WLIUGR_I@F@ ^RIUF@F FLPGLHR HRRGAH EFOWCPF@ @G FRVWIPGOPWRF# WRBFLI_DH Y FRPG_ G_OWGCF ^RHEG_IHLFC @G FRVWIPGOPWRF
^CFL @G PG_I_ ^FRF H^PFR GC PIPWCH ^RHEG_IHLFC @G FRVWIPGOPH
–PGFPRH ^FRF CF WLIUGR_I@F@ @G CF_ FRPG_ @G PRWJICCH— ^GREIC @GC ^RHYGOPH FRVWIPGOPßLIOH PG_I_PF: Bfom, Frv, Erflk G`afr Ofbfccgrh Bfrriaf F_G_HR: Ds, Frv, Lgccy Fdgdiyf Mhsmi
PRWJICCH ‟ ^GRW _GPIGDBRG $ 2>>9
6, AGLGRFCI@F@G_ Y HBJGPIUH_ 6,6
AGLGRFCI@F@G_
6,6,6 Pipwch
: PGFPRH ^FRF CF WLIUGR_I@F@ @G CF_ FRPG_ @G PRWJICCH
6,6,2 Hbjgph
: Pi~hchaäf Owcpwrfc
6,6,? Fwphr
: Bfom, Frv, Erflk G`afr Ofbfccgrh Ofbfccgrh Bfrriaf
6,6,0 Fsgshr
: Frv, Lgccy Fdgdiyf Mhsmi
6,6,7 Ohlswcphrgs Ohlswcphrgs : Frv, Frv, Omrispifl Frpgfaf Fcoælpfrf Ila, Flaws Dhlzÿl Hlohy Ila, Dfrih Rfdärgz Gs~gjh 6,6,5 Chofci`f`
: Rgaiÿl ^rhuiloif @ispriph
: Cf Cibgrpf` : Prwjicch : Prwjicch
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Gc `gsfrrhcch `gc ~rhygoph sg ohd~cgdglpÿ gl gc Owrsh `g G}pglsiÿl –Pfccgr Ilpgarfc `g @isgöh 2>>9 ‟ I— ehofcizf`h gl gc –Pgfprh ~frf cf Wliugrsi`f` Wliugrsi`f` `g cfs Frpgs `g Prwjicch—, Ohdh ~frpg `g cf ilugspiafoiÿl ~rgcidilfr ~frf gc `gsfrrhcch `gc ~rhygoph ilpgarfc -Wliugrsi`f` `g cfs Frpgs `g Prwjicch) sg pwuh ohdh flpgog`glpgs# prfbfjhs `g ilugspiafoiÿl f liugc `g Pgsis, _idwcpælgfdglpg sg fopwfcizfrhl chs `fphs dg`iflpg brgug `ifalÿspioh `gc gspf`h fopwfc `g cfs >0 gsowgcfs `g frpg gl Prwjicch, Fsä disdh sg rgowrriÿ f gspw`ihs `g ofshs ~frf flæcisis `g fs~gophs ewloihlfcgs PIPWCH @G PG_I_
FWPHR -G_)
F_G_HR
OGLPRH @G EHRDFOIßL FRPÄ_PIOF OWCPWRFC ^FRF CF OIW@F@ @G PRWJICCH, JWCIH @G 6999
$ Bfom, Frv, Ofspicch Fcuf# Ohlspflpg
Frv, @äfz Mgrlæl`gz# G`afr
ORIPGRIH_ EWLOIHLFCG_ ^FRF GC @I_GÖH @G CF LWGUF _G@G @GC OHL_GRUFPHRIH RGAIHLFC @G DÚ_IOF @GC LHRPG ^WBCIOH –OFRCH_ UFC@GRRFDF– HOPWBRG @GC 2>>0
$ Bfom, Frv, Gs~ilfr Ofsprh# Cwäs A,
Frv, _fc`föf Diccf# Rhbgrph Rhbgrph
G_PW@IH_ @G OF_H_
$ Bfom, Frv, Zf~fpf Ofyomh# Acgl`f
WBIOFOIßL
EWGLPG
G_OWGCF @G FRPG_ @G ACF_AHQ
Acfsahq# G_OHOIF
Rguispf Frkilkf Lº22 Frv, Omfrcgs Rgllig Dfokilphsm Dfokilphsm
^RH^WG_PF_ ^FRF CF G_OWGCF @G FRPG @G CF ^WO^ -OFPHCIOF)
Ofd~ws `g cf ^WO^# Cidf$^grú
Rguispf Frkilkf Lº 55
Fsä disdh# ~frf gc `gsfrrhcch `gsfrrhcch `gc ~rhygoph gs~goieioh gs~goieioh Pgfprh ~frf cf Wliugrsi`f` `g cfs Frpgs `g Prwjicch# sg rgowrriÿ f prfbfjhs `g ilugspiafoiÿl ohl pgdfs gsprgomfdglpg rgcfoihlf`hs# fsä ohdh f flæcisis `g ofshs# ~frf chs fs~gophs ewloihlfcgs:
PIPWCH @G PG_I_ FW@IPHRIH WLIUGR_IPFRIH ^FRF CF WLIUGR_I@F@ LFOIHLFC @GC _FLPF ‟ OMIDBHPG
FWPHR -G_) $ Bfom, Frv, Afbrigcf _ælomgz Chrf
G_PW@IH_ @G OF_H_
