ASP in the Environment

APPLYING SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY TO THE ENVIRONMENT Whet Whethe herr we are are inter nterac actt with with othe others rs or are are alon alone, e, or or !eha !eha"i "io orr or tho tho#h #hts ts that that we are are en#a en#a#e #e$ $ in ha%% ha%%en ens s &so'ewhere&( This somewhere is somewhere is the %h)sical en"iron'ent, an$ is o*ten crcial in+ence on or actions, tho#hts, an$ well!ein#( -t or actions !oth in$i"i$all) an$ collecti"el), also ha"e an enor'os i'%act on the %h)sical %h)sical en"iron'ent en"iron'ent so'eti'es !ene.cial, !t so'eti'es har'*l( The tas/ o* %s)cholo#ists intereste$ in the th e en"iron'ent is to e0a'ine a #reat "ariet) o* to%ics !esi$es the isses in"ol"e$ in e0tre'e actions ai'e$ at $e*en$in# the natral en"iron'ent( En"iron'ent %s)cholo#ists st$) not onl) how the %h)sic %h)sical al en"iro en"iron'e n'ent nt 1e(#( !il$in#s, weather, natre, noise, a3ects or !eha"i !eha"ior or,, thin/i thin/in# n# %olltion, %olltion, street street arran#e' arran#e'ents2 ents2 a3ects an$ an$ well ell! !ei ein# n# !t als also how how or !eha eha"ior 1e(#( 1e(#( ener# ener#) ) conser"ati conser"ation, on, "an$alis', "an$alis', acti"is', acti"is', ato'o!ile ato'o!ile se, rec)cli rec)clin#, n#, water water se2 a3ects the en"iron'ent 1e(#(cli'ate chan#e, water shorta#e, %olltion, re$ce$ !io$i"ersit)2(

There are social %s)cholo#ical as%ects to 'an) to%ics e0a' e0a'in ine$ e$ !) en"ir en"iron' on'ent ental al %s %s)c )cho holo lo#i #ist sts s incl incl$ $in in# # the *ollowin#4 "iolence in 5ails6 weather an$ altris'6 the $esi#n o* the the !i !ilt en"i en"irron' on'ent ent in relat elatio ion n to cri cri'e, %ri"a ri"ac) c),, crow$in# an$ territorialit)6 the e3ects o* noise an$ li#htin# on inter%e inter%erso rsonal nal relati relations ons66 s%atial s%atial arran# arran#e'e e'ents nts in o7ces o7ces an$ schools6 social as%ects o* 'ana#in# natral resorces an$ or role in cli'ate chan#e(

RESORCE 8ILEMMA9COMMONS 8ILEMMA These are sitations in which in$i"i$als 'st choose !etween sel*interest 1ta/in# or sin# nsstaina!le a'onts a 'onts o* a natral resorce sch as water or .sh2 an$ the interests o*

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the co''nit) or en"iron'ent 1ta/in# a sstaina!le share, or less, o* the resorce2(

Secon$ Secon$,, en"iro en"iron'e n'ental ntal %s)cho %s)cholo# lo#ist ists s wor/ to i'%ro i'%ro"e "e the %h)sica %h)sicall en"iron' en"iron'ent( ent( Two Two wa)s in which the) the) $o so are calle$ social social design design an$ defensible space( Social $esi#n is a %rocess !) which an) !il$in# 1e(#(, o7ce, school, resi$ence, resi$ence, 'a) !e !e $esi#ne $esi#ne$ $ in colla!orati colla!oration on *actor), retail store, %rison2 'a) with those who will actall) se that !il$in# so that the) the) are are 'ore 'ore s ser er* *rie rien$ n$l) l),, as o%%o o%%ose se$ $ to !ein !ein# # $esi#n $esi#ne$ e$ solel) solel) !) an archi architec tectt who will will ne"er ne"er se the !il$in#( !il$in#( Ot$oor Ot$oor s%aces, s%aces, sch as streets streets an$ %la:as, %la:as, can can also also !e $esi $esi#n #ne$ e$ eith either er to s s%% %%or ortt h'a h'an n interaction or to i#nore it( En"iron'ental En"iron'ental %s)cholo#i %s)cholo#ists sts ha"e learne$ learne$ an enor'os enor'os a'ont a!ot %erson;en"iron'ent relations $rin# the <= )ears the .el$ has *or'all) e0iste$( The) /now 'ch a!ot social en"iron'ental $)na'ics sch as a s how t)%ical inter%ersonal inter%ersonal $istances $istances chan#e chan#e with $i3erent $i3erent sitations, sitations, which which soci social al *actor *actors s are are li/ li/el) el) to i'%r i'%ro" o"e e or inhi inhi!i !itt %ro %ro en"iron'ental attit$es, how inter%ersonal relations lea$ to water conser"ation, how crow$in# a3ects social interaction, how how nois noise e in+e n+enc nces es hel% hel%in in# # !eha !eha"i "ior or,, an$ an$ how how te'%eratre te'%eratre is relate$ relate$ to inter%ersonal inter%ersonal "iolence( "iolence( Man) ha"e $esi#ne$ !eha"ioral inter"entions to chan#e an$ i'%ro"e !eha"ior towar$ 'ore sstaina!le %ractices( As en"iron'ental %ro!le's an$ concerns #row, social scientists scientists 'st learn learn 'ore a!ot in$i"i$al in$i"i$al an$ s'all s'all #ro% contri!tions contr i!tions to ecolo#ical $e#ra$ation( As h'ans who $well in in societies, societies, we e0tract, e0tract, re.ne, re.ne, se, an$ $is%os $is%ose e o* 'an) natral resorces( Howe"er, societies are co'%ose$ o* in$i"i$als, an$ lti'atel) %eo%le 'a/e these choices as in$i"i$als an$ s'all #ro%s in their ho'es, at wor/, an$ $rin# their leisre leisre hors( The crcial crcial as%ect as%ect o* resorce resorce 'ana#e'ent $ecisions !) each o* s is that the) s',









