Env i r onment al pol l ut i oni st hei nt r oduc t i onofhar mf ul pol l ut ant si nt oac er t ai nenv i r onmentt hatmak e anen vi r o nmentunheal t h yt ol i v ei n.Th ewi de spr eadpol l ut a nt sar eus ua l l ychemi c al s ,ga r b age ,an d was t ewat er .Env i r onment al pol l ut i oni shappeni ngi nmul t i f ol dpar t sofEar t hus ual l yi nt hef or m ofai r andwat erpol l ut i on. En v i r on me me nt a lp ol l u t i o ni sc a us i ngma ma ss i v eda ma ma get ot heec os y s t e mt h ato r g an i s ms msd ep en du po n t heheal t hoft hi sen vi r onmentt ol i v ei n.Ai randwat erpol l ut i onc anc aus edeat hofmy r i ador gani s ms ms i ngi v enec os y s t em,i nc l u di n ghumans . I nman ydev el opedc ount r i esl a wshav ebeeni nt r oduc edt or egul at emul t i f ar i oust y pesofpol l ut i on andt opal l i at et headv er s eeffec t sofpol l ut i on.Pol l ut i onl ev el smu mus tbec ont r ol l edatal l t het i mei fwe wantt okeepouren vi r onments af eandheal t hy . Wi t houtpr operpol l ut i oncont r ol ,t heen vi r onment s oonbec omesunheal t hyandnot hi ngwi l l beabl et ol i v ei ni t .Pr ev ent i ngi nt r oduc t i onofpol l ut ant s i nt ot heenv i r onmenti st hebes twayt opr ot ec tt heenv i r onmentf r om pol l ut i on.T odot hi si ti s i mp or t a ntt od ev e l o pe co l o gi c a lc on s ci e nc eo fne ar b yco mm mmu ni t i e sa ndma na gewa st eb yr e cy c l i n g. Aheal t h yenv i r onmenti spr er equi s i t eofheal t h yl i f eandfi ght i ngpol l ut i oni sdefi ni t el yt hebes twayt o k eept heen vi r onmenthe al t h y .
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Env i r onment al pol l ut i oni sagl obal i s suet hataff ec t sal mos tal l ec os y st emsonEar t h. Sc i ent i s t shav ebegunt of oc usonenv i r onment al f ac t or s s uc haspol l ut i on,l i v i ngc ondi t i onsand f oodaddi t i v esandpr es er v at i v es asmaj orpo t ent i al det er mi nant sofheal t hands af e t y . The a bs or p t i onoft o x i n sf r o mt h ea t mo s phe r ea ndf r o mf oo dsha sb ee nl i n k edt oan umbe ro fma j o r heal t hi s s uesi nc l udi ngbi r t hdef ec t sandc anc er .Ov ert i me,f ear sabouti ndus t r i al c hemi c al sand agr i c ul t ur al pr oc es ses ,aswel l asat mos pher i cpol l ut i on,ha vedr i v endemandsf ormor e env i r onment al pr ot ec t i onandor gani cagr i c ul t ur e.Res ear c hi ss t i l l i nc onc l us i v e,butagr owi ngbody ofe vi de nc eh asf oundpo t ent i al l i nk sbet weenen vi r onme nt al h az ar d sandme ment al heal t hi s s uess uc h asc hr oni cde pr es s i on. Environmental pollution, pollution, problems and control measures – Overview A. Introduction and definition of environmental pollution – We know that, a living organism cannot live by itself. Organisms interact among themselves. Hence, all organisms, such as plants, animals and human beings, as well as the physical surroundings with whom we interact, form a part of our environment. All these constituents of the environment are dependent upon each other other.. Thus, they maintain a balance in nature. As we are the only organisms try to modify the environment to fulfill our needs; it is our responsibility to take necessary steps to control the environmental imbalances.