WBIOFOIßL
PGFPRH DWLIOI^FC @G PRWJICCH
Jr, Bhcäufr# Oglprh Mispÿrioh `g Prwjicch
PGFPRH @GC OGLPRH OWCPWRFC ^GRWFLH JF^HLG_
Jgsús Dfräf# Cidf $ ^grú
F_G_HR Frv, Awiccgrdh Dfcof Hrbgahsh
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2, EWL@FDGLPFOIHL @GC ^RHYGOPH 2,6 @IFALH_PIOH _IPWFOIHLFC F liugc lfoihlfc shch Cidf y Prwjicch owglpfl ohl cfs >0 gsowgcfs `g frpgs ohl ofpgahräf `g Gsowgcf _w~grihr `g Frpg @rfdæpioh -G_F@)# `g Bgccfs Frpgs -G_BF)# Ohlsgrufphrih Ohlsgrufphrih Rgaihlfc `g Dúsiof -ORD) y `g Bfccgp Dwlioi~fc -GBD)# rgohlhoi`fs ~hr sws charhs y prf`ioiÿl# ch owfc ~rh~ioif cf ohlshci`foiÿl `g cf ~rh~wgspf achbfc ohdh miph owcpwrfc gl gc lhrpg `gc ~fäs, _ipwfoiÿl fopwfc `g cf Ilerfgsprwopwrf I lerfgsprwopwrf Gc ~rhygoph ilpgarfc Wliugrsi`f` `g cfs Frpgs `g Prwjicch fcbgrafräf cfs >0 gsowgcfs `g frpg# sigl`h `g ~rihripfrif lgogsi`f` cf G_F@# ORD y GBD# vwg lh owglpfl ohl sg`g li ilerfgsprwopwrfs f`gowf`fs ~frf gc `gsfrrhcch `g sws fopiui`f`gs ehrdfpiufs# `g g}pglsiÿl y `g ~rhygooiÿl f cf ohdwli`f`; glprg hprhs# lh owglpfl ohl wl gsoglfrih f`gowf`h ~frf cf ehrdfoiÿl fof`édiof# li ~frf sws ~rgsglpfoihlgs, Cf Gsowgcf _w~grihr `g Frpg @rfdæpioh y gc Ohlsgrufphrih Rgaihlfc `g Dúsiof ewloihlfl gl gc disdh chofc `gc ILO# f`f~pfl`h fdbiglpgs vwg
ilioifcdglpg gspwuigrhl `gspilf`hs ~frf heioilfs# ohdh ~h`gdhs hbsgrufr gl chs aræeiohs siawiglpgs:
Eia, >6 ^ridgrf ^cflpf G_F@ y ORD
J R , I L @ G ^ G L @ G L O I F
OHL_GRUFPHRIH OHL_GRUFPHRIH RGAIHLFC @G DW_IOF G_OWGCF _W^GRIHR @G FRPG @RFDFPIOH
Eia, >2 _gawl`f ^cflpf G_F@ y ORD
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Eia, >? Pgrogrf ^cflpf G_F@ y ORD
OHL_GRFUPHRIH RGAIHLFC @G DW_IOF G_OWGCF _W^GRIHR @G FRPG @RFDFPIOH
Cf Gsowgcf `g Bfccgp Dwlioi~fc ewloihlf gl fdbiglpgs f`f~pf`hs gl cf
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Cf Gsowgcf `g _w~grihr `g Bgccfs Frpgs `g Prwjicch gs cf úliof vwg
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R W _ F O I R G D F , U F
FU, MW_FRG_ @G JWLIL
PFCCGR @G OGRFDIOF
PFCCGR @G G_OWCPWRF
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G_OWGCF _W^GRIHR @G BGCCF_ FRPG_
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Lº @g Fcwdlhs ' -2>>5) Lº `g ^rhegshrgs ^rh~hroiÿl: Fcwdlh(^rhegshr
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L W D H O C F I O I E I P R F L H I O F L I D W C I
^F_ICCH_ @G FOOG_H F OFDGRILH_ _ H L I R G D F O F R F ^ _ H @ I O W @ G R _ G P L G I B D F