Mn$ane e"er)$a) e"er)$a) choices choices to trn on the aircon$i aircon$itionin# tionin#,, $ri"e the car a short wa) instea$ o* wal/in# or ri$in# ri$in# a !i/e, !i/e, or ta/e a ?@'inte shower instea$ o* a @'inte shower a$$ % to resorce $e%letion on a lar#er scale( Once the 'acroen"iron' 'acroen"iron'ent ent is a3ecte$ 1e(#(, less *orest co"er, $e%lete$ ai*ers, 'ore lan$.lls, 'ore %a"e'ent2 , it a3ects s in retrn( Most o* s reali:e that we shol$ waste less, !t we are te'%te$ to lea$ li"es that se 'an) natral resorces resorces 1e(#(, 1e(#(, water, water, oil, woo$2( woo$2( Or $i"i$e$ #oals lea$ s to e0%erience resource dilemma(

In social social $ile''as, $ile''as, the rewar$s rewar$s to the in$i"i$al in$i"i$al *or noncoo%eration are #reater than the rewar$s *or coo%eration no 'atter 'atter what others others $o6 howe"er, howe"er, i* 'ost 'ost in$i"i in$i"i$a $als ls in"ol"e$ *ail *a il to coo%erate, then e"er)one recei"es lower rewar$s( A si'%le e0a'%le wol$ !e a %erson washin# a car $rin# a $r) s%ell( This %erson #ains a clean car !) sin# scar sc arce ce water waterBt Bthe he rewar rewar$ $ 1a clean see's #reate #reaterr than ean car2 ar2 see's ha"in# no rewar$ 1an nclean car2Ban$ this clean car rewar$ occrs, in the short ter', re#ar$less o* what other co''nit) resi$ents $o( I* this %erson is one o* "er) *ew %eo%le washin# their cars, a clean car rewar$ is #aine$ with little loss to the co''nit) water s%%l)( Howe"er, i* 'an) %ersons wash their cars, serios $a'a#e 'i#ht !e $one to the water water s s%% %%l) l) an$ e"er e"er)on )one e rece recei" i"es es a lowe lowerr rewar$Bha"in# no water, or %erha%s '$$) water, *ro' the co''n co''nit) it) s%%l)B s%%l)Ban$ an$ this this conse conseenc ence e is worse worse than 'erel) ha"in# a $irt) car( car( Three 'ain *or's o* social $ile''a are reco#ni:e$4 %!lic #oo$ #oo$s s %ro! %ro!le le's 's,, soci social al tra% tra%s, s, an$ an$ reso esorrce 1or co''o co''ons2 ns2 $ile''as( Public goods problems in"ol"e $ile''as a!ot









!il$ !il$ a nei#h!o nei#h!orho rhoo$ o$ chil$r chil$ren>s en>s %la)#r %la)#ron$ on$(( The $ile''a is that contri!tin# costs so'ethin# 1one>s 'one) or not eno eno# #h other thers s cont contri ri! !te, te, the the ti'e $e"ote$2, !t i* not %la)#ron$ %ro5ect will not !e sccess*l( hel% hel%22

