Bi B k n f t m r k f F Lkjf, ^fjtkflm, Tibrm y Tfhom f qukijis qukirm nmj tmbm ck nmrfzþj. Tibrm Ofjbfvirbi Trkcirf ibknkþj7 8466 TXM@KHKBF OF XITXMBYNNKÞJ TFXNKFO M RMRFO BI I^RF MHXF ^KJ TIXCK^M TMX I^NXKRM BIO IBKRMX / FYRMX. BIXIN@M^ XI^IXUFBM^ © 8466 Gmsë Tibrm Ofjbfvirbi Oþpiz. © 8466 Oimjfrbm Amurn`ijam Hfrrijf.
F cks `kgms, Fjf, Foixik y Girþjkcm, of ouz y io cmtkvm Oimjfrbm Amurn`ijam K^HJ-;<0-54<-44-2>50-4 Kcu Ibknkmjis7 kjemrcisDkcprismrfcuotkpoi.nmc Nmrrinnkþj bi istkom7 ^kssk Nfjnkjm Bksiöm bi kjtirkmris y emrrms7 @uchirtm Eomris Eioknk Koustrf Koustrfnkþj nkþj pmrtfbf7 © Bipmsk Bi pmsktT`mtms/Kvfj tT`mtms/Kvfj Tkv T kvij ij Kcpriskþj7 Kcprismrf C÷otkpoi, ^.F. bi N.U. ^frftmlf ;4; Nmo. Tmrtfois, 4>>44 Cëxknm, B.E. +98(99) 9549 6994 www.kcprismrfcuotkpoi.nmc Kcprism ij Cëxknm / Trkjtib kj Cixknm
fl r f B i n k c k i j t m G m s ë T i B r m O f j B f v i r B i O þ T i z F lrfbiznm lrfbiznm f tmbfs ofs o fs futmrkbfbis ibunft i bunftkvfs kvfs qu quii bisbi `fni cæs bi >9 föms, föms , ci ci `fj fhkirtm ofs o fs puirtfs puirtfs bi sus kjstktu kjstktunkmjis nkmjis pfrf ijtrfr ij nmjtfntm nmjtfntm nmj io cuj cujbm bm bi of ibunfnkþj. Birkvfbm bio b io fjæoksks fjæoks ks bio bi o nmjtixtm nmjtixtm qui qui vkvkc vkvk cms y bi of kjtirfnnk kjtirfnnkþj þj smstijkbf smstijkbf nmj n mj vfrkms rintmris r intmris y bmnijtis, bmnijtis, tfjtm tfjtm bi kjstktunkmj kjstktunkmjis is p÷hoknfs p÷hoknf s nmc n mcmm prkvfbfs, pr kvfbfs, surlkþ surlkþ of kjqukitu kjqukitubb bi rifokzfr rifok zfr ujf ujf prmpuist pr mpuistff qui riujkirf riujkirf kjvistklfnkmjis kjvistklfnkmjis i kbifs k bifs pfrf pfr f kjnijtkvfr kjnijtkvfr fo bmnijt bmn ijtii fjti fjti io ‟Bisfeãm bio Cfistrm ij io ^klom PPK–. Jm qukirm qukirm bigfr big fr bi `fnir pftijti pftijti ck ck flrfbinkckijtm flrfbinkckijtm f ofs pirsmjfs qui nmj sus poætknfs, nmcijt nmcijtfrkms frkms y fckstfb fckstfb nmfbyuvfrmj f of nrifnkþj nr ifnkþj bio nmjtijkbm nmjtijkbm bi ësti ës ti okhrm. okhr m. Vukirm flrfbinir f ck ispmsf Lkjf Rioom, qukij nmj su fpmym kjnmjbknkmjfo, istfjbm kjcirsf ij of ibunfnkþj ci fpmrtþ kbifs vfjlufrbkstfs i kjjmvfbmrfs pfrf of iofhmrfnkþj bi of prisijti mhrf. Fsã ckscm kscm flrfbiznm fo Cfistrm Nfroms Lÿirinf y f tmbms y f nfbf uj ujmm bi oms bkrintmris bkrin tmris bi of YJKB JKB (Yjkvirskbfb (Yjkvirskbfb Kjtirfc Kjtirfcirkn irknfjf fjf pfrf io Bisfrrmoom), Bisfrrmo om), tmbm io fpmym pmr of mpmrtujkbfb mpmrtujkbfb qui ci ci `fj hrkjbfbm ij oms ÷otkcms ÷otkcms tris föms fo pmjirc p mjircii ij nmjtfnt nmjtfntmm nmj uj uj skj j÷c j÷cirm irm bi bmnijtis y foucjms foucjms 8
bi tmbf of o f Xip÷hoknf Xip÷hok nf Cixknfjf. Cixknfjf. Rfchkëj flrfbiznm flrfbiznm f tmbms cks cks cfistrms bi of cfistrãf ij Ibunfnkþj pmr of kjtilrfnkþj kjtilrfnkþj bio ærif ær if fnfbëc fnf bëcknf knf f ck emrcfnkþj emrcfnkþj prmeiskmjfo. Ckss. Riri Nfrrirf, bkrintmrf bio Nmoilkm Mokjnf, Okn. Gþsi Yrkhi Lfubry, bkrintmr bio Hfn`kooirftm Foixfjbir Foixfjbir Hfkj, Br. Eirjfjbm Eirjfjbm Nfhrirf Ckr, bkrintmr bkrin tmr bi nfrrirfs nfr rirfs fbckjkstrftkvfs fbckjkstrftkvfs bio Rinjmoþlknm Rinjmoþlknm bi Cmjtirriy, Cmjtirriy, Nkubfb Nkubfb bi Cëxknm, Cëxknm, fo f o Br. Cfrniom Cigãf, Cigã f, bkrintmr bkr intmr bio ærif bi kj k jlij lijkirã kirãfs fs bio bi o Kjstktu Kjstktutm tm Rinjmoþlknm Futþjmcm bi Cëxknm, Okn. Xfefio Luirrirm F. bkrintmr bio Nijtrm bi Istubkms ^upirkmris bi ^fj Æjlio, Okn. Ibufrbm ^fjn`iz-Cigmrfbf, bkrintmr bi Xibis Yjkvirskbfb Fjf`ufn, Br. Bfjkio Oþpiz y Brf. Rfcfrf Tioscfiair, bkrintmris bi of isnuiof Cixknfjf Fcirknfjf, Tibflmlf Rfjkf Oþpiz T. (isnuiof Cixknfjf Fcirknfjf), Kjl. Foemjsm Cfrãj, priskbijti bio nmjsigm bi of o f nmcujkbfb nmcujkbfb @kspfjmfcirknf @kspfjmfcirknfjf, jf, Brf. Iscirfo Iscirfobf bf N`foktf, rintmrf bio b io Nmoilkm Nmoi lkm ^upirkmr ^upirkmr bi Lfstrmjmcãf, ^mr ^foub Nmjbi Jkitm, bkrintmrf bio Nmoilkm Ckrfeomris, Ckss. Gifjiji Hou`c, y @ibbf bio Nmrrfo, bkrintmrfs bio Nmoilkm R`mcfs R`mcfs Gieeirsmj, Gieeirsmj, Ckss Tfty Wmrrk Wmrrkoof oof y Ou Oupktf Cmyf, bkrintmrfs bkrin tmrfs bio Nmoilkm Lriijvfooiy ^n`mmo, ^n`mmo, Frq. Fl Fluustãj Rioom, fsismr fs ismr bio Nmoilkm Ukstf`irc Ukstf`ircmsf, msf, Frq. Klj Kljfnkm Ofjbfvirbi, bkrintmr bkr intmr bi of pripfrftmrkf pripfrf tmrkf Of ^fooi ^foo i bi Nu Nuirjfvfnf, irjfvfnf, Cfbri Omurbis Omurbis Tfja, Tfja, Ctrf. Ctrf. Fbrkfj Fbrkf jf Cmokjf, bkrintmrfs bio Nmoilkm Nmoi lkm Eëokx bi Gis÷s Gis ÷s Xmulkir, Xmulkir, Okn. Ibufrbm Mrtkz Rkrfbm, bkrintmr bkrin tmr bio Kjstktu Kjstktutm tm bi @ucfjkbfbis @ucfjkbfbis y Nkijnkfs, Cfbri Bmomris Bmomr is Nfstrm, bkrintmrf bk rintmrf lijirfo bio Kjstktutm Fsujnkþj bi Cëxknm, Tibflmlm Gmrli Hurnaoi, bkrintmr fnfbëcknm Kjstktutm Fsujnkþj, ^mr Riri N`fvirm y ^mr ^usfjf Xmbrãluiz, bi of nmjlrilfnkþj bio Uirhm Ijnfrjfbm, Cf. bi oms Æjliois Ispkjmsf, bkrintmrf bio Nmoilkm Erfjnës bio Tibrilfo, Ctrf. Cf. Ioijf Lfrnãf Mofobi, bkrintmrf bio Nmoilkm Rmcæs Fovf Ibksmj, Cfistrm Xijë Tiofym bio Rmcæs Fovf Ibksmj, Kjl. Fjlio Cfrtmrio, fcklm fcklm qui ci ci hrkjbf hr kjbf of mpmrtujkbfb mpmrtujkbfb bi pfrtknkpfr ij nmjlrisms nmjlrisms ibunftkvms f jkvio kjt k jtirjfnkmjfo irjfnkmjfo nmj bkrintmris bkrin tmris y prmpkitfrkms bi kjstktunkmjis kjstktunkmjis ibunftkvfs, pfrf fpmyfroms f pmyfroms ij io emrtfoinkc emrtfoink ckijtm kijtm bi su s us isnuiofs. Rmbms iooms ijtu ijtuskfstfs skfs tfs emrcfbmris emrcfbmris y ibunfbmris ibunfbmris f om ofrlm bi tfjtms tfjtms föms. Vukirm rinmjmnir f ofs sklukijt Vukirm sklukijtis is pirsmjfs pir smjfs qukijis qukijis f om ofrlm o frlm bi >9 föms `fj nmcpfrtkbm nmcpfrtkbm nmjc n mjcklm klm su nfckjfr nfckjfr ij io ærif æri f ibunftkvf, bigfjbm ij cã, cã, cmtkvfnk cmtkvfnkmjis mjis pfrf ooivfr o oivfr f nfhm kjvistklfnkmjis kjvistklfnkmjis fo rispintm7 Flrfbiznm tfchkëj fo `ircfjm Cfjuio Uiofsnm Frsfn, qukij bisbi of NJIT `f vkstm nmj huijms mgms y `f fpmyfbm ck ofhmr ibunftkvf, kjnijtkvæjbmci f of rifokzfnkþj bio prisijti. Tmr ÷otkcm y jm cijms kcpmrtfjti fo Okn. ^irlkm Xfycmjb Aibko`fn, bio KTFBI qukij is uj fcklm ijtrföfhoi y pfrti isijnkfo ij ck emrcfnkþj prmeiskmjfo y pirsmjfo. fl r f B i n k c k i j t m O i m j f r B m A m u r n ` i j A m Lrfnkfs f ^kssk Nfjnkjm pmr su fpmym ij of nmrrinnkþj bi istkom bi isti okhrm. Gmsë Tibrm Ti brm Ofjbfvirbi Ofjbfvirbi Oþpiz I sti is uj trfhfgm bi kjvistklfnkþj y rinmpkofnkþj. Yj trfhfgm bmjbi si ri÷jij cun`ms bftms, pirm smhri tmbm, bmjbi isms bftms si kjt k jtilrfj ilrfj f ixpirki ixpirkijjnkfs ibunftkvfs ibunftkvfs y f vkvijnkfs bmnijtis. bmnijtis. Omlrfr Omlrfr ibkeknfr isti trfhfgm, trfhfg m, riprisijtþ rip risijtþ of nmofhmrfnkþj nmofhmr fnkþj bi cun` un`fs fs pirsmjfs. Fquã juistrm juistrm flrfbinkc flrfbink ckijtm. kijtm. Istm jm `u `uhkirf skbm pmskhoi pmskho i skj sk j of nmofhmrfnk nmo fhmrfnkþj, þj, mrkijtfnkþj mrkijtfnkþj y luãf luãf bi cun`ms cun`ms prmeiskmjfois bi of Ibunfnkþj. Ck rispitm, fbckrfnkþj y flrfbinkckijtm prmeujbm fo Br. Ckluio ^zëaioy, qukij ci >
emrcu emrcuoþ of o f prkc prk cirf kjvktfnkþj pfrf trfhfgfr trfhfgf r ij istrin`m nmjtfntm nmjtfntm nmj cfistrms cfistrms bi tmbf of Xip÷hoknf burfjti föm y cibkm. Lrfnkfs fo Cfistrm Bfeejy Xmsfbm, pibflmlm y ibunfbmr bi lrfjbis foturfs ij juistrm ju istrm pfãs, pfã s, cfistrm cfistrm y luãf luãf ij oms bkeãnkois bk eãnkois nfckjms nfckjms bi of o f timrãf ibunftkvf, ibunftkvf, qui ëo bmckjf bmckjf f nfrtf nfr tf nfhfo1 lrfnkfs tfchkëj f su vfokmsm y prmeiskmjfo iqukpm bi nmofhmrfbmrfs, lrfnkfs f of cfistrf Cfrlfrktf Fciznuf y f of cfistrf Tijëompi Lrfjfbms, qukijis bi emrcf fotirjfbf ci mrkijtfrmj ij oms prmhoicfs pfrtknuofris bi of Xiemrc Xiemrcff Kjtil Kjtilrfo rfo bi Ibunfnkþj Cibkf ^upirkmr ij nfbf ril ri lkþj bio pfãs. Lrfnkfs Lrfnk fs f Fjf Fjf Tfuof Xmbrãluiz, Xmbrãluiz, pirkmbkstf erustrfbf erustrfbf pirm ibunfbmrf bi vmnfnkþj vmnf nkþj „pfrf hijieknkm hijieknkm bi of o f guvijtu guvijtubb- qukij nmmrbkjþ y supirvksþ nmj su ixnioijti ixnioijti iqukpm iqukpm of vksktf, vk sktf, io trfhfgm y of prmbunnkþj bi prmlrfc prmlrfcfs fs bi rfbkm rfbk m y tioivkskþj tioivksk þj nmj cæs bi 9 cko cko cfistrms cfistrms ij nfsk 62 cisis. cisis. Lrfnkfs Lrfnkf s f juistrfs fskstijtis bi kjvistklfnkþj, kjemrcfnkþj y lræeknfs, skj nuym fpmym jm `uhkërfcms pfsfbm bio nfpãtuom ujm. Lrfnkfs f Ckriyf ^irrfjm, f Hiftrkz Guæriz Nfn`m y f Iulijkf Hirc÷biz. Lrfnkfs f of MNBI y f su meknkjf ij Cëxknm, f Gmsë Fjtmjkm Frbfvãj pmr nmcpfrtkr bi emrcf vktfo y mpmrtujf isti bihfti pmr of ibunfnkþj. Lrfnkfs tfchkëj tfchkëj f Fj Fjbrifs brifs ^ofn`ir, futmrkbfb cujbkfo cujbkfo y fjfokstf ekjm bi of ibunfnkþj ij ju juistrms istrms pfãsis. pfã sis. Lrfnkfs Lrfnk fs f Fj Fjlio lio Cfrtmrioo Cfrtmrioo,, pmr su s u pfskþj vktfo y su fpmrtfnkþj fpmrtfnkþj f of emrcfnkþj emrcfnkþj bi istkoms i stkoms pibflþlknms pibflþlknms y bi nfokbfb nfok bfb ibunftkvf. Lrfnkfs Lrfnk fs fo Br. Gis÷s Uæzquiz æzquiz Istupköæj, Istupköæj, Xintmr euirf euirf bi b i sirki, sir ki, eujnkmjfrkm eujnkmjfrkm ÷jknm, cfistrm cfistrm y ibunfbmr igic ig icpofr, pofr, pirm smhri tmbm, fcklm fcklm y nmcpföirm nmcpföirm bi vkfgi y bi nfckjm. nfckjm. Lrfnkfs fo Br. Lfstþj Ciom, kjnfjsfhoi kjnfjsfhoi prmcmtmr prmcmtmr y prmvmnfbmr bi bksnuskmjis y bihftis, uj futëjt futëjtknm knm lijirfbmr bi kbifs y emrc emrcfbmr fbmr bi pirsmjfs. pir smjfs. Lrfnkfs f Tfhom Tfho m Bmhirtk, mtrm `mchri nmjvijnkbm bi qui isti is io ÷jknm nfckjm. F tmbms ustibis lrfnkfs pmr su pfrtknkpfnkþj bkrintf i kjbkrintf ij of rifokzfnkþj bi isti okhrm. Lrfnkfs cuy ispinkfois y siöfofbfs f ^kssk Nfjnkjm, ck nmrrintmrf bi istkom, ointmrf nrãtknf, nmjsigirf, nmcpföirf y ispmsf. Nmj tmbm ck fcmr, cko lrfnkfs. Oimjfrbm Amurn`ijam nmjtijts Bibknftmrkf> Flrfbinkckijtms2 Flrfbinkckijtms< Ãjbkni; T r þ o m l m 66 T r þ o m l m 69 N f p ã t u o m 6 Bþjbi Istfcms7 Bkfljþstknm 6; N f p ã t u o m 8 Bkeirijnkfs Bkeirij nkfs Ibunft Ibunftkvfs kvfs >9 >9 N N f p ã t u o m > Io Cfistrm y su Umnfnkþj 29 N 29 N f p ã t u o m 2 Vukëjis Vu këjis smj Juistrms Fouc Foucjms jms 96 Lij Lijirfnk irfnkþj þj ‟Cks ‟Cks Cibkms– Cibkms – 98 N f p ã t u o m 9 Of ^mnkibfb Bio Nmjmnkckijtm 90 Nmjbu Nmjbuntkscm ntkscm vs. Nmjstru Nmjstruntkvk ntkvkscm scm 56 N f p ã t u o m 5 Tireko Bmnijti bio ^klom PPK <4 Nmcpitijnkfs Bmnijtis bio sklom PPK <9 N f p ã t u o m < Ofs Kjtioklijnkfs C÷otkpois7 08 Oãjifs nijtrfois bi su pijsfckijtm (Nktfs) 02 Ij Ijtrivkstf trivkstf f @mwfrb @mwfr b Lfrbjir 00 Rrfhfgms y Tuhoknfnkmjis bio Br. Lfrbjir 646 Of Kjtioklijnkf Icmnkmjfo 642 N 642 N f p ã t u o m0 Xinmcijbfnkmj Xinmcijbfnkmjis is Træntknfs Træ ntknfs 64; Igicpom Igicpom 64; Tujtu Tujtufokbf fokbfbb 64; Tripfrfnk Tr ipfrfnkþj þj bi of nofsi no fsi 664 Gustknkf Gustknkf 664 Okbirfzlm 668 Fchkijti y ftcþseirf ibunftkvf 66> Tfrtknkpfnkþj 662 ^ijnkooiz y @uckobfb 669 Io Bihfti 665 Ixklijnkf 66; Nmjtixtm y Ijtmrjm. 684 Io prmeismr cuotkbkcijskmjfo 688 Of 2
Fnfbickf 682 Io Nfrkscf 68< N m j n o u s k m j i s 680 N k t f s 6>4 H k h o k m l r f e ã f 6>6 @ i c i r m l r f e ã f 6>> Tr þ O m l m c k l u i O s z ë A i O y T f r B m @ fni smofcijti 84 föms, Cëxknm irf uj pfãs cuy bkstkjtm. Tmr ijucirfr folujfs bkeirijnkfs, ij cijms bi bms bënfbfs pfsfcms bi sir uj pfãs nmj nm j uujjf bicmnrfnkf kjnkpkijti, kjnkpkijti, f uj pfãs ij io qui io igirnknkm igirn knkm bio vmtm v mtm nkubfbfjm nkubfbfjm si `f nmjvirtkbm nmjvirtkbm ij uj kjstruc kjstrucijtm ijtm bi nmjtrmo nmjtrmo smnkfo vfokmsm vfokm sm y ij uj kjstrucijtm qui pirckti fo nkubfbfjm ixklkr of rijbknkþj bi nuijtfs. Tfsfcms bi sir uj pfãs nirrfbm fo nmcirnkm kjtirjfnkmjfo f ujm fhkirtm i kjcirsm ij io cujbm bi of lomhfokzfnkþj. Fo klufo qui cun`ms mtrms pfãsis bio cujbm, `icms skbm tistklms bi of cfjirf ij of qui of tinjmomlãf `f trfjsemrcfbm juistrf vkbf nmtkbkfjf, y io fnnism f of kjemrcfnkþj `f cmbkeknfbm bi cfjirf bræstknf juistrf pirnipnkþj y nmcujknfnkþj nmj io ristm bio cujbm. [ fbicæs, `icms nfchkfbm bi sir uj pfãs ‟bi jköms– -nmj - nmj of cfymrãf cfymrãf bi su pmhofnkþj nmj ibfb cijmr cijmr f oms 69 föms-, f sir si r uj pfãs bi þvijis. Istms nfchkms `fj tijkbm nmcm nmjsinuijnkf qui uj istubkfjti pfsfjbm pmr ofs fuofs bio sksticf ibunftkvm ibunftkvm jfnkmjfo ij io föm 8466 sif rfbknfo r fbknfoc cijti ijti bkstkjt bk stkjtmm f uj ujmm qui om `kzm `kzm `fni smom smo m 84 föms. @my,, pmr igic @my ig icpom, pom, uj gmvij ij ibfb bi nursfr of ibunfnkþj cibkf cibkf supirkmr „bi ijtri ijtri 69 f 60 fömsföm sijtrf nmcm fbmoisnijti, y si lrfb÷f nmj uj nirtkeknfbm fnfbëcknm pirm tfchkëj si istrijf nmcm nkubfbfjm nmj poijms birin`ms y mhoklfnkmjis mho klfnkmjis qui fjtis fjtis irfj i rfj pmnm rioivfjt rioiv fjtis. is. Ij io 8466 uj rinkëj rinkë j ilrisfbm ilrisfbm bi isti jkvio ibunft i bunftkvm kvm nmcpkti ij io cirnfbm cirnfbm ofhmrfo ofhmrf o nmj sus pfris cixknfjms ixknfjms nmcm nmcm fjtis, pirm pir m f`mrf, fbknkmjfoc fbknk mjfocijt ijtii istæ i stæ nmcpktkijbm nmcpktkijbm pmr p mr mpmrtujkbfbis mpmrtujkbfbis bi bisfrrmoom bisfrr moom prmeiskmjfo y prmbuntkvm prmbuntkvm ij uj ijtmrjm ijtmrjm lomhfok lomhfokzfbm zfbm nmj mtrms bi of cksc ckscff ibfb pirm fo f o mtrm ofbm bio cujbm. @my uj gmvij si nmcujknf nmj of ckscf efnkokbfb nmj folukij f uj citrm bi bkstfjnkf qui nmj folukij folukij qui si ijnuijt ijnuijtrf rf f ckois bi akoþcitrms akoþcitrms nmj of bkspmjkhkokbfb bkspmjkhko kbfb bio kjtirjit kjtirjit y io nmrrim iointrþjknm qui irfj kjkcflkjfhois smofcijti `fni 69 föms. [ fbicæs, uj gmvij ij ibfb bi nursfr io hfn`kooirftm hfn`kooir ftm ij io ^klom PPK tkiji cfymr cfymr fnnism f of kje k jemrc mrcfnkþj fnkþj qui qui prmhfhoic prmhfhoi cijti ijti tmbms oms þvijis bi su ijtmrjm gujtms, ij io föm 6;;4. io sklom pfsfbm- pmr om qui of ÷jknf cfjirf bi bitmjfr istf trfjsemrcfnkþj, is nmj uj lrfj iseuirzm pmr rijmvfr sus præntknfs, ijemquis, ijemquis, nmcpmrtfc nmcpmrtfckijt kijtmm y fprmxkcfnkmjis fprmxkcfnkmjis f su qui`fnir qui`fnir bkfrkm. bkfrk m. Io omlrfr uj nfchkm bi isti tkpm is uj bisfeãm cfymr qui puibi tmcfr bënfbfs. Tmr su pfrti, oms nfchkms bicmlræeknms jms `fj nmomnfbm nmcm pfãs ij ujf sktufnkþj ij of qui tijicms ujf ‟vijtfjf bi mpmrtujkbfb– pfrf nmjstrukr io euturm, yf qui trfjsktfcms bi sir uj pfãs ij io qui of cfymrãf bi su pmhofnkþj jm irf inmjþcknfcijti fntkvf, f ujm ij bmjbi of prmpmrnkþj bi pirsmjfs fo kjknkm bi su vkbf prmbuntkvf prmbuntkvf is of o f cfymr cfymr `kstþrknf `kstþrknfc cijti, ijti, y silukræ silukræ skijbm of cfymr cfymr pmr cun`ms föms pmr vijkr. Isti okhrm fhmrbf isti ticf bi cfjirf iomnuijti, ftrfntkvf y ieknfz. Is ujf mhrf ij of qui oms futmris bkfomlfj nmj oms bmnijtis pfrf kjtrmbunkroms f isti nmcpoigm prmnism bi trfjsemrcfnkþj, pfrf io qui lijirfocijti jm nuijtfj nmj mrkijtfnkþj jk luãf. Jmrcfocijti ois ixklkc ixklkcms ms lrfjbis fbfptfnkmjis y iseuirzms iseuirzms f oms o ms bmnijt bmni jtis is bio bi o Jkvio Cibkm ^upirkmr, pirm pi rm nmc nm cm 9
smnkibfb, smnkib fb, jm ois merinicms ofs `irrfckijtfs `irrfckijtfs pfrf `fnirom `fniro m vkfhoi. vkfho i. Io tixtm tixtm bi Ofjbfvirbi Ofjbfvirbi y Amurn`ijam is ujf lrfj fpmrtfnkþj ij isti sijtkbm. Istf sirki sirk i bi rivmou rivmo unkmjis ij of nmtkbkfjikbfb bi oms gþvijis bi Cëxknm, Cëxknm, bisfemrtu bi sfemrtujjfbfcijt fbfcijtii jm si bkirmj f of o f pfr bi of trfjsemrc trfjsemrcfnkþj fnkþj bio skstic s ksticff ibunftkvm, y ij pfrtknuofr bi of o f Ibunfnkþj Cibkf Cibkf ^upirkmr. F`mrf tijicms gþvijis bio föm 8466 pirm jms quibfcms nmj uj sksticf ibunftkvm bio ÷otkcm ÷otkcm nufrtm bio sklom sk lom pfsfbm. Tmr cun`ms cun`ms föms io pfãs ibunþ f gþvij gþvi jis qui jm ilrisfhfj nmj oms ioic io icijt ijtms ms pfrf pf rf igirnir ig irnir bi cfjirf cfjirf nmcpoitf nmcpoitf su nkubfbfjãf, istubkfjt istubkfjtis is qui jm fbqukrãfj of pripfrfnkþj pripfr fnkþj qui riqukiri io sintmr prmbuntkvm, istubkfjt istubkfjtis is qui istfhfj fnmstuc fnmstuchrfbms f cicmrkzfr cicmrkzfr y jm jm f pijsfr ij uj cuj cujbm bm qui riqukiri bio bi o usm bi of o f tinjmomlãf tinjmomlãf y ujf ujf fntktub fntktub fjfoãtknf y nrãtknf pfrf prmnisfr p rmnisfr io n÷c n÷ cuom bi kjemrcfnkþj fo qui istæj ixpuistms m pfrf kjtirfntufr ij uj cujbm bi bkvirskbfb. Tirm istm yf jm is smstijkhoi. Io ^klom PPK bicfjbf gþvijis bio ^klom PPK sk Cëxknm qukiri vksouchrfr uj euturm bi cfymr prmspirkbfb. prmspirk bfb. Yj ioicijtm kjbkspijsfhoi pfrf omlrfr isti nfchkm, is nmjtfr nmj Cfistrms bio ^klom PPK ij tmbm io sijtkbm sijtkbm bi of pfofhrf. pf ofhrf. Of rifokbfb rif okbfb is qui nmjtfc nmjtfcms ms nmj uj <4 pmr nkijtm bi bmnijtis bmnijtis ij sirvknkm sirvk nkm nmj nm j ibfbis cfymris f 29 föms „y pmr om tfjtm, emrcfbms nmcm bmnijtis ij Yj bkæomlm nmj oms bmnijtis bmnijtis smom smo m is pmskhoi pms khoi nufjbm nufjbm si `f skbm Cfistrm. ^mom si s i puibi `fhofr bi klufo klufo f klufo klufo nmj uj uj Trmeismr m Trmeismrf Tr meismrf nufjbm nufjbm si nmjmni su rifokbfb, rifok bfb, y nufjbm nufjbm si `f pfopfbm bi cfjirf bkrintf bkri ntf of kcpmrtfjnkf kcpmrtfjnkf bi su s u ofhmr, y of vmnfnkþj bi su præntknf. ^mofc ^mo fcijt ijtii is pmskhoi pmskho i nufjbm nufjbm si ois o is `f isnun`fbm, nufjbm nufjbm si ois o is `f vkstm vks tm rifokzfr rifok zfr su iseuirzm iseuirzm bkfrkm, bkfr km, y nufjbm nufjbm ij ujf ujf nmjvirsfnkþj nmjvirsfnk þj bkrintf bkrin tf uj uj bmnijti bmnijti is nfpfz bi binkr bin kr ‟fujqui ‟fujqui yf ci pmbrãf ritkrfr, ritk rfr, jm puibm bigfr bi sir Cfistrf, mrqui istm is ck vkbf–. Ism is prinksfcijti om qui `fj vkvkbm Ofjbfvirbi y Amurn`ijam bi cfjirf bkrintf, nmtkbkfjf y prmeujbf. prmeujbf. Tibrm Ofjbfvirbi Ofjbfvirbi `f skbm uj uj kjnfjsfhoi kjnfjsfhoi ‟vkfgirm– ‟vkfg irm– ij io cuj cujbm bm bi of ibunfnkþj, yijbm yijbm bi isnuiof ij isnuiof pfrf ijtijbirof, ijtijbirof, pfrf meriniroi cfjirfs bi cigmrfr, igmrfr , y pfrf ijnfuzfrof ijnfuzfrof fo cuj ujbm bm bio ^klom PPK. @i tijkbm tfchkëj of emrtujf bi mhsirvfr y fbckrfr pmr vfrkms föms, of cfjirf ij of qui Oimjfrbm Amurn`ijam `f bkfomlfbm, bksnutkbm y nmcpfrtkbm nmj nkijtms bi cfistrms f om ofrlm y fjn`m fjn`m bio pfãs, ij uj uj ofrlm pirilrkjfr qui om ooivþ o oivþ f tmbms oms o ms Istfbms bi of Xip÷hoknf ij uj uj kjtij kjtijtm tm pmr ‟pmjir su lrfjm lrfjm bi frijf– ij of trfjsemrc trfjsemrcfnkþj fnkþj ibunftkvf. ibunftkvf. Rmbms sfhic sf hicms ms qui jm is pmskhoi pms khoi omlrfr ujf ujf cfymr cfymr prmspirkbfb prmspir kbfb skj ibunfnkþj. ^fhicms ^fhicms qui jm is pmskhoi pmskho i omlrfr ujf ujf cigmr cigmr nfokbfb nf okbfb ibunft i bunftkvf kvf skj sk j cigmris igmri s cfistrms. cfistrms. Tirm tfchkëj tfchkëj sfhicms sfhicms qui fntufocijti, Cëxknm jm ois `f merinkbm f sus bmnijtis oms cibkms pfrf trfjsemrcfr su præntknf y nmjvirtkrsi ij oms cfymris prmpuosmris bi nfchkm. Femrtujfbfcijti, istf mhrf ftkijbi istf kcpmrtfjti nfrijnkf. Of nmjskbirm ujf ointurf mhoklfbf pfrf nufoqukir Cfistrf m Cfistrm qui fj`ioi io kr trfjsemrcfjbm io cujbm pmnm f pmnm y bãf f bãf, bisbi uj sfoþj bi nofsis, kjtirfntufjbm nmj om qui is juistrm euturm. Of cfymr cibkbf bi ëxktm siræ nufjbm ij oulfr bi qui f uj Cfistrm si oi vfomri pmr om o m qui ‟nuhrkþ m kcpfrtkþ– kcpfrtkþ– ij i j su nofsi, si oi guzlu guzluii pmr om qu q ui fprijbkirmj fpr ijbkirmj sus sus fouc fo ucjms. jms. 5
Ckluio ^zëaioy Tfrbm Tr þ O m l m n f r O m s l ÿ i r i n f O m z f j m B urfjti io föm 8466 nmcijzfræj f kjlrisfr f of ujkvirskbfb istubkfjtis qui jm nmjmnij mtrm cujbm qui jm sif io bio Kjtirjit. Bisbi qui tkijij usm bi rfzþj, istms gþvijis jfnkbms f pfrtkr bi 6;;> tkijij f su bkspmsknkþj tinjmomlãfs qui `fj biekjkbm uj juivm istkom bi vkbf bklktfo. Io fchkijti ij io qui jfnkirmj, nrinkirmj, ij io qui cigmr si bisijvuiovij, y pmr om tfjtm, io fchkijti ij io qui cigmr fprijbij, is prinksfcijti io bi Lmmloi, [muRuhi, y \kakpibkf, y rinkijt rink ijtic icijt ijtii io bi ofs ribis smnkfois smnkfo is nmcm Efnihmma y Rwkttir. Bkrintmr Kjstktutm Kjjmvfnkþj Ibunftkvf Rinjmoþlknm bi Cmjtirriy ^uhsinritfrkm bi Ibunfnkþj Cibkf ^upirkmr (8445-844;) Lmhkirjm Eibirfo Tfrf qukijis jms bibknfcms f of ibunfnkþj, isti nfchkm eujbfcijtfo jm si trftf bi ujf cmbf pfsfgirf pfsfgi rf m bi uj skcpoi skcpoi nfchkm lijirfnkmjfo lijirfnkmjfo bi kbifs1 si trftf bi rinmjmnir of jiniskbfb bi ujf ujf juivf emrcf bi ijsiöfr. Om fjtirkmr, pmrqui oms istubkfjtis bi `my ij bãf, oms oofcfbms jftkvms bklktfois, jftkvms bklktfois purms, lijirfnkþj W, þ istubkfjtis bio sklom PPK, fprijbij y tkijij ixpintftkvfs bi sus prmeismris y bi sus isnuiofs cuy bkstkjtfs f ofs qui tijãfj ofs lijirfnkmjis qui oms prinibkirmj. prinibkirmj. Istfcms skijbm tistklms bi uj nfchkm bi ëpmnf ij of emrcf bi ijsiöfr y bi nmjintfr nmj juistrms istubkfjtis. Ij of irf bi of kjemrcfnkþj kcprisf, io nmjmnkckijtm y io nmjtijkbm irfj kcprisms, isnfsms, y ekotrfbms pmr ujms nufjtms ixpirtms7 prmeismris, kjvistklfbmris, hkhokmtinfrkms, okhrms bi tixtm, y of ijnknompibkf trfbknkmjfo. Fntufocijti vkvkcms ij of irf bi kjemrcfnkþj bklktfo, bmjbi of kjemrcfnkþj is fhujbfjti, lrftuktf, y bkspmjkhoi ij erfnnkmjis bi silujbm bisbi nufoqukir oulfr, ij nufoqukir nufoqukir cmcijt mcijtm, m, bisbi uj ujff vfrkibfb vfr kibfb bi iqukpms bi isnrktmrkm, isn rktmrkm, pmrtætkois, y cþvkoi cþvkoiss qui oms jköms y gþvijis istubkfjtis fntufois bmckjfj cun`m cigmr qui sus pfbris y prmeismris fbuotms. Io ritm r itm y juivm juivm rmo bi oms om s prmeismris prm eismris bio sklom PPK yf yf jm is of kje k jemrc mrcfnkþj, fnkþj, skjm of emrcfnkþj emrcfnkþj bi sus s us istubkfjt istubkfjtis. is. Io prmeismr bi `my bihi fnmcpföfr f sus istubkfjtis istubkfjtis pfrf qui istms fprijbfj fpr ijbfj f bkstkjlukr bi ijtri tmbf istf kjemrcfnkþj of cæs vfokmsf y of trfjsemrcij ij nmjmnkckijtms fo sirvknkm bi oms o ms bicæs, bio hkij, y bi of virbfb. Oms juivms juivms tkicpms bicfjbfj bicfjbfj ibunfbmris nmcm prmviibmris bi nmjtixtm, cæs qui ixpirtms bi nmjtijkbm. Oms istu i stubkfjtis bkfjtis bio sklom PPK istæj hmchfrbifbms hmchfrbifbms bi kc k cælijis ælijis y pmskhkok pmsk hkokbfbis bfbis bklktfois, y yf jm ois cmtkvf sir kjstrukbms kjstrukbms pmr io prmeismr pr meismr trfbknkmjfokstf, trfbknk mjfokstf, pmrqui tkijij tkijij f su fonfjni ckoo ckoomjis mjis bi mpnkmjis (oktirfoc (ok tirfocijt ijti) i) pfrf pfr f kjemrcfrsi kjemrcfrsi smhri om qui pubkirf kjtirisfrois. kjtirisfroi s. Isti ritm ixkli ixkli qui io prmeismr pr meismr si su s uhokci ij su vmnfnkþj. Is nofrm no frm qui jm bihiræ bigfr big fr bi ofbm sus s us fjtklufs tfrifs y rispmjsfhkokbfbis7 pofjifr, pofjtifr mhgitkvms, bksiöfr prmlrfcfs, sir ekio f su pfpio bi emrcfbmr emrcfbmr bijtrm bio sfoþj bi nofsis y ivfoufr io trfhfgm y nmjmnkckij nmjmnkckijtm tm bi sus sus istubkfjtis. istubkfjtis. Tirm isti juivm nmjtixtm oi ixkli istfr pripfrfbm tënjknf y fnfbëcknfcijti cigmr qui jujnf, <