The environmental imbalance gives rise to various environmental environmental problems. ome of the environmental problems problems are pollution, soil erosion leading to floods, salt deserts and sea recedes, desertification, landslides, change of river directions, e!tinction of species, and vulnerable ecosystem in place of more comple! and stable ecosystems, depletion of natural resources, waste accumulation, deforestation, thinning of o"one layer and global warming. The environmental problems are visuali"ed in terms of pollution, growth in population, development, industriali"ation, unplanned urbani"ation etc. #apid migration and increase in population in the urban areas has also lead to traffic congestion, water shortages, solid waste, and air, water and noise pollution are common noticeable problems in almost all the urban areas since last few years. $nvironmental pollution is defined as the undesirable change in physical, chemical and biological characteristics of our air, land and water. As a result of over%population, rapid industriali"ations, and other human activities like agriculture and deforestation etc., earth became loaded with diverse pollutants that were released as by%prod by%products. ucts. &ollutants are generally grouped under two classes' (a) Biodegradable pollutants – (iodegradable – (iodegradable pollutants are broken down by the activity of micro% organisms and enter into the biogeochemical cycles. $!amples of such pollutants are domestic waste products, urine and faucal matter, sewage, agricultural residue, paper, wood and cloth etc. (b) Non Biodegradable pollutants – )on%biodegradable – )on%biodegradable pollutants are stronger chemical bondage, do not break down in to simpler and harmless products. These include various insecticides and other pesticides, mercury, mercury, lead, arsenic, aluminum, plastics, radioactiv radioactive e waste etc. B. !lassification of Environmental "ollution – &ollution – &ollution can be broadly classified according to the components of environment that are polluted. *a+or of these are' Air pollution, Water pollution, oil pollution land degradation- and )oise pollution. etails of these types of pollutions are discussed below with their prevention measures. (1) Air Pollution: Air is mainly a mi!ture of various gases such as o!ygen, carbon dio!ide, nitrogen. nitrogen. These are present in a particular ratio. Whenever there is any imbalance in the ratio of these gases, air pollution is caused. The sources of air pollution can be grouped as under
i- Natural Natural;; such as, forest fires, ash from smoking volcanoes, dust storm and decay of organic matters. ii- #anmade #anmade due due to population e!plosion, deforestation, urbani"ation and industriali"ations.
/ertain activities of human beings release several pollutants in air, such as carbon mono!ide /O-, sulfur dio!ide O0-, hydrocarbons H/-, o!ides of nitrogen )O!-, lead, arsenic, asbestos, radioactive matter,, and dust. The ma+or threat comes from burning of fossil fuels, such as coal and petroleum matter products. Thermal power plants, automobiles and industries are ma+or sources of air pollution as well. ue to progress in atomic energy sector, sector, there has been an increase in radioactivity in the atmosphere. *ining activity adds to air pollution in the form of particulate matter. matter. &rogress in agriculture due to use of fertili"ers and pesticides has also contributed towards towards air pollution. 1ndiscriminate cutting of trees and clearing of forests has led to increase in the amount of carbon dio!ide in atmosphere. 2lobal warming is a conse3uence of green house effect caused by increased level of carbon dio!ide /O0-. O"one O4- depletion has resulted in 56 radiation striking our earth.
