Zrgimsgs nm gxlnhilùd y mdrlqumilalmdtg supmrfìdlig md slstmahs nm pùrelng iupráemrg.
Ldf. Nhdlmc Ahrtád Fgdzècm Fgdzècmzz Hfulchr
Klnrgtmrahclsag Md ch dhturhcmzh ch frhd ahygráh nm nmpùsltgs aldmrhcms amtècligs mstèd nm udh u gtrh egrah clfhngs h prgimsgs klnrgtmrahcms. Ch eumdtm, igapgslilùd y ihrhitmrástlihs tmragnldèalihs nm ud eculng klnrgtmrahc pumnmd smr `hsthdtm vhrlh`cms y nmpmdnmd md frhd amnlnh nm chs ihrhitmrástlihs nm su eumdtm, nm ch nlsthdilh nm trhdspgrtm y su agnlelihilùd nurhdtm mstm, y nm chs prgplmnhnms nm ch rgih kuìspmn.
Hspmitgs Eudnhamdthcms eumdtm nm eculngs
klnrgtmrahcms y amthcms. hctmrhilùd klnrgtmrahc. msth`lclnhn nm suceurgs. trhdspgrtm y prmilplthilùd nm amthcms. Ch ldtmrrmchilùd mxlstmdtm mdtrm mstgs iuhtrg tùpligs y su igaprmdslùd nmdtrg nmc igdtmxtg nm ud agnmcg nm hcfòd tlpg nm yhilalmdtg nhng sgd udh frhd kmrrhalmdth phrh ch cgihclzhilùd nm yhilalmdtgs migdùaligs.
Zrgimsg nm gxlnhilùd Ch gxlnhilùd ms udh rmhiilùd quáalih ngdnm ud amthc g ud dg amthc imnm mcmitrgdms, y pgr thdtg huamdth su msthng nm gxlnhilùd. Ch rmhiilùd quáalih gpumsth h ch gxlnhilùd sm igdgim igag rmnuiilùd, ms nmilr iuhdng udh mspmilm quáalih himpth mcmitrgdms. Msths ngs rmhiilgdms slmaprm sm nhd budths, ms nmilr, iuhdng udh susthdilh sm gxlnh, slmaprm ms pgr ch hiilùd nm gtrh qum sm rmnuim. ]dh imnm mcmitrgdms y ch gtrh cgs himpth. Zgr msth rhzùd, sm prmelmrm mc tìraldg fmdmrhc nm rmhiilgdms rmngx. rmngx.
Gxlnhilùd prmsmdtm md nlemrmdtms igapumstgs
Rgdhs nm gxlnhilùd y mdrlqumilalmdtg supmrfìdlig Ch lapgrthdilh nm chs zgdhs nm gxlnhilùd y mdrlqumilalmdtg supmrfìdlig rhnlih md mc kmikg qum sm igdslfumd nmpùsltgs nm ihrèitmr ihrèitmr smiudnhrlg igd cmyms nm amdh auikg ahygrms qum chs qum kh`áh md mc nmpùsltg prlahrlg. Mstgs mdrlqumilalmdtgs smiudnhrlgs pumnmd hih`hr khilmdng qum ilmrtgs nmpùsltgs dg rmdth`cms migdùalihamdtm md ud ldlilg hih`md slmdng mxpcgthngs pgr su zgdh mdrlqumilnh, ud `umd mbmapcg sgd ch ahygráh nm cgs pùrelngs iupráemrgs.
Md iuhdtg h ch sltuhilùd tmapgrhc, dg sm sm pumnm nmtmraldhr ud pmrágng nm tlmapg ihrhitmrástlig ihrhitmrástlig phrh ch egrahilùd nm mstm tlpg nm nmpùsltgs. Yld ma`hrfg, agnmcgs tmùrligs nmshrrgcchngs pgr Hfum y @rlakhcc (8<;<) aumstrhd qum md pùrelngs iupráemrgs md igdnlilgdms lnmhcms, ch ihcigplrlth pumnm smr nlsumcth y ch plrlth nmstrulnh md, hprgxlahnhamdtm udgs 80.::: høgs md ch zgdh gxlnhnh. Gtrgs mstunlgs `hshngs md ch nhthilùd nm O-Hr pgr Ylccltgm y AiOmm (8<<5) sltòhd ch hitlvlnhn supmrfmdh md pmrlgngs mdtrm :.> h 5.0 alccgdms nm høgs.
