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#i as%juatc scg fufj as ug !jtarcji !u 'r+ci, ag raij raijkc kc8g 8g j ij vcs vcsjj kbtc kbtcfc fcjg jgjj fai fai `b `b!& !&ra ra,, %arb %arb sc sc jgjiczj!bs fasfa ugj %ars%aktcvj %a$uaJj , astj %rasagtj %rasagtj jsb!&rbsj jsb!&rbsjss %rb%cafjfa %rb%cafjfass ag kujgtb j sus sus %rb%cafjfas %rb%cafjfas !ak+gckjs fa 'rjkturj.
APTAXCMAGVJI Mjtarcjias y aqucpbs
Tjrj ij aij&brjkc8g fa astjs astrukturjs sa `j a!%iajfb H %j$uatas fa as%juatcs E1gasc@, asta tc%b fa as%juatcs tcaga tcaga ug +raj +raj kcrkuijr kcrkuijr j fc'aragkc fc'aragkcjj fa ibs btrbs btrbs tc%bs tc%bs fa fa
as%juatcs $ua sa agkuagtrj ag ugj tcagfj kb!)g, astbs as%juatcs as%juatcs kuagtjg kuagtjg kbg ug ug ijrb ijrb !afcb !afcb fa 42 k! <29. Fa&cfb j ijs 'rjkturjs $ua sa %uafjg tagar, ai fc+!atrb usjfb ag ijs astruktur astrukturjs js as as fa fa 4 k!. k!. Vj!&c( Vj!&c(gg sa usj jkatjtb fa %bicvcgcib %jrj jiugjs ugcbgas $ua fa&a tagar ijs astruk astrukturjs turjs,, gb sa usj kb!b %aj!agt %aj!agtbb %rcgkc%ji %rcgkc%ji j j $ua ji agtrjr ag kbgtjktb kbgtjktb fa&cictj fa&cictj !jrkj ugj 'rjkturj 'rjkturj ag ai as%juatc.
Fcsaúb a ijs astru!turj
3js astrukturjs sbg fbs %uagtas fa jrkb kbg ug rjfcb fa 4 k!, ag ai kagtrb fa kjfj sa!ckcrkug'aragkcj sa!ckcrkug'aragkcj sbg ai %ugtb ag kb!)g %jrj kjfj %(gfbij. #i jgk`b fa kjfj astrukturj as fa k! Kb!b ij vjrcj&ia vjrcj&ia as ai +guib agtra agtra ijs %(gfbijs, %jrj a!%azjr j aij&brjr ai fcsaJb, sa avjiu8 ug %a$uaJb agsjb, fb fbgf gfaa ai %ar?!a %ar?!atr trbb fa ij sa!cku sa!ckug' g'ar arag agkc kcjj sa fa&?j fa&?j j%rb;c!jr kbg raktjs raktjs %a$uaJjs, ai kuji sa ugc8 kbg jkatjtb jkatjtb fa %bicvcgcib
Ciustrjkcûg : (czqucarfj) Truahj kbg ugj fcstjgkcj fa 6 km, ji jpickjr ij nuarzj hrutj sa nrjkturb nrjkturb kbg njkcicfjf.. Ag ij pjrta farak`j, ibs aspjeuatcs fa km sbpbrtjrbg ij nuarzj hrutj , sa tu!b qua jpickjr jpickjr mj"br nuarzj pjrj nrjkturjribs
[a 'br!jrbg fbs trbzbs ugb fa k! 4 k! =var Ciustrjkc8g :7, ji j%ickjr ugj 'uarzj 'uarzj ag tbfj su su%ar'ca su%ar'ca sa b&sarv8 $ua ai trbzb fa 4k! rascstc8 !+s. [a kjikui8 ag +guib utciczjgfb ij trcb trcbgb gb!a !atr tr?j ?j ai jguib jguib agtr agtraa kjfj kjfj %(gfbi %(gfbijj sa j%rb;c!8 j%rb;c!8 j . . Tjrj ai ai ij btrj btrj astruktu astrukturj rj sa tb!8 tb!8 j / fa j&arturj agtra kjfj %(gfbij 8."