fbqukrkr ujf vkskþj fhkirtf y pourfo, pfrf pfr f sir uj kjj kjjmvfbmr fpfskmjfbm f pfskmjfbm bijtrm bijtrm bio sfoþj bi nofsi. no fsi. Rmbm istm bijtrm bi uj cfrnm cfrnm bi rispmjsfhkokb r ispmjsfhkokbfb, fb, nmcprmcksm, nmcprmcksm, ijt i jtrilf, rilf, y ekbiok ekbiokbfb bfb f of listkþj kjstktunkmjfo. Isti prmeismr bio sklom PPK bihi bi `fnirsi nmj of Kjstktunkþj, puis ëstf riprisijtf uj cfrnm bi rieirijnkf eujbfcijtfo pfrf oms foucjms ij su prmnism bi emrcfnkþj. Ij ieintm, ieintm, of ibunfnkþj qui qui oms o ms jköms, fbmoisni f bmoisnijjtis, y gþvijis rinkhij rink hij bijtrm bijtrm bio ijtmrjm ijtmrjm efckok efckokfr fr is is hæsknf, hæsknf , trfsnijbijti trfsnijbijti y tmnf su focf focf pfrf tmbf of vkbf1 vk bf1 pirm of isnuiof pmr su s u prmpkm sir, s ir, is kcpmrtfjti kcpmrtfjti nmpfrtãnkpi nmpfrtãnk pi ij su emrc emrcfnkþj. fnkþj. Istm nmjvkirti fo prmeismr ij ioicijt ioicijtmm nofvi nofv i bi isti is ti prmnism bi cfburfnkþj y fbquksknkþj bi of pirsmjfokbfb bi sus istubkfjtis, nmcm luãf, cijtmr y efnkoktfbmr bio fprijbkzfgi. Bi nfrf fo cuj ujbm bm lomhfokzfbm y fo istkom bi vkbf vk bf bklkt bk lktfo fo qui vkvij ju juistrms jköms y gþvijis y fo ijmrci ftfqui qui sueri su nmjnkijnkf pmr pfrti bi om qui vij, isnun`fj y vkvij, isti juivm prmeismr jm bihi bigfr bi ofbm io sijt s ijtkbm kbm `uc `ucfjm bi su ofhmr y bihi nijtrfr su trfhfgm nmtkbkfjm nmtkbk fjm ij io sir pirsmjf bi sus istubkfjtis. istubkfjtis. Ij isti sijtkbm, siræ kcpmrtfjti qui tijlf nmcm prkcirf rispmjsfhkokbfb of trfjsckskþj bi sus nmjmnkckijtms, pirm siræ cun`m cæs kcpmrtfjti qui ooilui f sus istubkfjtis ij om cæs prmeujbm bi su sir, nmj io igicpom, nmj su nm`irijnkf bi vkbf, y nmj su fnmcpföfckijtm, nmcm uj virbfbirm cfistrm bio frti bi istfr is tfr nirnf, husnfjbm husnfjbm kjnfjsfhoicijt kjnfjsfhoicijtii sfnfr sfnf r bi iooms tmbm om cigmr7 io lustm ustm pmr fprijbir, io ijtuskfscm pmr of vkbf, y io pofnir bi sirvkr f oms bicæs. Ij mtrfs pfofhrfs7 oun`fr nmtkbkfjfcijti pfrf omlrfr qui si ujfj sus tfoijtms nmj sus pfskmjis, y sus lfjfs bi vkvkr nmj ujf nmjbuntf ëtknf y cmrfocijti nmrrintfs. @i fquã of lrfjbizf lrfjbizf bio virbfbirm virbfbir m prmeismr bio sklom s klom PPK7 PPK7 io qui kjspkrf kjspkrf,, io qui cmtkvf, cmtkvf, io qui cuivi nmj nm jnkijnkfs. ^u tfrif tfrif bi emrcfr emrcfr f ofs ju juivfs ivfs lij lijirfnk irfnkmjis mjis is kjsu k jsustktu stktukhoi khoi,, y f pfrtkr bi ioof io of su su ckscf trfsnijbijnkf nmcm ibunfbmr istæ lfrfjtkzfbf. Jfbki cigmr cigmr qui Tibrm Ofjbfvirbi Ofjbfvirbi y Oimjfrbm Oimjfrbm Amurn`ij Amurn`ijam am pfrf prmeuj prmeujbkzfr ij io tic ticf, f, nmjtrfstfrom nmjtrfstfrom nmj mtrfs rifokbfbis, pfrf ooivfr f sus ointmris f of rifokbfb bio prisijti y prmpmjirois uj kbifo eutu euturm. rm. Ij oms ÷otkcms ÷otkcms föms `i tijkbm tijkbm of emrtujf emrtujf bi rinmrrir rinmrr ir io i o pfãs pfã s nmj iooms ioo ms nmcpfrtkijbm nmcpfrtkijbm nmj oãbiris oãbi ris ibunftkvms ibunftkvms y prmeismris oms o ms nmjniptms qui ij isti okhrm okhr m jms prisijt prisi jtfj. fj. Ij sus sus prisijt pri sijtfnkmjis fnkmjis y f trfvës bi ofs o fs pælkjfs bi sus okhrms, okhr ms, oms futmris futmris jms trfjscktij trfjscktij of pfskþj nmj of qui vkvij su vmnfnkþj pmr of ibunfnkþj, pkofr eujbfcijtfo bi tmbf jfnkþj y vfjlufrbkf bi tmbm prmyintm bi nrinkc nrink ckijtm, kijtm, bisfrrmoo bisfr rmoomm y sfjf nmjvkvijnkf. nmjvkvijnkf. Nfroms Lÿirinf Omzfjm nf T ã t u O m 6
BþjBiistfcms7Bkfljþstknm Xintmr ^ksticf YJKB Yjkvirskbfb Kjtirfcirknfjf pfrf io Bisfrrmoom T frf jfbki is uj sinritm qui istfcms cfo. Juistrm sksticf ibunftkvm jfnkmjfo tkiji prmhoicfs c÷otkpois, vfrkfbms y lrfvis. 0
Ofs ivkbijnkfs ivk bijnkfs istfbãstknfs bi rijbkckijt rijbkckijtm, m, bi ivfoufnkþj, ivf oufnkþj, bi nmrriofnkþj nmrrio fnkþj bi nmjtijkbms nmjtijkbms fo kjt k jtirkmr irkmr bi of isnuiof nmj of rifokbfb euirf bi ioof, smj bi tmtfo efotf bi pirtkjijnkf m ieknfnkf. Juistrf ibunfnkþj is cfof, cfof, nmj pmhris istæj i stæjbfris bfris kjtirjfnkmjfois, kjtirjfnkmjfois, nmj cibkmnr cibkmnris is risuotfbms r isuotfbms fnfbëcknms. Ij io fntufo isnijfrkm cujbkfo bi nmcpitktkvkbfb, bi trfjsemrcfnkmjis prmeujbfs ij oms rmois inmjþcknms inmjþcknms y prmbuntkvms prmbuntkvms bi ofs o fs jfnkmjis, Cëxknm Cëxknm nmrri nmr ri lrfvis rkislms r kislms bi rizfl r izflmm y bi ftrfsm. Ckijtrfs mhsirvfcms f pfãsis nmcm Nmrif qui ij tfj sþom ujf lijirfnkþj cmbkeknþ f prmeujbkbfb sus sksticfs sksticfs ibunft i bunftkvms kvms nmj risuotfbms ispintfnuofris, m f Ekjofjbkf Ekjofjbkf nmj `æhktms `æhktms bi istubkm istubkm y jkviois bi ointu o inturf rf supirkmris s upirkmris fo ristm bi Iurmpf, Iurmpf, juistrm juistrm pfãs, pf ãs, `f skbm sk bm kjnfpfz bi kc k cpoicijtfr poicijtfr riemrcfs riemrcfs ibunftkvfs f prmeujbkbfb, qui cfjtijlfj ujf istrftilkf bi nmjstfjnkf pfrf of mhtijnkþj bi citfs ispinãeknfs. Cëxknm Cëxknm `f tijkbm sus omlrms, is kjbubfhoi. kjbubfhoi. ^il÷j bftms rinfhfbms rinfhf bms pmr of Mrlfjkz Mrlfjkzfnkþj fnkþj pfrf io Bisfrrmoom Inmjþcknm (MNBI), ij 94 föms -bi 6;94 f pmnm bispuës bio 8444- pfsfcms bi > ckoomjis koo mjis bi istubkfjtis istubkfjtis f >4 ckoomjis. koo mjis. Of Of nmhirtu nmhir turf rf ibunft i bunftkvf kvf bi b i jköms ijtri 9 y 62 föms fö ms bi ibfb si si `kzm `kzm nfsk ujkvirsfo y io pmrnijtfgi bi istubkfjtis istubkfjtis f jkvio bi sinujbfrkf sinujbfrkf nrinkþ, nrink þ, bio >> pmr nkijtm ij io föm 8444, fo 28 pmr nkijtm ij io 8449. ^kj ichfrlm, istms risuotfbms jucërknms qui ritrftfj uj iseuirzm bi pmoãtknfs p÷hoknfs pmr fonfjzfr of nmhirturf ujkvirsfo y pmr ioivfr oms föms bi isnmofrkbfb isnmof rkbfb prmcibkm, prmcibkm, `fj bigfbm bi ofbm o fbm efntmris isij isi jnkfois, nkfo is, io cæs kc k cpmrtfjti7 pmrtfjti7 of nfokbfb . Ij uj cujbm bi nmjstfjtis nfchkms y trfjsemrcfnkmjis, ij io qui ofs prmeiskmjis bi cfymr bicfjbf ij io 8464 irfj ir fj tmbfvãf tmbfvãf bisnmjmnkbfs ij io 8442, bmjbi oms pirekois pi rekois prmeiskmjfois si ijerijt ijerijtfj fj f bicfjbfs bicfjbfs rfbknfocij rfbk nfocijti ti bkeirijtis, bkeirijtis, Cëxknm istæ f of o f ritfl r itflufrbkf ufrbkf bi istms nfchkms. bi kbijtkeknfr, kbijtkeknfr, ixpoknfr y fpoknfr nmjmnkckijt nmjmnkckijtms ms nkijt n kijtãeknms ãeknms bi cfjirf cfjirf nmjskstijti nmjskstijti ij ujf ujf vfrkibfb vfr kibfb bi sktu sk tufnkmjis fnkmjis nmcpoigfs bi of vkbf nmtkbkfjf.– (6) RFHOF 6
Bisicpiöm Bis icpiöm bi Cëxk Cëxknm nm ij i j TK^F TK ^F 8445 (Nkijnkf) (Nkijnkf) Tmrnijtfgi T mrnijtfgi bi istubkfjtis pmr jkvio jkvio bi bmckj bmckjkm km
Cëxknm Trmcibkm MNBI 24
Ofs pruihfs kjtirjfnkmjfois kjtirjfnkmjfois frrmgfj frrmg fj nfokeknfnkmjis nfokeknfnk mjis bisfoijt bisfo ijtfbmrfs fbmrfs qui kjivktfhoicijt kjivktfhoicijtii pofjt po fjtifj ifj prilujt prilujtfs fs kjioubkhois7 ½Istfcms ½Istfcms pripfrfjbm pripfr fjbm f oms prmeiskmjfois qui bicfjbf bicfjbf io cuj cujbm bm bi `my= `my= M ½Vuë bicfjbfræ io cujbm nmcpitktkvm y lomhfo bio cföfjf= ½Rijicms f oms kjlijkirms, f oms nkijtãeknms, f oms quãcknms m cfticætknms qui jms nmomquij ij ujf pmsknkþj bi emrtfoizf nmcpitktkvf erijti fo ristm bio cujbm= ½Lijirfcms pftijtis, rilkstrms, kjvijtms m jmvibfbis kjbustrkfois m ijirlëtknfs qui jms pircktfj prmyintfr uj euturm nmj prisijnkf sþokbf ij oms cirnfbms cujbkfois= Ofs rispuistfs smj binipnkmjfjtis. Nufjbm nmcpfrfcms oms risuotfbms bi N`kjf, bi Kjbkf m bi Hrfsko, Hrfsko , ij tërckjms tërckjms bi riemrcfs riemrcfs kjtirjfs kjtirjfs y nfchkms nfchkms istruntu istrunturfois rfoi s pfrf pfr f emrtfoinir su nmcpitktkvkbfb, nmcpitktkvkbfb, ijnmjtrfcms qui, tmbms, `fj trfhfgfbm ij prmeujbfs riemrcfs ij cftirkf ibunftkvf. [ ckijtrfs ism sunibi, Cëxknm Cëxknm mnupf oms oulfris oulfris ekjfois ekjfois ijtri ijtri su s us smnkms s mnkms bi of MNBI. MNBI. Of pruihf TK^F (Trmlrfcf Kjtirjfnkmjfo bi Ivfoufnkþj bi Foucjms) bi of MNBI, cuistrf qui uj j÷cirm ixniskvm bi istubkfjtis ij Cëxknm jm nuijtf nmj ofs nmcpitijnkfs y oms nmjmnkckijtms pfrf su lrfbm lrfbm y su ibfb. Yjm Yjm bi nfbf bms bm s fouc fo ucjms jms „io 94 pmr nkijt n kijtmm- bi 69 föms bi ibfb jm fonfjzþ fonfjzþ io ;
jkvio bi nfpfnkbfbi nf pfnkbfbiss hæsknfs hæsk nfs bi TK^F (jkvio 8) ckijtrfs kijtrfs qui io prmcibkm prmcibkm bi b i of MNBI MNBI eui eui bi 6;.8 pmr nkij nki jtm. ^þom > pmr nkijt n kijtmm bi oms istubkfjt istubkfjtis is cixknfjms cixknfjms fonfjz fon fjzþþ oms om s jkviois cæs fotms, f otms, 9 y 5, (U ( Uir Rfhof Rfh of 6) qui skljkeknf skljkeknf ‟nmjt ‟ nmjtfr fr nmj n mj of nfpfnkbfb nfpfn kbfb >9 >4 89 84 69 64 9 4 Kjeirkmr f Jkvio 6 Jkvio 6 Jkvio 8 Jkvio > Jkvio 2 Jkvio 9 Jkvio 5Euijti7 5 Euijti7 MNBI, 844<, pksf 8445 ^nkijni Nmcpitijnkis emr Rmcmrrmw's Rmcmrrmw's \mrob, Umoucij 8, MNBI, Tfrãs.
Istm qukiri binkr qui io lruism bi juistrms istubkfjtis pmsii y is nfpfz bi bicmstrfr nmjmnkckijtms hæsknms, hæsknm s, bi jkviois 6 y 8, ckijt ckijtrfs rfs qui oms jkviois cæs ioivfbms bi nmjmnkckijt nmjmnkckijtmm jm oms fonfjzf fonfjzf cæs cæs fooæ bio > pmr nkijtm bi juistrms gþvijis. Is binkr, ij io trfsofbm bi isi jkvio bi nmjmnkckijtms f `fhkokbfbis prmbuntkvfs, jms quibfrã quibfrãfc fcms ms f jkvio bi mhrirm mhrir m m trfhfgfbmr trfhfg fbmr cinæjknm-cfj cinæjknm-cfjufo. ufo. Of pruihf IJOFNI bi Cëxknm frrmgf risuotfbms sicigfjtis ij cftirkf bi bisicpiöm ij cfticætknfs. fticætknfs. Yj 94 pmr nkijtm nkijtm bi of pmhofnk p mhofnkþj þj istubkfjt istubkfjtko ko ij >· bi sinuj sin ujbfrkf bfrkf,, istæ pmr bihfgm bio jkvio hæsknm bi nmjmnkckijtms. Cfs bi of cktfb, riprmhfbms. ^mofcijti ujms nufjtms -; pmr nkijtm- fonfjzf uj cibkfjm jkvio bi nmjmnkckijtm y fpoknfnkþj bi ofs cfticætknfs ij su lrfbm. Ofcijtfhoi. (Uir Rfhof 8) ^il÷j of prmpkf MNBI, MNBI, bi ijtri ijtri oms pfãsis qui kjtilrfj kjtilrfj istf Mrlfjkz Mrlfjkzfnkþj fnkþj bi Nmmpirfnkþj y Bisfrrmoom, Cëxknm y Rurquãf tkijij ujf prmpmrnkþj pfrtknuofrcijti ioivfbf bi istubkfjtis nmj hfgm bisicpiöm y tfsfs bi fhfjbmjm fhfjbmjm isnmofr is nmofr fotfs bu b urfjti rfjti of o f ij i jsiöfjzf siöfjzf sinuj s inujbfrkf. bfrkf. (8) RFHOF >
(Uir Rfhof >) RFHOF 8
Trmpmrnkþj bi of pmhofnkþj bi 89->2 föms bi ibfb qui jm nmcpoitþ of ibunfnkþj cibkf supirkmr (8440) % <4 Tmrnijtfgi bi foucjms ij oms jkviois bi bisicpiöm pfrf cfticætknfs bi tirnirm bi sinujbfrkf, IPNFOI 8440 y IJOFNI 8464 54 Jkviois bi omlrm ij IPNFOI 8440 Tmr bihfg m bio hæsknm Hæsknm Cibkm Fvfjzfbm Fvfjzfbm
94
24 IJOFNI 94.; >0 ; 8.8% >4 Jkviois bi omlr m ij IJOF NI 8464 Kjsueknkijti I oici jtfo Huijm Ixnioi jti 84 IPNFOI 98 8< 6; 8%
Euijti7 Hrin`fs Istfbm bi of Ibunfnkþj, Cëxknm 8464, Cix knfjms Trkcirm
64 4
Istm nmomnf f juistrm juistrm pfãs pfã s ij ujf ujf sktu sk tufnkþj fnkþj bi fotm f otm rkislm rki slm ij io isnij isni jfrkm bi of inmjmcãf inmjmcãf cujbkfo7 cujbkfo7 64
hfgm istms pfræc pfr æcitrms, itrms, istfrãfcms nmjbijfbms nmjbijfbms f sir of cfjm cfjm bi mhrf bi oms o ms n`kjms, n`kjms, bi oms foic fo icfjis fjis y pmr supuistm supuistm bi oms istfbmujkbijsis. istfbmujkbijsis. Jm efotfræ efotfræ qukij fekrci fekrci ½quë ½quë tkiji ism bi juivm= juivm= [f [f smcms, smcms, m yf ërfcms ërfcms „fjt „f jtis is bi qui N`kjf N`kjf jms bispofzfrf bis pofzfrf nmc n mcmm of o f prkjnkpfo pr kjnkpfo cfjm bi mhrf mhr f pfrf pfr f Istfbms Yjkbmsisf cfjm bi mhrf hfrftf y sijnkoof, nfpfz bi cfjuefnturf bi prkcir jkvio, bi cftirkfs prkcfs y prmbuntms pmnm iofhmrfbms. Tirm Tir m f`mrf, ofs nmjbknkmjis si flrfvfj. flrfvfj. Rmbms oms o ms ioic io icijt ijtms ms bi cibknkþj ibknk þj y ivfoufnkþj ivfoufnkþj siöfofj siöfo fj prmhoicfs sirkms, sirkms , pirm fbicæs, fbicæs, prmhoicfs pr mhoicfs qui vkjkcms vkjkcms frrfstrfjbm f rrfstrfjbm pmr föms y qui qui jm nmrrilkc nmr rilkcms. ms. ^k nmcpfrfcms nmcpfrfcms oms risuotfbms kjtirjfnkmjfois kjtirjfnkmjfois bio 8445 nmj oms bio 844;, jm si mhsirvf ujf cigmrãf. Ij of pruihf TK^F bio 844; io bisicpiöm bi istubkfjtis cixknfjms ij ointurf, ij cfticætknfs y ij nkijnkf eui io pimr bi tmbms oms pfãsis ckichrms. kichrms. Mhtu Mhtuvkcms vkcms oms o ms pujtfgis pujtfgis cæs hfgms bi >> pfãsis ij ofs tris ærifs. Jm is ujf ujf nmkjnkbij nmk jnkbijnkf, nkf, jk risuotfbm bi of nfsufokbfb. Is io rieoigm kjiquãvmnm bi Euijti7 MNBI, 8464
qui folm istæ cfo ij juistrms sksticfs bi ijsiöfjzf. (Uir Rfhof 2) ^k hkij tijicms cæs lrupms bi gþvijis qui tirckjfj of ibunfnkþj sinujbfrkf, jm `icms supirfbm io prmhoic prmhoi cf bi of bisirnkþj. bis irnkþj. Ij oms ÷otkcms 69 föms, juist juistrf rf pmhofnkþj pmhof nkþj nmj ibunfnkþj cibkf pfsþ bio bi o 84 pmr nkijtm -ij oms lrupms bi ibfb frrkhf bi oms 94 föms- fo 24 pmr nkijtm -ij lrupms bi ibfb bi 89 f >2 föms-. (Uir (Uir Rfhof Rfho f >). Tirm vifj vi fj ij bitfooi bitfooi istf lræeknf, bmjbi jm jm smofc smo fcijt ijtii istfcms istfcms fo ekjfo ekjfo ujtm nmj Rurquãf y Tmrtulfo, skjm qui mtrms pfãsis nmcm N`koi, nmcm Krofjbf, nmcm Ispföf m kjnousm nmcm nmcm Lrinkf, Lrink f, `fj tijkbm tijkbm ‟sfotms– skljkeknftkvms skljkeknftkvms ij su bisicpiöm bisicpiöm ibunft i bunftkvm kvm ij oms ÷otkcms ÷otkcms föms, f öms, kjnmrpmrfjbm f cfymris cfymris lrupms lrupms bi su pmhofnkþj f jkviois cæs ioivfbms io ivfbms bi b i isnmofrkzfnkþj. isnmo frkzfnkþj. [ tmbms istms pmr jm cijnkmjfr f Nmrif. Istms pfãsis pfãsi s „fekrcf of MNBIMNBI- `fj nmjvirtkbm f of ibunfnkþj ij of prkmrk pr kmrkbfb bfb jfnkmjfo, omlrfjbm omlrfjbm nfsms nmcm nmcm io bi Nmrif, qui ij ujf ujf smof lijirfnk lijirfnkþj, þj, pfsþ bi sir uj ujmm bi oms o ms pfãsis pfã sis nmj n mj bisicpiöm bisicpiöm cæs hfgm, hfg m, f uj ujmm bi oms pfãsis nmj bisicpiöm bisicpiöm cæs fotm ij cun` cun`ms ms bi oms kjbknfbmris ibunftkvms. ibunftkvms. (>) (Uir (Uir tfhof 9) RFHOF 2
Ij Cëxknm `icms fhftkbm, præntknfcijti ij su tmtfokbfb io fjfoefhitkscm (;5 pmr nkijtm) y `icms ijsfjn`fbm ijsfjn`fbm of nmhirtu n mhirturf rf `fstf `fnirof nfsk uj ujkvirs kvirsfo fo f jkvio prkcfrkf. ^kj ichfrlm, ichfrlm, istf tfrif jms tmcþ tmcþ nfsk tmbm io skl sk lom PP. @my of istrftil i strftilkf kf bihkirf bihk irf istfr is tfr bkrklkbf bkrk lkbf `fnkf `fnkf of pirc pi rcfjij fjijnkf nkf bijt bi jtrm rm bio sksticf ibunftkvm, ioivfr oms föms y pmr ijbi io prmcibkm bi isnmofrkbfb jfnkmjfo, fbicæs bi emrtfoinir emrtfoinir of o f nfokbfb ibunftkvf ij riofnkþj nmj oms ritms bio cujbm nmjticpmræjim. Bisicpiöm Lijirfo bi Istubkfjtis Xisuotfbms TK^F 844; OINRYXF CFRICFRKNF^ NKIJNKF OYLFX IJ OF RFHOF EKJOFJBKF 9>5 926 992 6 NMXIF 9>; 925 9>0 8 GFTÞJ 984 98; 9>; >
66
NFJFBÆ 982 98< 98; 2 JYIUF WIOFJBF 986 96; 96; 9>8 9>8 9 FY^RXFOKF 969 962 98< 5 TFÃ^I^ HFGM^ 940 985 988 5 ^YKWF 946 9>2 96< 0 FOICFJKF 2;< 96> 984 ; HËOLKNF 945 969 94< 64 K^OFJBKF 944 94< 2;5 66 TMOMJKF 944 2;9 940 66 JMXYILF 94> 94> 2;0 2;0 944 944 6> XIKJM YJKBM 2;2 2;8 962 62 BKJFCFXNF 2;9 94> 2;; 69 I^OMUIJKF 20> 946 968 65 EXFJNKF 2;5 2;< 2;0 6< KXOFJBF 2;5 20< 940 6< I^RFBM^ YJKBM^ 944 20< 948 6; @YJLXÃF 2;2 2;4 94> 84 ^YINKF 2;< 2;2 2;9 86 XIT×HOKNF N@INF 2<0 2;> 944 88 TMXRYLFO 20; 20< 2;> 8> I^OMUFVYKF 2<< 2;< 2;4 82 FY^RXKF 2<4 2;5 2;2 89 KRFOKF 205 20> 20; 85 I^TFÖF 206 20> 200 8< OYPICHYXLM 2<8 20; 202 80 LXINKF 20> 255 2<4 8; K^XFIO 2<2 22< 299 >4 RYXVYÃF 252 229 292 >6 N@KOI 22; 286 22< >8 CËPKNM 289 26; 265 >>
Ij of fntufokbfb juistrm prmcibkm jfnkmjfo bi isnmofrkbfb si uhknf ij 0.0 föms, is binkr, nfsk fo tërckjm tërckjm bi 8· bi sinujbfrkf sinujbfrkf.. Istm kcpoknf kcpoknf qui juist juistrm rm prkjnkpfo pr kjnkpfo prmhoicf pr mhoicf bi bisirnkþj bisirnk þj si uhknf f`ã, ij io nruni ijtri 8· y >· bi sinujbfrkf. ^il÷j uj istubkm istubkm bi of ^inritfrkf ^in ritfrkf bi Ibunfnkþj T÷hoknf (^IT) ( ^IT) qui fjfokzf ofs nfusfs bi fhfjbmjm fhfjbmjm isnmofr, oms gþvijis ijtri oms 69 y oms 6; föms qui bigfj of isnuiof, om `fnij ‟pmrqui jm qukskirmj m bink r, of kjvistklfnkþj kjvistklfnkþj bi of ^IT biscktkeknf biscktkeknf of nfusf inmjþcknf inmjþcknf m bi jm ois lustþ istubkfr– (2). Is binkr, jiniskbfb efckokfr nmcm of prkjnkpfo nfusf bi RFHOF 9
Tmrnijtfgi bi pmhofnkþj pmho fnkþj qui tkiji, tkiji, fo cijms, istubkms istubkms bi ibunfnkþj cibkf cibkf supirkmr, 8440 844 0 Tmrnijtfg Tmrni jtfg i, pmr p mr lrupm l rupm bi ibfb i bfb
99-52 föms bi ibfb 89->2 föms bi ibfb 6444 64 ;4 04 <4 549 94 24
%
68
>4 84 64 4 Euijti7 MNBI, N`frts & Ekluris. Euijti7 MNBI, 844<, 844<, Istrftilk Istrfti lkfs fs pfrf of fnnkþj fn nkþj ij Cëxk Cë xknm, nm, 8464 8464
fhfjbmjm. Ij isti lrupm bi ibfb, gustm bmjbi si omnfokzf io cfymr fhfjbmjm isnmofr ij Cëxknm, of rispuistf nmjsksti ij efotf bi kjtirës pmr oms istubkms. Bi f`ã si bisprijbi qui of hfgf nfokbfb y of pirtkjijnkf pirtkjijnkf bi of o f ibunfnkþj is uj uj ticf ticf bi cfymr cfymr kcpmrtfj kcpmrtfjnkf nkf kjnousm qui qui io ticf ticf inmjþcknm. inmjþcknm. (Uir Rfhof 5) Oms prmpkms bkrintmris bi oms pofjtiois, siöfofj f oms siömris bmnijtis nmcm rispmjsfhois bi istf prmhoic prmhoi cætknf pmr tris cmtkvms cmtkvms prkjnkpfois7 prkjnkpfois 7 RFHOF 5
Tirm ½pmr qu q uë si vfj oms gþvijis g þvijis bi ofs o fs isnuiofs= is nuiofs= ½Tmr quë fekrcfj fekrcfj qui qui jm ois lustf ustf m jm ois kjtirisf= ^il÷j oms prmpkms istubkms bi of ^IT qui si `fj vkstm emrtfoinkbms pmr ispinkfokstfs bi of FJYKI^, of YJFC y io KTJ ijtri mtrms, ofs rfzmjis si bkrklij f oms nmjtijkbms y fo igirnknkm bmnijti. bmnijti. Nufjbm Nufjbm oms ixpirtms si riekirij r iekirij f of efotf bi pirtkjijnkf, pirtkjijnkf, qukirij binkr bink r qui om qui si ijsiöf i jsiöf ij ofs fuofs jm oi ‟skrvi m fyubf– fo gmvij nmjticpmræjim f rismovir, nmcprijbir m prmnisfr su rifokbfb rifo kbfb nmtkbkfjf. Ofs Ofs cftirkfs cftirkfs,, su nmjtijkbm nmjtijkbm y io cëtmbm cëtmbm utkokzfbm, jm jm rispmjbij ri spmjbij f om o m qui io gmvij bi of fntufokbf fntufokbfbb mhsirvf, mhsir vf, fjfokzf jk f om qui si ijerijt ijerijtff bkfrkfcij bkf rkfcijti ti ij of nfooi. nfoo i. 9
Nfusfs bi fhfjbmjm isnmofr bi oms gþvijis bi ijtri 69 y 6; föms 4
^iömris cfistrms7 om qui istfcms istfcms ijsiöfjbm jm ois skrvi, s krvi, jms ois o is hrkjbf hr kjbf `irrfckijtfs, `irrfckijtfs, jm jm ois pirckti pirckti bisfrrmoofr bisfrr moofr sus `fhkok `fhkokbfbis bfbis jk bisnuhrkr bisn uhrkr m pmjir ij præntknf sus nmcpitij nmcpitijnkfs. nkfs. Om istfcms istfcms `fnkijbm cfo. 6< 60 6; I B F B Jm quk quksm m jm jm oi oi lustþ istubk istubkfr Efotf bi bi bkjirm bkjirm m tijãf qui qui trfhfgfr Mtrms Mtrms cmtk cmtkvm vmss m jm ispinkek ispinkeknþ nþ 69 65 Jujnf Juj nf `f kbm f of isnuiof Cmtk Cmtkvm vmss efcko efckokfris Euijti7 ^uhsinritfrãf bi Ibunfnkþj Cibkf ^upirkmr, nmj hfsi ij io Nijsm 8444
Bkni of MNBI MNBI qui pfrf ‟cigmrfr ofs o fs isnuiofs is nuiofs cixknfj cixknfjfs fs si riqukiri emrtfoinir of listkþj y of supirvkskþj. Cëxknm tkiji qui fhmrbfr prmhoicfs riofnkmjfbms nmj of nfokbfb bio prmeismrfbm, fsã nmcm io fusijtkscm, of kcpujtufokbfb y of efotf bi pripfrfnkþj pibflþlknf–. (Uir Rfhof <) - Efotf bi pripfrfnkþj pibflþlknf - Kcpujtfokbfb - Fusijtkscm Fo kjbflfr ijtri ijtri oms o ms pfãsis pfã sis ckichrms, kichrms, ofs o fs nmjbuntfs nmjbuntfs bi oms bmnijtis bmnijtis qui ‟mhstfnuokzfj– ‟mhstfnuokzfj– of 6>
kjstrunnkþj ij su isnuiof (844<-8440), Cëxknm fpfrini nmcm io prkcir -y virlmjzmsm- oulfr, ij qui f guknkm bi oms bkrintmris, sus cfistrms nfrinij bi pripfrfnkþj pibflþlknf, ooilfj tfrbi f of isnuiof y prisijtfj uj ioivfbm fusijtkscm. ( Uir Rfhof <) % 29 24 >9 >4 89 84 69 64
F pfrtkr bi istms bftms si pmbrãf p mbrãf bisprijbir „irrþjifc „ir rþjifcijt ijtii- qui io prmhoicf ibunftkvm ibunftkvm jfnkmjfo rfbknf rfbkn f ij qui tijic tijicms ms ‟cfistrms cfoms cfoms m pmnm pripfrfbms–. pripfrf bms–. Istm is efosm nmcm lijirfokzfnkþj. lijirfokzfnkþj. Io prmhoic prmhoi cf ibunftkvm ibunftkvm jfnkmjfo tkiji tkiji c÷otkpois c÷otkpois frkstfs f rkstfs y vfrkfhois. vfrkfhoi s. Oms Oms cfistrms cfistrms rifokzfj rifo kzfj -ij su ijmrci ijmrci cfymrãf- ujf ofhmr tktæjknf pfrf bisicpiöfr su ofhmr1 nmj erinuijnkf trfhfgfj ij cæs bi bms isnuiofs bihkbm f oms hfgms sfofrkms, ijerijtfj hurmnrfnkfs ijmrcis y fpofstfjtis pfrf pmbir rifokzfr su euj eujnkþj ij ofs cigmris igmri s nmjbknkmjis pmskhois pms khois.. ^kj ichfrlm, ichfrlm, tmbms oms kjbknfbmris siöfofj siöfof j qu quii tijicms prmhoicfs ij io prmnism ibunftkvm. Juistrm sksticf prisijtf skljms kjiquãvmnms bi mhsmoisnijnkf, mhsmois nijnkf, efotf bi pirtkjijnkf, pirtkjijnkf, ijviginkckijt ijviginkckijtmm bi nmjtijkbms nmjtijkbms -y nmj cfymr cfymr lrfvibfb- nfrijnkf bi ieintkvkbfb. RFHOF <
bfrkf y pripfrftmrkf, jm ij ibunfnkþj ibunfnkþj prmeiskmjfo jk ujkvirs ujkvirsktfrkf. ktfrkf. Yj lfstm lfstm nmrrkijt nmrrk ijtii fbknkmjfo fbk nkmjfo is cftirkfo bkbæntknm ij om qui si kjvkirti io 9.> pmr nkijtm, om qui bigf fpijfs uj 8.9 pmr nkijtm pfrf of kjvirskþj bi nfpktfo. Istm qukiri binkr qui jm kjvirtkcms ij kjerfistrunturf ibunftkvf, jk ij kjstfofnkmjis, cun`m cijms ij kjvistklfnkþj kjvistklfnkþj y nfpfnktfnkþj. nfpfnk tfnkþj. (Uir (Uir Rfhof 0) Tmrnijtfgi bi cfistrms nuy nuymm bkrintmr bk rintmr ripmrtþ qui ofs o fs sklu sklukijt kijtis is nmjbu n mjbuntfs ntfs bi oms cfistrms mhstfnuokzfj mhstfnuokz fj of kjstru kjstrunnkþj nnkþj ij su isnuiof (844<-8440) ( 844<-8440) % Efotf bi pripfrfnkþj pibflþlknf Ooilfr tfrbi f of isnuiof Fusijtkscm 04 <4 54
^k nmcpfrfcms nmcpfrfcms juistrm juistrm igirnknk igi rnknkmm prisupuistfo prisupuistfo nmj n mj pfãsis nmcm Hrfsko, Tmomjkf, Tmo mjkf, ^uinkf, ^uinkf, Nmrif m of of Xip÷hoknf N` N`inf, inf, ijnmjtrfc ijnmjtrfcms ms qui sus lfstms ij ricu ricujirfnkþj sfofrkfo sfofrk fo istæj pmr bihfgm bio <4 pmr nkijtm bi of kjvirskþj ibunftkvf lomhfo, ism ois pirckti bkvirskeknfr io lfstm i kjvirtkr ij mtrms ruhrms vktfois pfrf of cmbirjkzfnkþj cmbirjkzfnkþj bi nufoqukir skstic sk sticff ibunftkvm. 94 24 >4 84
62
64
^il÷j oms pfræcitrms pfræcitrms bi of o f MNBI Cëxknm Cëxknm tijbrãf tijbrãf qui bistkjfr bistkjfr f of ibunfnkþj i bunfnkþj rinursms iqukvfoijtis iqukvfoijtis fo 0 pmr nkijtm bio TKH (Trmbuntm Kjtirj Kjtirjmm Hrutm). Hrutm). ^k hkij `icms `icms cigmrfbm ij oms ÷otkcms ÷otkcms 84 föms -fo - fo pfsfr bi 2.6 pmr nkijtm ij 6;;4 f 5.< pmr nkijtm nkijtm ij io 8464- jm jm `icms `icms fonfjzfbm of cibkf cibkf pfrf pfr f oms pfãsis ij vãfs bi bisfrrmoom bisfrr moom kj k jtilrfjt tilrfjtis is bi of MNBI. ‟Rfj sþom ijtri 6;;9 y 8442 io lfstm ij ibunfnkþj ij Cëxknm si kjnricijtþ ij uj 2< pmr nkijtm ij tërckjms rifois–. (9) Euijti7 Tirspintkvfs Tir spintkvfs MNBI7 M NBI7 Cëxknm Cëxknm Tmo T moãtknfs ãtknfs no n ofvi pfrf uj bisfrrmoom bisfrrmoom smstijkhoi, smstijkhoi, Mntuhri Mn tuhri 8464. 8464.
