=> M>, > @ =>> == > <O= > = > = = , == , =<=> = =>.95
EL C"!'E+'" HI&'[%IC" DE #%"DCCI[! DE L"& DI&C%&"& DE LIBE%ACI[! E >=> O> > > >= > <=> = = >M >M > =><= ' => ><> > > >> >>=O= = >, => > EA ><> >= > > <>=O= >>, >=> S>>T ' =>. E= >=>, = > 70, > > = =><=, <> > <> >M>, > = >< >== >= > O= = => M >= O= > => > >=O<> >M> @ >== <=>, <= >= >= < >O=, > =><O= <, => ><= >M>, => >. L O= >= > > > >> =O= =, <=> >=O<> >=>, =<=> >=>= > @ = <> > >O=, >= = M >> < @ >= = > >> >=O<> = >=>= .96 E > O= >= < >= = < 95. * =>>, S#>T, = C= *, ., +9+ @ 9 ()+33. "3 39+, $>, A&B / A-A, 2005, . 8. 96. &=> C>-GO<, SL=><=<>, <>=, >O=. #>O<=> = M >>>= O=T, = &=> C>-GO< &=> E> = , >>., $9 +3: 39+, +33 @ 3*3+ *, >, = > &= F=>, 1998.
76
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
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> O O= >O= >. E >=> >=<> = A== U><> <><=> > => = #> >= A= = CU ><> <><=> @U <>= O= <> ><> = >M. AM, <> <O >, >=> >>=> >=O < >= >M > =><= = >= S>M <>=O=T = ><> > <= > E> => &= G =.
EL DI&C%&" DEL DE&A%%"LL" E! LA #%"DCCI[! &"CI"L[GICA DE EDIAD"& DEL &IGL" ++ E > >> > > >=>O= = >= >=O= > <= = >> >> &= G =. E >> >>> >M <>=O= ' => <= > M A< L= > = => = > O= > N> 50 > ++. D > >= $=>, >=O= >=M, = >>, = = <>=, =@ , >==O=-O= >=> >, = > >, > > >O= > >M. E >> = ><> > <= > <=O= >>=<> = A, Y "=M, ><O= => E> =>=, = => > <= >= >>= > >M ><> = C=, I=, A, =<, C = >= Y ($=>, 2000: 11-29). E @ > M > > M >, @ = > > P<> = ><> = >O= >M <> > >=> => =>= >, <= > E> =>. A> E> = > L =+ 3 $9+9 M< = = >=>= @ >>= >= >< > >> >= O= ' =>. E= N @ <> =><= >O = => > <=> >>> = 98. & %<>, %>>, SA >>M =><= = P< = C>><T, = I C>=> I==>= F>>M L=><=. C99 +<3 3 3 C3*, B>>, = &=> '><, 1986, . 8.
78
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
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
De'de !a f!$'$fa !a(#$a"e&ca#a haca )# %&$*ec($ de'c$!$#+ad$&
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
80
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
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<= = >= >=== <=> >=O<> <= = = = =>>M. E <=> >=O<> >=M =>= = = >==> = M > >, @ <M >O= = > M > >=>= @ = > M , ><> =O=, =O=, <>=O= M>, =, = <=> > > > = <> (E>, 1996: 82,83). E ><=> =>= = => = >> =<= > = > = @ = E> >= A< !> > >=O<> @ = < > <> >= >> >>. L >M >> = =< > >=O= @ >> >=O<> M > M <<> = <>=O= >M > > < >> =><=> M= =>< <= = <> > >= (L, 1995: 16). E < S>>T S<>=O=T > > >==, ' => >O= > = =O= = >O= >>O > N> ==; O= => = > > =<= >= >=>< => = > O<= = = => =>>O>: =><O= > ><>= > >=== > >= > > <> #< =>. & >=M @ >< = M >>, O= >M =O=, >=M= = >= > >= >=, >=> >=O<<= => (E>, 1996: 13). E= = ==> >O= E>, >> = O= > @ >= ><> <= =O= @ O > > <> > > >=O= O= > > M @ =>= >=>= ><> >>. E= => < >> > = <>> , ><> > >= $=>. D >= E> $=>, <= = >> ><> = <= =O=, =>= >> > =>= >, >M> O>. A> E> = P<> > => @ > => > < , => O= =<=>. E < = = , >= >=>=, =><>= O. #> > = >> ><> > >M @ = >> = = = M > <>> >==>= >=, >> > >=><=> =. D => , S= =