Gspfs cidipfoihlgs y jwspieiof`fs fs~irfoihlgs `g chs arw~hs owcpwrfcgs# ilspipwoihlgs y ~hbcfoihlgs gl aglgrfc# ewl`fdglpf cf lgogsi`f` `g `hpfr f cf oiw`f` y f chs frpispfs `irgopfdglpg iluhcworf`hs# `g wl gvwi~fdiglph `hpf`h `g dh`grlfs ilspfcfoihlgs y gvwi~fdiglph# vwg id~wcsg gc `gsfrrhcch owcpwrfc `g Prwjicch, Gc Pgfprh `g cf Wliugrsi`f` `g cfs Frpgs `g Prwjicch# ~h`räf ohlpribwir f ohf`ywufr `iomh rhc, 2,6,2 ^HBCFOIHL FEGOPF@F Chs wswfrihs y bglgeioifrhs `gc gvwi~fdiglph y fopiui`f`gs vwg fohag: Ilpgarflpgs `g cfs gsowgcfs `g frpg `g Prwjicch; frpispfs# pflphs chofcgs h g}prfljgrhs vwg mfogl wsh `g cf ilerfgsprwopwrf y cf ~hbcfoiÿl gl aglgrfc# vwg awspf f~rgoifr gc frpg gl sws `iugrsfs dfliegspfoihlgs, Eilfcdglpg# cf oiw`f` gl sw ohljwlph sg fegopf fc gspfr cidipf`h gl sws ~hpgloifci`f`gs `g `gsfrrhcch owcpwrfc y pwräspioh, 2,6,? HBJGPIUH_ Aglgrfc,$ @hpfr f cf Wliugrsi`f` `g wl gsoglfrih f~rh~if`h ~frf cf `hogloif y ~ræopiof ehrdfpiuf gl cfs gs~goifci`f`gs frpäspiofs vwg ehdglpf, Fsä ohdh ~frf sw g}pglsiÿl y(h ~rhygooiÿl shoifc f cf ohdwli`f` prwjiccflf, Gs~goäeiohs,$ @isgöfr wlf ilerfgsprwopwrf h~pidf ~frf gc `gsfrrhcch `g cfs fopiui`f`gs fof`édiofs y guglphs `g g}pglsiÿl f cf ohdwli`f`# gl dfpgrif `g frpg `rfdæpioh# dúsiof# bfccgp y `flzfs, Ilohr~hrfr chs oripgrihs `g fohl`ioihlfdiglph foúspioh y uiswfc# fsä ohdh chs sgruioihs y gvwi~fdiglphs pgolhcÿaiohs fohr`gs ohl cf dh`grli`f`: `g foúspiof y gegophs shlhrhs# `g icwdilfoiÿl# `g ohlehrp fdbiglpfc y `g sgawri`f`# lgogsfrihs ~frf gspg pi~h `g gvwi~fdiglph, ^rgsglpf wlf ~rh~wgspf ehrdfc ‟ gs~foifc fohr`g f cf ~grog~oiÿl frvwipgopÿliof frvwipgopÿliof vwg uiuidhs,
2,6,0 HEGRPF $ @GDFL@F F ~frpir `gc flæcisis `g cf of~foi`f` y ewloihlfci`f` ewloihlfci`f` `gc Pgfprh Dwlioi~fc `g Prwjicch# gvwi~fdiglph rgaglpg `g cfs fopiui`f`gs owcpwrfcgs `g lwgsprf oiw`f`# sg gspidÿ cf ergowgloif `g wsh# pflph ~hr ~frpg `g cfs gsowgcfs `g frpg ohdh ~hr ~frpg `g ilspipwoihlgs ~úbciofs y `gc sgophr ~riuf`h, -ohcgaihs# ilspipwphs# gd~rgsfs# ~frf sws guglphs ilspipwoihlfcgs) ilspipwoihlfcgs) Of~foi`f` Gc Pgfprh Dwlioi~fc `g Prwjicch piglg wlf of~foi`f` ~frf 700 ~grshlfs:
Gl ^fcohs Gl ^cfpgf Gl Dgzflilg Gl Afcgräf
: 12 ~grs, : 2?2 ~grs, : 60> ~grs, : 6>> ~grs,
Cfs ~rgsglpfoihlgs owcpwrfcgs vwg sg rgfcizfl gl gspg gvwi~fdiglph sg `fl `g dh`h ohlpilwh `wrflpg ph`h gc föh, ^RG_GLPFOIHLG _ ( @IF ( DG_
Lº @G @IF_(_GDFLF
2f? 1 `äfs `g cf sgdflf, ^rgsglpfoihlgs(`äf Dfyhr fecwgloif chs `äfs uigrlgs# sæbf`h# `hdilah y egrif`hs,
IL_PIPWOIHLG_ VWG WPICIZFL GC ' @G PGFPRH W_H $ Gsowgcf _w~grihr _w~grihr `g Frpg @rfdæpioh @rfdæpioh $ Gsowgcf `g Bfccgp Dwlioi~fc $ Ohlsgrufphrih Rgaihlfc `g Dúsiof $ Dwlioi~fci`f` ^rhuiloifc `g Prwjicch $ Ilspipwoihlgs G`wofpiufs# ^úbciofs y ^riuf`fs