^k fj f jfokzfcms fokzfcms io lfstm lfstm m of kjvirskþj p÷hoknf p÷hokn f ij ibunfnkþj, ijnmjt ijnmjtrfc rfcms ms bftms riviofbmris. riviof bmris. Of bkstrkhunkþj bio lfstm nmrrkijt nmrr kijtii ij kjst k jstktu ktunkmjis nkmjis ibunftkvfs si s i nfjfokzf nf jfokzf prkcmrbkfocijt prkcmrbkfocijtii fo pflm bi sfofrkms. (Uir Rfhof 0) Of ricujirfnkþj fo pirsmjfo bmnijti ij Cëxknm fonfjzf io ;8.8 pmr nkijtm bio lfstm ibunftkvm tmtfo ij oms jkviois bi prkcfrkf, sinuj Ukstm fsã pmbrãf pfrinir foijtfbmr. ^kj ichfrlm, ichfrlm, nufjbm nufjbm si nmcpfrf nmcpfrf io lfstm pmr istubkfjti istubkfjti bi mtrms pfãsis ij riofnkþj f Cëxknm, Cëxknm, si mhsirvfj kcpmrtfj kcpmrtfjtis tis bkeirijnkfs7 bkeirijnkfs7 Ij io 8445, Cëxknm Cëxknm lfstþ lfstþ pmr foucj foucjm bi prkcfrkf 6,594 bþofris bþofri s y pmr foucjm foucjm bi sinujbfrkf sinujbfrkf 6,944 bþofris. bþofri s. Istm nmjtrfstf nmjtrfstf nmj oms 9,294 y 5,544 bþofris qui, ij prmcibkm, prmcibkm, lfstfj oms pfãsis bi of MNBI, ij isms ckscm jkviois. RFHOF 0
Bkstrkhunkþj bio lfstm nmrrkijt nmrr kijtii ij kjst k jstktu ktunkmjis nkmjis ibunftkvfs pfrf pf rf ibunfnkþj prkcfrkf, prkcfrkf, sinuj sinujbfrkf bfrkf y pmstsinujbfrkf pmstsinuj bfrkf jm tirnkfrkf, tirnkfrk f, 844< Ij ibunfnkþj cibkf, Cëxknm lfstþ 8,044 bþofris pmr foucjm y ij ibunfnkþj supirkmr 9,044 bþofris pmr foucjm. foucjm. Oms pfãsis pfãsi s bi of MNBI kjvkirtij kjvkirtij ij prmcibkm prmcibkm <,908 bþofris bþo fris y 66,844 bþofris, bþofris , pmr foucjm ij isms ckscms lrfbms. (5) Xicujirfnkþj f tmbm io pirsmjfo Mtrms lfstms nmrrkijtis % bio lfstm tmtfo 644 ;4 04 <4 54 94 24 >4
Tirm om o m cæs cæs kc k cpmrtfjti pmrtfjti bio fjæoksks prisupuistfo, prisupuistfo, is nufjbm nufjbm si nruzf nruzf of vfrkfhoi vfrkfh oi bio bi o ekjfjnkfckij ekjfjnkfckijtm tm nmj io bisic bis icpiöm piöm bi oms istubkfjt istubkfjtis. is. Ij oms `in`ms, `in`ms, oms o ms risuotfbms ri suotfbms bi oms o ms fou fo ucjms jm pfrinij pfrin ij istfr riofnkmjfbms riof nkmjfbms nmj io jkvio bi kjvirskþj ibunftkvf ibunftkvf f jkvio jfnkmjfo. Fekrcf Fekrcf of MNBI qui qui of nmrriofnkþj ijtri lfstm y bisicpiöm is cuy cmbirfbf, ispinkfocijti ij cfticætknfs. ^kj ichfrlm 69
ij pfãsis nmcm nmcm io ju juistrm, istrm, nmj uj hfgm bisicpiöm istubkfjtko, istubkfjtko, tmbm pfrini kjbknfr qu q ui of o f riofnkþ ri ofnkþjj is cæs istrin`f, y pmbrãf tijir ieintms y nmjsinuijnkfs cæs bkrintfs ij io jkvio bi lfstm nmj io jkvio bi bisicpiöm. (<) 84 64 4
Tfrf pmjirom ij tërckjms cæs skcpois, io pfãs qui cæs lfstf pmr istubkfjti (^ukzf, Jmruilf m Ksofjbkf) jm is jinisfrkfcijti jinisfrkfcijti io pfãs pfã s qui mhtkiji mhtkiji oms risuotfbms cæs cæs fotms fo tms (Ekjofjbkf, Nmrif, Nfjfbæ). 6. ^þom kjstktunkmjis p÷hoknfs 8. Föm bi rieirijnkf7 8440 >. Folujms jkviois ibunftkvms istæj kjnoukbms bijtrm bi mtrms 2. Föm bi rieirijnkf7 8445
^kj ichfrlm, ichfrlm, oms pfãsis qui cijms cijms lfstfj lfstfj pmr istubkfjti istubkfjti (Cëxknm, (Cëxknm, Hrfsko) Hrf sko) sã smj oms pfãsis p fãsis qui tkijij oms bisicpiöms cæs pmhris. Jm `fy ujf nmrriofnkþj bitirckjfjti `fnkf frrkhf (lfstmbisicpiöm) pirm sã of `fy `fnkf `fnkf fhfgm (cijmr (cijmr lfstm„pimr lfstm„pimr bisicpiöm). bisicpiöm). Jmtf7 Oms pfãsis istæj nofskek nofskeknfbms nfbms ij mrbij mrbij bisni bisnijb jbkkijti sil÷j io lfstm lfstm tmtfo tmtfo ij kjstk kjstktunk tunkmj mjis is ibunftkvfs ibunftkvfs bi ibunfnkþj prk prkcfrk cfrkf, f, silujbfrkf y pmstsinujbfrkf jm tirnkfrkf. Of lræeknf cuistrf of bkstrkhunkþj bio lfstm nmrrkijti ij kjstktunkmjis ibunftkvfs pmr tkpm bi rinursm. rin ursm. Io lfstm ij i j kjstktunk kjstktunkmjis mjis ibunftkv i bunftkvfs fs puibi bkvk bkvkbk bkrsi rsi ij lfstm lfst m bi nfpktfo n fpktfo y lfstm lfstm nmrrkijti. Bijtrm B ijtrm bio lfstm nmrrk n mrrkijti ijti si puibi bkstkjlukr io lfstm ij of ijsiöfjzf nmcpfrfbm fo fuxkokfr y oms sirvknkms bi kjvistklfnkþj y bisfrrmoom. Euijti7 MNBI (846 (8464H), 4H), Ibunftkmjs Ibunftkmjs ft f t f Lo Lofjni fjni 846 84647 47 MNBI, Tfrãs. Tf rãs.
Rfo viz om qui isti fjæoksks pmbrãf kjbknfr -y jms ftrivicms f prmpmjir istf `kpþtisks- is qui io lfstm istæ cfo bkstrkhukbm. Istfcms nmjvijnkbms bi qui jm sþom tijbrãfcms qui kjnricijtfr juistrm lfstm ij ibunfnkþj, ibunfnkþj, ioivfr io prisupu pr isupuistm istm eibirfo y oms bi b i oms istfbms ij cftirkf cftirkf ibunftkvf, skjm sk jm fbicæs fbicæs bkrklkrom cigmr. Rijbrãfcms qui ijnmjtrfr uj cigmr hfofjni prisupuistfo. Yj iqukokhrkm qui pircktkirf pircktkirf -ij - ij io lfstm lfstm lomhfo lomhfo-- kjvirtkr cæs cæs ij nfpfnktfnkþj bmnijti bmnijti y ij kjerfistru kjerfistruntu nturf rf isnmofr, isnmo fr, fo tkicpm qui mhtuvkirf cigmris sfofrkms pfrf oms cfistrms. Tirm, qui ij io hfofjni lomhfo, of pfrtkbf bistkjfbf f sfofrkms euirf „prmpmrnkmjfoc „prmpmrn kmjfocijt ijti-c i-cijmr. ijmr. Is binkr -fujqui -fujqui suiji suiji nmjtrfbkntmrkmnmjtrfbkntmrkm- pfl pf lfrois froi s cigmr cigmr f oms o ms bmnijtis, bmnijtis, pirm lfstfr cijms cijms ij sfofrkms. sfofr kms. Istm sþom is pmskhoi pms khoi sk s k nucpokcms nucpokcms of citf citf fnmrbfbf nmj of MJY (Citfs bio Ckoijkm) bi fucijt fucijtfr fr fo 0 pmr nkijtm nkijtm bio TKH, TKH, io pmrnijtfgi bistkjfbm f of ibunfnkþj i bunfnkþj ij su nmjgujtm. (Uir Rfhof 64) RFHOF ;
Lfstm ibunftkvm ibunftkvm pmr pm r istu is tubkfjti bkfjti nmcpfrfbm nmcpfrfbm nmj io bisic bis icpiöm piöm bi oms istu istubkfjt bkfjtis is bi 69 föms bi ibfb, TK^F 8445 Ãjbkni ^kjtëtknm bi TK^F 954 9244 92 9844 98 204 Xip. Isomvfnf
65
9444 Tmomjkf 94 Nmrif Ekjofjbkf Nfjfbæ Juivf Wiofjbf Gfpþj Fustrfokf Istmjkf Tfãsis Hfgms Hëolknf Foicfjkf Krofjbf Kro fjbf Xip.N`inf Xi p.N`inf Isomvijkf Xikjm Yjkbm ^uinkf @ujlrãf Xuskf Tmrtulfo
2544 25
Erfjnkf Ispföf Ktfokf Lrinkf Bkjfcfrnf ^ukzf Fustrkf Ksofjbkf Jmruilf
Is kc k cprisnkj prisnk jbkhoi nrifr y pmjir pmjir ij i j præntknf istrftilkfs kjtilrfois kjtilrfois qui nmjtic nmjticpoij poij c÷otkpois c÷otkpois vfrkfhois vfrkfh ois y ioicijtms prmpkms bi nfbf jfnkþj. Of nofvi no fvi is ijtijbir ijtijbir qui io ëxktm bi oms o ms pfãsis pfã sis jm si ckbi cæs ij tërckjms tërckjms bio kjlrism kjlrism pir næpktf n æpktf m bio TKH, skjm ij sus vijtfgfs nmcpitktkvfs y su nfpfnkbfb bi fbfptfnkþj y lijirfnkþj bi nfchkms. Oms pfãsis ‟cuistrfj `my uj cfymr kjtirës ij silukr fprijbkijbm nþcm nrifr jkviois bi bisicpiöm cæs fotm fo tm y nþcm nþcm ribu ri bunkr nkr of efotf bi iqukbfb–. (0) Ij risucij, oms pfræcitrms bi cibknkþj kjtirjfnkmjfo -y tfchkëj oms bi ivfoufnkþj jfnkmjfokjbknfj7 hfgm rijbkckijtm, bisirnkþj ticprfjf, efotf bi nmcpitktkvkbfb -y pimr f÷j- lijirfnkmjis nmcpoitfs nmj kjnmcpitijnkfs istrunturfois. Is urlijti, nmcm siöfofj c÷otkpois mrlfjkzfnkmjis y nijtrms bi istubkm ij Cëxknm, fpoknfr cibkbfs f emjbm pfrf nmrrilkr istfs bisvkfnkmjis. 224 N`koi 284 244 Cëxknm
Of isnuiof isn uiof y io prmnism pr mnism bi ijsiöfjzf-fpri ijsiöfjzf-fprijbkz jbkzfgi fgi `fj suerkbm suerkbm sijskhois sijskho is cmbkeknfnkmjis ij ofs bënfbfs rinkij rinki jtis. Fquã Fquã ois o is prisijt pr isijtfc fcms ms uj rilkstrm bi ioofs. io ofs. >04 Hrfsko 4 84 24 54 04 644 684 624 654 Lfstm ibunftk ibunf tkvm vm fnucuofbm fnucuofbm pmr istubkfjti, 6 444 444 bþofris istf istfbmu bmujk jkbijsis bijsis (TT (TTF) F) Jmtf7 Istf eklurf cuistrf io ãjbkni skjtëtknm bi TK^F, io nufo nmchkjf oms risuotfbms ij of isnfof bi ointurf, cfticætknfs y nkijnkfs f trfvës bi uj efntmr bi fjæoksks. Euijti7 MNBI (844;), MINB Inmjmckn Inmjmckn ^urviys7 ^u rviys7 Cixknm, MNBI, Tfrks.
Ij sucf, uj prmeujbm trfhfgm bi kjlijkirãf ekjfjnkirf is jinisfrkm pfrf kjnricijtfr, rimrlfjkzfr y ribkstrkhukr ribks trkhukr io lfstm ibunftkvm jfnkmjfo. jfnkmjfo. Tirm of nmjnouskþj cæs prmeujbf f of qui ooilf of MNBI, nmj tmbms istms pfræcitrms nmcpfrftkvms ijtri ijtri oms o ms pfãsis pfã sis ckichrms ckichrms y of ixpirkijnkf pfrtknuofr ij nfbf ujm ujm bi iooms, i ooms, nmjsksti ij qui qui ofs pmoãtknfs p÷hoknfs, p÷hokn fs, ftkjfbfs m bisbkhugfbfs, jm bfj risuotfbms pmr sã smofs. sm ofs. RFHOF 64
6<
Bkstrkhunkþj bio Lfstm Trisupuistfo Ibunftkvm ij Cëxknm nf T ã t u O m 8
BkeirijnkfsiBunftkvfs <.0% Cftirkfo Bkbæntknm Kjvirskþj Nfpktfo Cftirkfo Bkbæntknm Kjvirskþj Nfpktfo >4 >4% % Kjerfistrunturf Nfpfnktfnkþj bmnijti
;8.8% <4% Trisupuistm Trisupu istm ij ^fofrkms ^fofrk ms Trisupu Tr isupuistm istm ij ^fofrkms ^fofrk ms Lfstm tmtfo7 5.<% TKH Lfstm tmtfo7 0% TKH Euijti7 Oms futmris f pfrtkr bi kjtilrfnkþj bi bftms (MNBI, ^IT)
F o pfsm pfs m bio tkicpm, tkicpm, oms sksticfs sksticfs ibunftkvms ij io cujbm cujbm si nijtrfrmj nijtrfrmj ij, om qui si nriãf, nri ãf, irf ir f of citmbmomlãf y vkskþj fbinufbfs pfrf omlrfr istubkfjtis nmj ujf sþokbf pripfrfnkþj y uj pfquiti pfquiti cuy cuy fcpokm fcpokm bi nmjmnkc n mjmnkckijt kijtms. ms. Of Of eþrcuof eþrcuof nmjskstãf nmjskstãf ij qui qui ckijtrfs ckijtrfs cæs cæs nmjmnkckijt nmjmnkckijtms ms pmsif io istubkfjt istubkfjti, i, cigmr. cigmr. M f÷j cæs cæs ispinãeknm, ispinã eknm, ijtri ijtri cæs cæs nmjmnkckijt nmjmnkckijtms ms bi cæs cæs bkvirsfs bkvir sfs cftirkfs, cftirkfs, istfrãf cigmr pripfrfbm pfrf bisfrrmoofrsi prmeiskmjfocijti. Oms nfc nf chkms bio pfsfbm fo prisijti `fj `fj skbm prmeu pr meujbms, jbms, ij of emrcf emrcf bi vkbf, ij i j of mrlfjkzfnkþj mrlfjkzfnkþj bi ofs smnkibfbis smnkibf bis „kjnou „k jnousmsm- ij i j ofs fntkvkbfbis fntkvk bfbis prmeiskmjfois p rmeiskmjfois bi cfymr bicfjbf. bicfjbf. ^kj ichfrlm, ichfrlm, juistrms juistrms sksticfs ibunftkvms `fj pircfjinkbm, pmr binkr om cijms, fjnofbms ij io pfsfbm, nmj ujf pirspintkvf pirspin tkvf rãlkbf y istætknf istætknf bi om qui oms gþvijis bihij fprijbir y bi oms cëtmbms cëtmbms y of emrcf emrcf ij nþcm bihij `fnirom. Ckijtrfs qui of smnkibfb nfchkf y si rivmounkmjf f viomnkbfbis kjsmspin`fbfs -jmsmtrms, ij ofs isnuiofs- silukcms hfsfjbm juistrms sksticfs, prmlrfcfs, cëtmbms bkbæntknms y pibflþlknms ij ujf nmcujkbfb y ij pirekois bi istubkfjtis qui `my smj isijnkfocijti bkstkjtms. Rfo viz ujm bi oms lrfjbis nfchkms nmjsksti ij of nmcprijskþj bi of isnuiof nmcm ujf ujkbfb prmbuntkvf, lijirfbmrf bi nmjmnkckijtm y ijofzfbf bi emrcf pircfjijti fo cujbm lomhfo. F bkeirijnkf bio pfsfbm, nufjbm ofs isnuiofs si nmjnihãfj nmcm nmcm uj ujkbfbis kbfbis fksofbfs, fkso fbfs, ij ofs qui su trfhfgm, bisic bis icpiöm piöm y ieintkvkbfb si cibãf sþom nmjtrf sã ckscf, y ivijtufocijti, nmjtrf mtrms pofjtiois bio ckscm nmjtixtm, rilkþj, istfbm m lrfbm. Oms sksticfs sksticfs bi ibunfnkþj p÷hoknf `fj istfhoinkbm pmr föms, skstic sk sticfs fs bi nmcpfrfnkþj y pfræcitrms bi ivfoufnkþj, skj ichfrlm jujnf ‟nfbijfs– m ijofnis ij XIB qui pircktfj pircktfj f ofs isnuiofs is nuiofs nmcpfrtkr nmcpfrtkr ixpirkijnkfs. Of isnuiof bio sklom PPK istæ ist æ oofcfbf f sir io i o isofhþj y io cibkm bi ijofni cibkfjti io nufo, io gmvij ist ubkfjti si nmjinti fo cujbm.