82
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
<> >= > >> = O= >M >@ =>> > > > O= >=>M =T.104 D =>@ = M >M == >M <>=O=. R& >M = @ >M == >= ><> = M @ < >> > @ < = =< = = <>> >==>= >=? La (e$&.a de !a de%e#de#ca + !a c&.(ca a! de'a&&$!!'"$
L >M == O >=<= = >< = > N>70 = >= ><> A= G= F= >= O= C3 %9=3 L A9+ 1967, ><> F==> C>> E=> F> >= D+ @ D9933 A9+ L, = 1969, . L> > == =>= > => => > <><=> =>>= @ = > N> 40 M= => = A , >><= = Y, ><> > M<= > = >, B, A==, M ><> <= > == >O= = , = >< , > ==<> ><> <<>. #> >> > => @ > @ >M == <= = >=> =><=> CE#AL. E =O= ==>=, CE#AL, O = > N> 40 ><> = >= => @ > E> =>.105 C><> = >=>, CE#AL, > #, = > => = >M >=O< >= < = >= = > > > >=> =><=> = >=>=.106 E < =M = @ > >> > >> = > M @ =N> M= > >>= 104.A> E>, SO= = >>>T, = F9+ +<3<93. C 9+, +3 @ 9+= + , B>>, => C, 2000, . 58. 105.L> @ EA >= =>: >= >=O<, < =O= =, = = ><= >>, >== = == > M =><=> = S= ><T. 106.!> M @ C M >> = >M =O= . E= => >M > =O= > < >> < > =O= >=M <=> >=>. = > = > >> = > > <> ==<=>, > E>, <=> M >> = =O= <> ==> (C> F>, L = 3 +*, >, F>=> C E>=O-
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= <= = > =>, > >> = @> > >=>=. & = # M =>, =>> > = , <= S=>-T >=O= <= <> &= G =,107 S =P> = O> O= >=> >, > >>T ($=>, 2000: 292); = <>, = > > >=>< CE#AL >=O= = M > = =O= M = O= = , ><=, ><> S== =T ($=>, 1989: 30). E@<> > = O= >= < >>. E >=> => = < ==>= > P= S=>T ST >=> ><> = >< == <M = ><> ==>= @, P= > => =>, <M= <O= = ST ( > >=> > <O=) , > > <<>, => > >> >=> =>= .108 E M O, ><> > >= &>, @ >=> %>> S <=>T @ >=M= = ST, > > = >=> S>>T, ><> ==>= <O= = O= = > => = @ >= >= < < >> <> <>= = <=>. E= > , > = = <>= >= S<>T >M <>>= >== N = <M = S=>T ST = <=> =<> >< > <O= = (&>, 2004: 49,50). &= <>, ><> => < >>. E <> => => O <. E= >, >> @ M >M = = >M >=O< =O= > O= <>>= , < / E>=><=, 1993, . 27). & > = >= = > > => = O= == =. C><> > = => >>, = => >> =O= = A< L=, @ >=M >=>> >=>. 107.L =O= = W=>X WX >=O< => >>O> =><=> = > N> 70, ==> > <>=X ><> > M = =>, > O <> ><> >=O<. 108.&>, J, L +9+ ++3 @ 3 9 , = & M, >. 53, $>, A&B / A-A / C>>O= E> !>=, 2004, . 50.
84
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
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
86
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
= = @ = <>>=; = >=O= L=, => = = = >> = > > > > > >, >> = >, => < >O= = >O= >=><=> ><><> >M>. E= > , = > ><><=> =>, >> = > =><=, == => . # > O> == > = == = ><<= >= > > > >=O= O > > >> <> = > <>> ><=O=. ' ><> > = C>> C> *>, <= @ => = == = ><> > < @ = = ><== (C>> C>, 1970: 31). E> @ @ <>= > = <>> ><> > > > === O<= , = = =<= >= > =>. C>> C> *> = <= = <=: $ > @ >>= O >== >= = => <><=> >== =><= > =><=. %>O= < @ ><, >=>= < @ >> >= > > @ >== >>M >== > <><=> > >= >= > A< L=. E >< > , , ><> >@ > <> >. E= ==, =P> O= >M =><>, @ = = > = > = = >> >< > <>, = =<= = >=O= = O= E> O= >M > > >>=> (C>> C> *>, 1970: 31).