7>'
7>'
^hr ilehrdfoiÿl swdilisprf`f ~hr ewloihlfrihs `g cf Dwlioi~fci`f` ^rhuiloifc `g Prwjicch# glofraf`hs `g cf f`dilisprfoiÿl `gc pgfprh# gl dwomhs guglphs# sg rgaisprf `éeioip ~frf fcbgrafr fc ~úbcioh fsispglpg# vwg dwomfs ugogs lh ~wg`gl ilargsfr fc rgoilph, Fsä disdh# mfogl lhpfr cfs `geioigloifs gl owflph f cf ofci`f` y ohdh`i`f` `g cfs ilspfcfoihlgs, 2,2 OFRFOPGRI_PIOF_ @GC ^RHYGOPH 2,2,6 ^RHDHPHR ^rhdhphr: Arw~h ^rhdhphr: WLIUGR_I@F@ @G CF_ FRPG_ Fshoifoiÿl oiuic sil eilgs eilgs `g cworh h Gd~rgsfs ^riuf`fs h ^rhdhphrgs Owcpwrfcgs h Glpi`f`gs Eilfloigrfs
F~hyh: Ilspipwph Lfoihlfc `g Owcpwrf Ahbigrlh Rgaihlfc Dilispgrih `g G`wofoiÿl Dwlioi~fci`f` ^rhuiloifc `g Prwjicch
2,2,2 W_WFRIH_ $ BGLGEIOIFRIH_: Wswfrihs _hl wswfrihs# chs digdbrhs `g cf ohdwli`f` g`wofpiuf `g cf Wliugrsi`f` `g cfs Frpgs -~riloi~fcdglpg fcwdlhs y `hoglpgs# chs gargsf`hs# ~grshlfc f`dilisprfpiuh y `g sgruioihs) Cfs glpi`f`gs ~úbciofs h ~riuf`fs# chs arw~hs owcpwrfcgs vwg rgvwigrfl y fcvwicgl gc chofc, chofc, Gc ~úbcioh fsispglpg Bglgeioifrihs _hl bglgeioifrihs chs arw~hs frpäspiohs y owcpwrfcgs# chs frpispfs chofcgs# lfoihlfcgs g ilpgrlfoihlfcgs# fc ohlpfr ohl wl gsoglfrih `g ofci`f`, Gc ~úbcioh prwjiccflh gl aglgrfc vwg ~wg`gl fsispir f chs
`iugrshs guglphs vwg hrafliog y(h ~rhdwguf h fws~ioig cf Wliugrsi`f`# gl ~rharfdfs `g G}pglsiÿl y(h ^rhygooiÿl _hoifc,
2,?
RGVWGRIDIGLPH_ @G W_WFRIH_
2,?,6 RGVWGRIDIGLPH_ EWLOIHLFCG_ Cf –Wliugrsi`f` `g cfs Frpgs `g Prwjicch— ohlog~pwf`h ohdh wliugrsi`f` ~riuf`f `g fcoflog rgaihlfc# owglpf ohl gs~foihs# ilerfgsprwopwrf g ilspfcfoihlgs fohr`gs ~frf gc `gsfrrhcch ÿ~pidh `g cfs `iugrsfs gs~goifci`f`gs `g ehrdfoiÿl frpäspiof# `gspilf`f f owbrir cf g}~gopfpiuf `g ehrdfoiÿl sw~grihr gl gspg gs~goifc ofd~h ~rhegsihlfc, 6, Fopiui`f`gs Fof`édiofs$Ehrdfpiufs Fof`édiofs$Ehrdfpiufs $ Fwcfs pgÿriofs $ Fwcfs Gs~goifcgs# Pfccgrgs 2, _gruioihs G`wofpiuhs Ohd~cgdglpfrihs Ohd~cgdglpfrihs $ Bibcihpgof $ Fopiui`f`gs Cú`iofs $ @g~hrpiufs $ Ofegpgräf $ ohdg`hr ?, F`dilisprfoiÿl F`dilisprfoiÿl Fof`édiof ^cflpgfdiglph Aglgrfc `gc ~rhygoph Wliugrsi`f` `g cfs Frpgs, Cfs ohl`ioihlflpgs ~frf gc ~cflgfdiglph aglgrfc `gc ~rhygoph shl:
^rg`hdilih `g ærgfs cibrgs$ugr`gs -1>') shbrg ærgfs how~f`fs -?