Ij oms sklukijtis nufbrms ois prisijtfcms ujf nmcpfrfnkþj ij io tkicpm bi of ivmounkþj ibunftkvf. Oms nmjniptms y vkskmj vkskm jis qui privfoinã pri vfoinãfj fj ij of ibunfnkþj bio sklom s klom PP ij nmjtrfsti nmjtrfsti nmj om qui 60
vkvkcms ij io sklom PPK. Io trfhfgm trfhfg m is bi Fj Fjbrifs brifs ^n`ofn`ir, ^n`ofn`ir, Bkrintmr Bkri ntmr bi Cibknkþj ibunftkvf bi of MNBI. MNBI. (;) TF^FBM Oulfr bi Fprijbkzfgi Io fprijbkzfgi si sktufhf y istfhoinãf ij uj oulfr, bijtrm bi uj emrcftm y ujf istrunturf7 of I^NYIOF. Trmlrfcfs y ticfrkms Oms vkigms sksticfs ibunftkvms sustijtfhfj su istrunturf ij c÷otkpois prmlrfcfs y ticfrkms, rinitfs qui oms prmeismris pr meismris bihãfj bi hãfj nucpokr nucpokr nfhfocijti nfhfocijti pfrf sir ivfoufbms nmcm fniptfhois. Of citf citf irf nucpokr io ticfrkm skj kcpmrtfr cun`m quë si fprijbãf, skjm cæs hkij ij quë si kcpfrtãf. Kjstrunnkþ Kjstrunnkþj7 j7 nmjmnkc nm jmnkckijtm kijtm ijtrilfbm TXI^IJRI Fntkvkbfbis bi fprijbkzfgi @my sfhicms y vkvkcms nmj io nmjmnkckijtm nofrm bi qui io FTXIJBKWFGI is ujf fntkvkbfb, qui si rifokzf rifo kzf tmbm io tkicpm, tkicpm, ij tmbm oulfr, oulfr, skj s kj ispfnkms ekgms m bitirckjfbms. bitirckjfbms. Fprijbij cæs oms o ms jköms jfvilfjbm ij Kjtirjit, ij su nfsf, qui ij io pupktri bio sfoþj bi nofsi. Trmeismr Kjemrcfbm Oms juivms juivms y cmbirjms cmbirjms skstic sks ticfs fs husnfj ekgfr ekgfr nrktirkms nrktirk ms y pfræcitrms pfræcitrms fnirnf fnir nf bi ofs `fhkokbfbis `fhkok bfbis bi oms istubkfjtis. Is cæs kcpmrtfjti om qui puibij `fnir, qui om qui ‟sfhij– m ripktij bi cicmrkf. Io nfchkm nfchkm is prmviir f oms prmeismris bi b i `irrfckijt `irrfckijtfs fs pfrf pfr f omlrfr fouc f oucjms jms nmj `fhkok `fhkokbfbis. bfbis. FOY FOYCJM^ CJM^ NMJ NMCTIRIJNKF^. NMCTIRIJNKF^. Nmjmnkckijtm Nmjmnkckijtm lijirfbm pmr io usufrk usufrkmm TF^FBM Kjstrunnkþj7 nmjmnkckijtm ijtrilfbm Irf cæs kcpmrtfjti ripitkr y cicmrkzfr oms nmjtijkbms qui ijtijbiroms. Rmbm si hfsfhf ij of trfjsckskþj bio nmjmnkckijtm. Io prmeismr nmcm kjstruntmr. Yjkemrckbfb-Nmjemrckscm Rmbms oms istubkfjtis istubkfhfj y fskstãfj f isnuiofs pfrf fprijbir nmj cëtmbms y sksticfs cuy skckofris. Of citf irf of istfjbfrkzfnkþj ibunftkvf y of nmjemrckbfb. Nijtrfbm ij of ijsiöfjzf Istfhf hfsfbm ij oms prmlrfcfs y mhgitkvms, ij su nucpokckijtm y of ivfoufnkþj. Of okstf bi cftirkfs bio istubkfjti, su nurrãnuof bi fskljfturfs irf om kcpmrtfjti. Trisupuistms TXI^IJRI Nmjmnkckijtm lijirfbm pmr io usufrkm Io cujbm cmbirjm bicfjbf uj kjbkvkbum pripfrfbm pfrf lijirfr lij irfr su prmpkm nmjmnkckijt nmjmnkckijtm. m. Of hfsi is pripfrfroms pripfrf roms pfrf io i o futmfprijbkzfgi. futmfprijbkzfgi. Io prmeismr pr meismr nmcm nmcm 6;
efnkoktfbmr. Bkvirskbfb-Kjlijkmsm Io ritm bi `my is fniptfr y prmcmvir of nrinkijti bkvirskbfb nmj præntknfs pibflþlknfs bkeirijnkfbfs. ^i trftf bi kjnijtkvfr of nriftkvkbfb, io bisfrrmoom bio kjlijkm. ^i trftf bi nmjstrukr ixpirkijnkfs ibunftkvfs pirsmjfokzfbfs. Foucjms riluofris qui bisnuhrij y ixpomtfj tfoijtms ixtrfmrbkjfrkms. Nijtrfjbm ij io fprijbkzfgi F`mrf F` mrf si hfsf hfs f ij om qui io fouc fo ucjjm fprijbi, fpr ijbi, nþcm nþcm om fprijbi y smhritmbm, nþcm om fpoknf fpo knf y pmji pmji ij præntknf, nþcm kjvijt kjvijtff y bisfrrmoof bisfrr moof juivfs emrc emrcfs fs pfrf cmbkeknfr cmbkeknfr,, fbfptfr, rinrifr m cmbirjkzfr cmbirjkzfr om fprijbkbm. Xisuotfbms TF^FBM Oulfr bi Fprijbkzfgi Oms vkigms vk igms sksticfs sksticfs hurmnrætknms pmjãfj su ftijnkþj ftijnkþj ij oms rinursms pfrf pf rf isnuiofs is nuiofs y fntkvkbfbis. Tfrf Tf rf quë fonfjzfhf, fonfjzfhf, nuæjtms nuæjtms tfooiris m quë ofhmrftmrkms. ofhmrftmrk ms. Listkþj Isnmofr ^i `kzm `kjnfpkë `kjnfpkë ij of listkþj y fbckjkstrfnkþj fbckjkstrfnkþj isnmofr, isnmof r, ij io cfjigm bi prmeismris, pr meismris, ij io mrbij kjstktunkmjfo. T÷hoknf nmjtrf Trkvfbf ^i nmjskbirfhf nmjskbirf hf io jkvio smnkmnuot smnk mnuoturfo urfo y inmjþcknm inmjþcknm nmc n mcmm uj mhstænuom mhstænuom pfrf io fprijbkzfgi. Of nuoturf y io mrklij nmcm mhstænuom bi kjtilrfnkþj y iqukbfb. TXI^IJRI Fntkvkbfbis bi fprijbkzfgi @my of pmoãtknf pmo ãtknf bihi bih i ekgfr su ftijnkþj ftijnkþj ij oms ilrisfbms nfc nf chkfjbm of ftij f tijnkþj nkþj bio kjt k jtirkmr irkmr y of istruntu istrunturf bio b io skstic s ksticff ibunftkvm, fo ixtirkmr ixtirkmr,, fo cirnfbm, f of o f smnkibfb, smnk ibfb, io sklukijt sklukijtii cfistrm cfistrm y of sklukijti isnuiof. Lijirfjbm ribis bi kjjmvfnkþj. Okbirfzlm ibunftkvm @my of ckrf istæ ij io fpmym, of nfpfnktfnkþj, ivfoufnkþj y io bisfrrmoom bi cfistrms nmj nfokbfb, nmcm nmoucjf virtihrfo bio sksticf. T÷hoknf nmjtrf Trkvfbf Oms skstic sk sticfs fs ibunftkvms nmj cigmris cigmris risuotfbms, nfpktfokzfj nfpktfok zfj of bkvirsk bk virskbfb bfb bi oms o ms ibunfjbms. Of Of bkvirskbfb jm is vkstf nmcm uj prmhoicf skjm nmcm uj pmtijnkfo ij of smnkibfb bio nmjmnkckijtm. Of nuoturf y io mrklij nmcm nfpktfo y ioicijtm kjtilrfbmr ij iqukbfb. cujbm nmjticpmræjim y qui lijirf ilrisfbms `æhkois, eoixkhois fo nfchkm, nmj fptktubis c÷otkpois pfrf bisijvmovirsi bisi jvmovirsi ij io æchktm æchktm ofhmrfo. ofhmrfo . Io ritm r itm bio eutu euturm rm rfbknf r fbknf ij cmbkeknfr cmbkeknfr oms sksticfs sksticfs ibu ib unftkvms pfrf pf rf rispmjbir r ispmjbir f ofs o fs bicfjbfs bicfjbfs bi uj ujff smnkibfb cmbirjf. Mtrms pfãsis om `fj `in`m, ½pmr quë jmsmtrms jm= Jm si trftf bi prmbunkr prmbunkr cigmris cëbknms, cëbknms, fhml fh mlfbms fbms m kjlijkirms, kjlijkirms, nuyf nuyf jiniskbfb smnkfo smnk fo jfbki 84
nuistkmjf nuistkmjf jk f`mrf jk ij io eutu euturm. Jm si s i trftf bi prmbunkr ofs o fs ckscfs ckscfs `fhkokbfbis, `fhkok bfbis, nfpfnkbfbis nfpfnkbf bis y tfoijtms. ^ilukr pmr of ckscf rutf ibunftkvf -skljkeknf ij sãjtisks- bmtfr fo gmvij bi `irrfckijtfs mhsmoitfs ij io cujbm rifo7 iqukpfrom pfrf uj cujbm qui yf jm ixksti. Of Ibunfnkþj bio sklom PPK nmjsksti cun`m cæs ij fnucuofr fnucuofr y riprmbunkr nmjtijkbms ispinãeknms bi cuy bkvirsfs cftirkfs y fskljfturfs. Yj istubkfjti bi `my puibi rismovir eænkocijti nufoqukir ixfcij nmjvijnkmjfo isnmofr ij silujbms nmj of fyubf bi uj tioëemjm niouofr nmj nmjixkþj f Kjtirjit. ½Vuë jms bkni istm= ½Vuë ois bkni f ustibis, siömris prmeismris y bmnijtis= ^il÷j of MNBI istms nfchkms smj krrivirskhois y istæj ij cfrn`f ij cun`ms pfãsis bio cujbm. Mjtfrkm, Mj tfrkm, Nfjfbæ, is uj nofrm igicpom bi of o f ÷otkc ÷o tkcff nftilmrãf7 pirsmjfs bi bkeirijtis bkeirijtis nuoturfs, nuoturfs, mrãlijis mrãlijis y oijlufs (erfjnës i kjloës) smj nfpfnis bi ritrmfokcijtfr oms sksticfs, y nmjvkvkr bi emrcf ijrkquinibmrf, pfnãeknf y cuy prmbuntkvf. Io nrktirkm bio ëxktm yf jm is of cigmrf bi oms istæjbfris jfnkmjfois, nmcm io TKH pir næpktf, of prmbunnkþj bi citfois citfois m bi pitrþoim, itnëtirf, skjm oms skstic sk sticfs fs ibunftkvms nmj cigmr bisic bi sicpiöm. piöm. Istm qukiri qukiri binkr, binkr , qui of ibunfnkþj rispmjbi f oms bisfeãms bio bi o Vui of kjemrcfnkþj kjemrcfnkþj istæ f`ã, qui oms bftms, ofs nkerfs y oms föms smj sm j eænko eænkois is bi ijnmjtrfr ijnmjtrfr pmrqui is kj k jemrcfnkþj emrcfnkþj rilkstrfbf y nftfomlfbf, nftfomlfbf, omnfokzfhoi. Tirm sk s k om o m qui quiricms quiricms is qui ju juistrms istu is tubkfjt bkfjtis is sifj s ifj cæs cæs `æhkois, `æhkoi s, okstms ok stms y pripfrfbms pripfrf bms qui uj tioëemjm niouofr nmjintfbm f of rib, tijbricms qui pripfrfroms y `fhkoktfroms pfrf nrifr, fbfptfrsi, sir eoixkhois y nmcpfrtkr nmjmnkckijtm i kjemrcfnkþj. Ij io cujbm nfchkfjti ij io qui vkvkcms, of ‟Fobif Lomhfo– prmeitkzfbf pmr Cfrs`fo Cnou`fj (64), tmbm om qui nmjmnicms y ijtijbicms `my nmcm juistrf prmpkibfb kjtiointufo, siræ uj hkij bi eænko fnnism pfrf tmbms ij io euturm. Yj ‟nmcmbkty– bknij oms cirnfbþomlms. Of kcprijtf prmbugm cftirkfois qui bkeujbkirmj io nmjmnkckijtm y om okhirfrmj bi isnrkhfs y fcfjuijsis. Io vfomr is nrifbm nfbf viz cijms bi emrcf virtknfo ij of isnfof pkrfckbfo bi mrbij y nmjtrmo y nfbf cæs bi emrcf `mrkzmjtfo pmr qukijis si nmjintfj y trfhfgfj ijtri sã. Om ckscm sunibi nmj istf rivmounkþj tinjmoþlknf bi bkspmsktkvms cþvkois, qui oi pirckti „f uj istubkfjt istubkfjtii bi ibunfnkþj cibkfcibkf- tijir tijir fnnism f nnism f oms o ms bftms cæs smekstknfbms y ioivfbms, ij nuistkþj nuistkþj bi silujbms. Oms ixktmsms nfsms nfs ms bi oms sktkms bi Kjtirj Kjtirjit it qui `fj `fj nmjvirtkbm nmjvirtkbm ij s÷hktms s÷hk tms ckoo ckoomjfrkms mjfrkms f gþvijis nriftkvms, smj uj uj nofrm igic ig icpom pom bi istm. Ofs Ofs kbifs k bifs jm surlkirmj surlkirmj bi lrfjbis nmrpmrfnkmjis nmrpmrfnk mjis y nmstmsfs nmstmsfs hurmnrfnkfs bi kj k jlij lijkirã kirãf, f, skjm bi cijt cijtis is nriftkvfs, nriftkvfs , mrklkjfois qui husnfrmj husnfrmj rispuistfs f prmhoicfs prmhoicfs nmjticpmræjims y trfhfgfrmj ij iqukpm bi emrcf kjbipijbkijti. Tfrf jmsmtrms, skicpri eui uj ckstirkm of efhrknfnkþj bi ofs hmchfs junoifris, ijtijbãfcms io prkjnkpkm bi euskþj ftþcknf ftþcknf bi Ikjstikj, pirm jm nmcprijbãfc nmcprijbãfcms ms io prmnism pr mnism bi urfjkm ijrkquinkbm. ijrkquinkbm. 86
@my, sk om husnfcms ij Kjtirjit, ij 69 ckjutms tijicms ujf oinnkþj nmcpoitf y fcpokf bio ticf, ixpuistf ixpu istf pmr eãsknms foicfjis, foicfjis, hrktæjknms, h rktæjknms, fcirknfjms y rusms. Xinmrbicms Xinmrbicms io nfsm bio nrifbmr bi Efnihmma Efni hmma Cfra Cfra Wuna Wunairhir irhirll, gmvij gmvi j ujkvirsktfrkm ujkvirsktfrkm qukij f su nmrtf ibfb omlrþ o mlrþ nrifr uj sksticf sksticf nmcujknfnkmjfo nmcujknfnkmjfo bi rib ujkvirs ujkvirsfo fo qui rivmounkmjþ pmr nmcpoitm of nmcu nmcujknfnkþj `uc `ucfjf. fjf. M io nfsm nfs m bi Jkna @foiy bi 60 föms, kjvktfbm pmr Fppoi f bksiöfr bk siöfr of nfc n fcpföf pföf pfrf io ofjzfc ofjzfckijt kijtmm cuj cujbkfo bkfo bio kT`mji. kT`mji. @foiy rifokzþ uj uj fjuj fjujnkm nkm puhoknktfrkm puhoknk tfrkm bisbi su nfsf nmj iqukpm rubkcijtfrkm qui suhkþ f of rib. Ij pmnms bãfs `fhãf skbm vkstm pmr 2 ckoomjis bi pirsmjfs y of lijti bi Fppoi om eui f husnfr pfrf kjvktfrom f trfhfgfr nmj iooms. Io ritm y bisfeãm bi of ibunfnkþj is `my prmcmvir y emrtfoinir7 • Juivfs emrcfs bi pijsfckijtm • Juivfs emrcfs bi istubkm • Juivfs `irrfckijtfs y cinfjkscms bi trfhfgm Ij mtrfs pfofhrfs, mhsirvfcms uj nfchkm nmjtkjum, kcpfrfhoi i kjnousm kcpirniptkhoi, bi uj cujbm bi fnnkmjis ij of hmosf bi vfomris, nmj io nmjmnkckijtm istfjnfbm y nmjtijkbm ij folujf kjbustrkf m eæhrknf, f uj cujbm bmjbi bmjbi io nrinkijt nrink ijtii pmbir bi ofs of s nmcujknfnkmjis nmcujknfnkmjis y io eougm bi ofs o fs nmofhmrf n mofhmrfnkmjis nkmjis si kjnricijtf y si bkspirsf f of smnkibfb fhkirtf, nrifjbm om qui `my si nmjmni nmcm of ^mnkibfb bio Nmjmnkckijtm. • Of nfpfnkbfb bi vkvkr ij uj cujbm cuotkefnëtknm y bkvirsm, bmjbi bihicms fntufr nmcm nkubfbfjms rispmjsfhois • Juivfs y cuy bkvirsfs cfjirfs bi ixprisfrjms, nmcujknfrjms y riofnkmjfrjms Isti prmnism bi nfchkm is tfj trfsnijbijti i kcpmrtfjti qui om nmcpfrfcms nmj of kcprijtf bi Lutijhirl. Of rivmounkþj bio nmjmnkckijtm qui prmvmnþ io kjvijtm bio kjlijkirm foicæj, tirckjþ nmj of Ibfb Cibkf y io nmjmnkckijtm nmjnijtrfbm ij fhfbãfs y cmjfstirkms. • Of nrifnkþj bi ujf ftcþseirf bklktfo ij of isnuiof y ij sus fuofs Io bisfeãm prkcmrbkfo pfrf of ibunfnkþj, is qui of pirsmjf sif nfpfz bi lijirfr i kjnijtkvfr su pmtijnkfo pmtijnkfo ij i j tmbms oms æchktms, æchktms, nmj tmbfs tmbfs sus nufokbfbis y pinuokfr pinuokfrkbfbis. kbfbis. Rmbm ioom io om -nofrm-no frm- pfrf pfr f sftksefnir kjqu k jqukitu kitubis bis y jiniskbfbis kjbkvkbufois, pirm pir m ispinkfo ispi nkfoc cijti, ijti, pmrqu pmrq ui io cirnfbm, of rifokbfb rifo kbfb -y ij ÷otkcf ÷otkcf kj k jstfjnkf stfjnkf io cujbmcujbm- si om o m vf f bicfjbfr. bicfjbfr. ^k oms ilrisfbms bi ibunfnkþj cibkf cibkf ij io euturm, smj nfpfnis bi nmjtkjufr sus istubkms fo tkicpm qui fprmvin`fj su pmtijnkfo y tfoijtm pfrf futmicpoifrs futmicpoifrsi, i, pfrf lijirfr lijirfr sus prmpkms prmpkm s cibkms cibkms bi bisfrrmo bis frrmoom om y nrinkckijt nrinkckijtmm prmeiskmjfo, oi ibunfnkþj `fhræ `fhræ sirvkbm s irvkbm su prmpþsktm y nmjtrkhukbm nmjtrkhukbm f pripfrfr pripfr fr f kjbkvkbums y pirsmjfs pirsmjfs pfrf pfr f io cujbm rifo. Oms bmnijtis istæj oofcfbms f fbmptfr, nmcprijbir y prmcmvir istfs juivfs emrcfs bi pijsfckijtm y bi oijlu oijlufgi, f kj k jnmrpmrfroms nmrpmrf roms f sus skstic sk sticfs fs bi ijsiöfjzf ijsiöfjzf y f nrifr istf ‟ftcþseirf ‟ftcþseirf bkl bk lktfo– ij i j of isnuiof. ½Ij quë nmjsksti= Ij prmcmvir of kjtirnmjixkþj, ij kcpuosfr io usm bi bkspmsktkvms, nmcputfbmrfs, Kjtirjit, fntkvkbfbis y sinuijnkfs bkbæntknfs qui kjnouyfj y nmjticpoij istfs `irrfckijt `irrfckijtfs. fs. Of isnuiof, jm is cæs ujf ujf ksof k sof bisnmjintfbf bi of o f rifokbfb rif okbfb,, qui vi oms o ms `in`ms nmj io 88
bkstfjti bkstfjti nftfoigm nftfoig m bi of o f fnfbic fnfbi ckf. Of isnuiof istæ ij io nijt n ijtrm rm bi of smnkibfb, s mnkibfb, bi juistrfs juistrfs nmcujkbfbis, ijnmjtrfjbm y rispmjbkijbm f prmhoicfs rifois bi juistrm ijtmrjm. Istm is of pirtkjijnkf7 pirtkjijnkf7 qu q ui of isnu isn uiof rispmjbf ri spmjbf f oms kjtirrmlfjt kjtirrmlfjtis is nmtkbkfjms bi oms gþvijis g þvijis bi `my, `my, f om qui sunibi ij sus vkbfs, f om qui pfsf ij su ijtmrjm. Oms gþvijis gþ vijis bihij vkvkr of o f isnuiof, nmc n mcmm uj ujff ixpirkijnkf riviofbmrf rivi ofbmrf,, qui oms ijofzf, nmjintf, nmjintf, riofnkmjf y pmji ij nmjtfntm, nmj io cujbm nmjticpmræjim. ½[ bi quë emrcf si nmjstruyij isms vãjnuoms vãjnuoms y ofzms= Nmj io oijlu oijlufgi bi of o f cmbirjkbfb, cmbirjkbfb, nmj n mj io oijl oi jlufgi ufgi bio sklom PPK7 PPK7 io bklktfo. ^ë qui prmeismris y cfistrms bi zmjfs rurfois m nmcujkbfbis piquiöfs rispmjbiræj ½nþcm om `flm sk ij ck isnuiof jk io bkrintmr tkiji nmcputfbmrf= Rijicms qui ijnmjtrfr rispuistfs y smounkmjis. Rfo viz nmj io Triskbijti Cujknkpfo bi of nmcujkbfb, tfo viz `fnkijbm ujf nmointf ijtri oms nmcirnkms bi of zmjf, tfo viz mrlfjkzfjbm ujf rkef. Tirm ujf isnuiof qui `my jm istæ nmjintfbf fo cujbm, qui jm tkiji ujf nmjixkþj bi Kjtirjit qui oi pircktf f oms gþvijis igirnktfr y `fnir trfhfgms i kjvistklfnkþj, pircfjini ij io pfsfbm. ^us ilrisfbms siræj koitrfbms ij uj cujbm bklktfo. Istm pofjtif of kjtirrmlfjti qui `icms isnun`fbm ij cun`ms prmeismris7 ½quë `fnicms nmj ofs nmcputfbmrfs, oms niouofris -y f`mrf- ofs kTfbs ij nofsi= ½oms bihij fpflfr= ½smj bkstrfntmris= Jm istfcms ij of pmsknkþj bi merinir rinitfs jk smounkmjis lijërknfs pfrf tmbms oms cmbioms, isnuiofs m sksticfs. Istfcms nmjvijnkbms bi qui of ftcþseirf bklktfo ibunftkvf nmjtrkhuyi f of emrcfnkþj bi oms istubkfjt istubkfjtis is ij istf juivf juivf mof mo f tinjmoþlknf tinjmoþlknf qui om fhfrnf fhfr nf tmbm. Tirm, Tir m, ispinkfocij ispin kfocijti, ti, pmrqui kjnmrpmrf io oijlufgi nmtkbkfjm nmj io nufo si bisijvuiovij ij su ijtmrjm y su nmcujkbfb. Of isnuiof jm puibi sir uj ijti ijti sipfrfbm, sipfrfb m, bkstfj bks tfjti ti y fgijm f om qui vkvij bkfrkfc bkfrk fcijt ijtii pmrqui prmvmnf prm vmnf biskjt bis kjtirës, irës, fpftãf, efotf bi ftijnkþj y ekjfocijti, nmcm oms istubkms om bicuistrfj, bisirnkþj. Io igi ig i bi isti i sti fchkijti fchkijti bklktfo bklktfo sirãf sir ãf of o f kjnmrpmrfnkþj kjnmrpmrfnk þj bi isms cinfjksc cinfjkscms ms fo trfhfgm lrupfo, nmointkvm i kjbkvkbufo ij nofsi. Vui io prmeismr euirf nfpfz bi nmjstrukr sinuijnkfs bkbæntknfs, bkjæcknfs, bkjæcknfs, trfhfgms bi kj k jvistklfnkþj, vistklfnkþj, nmrrmhmrfn nmr rmhmrfnkþj kþj y nmcpfrfnk nmcpfrfnkþj þj bi euijt euijtis is nmj n mj io usm bi istms bkspmsktkvms. bkspms ktkvms. Istf sirãf s irãf of rispuistf fo fnirnfckij f nirnfckijtm tm y nmjstru nmjstrunnkþj nnkþj bi uj fchkijti fchkijti bklktfo. bklktfo. Ism Is m kcpoknf ijnijbir y utkokzfr oms fpfrftms ij nofsi. Trmhfhoicijti jm tmbm io tkicpm, tfo viz burfjti folujfs siskmjis y pfrf bitirckjfbfs fntkvkbfbis y bispuës bigfroms bi ofbm pfrf fhmrbfr mtrms ioicijtms ioicijtms bio prmnism pr mnism bi fprijbkzfgi. Rmbm istæ ij io prmeismr, pr meismr, ij of emrcf emrcf ij qui bksiöi ofs o fs fntkvkbfbis fo kjt k jtirkmr irkmr y ixtirkmr ixtirkmr bio b io sfoþj s foþj bi nofsi. no fsi. Xinmrbic Xinmr bicms ms qui tmbms istms kjstruc kjstrucijt ijtms ms y bkspmsktkvms, bkspms ktkvms, smj s mj sþom `irrfckijtfs irrfckijtfs -cuy -cuy pmbirmsfs- pirm sþom `irrfckijt `irrfckijtfs fs qui riqukirij bi uj nmjtijkbm. Of ftcþseirf bklktfo is ijtmjnis, io cujbm lomhfokzfbm i kjtirnmjintfbm fo kjtirkmr bi of isnuiof. F`ã sfhicms om qui pfsf bio mtrm ofbm bio cujbm, om bksnutkcms y fjfokzfcms. Tfrf uj istubkfjti bi `my, risuotf ris uotf cun` cun`mm cæs kjt k jtiri irisfjti sfjti ijtijbir ijtijbir quë pfsþ pfs þ ij Gfpþj G fpþj y pmr quë uj tirr tirric icmtm mtm prmvmn pr mvmnff uj tsujfc tsujfckk qui nfusf uj uj bisfstri junoifr junoifr.. Tfrf of nofsi bi limlrfeãf limlrfeãf risuotf r isuotf bi ijmrci ijmrci vfokbiz vfo kbiz istubkfr istubkfr io eijþjic eijþjicmm bisbi of sksc sk scmomlãf, momlãf, m bisbi bis bi of rfbkmfntkvkbfb rfbkmfn tkvkbfb ij eãsknf, nmj n mj of vkskþj vksk þj fntufo fntufo y nmjtic nmjticpmræjif. pmræjif. Iooms siræj cu cun`m cæs cæs riniptkvms r iniptkvms qui f ujf ujf nofsi no fsi tiþrknf tiþrk nf bi ofs isnfofs isnfo fs rkn`t r kn`tir ir y cirnfook irnfo ok ij fhstrfntm. 8>
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iOcfistrmysuvmnfnkþj ½Vuë is sir cfistrm= Of sklukijti prilujtf risuotf kjivktfhoi7 ½nþcm y pmr bþjbi icpizfr= ½Nþcm puibi uj skcpoi prmeismr bi isnuiof kjknkfr kjknkf r isi nfchkm ij su prmpkm sfoþj bi nofsis= nofsis = Icpinicms pmr of vmnfnkþj. ½Vuë is sir cfistrm= C fistrm is fquëo qui si bibknf emrcfo emrcfo y prmeiskmjfocijt prmeiskmjfocijtii f of o f ibunfnkþj, io qui si `f pripfrfbm pripfr fbm tënjknf y fnfbëcknfcijti pfrf nmjvirtkrsi ij prmeismr, ij trfjscksmr bio nmjmnkckijtm. Cfistrm is tfchkëj tfchkëj io qui bisicpiöf bisicpiöf ofhmris o fhmris ibunftkvfs ibunftkvfs bi pofjifnkþj po fjifnkþj y bksiöm bi prml prm lrfcfs, rfcfs, qukij si mnupf y si primnupf pmrqui oms istubkfjtis nucpofj nmj pofjis bi istubkm, fonfjnij mhgitkvms, nursij n ursij cftirkfs cftirkfs y mhtijl mhtijlfj fj nrëbktms y vfomrfnkmjis vfomrfnk mjis „ bi prieirij pri eirijnkfnkf- fprmhftmrkfs. fprmhftmrkfs . Cfistrm is qukij bkrkli ujf kjstktunkþj ibunftkvf, qukij ijnfhizf ujf mrlfjkzfnkþj bistkjfbf fo fprijbkzfgi bi jköms y gþvijis, is qukij nmmrbkjf y fjkc fjkcff io trfhfgm bi prmeismris nmj io mhgitkvm bi fonfjzfr citfs nmcujis, risuotfbms cigmris, foucjms bistfnfbms. @fstf fquã pmbrãf sir of biekjknkþj biekjknkþj cæs cæs ‟tënjknf– m prkcfrkf bio cfistrm, of cæs ioic io icijt ijtfo fo ij i j io cfrnm bi of ibunfnkþj emrc emrcfo, fo, isnmofr i snmofrkzfbf. kzfbf. ^kj ichfrlm, ichfrlm, io cfistrm bio sklom PPK istæ oofcfbm f ofhmris ofhmri s y tfrifs cuy supirkmris. Nkirtfcijt Nkirtfcijtii jm juivfs, juivfs, istæj prisijtis prisijtis bisbi b isbi io kjknkm bi b i oms o ms tkicpms y ij oms eujbfcijtms bi of vmnfnkþj cflkstirkfo, pirm ofcijtfhoicijti movkbfbfs y icpmovfbfs ij of rutkjf bkfrkf bi of ofhmr ibunftkvf. Cfistrm is fquëo qui emrcf pirsmjfs, qui trfjsemrcf siris `ucfjms fo prmvmnfr bubfs y nuistkmjfckijtms ij su fprijbkzfgi y su bisfrrmoom. Cfistrm is fqu fq uëo qui ijnkijbi ijnkijbi of n`kspf bio nmjmnkckijt nmjmnkckijtm, m, pirm pir m „ 29 „ jm pmr io nmjmnkckijtm ckscm, pmr of fnucuofnkþj bio bftm, skjm pmr io usm fntkvm bi of kjtioklijnkf, bi of nfpfnkbfb bi rfnkmnkjkm. Isf ouz qui hrkoof ij ofs pupkofs bi oms gþvijis nufjbm `fj nmcprijbkbm folm, nufjbm om `fj `in`m suym, nufjbm si nmjintfj nmj io prmeismr ij io igirnknkm bio fprijbkzfgi. Cfistrm is fquëo qui skichrf cun`m cæs qui of sickoof bio nmjmnkckijtm, bio `æhktm bi istubkm y bio fut f utmfprijbkzfgi. mfprijbkzfgi. Is io qu quii skic sk ichrf hrf vfomris vfo mris ujkvirsfois ij of emrcfnkþj emrcfnkþj bi of pirsmjf, qukij trfjsc trfjsckti kti nmj su vkvkr y su prmnibir „nmj „ nmj su igicpomigicpom- io fprijbkzfgi f prijbkzfgi bi of `mj `mjistkbfb, istkbfb, bi of o f virbfb, virb fb, bi of skjnirkbfb, bi of pourfokbfb, bi of tmoirfjnkf, bio rispitm, bi of cigmrãf y of supirfnkþj nmjstfjt nmjstfjti, i, bio fcmr fcmr f of pftrkf, pftrkf , bio nukbfbm y rispitm f oms cfymris, bio trftm nmrrintm nmr rintm y ftijtm ftijtm f of 82
pirsmjf bi nufoqukir nufoqukir nmj nm jbknkþj bknkþ j inmjþcknf, inmjþcknf, smnkfo smnk fo m nuoturfo. nuoturfo. pfrf pfr f oms tuyms, tuyms, pfrf tmbms qukijis qukijis ti rmbifj, f vir of rifokbfb y ijtijbirof, rieoixkmjfrof y fjfokzfrof pfrf pmbir tmcfr binkskmjis. Istfrë nmjtklm skicpri qui ci jinisktis, ti fpmyfrë ij tus h÷squibfs y ij tus fvijturfs. Io Cfistrm bio sklom PPK jm puibi nmjemrcfrsi nmj sir uj cirm trfjscksmr bi nmjmnkckijtms, nmj ‟ivfoufnkþj– futmcætknf bi ixfcij y irrmr, bi nfokeknfnkþj, trfhfgm y ixpmsknkþj. Io Cfistrm bisic bis icpiöf piöf uj pfpio eujbfc eujbfcijt ijtfo fo ij i j io bisfrrmoo bisf rrmoomm bi ofs smnkibfbis, smnkibf bis, is io prkc pr kcir ir y cæs cæs nirnfjm nmjtfntm nmj uj sir fgijm f of nfsf y of efckokf, is qukij nmjbuni y mrkijtf ij io nfckjm bio fprijbkzfgi. Is qukij cuistrf bisbi euirf bio ijtmrjm efckokfr, nmjlruijnkf m bksmjfjnkf nmj oms vfomris y nmjniptms fprijbkbms ij nfsf. Io vfomr bi of klufobfb, bi of iqukbfb „`my tfj bi cmbf- bi of nmrrispmjsfhkokbfb, smj fprijbkbms pmr jköms y gþvijis gþvijis ij su nfsf y trfjsc trfjscktkbms ktkbms pmr sus pfbris, pirm pir m trfsnijbijtic trfsnijbijticijt ijtii riemrzfbms, kjstfofbms y prmcmvkbms prmcmvkbms pmr su s us cfistrms ij io fuof. Of Mrlfjkzfnkþj Mrlfjkzfnkþj bi ofs o fs Jfnkmjis Jfnk mjis Yj Yjkbfs (MJY) (MJY) istfhoini i stfhoini qui io prmnism ibunftkvm ibunftkvm emrcfo emrcfo bihi istfr ijnfckjfbm y bksiöfbm pfrf nucpokr nmj nkjnm tfrifs eujbfcijtfois7 FTXIJBIX F FTXIJBIX Io Cfistrm si nmjvkirti ij folm cuy supirkmr fo cirm ‟trfjscksmr bi nmjmnkckijtms–. Is luãf, is nmjsigirm, is tutmr, is fcklm y nmjekbijti, is cmtmr lijirfbmr bio fprijbkzfgi y bio nmjmnkckijtm pirm smhritmbmsmhr itmbm- cmtkvfbmr cmtkvfbmr f of vkbf vk bf bio istubkfjti. istubkfjti. FTXIJBIX F ^IX FTXIJBIX F @FNIX FTXIJBIX F ICTXIJBIX - ½Vuë qukiris sir= „oi prilujtf io cfistrm fo foucjm- Jm om sfhis t÷ jk ym, pirm ti fyubfrë f bisnuhrkrom, ti nmjbunkrë pmr oms nfckjms msnurms bi of kljmrfjnkf y of kjsilurkbfb, pfrf ooivfrti f of ouz bi of nkijnkf, bi of ekomsmeãf, f of pfskþj bio oijlufgi, f of oþlknf bi of cfticætknf y of eãsknf, f of ijirlãf ijirlãf bi b i of `kstmrkf. Ri fy f yubfrë f ijnmjtrfrti ijnmjtrfrti f tk ckscm, ckscm, f bisnuhrkr tus tus emrtfoizfs y bihkokbfbis, bihkok bfbis, f bisfrrmoofr tus fptktubis, f nrinir ij tu cijti y ij tu ispãrktu, f tijir uj nmrfzþj lrfjbi pfrf qukijis cæs om o m jinisktij, f bisfrrmoo bisfr rmoofr fr cibkms bi nrinkc nrink ckijtm y hkijistfr hkijistfr pfrf pfr f tk y FTXIJBIX FTXIJBIX F NMJUKUKX ½Vukëj jm rinuirbf nmj fömrfjzf io cijsfgi prmeujbm bi uj prmeismr qui burfjti of prkcirf itfpf bi emrcfnkþj emrcfnkþj jms trfjsc trfjscktkþ ktkþ io vfomr bi of oifotfb= oifo tfb= Xisuotf Xisuotf kcpmskhoi movkbfr mo vkbfr fo prmeismr pr meismr qui jms jms cmstrþ cmstrþ nmj bksnkpokjf of nofrkbfb bio oijlufgi, bi of isnrkturf, bi of lrfcætknf y bi of mrtmlrfeãf -pirm cæs f÷j- qui jms jms ijsiöþ of o f kc k cpmrtfjnkf pmrtfjnkf bi ixprisfrj ixprisfr jms nmj prmpkibfb prmpk ibfb y nmrrinnkþj nmrr innkþj ij io usm bio oijlufgi oijlufgi y io kcpfntm qui ism tkiji ij oms bicæs. Fjþjkcm
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^ir cfistrm kcpoknf kcpoknf krruc krr ucpkr pkr ij of kjtkckbfb kjtkckbfb bi ofs o fs pirsmjfs, pir smjfs, kcprkckr kcprkckr uj sioom, sioo m, bigfr big fr ujf ujf `uioof `uioof,, fsuckr fsuckr io nmcprmcksm nmcprmcksm bi b i of trfsnijbijnkf trfsnijbijnkf bio igirnk ig irnknkm nkm ij of ijsiöfjzf. ijsiöfjzf. ‟^K VYKIXI^ UIX IO EXYRM BI RY RXFHFGM F YJ FÖM, ^KICHXF FXXMW. ^K VYKIXI^ UIX IO TXMBYNRM BI RY RXFHFGM F BKIW FÖM^, ^KICHXF YJ ÆXHMO. TIXM ^K VYKIXI^ UIX IO TXMBYNRM BI RY RXFHFGM TFXF RMBF OF UKBF, IBYNF F RY^ @KGM^–. Io Cfistrm „fsã, nmj cfy÷snuof- supirf pmr cun`m of trfjsckskþj bi nmjmnkckijtms, nmj io nukbfbm y bisfrrmoom bi ofs `fhkokbfbis bi of pirsmjf. Jm `fy tfrif cæs bkljf, cæs ioivfbf, cæs bioknfbf qui trfhfgfr ij of emrcfnkþj emrcfnkþj bi siris s iris `u `uc cfjms, bi sus vfomris, vfo mris, bi su istrunturf istrunturf cmrfo, cmrfo, bi su nfpfnkbfb nfpfn kbfb bi fprijbkzfgi nmjtkjum, nmjtkjum, bi su fbfptfnkþj f isnijfrkms isn ijfrkms nfchkfjtis, nfchkfjtis, bi su s u nfpfnkbfb bi rieoix ri eoixkþj kþj y fjæoksks bi of o f rifokbfb rif okbfb.. Cun`ms Cun`ms mtrms om `fj ixprisfbm ixprisfbm nmj cfymr cfymr prmeujbkbfb… prmeujbkbfb… Trmvirhkm Trmvir hkm N`kjm Io Cfistrm bio sklom PPK ijerij ijerijtf tf sirkfc sirk fcijt ijtii io ritm bi trfjsemrcfrsi, trfjsemrcfrsi, bi fhfjbmjfr io rmo hæsknm y prkcfrkm bi trfjscktkr trfjscktkr uj nmjmnkckijtm, nmjmnkckijtm, bi ‟ijsiöfr ck ck cftirkf–, cftirkf–, pfrf nmjvirt n mjvirtkrsi krsi ij i j uj uj futëj futëjtknm tknm ibunfbmr.