A %erson is te'%te$ to a"oi$ contri!tin# to the %!lic #oo$ 1to not coo%erate2 *or two reasons( reasons( irst, i* eno#h others contri!te their ti'e an$9or 'one) so that the %!l %!lic ic #oo$ #oo$ s scc ccee$ ee$s, s, the the %ers %erson on !ene. !ene.ts ts 1#et 1#ets s a withot ha"in# ha"in# to contri! contri!te te nei#h!orho nei#h!orhoo$ o$ %la)#ro %la)#ron$2 n$2 withot an)thin#( Secon$, contri!tin# is ris/) in that a %erson 'i#ht $onate 'one) or ti'e, onl) to .n$ that not eno#h others $o so6 i* this ha%%ens, the %ro5ect *ails an$ the %erson>s contri!tion is waste$( are a secon$ secon$ *or' *or' o* soci social al $ile'' $ile''a( a( The) The) Socia Sociall trap traps s are in"ol"e in"ol"e shortter' shortter' %leasre %leasre or #ain that, o"er ti'e, lea$s to %ain %ain or loss loss(( So'e So'e clas classi sic c soci social al tra%s tra%s incl incl$ $e e s'o/ s'o/in in# #, o"er o"erea eati tin# n#,, an$ an$ s sin in# # %esti estic ci$ i$es es(( The) The) are are $ile'' $ile''as as !ecase !ecase in$i"i in$i"i$al $als s 'st 'st choose choose !etween !etween an i''e$iate rewar$ 1e(#(, the %leasre o* s'o/in#, the %leasre o* eatin# an e0tra $ish o* ice crea'2 an$ the lon#ter' ne#ati"e otco'e otco'e to which the rewar$ rewar$ can lea$ 1e(#(, ln# cancer, "erss shortte shortter' r' $e%ri"a $e%ri"atio tion n 1e(#(, o!esit)2 "erss 1e(#(, ittin# ittin# s'o/in#, s'o/in#, re*si e*sin# n# to eat eat the the e0tr e0tra a $ish $ish o* ice ice crea crea'2 '2 an$ the lon#ter' %ositi %ositi"e "e otco'e otco'e to which which the $e%ri"at $e%ri"ation ion can lea$ lea$ 1e(#(, a lon#er li*e, a sli''er !il$2(

Two Two %ro!le's create the $ile''a in a social tra%( irst, the lon#ter' otco'e sall) is not certain 1e(#(, 1e(#(, not e"er) e"er) s'o/er $ies o* s'o/in#relate$ $isease, nor $oes e"er) %erson who a!stains *ro' s'o/in# li"e a lon# ti'e2( In the case o*

the en"iro en"iron'e n'ent, nt, the lon#t lon#ter' er' ncerta ncertaint) int) 'a/es 'a/es it easier easier to rational rationali:e i:e choosin choosin# # the en"iron en"iron'en 'ental tall) l) $a'a#i $a'a#in# n# o%tion o%tion 1e(#(, 1e(#(, sin# e0cessi e0cessi"e "e water in the s%rin# s%rin# when the state o* the co''nit) reser"oir later in the s''er t he is not )et /nown2 ( Secon$, in$i"i$als ten$ to $iscont the









WHAT IS RESODRCE9COMMONS 8ILEMMA The ter' &co''ons $ile''a& was .rst se$  se$ !) 8awes( It is e0%laine$ !) Willia' Llo)$ ( In so'e so'e ol$e ol$err soci societi eties es,, Fthe Fthe co''ons re*erre$ to a central o%en s%ace in the heart o* a "illa#e( -) 'tal n$erstan$in#, this co''ons was 5ointl) owne$ !) all citi:ens in #oo$ stan$in# withot an) !or$ers or *ences insi$e it( All citi:ens were allowe$ to se its #rass an$ o%en s%ace to #ra:e their ani'als( ani'als( The nwritten nwritten rle rle was that each *a'il) col$ ha"e one cow( There was eno#h #rass #rass *or *or all all o* the citi citi:e :ens> ns> ani' ani'al als, s, an$ the co'' co''on ons s wor/e$ well *or 'an) )ears( Howe"er, the $a) e"entall) ca'e when one citi:en $eci$e$ to 'a/e 'a/e a little e0tra e0tra 'one) !) !) ha"in# a secon$ secon$ cow, cow, *ro' which 'ore 'il/ col$ !e %ro$ce$ an$ sol$( A*ter all, there is nothin# wron# with F&#ettin# ahea$&( Another %ossi!ilit) is that 'ore 'ore *a'ilies *a'ilies 'o"e$ to the "illa#e, "illa#e, an$ each *a'il) wante$ to a$$ one 'ore cow( E"er)one is entitle$ entitle$ to one cow( cow( The %ro!l %ro!le' e' is that the a'ont a'ont o* a"aila!le #rass re'aine$ the sa'e6 the alternati"e is to ct $own 'ore 'ore o* the *orest *orest srron$in# srron$in# the "illa#e, "illa#e, !t that is 5st another *or' o* resorce resorce $ile''a(Wh $ile''a(Whether ether so'eone wante$ to #et ahea$ or the n'!er o* sharehol$ers in the co''ons #rew, there was 'ore se o* the sa'e a'ont o* #rass( As $e'an$ *or a li'ite$ resorce incr ncreases ases,, the isse !eco'es one o* *ree$o' in the co''ons( When When the the s%% %%l) o* a reso esorrce see' see's s lar#e ar#e or near nearll) li'itless, in$i"i$als see' to *eel *ree to e0%loit the resorce as 'ch as %ossi!le( One reason *or this was a$"ance$ !) the *a'os *a'os ?th ?thce cent ntr) r) econo' econo'is istt A$a' $a' S'it S'ith( h( S'ith S'ith ar#e$ that in e0%loitin# resorce *or one>s own !ene.t, an in$i"i$al alle#e$l) is #i$e$ !) an F&in"isi!le han$& to !ene.t the whole co''nit) co''nit)(( or or e0a'%l e0a'%le, e, a whaler who !e rich rich l$ %l le ! i t, $