Trb!ac#ca$tb
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:4D %(gfbijs j ugj ibgctuf fa 4k! =/ %agfbijs %jrj ij astrukturj fa %(gfbijs %jrj ij astrukturj fa /7 /7 Tbr btrj %jrta, sa fa&a ugcr as%juatcs ag kj%js fa H %br tras as%juatcs kbg ugj %a$uaJj %rb%brkc8g fa jkatjtb fa %bicvcgcib, %jrj ij sc!uijkc8g fa ij ibgctuf fa jrkb. Tjrj ijs astruktur astrukturjs js sa gakasctj gakasctj ug tbtji tbtji fa :4 trbzbs trbzbs =/4 trbzbs fa 4k! %jrj ij astrukturj fa %jrj ij astrukturj fa / sa gakasctj 4 trbzbs fa Hk!7. #stbs %a$uaJbs trbzbs kuagtjg kuagtjg kbg ij ugc8g fa tras tras %br tras, tras, j $ua sb%brtjrjg sb%brtjrjg 'uarzjs j kb!%rasc8g fa&cfb j ij !ak+gckj fa 'rjkturj fai as%juatc tcaga %bkj rascstagkcj j ij kb!%rasc8g <9<:/9<:9 Kb!b scucagta scucagta %jsb, as 'br!jr 'br!jr ij %jrta ijtarji fa ugj astruktur astrukturjj kbg ijs %(gfb %(gfbijs ijs fa 4 k! j saiakkcbgjfj saiakkcbgjfjss kbg ibs trbzbs j kbrtjfbs kijsc'ckjfbs, %jrj kjfj ugj fa ijs ijs astru strukt ktur urjs js,, kbg ai jf` f`aascvb scvb Esbi Esbifc fc!c !c;@ ;@.. #s rakb!agfj& rakb!agfj&ia ia %ra%jrjr %ra%jrjr ai jf`ascvb jf`ascvb 4 !cgutbs !cgutbs jgtas fa a!%azjr j ugcr fa&cfb j $ua as ug ug %aj!agtb %aj!agtb ag 'rcb 'rcb as gakasjrcb gakasjrcb tagar tagar ug fcsaJb fcsaJb j askjij askjij gbr!j gbr!jii fa ij ij vcstj vcstj 'rbgtji =var Ciustrjkc8g H7 %jrj 'jkcictjr 'jkcictjr ij ugc8g j`brrjr ai tca!%b. #sta %rbkasb sa `jr+ fbs vakas %br kjfj astrukturj %br$ua kuagtj kbg fbs kjrjs ijtarjias. #s%arjr $ua sa sa$ua %jrj iuab ugcr ijs kjrjs ijtarjias ijtarjias ag ij %jrta kagtrji kbg ij !jfrarj, astb sa fa&a ugcr kbg sbifc!c;, fa cuji !jgarj sa fa&a fajr sakjr kb!%iatj!agta. kb!%iatj!agta. Kb!b Kb!b %jsb %jsb scuca scucagta gta as as kbrtjr kbrtjr %ajr %ajr %a$u %a$uaJj aJjss %brkcbgas fa as%juatc fa k! ag kjfj ugc8g fa ijs %(gfbijs btrb fa !jgarj fcjbgji, 'br!jgfb js? trc+guibs rakt+guibs, rakt+guibs, %jrj tagar ugj astj&cicfjf agtra jrkb jrkb jrkb. Fajr sakjr kb!%iatj!agta. =#sta %rbkafc!cagtb fa sa&a `jkar %jrj kjfj astrukturj7 =Aar ciustrjkc8g H7 Kb!b %jsb 'cgji 'cgji as sb!atar sb!atar j %rua&j tb!jr tb!jr fjtbs 8.% 8.% J$&i J$&ics cscs cs a 'uar 'uar(j (j a ta$s ta$sc) c)$ $ pjr pjrj j jpr jprb* b*c# c#jr jr ij !j$tcj a$ +, a #jsj j sbpbrtjr
[a)g ug astufcb astufcb %jrj agkbgtrjr agkbgtrjr ai as'uarzb as'uarzb j trjkkc8g trjkkc8g fai as%juatc, rajiczjfb %br jiu!gbs fa ij Qgcvarscfjf Gjkcbgji afarckb Aciijraj Aciijraji,i, fa ij jkuitjf fa Cg. Kcvci ag su trj&jb fa cgvastcjkc8g E6a!brcjs fa K+ikuib fcsaJb
Ciustrjkcûg Astrukturjs "j kbgkiucfjs ag su njsa ncgji , sa sa puafa !ar ibs sbpbrtas agtra kjfj kjrj ijtarji " ij ugcûg kbg ij mjfarj fa sbpbrta fa kjrej Ciustrjkcûg
#cstj #c stj nrbgtji fa kjfj ugj fa ijs astrukturjs astrukturjs