‟BKCI [ OM MOUKBM, IJ^ËÖFCI [ OM XINYIXBM, KJUMO×NXFCI [ OM FTXIJBM–. o prmeismr bigf bi sir io prmviibmr bi kjemrcfnkþj, pfrf nmjvirtkrsi nmjvirtkrsi ij io prmviibmr bi nmjtixtm,
bi vkskþj, vk skþj, bi kj k jtirpritfnkþj, bi prmnisfc prmn isfckijt kijtm, m, fjæoksks fjæoksk s y nmcprijskþj nmcprijskþj bi of rifokbfb rifo kbfb nkrnujbfjt nkrnujbfjti. i. Hijgfcãj Hijgfcãj Erfja Er fjaok okjj ‟IPNIOIJRI CFI^RXM I^ FVYËO VYI IJ^IÖFJBM TMNM, @FNI JFNIX IJ IO FOYCJM FOYCJM YJ YJ BI^IM BI^ IM LXFJBI BI FTXIJBIX–. FTXI JBIX–. Frturm Lrfe ‟OF^ NOF^I^ BIHKIXFJ ^IX FTF^KMJFJRI^, TIXM TFXF IOOM ^I XIVYKIXIJ TXMEI^MXI^ FTF^KMJFBM^–. Istf is of rupturf bio pfrfbklcf pfrfbklcf qui bisfeãf f of o f vmnfnkþj vmnfnk þj cflkstirkfo7 cflkstirkfo7 ½istmy ½istmy bkspuistm bkspuistm f bigfr big fr io pfpio nþcmbm y nmjemrtfhoi nmjemrtfhoi bi of okstf o kstf bi fskstij fsks tijnkf, nkf, bio ticfrkm, ticfrkm, bio ixfcij, ixfcij, bi oms trfhfgms ij iqukpm y of ixpmsknkþj kjbkvkbufo= ½Rijlm of euirzf, io vfomr y of nfpfnkbfb jinisfrkfs pfrf pripfrfr ck nofsi ij of bkrinnkþj qui io foucjm riqukiri y jinisktf y jm ij eujnkþj bi om qui `i vijkbm `fnkijbm tmbf of vkbf= ½Ci ftrivm f nmjsuotfr juivfs euijtis, husnfr bmnucijtms cæs cmbirjms, rijmvfr ck præntknf bmnijti, vfoirci bi `irrfckijtfs cæs fntufois y ieknkijtis pfrf merinir ujf nofsi ftrfntkvf, kjt k jtirisfjti irisfjti y rioivfj rioivf jti pfrf io gmvij nmjtic nmjticpmræjim= pmræjim= ^fn`f Luktry ‟IO VYI I^NXKHI IJ IO FOCF BI YJ JKÖM, I^NXKHI TFXF ^KICTXI–. ^k ofs rispuistfs f istfs kjtirrmlfjtis smj pmsktkvfs, ijtmjnis su vmnfnkþj is futëjtknf y lijukjf, ustib ustib prmeismr istæ lukfbm lukfbm pmr oms prkjnkpkms cæs prmeu pr meujjbms bi of pibflml pi bflmlãf ãf y of bkbæntknf, pmr p mr io 85
nmcprmcksm vktfo bi nucpokr nmj ujf eujnkþj isijnkfo ij of vkbf bi juivfs lijirfnkmjis7 IBYNF IBYNFX X. nf T ã t u O m 2
VukëjissmjjuistrmsfOucjms ^k istm i stm jm is fsã, fsã , ustib ustib nmjmni of o f rispuist ri spuistf. f. Istæ cuy cuy nirnf bio ritkrm, bi of nmjemrc nmjemrckbfb kbfb y bi `fnir ofs ‟nmsfs nmcm skicpri–. Husqui uj fskom, isnrkhf sus cicmrkfs y nmj suirti, fol÷j foucjm oifo om pfsfræ f vksktfr. Io bisfeãm bis feãm is ijmrci. ijmrci. ^i trftf bi vkvkr vk vkr f prmeujbkbfb prmeujbkbfb of vmnfnkþj vmn fnkþj ckscf ckscf bio IBYNF IBYNFBMX BMX, bi fsuckr io nmcprmcksm nmj ijtuskfscm, nfrköm, nmrfgi y ijtrilf eirvkijti f juistrf rispmjsfhkokbfb nmcm cfistrms. Tmr tmbm ioom is vktfo of rinupirfnkþj bio rmo bio cfistrm ij of smnkibfb nmjticpmræjif, is isijnkfo su trfjsemrcfnk trfjsemrcfnkþj þj y rivfomrfnkþj. Io cujbm nmjticpmræjim `f trfjsemrcfbm bi rfãz usms y nmstuchris qui pijsæhfcms kjfcmvkhois. [f oms fvfjnis tinjmoþlknms bio sklom PP `fhãfj bigfbm nofrf `uioof bio nfchkm ij of vkbf, io trfhfgm, of efckokf, io ijtritijkckijtm i kjnousm ij io fprijbkzfgi bio sir `ucfjm. ^kj ichfrlm of rfpkbiz nmj of qui ofs nmcujknfnkmjis `fj kcpoicijtfbm frtãnuoms i kjstrucijtms pfrf efnkoktfr m flkokzfr of nmcujknfnkþj `ucfjf, `f cmbkeknfbm bi emjbm ofs riofnkmjis ijtri ofs pirsmjfs, of emrcf ij qui fprijbij, nrinij, trfhfgfj, vkfgfj y si ijtritkijij. @my, ujf bi nfbf 0 pfrigfs qui nmjtrfgirmj cftrkcmjkm ij oms Istfbms Yjkbms ij 844<, si nmjmnkirmj pmr Kjtirjit. Kjtirjit. Tfrf io föm sklu sk lukijt kijtii eui eui ujf ujf bi nfbf 2, is binkr bi nkr io 89 pmr nkijtm. nkijtm. Ofs ujkmjis burfrmj, ij prmcibkm, 62 cisis. Yj fbmoisnijti prmcibkm ij Iurmpf, Istfbms Yjkbms m folujfs nkubfbis bi Cëxknm, isnun`fj c÷sknf ij su CT> CT> fo tkicpm tkicpm qui n`ftif n`ftif pmr su niouofr, tkiji skjtmjkzfbf skjtmjkzfbf of tioivkskþj tioivksk þj ‟pmr sk fpfrini folm kjtirisfjti– y `fni of tfrif. Rmbm skcuotæjifcijti. ½ Rmbms oms foucjms smj klufois= ½Oms bi uj lrfbm y oms bi mtrm si fsicigfj ijtri sã= ½@fy bkeirijnkfs lijirfnkmjfois ½Oms ½Oms gþvijis g þvijis bio sklom PPK smj klufois klufois f jmsmtrms qui pfsfcms pmr istf itfpf ibunftkvf `fni 84 m >4 föms= Nmj erinuij erinuijnkf nkf io cfistrm fpoknf fpo knf ‟tæhuof ‟tæhuof rfsf– f lrupms, lrupms, lrfbms i kjnousm kjnousm pofjt po fjtiois. iois. Of cftirkf cftirkf `ucfjãstknf m nkijtãeknf- si kcpfrti bi klufo emrcf ij lijirfo, sfovm piquiöfs bkeirijnkfs bi ticfrkms ticfrkms,, ij nkirtfs nki rtfs præntknfs pr æntknfs y suhskstic suhsksticfs. fs. Io cfistrm fsuci ujf pmsknkþj cuy sicigfjti ij su istkom citmbmoþlknm fo kcpfrtkr ujf cftirkf ijtri uj suhsksticf y mtrm. ^i utkokzfj oms ckscms fpujtis, okhrms bi tixtm y `fstf ofs ckscfs euijtis 8<
hkhokmlræe hkhok mlræeknfs. knfs. Is nmcprijskho nmcprijskhoi, i, istm skc sk cpokeknf of ofhmr o fhmr bio bmnijti, bmnijti, pirm -bi emjbm- is uj irrmr supricm. supricm. Jm sþom pmr supmjir supmjir bi cfjirf cfjirf icpãrk icpãrknf nf qui uj uj gmvij fbmoisnijti qui qui nursf hfn`kooirftm is klufo ij tmbfs pfrtis, skj bkstkjlukr bkstkjlukr bkeirijnkfs ij pofjtiois, jkvioi jkvioiss smnkmnu smnkmn uoturfois oturfois m inmjþcknms. inmjþcknms. ^kjm, ispinkfocijti, pmr fsuckr qui uj gmvij fbmoisnijti bi `my, is kbëjtknm fo bi fyir. Istf juivf lijirfnkþj bi jköms y gþvijis qui nkrnuofj pmr ofs isnuiofs bio cujbm ij istf prkcirf pfrti bio sklom sk lom PPK PPK,, istæj biekjkbms biekjkbms pmr bkeirijnkfs isijnkfois. isijnkfois . F sfhir… • Rkijij Rki jij fnnism f tinjmomlãfs tinjmomlãfs bi nmcujknfnkþj nmcujknfnkþj y nmjsuotf nmjsuotf bi bftms bisnmjmnkbfs pfrf huij huijff pfrti pfr ti bi sus prmeismris7 tioiemjãf niouofr, ijvãm bi cijsfgis ^C^ y CC^, Kjtirjit ij nfsf, Kjtirjit kjfoæchrknm kjfoæchrknm ij ofp tmp, m kjnousm, kjnousm, ij su niouofr. Rinjmomlãf Rinjmomlãf \kEk bkspmjkhoi nfbf viz vi z ij cæs cæs nkubfbis y nijtrms bi nmjvkvijnkf p÷hoknf. nfs qui efnkoktfj efnkok tfj of rifok r ifokzfnkþj zfnkþj bi sus sus mhgitkvms. mhg itkvms. Nmcm Nmcm ij mtrfs ëpmnfs, oms gþvijis g þvijis qukirij nmjvkvkr nmjvkvkr,, ixprisfrsi y bisfrrmoofr su kbijtkbfb. Of ijmrci bkeirijnkf, is qui jujnf fjtis „ujf lijirfnkþj`fhãf tijkbm tfois `irrfckijt `irrfckijtfs fs tinjmoþlknfs tinjmoþlknfs f su s u bkspmsknkþj. bkspmskn kþj. • Bmckjkm fhsmoutm bi oms vkbimguilms, qui oms bmtfj bi `irrfckijtfs bklktfois y rijfvilfnkþj f viomnkbfbis viomnk bfbis kjsmspin`fbfs. (PHmx, \kk, Jkjtijbm, Jkjtijbm, Tofystftkmj, Tofystftkmj, B^, itn.) • Bmckjkm tmtfo bi CT>, CT2, kTmb, kTfb y bicæs bkspmsktkvms ij oms qui, fbicæs, focfnijfj kcælijis, bftms y vkbims. • Nmjmnkckijt Nmjmnkckijtmm ix i xtijsm tijsm smhri nmcput nmcputfbmrfs, fbmrfs, pfquitirãf, pfquitirãf, smetwfr smetwfri, i, fpoknfnk fpo knfnkmjis mjis bi prmlrfcfs, prmlrfcfs, nmjstrunnkþj nmjstrunnkþj bi lræeknms lræeknms -y pmr supuistmsupuistm- io i o rinurrkbm r inurrkbm ‟nmpy ‟ nmpy y pfsti–, pfsti–, tfj utkokzfbm utkokzfbm pmr oms gþvijis ij sinujbfrkf sinujbfrkf,, hfn`kooirftm hfn`kooir ftm y uj ujkvirskbfb, kvirs kbfb, ij i j of fntufokb fntufokbfb. fb. • Ytkok Ytkokzfnkþj zfnkþj bi tinjmomlãf tinjmomlãf fubkmvksufo, fubkmvks ufo, vkbim prmyintmris, trfjseirijnkf trfjseirijnkf bi kcælij kcælijis is bi pfjtfoof f prisijtfnkmjis cu cuotkcibkf, otkcibkf, nmcpmsknkmjis vksufois y ibknkmjis bi vkbim, emtm emtm ekgf y fubkm, fubkm, bkljfs bkljfs bi of cigmr prmbunnkþj tioivkskvf tioivksk vf y nkjic n kjicftml ftmlræeknf. ræeknf. Io ticprfjm fnnism f tinjmomlãf tioieþjknf y bi nþcputm, `f frrmgfbm fo cirnfbm ibunftkvm ujf lijirfnkþ lij irfnkþjj nmcpoitf nmcpoitf bi ibunfjbms ibunfjbms fubkmvksufois, f ubkmvksufois, nuyfs nuyfs efnuotfbis bi ointm-isnrktu ointm-isnr kturf rf si `fj vkstm sirkfcijti bksckjukbfs. Ij nmjtrfsti, sus `fhkokbfbis vksufois, bi cfjigm tinjmoþlknm m bi jfvilfnkþj jfvilfnkþj si `fj bisfrrmoofb bisfrr moofbmm nmj lrfj rfpkbiz. Ofs nfrfntirãstknfs nfrf ntirãstknfs qui biekjij biekjij istf lijirfnk lijirfnkþj þj smj7 6. Cuotktfsa-Cuotktfrifs7 oms gþvijis fbmoisnijtis bio cujbm mnnkbijtfo (Iurmpf, Istfbms Yjkbms y Cëxknm) Cëxknm) tkijij tkijij of nfpfnkbfb nfp fnkbfb bi rifokzfr ri fokzfr fntkvkbfbis f ntkvkbfbis skcuot skcuotæjifs, æjifs, jm sþom pfrf pfr f io ijtritij ijtritijkc kckijt kijtm, m, skjm pfrf oms trfhfgms isnmofris. isnmofr is. Uij tioivkskþj, tioivksk þj, fo ckscm ckscm tkicpm tkicpm qui qui isnu isn un`fj c÷sknf ij su kTmb, jfvilfj y ‟n`ftifj– ij of nmcputfbmrf, fo ckscm tkicpm qui isnrkhij of tfrif bi of isnuiof, `fnij uj igirnknkm m husnfj kjemrcfnkþj. 80
Xisuotf ‟fhurrkbm– pfrf uj gmvij nmjticpmræjim `fnir of tfrif bibknfjbm su ftijnkþj f uj sþom mhgitkvm. Istf Is tf nfrfntirãstknf nfrfntirãs tknf `my si ixtkijbi ixtkijbi tfchkëj tfchkëj f oms o ms gþvijis g þvijis bi ofs o fs pmtijnkfs icirlijt icirlijtis is bio bi o sklom PPK7 N`kjf, Kjbkf y Hrfsko. 8. ^mj gþvijis qui pmsiij `fhkokbfbis tinjmoþlknfs pfrf `fnir usm bi oms bkspmsktkvms kjtirfntkvms i kjfoæchrknms, pirm cæs f÷j, pfrf nrifr y bksiöfr sus fpoknfnkmjis prmpkfs i kjbkvkbufois. Tmr igicpom, jm jm si okc o kcktfj ktfj f ioilkr ijtri ijtri ujf ujf m vfrkfs vf rkfs istfnkmjis bi rfbkm, rf bkm, skjm sk jm qu quii nrifj nri fj su prmpkf prmlrfcfnkþj prmlrfcfnkþj cibkfjti cibkfjti io usm usm bi Tmbnfsts y bio kTmb. lijirfnkþj‟cksciBkms– Istf juivf lijirfnkþj bijmckjfbf ‟Cks Cibkms– is of prkcirf ij tijir f su fonfjni ujf vfrkibfb bi tinjmomlãfs tinjmomlãfs kjtirfntkvfs kjtirfntkvfs i kj k jfoæchrk >. @fj supirfbm supirfbm nmj nrinis ofs o fs hfrrirfs hfr rirfs bi oms `mrfrkms y of nmc n mcuujknfnkþj kjtirpir kjtirpirsmjfo. smjfo. Ckijtrfs Ckijtrfs qui ofs lijirfnk lijirfnkmj mjis is fjtirkmris tijãfj tijãfj cu cuy nofrm oms o ms `mrfrkms fprmpkfbms fprmpk fbms m pircktkbms pircktkbms pfrf pfr f io usm bio tioëemjm -f quë `mrf `mrf oofc o ofcfr fr m rinkhkr rinkhk r oofc oo fcfbfs fbfs ij nfsf- `my `my,, bihkbm f oms n`fts, n`fts, f oms o ms cijsfgis cijsfgis ^C^ m CC^, oms `mrfrkms si `fj hmrrfbm. Oms gþvijis si nmcujknfj kjtircktijticijti ij tkicpm rifo, f nufoqukir `mrf bio bãf m bi of jmn`i. RFHOF 66
2. Of nmcujknfnkþj kjtirpirsmjfo si nmjnijtrf ij oms bkspmsktkvms cþvkois. ^i isnrkhij y si cfjbfj emtms i kcælijis, nmj of nrifnkþj bi uj juivm oijlufgi nmcpuistm pmr sklofs y fnrþjkcms, cæs qui tixtms ribfntfbms nmj pujtufnkþj y pfofhrfs. Istm cmbkeknfræ skj bubf of nmcujknfnkþj `ucfjf bi istf lijirfnk lijirfnkþj, þj, nuyfs nuyfs riofnkmjis riofnk mjis bipijbiræj ij huijf huijf cibkbf cibkbf bi oms o ms bkspmsktkvms bk spmsktkvms cæs qui bio ijnuijtrm pirsmjfo. Of tfrif j÷cirm ujm bi oms gþvijis cixknfjms -ijtri ofs eujnkmjis bi su tioëemjm cþvko- is io ijvãm bi cijsfgis bi tixtm (^C^ y CC^) ij nmjsmjfjnkf nmj gþvijis bi cun`ms pfãsis ij io cujbm. (Uir tfhof 66) Om qui `fhof, sã, bi ujf jiniskbfb prkcfrkf bi istfr nmcujknfbms, pirm tfchkëj bi ujf `fhkokbfb lijkfo pfrf isnrkhkr f viomnkbfbis kjsmspin`fbfs. Fo ijvãm bi cijsfgis bi tixtm, oi skluij oms guilms, nmj uj 52 pmr nkijtm y ouilm ofs emtms, nmj io 54 pmr nkijtm. ½Nuæois bi ofs sklukijtis eujnkmjis utkokzfs ij tu tioëemjm cþvko= 6 46 Y^ txt csl 2;% 48 CIPKNM txt csl 09% 4> XIKJM XIKJM YJKBM YJ KBM txt csl ;9% 42 EXFJNKF txt csl ;2% 49 FOICFJKF txt csl ;2% 45 XY^KF txt csl ;8% 4< N@KJF g N@KJF guilm uilmss 56% 40 @MJL AMJL txt csl <9% 4; NMXIF BIO ^YX txt ^YX txt csl 0<% 64 KJBKF txt csl ;8% 66 FY^RXFOKF txt csl ;<% 8 > 2 g 2 guilm uilmss 2;% rk rkjl jltmj tmjii >0% emtm emtmss 8;% uilms 52% emtms 54% KC 90%
8;
emtms <9% guilms 50% kcflij csl 92% uilms 55% emtms 9<% kcflij csl 94% uilms 55% emtms 95% rkjltmji ><% uilms 58% emtms 29% KC ><% rkjltmji 90% emtms 29% KC 2>% uilms 58% emtms 90% rkjltmji >0% emtms <>% guilms 5;% rkjltmji 58% uilms 08% rkjltmji <>% KC 90% uilms <2% emtms 9;% rkjltmji 28% Euijti7 Fsmnkfnkþj Cixknfjf bi Kjtirjit. RFHOF 68
Bisnfrlfs bi c÷sknf y vkbims ij oãjif (pmrnijtfgis pmr pfãs) ^i trftf bi ujf juivf cmbfokbfb bi nmcujknfnkþj, qui fhfrnf fo Rwkttir y fo Efnihmma bi emrcf pribmckjfjt pribmckjfjti. i. ^i ijvãfj cijsfgis pmr istms cibkms cibkms bi emrcf emrcf nmjtkju nmjtkjuff y pircfjij pircfjijti ti nmcm nmcm uj eijþcijm lijirfnkmjfo, qui fhfrnf f pfãsis bi cuy bkvirsfs oftktubis. UKBIM Y^ 64% 92% CY^KNF XY^KF 88% 52% XIKJM YJKBM 88% <6 <6% %
Io istrin`m is trin`m fjn`m fjn`m bi hfjbf ij of Xipuhoknf Cixknfjf, Cixknfjf, ij oms prkcirms föms bio sklom PPK, PPK, nkirtfc nkir tfcijt ijtii nrinkijti nri nkijti y nfchkfjti nfchkfjti ij tmbfs pfrtis, prmvmnþ prmv mnþ qui ofs bisnfrlfs b isnfrlfs prkjnkpfois prk jnkpfois pfrf pfr f oms cixknfjms istuvkirfj nmjnijtrfbfs ij of c÷sknf fjtis qui oms vkbims. ^kj ichfrlm nufjbm nmcpfrfcms isf fntkvkbfb nmj mtrms pfãsis (Uir tfhof 68) Cëxknm y su guvijtub mhtkiji uj rmtujbm prkcir oulfr. oulfr. CIPKNM 28% 00% KJBKF 89% 52% @MJL AMJL 6;% 5<% NMXIF BIO ^YX 65% <>% N@KJF 8<% 04% FY^RXFOKF 88% <4 <4% %
• JM `fy `fy hfrrirfs7 oms gþvijis g þvijis bio sklom sk lom PPK PPK rinmjmnij nmcm nmcm uj ujff nfrfntirãstknf nfrf ntirãstknf isijnkfo i sijnkfo bi su tkicpm tkicpm of lomhfokbfb, jm ixkstij hfrrirfs hfrrir fs eãsknfs, eãsk nfs, limlræeknfs, limlræeknfs, okjl o kjlÿãstknfs ÿãstknfs m rfnkfois rfnk fois qui kcpkbfj kcpkbfj 4% 84% 24% 54% 04% 644% 684% 624% Euijti7 Fsmnkfnkþj Cixknfjf bi Kjtirjit.
io ijofni y of nmcujknfnkþj. Oms gþvijis bi Cëxknm mnupfj uj oulfr bistfnfbm ijtri oms gþvijis bio cujbm qui tkijij fckstfbis ij mtrfs nkubfbis y pfãsis lrfnkfs f Kjtirjit. (Uir tfhof 6>) Gujtm nmj Kjbkf, io 58 pmr nkijtm bi gþvijis bi juistrm pfãs, si flrupf ij istf lijirfnkþj skj ermjtirfs, qui ijnfhizf ijnfhizf of o f riofnk r iofnkþj þj cuj cujbkfo bkfo bi gþvijis g þvijis lomhfokzfbms. ½Xfzmjis= ½Xfzmjis= C÷otkpois7 of bicmlrfe bicmlrfeãf, ãf, uj nrinkijt nrink ijtii sintmr si ntmr guvijko guvijko ij husnf husnf bi b i fotirj fo tirjftkvfs ftkvfs eænkois eænko is y hfrftfs -pirm ispinkfoc ispink focijt ijtii- qu q ui smcms pfãsis lrfjbis, lrfjbis, nmj inmjmc inmjmcãfs ãfs pmtijtis, pmtijtis, ftrfpfbfs ij io suhbisfrrmoom suhbisfrrmo om bio sklom s klom PP. PP. ¡@fy ¡@fy qui qui isnfpfr y rmcpir rmcpir isi is i isquicf! isquicf! [ oms gþvijis gþvi jis om sfhij. >4
RFHOF 6>
Tmrnijtfgi bi gþvijis qui tkijij fcklms ij bkstkjtfs nkubfbis, lrfnkfs f Kjtirjit Y^ >>% XY^KF 2;% XIKJM YJKBM 22 22% % CIPKNM 58% KJBKF 58%
Nmj tmbfs tmbfs istfs i stfs nfrfntirãstknfs nfr fntirãstknfs ij io pireko pir eko bi oms fbmoisnijt fbmoisn ijtis is nmjticpmræjims nmjticpmræjims ½quë ½quë `fni uj prmeismr ij uj uj sfoþj bi nofsis fntufoc fntufocijt ijti= i= ½Tuibi ½Tuibi nmj su vkigm nu n ufbirjm fcfrko fcfrkoom om bi jmtfs, jmtfs, su bkntfbm trfbknkmjfo, trfbknk mjfo, uj uj trfhfgm trfhfgm pmr iqukpm y of ivfoufnkþj i vfoufnkþj nmointkvf, rispmjbir ri spmjbir f ofs of s bicfjbfs bicfjbfs bi istms gþvijis= EXFJNKF 2< % N@KJF 99% Euijti7 Fsmnkfnkþj Cixknfjf bi Kjtirjit. Jms pfrini pfrin i qui jm. jm. nf T ã t u O m 9
OfsmnkiBfBBiOnmjmnkckijtm Of smnkibfb smnk ibfb bio nmjmnkckijt nmjmnkckijtmm riprisijt ripr isijtff io fnnism okhri, okhr i, bicmnrætknm, bicmnrætknm, jm riluofbm, riluofbm, fhkirtm fhk irtm y pourfo f præntknfcijti præntknfcijti nufoqukir nufoqukir kjemrcfnkþj, kjemrcfnkþj, bftm, m frn`kvm frn`kvm qui istë bkspmjkhoi ij of rib, ij io cu cujbm. Of Of bicmnrftkzfnkþj kjemrcftkvf is uj eijþcijm lomhfo, krrivirskhoi y bi nmjsinuijnkfs f÷j bisnmjmnkbfs. T frf jfbki is uj sinritm qui Kjtirjit `f rivmounkmjfbm io cujbm bi of kjemrcfnkþj, bi oms jilmnkms, bio ijtritijkckijtm ijtritijkckijtm -ij - ij sucfsucf- bi of nmcujknfnk nmcujknfnkþj þj `uc `ucfjf. Ij cijms cijms bi 84 föms pfsfc pf sfcms ms bi sir ujf smnkibfb cibkætknf -bmckjfbf pmr oms cibkms y sus nmjtijkbms, bitirckjfbf pmr pftrmjis bi nmjsucm y nfcpföfs puhoknktfrkfs y prmcmnkmjfoisprmcmnkmjfois- f nmjvirt n mjvirtkrjms krjms ij of ^mnkibfb ^mnk ibfb bio Nmjmnkckijtm. Nmjmnkckijtm. Io fnnism fnn ism bkrintm bk rintm i kjc k jcibkftm ibkftm f tmbm tkpm bi kjemrc kjemrcfnkþj, fnkþj, nufokbfb bicmnrætknf y lomhfo lomhfokzfbmrf kzfbmrf bi of of rib, `f emrcfbm istf smnkibfb qui tkiji of kjemrcfnkþj y io nmjmnkckijtm fo fonfjni bi ujf skcpoi tinof -yf jm bi uj tinofbm ij ujf nmcputfbmrf bi isnrktmrkm- skjm bi uj bkspmsktkvm cþvko, kjfoæchrknm yf sif ij cibkm bi uj pfrqui, ij uj nijtrm nmcirnkfo y `fstf ij io trfjspmrti, bi cun`fs nkubfbis bio bi o cuj cujbm. ^k rivksfc rivksf cms -skcpoic - skcpoicijt ijtii- ofs trfjsemrc trfjsemrcfnkmjis fnkmjis pmoãtknfs pmo ãtknfs y smnkfois smnkfoi s qui ijerijt ijerijtff io cuj ujbm bm ærfhi ær fhi f pfrtkr bi 8466, bisnuhrkricms io pmbirmsm pmb irmsm pfpio qui `fj `fj gulfbm gulfbm oms o ms bkspmsktkvms bkspms ktkvms cþvkois bi nmcuj nmcujknfnk knfnkþj7 þj7 niouofris, hofnahirrkis, ho fnahirrkis, kT`mj k T`mjis is y kTfbs. Of nmjvmnftmrkf bi binijfs bi ckois bi gþvijis ilkpnkms f of pofzf Rf`rkr -ij Io Nfkrm- pfrf of nmjnijtrfnkþj bi prmtistfs y cfjkeistfnkmjis fjkeistfnkmjis qui qui ekjfoc ekjfocijt ijtii birrmnfrmj birrmn frmj f uj uj lmhkirjm lmhkirjm qui ooivfhf >4 föms ij io pmbir, eui eui pmskhoi pmsk hoi lrfnkfs lrfnkf s fo icpoim icpoim bi istms bkspmsktkvms bkspm sktkvms bi kjemrc kjemrcfnkþj. fnkþj. Jm is nfsufo qui of prkcirf binkskþj binksk þj qui qui fsucij fsucij oms rilãc r ilãcijis ijis riprismris ripris mris y futmrktfrkms, futmrktfrkms, sif s if of o f bi kjtirruc kjtirrucpkr pkr m nmrtfr nmr tfr pmr >6
nmcpoitm nmcpoitm io sirvknkm sirvk nkm bi b i Kjtirj Kjtirjit it ij sus sus pfãsis. pfã sis. Tirm, rilrisfjbm fo tirrijm ibunftkvm, io fnnism y nfpfnkbfb bi nmjixkþj f hfjnms bi bftms y hkhokmtinfs hkhok mtinfs bio cuj cujbm bm ijtirm, ijtirm, jm skljke skljkeknf knf of o f nfpfnkbfb nfpfnkb fb kjtrãjsinf kjtrãjsinf bi prmnisfr, prmnis fr, fskckofr y ijtij ijtijbir bir bkn`f kjemrcfnkþj. Oms foucjms qui fskstij `my f ofs fuofs bio cujbm ij ibunfnkþj cibkf, pmsiij uj pmbirmsm kjstrucijtm, su tioëemjm cþvko, pfrf fnnibir f nufoqukir rib ij io pofjitf f ujf viomnkbfb rioftkvfc riof tkvfcijt ijtii rfzmjfhoi. Is binkr, bink r, ij silujbms, silujbms, io istubkfjti istubkfjti tkiji tkiji of nfpfnkbfb nfpfnk bfb bi nmrrmhmr n mrrmhmrfr fr sk om qui oi bkni bk ni su prmeismr is nmrrintm, nmr rintm, sk si `fj bisnuhkirtm nmjmnkckijt nmjmnkckijtms ms cæs fntufois fntufois m fvfjzfbms qui oms qui io cfistrm ixpmji -y fbicæs- si fjkcfj f bisfekfrom, cfrlkjfrom y icpiquiöinirom. Io foucjm foucjm pmsii `my fquioom fquioom qu quii risuotfhf r isuotfhf prinkfbm prinkfb m i kjfonfjzfhoi kjfonfjzfhoi ij io pfsfbm7 pfsf bm7 of o f kje k jemrc mrcfnkþj, fnkþj, prmpkibfb prmpki bfb ixnouskvf ixnouskvf bio cfistrm qui -lrfnkm -lrfnkmsf sf y lijirmsfc lijirmsfcijt ijtii- nmcpfrtãf nmcpfrtãf nmj oms istubkfjtis. istubkfjtis. Isf is gustfcijti of bkeirijnkf ijtri kjemrcfnkþj y nmjmnkckijtm. Of prkcirf skljkeknf of kjtilrfnkþj bi bftms qui bfj nuijtf -bi ujf emrcf frtknuofbf y rfnkmjfo- bi uj ticf ispinãeknm. Io silujbm is folm cæs cæs fchknkmsm, pmrqui kcpoknf kcpoknf jm smofc smo fcijt ijtii io fnnism fo bftm bf tm -f of o f kjemrcfnkþjkjemrcfnkþj- skj sk jm of nfpfnkbfb pfrf prmnisfrom, pfrf fpri`ijbirom, pfrf kjtilrfrom f mtrf sirki bi bftms y prmbunkr NMJMNKCKIJRM. Of kjemrcfnkþj is of cftirkf prkcf bio nmjmnkckijtm, is of riofnkþj bi bftms, `in`ms, fnmjtinkckijtms, sunisms i kjtirpritfnkmjis bi ujf nmsf y mtrf. Io Nmjmnkckijtm is of rieoixkþj sksticætknf y citmbmoþlknf bi isf kjemrcfnkþj qui jms pirckti bibunkr nmjnouskmjis nmcprmhfhois. Is, skcpoicijti, of hfsi bio cëtmbm nkijtãeknm. [ is f`ã gustfcijti bmjbi io cfistrm bio sklom PPK tkiji su prkcir bisfeãm7 sir pfrti bi istf lijirfnkþj, kjtilrfrsi f of ^mnkibfb bio Nmjmnkckijtm nmcm ujm bi sus prmcmtmris y fntkvkstfs, pirm smhritmbm, nmc n mcmm ujm ujm bi sus mrkij mrki jtfbmris. Io prmeismr bi of smnkibfb bio nmjmnkckijtm is fquëo qui supirf -skj risfhkm ris fhkm foluj folujm bi jmstfolkf jmstfolkf futmrktfrkf y nmjtrmofbmr nmjtrmofbmrff- of o f irf ir f bi su prmtflmjksc prmtflmjkscmm fo erijti erijti bio sfoþj bi nofsi. Is qukij nmcprijbi qui of kjemrcfnkþj istæ fo fonfjni bi tmbms sus foucjms y qui eænkocijti of nmjeujbij nmj nmjmnkckijtm, pmrqui pmsiij io bftm. Istæ ij io cfistrm of efnuotfb bi fsmnkfr y ijofzfr isf kjemrcfnkþj pfrf lijirfr nmjmnkckijtm ij oms istubkfjtis. Tfrf jfbki risuotfræ r isuotfræ ixtrföm ixtrföm sk s k ois o is rioftfc ri oftfcms ms qui oms istubkfjt istubkfjtis is bi ibunfnkþj cibkf cibkf ij of fntufokb fntufokbfb, fb, fniptfj nmcm `in`m nmjsucfbm nufoqukir bftm m kjemrcfnkþj qui nmjsuotij ij of rib. Nmj qui fpfriznf ij \kakpibk \kakpibkff -nuym -nuym prmnism prmnis m bi vfokbfn vf okbfnkþj kþj kjemrc kjemrcftkvf ftkvf hkij fcirktf fcirktf of rivkskþj rivksk þj bi tmbm prmeismr- is yf fhsmoutfcijt fhsmoutfcijtii nkirtm nkir tm pfrf nufoqukir nufoqukir gmvij. g mvij. Is pmtistfb bio cfistrm nmjstrukr nmjmnkckijtm fo ofbm bi sus foucjms, ijofzfr, kjtilrfr, bksnirjkr y nuistkmjfr tmbf kjemrcfnkþj pfrf prmvmnfr ij iooms io bisfrrmoom bi sus `fhkokbfbis. n m j B u n t k s c m v s . n m j s t r u n t k v k s c m Tmr ioom, io cfistrm bihi mrkijtfr, nmjtrkhukr f of emrcfnkþj bi ioicijtms bi guknkm y bi bksnirjkckijtm. >8