Llo)$, a ?thcentr) econo'ist, a%%ears to ha"e !een the .rst to see a *n$a'ental %ro!le' with S'ith>s lo#ic( Llo)$ reco# eco#ni ni:e :e$ $ that hat 'an) an) reso esorrces ces are, are, in *ac *act, fnit fnite e and and limited( limited( When that is the case, a !i# %ro!le' arises( In a li'ite$ co''ons consistin# o* so'e $esira!le resorce, in$i"i$als in$i"i$als actin# in sel*inter sel*interest est 'i#ht lea$ to a %rocess %rocess call calle$ e$ the the tragedy of the commons, which occrs when Feach %erson %erson is loc/e$ loc/e$ into into a s)ste' s)ste' that co'%el co'%els s hi' to incre increase ase his har"est har"estin# in# withot withot li'itBin li'itBin a worl$ worl$ that is li'ite$( The The natu nature re o the the dilem ilemm ma its tsel el  ( What is a resource rce dilemma? One occrs occrs each each ti'e ti'e )o want want to $o $o so'ethin# so'ethin# that ses a li'ite$ natral resorce 1e(#(, *resh water, oil or easier , 'ore *n, #as, wil$ .sh2 that wol$ 'a/e )or li*e easier, or 'ore 'ore co'* co'*ort orta! a!le( le( So'e So'e reso resor rce ces s re#e re#ener nerat ate e relati"el) relati"el) ic/l) ic/l) 1e(#(, 1e(#(, #rass *or #ra:in#, #ra:in#, water in reser" reser"oirs2 oirs2,, others re#enerate not so ic/l) 1e(#(, 1e(#(, .sh, trees2, trees2, an$ so'e re#enerate re#enerate "er) slowl) slowl) or not at all 1e(#(, oil, en$an#ere$ s%ecie s%ecies2( s2( When resorces re#enerate 'ore slowl) than %eo%le can har"est the', the $an#er o* resorce e0hast e0hastion ion arises arises(( Dsers Dsers o* sch sch resor resorces ces *ace *ace a choice4 choice4 either #et ahea$ ic/l) at the e0%ense o* the co''ons 1the resorce resorce an$9or the en"iron'ent2 an$ other har"esters or restrain har"estin# har"estin# to %reser"e %reser"e the co''ons co''ons an$ increase increase one>s one >s content'ent or wealth 'ore slowl)( Not all natral resorces are in short s%%l), e"en those that are create$ "er) slowl) 1e(#(, san$2( -t when %eo%le are a!le to har"est a $esira!le resorce *aster than it can can re#e re#ener nerat ate e thro# thro#h h i'%r i'%ro" o"e$ e$ technol technolo# o#) ) or sheer sheer %ers %erson on %ower %ower,, the %oten %otenti tial al $ile $ile'' ''a a !eco !eco'e 'es s an acta actall $ile''a( Har"esters 'st choose !etween ra%i$, resorce $estrcti"e, shortter', sel*intereste$ har"estin# 1&#et it while an$ restr estrai aine ne$, $, lon# lon#t ter er', ', co'' co''n nit it) ), an$ an$ )o can&2 an$ resorceoriente$ har"estin#(











act in sel*interest to the $etri'ent o* others an$ the resorce Secon$, n$er what con$itions will in$i"i$als not act in sel*interest an$, ths, act to the !ene.t o* others an$ the resorce resorce The .rst estion concerns n$erstan$in# n$erstan$in# the %ro!le', whereas the secon$ estion relates to a$$ressin# the %ro!le'( %ro!le'( O*ten it is easier or 'ore rewar$in#, rewar$in#, at least in the sh shor ortt rn, rn, to en#a# en#a#e e in sel* sel*s ser" er"in in# # !eha !eha"i "ior or than than to !eha" !eha"e e in the the %!l %!lic ic inter interes est( t( In a li'i li'ite$ te$ co'' co''ons ons,, the coo%erati"e coo%erati"e or %!lics%i %!lics%irite$ rite$ act act o*ten is 'ore 'ore e0%ensi e0%ensi"e, "e, $i7cl $i7 clt, t, an$9or an$9or ti'eco ti'econs ns'in 'in# # an$ less less i''e$i i''e$iatel atel) ) rewar$in# than is the sel*ser"in# sel*ser"in# act(