Mdrlqumilalmdtg Yupmrfìdlig Zrgimsg qum huamdth ch cmy nm ud iumrpg aldmrhclzhng hc igdimdtrhr mc amthc y qum ldvgcuirh nlsgcuilùd, trhdspgrtm y rm-prmilplthilùd nurhdtm ch amtmgrlzhilùd y `hbg igdnlilgdms mspmiáelihs. Cgs prgimsgs nm egrahilùd nm nmpùsltgs nm gxlnhilùd y mdrlqumilalmdtg supmrfìdlig sm nhrèd slmaprm qum sm tmdfhd suceurgs y udhs igdnlilgdms ehvgrh`cms phrh qum ìstgs sm hctmrmd. Chs igdnlilgdms sgd chs slfulmdtms2 Ch mrgslùd kh nm smr aès cmdth qum ch hctmrhilùd quáalih, mxkuahilùd nm ch ahsh nm suceurgs, slstmah nm hfuhs su`tmrrèdmhs dg auy hitlvg, supmrelilm ermètlih prgeudnh y rgihs pmramh`cms.
Rgdhs md ud ha`lmdtm nm mdrlqumilalmdtg Iumrpg mxpumstg
Rgdh clxlvlhnh
Rgdh gxlnhnh Dlvmc ermètlig Rgdh nm mdrlqumilalmdtg
Rgdh klpùfmdh
Rgdh gxlnhnh2 cgs amthcms khd slng amtmgrlzhngs y
clxlvlhngs. Ermiumdtmamdtm ch `hsm nm msth zgdh sm rmchilgdh hc dlvmc ermètlig md mc agamdtg md qum giurrm ch amtmgrlzhilùd y ch clxlvlhilùd. Msth zgdh sm ihrhitmrlzh pgr ch prmsmdilh nm ha`lmdtm gxlnhdtm y èilng. Chs hfuhs amtmùrlihs qum sm elctrhd pgr ch pgrgslnhn nm ch rgih y pgr sus erhiturhs prgnuimd udh clxlvlhilùd nm ch ahygráh nm cgs mcmamdtgs. Zgr thdtg, md msth zgdh sm nhd eudnhamdthcamdtm eudnhamdthcamdtm ngs iha`lgs quáaligs2 •
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Mclaldhilùd g chvhng nm ilmrtgs aldmrhcms. ^rhdsegrahilùd rhdsegrahilùd nm gtrgs gt rgs h igapumstgs gxlnhngs.
Rgdh nm mdrlqumilalmdtg supmrfìdlig2
Ms ch zgdh sltuhnh pgr nm`hbg nmc dlvmc ermètlig. Hquá ch hilnmz nm cgs clxlvlhngs prgvmdlmdtms nm ch zgdh supmrlgr sm dmutrhclzh y mc ha`lmdtm sm vumcvm rmnuitgr, nm`lng h ch msihsmz nm gxáfmdg. Mstg khim qum cgs amthcms nlsumctgs prmilpltmd, nhdng cufhr h zgdhs igd ahygr cmy nm amdh qum ch rgih ldlilhc dg hctmrhnh. Md mc ihsg nm suceurgs rligs md Iu-Em, ch aldmrhclzhilùd táplih nm msth zgdh ms nm ihcigsldh y igvmclth.
Rgdh Klpgfmdh2
Rgdh mdrlqumilnh pgr prgimsgs prlahrlgs. Ms ch phrtm ldemrlgr nmc pmrelc, md ch qum mc yhilalmdtg dg sm kh hctmrhng, ch rgih ms ch nmc nmpùsltg ldlilhc. Ch aldmrhclzhilùd nm msth rgih nmtmraldhrè mc tlpg nm nmpùsltg nm mdrlqumilalmdtg qum sm egrahrè (ms nmilr, sl sgd suceurgs rligs md Iu, md ch zgdh nm mdrlqumilalmdtg kh`rè prmsmdilh nm ihcigsldh, sl ms nm Z`, sm egrahrè imruslth). imruslth).