$%e gaseous composition of unpolluted air
$%e &ases
"arts per million (vol)
Nitrogen 789,8::
O'gen 0:0,::
ater 4<,0::
Argon ,:::
!arbon *io'ide 4:8
Neon <7.=
+elium 8.:
#et%ane :.7%<.<9
rpton :.7
Nitrous o'ide :.=
+drogen :.=
-enon :.:>
Organic vapours ca.:.:0
+armful Effects of air pollution – a- 1t affects respiratory system of living organisms and causes bronchitis, asthma, lung cancer, pneumonia etc. /arbon mono!ide /O- emitted from motor vehicles and cigarette smoke affects the central nervous system. b- ue to depletion of o"one layer, 56 radiation reaches the earth. 56 radiation causes skin cancer, damage to eyes and immune system. c- Acid rain is also a result of air pollution. This is caused by presence of o!ides of nitrogen and sulfur in the air. These o!ides dissolve in rain water to form nitric acid and sulfuric acid respectively. 6arious monuments, buildings, and statues are damaged due to corrosion by acid present in the rain. The soil also becomes acidic. The cumulative effect is the gradual degradation degradation of soil and a decline in forest and agricultural productivity productivity.. d- The green house gases, such as carbon dio!ide /O0- and methane /H=- t rap the heat radiated from earth. This leads to an increase in earth?s temperature. temperature. e- ome to!ic metals and pesticides also cause air pollution. @or more refer 1ndustrial ust, Air &ollution and #elated Occupational iseases B iseases B (2) Water Pollution: Water is one of the prime necessities of life. With increasing number of people depend on this resource; water has become a scarce commodity. &ollution &ollution makes even the l imited available water unfit for use. Water is said to be polluted when there is any physical, biological or chemical change in water 3uality that adversely affects living organisms or makes water unsuitable for use. ources of water pollution are mainly factories, power plants, coal mines and oil wells situated either close to water source or away from sources. They discharge pollutants directly or indirectly into the water sources like river, lakes, lakes, water streams etc. The harmful effects of water pollution are'
a- Human beings become victims of various water borne diseases, such as typhoid, cholera, dysentery,, hepatitis, +aundice, etc. dysentery b- The presence of acidsCalkalies in water destroys the microorganisms, thereby hindering the self% purification process in the rivers or water bodies. Agriculture is affected badly due to polluted water water.. *arine eco%systems are affected adversely. adversely. c- The sewage waste promotes growth of phytoplankto phytoplankton n in water bodies; causing reduction of dissolved o!ygen. d- &oisonous industrial wastes present in water bodies affect the fish population and deprives us of one of our sources of food. 1t also kills other animals living in fresh water. water. e- The 3uality of underground water water is also affected due to to!icity and pollutant content of surface water. (2.1) Water pollution by industries and its
effects – A change in the chemical, physical, biological, and radiological 3uality of water that is in+urious to its uses. The term Dwater pollutionE generally refers to human%induced changes to water 3uality. Thus, the discharge of to!ic chemicals from industries or the release of human or livestock waste into a nearby water body is considered pollution. The contamination of ground water of water bodies like rivers, lakes, wetlands, estuaries, and oceans can threaten the health of humans and a3uatic life. ources of water pollution may be divided into two categories. i- &oint%source pollution, in which contaminants are discharged from a discrete location. ewage outfalls and oil spills are e!amples of point%source pollution. ii- )on%point%source or diffuse pollution, referring to all of the other discharges that deliver contaminants to water bodies. Acid rain and unconfined runoff f rom agricultural or urban areas falls under this category. The principal contaminants of water include to!ic chemicals, nutrients, biodegradable organics, and bacterial F viral pathogens. Water pollution can affect human health when pollutants enter the body either via skin e!posure or through the direct consumption of contaminated drinking water and contaminated food. &rime pollutants, including T and polychlorinated biphenyls &/(s-, persist in the natural environment and bioaccumulation occurs in the tissues of a3uatic organisms. These prolonged and persistent organic pollutants are transferred transferred up the food chain and they can reach levels of concern in fish species that are eaten by humans. *oreover, bacteria and viral pathogens can