STR STRATEGI TEGIES ES -EHAVIODR

OR OR

IN8D IN8DCI CING NG

PROE PROENV NVIR IRON ONME MENT NT

Ener#) tilit) co'%anies an$ #o"ern'ents ha"e trie$ to %ro"o %ro"o/ /e conser" conser"ati ation on thro#h thro#h %ro#r %ro#ra's a's in which which a co'%an) re%resentati"e "isits a hosehol$ an$ e0a'ines its ener#) ener#)wa wasti stin# n# ca%aci ca%acit) t)(( T)%ical )%icall), l), the a$ito a$itorr %oints %oints ot %ro!le's, s##ests re%airs, o3ers an attracti"e #rant or loan *or 'a5or re.ts, an$ s##ests re%ta!le contractors *or $oin# the nee$e$ wor/( The sccess o* sch %ro#ra's has !een "aria!le( or instance, Gon:ales, Aronson, an$ Costan:o 1? 1?2 re%o e%orte$ te$ that that the D(S( national nal a"era# ra#e was a%%ro0i'atel) ?@ o* hosehol$ resi$ents #oin# on to 'a/e at least so'e o* the necessar) chan#es to their resi$ences( The en"iron'ental a$it

%ro#ra', which on the sr*ace









also were traine$ to in$ce in$ce resi$ents resi$ents to in"est in the a$it %rocess !) #ettin# the' to *ollow the a$itors aron$ the hose, hel% ta/e ta/e 'easre'ents 'easre'ents,, an$ actall) actall) loo/ at the crac/s( The researchers reasone$ that hosehol$ resi$ents resi$ents who %ersonall) %ersonall) too/ %art in locatin# crac/s in their ho'es an$ reali:e$ that the) were %la)in# a role in wastin# ener ener# #) wo wol$ e0%eri erience nce cognit cognitive ive disson dissonan ance ce( The) %re$icte$ that the resi$ents wol$ !e 'oti"ate$ to increase their ener#) conser"ation !eha"ior 1e(#(, .ll the crac/s2 so as to re$c re$ce e $is $isson sonance ance(( To#ether o#ether,, the chan#es chan#es to the a$itors> social in+ence strate#) %ro$ce$ a coo%eration rate o* a%%ro0i'atel) J=, ro#hl) *or ti'es the sal rate an$ a trl) i'%ressi"e otco'e(

THE -DILT -DILT ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT Man) as%ects o* the %h)sical en"iron'ent in+ence !eha"ior, incl$in# li#htin#, noise, a n$ te'%eratre(Certainl), so'e %arts o* the !ilt en"iron'ent nee$ 'ch i'%ro"e'ent( One well/nown e0a'%le is a lar#e a%art'ent co'%le0 in St( Lois, Missori, that was co'% co'%le lete te$ $ in ? ?@< @<(( was The The Prui Pruitt– tt–Ig Igoe oe proj projec ectt $esi#n $esi#ne$ e$ with with the a$'ira! a$'ira!le le intenti intention on o* re%la re%lacin cin# # $ete $eteri rior orat atin in# # inne innerrcit cit) ) hos hosin in#( #( The The $esi $esi#n #n *or *or this this co'% co'%le le0, 0, whic which h conta contain ine$ e$








a%art' a%art'ents ents(( Prit Pritt;I# t;I#oe oe cost cost 'ch 'ch less less %er nit nit than than $i$ $i$ co'%ara!le !il$in#s( The $esi#n $esi#n chan#es were consi$ere$ so a$'ira!le that the architect e"en a%%lie$ *or a %atent on the $esi#n( $esi#n( -t %ro!le's %ro!le's a%%eare$ a%%eare$ soon a*ter Pritt;I#oe Pritt;I#oe o%ene$( o%ene$( The *ailre *ailre to care*l care*ll) l) e0a'i e0a'ine ne its $esi#n $esi#n in relation to h'an social !eha"ior contri!te$ to hi#h rates o* *ear, "an$alis', serios cri'e, an$ "acanc)( A %articlar %ro! %ro!le le' ' was was cri' cri'e e in the the stai stairwe rwell lls s that that resi resi$e $ents nts were were *orce$ *orce$ to se case$ case$ !) the Finno"a Finno"ati" ti"e e ele"ato ele"atorr sa"in# sa"in#s s %lan( The sitation was so !a$ that, a*ter onl) ? )ears, the cit) !e#an to $e'olish the entire co'%le0(

In this this e0a'% 0a'%le le,, in ins s7c 7cie ient nt cons consii$erat eratio ion n o* how how the %h)sica %h)sicall strc strctr tre e wol$ wol$ in+enc in+ence e soci social al !eha !eha"io "iorr le$ to the lti'ate lti'ate *ailre *ailre o* the %ro5ect( %ro5ect( Whether the architect architect e"er recei"e$ his %atent is n/nown( Pritt;I#oe is the 'ost $ra'atic $ra'atic e0a'%le e0a'%le o* !il$in# !il$in# $esi#n *ailre, !t 'an) other