Amthcms qum pumnmd suerlr mdrlqumilalmdtg mdrlqumilalmdtg supmrfìdlig Iu Hf Rd Md igdnlilgdms auy mspmilhcms2 Ag y Hu
Aldmrhcgfáh md yhilalmdtgs Em-Iu Rgdh nm gxlnhilùd2 zgdh rlih md ùxlngs nm klmrrg thcms igag fgmtklth y kmahtlths. Md prgeudnlnhn hphrmimd ùxlngs nm ig`rm igag ahchqulth, iuprlth y hzurlth. Rgdh nm imamdthilùd g mdrlqumilalmdtg2 egrahnh msmdilhcamdtm pgr suceurgs smiudnhrlgs nm ig`rm igag ihcigsldh, igvmclth y `grdlth. Rgdh prlahrlh2 suceurgs nm Iu-Em thcms igag plrlth y ihcigplrlth.
^mxturhs Cgs prgimsgs qum suerm ch rgih prlahrlh md ch zgdh nm gxlnhilùd nhd cufhr h qum ch aldmrhclzhilùd sm hctmrm. Msths hctmrhilgdms sumcmd smfulr cgs pchdgs nm ahygr nm`lclnhn nm cgs aldmrhcms (dgrahcamdtm ch mxegclhilùd) mxegclhilùd) y cgs `grnms nm frhdg.
Ch igvmccldh (Iv) hctmrh ch ihcigplrlth (Ip) y ch plrlth (Zy) md cgs `grnms nm cgs frhdgs.
Zlrlth (Zy) y ihcigplrlth (Ip) sm hctmrhd h ihcigsldh (Ii). Dgthr igag msth òctlah hphrmim hcrmnmngr nm cgs frhdgs nm plrlth y md erhiturhs nm ch ihcigplrlth (zgdhs nm nm`lclnhn).
Hcfudgs mbmapcgs nm nmpùsltgs nm gxlnhilùd y mdrlqumilalmdtg supmrfìdlig supmrfìdlig md mc audng sgd2 Msphøh2
-Pág ^ldtg (Kumcvh), Ylmrrh nm Ihrthfmdh
(Aurilh). M]H2 -Mcy (Dmvhnh), Agrmdil (Hrlzgdh), Phy (Hrlzgdh). Aìxlig2 Ch Ihrlnhn y Alcplcchs (Ygdgrh). Iklcm2 Mc Yhcvhngr.
Zrgimsgs nmc mdrlqumilalmdtg supmrfìdlig
Hfmdtms clxlvlhdtìs2 Ygcvmdtms ^rhdspgrtm Zrmilplthilùd
Ygcvmdtms2 hfuhs amtmùrlihs èilnhs y gxlnhdtms Chs prmilplthilgdms nm`md hpgrthr ud vgcuamd suelilmdtm nm hfuh gxlnhdtm y cmvmamdtm èilnh qum pmralth ch clxlvlhilùd. Ch h`udnhdilh nm plrlth md ch rgih ihbh prgnuim ud huamdtg md ch hilnmz nmc hfuh amtmùrlih2 0EmY0 + 6G0 + 0K0G 1 0EmYG>(hq) + 0K0YG>(hq) Yucehtg emrrgsg ms gxlnhng h sucehtg eìrrlig.
Ch kmahtlth prmilplth h phrtlr nm sucehtg eìrrlig2
EmYG> >EmY0 + 8=G0 + >K0G 1 Em0G9 + >K0YG>(hq) Chs sgcuilgdms nm "hfuhs supmrelilhcms" qum igdtlmdmd sucehtg eìrrlig y èilng suceòrlig nlsumctg sgd eumrtmamdtm gxlnhdtms. Msth sgcuilùd rmhiilgdh igd ch plrlth, igdtlduhdng igd mc prgimsg nm gxlnhilùd nm cgs suceurgs amtècligs.
^rhdspgrtm Chs hfuhs supmrelilhcms qum pmrigchd khilh mc dlvmc ermètlig sgd mc prlamr phsg md mc trhdspgrtm nm cgs aldmrhcms y pgstmrlgr nmpgslthilùd. Ch rgih ihbh nm`m prmsmdthr pgrgslnhn y pmramh`lclnhn hprgplhnh, ud dlvmc ermètlig prgeudng pumnmd igdimdtrhr ahygr vgcuamd nm amthc mstg sm nm`m h ud ahygr vgcuamd nm rgih clxlvlhnh hdtms nm ccmfhr hc dlvmc ermètlig.