Io cfistrm bio sklom s klom PPK bihi nmcprijbir nmcprijbir y fniptfr istms is tms bisfeãms ij tërc tërckjms kjms bi fhrfzfr fh rfzfr nmj fpirturf y bkspmsknkþj bkspmsknk þj of juivf juivf irf ir f bio nmjmnkckijt nmjmnkckijtmm fnniskhoi fnnis khoi y lomhfo lomhfokzfbm kzfbm „bi of bicmnrftkzfnkþj bicmnrftkzfnkþj kjemrcftkvf- ij io qui nfchkf, isijnkfocijti, su eujnkþj erijti f uj lrupm bi istubkfjtis. Kcflkjij ustibis f Jiwtmj m f Ikjstikj nmj ujf nmcputfbmrf. ½Bi quë `fhrãfj skbm nfpfnis nmj kjstrucijtms kjstrucijtms nmcm oms om s qui tijicms tijicms `my ij bãf= Burfjt Bu rfjtii bënfbfs, bënfbf s, pmr om cijms cijms bisbi 6;>4 `fstf io 8444, io sksticf sksticf nmjbuntkstf nmjbuntkstf si fpoknþ fpo knþ f of ibunfnkþj ij io cuj cujbm bm ijtirm nmcm nmcm `irijnkf kjivktfhoi bi oms vkigms sksticfs sksticfs futmrktfrkms bio sklom PKP. Of eklurf eklurf bio bi o prmeismr pr meismr nmcm igi bio prmnism ijsiöfjzf-fprijbkz ijsiöfjzf-fprijbkzfgi, fgi, jm smofc smo fcijt ijtii bipmsktþ bipms ktþ of futmrkbfb, io okbirfzlm y of pripmjbirfjnkf ij qukij ixpmji ticfs y suhticfs, bisfrrmoof pofjis bi istubkm y ivfo÷f su fprijbkzfgi. Cæs lrfvicijti, suckþ fo istubkfjti f ujf pmsknkþj pfskvf. ^k tfj sþom Oimjfrbm Bf Ukjnk Ukjnk `uhkirf `uhkirf tijkbm tijkbm uj ‟prmnisfbmr bi frti fr ti y bksiöm– bi b i Fppoi ½si kcflkjfj om qui `uhkirf omlrfbm ij cftirkf bi kjlijkirãf, bi kjvijtms, bi kjstrucijtms ÷tkois f of `ucfjkbfb= Io prmtfl prm tflmjkstf mjkstf bio prmnism prmnis m „irrþjifc „irr þjifcijt ijtii- irf ir f io prmeismr. Bi ëo bipijbãf sk sus foucjms foucjms irfj huijms huijms m cfoms cfoms istu is tubkfjtis, bkfjtis, sk fprijbãfj m jm, sk bisfrrmo bis frrmoofhfj ofhfj `fhkok `fhkokbfbis bfbis m sk -folujm -folujm m vfrkmsvfrkms bistfnfhfj pmr su tfoijtm ispinkfo, su nfrkscf m su efnkokbfb smnkfo. ½Vuë pmbrãf `fnir uj prmeismr bi sinujbfrkf ½Vuë sinujbfrkf m pripfrftmrkf pripf rftmrkf nmj io usm kjtioklijti kjtioklijti y nriftkvm bi tmbfs istfs `irrfckijtfs= `irrfckijtfs= Io cfistrm cfistrm irf i rf io ‟mrænuom– bio bi o nmjmnkckijtm. nmjmnkckijtm. Ij ëo bisnfjsfhf of o f sucf sucf ekomsþeknf bi of ibunfnkþj y, skj oulfr f bubfs, of bi su ispinkfokbfb. Io cfistrm si nmjvkrtkþ, puis, ij uj kjstrucijtm pfrf fnnibir fo nmjmnkckijtm, ij uj vi`ãnuom ij io nufo trfjsktfr pmr of o f futmpkstf bio sfhir. s fhir. nmcm nmcm uj sksticf sksticf ibunftkvm fksofbm, fks ofbm, ijnfpsu i jnfpsuofbm, ofbm, bmjbi of riofnkþj riof nkþj nmj io cuj cujbm bm ixtrfisnmo ixtrfisnmofr fr nmjsksti ij of mnfskmjfo mn fskmjfo vksktf vk sktf fo cusim m of fvijt f vijturfbf urfbf sfokbf sfok bf f uj sktkm `kstþrknm. Bio cfistrm fntkvm, nriftkvm, nr iftkvm, kjj k jjmvfbmr, mvfbmr, qui husnþ husnþ kjstkjtkvfc kjstkjtkvfcijt ijtii bisfrrmo bis frrmoofr ofr `fhkokbfbis y tfoijtms tfoijtms ij io gmvij, cæs qui ixklkr ujf ripitknkþj cicmrãstknf bi sus sfhkfs oinnkmjis, ilrisfrmj istubkfjtis qui fprijbkirmj f bisfrrmoofr sus prmpkfs nfpfnkbfbis. @fnkf oms föms <4²s, ij bkstkjtfs pfrtis bi Iurmpf, io sksticf nmjbuntkvkstf suerkþ sivirfs nrãtknfs y quigfs qui nuistkmjfhfj io eujbfcijtm ckscm bi uj fpfrftm bi ijsiöfjzf sustijtfbm ij of cicmrkf y of ripitknkþj, gustm nufjbm io cujbm icpizþ f ijerijtfr nfchkms kcpmrtfjtis. Ibunfbmris bi tmbm io cujbm fjfokzfrmj of jiniskbfb bi pripfrfr foucjms pfrf uj cujbm ij nmjstfjti trfjsemrcfnkþj, pfrf qukijis om fprijbkbm ij ofs fuofs, si nmjvirtãf ij of ripitknkþj bi vkigfs rinitfs kjfpoknfhois f uj cujbm ij nfchkm. Is fsã nmcm surli of fpoknfnkþj bio Nmjstruntkvkscm f cmbioms ibunftkvms. Yj sksticf bi ijsiöfjzf qui nmjstruy nmjstruyii -isnfo - isnfoþj þj pmr isnfoþjis nfoþj- io nmjmnkckijt nmjmnkckijtmm f pfrtkr bi isnijfrkms is nijfrkms nfchkfjt nfchkfjtis is y bkjæcknms, bkjæcknms, >>
pirm qui -fo cksc ckscmm tkicpmtkicpm- rinupirf y rivfomrf oms o ms nmjmnkckijt nmjmnkckijtms ms kjknkfois. kjknkfo is. Is uj sksticf sksticf eoixkhoi eoixkhoi „ fbfptfhoi- f bkeirijnkf bi of rklkbiz bio pfsfbm, bmjbi ofs nofsis y ofs cftirkfs irfj nmcm ujf nfcksf nfcksf bi euirzf euirzf fpritfbf y skj sfokbf. Io nmjstruntkvkscm nmjstruyi „vfolf of ripitknkþj- f pfrtkr bio cujbm rifo. Oms nmjmnkckijtms skrvij pfrf ixpoknfr of rifokbfb rif okbfb y nufjbm nufjbm jm is fsã „nmcm „nmcm nmj erinuij erinuijnkf nkf sunibi- bihicms trfhfgf trfhfgfrr pfrf husnfr rispuistfs y ixpoknfnkmjis, bi emrcf emrcf nmjguj nmjgujtf, pourfo pourfo i kj k jtilrfo, tilrfo, ijtri cfistrms cfistrms y fouc foucjms. Jm is yf yf of futmrkbfb kjnuistkmjfhoi kjnuistkmjfhoi bio prmeismr smhri smhr i of tfrkcf bio sfoþj bi nofsis. ^i trftf bi uj efnkoktfbmr bio nmjmnkckijtm, bi uj mrkijtfbmr qui nmjstruyi, fo ofbm bio istubkfjti, rispuistfs y vfrkfhois pfrf io cujbm nmjticpmræjim. Io prmeismr pr meismr bio sklom PPK is qukij pirckti pirckti of kjtilrfnkþj kjtilrfnkþj bi of kjemrc kjemrcfnkþj fnkþj pfrf lij lijirfr irfr nmjmnkckijtm nmointkvm, bmjbi si nmjstruyij -ofbrkoom f ofbrkoom, bftm f bftm- nmjnouskmjis rifois, virkeknfhois, nmcprmhfhois y ivfoufhois pmr tmbms, jm sþom pmr io prmeismr. Io cfistrm, io bi of vfrf y io nufbirjm, io bi io tmjm krrieu krri eutfhoi tfhoi y of fekrcfnkþj fekrcfnkþj kjnuistkmjfhoi kjnuistkmjfhoi pirtijini fo pfsfbm. Erfnfsfræ Erfnf sfræ fquëo qui pritijbf, pritijbf, f nmjtrfpfsm nmjtrfpfsm bi of o f `kstmrkf, cfjt cfjtijir ijir sksticfs sksticfs vitustms y mxkbfbms, qui sþom lijirfj hmstizms ijtri sus istubkfjtis. Io nmjstruntkvkscm rispmjbi f of ^mnkibfb bio Nmjmnkckijtm, is io cinfjkscm bi ijsiöfjzf qui kjtilrf, pourfocijti, kjemrcfnkþj y bftms prmvijkijtis bi nmrrkijtis y isnuiofs bkvirlijtis qui si sucfj „nmjstruy „nmjstruyijij- pfrf ujf ujf ibunfnkþj nmjtic nmjticpmræjif pmræjif ij nmjsmjfjnkf nmjsmjfjnkf nmj uj cujbm nfchkfjti, nfchkfjti, nmcpitktkvm y ixklijti. ixklijti. Io juivm ibunfbmr, io qui ixkli juistrm tkicpm cfrnfbm pmr of tinjmomlãf y of lomhfokzfnkþj, is ujm nfpfz bi vksufokzfr vk sufokzfr io pmtijnkfo pmtijnkfo ijmrci ijmrci bi istfs `irrfckijt `irrfckijtfs, fs, bmtfrofs bmtfro fs bi nmjtijkbm nmjtijkbm y prmpþsktm y ijrkquinir su utkokzfnkþj, utkokzfnkþj, yf yf kcpfrfhoi, pmr pfrti bi oms o ms gþvijis. gþv ijis. Io nmjstruntkvkscm iofhmrf nmjmnkckijtm f pfrtkr bi kjemrcfnkþj kjtilrfbf, cuotkbksnkpokjfrkf y ij nmjstfjti nmjermjtfnkþj nmj io cujbm rifo. Bi `in`m, io prmnism bi ijsiöfjzf-fprijbkzfgi jm si bf cæs Nmj tmbm, tmbm, vfoi vfo i of o f pijf rivksfr rivk sfr oms pmstuofbms pmstuofbms bi nfbf nmrrkijt nmrrk ijtii bi pijsfckijt pijsfckijtm, m, qui `f kjeouij kjeouijnkfbm nkfbm i kouckjfbm f ibunfbmris bi cun`fs bënfbfs. Nmjbuntkvk Nmjbuntkvkscm scm 3 Nmjbuntkscm Nmjbuntkscm Nmjstruntkvksc Nmjstruntkvks cm Rimrãf psknmoþlknf psknmo þlknf qui si sustijtf sustijtf ij io istubkm istubkm bio nmcpmrtfc nmcpmrtfckijt kijtmm mhsirvfhoi, mhsir vfhoi, is i s binkr, bink r, ij of nmjbuntf. nmjbu ntf. ^i bisfrrmoo bisfr rmooff ij of prkc pr kcirf irf bënfbf bën fbf bio sklom PP pmr G. H. \ftsmj, \ftsmj, nkijtãeknm nkijtãeknm istfbmujkbijsi istfbmujkbijsi qui `fhãf bfbm bfb m silukckijtm silukckijtm f oms istubkms istubkms kjknkfois bio rusm Kvfj Titrmvkn` Titrmvkn` Tfvomv. Tfvo mv. Cæs qui ujf timrãf, is ujf vkskþj qui flrupf i kjtilrf f bkeirijtis tijbijnkfs bi of kjvistklfnkþj >2
psknmoþlknf psknmo þlknf y ibunftkvf. ibunftkvf. ^k tuvkërfcms tuvkërfcms qui istfhoinir ujf ujf biekjknkþj, pmbrãfcms fekrcfr fekrcfr qui si trftf trftf bi ujf timrãf qui pritijbi ixpoknfr of jfturfoizf bio fprijbkzfgi `ucfjm. ‟½Nþcm fprijbicms y pmr quë=– sirãfj sirã fj oms pmstu pms tuofbms ofbms nijtrfois nijtrfois bio nmjstrunt nmjstruntkvks kvksc cm, om qui om nmjvirtkrãf ij ujf ujf ipksticmomlãf ipksticmomlãf bio fprijbkzfgi. \ftsmj rifokzf c÷otkpois ixpirkcijtms nmj fjkcfois y siris `ucfjms (io cæs nëoihri is io hihë Fohirtm y su nmjvkvijnkf nmj ujf ujf rftf r ftf hofjnf) prmhfjbm riofnkmjis rio fnkmjis nfusfois nf usfois f of eþrcu eþrcuof istãcuomistãcuomrispuistf. ^us mrãlijis pmbrãfj uhknfrsi ij io pijsfckijtm bio ekoþsmem ktfokfjm Lkfchfttkstf Uknm qukij smstuvm qui ‟of virbfb `ucfjf is fquioof qui io `mchri nmjmni y of nmjstruyi f trfvës bi sus fnnkmjis y si emrcf f trfvës bi ioofs–. Is tfo viz of prkcirf timrãf qui tkiji uj ieintm bkrintm ij io istubkm bio fprijbkzfgi `ucfjm. Fjtirkmrcij Fj tirkmrcijti ti si pijsfhf qui io fprijbkz f prijbkzfgi fgi irf risuotfbm r isuotfbm bi prmnisms prmnis ms kjtirjms kjtirjms bio nirihrm nirihr m y of ‟cijti– `ucfjf, kjvistklfbms hfgm uj cëtmbm oofcfbm ‟Kjtrmspinnkþj–. ^us prkjnkpfois tiþrknms smj Tkflit (6;98)1 Uylmt Uylmtsay say (6;<0) y Fusihio Fusihio (6;5>), qukijis qukijis rifokzfrmj rifok zfrmj fpmrtfnkmjis fo nmjstrunt nmjstruntkvkscm kvkscm bisbi bkeirij bk eirijtis tis pirspintkvfs. pirspintkvfs . Io nmjbuntkvks nmjbuntkvksc cm istfhoini uj ujff vkskþj vk skþj ixtirjf ixtirjf bio fprijbkzfgi, cibkho cibkhoii nmj hfsi ij of mhsirvfnkþj mhsi rvfnkþj bi nmjbuntfs nfchkfjtis. Is binkr, io Nmjbuntkvkscm biekji fo fprijbkzfgi nmcm uj nfchkm mhsirvfhoi mhsirvfh oi ij i j io nmcpmrtfc nmcpmrtfckijt kijtm. m. Oms prmnisms kjtirjms kjtirjms smj nmjskbirfbms krrioivfjtis, krr ioivfjtis, pmrqui jm puibij sir cibkbms m ivfoufbms. Istf nmrrkijti bi pijsfc pijsfckijtm kijtm smstkiji qui qui ‟jfbf vkiji bi jfbf–, jfbf–, pmr om qui tmbm nmjmnkckij nmjmnkckijtm tm privkm lijirf lijirf nmjmnkckijt nmjmnkckijtmm juivm. juivm. Io cmbiom nmjstrunt nmjstruntkvks kvkstf tf istæ nijtrfbm nijtrfbm ij of pirsmjf, ij sus sus ixpirkijnkfs privkfs p rivkfs bi ofs qui rifokzf juivfs nmjstrunnkmjis cijtfois ij su nmjtfntm nmj io mhgitm bi nmjmnkckijtm, ij su kjtirfnnkþj nmj mtrfs pirsmjfs pir smjfs y nufjbm nufjbm is sklj sk ljkeknftkvm keknftkvm pfrf pfr f io sugitm Ijtri 6;6> y 6;>; oms istubkms bi \ftsmj ijnuijtrfj c÷otkpois silukbmris qui kjknkfj uj prmnism bi fpoknfnkþj bio nmjbuntkscm m nmjbuntkvkscm f of ibunfnkþj, nmcm Iooks y Hina ijtri mtrms cun`ms, bi bmjbi surli om qui `my si nmjmni nmcm io ijemqui nmljktkvm nmjbuntufo. Io fprijbkzfgi is isijnkfocijti kjbkvkbufo, pirm fo ckscm tkicpm, si nmjvkirti ij uj fsujtm smnkfo -y sþom ij isti nmjtixt nmjtixtmm- si omlrf o mlrf fprijbkzfgi skl sk ljkeknftkvm. jkeknftkvm. Io prmpþsktm is omlrfr fprijbkzfgi pmr bisnuhrkckijtm, ixpirkcijtfnkþj y cfjkpuofnkþj bi rifokbfbis nmjnritfs, pijsfckijtm nrãtknm, bkæomlm y nuistkmjfckijtm nmjtkjum. ^k `fnicms ujf rivkskþj bi pmstuofbms ijtri ofs bms nmrrkijtis qui `fj tijkbm prmeujbms ieintms ij of ibunfnkþj, ijnmjtrfcms ofs sklukijtis nmcpfrfnkmjis7 Fprijbkzfgi Nmjbuntkscm Nfchkm mhsirvfhoi ij io nmcpmrtfckijtm. >9
Io istu is tubkm bkm bio bi o fprijbkz fp rijbkzfgi fgi bihi ijemnfrsi f eijþc eijþcijms ijms mhsirvfhois mhsirvfho is y cibkho cibkhois. is. Io fprijbkz fpr ijbkzfgi fgi is i s prmbuntm bi of riofnkþj riof nkþj ‟istãcu ‟istãcuom-rispuistf–. om-r ispuistf–. Io fprijbkzfgi is io risuotfbm bi ujf sucf bi istãcuoms. Io fprijbkz fpr ijbkzfgi fgi is i s nmjsinuijnkf nmjsinuijnkf bi of kcktfnkþj kcktfnkþj y of ripitknkþj bi ujf ujf sirki sir ki bi rispuistfs f istãcuoms istãcuoms nmjnritms7 io ëxktm m erfnfsm bipijbij bio lrfbm bi fniptfnkþj bi of pirsmjf. Nmjstruntkvkscm Trmnism fntkvm, bmjbi om fprijbkbm si kjnmrpmrf f ixpirkijnkfs privkfs y f of istrunturf cijtfo bi nfbf pirsmjf. Jfbf vkiji bi jfbf. Io nmjmnkckijtm privkm bf jfnkckijtm f nmjmnkckijtm juivm. Io fprijbkzfgi is uj prmnism qui nmjstruyi nmjmnkckijtms f pfrtkr bi su ixpirkijnkf y si kjtilrf f of kjemrcfnkþj qui rinkhi. Io fprijbkzfgi is of sucf, prmnisfckijtm i kjtilrfnkþj bi ixpirkijnkfs y bi kjemrcfnkþj. Io fprijbkzfgi is ujf fntkvkbfb pirsmjfo ijcfrnfbf ij nmjtixtms eujnkmjfois, skljkeknftkvms y futëjtknms. Xmo bio bmnijti bmnijti Nmjbuntkscm Bkrkli io prmnism bi ijsiöfjzf-fprijbkzfgi. Is io qui bitirckjf bitirckjf y nmjtrmof nmjtrmof oms nmjtijkbms, nmjtijkbms, oms prmlrfcfs prmlrfcfs y ofs fntkvkbfbis f ntkvkbfbis nmj io mhgitkvm bi omlrfr oms risuotfbms husnfbms. Is io bmnijti bmnijti qukij bitirckjf bitirckjf sk si `fj omlrfbm oms mhgitkvms prmpuistms. Of eujnkþj eujnkþj bio bmnijti bmnijti is bisfrrmoofr bisfrr moofr nmrrintfc nmrrin tfcijt ijtii io prmnism istãcuom-rispuistf, istãcuom-rispuistf, sfhkijbm quë rieuirzms m nfstklms smj pirtkjijtis ij nfbf cmcijtm y quë istãcuoms smj oms fbinufbms pfrf ijsiöfr. Nmjstruntkvkscm Io prmeismr nibi su prmtflmjkscm fo foucjm, qukij fsuci io pfpio eujbfcijtfo ij su prmpkm prmnism bi emrcfnkþj. emrcfnkþj. Io prmeismr is luãf, luãf, mrkijt mr kijtfbmr, fbmr, efnkoktfbmr efnko ktfbmr qukij istfhoini oms om s nmjtijkbms nmjtijkbms y fntkvkbfbis, fntkvkbfbis , bi fnuirbm fo ijtmrjm, ijtmrjm, f ofs jiniskbfbis bio b io fouc fo ucjm jm y f of lij lijirfnk irfnkþj þj bi fprijbkzfgi skljkeknftkvm. Of ivfoufnkþj fbqukiri ujf bkcijskþj bkeirijti pmrqui kjnmrpmrf fo foucjm f su prmpkm prmnism bi futmivfoufnkþj, futmivfoufnkþj, nmivfoufnkþj nmivfo ufnkþj y ivfoufnkþj ivfoufnkþj lrupfo. lrupfo. Io bmnijt b mnijtii bksiöf bk siöf sinuijnkfs sinuijnkfs bkbæntknfs qui kjtilrfj kjtilrfj c÷otkpois c÷otkpois ioicijtms, ioicijtms, præntknfs, præn tknfs, pfrtknkpfnk pf rtknkpfnkþj þj i kjvmou k jvmounrfckij nrfckijtm tm fntkvm bio istubkfjti istubkfjti pfrf fonfjzfr fprijbkzfgis sklj s kljkeknftkvms. keknftkvms. Xmo bio istubkfjti Nmjbuntkscm Io istubkfjti is nmjnihkbm nmcm uj sugitm nuyf fntufnkþj y fprijbkzfgi puibi sir bitirckjfbms bisbi io ixtirkmr ixtirkmr (of kjstrunnkþj, kjstrunnkþj, oms cëtmbms y oms nmjtijkbms). nmjtijkbms). Io istubkfjt istubkfjtii is nmjskbirfbm ujf ‟tæhuof ‟tæhuof rfsf– r fsf– qui jm fpmrtf jfbf fo prmnism prmn ism y qui bipijbi bipijbi -pfrf -pfr f fprijbir- bi oms istãcuoms istãcuoms qui >5
rinkhf rink hf bio ixtirkmr ixtirkmr y bio cibkm ij qui qui istæ kjc k jcirsm. irsm. Io istubkfjti istubkfjti tkiji uj uj pfpio pfskvm, pfsk vm, ispirf ispir f qui io prmeismr pr meismr oi bi of kjemrc kjemrcfnkþj fnkþj y oi kjbkqui ofs tfrifs qui bihi rifokzfr. Nmjstruntkvkscm Io istu is tubkfjt bkfjtii si nmjvkirti ij io rispmjsfhoi r ispmjsfhoi bi su prmpkm nmjmnkckijt nmjmnkckijtmm cibkfjti cibkfjti su pfrtknkpfnkþj pfrtknkpfnk þj y of nmofhmrfnkþj bi sus nmcpföirms. Io istubkfjti is nmjskbirfbm uj sugitm ooijm bi ixpirkijnkfs, kjemrcfnkþj y nmjmnkckijtms, qui bihij sir kjtilrfbms, kjtilrfbms, mrbijfbms y ‟nmjstrukbms– ‟nmjstrukbms– smhri of ju juivf ivf rifok r ifokbfb bfb y io ijtmrjm ijtmrjm nfchkfjti. nfchkfjti. Io istubkfjti tkiji io pfpio cæs fntkvm bio prmnism, is qukij kjtilrf y nmjstruyi io nmjmnkckijtm, is qukij -nmj of fyubf y mrkijtfnkþj bio prmeismr- oi bf emrcf y sijtkbm ij su nmjtixtm y rifokbfb. Kjtirfnnkþj ijtri bmnijtis y istubkfjtis Nmjbuntkscm Of rinmc ri nmcpijsf pijsf y io ‟nfstkl ‟nfs tklm– m– bijtrm bio prmnism nmjbu nmjbuntkstf ntkstf smj cëtmbms cëtmbms hæsknms hæsk nms pfrf pfr f riemrz ri emrzfr fr ofs o fs nmjbuntfs nmjbu ntfs y nmjsilu nmjsilukr kr io fprijbkz fpr ijbkzfgi. fgi. Tmr ioom, of kjt k jtirfnnk irfnnkþj þj bio prmeismr nmj n mj oms istubkfjtis istubkfjtis si prmbuni nmj isf ekjfokbfb. Io prmeismr rieu ri euirzf, irzf, prickf prickf ofs of s nmjbuntfs nmjbuntfs bisifbfs, ‟nfstklf– ‟nf stklf– ofs jm jm bisifbfs. Io cfistrm nmjtrmof nmjtijkbms y nmjbuntfs. Nmjstruntkvkscm Of h÷squibf y nmjstrunnkþj bio nmjmnkckijtm si `fni bi emrcf nmcpfrtkbf. Io cfistrm fprijbi nmj io foucj foucjm y vknivirsf, vknivi rsf, pirm p irm is i s io bmnijti bmnijti qukij luãf luãf y mrkijtf mrkijtf isf h÷squibf `fnkf oms nmjtijkbms nmjtijkbms jinisfrkms pfrf of emrcfnkþj emrcfnkþj kjtilrfo kjtilrfo bio istubkfjti. istubkfjti. Io prmeismr prm eismr bisnuhri bftms y ioicijtms ioicijtms bi nmjmnkckijt nmjmnkckijtmm pfrf qui sifj bisfrrmoofbms, bisfrrmoo fbms, fbfptfbms fbfp tfbms y fskckofbms f of rifokbfb y pirsmjfokbfb bi nfbf istubkfjti. Io cfistrm fistr m emcijtf emcijtf y prmcuivi prmcuivi of futmjmc futmjmcãf ãf bio istubkfjti. nf T ã t u O m 5
TirekOBmnijtiBiOsklOmPPk B ispuës bi nkijt n kijtms ms bi riujkmjis riujkmjis nmj fnfbëcknms fnfbëcknms y bmnijtis bmnijtis bi kjst k jstktu ktunkmjis nkmjis p÷hoknfs p÷hok nfs y prkvfbfs prk vfbfs bi Cëxknm ij tmbf of Xip÷hoknf, jms `knkcms bms prilujtfs7 ½io cfistrm bi `my rispmjbi f of bicfjbf ibunftkvf= ibunftkvf= y ½io ½io bmnijti bmnijti bio sklom PPK istæ pripfrfbm pfrf ibunfr y emrc emrcfr fr f gþvijis nmj istfs `irrfckijtfs= Of rispuistf r ispuistf is ivkbijti7 i vkbijti7 JM. Io cfistrm bi `my eui emrcfbm ij io sklom PP, nmj pfræcitrms y bkrintrknis pibflþlknfs qui jm nmjticpofhfj jk kjnouãfj of nrinkijti kjeouijnkf tinjmoþlknf ij io prmnism bi ijsiöfjzf-fprijbkzfgi. ><
Oms cfistrms bio sklom PP, istæj cfrnfbms pmr io Nmjbuntkvkscm nmcm nmrrkijti pribmckjfjti bi oms ÷otkcms >4 m 24 föms, yf qui qui io Nmjstruntkvkscm icpizþ f pmjirsi ij præntknf `fnkf prkjnkpkms bi b i oms föms 04 0 4 ij bkvirsfs bkvir sfs pfrtis bio cuj ujbm, bm, pirm ij Cëxknm Cëxknm jm jm eui eui skjm `fstf `fstf cibkfbms cibkfbms bi oms ;4²s. Oms cfistrms euirmj emrcfbms y ibunfbms ij of ripitknkþj bi sksticfs y cmbioms, cæs qui ij of ixpomrfnkþj bi juivfs tënjknfs y cëtmbms pfrf fnirnfr y cmtkvfr f sus istubkfjtis. Is erinuijti ijnmjtrfr f bmnijtis qui utkokzfj oms ckscms okhrms bi tixtm y nufbirjms bi jmtfs y fpujtis qui iooms ckscms utkokzfrmj nmcm foucjms. Of efcmsf `kstmrkf bio nufbirjm fcfrkoom fgfbm y bis`mgfbm pmr io tkicpm, tkicpm, si ripkti bi pofjtio pofjtio ij pofjtio. pofjtio. Tirm jm `fy nuopfho nuopfhois. is. Io bisfrrmoom bisfrr moom tinjmoþlknm, tinjmoþlknm, qui `f kcpfntfbm kcpfntfbm tfj sijskho sijskhoic icijt ijtii ofs o fs riofnk r iofnkmj mjis is `ucfjfs, kjtirpirsmjfois y -pmr ijbi- ibunftkvfs f jkvio cujbkfo, jm istfhf prisijti `fni >4 föms. Juistrms Juistrms cfistrms cfistrms bi prkc prk cfrkf m bi sinuj s inujbfrkf bfrkf,, ij oms <4²s, si vfoãfj vfoã fj bi ‟ekockj ‟ekockjfs– fs– (bkfpmsktkvfs (bk fpmsktkvfs nmj n mj koustrfnkmjis lræeknfs lræeknfs m pkntþrknfs pkntþrkn fs bi oms ticfs ticfs f ixpmj ixpmjir) ir) m bi piquiöfs pioãnuofs pio ãnuofs bi 65cc 65cc. Isi irf, nufjbm cæs, io rinursm fubkmvksufo bi cfymr fvfjni ij juistrf emrcfnkþj. ^k om nmcpfrfcms nmj om qui `my `my istæ fo fonfjni fonf jni bi oms gþvijis ij ibunfnkþj ibunfnkþj hæsknf hæskn f m cibkf, istfcms istfcms `fhofjbm nfsk bi ujf rieirijnkf jmstæolknf ij io ijtripföm bi uj cusim. Of ibunfnkþj irf bkeirijti, si hfsfhf nmcm `icms bkn`m ij of ijsiöfjzf, ij om qui io cfistrm trfjscktãf y ixpmjãf y husnfhf of cicmrkzfnkþj ij oms istubkfjtis. Io cujbm nfchkþ -y om `fni bi emrcf emrcf nmjtkjuf nmjtkjuf y f viomnkbfbis viomnkb fbis virtklkj vi rtklkjmsfs msfs tmbms oms bãfs- pmr ij i jbi, risuotfhfj ri suotfhfj kcprisnk kcprisnkjbkhois jbkhois juivms cëtmbms ibunftkvms. ½Nþc ½Nþcmm is m bihi sir io cfistrm bio sklom PPK= PPK= ½Vuë ½Vuë nfrfntirãstknfs nfr fntirãstknfs bihi suc s ucfr fr ij i j su pireko pireko y su emrcfnkþj= 6. Fhkirtm, Tourfo To urfo y Rmoirfjti Is uj ibunfbmr ibunfbmr qui si bkrkli bk rkli f ujf ujf lijirfnk lijirfnkþj þj efc efckok kokfrkzfbf frkzfbf nmj of cuotkpok uotkpoknkbfb nkbfb y pourfokbfb bi mpkjkmjis y pmsturfs pmsturfs -qui pmr su s u vkskþj lomhfo y su nmjintkvkbf nmjintkvkbfbb tmtfo- isnun` isn un`f, f, oii, oi i, sklu sk luii pmsturfs y emrcfs bi pijsfckijtm bkstkjtfs y bkstfjtis f of suyf y of bi su ijtmrjm. Tmr ioom, is vktfo qui io prmeismr sif uj prmcmtmr prmcmtmr bi isms vfomris, vfomr is, bi tmoirfjnkf y rispitm f mtrfs mtrfs emrcfs emrcfs bi pijsfckijt pijsfckijtm. m. Of Of kcpmsknk kcpmsknkþj þj bi kbimomlãfs m of vkskþj vk skþj ÷jknf smj ioicijt ioicijtms ms bio pfsfbm. @my si kcpmji kcpmji of bksnuskþj pircfjij pircfjijti, ti, of nmjermjt nmjermjtfnkþj fnkþj bi kbifs, of o f kjvistklfnkþj kjvistklfnkþj nmjstfj nmjstfjti ti y nmjtkju nmjtkjuff io pofjt pof jtifc ifckijt kijtmm bi smounkmjis fotirjftkvfs. F uj ofbm oms bmlcftkscms, f uj ofbm ofs kbimomlãfs qui ixklij ujf smof emrcf emrcf bi fjæoksks y bi vkskþj vk skþj bi of rifokbfb. rifok bfb. Ofs juivfs juivfs lij lijirfnk irfnkmjis mjis riqukirij „nmcm „nmcm `irrfckijtfs `irrfckijtfs kjbkspijsfhois bi nrinkckijtm y bisfrrmoom- nfpfnkbfbis eoixkhois bi nmcprijskþj bi of rifokbfb y bi sus fntmris, skj s kj pmsknkmjis bmlcætknfs bmlcætknfs i kbimoþlknfs. kbimo þlknfs. Jmsmtrms nmcm nmcm prmeismris, prmeismris , bihicms bihicms sir igicpoms vkvms bi ioom. Kcpuosicms io bihfti, io bkæomlm, io fjæoksks y of bksnuskþj, pmr ijnkcf bi of bieijsf bieijsf f uotrfjz uotrfjzff bi kbifs k bifs prinmjnihkbfs. pr inmjnihkbfs. 8. Fntufokzfbm, kjcirsm ij of tinjmomlãf. Io oijl o ijluufgi bio sklom s klom PPK is io bklktfo, io bi oms bkspmsk b kspmsktkvms tkvms cþvkoi cþvkois, s, io bi Kjtirj Kjtirjit, it, io cuot cuotkc kcibkf ibkf y >0