en"iro en"iron'e n'ent6 nt6 to $e"elo $e"elo% % an awarenes awareness s o* !eat), !eat), a sense o* res%onsi!ilit), to the earth>s en"iron'ent an$ to other other li"in# li"in# creat creatre res6 s6 to #enerate #enerate,, co'%il co'%ile, e, an$ 'a/e 'a/e a"ail a"aila! a!le le in*or in*or'a 'atio tion n a!ot a!ot the the e3ect e3ects s o* h'an h'an acti"ities on the !iotic an$ %h)sical en"iron'ent, incl$in# the the e3ec e3ects ts o* the the !il !iltt en"i en"irron'e on'ent nt on h'a h'an n !ein !ein# #s( Social $esi#ners cannot achie"e these o!5ecti"es wor/in# !) the'sel"es( the'sel"es( The #oals can !e reali:e$ reali:e$ onl) within the strctr strctres es o* lar#er lar#er or#an or#ani:a i:atio tions, ns, which which incl$ incl$e e the %eo%le *or who' a %ro5ect is %lanne$&( Social $esi#n can !e $istin#ishe$ *ro' *or'al $esi#n, which is the tra$it tra$ition ional al a%%ro a%%roach ach ( or'al or'al $esi#n $esi#n *a"ors *a"ors an a%%r a%%roa oach ch that that 'a) 'a) !e $esc $escri ri!e !e$ $ as lar# lar#e e sc scal ale, e, cor% cor%or orate ate,, hi#h hi#h cost cost,, e0cl e0cls si" i"e, e, athor athorit itari arian an,, ten$i ten$in# n# to hi#htech soltions, an$ concerne$ with st)le, orna'ent, the %a)i %a)in# n# clie client nt,, an$ an$ a nati nation onal al or inte intern rnat atio iona nall *oc *ocs( s( In contrast, contrast, social $esi#n $esi#n *a"ors an a%%roach a%%roach that 'a) !e $escri $escri!e$ !e$ as s'all s'all scale, scale, h'an h'an oriente oriente$, $, low cost, cost, inclsi"e, $e'ocratic, ten$in# to a%%ro%riate technolo#), an$ concerne$ concerne$ with 'eanin# 'eanin# an$ conte0t, conte0t, the occ%ant occ%ant or %a)i %a)in# n# clie client, nt, an$ an$ a loca locall *ocs *ocs(( Al Alth tho# o#h h lar# lar#e e !il$in# %ro5ects len$ the'sel"es 'ore natrall) to *or'al $esi#n, $esi#n, social social $esi#n $esi#n a%%roaches a%%roaches certainl) can !e e'%lo)e$ e'%lo)e$ on an area!)area a%%roach within a lar#e %ro5ect( These two two a%%r a%%roa oac ches hes to $esi $esi# #n lea$ ea$ to the the cons constr trc cti tion on o* !il$in#s that $i3er $ra'aticall), with i'%ortant i'%lications *or h'an !eha"ior an$ wel*are insi$e the'(









Howe"er, when architects an$ social $esi#ners $o colla!orate, the) !e#in to thin/ o* architectre as placemaking, that is, real %eo%le i'a#ine$ in real s%ac s% aces es ( To &'a/ &'a/e e a %lac %lace&, e&, arch archit itec ects ts an$ soci social al $esi $esi#n #ner ers s wor/ wor/ to#e to#ethe therr to crea create te an &en"el &en"elo% o%e e *or *or !eha"ior&, !eha"ior&, 'eanin# 'eanin# that the) thin/ 'ainl) a!ot what %eo%le %eo%le actall actall) ) $o in a !il$i !il$in# n# rather rather than thin/ thin/ o* the !il$in# !il$in# 'ainl) 'ainl) as a scl%tral scl%tral o!5ect o!5ect withot 'ch re#ar$ re#ar$ *or the %eo%le who will !e sin# it( The social "erss *or'al $esi#n $is%te nee$ not !e a$"ers a$"ersaria arial( l( I* *or'al *or'al $esi# $esi#ners ners tr) to 'a/e 'a/e !eati* !eati*l l !il !il$i $in# n#s s *or *or the 'lti 'ltise sens nsor) or) %leas %leasr re e o* the !il !il$i $in# n#>s >s sers sers,, aest aesthet hetic ic %rs %rsi its ts ser" ser"e e at leas leastt %art %art o* the the soci social al $esi $esi#n #ner er>s >s #oal #oals( s( -ea -eati ti* *ll !il !il$i $in# n#s s 'a) 'a) i'%r i'%ro" o"e e or or %erce%tions o* each other, *acilitate social interaction, an$ assist assist occ%ants occ%ants in so'e less $irect $irect wa)s sch as enhancin# toris' or a cit)>s re%tation( When When an$ an$ how how soci social al $esi $esi#n #n hel% hel%s( s( Soci Social al $esi $esi#n #n is not not alwa)s nee$e$ in the $esi#n %rocess( It is not reire$, *or e0a'%le, in ti'es, %laces, an$ cltres where !il$in#s are constr constrcte$ cte$ !) s'all s'all co''ni co''nities ties in which which e"er)on e"er)one e wor/s wor/s to#e to#ethe therr in acco accor$ r$an ance ce with with a ti'e ti'ete teste ste$ $ arch archit itec ect tra rall tra$ tra$it itio ion( n( Thes These e tra$ tra$it itio ions ns,, call calle$ e$ %rei %rein$ n$s str tria iall "ern "ernac acl lar ar,, e"ol e"ol"e$ "e$ an arch archit itec ectr tre e that that alr alrea$) ea$) .ts .ts co'' co''n nit it) ) an$ an$ clt cltr ral al nor nor's, 's, in$i in$i"i "i$ $al al interests, local cli'ate, #eo#ra%h), an$ !il$in# 'aterials ite well( When co''nit) 'e'!ers are !oth !il$ers