>') Hraflizfoiÿl `g of`f gsowgcf sw~grihr ohdh wli`f`gs fof`édiofs dæs h dglhs il`g~gl`iglpgs# rh`gf`h `g ærgfs ugr`gs y uilowcf`hs dg`iflpg gjgs `g oirowcfoiÿl, Wbiofoiÿl `g chs sgruioihs g`wofpiuhs y efoici`f`gs ~frf chs gspw`iflpgs -bibcihpgof oglprfc y ofegpgräf ‟ ohdg`hr)# gl cf zhlf g`wofpiuf, Hraflizfr prgs -?) arfl`gs zhlfs: Zhlf ^wbciof ‟ F`dilisprfpiuf# F`dilisprfp iuf# Zhlf G`wofpiuf `g Gsowgcfs y Zhlf Rgorgfpiuf, Wbiofoiÿl gsprfpéaiof `gc Pgfprh ‟ _fcf `g G}~hsioihlgs# glprg cf Zhlf G`wofpiuf y cf Zhlf ^úbciof ‟ F`dilisprfpiuf# ohl ofræopgr dæs ilspipwoihlfc# ~hr sw `hbcg ewloiÿl ohdh ilerfgsprwopwrf g`wofpiuf y `g ~rhygooiÿl shoifc# ~frf cf ~rhdhoiÿl `gc `gsfrrhcch owcpwrfc vwg ofrfopgrizf f cf oiw`f` `g Prwjicch,
F, OHD^HLGLPG_ @GC ^RHYGOPH AGLGRFC: AGLGRFC: Zhlf `g F`dilisprfoiÿl F`dilisprfo iÿl Aglgrfc:
Gs cf zhlf vwg sg glofrafrf `g owd~cir owfprh ~riloi~fcgs fopiui`f`gs gl bglgeioih y `gsfrrhcch `g cf ilspipwoiÿl g`wofpiuf# cfs owfcgs shl: ~cflieiofoiÿl# ~cflieiofoiÿl# hraflizfoiÿl# `irgooiÿl y ohlprhc `g chs rgowrshs -mwdflhs# eilfloigrhs# dfpgrifcgs# `gc ohlhoidiglph# gpo) ~frf owd~cir ohl hbjgpiuhs `g dgjhrfdiglph fof`édioh y owcpwrfc `g chs gspw`iflpgs y gl ohlsgowgloif `g cf shoig`f`, Chs fdbiglpgs vwg ohlehrdfl gspf zhlf shl: •
•
•
Rgophrf`h h Fsgshräf Cgafc# ^cflieiofoiÿl y Ohlprhc h Idfagl Ilspipwoihlfc# ^cfpfehrdf h Rgcfoihlgs G}pgrihrgs Uiogrrgophrf`h Fof`édioh h Rgaisprh Péolioh h Ilugspiafoiÿl ^hsp Arf`h y G}pglsiÿl G`wofpiuf h Uiogrrgophrf`h Uiogrrgophrf`h F`dilisprfpiuh F`dilisprfpiuh h Ohlpfbici`f`# Ohlpfbici`f`# Chaäspiof Rgowrshs Mwdflhs h h Biglgspfr Wliugrsipfrih Wliugrsipfrih
Zhlf G`wofpiuf ~hr Gs~goifci`f`: Gspf zhlf gs gc lúocgh `gc ~rhygoph aglgrfc y gspæ `gspilf`f f cf ohloglprfoiÿl g id~frpioiÿl `g péoliofs y ohlhoidiglphs ~frf gc bwgl `gsfrrhcch `g chs gspw`iflpgs, Of`f gsowgcf owglpf ohl sws rgs~gopiufs ærgfs `g f`dilisprfoiÿl fof`édiof# fwcfs `g pghräf y fwcfs `g ~ræopiof# sgaúl rgvwgridiglphs ewloihlfcgs y gs~foifcgs gs~goäeiohs, Chs fdbiglpgs vwg ohlehrdfl gspf zhlf shl: • • • •
Gsowgcf _w~grihr Frpg Frpg @rfdæpioh @rfdæpioh y Bfccgp Gsowgcf _w~grihr `g Bgccfs Frpgs Ohlsgrufphrih Rgaihlfc `g Dúsiof `gc Lhrpg Bibcihpgof Oglprfc
_gruioihs Ohd~cgdglpfrihs: Ohlehrdf`f ~hr gvwi~fdiglphs `g ~rh~fafoiÿl owcpwrfc $ fof`édiof y gvwi~fdiglphs `g rgorgfoiÿl y shoifbici`f`, Chs fdbiglpgs vwg ohlehrdfl gspf zhlf shl: • • •
Pgfprh# _fcfs `g G}~hsioihlgs Ofegpgräf Chsfs ^hci`g~hrpiufs y Ugspi`hrgs,
_gruioihs Aglgrfcgs: Ohlehrdf`f ~hr fdbiglpgs `g sgruioih y `g sgawri`f`, • •
Gspfoihlfdiglphs Ofsgpfs `g Uiaicfloif
B, OHD^HLGLPG_ @GC ^RHYGOPH G_^GOIEIOH: Zhlf _hoifc h ^úbciof -Wswfrihs Gs~gopf`hrgs): _hl ph`hs chs fdbiglpgs `g foogsh ~úbcioh# `hl`g sg ccgufl f ofbh fopiui`f`gs `g ilpgrofdbih owcpwrfc y `g gs~grf h `gsoflsh -ilpgrdg`ihs), Chs fdbiglpgs vwg ohlehrdfl cf zhlf shoifc shl: • • • • • • • • • •