pose a public health risk for those who drink contaminated water or eat raw shellfish from polluted water bodies. /ontaminants have a significant impact on a3uatic ecosystems. $nrichment of water bodies with nutrients principally nitrogen and phosphorus- can result in the growth of algae and other a3uatic plants that shade or clog streams. 1f wastewater containing biodegradable biodegradable organic matter is discharged into a stream with inade3uate dissolved o!ygen, the water downstream of the point of discharge will become anaerobic and will be turbid and dark. ettleable solids will be deposited on the streambed, and anaerobic decomposition will occur. Over the reach of stream where the dissolved% o!ygen concentration concentration is "ero, a "one of putrefaction will occur with the production of hydrogen sulfide H0-, ammonia )H4-, and other odorous gases. (ecause many fish species re3uire a minimum of =G 8 mg of dissolved o!ygen per liter of water, they will be unable to survive in this portion of the stream. irect e!posures to to!ic chemicals are also a health concern for individual a3uatic plants and animals. /hemicals such as pesticides are fre3uently transported transported to lakes and rivers via runoff, and they can have harmful effects on a3uatic life. To!ic chemicals have been shown to reduce the growth, survival, reproductive reproductiv e output, and disease resistance of e!posed organisms. These effects can have important conse3uences for the viability of a3uatic populations and communities. Wastewater discharges are most commonly controlled through effluent standards and discharge Wastewater permits. 5nder this system, discharge permits are issued with limits on the 3uantity and 3uality of effluents. Water%3uality standards are sets of 3ualitative and 3uantitative criteria designed to maintain or enhance the 3uality of receiving waters. /riteria can be developed and implemented to protect a3uatic life against acute and chronic effects and to safeguard humans against deleterious health effects, including cancer cancer.. @ or more refer refer Water Water /onservation G )eed%of%the%day for our very survival B (3) Soil pollution (Land degradation) Iand pollution is due to i- eforestation and ii- umping of solid wastes. eforestation increases soil erosion; thus valuable agricultural land is lost. olid wastes from household and industries also pollute land and enhance land degradation. olid wastes include things from household waste and of industrial wastes. They include ash, glass, peelings of fruit and vegetables, paper, clothes, plastics, rubber, leather, brick, sand, metal, waste from cattle shed, night soil and cow dung. /hemicals discharged into air, such as compounds of sulfur and lead, eventually come to soil and pollute it. The heaps of solid waste destroy the natural beauty and surroundings become dirty. dirty. &igs, dogs, rats, flies, mos3uitoes visit the dumped waste and foul smell comes from the waste. The waste may block the flow of water in the drain, which then becomes the breeding place for mos3uitoes. *os3uitoes are carriers of parasites of malaria and dengue. /onsumption of polluted water causes many diseases, such as cholera, diarrhea and dysentery. dysentery. @ or more refer olid Waste isposal %A (urning &roblem To (e #esolved To ave $nvironment B
(4) oise pollution : High level noise is a disturbance to the human environment. (ecause of urbani"ation, noise in all areas in a city has increased considerably. considerably. One of the most pervasive sources of noise in our environment today is those associated with transportation.. &eople reside ad+acent to highways, are sub+ected to high level of noise produced by transportation trucks and vehicles pass on the highways. &rolonged e!posure to high level of noise is very much harmful to the health of mankind. 1n industry and in mines the main sources of noise pollution are blasting, movement of heavy earth moving machines, drilling, crusher and coal handling plants etc. The critical value for the development of hearing problems is at >: decibels. /hronic e!posure to noise may cause noise%induced hearing loss. High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects. *oreover, noise can be a causal factor in workplace accidents. !. /undamentals of prevention and control of air pollution As mentioned above, air pollutants can be gaseous or particulate matters. ifferent techni3ues for controlling these pollutants are discussed below' a. !et"ods of controlling gaseous pollutants pollutants # <. /ombustion G This techni3ue is used when the pollutants are in the form of organic gases or vapors.. uring flame vapors f lame combustion or catalytic process, these organic pollutants are converted into water vapor and relatively less harmful products, such as /O0. 0. Absorption G 1n this techni3ue, the gaseous effluents are passed through scrubber scrubbers s or absorbers. These contain a suitable li3uid absorbent, which removes or modifies one or more of the pollutants present in the gaseous effluents. 4. Adsorption G The gaseous effluents are passed through porous solid adsorbents kept in suitable containers. The organic and inorganic constituents of the effluent gases are trapped at the interface of the solid adsorbent by physical adsorbent.
b. !et"ods to control particulate e$issions # <. *echanical devices generally work on the basis of the
following' i- 2ravity' 1n this process, the particles settle down by gravitational force. ii- udden change in direction of the gas flow. This causes the particles to separate out due to greater momentum. 0. abric ilters' The gases containing dust are passed through a porous medium. These porous media may be woven or filled fabrics. The particles present in the gas are trapped and collected in the filters. The gases freed from the particles are discharged. 4. Wet crubbers' Wet scrubbers are used in chemical, mining and metallurgical industries to trap O0, )H4, metal fumes, etc. =. $lectrostatic &recipitators' When a gas or an a ir stream containing aerosols in the form of dust, fumes or mist, is passed between two electrodes, then, the aerosol particles get precipitated on the electrode.