E ==<> >= = = <>= = = ; <>= >=><=> >=>= @ >= = <>=O= E> (= <=> =>>->=) <>=O= >=> = , <=> >=O< O= E> >M >, > >. D => , >>= == == >== O = >=>= = <> <> O= >= > . ' >== O M >=> >M <>=O= 3 9+. $9 @ 9++ 3 +9+ +33, B>>, I=> E> &> C, #>= = J=, 1999, . 46.
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
E= >= $=> > N> 70 = @ >= == = = =O= >= = < O> > = = >; > >=> >= == > N> 70 == = O= > @ < >, <= >; = <> O= > = = = >=O= =>= = . E= >>= <=O= = == => , > < = >< O= = >> => = 112. A=M $=>, SD==, <> > =O=T, = A9+ L: @ 99+ +3+-3+, C, E. =, 1970, . 97.
88
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
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
115. E >=> >>= > =>> >=<= =><=> > A=M $=>, SC>>= >=/%>=T = 9 I, !>. 29, L<. # <= A=M $=> I<<= *=, SA<= C>= > A< = >= *> &. 134, 11/1992, !E&C", #M.
90
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
LA FIL"&"FZA LA'I!"AE%ICA!A DE LA HI&'"%IA, & %ELACI[! C"! EL A!YLI&I& DE DE#E!DE!CIA C"! EL A'E%IALI&" HI&'[%IC" E >> >>M =><= > (%>) >< 4 4>M 4 4?4=4=8, 4>84=8O= 4 44 8=44 78 ?48 4 '44 =>, H 4= 44 4=8> 4 8 ><> = 4548O= >= 4;116 4> 4, 4 4=84=4 = 4548O= 58>O58 @4 4 >=84 M << 4= 88O= >= ?>88O= 4 4?4=4=8; 4> 4, ?84= 4 <= >
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E ><> >O> =><=> =, =>=, = > >> =>>= >@ > O= >>= = => >=O= = M > = =O= > = O= > P= > >.118 & >= = O > , > =>, ><> > = M> =>, => >< >>M >=><=> ><> N> <. L >M == M > >>M =><= > = O= %> <<> O>. &P= >, => =O= ><> > =><=> === ><> > >==> <= >= < @ = S=>T = > M =>. L >M == =M <> => == > < => >=O<> S= O= >= >> > <<>T, M => > ==> (%>, 1981: 264). E= => %> = == ><> <= = ><> >=O= =>= <<>, ><> > >=O <<> O>. = =O= <= = S=>T ><> <>, = ST = = <=O=, S= = = M <<>T (%>, 1981: 50). E S> =><=>T =M = => => =>: > > O=. E= => O= == @ > =><= <=== >= > => > <=, %> > =: E => = = =, < @ =>>O= > <=, >=@, >>=O= >>=O= > =>>>=<>, >== <> = >= >O=, ><> <<> = >M >O=. E , @ ==, < = > > + +II, = = > > = > > +III +I+ , = > > +I+ ++, => <= >= > <<> = >> C>=== (%>, 1981: 264).
+,<9*+ @ +* +3 A9+ L, CE#AL, &=> C, 1967; A=M #=>: $9 @ *9 C3 @ A9+ L, E. &>, B=> A; A==, 1971. 118. L> >>= = >> >>M =><= == <= ><> >=> >=O<>; > @, >= ><> = = > >=O< = O= == >= = =. E= => >> >>M > = >> =>>=, = ><> = < = > > >O= > >=O<, < => = >> = M> >>M <<; > <> = >>= S= >>=T (=>>, 2000 ) @ <>= > >=> <>= == >==> = = = > +I => M.
92
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
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
94
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
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
96
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
> = M => >= >O=, > => = P=<= = =O=, => >< >= = >> <=> >, <>= > = > ><> > =><= ($ =>, 1989: 47). %> = >> >O>, = > >=> >M S >T, = ><= > = > > =M= =>, >< = , = >= O . %> ><> >M S >T > <=>, >=> O.