A*ter the rise o* in$strialis' an$ !e*ore the a$"ent o* en"iron'enta en"iron'entall %s)cholo# %s)cholo#), ), the !il$in# !il$in# ser was nearl) *or#ott *or#otten en in archi architec tectr tre( e( The $a::li $a::lin# n# technol technolo#) o#) %ro$ce$ %ro$ce$ !) the in$strial in$strial re"oltion re"oltion %ro"i$e$ %ro"i$e$ a "ast arra) arra) o* $esi#n $esi#n %ossi! %ossi!ili ilitie tiesBin sBin !il$i !il$in# n# 'ateria 'aterials, ls, constr constrcti ction on %rinci %rinci%le %les, s, an$ interna internatio tional nal co''ni co''nicati cation on a'on# a'on# $esi# $esi#ner ners( s( To$ To$a) a),, the the $esi $esi#n #n o* so'e so'e !il !il$i $in# n#s s reires so 'ch attention to technical *actors that the *tre occ%ants are co'%letel) *or#otten(

SI GOALS O SOCIAL 8ESIGN









@( Facilitate social support ( 8esi#ns that encora#e coo% coo%era erati tion on,, assi assista stanc nce, e, an$ an$ s%% s %%ort ort are are $esi $esira ra!l !le e %ri'aril) *or !il$in# occ%ants who are $isa$"anta#e$ in one one wa) wa) or anot anothe herr !t !t also also *or *or acti acti"e "e an$ an$ s scc cces ess s*l *l in$i"i$als( J( E'%lo) imagea imageabil bility ity This re*ers to the a!ilit) o* the !il !il$i $in# n# to hel% hel% occ occ%a %ant nts, s, an$ an$ es%e es%eci cial all) l) "isi "isito tors rs an$ an$ newco'ers, newco'ers, to .n$ their wa) aron$ aron$ withot #ettin# #ettin# lost or con*se$(

IN 8ETAIL Matching. How well the occ%ants> acti"ities an$ nee$s are 'et !) the settin# settin# is calle$ calle$ 'atchin#( 'atchin#( An e0a'%le e0a'%le o* %oor 'atchin# 'i#ht !e a #)'nasi' when it is se$ *or .nal e0a'ination e0a'inations( s( It is $one, !t #)'s are not "er) well site$ to that tas/( I$eall), o* corse, !il$i !il$in#s n#s shol$ shol$ 'atch 'atch their their occ%a occ%ants nts nee$s nee$s an$ !eha"io !eha"iors rs %er*ect %er*ectl) l)(( Howe"er Howe"er,, whether whether the $e#re $e#ree e o* 'atch 'atch is hi#h hi#h or low so'eti' so'eti'es es $e%en$ $e%en$s s in %art %art on









*or *or the !etter( er( When hen all %rinc rincii%al %la)ers, incl ncl$i $in# occ%ants, a#ree that a certain %attern o* !eha"ior nee$s enco encora# ra#e' e'ent ent or $isc $iscor ora# a#e' e'en entt *ro' *ro' the $esi $esi#n #n,, the $esi#n %rocess 'a) stea' 'erril) ahea$( In a New Yor/ %s)chiatric hos%ital, the "iolent !eha"ior o* so'e se"erel) re#re re#resse sse$ $ %s)cho %s)chotic tic %atien %atients ts was one tar#et tar#et when reno"ation reno"ation $esi#ns $esi#ns were consi$ere consi$ere$ $ ( The new $esi#n, $esi#n, which !asicall) !asicall) 'a$e the srron$in# srron$in#s s 'ore ho'eli/ ho'eli/e, e, with sha$e$ li#htin#, lowere$ ceilin#s, an$ %leasant wal wallco" lco"er eriin#s, n#s, si#n si#nii.can .cantl tl) ) re$c e$ce$ e$ the the inci nci$enc $ence e o* "iolence( Dn*ort Dn*ortnate natel), l), %rinci %rinci%al %al %la)er %la)ers s so'eti so'eti'es 'es $is $isa#r a#ree ee a!ot who shol$ chan#e which !eha"iors( !eha"iors( Clients who %a) %a) *or *or new or reno" reno"ate ate$ $ wor/ wor/%l %lac aces es,, *or *or e0a' e0a'%l %le, e, o*te o*ten n e0%e e0%ect ct that that the new new $esi $esi#n #ns s will will incr increas ease e e'%l e'%lo)e o)ee e %ro$cti" %ro$cti"it) it)(( When When *ace$ with this e0%ectation e0%ectation,, the social social resear researche cherr is in the nco'* nco'*orta orta!le !le %ositi %osition on o* !ein# !ein# as/e$ to se the en"iron'ent to see:e %ro$cti"it) ot o* e'%lo)ees( The "er) tho#ht o* atte'%tin# to 'ani%late