fa Tuagta Tuagta fa #s%ju #s%juatc atc@@ kjikuijr kjikuijrbg bg $ua ij 'uarzj 'uarzj fa tagsc8g as fa 4 Ga5tbg Ga5tbg <9 N [j&a!bs $ua ϋ = fbgfa O 'uarzj 'uarzj ag G 1 O J +raj +raj ag ! 4 ij sakkc8g trjgsvarsji ai LO #s'uarzb j trjkkc8g ag GI ! 4, ag asta kjsb kjsb j gbs fjg fjg ij 'uarzj 'uarzj fa 4G [c a!%azj!bs j faskb!%bgar sbib ij 'uarzjs tagsc8g ag ijs astrukturj fa tagfra!bs 'uarzjs ag ai aa M kb!b ag ai aa N, N, kb!b sa sa agkuagtrj agkuagtrj ag a$ucic&rcb a$ucic&rcb ij 'uarzj 'uarzj fa j%ickjr+ ag ai aa N, N, gbs c!%brtjg c!%brtjg sbib ijs 'uarzjs ag fck`b aa. Vagcagfb ij scucagta akujkc8g" w =6 ( tsag 4 + tsag 1 + tsag :4 + tsag :1 + tsag 84+ tsag w =6 t ( sag 4 + sag :4 + sag :1 + sag 84 … …. sag sag 34 ) jhij : jhij jhij sagbs fasa * `jstj ai +*% #[VXQKVQX1 1GQ3B sag=7 sag=7 .D/: sa s ag=:7 .:/H2D sag=:7 .4DD: sag=47 .H44 sag=47 .442:D sag=H7 . sag=H7 ./H/2 sag=7 .24/D/ sag=7 .//:2 sag=7 ./22 sag=7 .D::4 sag=27 .D224 sag=27 .H2/ sag=/7 .H24 sag=/7 .24 sag=D7 .DD/ sag=D7 .2: sag=7 : VBV13 ::.:/
.22:H .// .D4H/ .D:2 .H24 ./H/ .4: : D.D:/22
w = 6 ( 81 ) ( 0.0:5>>3 ) w =00:.5>>3 G w =00.8 le 8.
Xasuitjbs
Fa ij aij&br aij&brjkc8 jkc8gg fa asta asta trj&j trj&jbb sa kbgkiu kbgkiu88 $ua ij astrukturj fa %uagta fa jrkb fa fa j&arturj %bfr+ sb%brtjr ta8rck ta8rckj!a j!agta gta ugj !jsj fa :: ::. . 0, %br btrj btrj %jrta %jrta ij astrukturj kbg / fa j&arturj, %bfr+ sb%brtjr ugj !jsj fa DD.4 0 $ua a$ucvjia j ug 4 !agbs [a fatar! fatar!cg8 cg8 $ua $ua ag ibs %uagtas %uagtas ag 'br!j 'br!j fa jrkb rafukag ijs 'uarzjs fa tagsc8g j kb!%rasc8g ib fas%ijzjg j ibs a;tra!bs a;tra!bs agarjgfb agarjgfb js? ugj !abr !abr rascstagkcj rascstagkcj fa 'uarzjs #i %uagta fa / tuvb ugj rascstagkcj rascstagkcj fa DZ jgtas fa ij ru%turj $ua bkjscbgb ai ru%b. 3j astrukturj kbg fa j&arturj tuvb ugj rascstagkcj rascstagkcj fa fa :0 8. 8.
Kb$! Kb$!iu iusc scb$ b$as as y ra! ra!b# b#a$ a$j j!c !cb$ b$as as
#g asta trj&jb gb sa fatar!cg8 kbg a;jktctuf a;jktctuf ku+i %uagta tagfr?j ij ij !abr rascstagkcj rascstagkcj fa&cfb j $ua ugj astrukturj 'ua fa'br!jfj %br arrbr fai a$uc%b fa trj&jb 3j astrukturj fa , iia8 j sb%brtjr sb%brtjr ug tbtji fa :0, ugj rascstagkcj !?gc!j !?gc!j kb!%jrjfj kb!%jrjfj kbg ij rascstagkcj ta8rckj fa ::. 0, astb sa fa&a j fcvarsbs 'jktbras kb!b ij rascstagkcj fa !jtarcjias, agtra btrbs 'jktbras $ua c!%ickjg ug kbgbkc!cagtb !+s !+s j!%icb fa Cg.
w =6 ( 81 ) ( ::.363:51 ) w =::36.3:51 G w =::3.1 le #i %asb j sb%brtjr ij astrukturj ras%aktb j ij 'uarzj fa tagsc8g as fa ::-. +, Fa cuji !jgarj `jra!bs %jrj ijs astrukturj fa / w =6 ( tsag 4 + tsag 5 + tsag :6 + tsag 8: + tsag 80 + tsag w =6 t ( sag 4 + sag 5 + sag :6 + sag 8: …….sag 34 ) jhij umjtbrcj fa ibs sagbs fasfa *% `jstj +*%ag cgtar!jibs fa jhij '% A/VXQKVQXJ FA JG4QIB
sag=7 sag=/7 sag=:7 sag=4:7 sag=4D7 sag=H7
sag=47 sag=7 sag=27 sag=2H7 sag=/7 sag=//7 sag=D7 sag=7 VBV13
.:4:D2 .4:4: .HDH2/ .2/: ./H/2
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