EL #%"EC'" "DE%!IDAD/C"L"!IALIDAD LA C%Z'ICA A LA 'E"%ZA DE LA DE#E!DE!CIA A LA FIL"&"FZA LA'I!"AE%ICA!A DE LA HI&'"%IA L = S>M <<> T, <== >=> S<<>T >= ><=O= = M, <> > =O= ><> =>=. E > == O= =O > <<> ($=>, 2000: 18). A == M O= = M S>>T S>>T <= @M M< >M == >>M =><= >, ><> => = =. L M > O> == >=><=> => = => =O <= = @ S>>T S>>T => = = > @ M= =<= = => = >> ==, => < = >= >O= = =<> , = O= > => = => ; > =>, >M <, @ M = => @ > > > S>>T S>>T => >= < @ >> >=> @ =O= ><>=O= > = => = <<> P=> @< >> > = (L,1995: 18). L >M <>=O= >= >= => > =>< = ><>, > >>, > O; = <>, =>@ <>=/>>=, > == O= @= >> > >< =O<=> ><> <>=. L O= => >> <>=/>>= > =-
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
122.D > >= $=>, > > => = O=, >O= <= = &= G =, => >= =, = =<= , = >> >@ >= > = >= E>-=O=. #> > =>, => <>> = @ >>= > P=, >> > <>, <=> = > = A< L= ($=>, 2000: 26).
98
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
La *#c)!ac# c$#'(()(*a e#(&e "$de&#dad + c$!$#a!dad
E <> => = > => > S>T U><> =M >M ==U >=> << > >; <> <= >=> <>= ><> O= >, => >> <>>, > S>T >< = = = => = > = >=> O>. D > $=>, <> >= ><> => O= > <= O> A< => >>=/ <>=> >=> ($=>, 2000: 291,292), <= @ > <= => > =M= ><> = > => ==, => >@ > >< O > >=> > = A< @ = <= 9 > <> <= ($=>, 2000: 309). D M @ => < <> <> => == O> ->, => > > >< > >=> >. E <, O= > >< O >=> >, > >> = >=> <> <= => = > ==, = <>> O<> >== >> > <=> = M, ><> > $=> = > 90. &O> >= A< > >=> = > <=, ==> <= > > < >< >= <> <= ($=>, 2000: 310). D => , = < , = == = <= ==> U><> > >=O= = <>> >U => >= >>=. %>= >>= < = > <>=, >>= > ><> = <>> >, M > === > > >> <>=/>>= ($=>, =>>, *, E>, D, C>-GO<, >=>-'>, .). E >=> W>>= >X @ => $ => < >=O= > >M ==; => > = > @ > > =O= >=>= = >> >= > > <>> ><=O= @ >=, => = O= > @ >= =M=<= < <=> <>=>/>>= @ <, =>=, == O> ($=>, 1999: 104). A<=> , = >>= >>= > @ >= > =O<=> =><=> 9. D => <>
De'de !a f!$'$fa !a(#$a"e&ca#a haca )# %&$*ec($ de'c$!$#+ad$&
99
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
100
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
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
D => >> <>=/>>= > @ > => = M ><> =M == U= O= > = >> =U => = O= >. L> @ > O= =, <> > > . E= >> <=>, O= > = @ <= S>T >< = = = => = = > U<> > >=> O>. E> @ , > >= $ =>, @ >U <> == > <>> = O= > ($=>, 2000: 13). J<= >=> >= O>- O= O= > <> = = P=> >= <=. E= <=>>M >==>= > S >>->>T, = <=> => > <> 124.C= *, SC>>=, >=><=> > >-==: C>==> =>O= = = =T, >== = = &=> C>>@> !>= E> A>>><=>. &<3 <= , 999 @ ++, #>=, 2004.
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
102
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
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
126.D &> &=>, = F==> GM CM, S" >O= >. D>> >= B>= D &> &=>T, = I+, !>. 19, "= C+ #+3 , $>, FLAC&", & E>, 2004, . 102.