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) +inds o" 'n#ironmenta$ !o$$ution
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There are actually SEVEN different kinds of environmental pollution. Most people can name air, water and land...do you know the other four? Or eamples of what constitutes actual pollution in each cate!ory? "isted #elow are each kind and eamples to help you understand $ust how we can affect the environment and each other.
Air !o$$ution
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%ccordin! to the dictionary, dictionary, air pollution pollution is the contamination contamination of air #y smoke smoke and harmful !ases, mainly oides of car#on, sulfur, and nitro!en. &%nd may#e #y that smelly uncle.' Some eamples of air pollution include( • • •
•
Ehuast fumes from vehicles The #urnin! of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, or !as )armful off*!asin! from thin!s such as paint, plastic production, and so on +adiation spills or nuclear accidents
%ir pollution is linked linked to asthma, asthma, aller!ies and and other respiratory respiratory illnesses. ou can can more a#out how the environment affects human health here.
,and !o$$ution
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"and pollution is the de!radation of the Earth-s surface caused #y a misuse of resources and improper disposal of waste. Some eamples of land pollution include( •
"itter found on the side of the road
• • • •
•
lle!al dumpin! in natural ha#itats Oil spills that happen inland The use of pesticides and other farmin! chemicals /ama!e and de#ris caused from unsustaina#le minin! and lo!!in! practices +adiation spills or nuclear accidents
"and pollution is responsi#le for dama!e done to natural ha#itat of animals, deforestation and dama!e done to natural resources, and the !eneral u!ly*in! up of our communities. &So stop #ein! a litter#u!, eh?'
,i-ht !o$$ution
"i!ht pollution is the #ri!htenin! of the ni!ht sky inhi#itin! the visi#ility of stars and planets #y the use of improper li!htin! of communities. Some eamples of what causes li!ht pollution( •
• •
Street lamps that shine li!ht in all directions, instead of with a hood to point li!ht downward toward the street. Etra, unnecessary li!hts around the home 0ities that run li!hts all ni!ht lon!
"i!ht pollution uses more ener!y &#y shinin! more li!ht up instead of down, meanin! you need #ri!hter #ul#s for the same amount of li!ht', may affect human health and our sleep cycles, and most importantly, corrupts our kids
telescopes and their curiosity. & !rew up in a city. My first no*li!ht ni!ht in the country #lew my mind. "et-s not make that such a rare occasion1'
oise !o$$ution
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Noise pollution is any loud sounds that are either harmful or annoyin! to humans and animals. Some emaples of noise pollution( • • •
%irplanes, helicopters, helicopters, and motor motor vehicles 0onstruction or demolition noise )uman activities such as sportin! events or concerts
Noise pollution can #e disruptive to humans- stress levels, may #e harmful to un#orn #a#ies, and drives animals away #y causin! nervousness and decreasin! their a#ility to hear prey or predators.
herma$ !o$$ution !o$$ution
Thermal pollution is the increase of temperature caused #y human activity. % few eamples of this include( •
•
2armer lake water from near#y manufacturin! &usin! cool water to cool the plant and then pump it #ack into the lake' ncluded in thermal pollution should also #e the increase in temperatures temperatur es in areas with lots of concrete or vehicles, !enerally in cities
These kinds of environmental pollution can cause a3uatic life to suffer or die due to the increased temperature, can cause discomfort to communities dealin! with hi!her temperatures, temperatures, and will affect plant*life in and around the area.