Zrmilplthilùd Ym prgnuim pgr iha`lgs igapgslilgdhcms nm chs sgcuilgdms trhdspgrthngrhs nm`lng h ch ihphilnhn nm dmutrhclzhilùd quáalih nm ch rgih ihbh g hc ldtmrimpthr mc dlvmc ermètlig. Chs igdnlilgdms md prgeudnlnhn nm`md pmraltlrch prmilplthilùd nm ch tgthclnhn nm cgs amthcms trhdspgrthngs. Cgs aldmrhcms smiudnhrlgs nm`md smr msth`cms nmdtrg nmc ha`lmdtm nm prmilplthilùd.
Mstm prgimsg fmdmrhcamdtm lapclih mc rmmapchzg nm plrlth nm`lng h su eèilc sgcu`lclnhn y, y, h qum mdtrmfh eèilcamdtm su hzuerm phrh iga`ldhrcg igd cgs lgdms nm Iu, Hf y gtrgs g trgs amthcms md sgcuilùd2
=EmY0 + 8>Iu+0 + 8>YG>-0 + 80K0G 1 1 6Iu0Y + =Em+0 + 0>K+ + 86YG>-0
Ldtmrhiilùd hfuh ’ suceurgs md zgdhs nm gxlnhilùd EmY0 + 0.= K0G + 9.6= G0 1 EmGGK + > K+ + 0 YG>+ IuEmY0 + 8.= K0G + >.0= G 0 ---EmGGK + Iu0+ + 0 K+ + 0 YG>-0 Iu0Y + K0G + 0.= G0 ---0 Iu0+ + YG>0+ + 0 GK-
Pmhiilùd `hchdimhnh >EmY0 + 8: K0G + 8= G0 1 >EmGGK + 85 K+ + ; YG>+ >IuEmY0 + 5 K0G + 86 G0 1 >EmGGK + >Iu0+ + ; K+ + ; YG>-0 0Iu0Y + 0K0G + =G0 1 > Iu0+ + 0YG>0+ + >GK-
Ldtmrhiilùd sgcuilùd igd Yuceurgs prlahrlgs > Iu0+ EmY0 + 5m- 1 0 Iu0Y + Em 0+ Iu0+ + IuEm Y0 1 0 IuY + Em0+
Zrmilplthilùd nm ig`rm md zgdhs nm gxlnhilùd 0Iu0Y + 80 YG>-0 + ; Em 9+ + 5 K0G + 8.= G0 1 0 Iu + Iu0G + ; Em0+ + 80 K+ + 8> YG>-0
Cgs nmpùsltgs nm gxlnhilùd y mdrlqumilalmdtg mdrlqumilalmdtg supmrfìdlig tlmdmd udh agregcgfáh táplih qum ms igaòd phrh tgngs cgs tlpgs nm aldmrhclzhilùd aldmrhclzhilùd nm ch rgih prlahrlh. Hsá pums, sm sumcm agstrhr ud pmrelc nm aldmrhclzhilùd phrh suceurgs nm Iu-Em, pmrg chs nlemrmdtms zgdhs y sus ihrhitmrástlihs sm pumnmd fmdmrhclzhr h gtrgs tlpgs nm aldmrhclzhilùd prlahrlh, thcms igag suceurgs rligs md Z`, md Rd, md Ad
Mbmapcg2 aldh alcplcchs, Ygdgrh, Aìxlig Mc yhilalmdtg nm Alcplcchs ms ud pùrelng iupráemrg igd mdrlqumilalmdtg supmrfìdlig u`lihng md ch prgvldilh amthcgfìdlih nm Ygdgrh-Hrlzgdh-Dumvg Aìxlig, y sm ihrhitmrlzh pgr udh aldmrhclzhilùd klpgfìdlih igd cmyms nm :.8-:.8=% Iu, hsgilhnh hc mapchzhalmdtg nm pcutgdms chrhaánligs. Ch tmitùdlih mxtmdslgdhc pgstchrhaánlih qum hemitù msth rmflùd ehilcltù udh rèplnh mxpgslilùd nm chs zgdhs aldmrhclzhnhs klpgfìdlihs hc ldtmapmrlsag, ehvgrmilmdng mc nmshrrgccg nm ihpgtms clxlvlhngs y egrahdng kgrlzgdtms nm mdrlqumilalmdtg supmrfìdlig supmrfìdlig nm Iu md ch `hsm nm chs zgdhs gxlnhnhs.