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La e'(&)c()&ac# de! %$de& e# e! de'a&&$!!$ de! ca%(a!'"$
A> = >=>= = => O= > <= = >= D &> &=> $=>, > = >, > O> ==, > >>. = >=O= > >> <> < >= <<> <= ><> = >> > => ><> = > <> U><> = >=> > O> ==U => ><> = >=O= >>.127 E >=> <<> = >M == < = >= > > ><=O= = M > =>=; > > >= ><> ><=> =>= > >> >> =>=. E> @ @ > O> == M= => <= <= >, = <= = >== = >=> >O> = > N> G FM: = >, >@ > > = = ><= >= > =>= >>= = >> O= =>=; >> >, =O= < == > = < = > EA. D >> <>=/>>=, <<> = >M @ = <> >>= O> (C>>=, 2002: 10). C>>=, = << M= O= > > >> >, >>= =>= = >=O= < <<>, ==> <>: >>=, =>=, >. E >=> <<> > < = =O= > >= >= <> >. E= <<> >, > > > <, > => =; > > = => = >>M == > >> @ == > >M>-> >= > >=O<>->, , S > > > > = >=O< = = <> >> @ < = => >< >T (C>>=, 2002: 11). #> > =>, > <>= == = > @ = <<> >>= ><=> = <> > >>= =<= <= > <> >M>; = <<> =>=, >=> = =O= > =>= === > <> ><==<= >=O<> <O= E>; ><=> > > @ > = =<=> =>> = >>M . E= <>, S= <<> > ><=> <> > U<> > =>= ==>=, ==> < >=O<, >=>127.F==> C>>=, SRG>O= > <<> >? E = =T, ><=> => = D>>> = E> =><=>, $>, = A== &M, & E>, 2002, . 11.
104
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
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
De'de !a f!$'$fa !a(#$a"e&ca#a haca )# %&$*ec($ de'c$!$#+ad$&
105
; <= @ <=> => > > > > A< L=, > >> @> @ = > >O=, <=O= ><=O=. '<= A= U=> >> <>=/>>=U = << M= $=> @ S= = >= <>=, ><> = H<, , = > = @<T (A=, 2005: 45). A= = = <>> >> > = @ = <>= >= >>, <> >= >> ==> ><> <<O= <=> >=O<>, = @ = = @ > O= @ = = > = =. '<= B> >= @ >=O= <=> = @ > => = @ >> > >>. D > B>, <> >=<>=> >> < = > ==>: ==> > > ==> >. = >== >=> @ > > ==> >= >>: > > == M< > @ => >> >= => @ <=> ==> > <>, >@ => = <>> <=> >> <.128 F=<= N @ = << M= O= >> > = ><><> >= = >, C>>= =>> = > > > >> >O= =>. & > S>>=>T @ >>= >O= >= @ > = >>M =>< = = > (C>>=, 2002: 14; =>>, 2002: 238, 239). L = >, > > >, >= > >=> O= = >>M. !> @ = >>M == = => >= <>, => O= = = = . E >> @ < SE> >>T, <= @ =O= ><== @ < >> > <<> > = >> <=>. & > >= <= = >> > > > >> <=>, = = < >>= >< (C>>=, 2002: 14; =>>, 2002: 239). E= @<, >=O= = > = <= > >= =O= = = <> >>. & >< > <=> => > = <> >>. #> > @ => = > >> @ >=O= = = <= =<=<= = <> >> > =O= =. L = >= >= => ><> > = >> >M>, => ><> = > >=O<> > =>, > @ = 128.L>=> B>, E+3: 9 3 99, 9 3 *9, , '>, 1997, . 14.
106
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
><= > ><> <>> ><== = = = > > > (C>>=, 2002: 15). L >=O= = => < =>=> >=<>, = <<= O= >>= >, O= = = > , >=> = <> = >=, > => >= =<>, E> > (=>>, 2002: 239). #> > C>>= @ S> ><=> , @ < > => =, ><> = <>, <=> > > >=> ><> = >= >, ><> @> <>=, > <><=> => => <> =<=<>T (C>>=, 2002: 14). E S>>T > ==> >= < @ == = >> >=><> ==>= @ >=== = > <=> = => > >=O<> = >< >= > > <>>=>. E= =, > >> = <=> > > <, = = = SE>T > S S"=T = >O= <=> = = S>>T. = >> @ <<> > ><>=> > >< S@T, ==> =, @ >=> < =>= = = = ><; > >> >, >> >> @ >O= SE>T > S"=T > >O= <=> = <=> > >>, @ >= ><= >== > < ><= ==>= == >M @ == <>>= . E> > >> = => =><>= >M @ = == >= = = , <> =>= >>=. #> =>, C>>= = @ > <<> > > >>=<> >= <= = > = >= =>= > > = = >= > <, = > >= = , > >=>= O, <= =, ><> > => > >, > @ = > > < >=><O= = O<= =>=.129 A< <<> > =O= < = ><<=> >>= => >=, > ><<=> >>= ><> = > <>, = O<> = >> >M> >= > (C>>=, 2000: 146). 129.F==> C>>=, SD >=<> >>=<>: = >>>=<>T, = E. L=, ., L +33 3 *9: <9+9 @ ++ +3, !E&C", 2000, . 145.