isua$ !o$$ution
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Visual pollution is what you would call anythin! unattractive or visualin! dama!in! to the near#y landscape. This tends to #e a hi!hly su#$ective topic. Some eamples of visual pollution( • • •
Skyscrapers that #locks a natural view 4raffiti or carvin! on trees, rocks, or other natural landscapes landscapes 5ill#oards, litter, a#andoned homes, and $unkyards could also #e considered amon! three kinds of environmental pollution
Mostly, visual kinds of environmental pollution are annoyin! and u!ly, althou!h some may say they are also depressin!, and they of course affect the surroundin! landscape with the chan!es they cause. 2hen a man throws an empty ci!arette packa!e from an automo#ile, he is lia#le to a fine of 678. 2hen a man throws a #ill#oard across a view vi ew,, he is richly rewarded. * 9at 5rown
ater !o$$ution
9hoto Source( %lan "ieftin!
2ater pollution is the contamination of any #ody of water &lakes, !roundwater, oceans, etc'. Some eamples of water pollution(
+aw sewa!e runnin! into lake or streams ndustrial waste spills contaminatin! !roundwater +adiation spills or nuclear accidents lle!al dumpin! of su#stances or items within #odies of water 5iolo!ical contamination, contamination, such as #acteria !rowth :arm runoff into near#y #odies of water
• • • • • •
These kinds of environmental pollution are linked to health issues in humans, animals and plant*life. ou can read more a#out how the environment is affecting our health here . http://www.sustaina$eaysteps.com/inds%o"%en#ironmenta$%po$$ution.htm$
Personal Pollution is not harm in our ody it can a$so e harm in our en#ironment
TYPES OF PERSONAL POLLUTION
•
FOOD ADDITIVES
•
MEDICINES
•
SMOKING
•
ALCOHOL
•
COSMETICS
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FOOD ADDITIVES ood additi#es is a sustances added to "ood to impro#e its a#or6 co$or6 texture or resistance to spoi$a-e6 it enhances the she$"%$i"e i" "ood products6 it a$so maes "ood attracti#e to consumers
ood additi#es may e intentiona$ or incidenta$ 7unintention 7unintentiona$8 a$8 natura$ or articia$. ntentiona$ additi#es are sustances added on purpose to per"orm specic "unctions. A #ery common examp$e is sa$t. ncidenta$ additi#es are sustances which ecome part i" a "ood product throu-h some phase i" production6 processin-6 stora-e or paca-in-. Articia$ additi#es are sustances that are produced synthetica$$y such as saccharin6 and cyc$amate sweeteners.
;'<'> Mei!ine is a su"stan!e use to treat a isease# Mei!ine !an $a%e unesira"le e&e!ts# T$is 'i($t $a))en i* it is ta+en in too lar(e ,uantities or *or too lon( )erio o* ti'e#
Dru(s are neee to )re%ent or !ure isease# T$ere are ru(s -$i!$ are re(ulate an so'e are restri!te# Re(ulate ru(s are t$ose -$i!$ !an "e ta+en ". a )atient "ut uner t$e a'inistra a'inistration tion o* $is )$.si!ian# /Re(ulate /Re(ulate 'eans t$e osa(e re,uire is 0ust enou($ to )rou!e t$e )arti!ular e&e!t neee1# /restri!te 'eans t$at i* t$e ru( is "ein( use1 it 'a. )rou!e $ar'*ul e&e!t or 'i($t e%en +ill a )erson -$en ta+en in LARGE AMOUNT#
SMOKING >moin- is dan-erous to our hea$th ecause it can aect to our $un-s.
T-o t.)es o* s'o+in( Acti#e smoin- is the inha$in- o" smoe y the smoer himse$" and passi#e smoin- is the inha$in- o" smo smoe e y non%smoers in some smoe%$$ed p$aces. here are are two dierent dierent inds o" smoe6 smoe6 rst6 exha$ed exha$ed mainstream
smoke, which comes "rom the $un-s o" peop$e exha$in- smoe and
second6 the side%stream smoe6 wa"ts comin- "rom urnin- tip o" a ci-arette.