io fubkmvksufo. Io prmeismr qui jm `fhoi y bmckji isti oijlufgi is uj fjfoefhitf bklktfo y ij nmjsinuijnkf, ujf pirsmjf qui `fhof mtrm kbkmcf, bkeirijti fo bi sus foucjms, kjnfpfz bi nmcujknfrsi nmj iooms. Oms prmeismris bihicms bmckjfr isti oijlufgi, ijtijbir quë is y nþcm eujnkmjf io nþbklm bi cijsfgis ^C^ y CC^, pfrf quë om usfj y quë utkokbfb tkiji. Bihicms kjnmrpmrfr nmcm nmcm `irrfckijt `irrfckijtff bi fpmym f of ijsiöfjzf ijsiöfjzf io usm bkfrkm bkf rkm bi Kjtirj Kjtirjit, it, jm jm smom smo m f jkvio bi nmjsuotf, nmjsuotf, skjm pfrf nrifr juivfs y ieknkijtis ieknkijtis emrcfs emrcfs bi nmcuj nmcujknfnk knfnkþj þj f trfvës bi of rib. r ib. Io prmeismr bihi fntufokzfrsi ij tërckjms bi tinjmomlãf -nfpfnktfrsi- pirm tfchkëj ij of kcpoicijtfnkþj bio sksticf bi nmcpitijnkfs. Cæs f÷j, istæ mhoklfbm fo bmckjkm bi Kjtirjit y sus euijtis, pirm pmr ijnkcf bi tmbm, f mrkijtfr fo istubkfjti ij of bkstkjnkþj y bksnirjkckijtm bi sktkms y bi euijtis. Jm tmbm om qui nkrnuof ij ofs ribis smnkfois is nmjekfhoi, huijf pfrti bi oms nmjtijkbms mhibini f of suhgitkvkbfb bi qukijis om nmcpfrtij m isnrkhij. Io prmeismr istæ mhoklfbm f bmtfr fo gmvij bi ioicijtms bi guknkm y bi nmcprijskþj bi istms juivms ioicijtms lijirfbmris bi nmjtijkbm smnkfo, kjemrcftkvm, nrãtknm y bi ijtritijkckijtm. >. Fbfptfhoi, eoixkhoi, nmjintfbm nmj of rifokbfb. Oms isnijfrkms is nijfrkms si s i cmbkeknfj cmbkeknfj f lrfjbis viomnkbfbis. viomnk bfbis. Ofs 64 prmeiskmjis cæs cæs bicfjbfbfs bicfjbfbfs ij io 8444 smj `kstmrkf `kstmrkf y ofs qui siræj sir æj ofs cæs husnfbfs ij io 8469, prmhfhoicij prmhf hoicijti ti jm `fj `fj skbm skqukirf s kqukirf bitintfbfs pmr cirnfbms y ujkvirskbfbis. Io prmeismr bihi ijnfrjfr of nfpfnkbfb bi fbfptfnkþj, trfjsc trfjscktkroi ktkroi fo gmvij g mvij hfn`kooir `fhkokbfbis y nfpfnkbfbis bi eoixkhkokbfb eoixkhkok bfb y bi nmjix n mjixkþj kþj pircfjij pircfjijti ti nmj of rifok r ifokbfb. bfb. Bi jfbf skrvij sk rvij yf oms istu is tubkfjt bkfjtis is cuy cuy hkij pripfrfbms pfrf sktufnkmjis sktufnkmjis qui si `fj cmbkeknfbm m qui `fj `fj bigfbm bi ixkstkr. Tmr ioom is vktfo vk tfo qui io cfistrm istë nmjint n mjintfbm fbm fo cujbm, qui qui mhsirvi ofs trfjsemrcfnkmjis, qui ofs fjfokni y bksnutf nmj sus istubkfjtis. Of ibunfnkþj jm si bf cæs ij of næpsuof bio fuof, si bf ij y pfrf io cujbm, nmjtrfstfbm, nmjtrfstfbm, nmtigfbm, nmc nm cpfrfbm pircfjij pircfjijtic ticijt ijtii pmrqui skjm, io nmjmnkc nmjmnkckijt kijtmm is kj÷tko, bkstfjti bkstfjti y sipfrfbm bi of rifokbf ri fokbfb. b. 2. Mrkij Mrki jtfbmr, efnkoktfbmr, efnkok tfbmr, flijti flijti bio fprijbkzfgi y bio nmjmnkckijt nmjmnkckijtm. m. [f cijnkmjæhfcms io prmeujbm nfchkm bio prmeismr erijti f uj lrupm ij uj sfoþj bi nofsi. [f jm ixksti io prmeismr qui om sipf tmbm y sif uj bipþsktm bi nmjmnkckijt nmjmnkckijtmm y sfhkburãf. Io prmeismr bi `my jm merini rispuistfs tirckjfjtis y biekjktkvfs fo istubkfjti nmjticpmræjim -ij prkcir oulfr- pmrqui yf jm ixkstij, pirm ispinkfocijti, pmrqui bihi husnfrofs ëo ckscm. Io prmeismr fyubf y mrkijtf fo mvij istubkfjti f husnfr rispuistfs, om luãf ij su h÷squibf y oi hrkjbf ioicijtms bi bksnirjkckijtm pfrf bkstkj bk stkjlu lukr kr om væokbm v æokbm y nmcprmhfho nmcprmhfhoii bi om kj÷tko y om efosm. efosm. Is qukij efnko efnkoktf ktf isf h÷squibf qui qui ijnkijbi ujf ouz ij io t÷jio msnurm bi of kljmrfjnkf, is qukij ofjzf ujf oãjif ij io nfckjm y siöfof ‟Tmr f`ã–. f `ã–. Tirm qukij sklui sklui io nfckjm, nfckjm, om fjbf, si trmpkizf y si vuiovi f oivfjtfr, is io istubkfjti. istubkfjti. Io cfistrm bihi sir nþcpokni bio fprijbkzfgi, bihi sir io smnkm kjnmjbknkmjfo bio gmvij qui vf bisnuhrkijbm nmjmnkckijt nmjmnkckijtms ms y qui si skijti fpmyfbm, fnmcpföfbm, fnmcpföfbm, smpmrtfbm pmr pm r io i o cfistrm. Istf fntktub fntktub sþom sþo m is pmskhoi pmskho i sk io cfistrm ckscm ckscm rinmjmni rin mjmni nmj sijnkoo sijnkooiz iz y `uc `uckobfb kobfb su prmpkm rmo ij io prmnism. ^i fnfhfrmj fn fhfrmj oms sfhkms sfhk ms mrænuoms bi of virbfb vi rbfb kjnuistkmjfhoi. kjnuistkmjfhoi. Bicms Bicms of hkijvij hk ijvijkbf kbf fo cfistrm qui mrkijti, qui efnkokti, qui prmcuivf, qui kjnijtkvi y qui cmtkvi io fprijbkzfgi nmj fntktub, bkspmsknkþj, icpugi y nmcprmcksm. Bicms of hkijvijkbf fo cfistrm qui bkfomlui y qui isnun`i f sus istubkfjtis fjtis qui „smom- kcpmjlf nmjniptms y virbfbis nofrfcijti nuistkmjfhois. Bicms of hkijvijkbf fo cfistrm qui nmj `uckobfb y sijnkooiz, sif nfpfz bi rinmjmnir qui uj foucjm istæ ij pireintfs nmjbknk nmjbknkmjis mjis bi pmsiir kjemrc kjemrcfnkþj fnkþj cæs cæs fntufokzfbf qui of bio prmpkm prmeismr, y >;
qui nmj ioof, fchms fchms puibij fprijbir fprijbir nmbm nm bm f nmbm. nmbm . 9. Trmcmtmr bio nmjmnkckijtm, bio fprijbkzfgi y bio istubkm. Rfo viz ujf bi ofs nfrfntirãstknfs isijnkfois bio sklom PPK, y bi oms nfchkms ibunftkvms pmr vijkr, sif io istubkm nmjstfjti y of kjvistklfnkþj pircfjijti. Is binkr, io nmjmnkckijtm jm istæ fnfhfbm, jm is girmloãeknm ij pkibrf kjfcmvkhoi. Io nmjmnkckijtm nfchkf, si cmbkeknf y si trfjsemrcf pircfjij pircfjijtic ticijt ijti, i, tfjtm tfjtm ij ofs nkijnkfs nk ijnkfs nmcm nmcm ij ofs `u `ucfjkbfbis. Tmr ioom ioo m -y ij nmjsmjfjnkf nmjsmjfjnkf nmj of fntktub bi fbfptfhkokbfb- io prmeismr bihi nmjvirtkrsi ij uj istubkmsm nmjstfjti, ij qukij trfjscktf f sus istubkfjtis istubkfjtis of jiniskbfb vktfo bi nmjtkju nmjtkjufr fr istu is tubkfjbm bkfjbm io ristm r istm bi of vkbf. ^i trftf bi nmjvirtkr io istubkm ij uj `æhktm y of kjvistklfnkþj ij ujf nmjstfjti. ½Nþcm ijtijbir oms eijþcijms y fjfokzfroms, nþcm ixpoknfr ck ijtmrjm y ck igirnknkm prmeiskmjfo fjti uj isnijfrkm ij nmjstfjti trfjsemrcfnkþj= ^þom cibkfjti cibkfjti io istu is tubkm bkm y of pripfrfnk pr ipfrfnkþj þj nmjtkj nmjtkjuuf, bmjbi io prmeismr pr meismr is io i o igic ig icpom pom prkc pr kcirm, irm, hæsknm hæs knm i kjknkfo. efnkoktfbmris bio nmjmnkckijtm, nmjmnkckijtm, emrc emrcfj fj pirsmjfs, skic ski chrfj vfomris vfomri s y prkjnkpkms, prkjnkpkms , kjnktfj f of oifotfb, oifo tfb, f of `mjistkbfb, f of gustknkf, f of futijtknkbfb. ½^my, nmcm cfistrm, uj ixpmjijti bi istms vfomris= ½^my, ij ck pirsmjf y ij ck præntknf bmnijti, igicpom bi ioom= Io foucjm si emrcf `my cæs qui jujnf ju jnf ‟vkijbm–, fprijbi fo vir ofs emrcfs emrcfs y ofs tënjknfs, tënjknfs, ofs fntktu f ntktubis bis y oms vfomris vf omris.. ^ifcms ^ifcms ^iömris cfistrms- ixpmj ixpmjijt ijtis is nofrms no frms y trfjspfrijtis trfjspfrijtis bi bkn`ms vfomris, vfomr is, bi of `mjistkbfb `mjistkbfb f pruihf bi tmbm, bio fcmr y rispitm f Cëxknm, bio nmcprmcksm pmr nmjstrukr uj cigmr pfãs, bio rin`fzm tmtfo -y skj bmhoinis- bi of nmrrupnkþj, bi of bieijsf pirpituf bi of gustknkf y su igirnknkm. Jm pmbicms ispirfr qui juistrms istubkfjtis nmjstruyfj uj cigmr pfãs, sk pircktkcms y bkeujbkcms oms irrmris bio pfsfbm. Jm pmbicms pmbicms ispirfr ispir fr qui sifj uj ujff cigmr cigmr lijirfnkþj jk jk qui emrc emrcij ij uj uj Cëxknm Cëxknm cæs cæs gustm, klufoktfrk klufoktfrkm, m, iquktftkvm, iquktftkvm, tmoirfjt tmoir fjtii y pourfo sk s k pirc pi rcktkc ktkcms ms qui suhskstf of nmrrupnkþj y io ‟frrilom–, ‟frr ilom–, io n`fjtfgi n`fjtfgi y of pripmtij pri pmtijnkf nkf bi b i bkrintkvms bkr intkvms y cfistrms. cfistrms. Nuotkvicms Nuotkvicms of gustknkf, of virbfb, of o f skjnirkbfb, skjnirkb fb, of rispmjsfhkokbfb. nmcTitijnkfsBmnijtisBiOsklOmPPk Isti is io pireko Bmnijti bksiöfbm pmr of ^uhsinritfrkf bi Ibunfnkþj Cibkf-^IT (^IC^) burfjti io 844< y 8440. Isti pireko eui nmjstrukbm smhri io trfhfgm bi binijfs bi ispinkfokstfs y bmnijtis bi of Yjkvirskbfb Tibflþlknf Jfnkmjfo, of YJFC, io RIN bi Cmjtirriy y of Yjkvirskbfb Tmpuofr Futþjmcf bio Istfbm bi Tuihof (YTFIT), pirm qui sucþ of fpmrtfnkþj y io trfhfgm bi nkijtms bi bmnijtis bmnijtis ij tmbf of Xip÷hoknf Cixknfjf. Cixknfjf. 5. Nmcprmcitkbm, rispmjsfhoi, ijtrilfbm. Io Tireko Bmnijti kjnouyi 0 nmcpitijnkfs7 Of fntktub bio prmeismr is bi eujbfcijtfo kcpmrtfjnkf. ^u bkspmsknkþj y nmcprmcksm, su rispmjsfhkokbfb y ijtrilf, riprisijtfj io igicpom isijnkfo smhri io nufo io gmvij nmjstrukræ su prmpkm bisfrrmoom y su prmpkf fntktub. Oms siömris cfistrms jm smj sþom trfjscksmris y IO CFI^RXM…. 6. MXLFJKWF ^Y EMXCFNKÞJ NMJRKJYF F OM OFXLM BI ^Y RXF[INRMXKF TXMEI^KMJFO. 24
• Xieoixkmjf Xieoixkmjf i kjvistklf kjvistklf smhri s mhri of ijsiöfjzf ijsiöfjzf y sus sus prmpkms pr mpkms prmnisms bi nmj nm jstrunnkþj strunnkþj bio nmjmnkckijt nmjmnkckijtm. m. >. TOFJKEKNF OM^ TXMNI^M^ BI IJ^IÖFJWF y FTXIJBKWFGI FRIJBKIJBM FO IJEMVYI TMX NMCTIRIJNKF^ [ OM^ YHKNF IJ NMJRIPRM^ BK^NKTOKJFXI^, NYXXKNYOFXI^ [ ^MNKFOI^ CÆ^ FCTOKM^. • Kjnmrpmrf juivms nmjmnkckijtms y ixpirkijnkfs fo fnirvm, nmj ëo nuijtf y oms trfbuni ij istrftilkfs bi ijsiöfjzf y bi fprijbkzfgi. • Kbijtkeknf Kbijtkeknf oms nmjmnkckijt nmjmnkckijtms ms privkms pr ivkms y jjinisk iniskbfbis bfbis bi emrcfnkþj emrcfnkþj bi oms o ms istu is tubkfjt bkfjtis, is, bisfrrmo bi sfrrmoof of istrftilkfs pfrf fvfjzfr f pfrtkr bi iooms. • ^i ivfo÷f ivfo ÷f pfrf cigmrfr su prmnism bi nmjstrunnkþj nmjstrunnkþj bio nmjmnkckijt nmjmnkckijtmm y fbquksk fbquksknkþj nkþj bi nmcpitij nmcpitijnkfs nkfs y nuijt nuijtff nmj ujf ujf bkspmskn bk spmsknkþj kþj efvmrfhoi pfrf of ivfoufnkþj bmnijti bmnijti y bi pfris. • Bksiöf pofjis bi trfhfgm hfsfbms ij prmyintms i kjvistklfnkmjis bksnkpokjfris i kjtirbksnkpokjfrkms mrkijtfbms fo bisfrrmoom bi nmcpitijnkfs. • Fprijbi bi ofs ixpirkijnkfs bi mtrms bmnijtis y pfrtknkpf ij of nmjemrcfnkþj y cigmrfckijtm bi su nmcujkbfb fnfbëcknf. • Bksiöf y utkokzf, ij io sfoþj bi nofsis, cftirkfois fprmpkfbms pfrf io bisfrrmoom bisfrr moom bi nmc n mcpitij pitijnkfs. nkfs. • ^i cfjtkiji fntufokzfbm ij io usm bi of tinjmomlãf bi of kjemrcfnkþj y bi of nmcujknfnkþj. • ^i fntufokzf ij io usm bi ujf silujbf oijluf. • Nmjtixtufokzf oms nmjtijkbms bi uj pofj bi istubkms nmj of vkbf nmtkbkfjf bi oms istubkfjtis y of rifokbfb smnkfo bi of nmcujkbfb f of qui pirtijini. 8. BMCKJF [ I^RXYNRYXF OM^ ^FHIXI^ TFXF EFNKOKRFX IPTIXKIJNKF^ BI FTXIJBKWFGI ^KLJKEKNFRKUM. 2. OOIUF F OF TXÆNRKNF TXMNI^M^ BI IJ^IÖFJWF BI CFJIXF IEINRKUF, NXIFRKUF I KJJMUFBMXF F ^Y NMJRIPRM KJ^RKRYNKMJFO. • Frlucijtf of jfturfoizf, oms cëtmbms y of nmjskstijnkf bi oms sfhiris qui kcpfrti. • Ixpoknf of riofnkþj bio sfhir ij bkstkjtfs bksnkpokjfs nmj præntknf bmnijti y oms prmnisms bi fprijbkzfgi bi oms istubkfjtis. istubkfjtis. • Nmcujknf kbifs y nmjniptms nmj nofrkbfb ij oms bkeirijtis fchkijtis bi fprijbkzfgi y merini igicpoms pirtkjijtis pirtkjijtis f of vkbf bi b i oms istubkfjtis. istubkfjtis. • Ufomrf Ufomrf y riofnkmjf oms o ms nmjmnkckijt nmjmnkckijtms ms privkfcij pr ivkfcijti ti fbqukrkbms pmr oms o ms istu is tubkfjtis, bkfjtis, oms qui si bisfrrmoofj ij su nursm y fquiooms mtrms qui nmjemrcfj uj pofj bi istubkms. • Fpoknf istrftilkfs bi fprijbkzfgi y smounkmjis nriftkvfs fjti nmjtkjlijnkfs, tijkijbm ij nuijtf ofs nfrfntirãstknfs nfrfntirã stknfs bi su s u nmjtix nmjtixtm tm kjstktunkmj kjstktunkmjfo fo y utkokzfj utkokzfjbm bm oms o ms rinursms r inursms y cftirkfois cftirkfois bkspmjkhois bi cfjirf fbinufbf. 26
• Trmcuivi Trmcuivi io bisfrrmoom bisfrr moom bi oms istubkfjt istubkfjtis is cibkfjti cibkfjti io fprijbkz fpr ijbkzfgi, fgi, ij i j io cfrnm cfrnm bi sus fspkrfnkmjis, fspkrf nkmjis, jiniskbfbis y pmskhkokbfbis pmskhko kbfbis nmcm nmcm kjbkvkbums y ij riofnkþj riofnk þj nmj sus sus nkrnuj nk rnujstfj stfjnkfs nkfs smnkmnu smnkmn uoturfois oturfois.. • Efvmrini Efvmri ni ijtri oms istubkfjt istubkfjtis is io bisim bi fprijbir fpr ijbir y ois prmpmrnkmjf pr mpmrnkmjf mpmrtu mpmr tujkbfbis jkbfbis y `irrfckijt `irrfckijtfs fs pfrf fvfjzfr ij sus prmnisms bi nmjstrunnkþj nmjstrunnkþj bio nmjmnkckijt nmjmnkckijtm. m. • Trmvii bi hkhokmlrfeãf hk hokmlrfeãf rioivfjti ri oivfjti y mrkijtf mrkijtf f oms istubkfjt istubkfjtis is ij of nmjsuotf nmjsuotf bi euijt euijtis is pfrf pfr f of kjvistklfnkþj. • Trmcuivi Trmcuivi io pijsfckijt pijsfckijtmm nrãtknm, nr ãtknm, rieoix ri eoixkvm kvm y nriftkvm, nri ftkvm, f pfrtkr pf rtkr bi oms nmjtijkbms nmjtijkbms ibunftkvms istfhoinkbms, istfhoink bms, sktu sk tufnkmjis fnkmjis bi fntufokbf fntufokbfbb i kjqukitu kjqukitubis bis bi oms istubkfjt istubkfjtis. is. • Ytkokzf of tinjmomlãf bi of kjemrcfnkþj y nmcujknfnkþj nmcm ujf fcpokfnkþj bkbæntknf ij bkstkjtms fchkijtis fchkijtis bi fprijbkzfgi. • Cmtkvf f oms istubkfjtis ij om kjbkvkbufo y ij lrupm y prmbuni ixpintftkvfs bi supirfnkþj y bisfrrmoom. 9. IUFO×F OM^ TXMNI^M^ BI IJ^IÖFJWF [ BI FTXIJ BKWFGI NMJ YJ IJEMVYI EMXCFRKUM. • Emcijt Emcijtff io lu lustm stm pmr of o f ointu oin turf rf y pmr of o f ixpriskþj mrfo, isnrktf isnrk tf y frtãstknf. • Istfhoini nrktirkms nrktirkm s y cëtmbms cëtmbms bi ivfoufnkþj ivfo ufnkþj bio fprijbkzfgi nmj hfsi ij io ijemqui ijemqui bi nmcpitijnkfs y oms nmcujknf bi cfjirf nofrf f oms istubkfjtis. • Trmpknkf Trmpk nkf of o f utkok utkokzfnkþj zfnkþj bi of tinjmomlãf tinjmomlãf bi of kj k jemrcfnkþj emrcfnkþj y bi of nmcujknfnkþj, nmcujknfnkþj, pmr pfrti bi oms istubkfjt istubkfjtis, is, pfrf pfr f prmnisfr prmni sfr i kjtirpritfr kjtirpritfr kjemrc kjemrcfnkþj, fnkþj, fsã nmc n mcmm pfrf ixprisfr kbifs. kbi fs. • Bf silukc silukckijt kijtmm fo prmnism bi fprijbkz fpr ijbkzfgi fgi y fo bisfrrmoom bisfrr moom bi oms istubkfjtis. istubkfjtis. <. NMJRXKHY[I F OF LIJIXFNKÞJ BI YJ FCHKIJRI VYI EFNKOKRI IO BI^FXXMOOM ^FJM I KJRILXFO BI OM^ I^RYBKFJRI^. • Nmcujknf sus mhsirvfnkmjis f oms istubkfjtis bi cfjirf nmjstruntkvf y nmjskstijti y sulkiri fotirjftkvfs fotirjftkvfs pfrf su s u supirfnk supirfnkþj. þj. • Emcijtf of futmivfoufnkþj y nm-ivfoufnkþj ijtri pfris fnfbëcknms y ijtri oms istubkfjtis pfrf fekfjzfr fekfjzfr oms o ms prmnisms prmn isms bi ijsiöfjzf ijsiöfjzf fprijbkzfgi. fprijbkzfgi. 5. NMJ^RXY[I FCHKIJRI^ TFXF IO FTXIJBKWFGI FY RÞJMCM [ NMOFHMXFRKUM. • Trfntknf y prmcuivi io rispitm f of bkvirskbfb bi nriijnkfs, vfomris, kbifs y præntknfs smnkfois ijtri sus nmoilfs y ijtri oms istubkfjtis. • Efvmrini Efvmrin i io bkæomlm nmcm nmcm cinfjksc cinfjkscmm pfrf of rismounkþj r ismounkþj bi nmjeokntms nmjeokntms pirsmjfois pir smjfois i kjt k jtirpirs irpirsmjfois mjfois ijtri oms istubkfjtis y -ij su nfsm- oms fjfokzf pfrf qui rinkhfj ujf ftijnkþj fbinufbf. • Efvmrini ijtri oms istubkfjtis io futmnmjmnkckijtm y of vfomrfnkþj bi sã ckscm. 28
• Istkcuof Istkcuof of pfrtknkpfnkþj pfrtknkpfn kþj bi istu i stubkfjt bkfjtis is ij of emrcuofnk emrcuofnkþj þj bi jmrcfs jmrcfs bi trfhfgm trfhfg m y bi nmjvkvijnkf nmjvkvijnkf -y ofs `fni nucpokr nucpokr-. -. • Trmcuivi Trmcuivi io kjtirës kjtirës y of pfrtknkpfnkþj pfrtknkpf nkþj bi oms istubkfjtis istubkfjtis nmj ujf ujf nmjnkijnkf nmjnkijnkf nãvknf, nã vknf, ëtknf y inmoþlknf ij i j of vkbf vkb f bi of isnuiof, i snuiof, bi of nmc n mcuujkbfb, bi of o f rilkþj ri lkþj,, bi Cëxknm Cëxknm y bio cuj cujbm. bm. • Fokijtf qui oms istubkfjtis ixprisij mpkjkmjis ij uj cfrnm bi rispitm y ofs tmcf ij nuijtf. ibunftkvfs. @fstf fquã fquã ofs o fs nmcpitijnkfs nmcpitijnkfs bmnijtis priisnrktfs priisnrk tfs pmr of o f ^IT (^IC^) ij oms ÷otkc ÷o tkcms ms föms. Nfrfntirãstknfs, nufokbfbis y efnuotfbis bio prmeismr -nofrfs y prinksfs- qui jm bigfj oulfr f bubfs smhri io rmo vktfo qui bisicpiöf io bmnijti ij of ibunfnkþj. • Nmjtrkhuy Nmjtrkhuyii f qui of isnuiof ri÷jf y prisirvi nmjbknkmjis eãsknfs i `klkëjknfs `klkëjknfs sftksefnt sf tksefntmrkfs mrkfs.. • Emcijt Emcijtff istkoms istkom s bi vkbf vk bf sfoubfhois sfo ubfhois y mpnkmjis pfrf io i o bisfrrmo bisf rrmoom om `uc `ucfjm, nmcm nmcm io bipmrti, io frti y bkvirsfs bkvirs fs fntkvkbfbis fn tkvkbfbis nmcpoic nmcpoicijt ijtfrkf frkfss ijtri oms istubkfjt istubkfjtis. is. Nmcm Nmcm istfhoinkc istfhoink cms bisbi bisb i io kjknkm bi isti trfhfgm bi kjvistklfnkþj kjvistklfnkþj y rinmpkofnkþj, rinmpkofn kþj, io cfistrm cfistrm istæ oofcfbm f sir cun`m cæs qui uj skcpoi trfjscksmr bi bftms y bi kjemrcfnkþj. Io cfistrm bihi fsuckr fsuckr su pmsknkþj bi okbirfzl okbir fzlmm fhsmout fhsmo utmm i kjnuistkmjfhoi, kjnuistkmjfhoi, ijnfhizfr y prmpmjir tfrifs bi rispmjsfhkokbfb rispmjsfhko kbfb smnkfo, smnkfo , bkrklkr bkr klkr y mrkij mrki jtfr f oms o ms fouc fo ucjms jms ij of emrcfnkþj emrcfnkþj bi vfomris vf omris qu quii vfj cu cun`m cæs fooæ fo oæ bio bi o ixfcij ixfcij bi cic cicmrkf mrkf smhri of cftirkf cftirkf qui nmrrispmjbi f nfbf nfb f prmeismr. • Efnkoktf of kjtilrfnkþj frcþjknf bi oms istubkfjtis fo ijtmrjm isnmofr y efvmrini io bisfrrmoom bi sijtkbm sijtkbm bi pirtij p irtijijnkf. ijnkf. 0. TFXRKNKTF IJ OM^ TXM[INRM^ BI CIGMXF NMJRKJYF BI ^Y I^NYIOF [ FTM[F OF LI^RKÞJ KJ^RKRYNKMJFO. • Nmofhmrf ij of nmjstrunnkþj bi uj prmyintm bi emrcfnkþj kjtilrfo bkrklkbm f oms istubkfjtis bi emrcf emrcf nmoilkfbf nmoi lkfbf nmj mtrms mtrms bmnijt bm nijtis is y oms bkrintkvms b krintkvms bi of isnuiof, fsã nmcm nmcm nmj io pirsmjfo pir smjfo bi fpmym tënjknm pibflþlknm. Nmcm bkni of MNBI ‟Bisbi oms föms <4, ij uj istubkm smhri oms >8 pfãsis cijms bisfrrmoofbms, @usic, ^f`f, Jmrufc (6;<0) nmjnouyirmj qui oms bmnijtis emrcfbms `fnij of bkeirijnkf y qui io nmjmnkckijtm, nmjmnkckijtm, of ibu ib unfnkþj, ofs of s nfokeknfnk nf okeknfnkmjis mjis y of ixpirkijnkf i xpirkijnkf bi oms bmnijtis bmnijtis tkijij tkijij ujf ujf kcpoknf kcpoknfnkþj nkþj pmsktkvf ij io bisic bis icpiöm piöm bio istubkfjti. istubkfjti. Istubkms Istubkms cæs rinkijtis r inkijtis ij pfãsis kjbustrkfokzfbms tfchkëj `fj bicmstrfbm qui of ijsiöfjzf bi fotf nfokbfb tkiji uj ieintm pmsktkvm sustfjnkfo sustfjnkfo ij oms risuotfbms bi oms istubkfjtis– istubkfjtis– • Bitintf y nmjtrkhuyi f of smounkþj bi prmhoicfs bi of isnuiof cibkfjti io iseuirzm nmc÷j nmj mtrms bmnijtis, bkrintkvms y ckichrms bi of nmcujkbfb. • Trmcuivi Trmcuivi y nmofhmrf nmj su nmcu nmcujkbfb ibunftkvf ij prmyintms bi pfrtknkpfnkþj pfrtknkpfn kþj smnkfo. smnkf o. ½Nþcm pritijbicms nmjstrukr ujf lijirfnkþj bi cigmris cixknfjms sk riprmbunkcms oms vknkms y 2>
bieintms bi ofs nmcujkbfbis bmjbi istfcms kjcirsms= ½Nþcm pibkrois cæs f iooms bi om qui jmsmtrms jm eukcms nfpfnis= Is nmcm rispmjbir7 sifj nmchftkvms ustibis, pmrqui jmsmtrms jm pubkcms pubkcms omlrfr io nfc nf chkm. ^ifj ustibis ustibis kjnmrruptkhoi kjnmrruptkhois, s, `mjistms, `mjistms, bieijsmris bieijsmris bi oms o ms birin`ms y ofs okhirtfbis fo tkicpm qui oms nucpoij y smj igicpom f su nmcujkbfb, pmrqui pfrf jmsmtrms istuvm cuy bkeãnko. • Nrif y pfrtknkpf ij nmcuj nmcujkbfbis kbfbis bi fprijbkz fpri jbkzfgi fgi pfrf præntknfs pr æntknfs nf T ã t u O m <