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
130.E ><> < = < @ >=>= <> = >O= >= = S>=O=T = = = >. E > = ><>= (A=, 2005: 57).
C0?MD;> III
La #(e&c)!()&a!dad + e! 0"-' a!!- de !a "$de&#dad1 I!'%"DCCI[!. LA #%EG!'A #"% LA I!'E%CL'%ALIDAD L = = > > >=> >=> > > >. R#> @? L> > <> M> = > = >=>= <>=. E= < , >> <>=/>>= >= = O= >O= >=><=> =M> ><> P= >< > > <=>, >=> ==> > >< > >> > @ >= S>>T >=><=>. E > =><=> > 70 => ==O= >=><=>, <= @ >= @ >=><=> = , = <, > = >O= > >< > . E= => , > >> <>=/>>= >>= > >= > = <= >> <>=, M === = >>= > >>=. E= > >> =><=> > N> 70, >=<= >M == >>M =><= >, <>> > < >>= ><> >= <>=. E= , >> <>=/>>= = ><> = S< >>T (=>>, 2003: 27), ><=> M = >> =><=> > 70 @ = = >> <>>M <>=. E=>= = =>@ =, >=<= = >=> ==>, >< <= =O= = > >=><=> >=, > @ >>= ><== = = =><O=, < >=O= <>> S>>T >, , ><> >> >>=. L = == M < = >M, , = > <>. & > < = >< == =. RE= @ => == >> <>=/>>= ><> S= < >>T? ' ><> => = > <= @ >< =O= <>=/>>=
110
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
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
112
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
= > =>= >>= < @ >= =. # * => U><> >M = =>< G==U ><= = > >>= >O= >=><=>, =>= <= ><> < <>= =@ > >=><=> => =><O=, M = => >= P = >=><=>; < >< >>=O=, > @ * == > >>=, <=> @ < = = >>=O= <. L =>O= >>= < >=O= , > , = O= > >=O= <=> S>>T (*, 2005: 24). E <= = > >O= = >> <>=/>>=. #> > >>=<=> >> > =. & > >=> >= @ <> >=><=> >,136 > > @ >= < ><> P=> >O= >=><=>, <= @ = , = @ => = = >= ><== (*, 2006). ' ><> > >= *, => > ><> >=, => = >> >=O= = < S>>T >=><=> @ =O= >>= < >=><=> >>=<=> ><> P=>; = < S>>T >=><=>, =<= = ()>>= >, 137 (*, 2006). R$ >= ()>>=138 O= *? & = ==> =>= = P< O= M>. 136. '3 ++9+ + M3 < 3 ++ 9T ><> => O> <>>M =, => <= >>M >=O<->M, ==> > >=> ><> S<>T, ST >=O= >= > S>>T, S>>T, S<=> >=O<>T, >> > > <> (*, 2006). 137.E> = <= > @ == > >>= O= >=>-'>: SL >>= = W > >=>O>X @ > => <>== > >> , < >, >= > > > >= > >> >= O= ><> = > ==>T (E>, 2005: 73). L >>= =>= =O= > =. 138.E <=> >>= =O= >= >>=O= =>> > C= * = =O= S'>M M >>=O=T D = = <> 2004. E <=> > O= >> = >> <=> = B> >= > => < @ = => >> <>=/>>=, E>= LO= !>= >=>. !> >=, * < @ =>O= ->>= <><=> => ><> >> <>=/>>=. E <=> S>>= => > =<= => >>=O=; < =, = =
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D &> &=> = = > <= = = <= = > > >=>, =>=> >==> = >. L = > @ <> U =, <>>>M, >M > >=>U => = = => <> <= , > >, => >=M = ><> >=> = >> =><O= > = >. SE ><=> = > =T (D &> &=>, 2003: 17). D > > = >=<>= = <> = @ > => > > <= P= > =, >> >> M >=>. #> > <= D &> &=> @ == O= =><O= > >= M =. E = = <M ==. L = > = >==> = >> O= > >= = < < >M =, <= @ >== >>. H, > >=>, >> O= > > @ = > => ><= = =, >@ >== =, , <=, <= @ >= = >@ => >>== > @ = <><=> >=>== >= <>=> >= ><==. D &> &=> >= @ <= = > > >> > >= > => > > ><== = >= > => >=><=> =. E = > >=> <>=> = > > < = > =O= >>= > (D &> &=>, 2003: 17,18). E >> <>=/>>= >>= > == =>= > >=<= <=> = = >139 <= O= > = @ == > = > = ><= >> <= > S>T = >>=, > @ = > = >< ><= >=><=> <=>. E >> <>=/>>= < > => = =><O= < = . E > <> @ < =><O= U> @ < >>=>==> >=O= > O= > <> >M W>X @ >= > > => = >MT (*, 2005: 24). 139.D > D &> &=> >>= > $=> >M >= = = >M > => =>=, > >> = = <O= =, <>> @ < = > @ >= = @ < => > <>> @ O= >> > P@ = O (D &> &=>, 2003: 18).