%erson recei"es carin#, /in$ wor$s, an$ hel%*lness *ro' those aron$ hi' or her( her( Man) social %ro!le's wol$ !e ease$ ease$ i* 'ore 'ore an$ !etter !etter social social s%%or s%%ortt were were a"aila! a"aila!le( le( Social Social %s)cho %s)cholo# lo#) ) can !e e'%lo) e'%lo)e$ e$ on a s'all s'all scale4 scale4 *rnitre *rnitre can !e arran#e$ arran#e$ in a socio%etal socio%etal *ashion *ashion instea$ o* a socio*#al *ashion( Sociopetal Sociopetal arrangemen arrangements ts are those that encora#e social interaction 1e(#(, when %eo%le whereas socio*#al socio*#al arran#e'ents arran#e'ents sit *acin# *acin# each each other other2, 2, whereas $iscora#e social interaction 1e(#(, when %eo%le sit in rows or !il$in# le"el, e"en *acin# *acin# awa) *ro' *ro' one another2 another2( At the !il$in# o%ens%ace o%ens%ace areas areas 'a) !e arran#e$ arran#e$ to *acilitate *acilitate social social interaction(

Imageability. -il$in#s shol$ !e i'a#ea!le 1i(e(, clearl) %eo%le who se the'( When n$erstan$a!le or le#i!le2 to the %eo%le so'eone wal/s into a !il$in#, he9she shol$ i''e$iatel) !e a!le to .n$ )or wa) aron$ or, in 'ore technical ter's, !e ca%a!le o* %r%ose*l 'o!ilit)( In si'%le ter's, he9she sho sh ol$ l$ not not #et #et lost lost(( It is asto aston n$i $in# n# how how o*te o*ten n a %ers %erson on enters a !il$in# that is n*a'iliar an$ is na!le to .#re ot









resi$ence resi$ence halls showe$ that halls with $e*ensi!le $e*ensi!le s%ace *eatres 1e(#(, 'ore areas o"er which resi$ents col$ *eel so'e s3ere$ e$ less less cri'e cri'e contr control ol an$ e0 e0ercis ercise e 'ore 'ore &sr" &sr"eil eilla! la!il ilit) it)&2 &2 s3er than $i$ $i$ halls on the sa'e ca'%s withot sch *eatres(











si#ns in$icate a 'ore %!lic area with less control !) resi resi$e $ents nts an$ so 'a) 'a) !e attrac attracti ti"e "e to cri' cri'in inal als( s( A%art'ents A%art'ents nearer %ar/in# %ar/in# lots an$ recreation recreation areas are !r#lari:e$ 'ore, as are stores an$ resi$ences near corners( So'e So'ewh what at cont contra rar) r) to this this o"er o"eral alll %i %ict ctr re, e, st strreets eets with with hea"ier tra7c 'a) e0%erience less cri'e6 %erha%s 'ore cars 'eans 'ore chance o* !ein# o!ser"e$( This notion that area areas s that that are are 'or 'ore %!l %!lic ic are are 'or 'ore "ln "lner era! a!le le is con.r'e$ !) re%orts that 'ore cri'es are co''itte$ at the e$#e e$#es s o* centr central al $ownt $owntow own n $ist $istric ricts ts(( Peo%le eo%le who #o $owntow $owntown, n, are are not *a'ili *a'iliar ar with with the $ar/ $ar/er areas areas near near the 'ain corners, an$ 'a) !e attac/e$ as the) lea"e









sr"eillance o* ot$oor areas, !t i* resi$ents are na!le or nwillin# to act on what the) see, cri'e will not !e $eterre$( A seco secon$ n$ reaso eason n that that $e*e $e*ens nsi! i!le le s% s%ac ace e $oes $oes not not #arant #arantee ee a cri'e cri'e*r *ree ee nei#h! nei#h!or orhoo$ hoo$ is that not all cri'inals %a) attention to the en"iron'ent( Less e0%erience$ cri'inals who are 'oti"ate$ !) thrill see/in# or social a%%ro"al se less rational criteria *or choosin# a tar#et an$ an$ 'a) 'a) si'% si'%l) l) not %a) %a) atte attent ntio ion n to $e*en $e*ensi si!l !le e s% s%ac ace e *eatres o* the settin#( settin#( Also, so'e cri'inals are i'%aire$ i'%aire$ !) !) $r#s or alcohol as the) wor/ an$ %a) less attention to the en"iron'ent( When the cri'e scene is a %articlar %lace

















ASP in the Environment

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