^cfpfehrdf `g Ilargsh Ugspäbwch ^cfpgf Dgzflilg ^fcohs _fcf `g `gsoflsh gl Dgzflilg _fcf `g `gsoflsh gl ^fcohs __,MM, Mhdbrgs y Dwjgrgs gl ^cfpgf __,MM, Mhdbrgs y Dwjgrgs gl ^fcohs __,MM, Mhdbrgs y Dwjgrgs gl Dgzflilg
Zhlf `g ^rg~frfoiÿl h ^riuf`f -Wswfrihs Fophrgs# Dúsiohs y ~grshlfc fsispglpg) Gspf zhlf gspæ ohlehrdf`f ~hr fdbiglpgs `gspilf`hs `gspilf`hs f cf ~rg~frfoiÿl ~rguif flpgs `g of`f gs~gopæowch# ~frf wsh lgpfdglpg `g chs fophrgs# dúsiohs# gl gspf zhlf sg rgfcizfl fopiui`f`gs `g glsfyh# ~rg~frfoiÿl ~grshlfc -dfvwiccfjg y ugspidglpf)# gpo, Chs fdbiglpgs vwg ohlehrdfl gspf zhlf shl: • • • • • • • • •
Gsoglfrih ^rg$Gsoglfrih Fcfs Cfpgrfcgs `g Gsoglfrih Ehsh `g Hrvwgspf _fcf `g Gspfr ~frf Dúsiohs Ofdgrilhs + __,MM ~frf Mhdbrgs y Dwjgrgs _fcf `g Glsfyh _fcf `g Dfvwiccfjg __,MM, Mhdbrgs y Dwjgrgs,
Zhlf F`dilisprfpiuf F`dilisprfpiuf _hl fdbiglpgs `gspilf`hs f cf `irgooiÿl y ohlprhc `gc pgfprh, • • •
F`dilisprfoiÿl _gorgpfräf + _fcf `g Gs~grf _fcf `g Rgwlihlgs
_gruioihs Aglgrfcgs Fdbiglpgs `g sgruioih sgruioih ~úbcioh ~úbcioh y ~riuf`h ~riuf`h ohdh: • •
Gspfoihlfdiglph Bhcgpgräf
• • •
Fcdfoél `g Pgfprh @g~hsiph `g Hrvwgspf Ofbilf `g Icwdilfoiÿl Fw`ih y Ui`gh
Chs ohd~hlglpgs `gc ~rhygoph gs~goäeioh `gdfl`fl fopiui`f`gs ~frf of`f pi~h `g fdbiglpg `gbi`h f vwg ~grpglgogl f zhlfs `ispilpfs# gspfs fopiui`f`gs sg rgecgjfl gl chs siawiglpgs owf`rhs rgsúdglgs: $ Owf`rh Lº >6: Zhlf `g Wsh ^úbcioh $ Owf`rh Lº >2: Zhlf `g Wsh G}ocwsiuh $ Owf`rh Lº >?: Zhlf F`dilisprfpiuf $ Owf`rh Lº >0: _gruioihs Aglgrfcgs
Owf`rh Lº>6: Zhlf `g Wsh ^úbcioh -Wswfrihs Gs~gopf`hrgs) FDBIGLPG_ H O I C B W ^ H _ W G @ F L H Z
FOPIUI@F@G_
^cfpfehrdf `g Ilargsh
Rgwliÿl y(h `gsoflsh fc firg cibrg -ilpgrd,)
Ugspäbwch
Rgwliÿl y(h `gsoflsh -ilpgrdg`ihs)
^cfpgf
@iserwpg owcpwrfc# glprgpglidiglph
Dgzflilg
@iserwpg owcpwrfc# glprgpglidiglph
^fcohs
@iserwpg owcpwrfc# glprgpglidiglph
_fcf `g @gsoflsh gl Dgzflilg
Rgwliÿl y(h `gsoflsh -ilpgrdg`ihs)
_fcf `g @gsoflsh gl ^fcohs
Rgwliÿl y(h `gsoflsh -ilpgrdg`ihs)
__, MM, Mhdbrgs y Dwjgrgs
Fsgh# lgogsi`f`gs eisihcÿaiofs,
Owf`rh Lº>2: Zhlf `g Wsh G}ocwsiuh -Wswfrihs Frpispfs) FDBIGLPG_ H U I _ W C O ] G H _ W G @ F L H Z
FOPIUI@F@G_
Gsoglfrih
G}~rgsiÿl ohr~hrfc# `iewsiÿl owcpwrfc,
^rg Gsoglfrih
Gs~grf# ~rg~frfoiÿl flpgs `g sfcir f gsoglf
Fcfs Cfpgrfcgs `g Gsoglfrih
Gs~grf# ~rg~frfoiÿl flpgs `g sfcir sfcir f gsoglf
Ehsh `g Hrvwgspf
G}~rgsiÿl dwsiofc# `iewsiÿl `g shli`hs,
_fcf `g Gspfr ~frf Dúsiohs
Rgwliÿl y `gsoflsh
Ofdgrilhs Ofdgrilhs + __, MM, Mhdb, Mhdb, Y Dwj, ^rg~frfoiÿ ^rg~frfoiÿl l `g idfagl# idfagl# ohlogl ohloglprfoiÿ prfoiÿl, l, _fcf `g Glsfyh
^rfopiof `g ~wgspf gl gsoglf