Mstgs prgimsgs eumrgd ldnlspmdsh`cms phrh phrh ch egrahilùd nm chs igdimdtrhilgdms supmrfìdlihs nm ig`rm, y ch su`smiumdtm prmsmrvhilùd pgr kudnlalmdtg y smpucthalmdtg pgr frhvhs rmilmdtms nmc smalfrh`md Iulthih Dgrtm. Hituhcamdtm, ch zgdh nm amdh supmrfìdlih mstè iu`lmrth pgr udh igcuadh pgstaldmrhc y ud ihpgtm clxlvlhng qum md igdbudtg tlmdmd mdtrm 8=: y 6:: a nm mspmsgr. Ch hctmrhilùd supmrfìdlih mstè ihrhitmrlzhnh pgr sáclim, hrilcchs y hcudlth, qum rmmapchzhrgd ch aldmrhcgfáh nm hctmrhilùd klpgfìdlih prmvlh, ldlilhcamdtm nm tlpg pgtèslihprgplcátlih, igd ehsms su`smiumdtms ldtmdshs nm tlpg elclih y hrfáclih.
Ch aldmrhclzhilùd aldmrhclzhilù d supmrfìdlih mstè ihrhitmrlzhnh pgr ihcigslth y, md amdgs prgpgrilùd, igvmclth, hsá igag pgr sus mqulvhcmdtms gxlnhngs md chs pgrilgdms supmrlgrms nm cgs kgrlzgdtms nm ihcigslth, qum sgd igdvmrtlngs h sucnhtgs y ihr`gdhtgs nm ig`rm. Mc ihpgtm clxlvlhng ms nm tlpg kmahtátlig ihrhitmrlzhng pgr clagclths y ihgcldlths. Ihcigslth
Igvmclth
@l`clgfrheáh2 •
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Mdrlqumilalmdtg supmrfìdlig supmrfìdlig y hdèclsls nm `hchdim nm ahsh md mc yhilalmdtg yhilalmdtg nm pùrelng iupráemrg Alcplcchs,Nlstrltg Ihdhdmh, Ygdgrh, Aìxlig. Pmvlsth Pmvlsth Amxlihdh nm Ilmdilhs Fmgcùflihs, v. v. 0>, dòa. dò a. 9, 0::6, p. 95;-9;;. Yupmrfmdm Gxlnhtlgd ge Igppmr Nmpgslts2 Rgdldf hdn Nlstrl`utlgd ge Igppmr Gxlnm Aldmrhcs, VLCCLHA [. IKÈUMR Klnrgtmrahclsag. @rlhd O. ^gwdcmy, Fmgcgfáh Migdùalih, Nmphrthamdtg nm Fmgcgfáh nm ch ]dlvmrslnhn nm Iklcm
Pmemrmdilhs2 •
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kttp2//ms.sirl`n.iga/ngi/<>9>>::6/Mdrl kttp2//ms.sirl`n.iga/ngi/<> 9>>::6/Mdrlqumilalmdtg-Y qumilalmdtg-Yupmrfmdg upmrfmdg kttp2//www.dmrvlgd.iga.ax/wm kttp2//www .dmrvlgd.iga.ax/wm`/igdgilalmd `/igdgilalmdtgs/gxlnhilgd.pk tgs/gxlnhilgd.pkp p kttp2//www.silmcg.grf.hr/ kttp2//www .silmcg.grf.hr/silmcg.pkp7pln1Y:::>silmcg.pkp7pln1Y:::>>;000::=:::8::::>&sirlpt1silWhrt >;000::=:::8:: ::>&sirlpt1silWhrttmxt tmxt kttp2//ms.sirl`n.iga/ngi/<900;600/Nmpgsltgs-nm-gxlnhilgd-ymdrlqumilalmdtg-supmrfmdlig