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
116
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
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<= <>=> >=> > > = > => = <-> > < = = >> >M> <=? R$ = = =>O= = S>>M =T? R& == = = <= = ><=O= >>M =><=? E= >, R@ < = = >>=? E = >= ><=> = = @ %> P<<= > >=> = => >>M =><=. E<<> > ><=O= = = O= > ==> , > > >> < @ <> =.
EL C"!CE#'" DE I!'E%CL'%ALIDAD C"" I!CL&I[! DEL S"'%"T E! LA FIL"&"FZA LA'I!"AE%ICA!A SI!'E%CL'%ALT (%"IG) A= < = >>M =><=, <>= >= <= > => @ <= ><= O<> = = = =><= >= >= O= = >M. L @ =><= > => ><> ><> => = O= = >M. = > <><=> > >== > > =<= =>O= O @ =><=, M ><> <= == =<=> G< = = =><= = > 80 <> <<> >= @ =M =>.144 A< > =>, <> >> <>=/>>= > 90 >=> 144.E= D==>, SC, =M <= @ =><=T, = A> E>, &>= E. Y, E= D==>, ., 3+ C<3<93 @ C<3<9 3+. % <= 9 *9 3 = +3 39+, B>>, ', 2001, . 52-53. &P= D==>, <=> = A< L= = > 80 = <> O> =>, >=> == A=>=> G<, >=O <= >= O= = >M . E >=> <=> <>=M, ><> = =>O= <, >=O = <> = => > > = , < <>=, <= => => => = <> < >=. O < <>= >M < >M E> = >M >=@ >= M> > =><O= = =><=. (D==>, 2001: 59,60).
118
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
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= <=<> >=O<> @ = @ > =< >, => < = ><> O= =><= = S= >=O<T (D==>, 2001: 53,54). L >=O= > <= O= @ %> = . # %>, = A< L=, ><> = <=> > > S > =><=>T = >=>=O= >= <<> => = >= ><==. %> < , = <> > > , ST = @ == > >> >>, => >= <. E= >, %> => @ => ><> S<=> >>T > @ =, => > >> << > = > O> <=>.148 D > %>, S>O=T <>> >= = = = <=> > >>, => >=> >= = <=> ><>, > ==, == >>, > =>. SL O= > >>, , >, >O=T (%>, 1998: 132,133). C><> %> >==> < <<>: >=O= S =><=T = >=>O= S ><==T > = <> O> < ><> > >> >=>M. E= P< ==, >=<> >=O = >M =M >=> >><== ><=, >>M >. A @ %> = = => >> >; = <>, > ==> <== = >=O= , = <=> >, => M <> = = ><== ><=>. '<= >M ==, >< > > =><=> = > > = < >< > => >> >=>M ==>=, >= => >O<> (D==>, 2001: 54). L >M @O >= >=> E>. L >>M =><= = E> ><> = >==O= >= > ><> M> ><=O= = >. & >= @ %> >O= < = , == ><> = <> >, >> >=O= O E> =>=>. &O> = => @ > <<> = E> @ M<= S>= =T, = > => <= . #> =>, >> >O> %> = >> <>=>148. A> %>, SF>>M =><= =T, = %P F>=-B=>, ., %9> <9 I9+<3<933 3. D><= II. I==>= K>= = #>>, F= ., 1998, . 132.