_fcf `g Dfvwiccfjg
^rg~frfoiÿl `g idfagl `g ~grshlfjgs
__,MM, Mhdbrgs y Dwjgrgs
Fsgh# lgogsi`f`gs eisihcÿaiofs,
Owf`rh Lº>?: Zhlf F`dilisprfpiuf
FDBIGLPG_ ZHLF F@DILI_PRFPIUF
F`dilisprfoiÿl _gorgpfräf + _fcf `g Gs~grf _fcf `g Rgwlihlgs
FOPIUI@F@G_ @irgooiÿl y ohlprhc Fpgloiÿl fc ~úbcioh y hraflizfoiÿl `g `howdglphs Ohhr`ilfoiÿl y phdf `g `goisihlgs
Owf`rh Lº>0: _gruioihs Aglgrfcgs FDBIGLPG_ Gspfoihlfdiglph
_GRUIOIH_ AGLGRFCG_
Bhcgpgräf Fcdfoél `g Pgfprh @g~hsiph `g Hrvwgspf Ofb, `g Icwdilfoiÿl# Fw`ih y Ui`gh
FOPIUI@F@G_ F~frofdiglph# rgsawfr`h ugmiowcfr Uglpf `g glprf`fs# gs~foih `g prflsioiÿl Wbiofoiÿl `g hbjgphs gsoglharæeiohs gsoglharæeiohs Wbiofoiÿl `g ilsprwdglphs dwsiofcgs ^rhygooiÿl `g idæaglgs# cwz y shli`hs,
2,?,2 RGVWGRIDIGLPH_ G_^FOIFCG_ Chs rgvwgridiglphs gs~foifcgs gspæl glehof`hs gl cfs zhlfs vwg ohd~hlgl gc ~rhygoph gs~goäeioh, ^frf sw `gsfrrhcch sg ohlswcph gc RLG# Lgwegrp y Flæcisis `g Ofshs, F, ^CFPGF Ohdh ~ridgr fogrofdiglph fc ærgf how~f`f -sw~greioig gl d 2) `g cf ~cfpgf sg `gbg pglgr wlf i`gf `g sw of~foi`f` `g gs~gopf`hrgs gl rgcfoiÿl f cf of~foi`f` phpfc `gc Pgfprh -^fcohs y Dgzflilg)# gspf ugz dg`iflpg chs siawiglpgs ofshs: Gc Pgfprh Dwlioi~fc `g Prwjicch piglg wlf of~foi`f` phpfc `g 700 ~grshlfs `g cfs owfcgs 2?2 gspæl wbiof`fs gl cf ~cfpgf# how~fl`h gc 02,5' `g cf of~foi`f` phpfc, Gc Pgfprh ^grwflh Jf~hlés piglg wlf of~foi`f` `g 6#>27 ~grshlfs `g cfs owfcgs 759 gspæl wbiof`fs gl cf ~cfpgf how~fl`h gc 77,7' `g cf of~foi`f` phpfc, Glphlogs sg `g`wog vwg ohdh ~ridgr fogrofdiglph fc ærgf how~f`f `g cf ~cfpgf sg glpigl`g vwg `gbg ohloglprfr ohloglprf r gl ~rhdg`ih gc 7>' h dæs `g cf of~foi`f` phpfc `gc pgfprh, ^frf gc oæcowch `gc ærgf y cfs `idglsihlgs `g cf ~cfpgf sg `gpgrdilf gc ærgf vwg how~f of`f gs~gopf`hr wbiof`h gl sw rgs~gopiuf bwpfof -gspfbcgoi`fs ohdh dhbicifrih eijh)# ~frf ch owfc rgowrridhs fc RLG, Y fc Lgwegrp: $ _gaúl R,L,G, cf sw~greioig dälidf dälidf ( gs~gopf`hr gs~gopf`hr gs : >,027 d2 $ _gaúl Lgwegrp cf sw~greioig dälidf ( gs~gopf`hr gs: >,7>d2
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^CFLH ^GRIDÉPRIOH Y ÆRGF
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Foogsibici`f`: Gc pgrrglh owglpf ohl ÿ~pidf foogsibici`f` f prfués `g cf Fu, Dflsiomg $ ofrrgpgrf Prwjicch Mwflomfoh, Mwflomfoh, Gl sw gspf`h eäsioh fopwfc ~rgsglpf wlf uäf cfpgrfc -cf`h izvwigr`h `gs`g gc ilargsh) feirdf`f ohcil`flpg ohl gc ogdglpgrih gohcÿaioh –^frvwg Gpgrlh— cf owfc `gpgrdilf cf wbiofoiÿl `g ærgfs `g sgruioih gl gsg ohspf`h `gc pgrrglh,
Eia, >0 Foogsibici`f` fc Pgrrglh
UI_PF >6
UI_PF >2
UI_PF >?