ALCOHOL t is ethano$ a$so ca$$ed ethy$ a$coho$ or -rain a$coho$6 is present in #aryin- amounts in eers and wine. t is produce produced d y the natura$ process o" "ermentation. A$coho$ism is a chronic disorder characteri@ed characteri@ed y an uncom"orta$e need to drin a$coho$ e#era-es. he disease is a serious "orm a dru- ause since it a$ters the "unctions in causinaccidents particu$ar$y in the road.
'ects o" a$coho$ t can dama-e the $i#er $eadin- to a condition nown as cirrhosis. A$coho$ dama-e the hearts musc$e ce$$s causin- e#entua$ deterioration. he disease is ca$$ed a$coho$ic cardiomyo cardiomyopathy pathy characteri@ed y wea contraction o" the heart. A$coho$ can cause inammation o" the ner#es nown as periphera$ neuritis. !eriphera$ !eriphera$ neuritis causes intense pain in the aected part.
COSMETICS t is the chemica$ sustances that can e harm"u$ to us. or examp$e6 shampoos6 creams6 ointment ointments s and
pheny$enediamine in hair dyes can cause a$$er-ic contact dermatitis6 pheny$enediamine a ind o" sin a$$er-y. 0adioactive 0adio active "ollution is %ig%l %ig%l danger dangerous ous to %uman %ealt% causing s1in disord disorders, ers, leu1aemia, tumours, cardiovascular disorders, premature ageing and reduced life span.
0adioactive "ollution +ig%l +a2ardous to +uman +ealt% *r. Arvind 3ing% #adioactive pollution is the increase in natural background radiation emerging from the activities of human beings involving the use of natur naturally ally occurring or artif artificially icially produced radioactive radioactive materials. #adioactive substances are those which have the ability to emit high energy particles like alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. #adioactive substances are unstable in nature and are continuously emitting these particles in order to gain some stability. #adio #a dioact active ive pol pollut lution ion is not a cons constan tantt or reg regula ularr phe phenome nomenon non and hen hence ce the duration duration and fre3uency of pollution will vary with time and conditions. The three ma+or types of conditions e!ist.
(i) %on %ontin tinuou uous s
pollut pol lution ion This
type
of
condition condit ion e!ists in 5ranium mines, nuclear reactors reactors and laboratories laboratories where the humans are under continuous e!posure to radioactive contaminants. (ii) Accidental (ii) Accidental pollution pollution This type of condition e!ists during accidental e!posure to radiations by virtue of e3uipment failure, radiation leak, faulty protective e3uipment etc; and (iii) &ccasional pollution pollution This condition e!ists during isolated e!periment or test of nuclear substance.
ources of #adioactive &ollution'
#adioactive pollution is increasing because of the increased use of radioactivity. 1t occurs mostly from the waste products that are left behind after the use of radioactive substances. #adioactive waste is usually the product of a nuclear process such as nuclear fission, which is e!tensively used in nuclear reactors, nuclear weapons and other nuclear fuel%cycles. #adioactive wastes are disposed off without any precautionary measures to isolate the emissions which then contaminate the air, soil and water. Iarge amount of radioactive waste is generated from nuclear reactors used in nuclear power plants and for many other purposes. 1t occurs during dur ing e!t e!trac ractio tion n and ref refinin ining g of the ra radioa dioactiv ctive e mat materi erial. al. )ucl )uclear ear acc accide idents nts and nucl nuclear ear e!plosions are the two worst man%made sources of radioactive pollution. The ma+or sources where radioactive wastes are generated and are responsible for radioactive pollution are as follows' i- 5ranium mining ii- &roduction of nuclear fuel iii- )uclear power reactors iv- 5se of radionuclides in industries for various application v- )uclear tests carried out by the efense &ersonnel; and vi- isposal of nuclear waste.
%at is /allout4 The radioactive pollution that is spread through the earth?s atmosphere is called DalloutE. The best instance of fallout is the nuclear bomb attack on Hiroshima and )agasaki, Japan in <=8 by 5nited tates during the econd World War. As a result of nuclear bomb e!plosion more than 0 lakh people people die died d fro from m long long%te %term rm e!p e!posur osure e to rad radiat iation ion wit within hin fiv five e yea years rs of att attack ack owin owing g to radiation effect and cancer.