120
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Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
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
%> == P<<= >>M = ><> = >< <= >>M, ><> = S=>>>MT, S>= = =T, M => > <> >> >= @ > >>M =><= O= (F>= B=>, > <>-> =>, <>-> <>-> <, > @ = => = O= > < > S= >>=T. L = >>= >=O= = S<=>T = =, = >, @ @ : == = >= > << =, @ ST => = S>>T, => = > >, > <>, >= >>= > (=>> = *, 2002: 33). 152. # F>= B=> S>>M =T =M @ = >> = @ < S<=> A< = > . E > => => = = >>=, > = = => @> <>O>; > >= O= =O= > <> >=><=> >= > = > @ = > > >= . SE M 3<9 @ > >=><=> , > =>, @ @ = >< = = = = <=> @>T. (%P F>=-B=>, SL = T = C"!C"%DIA % >=>=-B= 43 = = A=, 2006, . 102). L> > F>=-B=> = <>= = => <= = SO= > >= <> ><==T, ><> >> > > <, > = <=O= <=O= > => >= .
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2004: 39). = >>M = %> S= > >M> > O= >>T.153 %> > > @ >M >= = O= S=T, >> >. L <>= @ >> %> > => = = > <> < == S T => <=> >.154 %> > = <=: E= <=; > @ = = = >>M @ M = , > <= > = @ @=, == => > , = > > = > <>> >O= > O= <=> , > >> => => > >= => O= = ><> >>, >> >>, (%>, 2004: 174).
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
124
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
==> ><> = == > > >> >. %> M: AM , = >= >== >= = > , > > <<>, = >M O, => WX U= => => ><> > => > WX. L = >== > > <<> = @ >>= >= @ <>>M @ @= > > => == >< = <=. #> P<>, =>=>O= W>X >< = > > =>=. L> W> =>X (<>> , >, =, ><, >=, .), >= =, = <>=, ><> >= => @, @ => >=> ><> = =>= (%>, 2004: 175).
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
$ >=> @ > E> => >> > S>S>M T = > <><=> > ><> = 156.& H = > @ = >= = >> = >M: SL = => = = >>, @ <= =< <= > . !> = M = == = => = >, = @ > => > === < =<= .... L = >= => =O=, =O=, > => = =O= =O= , @ >= > => > > > . ( & H, SI= >T, = &=> C>-GO<, ". G> C. = B=, ., . , 9() 3 9+. $9 @ 9++ 3 +9+ +33 , B>>, #>= #>= = J=, J=, 1999, . 135.
126
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
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
128
Ma&a de! P!a& M$&a
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L =O= = > >=> S=T S<T => O> =<=> => >> <>= />>=, => <= = = > @ > = <> => (*, 2007: 53). & == = ><> =O= > =>= > > => ==> O= > < =>, >> > >=>, >=> >=> >, >= = < > <> >=O<> <>> <O= (*, 2002: 122,123). E= > = >O= < => =. E> > >=>, = <, >= <> ><> =O=<> <= = =<=> ><==, => > E>, > > > =>-<> ><> > = < >=>= > >=. E <<> >>M <> >, >>M @ < > ><> S=T @ ><= ST. >= @ <<> = <> > = O @ > ><> = >< <> =, =, >=, S=>T = ">, >==> ><> = ><= , , <, <== = = >O= = . E <<> => <= >@ => >>= "> > > > , = <> <== = >O= ><> S= > => M> =T, ( ) <= > >, <= @ > < > "> >= = >< < > >.159 & ><> > >= *, = > > @ , >>>=> > <> > @ > <== 158.C= *, SI= >>= >. = =<=> >>=<=> W>>X = >>=T, = &. C>-GO< %. G>>, ., E3 9..., 2007, . 48. 159.&> , S<> > O <> <=>=T, = E< C<3<93. "3 *9 3 <3+<3<93 , B=> A, #O, 1998, . 172.
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= >>= >>M <<> <= >= = == <= =>=160 (*, 2002: 123). %><> @ <= S >>M =T = > %> = O= =>= > =, @ %> M> <>> =>. D > =>>, >=> = ==> = >> <>=/>>= >= = > = >>=, @ @ >= = >=> S<T (=>> = *, 2002: 26), M @ => > <<> = == = >>= ==<=> < > = ><> = = . R#> = = >= >>M <> >, > > >= = > = => =? R$ = = > = >>=? E = = >> <>=/>>=, M > == *. D > > = = = > = S><> <= >= @ >= O= = >>= >M > <><=> =M= > ( ><= >> <><=>), ><> <= =<=> >= = >=> >< >>=T (*, 2005: 25). & == > >>=<= >.
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