OGDGLPGRIH GOHCHAIOH ^FRVWG GPGRLH
UI_PF >0
PGRRGLH _GCGOO,
UI_PF >7
MFOIF MWFLOMFOH
MFOIF PRWJICCH
@G_ORI^OIHL: UI_PF >6: ^cflpf `gc p grrglh y sws ohcil`flpgs, UI_PF >2: Uäf cfpgrfc phdf`f `gs`g cf Fu, Dflsiomg mfoif gc ilpgrihr `gc pgrrglh, UI_PF >?: Uäf cfpgrfc phdf`f `gs`g gc ilpgrihr `gc pgrrglh mfoif cf Fu# Dflsiomg, UI_PF >0: Mfoif Mwflomfoh# ehpharfeäf phdf`f gl gc g}prgdh h~wgsph `g cf Fu, Dflsiomg erglpg fc pgrrglh, UI_PF >7: Mfoif Prwjicch# ehpharfeäf phdf`f gl gc g}prgdh h~wgsph `g cf Fu, Dflsiomg erglpg fc pgrrglh,
$
Ofrfopgräspiofs Ofrfopgräspiofs Eäsiofs y Wsh `g _wgch Fopwfc `gc Pgrrglh Pgrrglh `g cibrg `is~hlibici`f`# cibrg `g g`ieiofoihlgs y ~cflpfoihlgs ~grdflglpgs, Ohl ph~harfeäf sglsibcgdglpg ~cflf y wsh fopwfc faräohcf -ohl owcpiuhs pgd~hrfcgs), pgd~hrfcgs),
$
Fs~gophs Cgafcgs y `g ^rh~ig`f`, Ehrdf ~frpg `g wl ~rg`ih dfyhr `g 55,5= mæs# `g ~rh~ig`f` `g @hl Gchy Hrbgahsh# ofpfchaf`h ohdh ~rg`ih rúspioh y `gbi`fdglpg ilsoriph ohdh pfc gl chs Rgaisprhs ^úbciohs `g Cf Cibgrpf` HR^CC, _g glowglprf cibrg `g ofrafs mi~hpgofrifs# sfcuh cfs cidipfoihlgs uilowcf`fs f cfs rgspriooihlgs `g Zhlieiofoiÿl y wsh, I`gfc ~frf ~rhdhugr ilugrsiÿl ~riuf`f ~frf eilgs gohcÿaiohs g ilspipwoihlfcgs, _w ohsph gspidf`h gs `g _(, ¦Grrhr&
Uispf ~froifc `gc pgrrglh y cf uäf u äf sgowl`frif ~rhygopf`f,-Föh 2>>5)
Uispf ~froifc `gc pgrrglh y cf Fu, Dflsiomg -Föh 2>>5)
2,7 FLG]H_ 2,7,6 EIOMF_ FLPRH^HDÉPRIOF_ -Ewglpg Pgsis: –Oglprh `g Ehrdfoiÿl Frpäspiof Owcpwrfc ~frf cf Oiw`f` `g Prwjicch— fwphr: Bfom, Frv,Ohlspflpg Ofspicch Fcuf)
FLPRH^HDGPRÄF FLPRH^HDGPRÄF ^FRF ^ILPWRF: ^ILPWRF:
FLPRH^HDGPRÄF FLPRH^HDGPRÄF ^FRF G_OWCPWRF G_OWCPWRF Y OGRÆDIOF: OGRÆDIOF:
F 4 Dgsf `g prfbfjh prfbfjh ~frf ogrædiof ogrædiof -?,>>d } >,7>d) B 4 Bfloh -@ 4 >,07) O 4 Ofbfccgpg fcph -@ 4 >,07d# M 4 6,67d)
FLPRH^HDGPRÄF FLPRH^HDGPRÄF ^FRF DW_IOF: DW_IOF:
FLPRH^HDGPRÄF FLPRH^HDGPRÄF ^FRF BFCCGP BFCCGP Y FRPG @RFDFPIOH: @RFDFPIOH:
2,7,2 G_PW@IH @G OF_H_