Effect Effe cts s of 0a 0adi dioa oact ctiv ive e "o "oll llut utio ion n on +u +uma man n +ealt% #adioactive substances are among the most to!ic substances known. *arie /urie, the )obel laureate for discovery of radioactivity in <:4, became the victim of radioactive pollution and died of leukaemia. Iow levels levels of ra radi diat atio ion n e! e!pos posur ure e on a sma small ll por porti tion on of th the e bo body dy ma may y +u +ust st af affe fect ct th the e ce cell ll membranes and cause mild skin irritation. Other immediate effects of short span e!posure of nuclea nuc learr rad radiat iation ion are naus nausea, ea, vom vomiti iting, ng, dia diarrh rrhoea oea,, loss of hai hairr and nail nails, s, bru bruises ises owin owing g to subcutaneous bleeding etc. High radiation e!posures have much acute to!icity and can 3uickly kill the victim. The victim declines in vitality and dies from anaemia, infection and haemorrhage.
High e!posure to radi radiation ation in gestat gestation ion period causes brain damage. 1nfants between the eight and fifteen fifteen wee weeks ks of pre pregna gnancy ncy who wer were e e!p e!posed osed to the atomic atomic att attack ack in Hir Hiroshi oshima ma and )agasaki during World War 11 were reported to have a greater incidence of brain damage with side effects including lower 1ntelligent Kuotient 1K- and severe mental retardation in some cases. The most sensitive organs of human bodies to high radiation e!posure are intestines, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow and gonads. The radiation weakens the immune system of the body. elayed elay ed effe effects cts of rad radiation iation include catara cataracts, cts, leuka leukaemia, emia, malign malignant ant tumour tumours, s, cardiov cardiovascula ascularr disorders, premature ageing and reduced life span. The radiation can cause irreparable damage to the genetic material and lead to life%threatening condition. #adiation causes genetic mutations that promote the growth of cancerous cells in the body. The effects of genetic mutation tend to pass on to the future generation.
!ontrol of 0adioactive "ollution ince radioactive pollution is highly ha"ardous to human health therefore prevention and control of radioactive pollution is inevitable. The radioactive pollution can be controlled by number of ways which are as follows' L Ie Ieak akag age e fr from om th the e ra radi dioa oact ctive ive ma mate teria rials ls inc inclu ludi ding ng th the e nu nucle clear ar re reac acto tors, rs, in indu dust stri ries es an and d laboratories need to be checked. L The disposal of radioactive material must be safe and secure. L #adioactive materials must be stored in safe places and must be changed into harmless form. L The radioactive wastes with a very low radiation must be put into the sewage. L The nuclear power plants must follow all the safety instructions. L The protective garments must be worn by the workers who work in the nuclear plants. L The natural radiation must be at the permissible limits. L )uclear devices should be e!ploded under ground. L /ontaminants may be employed to decrease the radioactive emissions. L &roduction of radio isotopes needs to be minimi"ed. L $!t $!trem reme e pre precaut cautions ions shou should ld be tak taken en dur during ing the dis disposa posall of ind indust ustria riall was wastes tes cont containi aining ng radionuclides. L Hi High gh ch chim imne ney y an and d ve vent ntila ilati tions ons sh shoul ould d be us used ed at wor worki king ng pl plac aces es wh wher ere e ra radi dioa oact ctive ive contamination is high. L 1n nuclear reactors, closed cycle coolant system with gaseous coolants of very high purity may be used to prevent e!traneous activation products. L ission reactions need to be minimi"ed. L 1n nuclear mines, wet drilling may be employed along with underground drainage. L )uclear medicines and radiation therapy should only be applied when absolutely necessary.
!onclusion
#adioactive #ad ioactive pollution pollution adversely affects the human health often leading to death, hence it is the most dangerous form of pollution among all pollution types. ince the radiation targets the genetic material therefore the defects caused are transmitted from parents to offspring. Hence prevention and control of radioactive pollution is inevitable to avoid its harmful effects on the human health.
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