O f s k j t i O k l i j n k f s c ÷ O t k T O i s 7 i j t r i v k s t f f ` m w f r B l f r B j i r OãjifsnijtrfOisBisuTijsfckijtm(nktfs) @ mwfrb Lfrbjir (Tijskovfjkf 6;2>) is uj psknþomlm bio bisfrrmoom emrcfbm ij of Yjkvirskbfb bi @frvfrb. Xifokzþ istubkms bi pmstlrfbm ij jiurmpsknmomlãf y si bibknþ, pmr föms, f kjvistklfr of nmljknkþj `ucfjf, io usm bi sãchmoms nmj jköms y fbuotms. Xifokzþ istubkms ij fbuotms nmj oiskmjis nirihrfo ni rihrfois is y oms bföms nmjsinu n mjsinuijt ijtis is ij sus euj eujnkmjis y nfpfnkbfbis. nfpfnkb fbis. ^il÷j sus sus prmpkfs prm pkfs pfofhrfs, pfofhr fs, su iseuirzm iseuirzm pmr skjtitkz skjtitkzfr fr io risuotfbm r isuotfbm bi istfs bms oãjifs bi kjvistklfnkþj, kjvistklfnkþj, om ooivþ f bisfrrmoofr su Rimrãf bi ofs Kjtioklijnkfs C÷otkpois. (6;0> ‟Erfcis me Ckjb–) • ‟Yjf kjtioklijnkf is uj pmtijnkfo hkmpsknmoþlknm qui jm bihi nmjeujbkrsi nmj uj bmckjkm bio sfhir, qui is ujf ujf fntkvkbfb fntkvk bfb smnkfocij smn kfocijti ti nmjstrukbf. nmjstrukbf. Ij of cfymr cfymr pfrti pfr ti bi oms om s pfãsis pfã sis bio b io cujbm cujbm ofs isnuiofs is nuiofs si mrlfjkzfj bi cfjirfs ujkemrcis. ^i ijsiöfj y ivfo÷fj ofs ckscfs cftirkfs bi ofs ckscfs cfjirfs, f tmbms oms istubkfjt istubkfjtis is pmr klufo, klufo, pmrqui pm rqui pfrini gustm pmbir trftfr f tmbms oms istubkfjtis istubkfjtis nmcm nmcm sk euirfj euirfj klufois. klufois. Iooms si fpmyfj fp myfj ij io supuistm supuistm iqukvmnfbm bi qui tmbfs ofs pirsmjfs tkijij io ckscm tkpm bi cijti. Tirm ym nrim qui tmbfs ofs pirsmjfs tkijij uj tkpm bi cijti bkstkjtm. Jfbki lfstfrãf lfstfrãf bkjirm ij uj tirfpiutf tirfpiutf qui kljmrfrf kljmrfrf tmbm fquioom qui is ispinãeknm ispinã eknm bi oms kjbkvkbums–. Ij oms ÷otkcms 84 föms `f bkrklkbm sus iseuirzms f riemrcfr io sksticf ibunftkvm istfbmujkbijsi y f pmjir ij præntknf ujf ujf ibunfnkþj bkvirskeknfbf, pirsmjfokzfbf pir smjfokzfbf y pourfo qui sustij sustijti ti su ijemqui ijemqui ij ofs nfpfnkbfbis y `fhkokbfbis bi oms istubkfjtis. • ‟Ij io euturm euturm vfcms vfcms f sir nfpfnis bi kj k jbkvkbufokzfr, bi pirsmjfokzfr of o f ibunfnkþj tfjtm tfjtm nmcm nmcm quirfcms–. • ‟Is cuy kcpmrtfjti ivfoufr ofs kjtioklijnkfs, pirm oms tists istfjbfrkzfbms jm smj of smounkþj–. @f trfhfgfbm fo erijti bio ‟Trmyintm Wirm– ij of @frvfrb Lrfbufti ^n`mmo me Ibunftkmj -y cæs rinkijticijti- ij io prmyintm ‟R`i Lmmb \mra–, bistkjfbm f cigmrfr of nfokbfb y of futmistkcf bi oms prmeiskmjfois, pfrf qukijis oms efntmris bi of ëtknf y of ixnioijnkf smj isijnkfois. • ‟Io lrfj bisfeãm, tfjtm pfrf io bmnijti nmcm pfrf io foucjm is ijnmjtrfr io ritm bi ujf fntkvkbfb y io lrfbm bi `fhkokbfb bi of pirsmjf pfrf rifokzfrof–. 22
• ‟Io bksiöm b ksiöm bi ck ck isnuiof isn uiof kbifo bio euturm euturm si hfsf ij bms `kpþtisks7 of o f prkc prk cirf is qui jm jm tmbms tkijij oms ckscms kjtirisis y nfpfnkbfbis1 jm tmbms fprijbicms bi of ckscf cfjirf. Of silujbf `kpþtisks puibi bmoir7 is of o f bi qui ij ju juistrms istrms bãfs jfbki puibi ooilfr f fprijbir tmbm om qui `fy `fy qui qui fprijbir–. • ‟Yjf ‟Yjf isnuiof nijtrfbf nijtrfbf ij io kjbkvkbum tijbrãf tijbrãf qui sir rknf rk nf ij of ivfoufnkþj i vfoufnkþj bi ofs nfpfnkbfbis nfpfnkb fbis y bi ofs tijbijnkfs tijbijnkfs kjbkvkbufois. Kjtijt Kjtijtfrãf frãf fsmnkfr fsmnkf r kj k jbkvkbums, jm sþom nmj nm j ærifs nurrknuofris, nurrknuofris , skjm tfchkëj nmj emrcfs pfrtknuofris bi kcpfrtkr isfs cftirkfs–. • ‟Nmjgujt ‟Nmjgujtfc fcijt ijtii nmj oms ispinkfoks ispink fokstfs tfs ivfoufbmris, of isnuiof bio eutu euturm rm bihiræ bi hiræ nmjtfr nmjtfr nmj n mj io ‟listmr ‟listmr istu i stubkfjti-nu bkfjti-nurrk rrknuou nuouc c–. ^u trfhfgm nmj nm jskstkrãf skstkrã f ij fyubfr fyubfr f icpfrigf icpfrigfrr oms o ms pirekois pir ekois bi oms istubkfjt istubkfjtis is -sus mhgitkvms i kjt k jtirisis irisis-- nmj n mj nmjtij nmjtijkbms kbms nurrknuofris nmjnritms y bitirckjfbms bitirckjfbms istkoms istko ms bi fprijbkzfgi–. bio ^ur, ofs prmvkjnkfs pr mvkjnkfs bi @mj @mjll Amjl Amjl m bi RfkwæjRfkwæ j- bipmsktfrmj lrfj ijirlãf, ijirlãf, rinu rin ursms y ftijnkþj ftijnkþj ij io bisfrrmo bi sfrrmoom om bi ofs tinjmomlãfs tinjmomlãfs ij sus prmlrfcfs prmlrfcfs bi istubkm. istubkm. N`kjf N`kjf `f nmpkfbm y cigmrf cigmrfbm bm isi cmbiom bi emrcf emrcf cfskvf, prmc pr mcmvkijbm mvkijbm io emrtfoinkckijt emrtfoinkckijtmm bi ofs kjtioklijnkfs kjtioklijnkfs riofnk r iofnkmjfbfs mjfbfs nmj of tinjmomlãf. Tfrf io i o Br. Lfrbjir, su prkcirf nofskeknfnkþj nofsk eknfnkþj bi kjtioklijnkfs kjtioklijnkfs kjnouyþ kjnouyþ skiti ski ti pirekois7 • ‟Io prmpþsktm bi of ibunfnkþj is omlrfr qui ofs pirsmjfs qukirfj `fnir om qui bihij `fnir–. 6. OKJL OKJL×Ã^RKN ×Ã^RKNF F - ^i fprinkf, fprink f, bisbi bisb i cuy cuy piquiöms, ij ofs `fhkokbfbis fhko kbfbis riofnkmjfbfs riofnk mjfbfs nmj io oijlu oijlufgi, of o f efnkokbfb efnkok bfb pfrf isnrkhkr, isnrk hkr, oiir, o iir, `fhofr, nmjt n mjtfr fr nuijtms nuijtms m kjnou k jnousm sm `fnir nrunklrfcfs. nrunklrfcfs. Istfs nktfs smj igicpom nofrm nofr m bio pijsfckijt pijsfckijtmm y bi of fpmrtfnkþj f pmrtfnkþj ibunftkvf ibunftkvf bio bi o Br. Lfrbjir. Is ij rifokbfb, uj pijsfckijtm bi vfjlufrbkf, qui sustijtf huijf pfrti bio bisfrrmoom bio nmjmnkckijtm nmjstruntkvm (nmjstruntkvkstf) bi juistrms tkicpms. 8. OÞLKNF-CFRICÆRKNF - ^i mhsirvf ij oms jköms qui prisijtfj kjtirës pmr pftrmjis bi cibkbf, nftilmrãfs nftilmrãfs y riofnkmjis. Rkijij efnko efnkokbfb kbfb pfrf pf rf of o f rismounkþj ris mounkþj bi prmhoicfs frktcëtknms, frktcëtknms, guilms bi istrftilkf y ixpirkcijtms. Ij su nmjnipnkþj, of isnuiof jm bihi sir uj cinfjkscm floutkjfbmr y ujkemrcfbmr bi pirekois, istubkfjtis y nmjmnkckijtms. Cæs hkij, tmbm om nmjtrfrkm. Of isnuiof bihi sir uj ispfnkm bi ixpomskþj y bisfrrmoom bi ofs `fhkokbfbis y pirekois bi kjtioklijnkf ispinãeknms bi nfbf istubkfjti. Tmr ioom su oofcfbm f of kjbkvkbufokzfnkþj, f of h÷squibf bi pirekois pfrtknuofris bi nfbf istubkfjti. >. NMXTMXFO [ NKJËRKNF „ ^i kbijtkeknf nufjbm `fy efnkokbfb pfrf prmnisfr io nmjmnkckijtm f trfvës bi ofs sijsfnkmjis nmrpmrfois. Bipmrtkstfs, hfkofrkjis m `fnibmris bi cfjufokbfbis, nmcm of nmsturf m frtisfjms ij cfbirf, itn. Isnuotmris y frtkstfs poæstknms pmsiij istf efnuotfb bi emrcf cuy bisfrrmoofbf. Of timrãf hæsknf bi ofs of s kjt k jtioklijnkfs ioklijnkfs c÷otkpois c÷otkpois puibi risuckrsi risuckrsi ij om sklu sk lukijt kijti7 i7 nfbf n fbf pirsmjf pir smjf tkiji tkiji pmr om cijms cijms mn`m kjtioklij kjtioklijnkfs, nkfs, `fhkokbfbis `fhkok bfbis nmljmsnktkvfs. nmljmsnktkvfs. Istfs kjtioklijnkfs, kjtioklijnkfs, fujqui fujqui trfhfgfj 29
ujtfs om `fnij nmcm ujkbfbis sickfutþjmcfs. Nfbf pirsmjf bisfrrmoof -pmr bkvirsfs rfzmjis, qui vfj bisbi of lijëtknf `fstf io cibkm fchkijti- folujms tkpms bi kjtioklijnkf cæs qui mtrms. Bkeirijtis nuoturfs y silcijtms bi of smnkibfb pmjij bkeirijtis ëjefsks ij bkstkjtms tkpms y pirekois. Tmr igicpom, oms pfãsis fskætknms -prkcirfcijti Gfpþj, Nmrif 2. UK^YFO [ I^TFNKFO „ Oms jköms pkijsfj ij kcælij kcælijis is y bkhugms. bkhugms. Rkijij efnkokbfb pfrf rismovir r ismovir rmcpinfhizfs, rmcpinfhizfs, bibknfj bibkn fj tkic tkicpm pm f bkhugfr, bk hugfr, priekirij guilms guilms nmjstruntkvms, smj `æhkois ij of fhstrfnnkþj, ij of kcflkjfnkþj bi emrcfs y eklurfs, cmbiofj nmj pofstkokjf, pofstko kjf, itn. itn. 9. CY^KNFO „ Bisbi piquiöms si cfjkekistfj nmj kjnokjfnkmjis f smjkbms y nfjnkmjis, oms kbijtkeknfj kbijtkeknfj y ripktij nmj efnkokbfb. Ofs pirsmjfs nmj efnkokbfb efnko kbfb pfrf oms kbkmcfs, tkijij uj ujff kjtioklijnkf kjtioklijnkf cu cusknfo. sknfo . Of hfsi bio fprijbkzfgi bi oijl oi jluufs rfbknf r fbknf ij io mãbm y ij of pmskhko pms khkokbfb kbfb bi ripitkr prmjujnkfnkmjis. prmjujnkfnkmjis. Euijti7 Ofjbf Ofjbfvirb virbii Fsismrãf Fsism rãf Ibunftkvf Ibu nftkvf Kjtioklijnkf Okjlÿkstknf
5. KJRIXTIX^MJFO „ ^mj huijms ij of nmcujknfnkþj `ucfjf, lijirfocijti virhfo. ^mj oãbiris bi lrupms, lrupms, ijt i jtkijbij kijbij hkij oms sijtkc sijtkckijt kijtms ms bi oms bicæs bicæs y prmvmnfj nmj efnkokbfb ofs riofnkmjis riof nkmjis kjtirpirsmjfois. jtioklijnkf Uksufo y Ispfnkfo jtioklijnkf Kjtrfpirsmjfo Kjtioklijnkf Cusknfo
<. KJRXFTIX^MJFO „ ^i riofnkmjfj nmj of nfpfnkbfb bi ujf pirsmjf pfrf nmjmnirsi f sã ckscm7 sus rifnnkmjis, rifnnk mjis, icmnkmjis icmnkmjis y vkbf kjtirkmr kjtirkmr.. Of Rimrãf bi ofs Kjtioklij Kjtioklijnkfs lijnkfs C÷otkpois C÷otk pois Oþlknf y bi Lfrbjir cfticætknf Kjtioklijnkf nkf Kjtiok
Istfs euirmj euirmj ofs nftilmrãfs nftilmrãfs bi kjtioklijnkf kjtioklijnkf qui pmstuoþ pmstuoþ Lfrbjir ij su `kstþrknm okhrm ok hrm bi 6;0>, ‟Erfcis me Ckjb–. Cæs tfrbi, nmcm risuotfbm bio silukckijtm bi sus trfhfgms bi kjvistklfnkþj y of puhoknfnkþj bi mtrms tixtms, tixtms, Lfrbjir Lfrbjir flrilþ ujf ujf juivf juivf nftilmrãf7 nftilmrãf7 Euijti7 Ofjbf Ofjbfvirb virbii Fsismrãf Fsism rãf Ibunftkvf Ibu nftkvf
jtioklijnkf
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Kjtioklijnk Kjtio klijnkf f Kjtirpirsmjfo Kjtir pirsmjfo Cfjufo C fjufo y Akjësknf jtioklijnkf Jfturfokstf Cusknfo Cuskn fo Jfturfokst Jfturfo kstf f Nmrpmrfo akjistësknf Oþlknfcfticætknf Oþlknfcfticætkn f rif Okjlÿãstknm Ispfnkfo Ispfn kfo virhfo vir hfo jtrfpirsmjfo
Kjtirpirsmjfo Kjtir pirsmjfo
Io trfhfgm trfhfg m bi @mwfrb Lfrbjir Lfrbjir is i s ixtijsm ixtijsm y prmeujbm. prmeujbm. Istubkf Istubkf y fjfokzf fjfokzf io okbirfzl okbir fzlm, m, of kjtirfnnk kjtirfnnkþj þj bi ofs kjtioklijnkfs, ofs nmjbknkmjis lijëtknfs qui bkspfrfj m kcpuosfj io bisfrrmoom ioivfbm bi foluj folujf bi istfs i stfs kjtioklijnkfs kjtioklijnkfs y, fbicæs, fbicæs, of pmskhkokbf pmskhk okbfbb bi qui io nuotkvfr nuotkvfr f prmeujbkbfb prmeujbkbfb ujf ujf bi ioofs i oofs,, puibf prmvmnfr io bisfrrmo bis frrmoom om cijmr, cijmr, pmhri, bi folujf folujf bi ofs mtrfs. Ij io föm 8449, tuvkc tuvkcms ms mpmrtujkbfb mpmrtujkbfb bi riujkrjms riujkrjms y poftknfr nmj ëo. Isti is io risuotfbm bi isf poætknf. i j t r i v k s t f f ` m w f r B l f r B j i r 2<
0. KJRIOKLIJNKF JFRYXFOK^RF „ Fquiooms qukijis pmsiij `fhkokbfbis pfrf riofnkmjfrsi y nmcujknfrsi nmj of jfturfoizf. Oimjfrbm Amurn`ijam „ Nufjbm pijsfcms ij of kjtioklijnkf, pmr om lijirfo lijirfo,, pijsfcms pijsfcms ij of nfpfnkbfb bi pijsfr, pi jsfr, bi rismovir prmhoicfs, bi tijir tijir rispuist ris puistfs. fs. F vinis, rispuistfs f nufoqu n ufoqukir kir prmhoicf, pirm… ½quë is rifoc ri focijt ijtii of kjtioklijnkf= kjtioklijnkf= @mwfrb Lfrbjir „ Of kjtioklijnkf kjtioklijnkf is uj nfcpm nfcpm bi hftfoof hf tfoof pfrf pfr f ofs of s bksnuskmj bks nuskmjis is ijtri istubkmsms istubkmsms y lijti lij ti nmc÷j nmc÷j y nmrrkijti. Tmr of o f `kstmrkf bi of o f psknmomlãf ps knmomlãf bio sklom PP, ooilfc oo ilfcms ms f uj ujff nmjnouskþj „ qui f cã ci pfrini iqukvmnfbf- qui nmjsksti ij qui of lijti nfpfz bi nmjtistfr ofs prilujtfs bi uj ixfcij bi rispuistfs nmrtfs, bi emrcf ræpkbf y nmrrintf, irf kjtioklijti. Vui f pfrtkr bi ioom tijãfj ujf fotf nfokeknfnkþj bi nmieknkijti kjtiointufo y supuskcms qui sk tijãfj ujf fotf nfokeknfnkþj bi nmieknkijti kjtiointufo, pmbrãfj `fnir om qui euirf y qui sk tijãfj ujf hfgf nfokeknfnkþj nfok eknfnkþj bi nmieknkijt nmi eknkijtii kjtiointufo, kjtiointufo, jm pmbrãfj pmbrã fj `fnir `fnir jfbf. Nofrm, yf qui ujm ujm om pkijsf pki jsf ij tërckjms bi sijtkbm nmc÷j, isf jm puibi sir of rispuistf, pmrqui `fy tmbm tkpm bi lijti qui oi vf hkij ij of isnuiof, pirm fo f o sfokr sfo kr bi ioof io of jm oi vf jfbf jfbf hkij y pmr io nmjtrfrkm, `fy lijti ijti qui ij of isnuiof ripruihf rip ruihf y sfoi bi of o f isnuiof y ooilf ooi lf f bkrkl bkrk lkr lrfjbis lrfjbis icprisfs m f sir uj lrfj lrfj lijirfo lijirfo bio igërnktm. Of timrãf si puibi risuckr cuy hrivicijti7 ij viz bi qui tijlfcms ujf smof nmcputfbmrf cko usms ij io nirihrm, y qui sk isf nmcputfbmrf is huijf ujm puibi `fnir bi tmbm y sk jm is huijf ujm jm puibi `fnir `fnir jfbf, is cæs cæs prinksf prink sf of bisnrkpnk bis nrkpnkþj þj bi qui qui of lijti lijti tkiji tkiji uj uj nmjguj nmjgujtm bi nmcput nmcputfbmrfs fbmrfs qui smj hæsknfcijti hæsknfcijti kjbipijbkijtis kjbipijbkijtis ijtri ijtri sã y f isfs ois bklm ofs kjtioklijnkfs kjtioklijnkfs c÷otkpois c÷otkpois.. Tkijsm qui of lijti tkiji 0 m ; nmcputfbmrfs bkeirijtis7 ujf is huijf pfrf io oijlufgi, mtrf pfrf of oþlknf, mtrf pfrf of c÷sknf, mtrf pfrf of mrkijtfnkþj ispfnkfo, mtrf pfrf ijtijbir f of lijti, itn. Rmbms tijicms istfs nmcputfbmrfs „is om qui jms `fni `ucfjms- pirm jm `fy bms pirsmjfs, jk bms licioms kbëjtknms, qui tijlfj ixfntfcijti oms ckscms pirekois. Ijtmj Ijtmjnis, nis, yf sfhis, ij prkcir prkcir oul o ulfr, fr, Ikjstikj is hrkoofjt hrko ofjtii pfrf of oþlknf o þlknf y of mrkijt mrki jtfnkþj fnkþj ispfnkfo, ispfnk fo, pirm jm is pfrtknuofrcijt pfrtknuofrcijtii huijm huijm pfrf io oijl o ijlufgi ufgi y of c÷sknf. c÷sknf. Ij siluj silujbm oulfr, oulfr, Tknfssm Tknfs sm eui eui hrkoofjt hrko ofjtii ij of kjtioklijnkf kjtioklijnkf ispfnkfo, ispfnkfo , pirm jm pubm pubm ij of isnuiof. Mtrm Mtrm igic igi cpom, Limrli Hus` Hus` is uj uj istubkfjti kjbkeirijti pirm is cuy pirsufskvm erijti f erijti. Fbicæs, Fbicæs, sk s k pijsfcms pijsfcms ij i j oãbiris… oãbiri s… pijsic pi jsicms ms jfbf cæs ij Triskbijt Trisk bijtis is bi Istfbms Yjkbms7 bkekirij bk ekirij ijmrcicijti ofs nmsfs pfrf ofs qui smj huijms. Tujtm kjtirisfjti7 prmhfhoicijti oms nmieknkijtis kjtiointufois kjtiointufois cæs cæs ioivfbms i oivfbms euirmj euirmj oms bi Gkc Gk ccy Nfrtir y oms bi @irhirt @mmvir. Oms bms irfj kjlijkirms y oms bms euirmj priskbijtis bi cuy pmnm ëxktm. ¡Tirm sã euirmj huijms Triskbijtis! Bi `in`m, tfjtm @mmvir nmcm Nfrtir, euirmj huijms ix priskbijtis. @fni nirnf bi 89 föms, föm s, tuvi tuvi of mpmrtujkbfb mpmrtujkbfb bi riujkr riujkr tmbf suirti suirti bi bftms bf tms bi ofs nkijnkfs nmlj n mljktkvfs, ktkvfs, bi lijëtknf, bi of psknmomlãf, bi of fjtrmpmomlãf, bi ofs prmeiskmjis y bisfrrmooë of qui prmhfhoic prmhfho icijt ijtii irf of prkcirf nrãtknf cmbirjf cmbirjf bi of Rimrãf Rimrã f bi of Kjtioklij Kjtioklijnkf7 nkf7 Of Rimrãf bi ofs o fs ‟KC– m bi ofs o fs kj k jtioklijnkfs tioklijnkfs c÷otkpois. 20
[ fsã, bisfrrmooë uj vmnfhuofrkm y uj cmbm bi nþcm of lijti puibi fjfokzfr pirekois cuy krriluofris bi emrtfoizfs y bihkokbfbis y istfs kbifs `fj tijkbm cun`f vklijnkf ij isnuiofs bi tmbm io cujbm1 f of lijti oi risuotfj ÷tkois ij of ibunfnkþj y istæj icpizfjbm f kjeoukr ij io cujbm icprisfrkfo y ij mtrfs iseirfs. OA „ ½Istm is jfturfo= ½^i bf lijëtknfcijti= ½Yjm puibi fprijbir m puibi fcpokfr of nfpfnkbfb, io tfcföm, of prmeujbkbfb bi su prmpkf kjtioklijnkf= @L „ Of rispuistf is qui sã y qui sã. F sfhir, tmbf kjtioklijnkf tkiji uj nmcpmjijti lijëtknm. Oms pfbris bi Cmzfrt jm jm euirmj euirmj bms pirsmjfs isnmlkbfs fo fzfr, euirmj euirmj lijt lijtii bi kjtioklijnkf kjtioklijnkf cusknfo cusknfo fotfcijti bisfrrmoofbf y, prmhfhoicijti, om ckscm mnurri nmj oms Aijjiby ij nuistkþj bi kjtioklijnkf kjtioklijnkf pmoãtknf, pmoã tknf, itn. ^kj ichfrlm, f jfbki si oi bisfrrmoof of kjtioklijnkf sk istf jm si fokcijtf y si emcijtf. Yjm puibi tijir tijir io pmtijnkfo pmtijnkfo pfrf `fhir skbm s kbm io cigmr fgibrinkstf fgibr inkstf bio cujbm, pirm sk jfbki oi ij i jsiöf f uj ujmm fgibriz, sk vkvkcms ij ujf smnkibfb ij of qui jm `fy fgibriz, ujm jujnf siræ uj huij fgibrinkstf. Fsã, ij prmcibkm, prmcibkm, pkijsm pk ijsm qui qui of cfymrãf bi oms o ms kjvistklfbmris istfrãf bi fnuirbm, ij qui of cktfb cktfb bi nfbf kjtioklijnkf tkiji qui vir nmj of lijëtknf, fsã qui ujm tkiji qui sfhir isnmlir f sus pfpæs. prmtmtkpm bi folukij qui eui huijm ij cun`ms, cun`ms æchktms-. Tirm sk Oimjfrbm vkvkirf `my, jm pmbrãf sir frtkstf y nkijtãeknm m kjvijtmr pmrqui `fy bicfskfbf lijti qui oi bibknf tmbf su vkbf f ujf smof nmsf. Fsã, fujqui t÷ y ym tuvkërfcms io pmtijnkfo pfrf sir cfistrm bi cun`ms meknkms, io tkicpm jms vijnirãf y is pmr ism qui, ij cun`ms sijtkbms, is cigmr sir cuy huijm ij ujf smof nmsf y jm ij cun`fs. Tmrqui fsã jm ti sijtkræs tijtfbm f bisfrrmoofr f isi c÷snuom qui jm is tfj huijm. OA „ [ f`mrf si jinisktf cæs cæs tkicpm pfrf mhtijir ixpirkijnkf ij nfbf nfcpm, nfcpm, m sif, s if, pfrf pfr f fprijbir fpr ijbir nfbf ispinkfokbfb. Tirm of mtrf cktfb bi of kjtioklijnkf tkiji qui vir nmj ijtrijfckijtm, cmtkvfnkþj y rinursms. ^k si istæ cmtkvfbm, sk si bkspmji bi cun`ms rinursms y sk si nuijtf nmj huijms cfistrms y huij ijtrijfckijtm, si puibi tijir f folukij nmj uj pmtijnkfo prmcibkm y `fnirom hfstfjti huijm. Tirm sunibi klufocijti fo rivës7 sk ujm tkiji cun`m pmtijnkfo cusknfo, huijms lijis cusknfois, pirm jfbki oi ijsiöf f tmnfr uj kjstrucijtm, jfbki oi nfjtf, jm si tkiji uj kTmb m uj rfbkm, isf kjtioklijnkf cusknfo jm si bisfrrmoo bisfr rmoofræ. fræ. Is uj ujmm bi isms puj pujtms tms bi vfsm vfs m cibkm ooij ooi jm m cibkm vfnãm. Yjm puibi `fnirom tmbm pmr sã sþom, pirm sk ujm istæ hkij cmtkvfbm y nuijtf nmj huijms cfistrms, ism puibi cfrnfr ujf lrfj bkeirijnkf. OA „ ^klukijbm istf kbif, jm `fy jfbki qui sif kjtioklijti ij tmbm m pfrf tmbm ½m sã= @L „ Huijm, of vkbf jm is gustf, fsã qui prmhfhoicijti folujms tijlfj huijms lijis pfrf cun`fs kjtioklijnkfs y folujms bkspmjlfj bi cun`ms huijms rinursms, pirm om qui ekjfocijti jms kjnfpfnktf f tmbms, is io tkicpm. tkicpm. ^kc ^k cpoicijt poicijtii jm tijicms tijicms io tkicpm tkicpm pfrf pfr f bisfrrmo bis frrmoofr ofr tmbfs ofs kjtioklijnkfs kjtioklijnkfs y nufjtm cæs si ispinkfokzf juistrm cujbm, cijms puibi nfbf qukij sir uj Oimjfrbm -Oimjfrbm Bf Ukjnk eui juistrm @L - ¡Tmrqui `fy tfjtfs nmsfs cæs qui fprijbir! 2;
OA „ Huijm, qukirm binkroi qui isf is ck fspkrfnkþj, bklm, sir uj `mchri bio rijfnkckijtm, nmcm ustib ustib om bisnrkhkþ bisnrk hkþ ij io okhrm. okhr m. Tirm is nfsk nfs k kc k cpmskhoi pmskho i `my ij bãf pmrqui `fy bicfskfbm bicfskfbm nmjmnkckijt nmjmnkckijtmm ij bicfskfbms nfcpms ½jm is fsã= @L „ Tirm `fy folm cuy kcpmrtfjti pfrf qukijis istæj ij oms jilmnkms y ij of pmoãtknf. F`ã, jujnf pmbræs sfhir sf hir tfjtm tfjtm nmcm nmcm oms ispinkfo isp inkfokstfs, kstfs, pirm tu trfhfg trfhfgmm is tijir tijir om qui ym ym oofcm ‟kjtioklijnkf bi rieointmr–. Io rieointmr is of ouz bio efrm, qui vi pfrf tmbms ofbms. Yjm jm si puibi cfjtijir fo tfjtm bi om qui istæ pfsfjbm ij of inmjmcãf, ij of lijëtknf, ij of jfjmtinjmomlãf, pirm sk `fy qui sfhir om sueknkijti pfrf ijtijbir folm y sioinnkmjfr f of lijti qui puibi supokr juistrm nmjmnkckijtm -y qui tijlf huijms kjstkjtms- pfrf pmbir binkr ‟istm is juivm, jm oi `flf nfsm1 istm is juivm, prëstioi ftijnkþj–, isf is ujf cijti cuy bkstkjtf f of qui ym oofcm ‟cijti oæsir–. Of cijti oæsir is of bio ixpirtm qui tkijij qui nmjtrftfr io `mchri bi jilmnkms m io pmoãtknm y isf is of pirsmjf qui sfhi cæs bi lijëtknf qui tmbms oms bicæs, m cæs bi rmhþtknf, m cæs bi juivfs frcfs, m cæs bi of hmosf bi vfomris. Yjm nmcm rieointmr jujnf puibi sfhir tfjtm nmcm io ixpirtm, pirm tu trfhfgm tkiji qui sir io sfhir nþcm nþcm usfr of o f cijti cijti y oms tfoijtms bio ixpirtm y gfcæs gfcæs bibknfro bibk nfroii tmbf tu ftijnkþj m ijirlãf. Jujnf fpmstfroi tmbm om qui tijlfs f uj sþom ixpirtm, pmrqui io ixpirtm pmbrãf tmcfr ujf cfof binkskþj. OA- Nmj io pfsm bi oms föms, `i vkstm f cun`ms cun`ms bi istms jköms m gþvijis g þvijis ‟supirbmtfbms– m ‟prmbklkm–, cuy hrkoofjtis i kjtioklijtis qui jm omlrfrmj tfjtm nmcm of nmcujkbfb m of smnkibfb ispirfhf bi iooms. Ckijtrfs qui mtrms bio prmcibkm mhtuvkirmj cigmris trfhfgms, cigmris mpmrtujkbfbis, puistms cæs fotms y `fstf ujf cigmr nfokbfb bi vkbf. ½Tmr quë sunibi istm= @L „ Huijm, bf of nfsufokbfb bi qui istmy nfsfbm nmj of ixpirtf cujbkfo ij isti ticf, fsã qui së cun`m fo rispintm. r ispintm. Trkc Trk cirm qui tmbm, nfsk jm ``fy fy prmbklkms qui sifj prmbklkms prmbk lkms ujkvirs ujkvirsfois7 fois7 oms prmbklkms cæs cæs nmjmnkbms smj -yf -yf sif ij c÷sknf, c÷sknf, cftic cfticætknfs ætknfs m ij fgibriz- y smj lijt lijtii hfstfjti hfstfjti ispinkfokzfbf. ispink fokzfbf. Nmj erinuij erinuijnkf, nkf, sk s k of o f lijti lijti is huijf huijf ij of isnuiof, is nuiof, oms pfsfcms pfsfcms f nursms n ursms supirkmris y oms oofcfcms oofcfcms fnfbëc fnfbë cknfcijt knfcijtii ‟prmbklkms–, ‟prmbk lkms–, pirm ism i sm jm bkni jfbf bi su s u nfpfnkbfb ij frtis, ij bipmrtis m pfrf ijtijbir ijtijbir f mtrfs pirsmjfs pirs mjfs y fsã pmr io istkom. Nufjbm Nufjbm iris prmbklkm, ti rinmcpijsfj rinmcpijsfj pmr `fnir bi jköm om qui puibij puibij `fnir `fnir oms o ms fbuotms. Fsã Fsã puis, jms jms ijnfjtf ijnfjtf uj uj jköm jköm qui puibi puibi pkjtfr klufo bi hkij qui uj fbuotm, m qui sfhi gulfr fgibriz klufo bi hkij qui uj fbuotm1 pirm nufjbm ooilfs f fbuotm, tfchkëj oms fbuotms puibij `fnir hkij ofs nmsfs, y ijtmjnis, om qui ti rinmcpijsfj is pmr `fnir ism ckscm bi emrcf bkstkjtf, bi cfjirf mrklkjfo, sir nriftkvm, sir kjvijtkvm, y ism tkiji cæs qui vir nmj io tkpm bi pirsmjfokbfb bi nfbf pirsmjf qui nmj su nmcputfbmrf. [ sk burfjti cun`ms föms ti `fj rinmcpijsfbm pmr `fnir om qui `fnij oms fbuotms, is cun`m cæs bkeãnko nfchkfr om qui `fnij oms fbuotms y `fnirom juivm. bkfjf ibfb jm skljkeknf nufjbm tkijis 24 m 94 föms skjm nufjbm tkijis 69 m 60 föms y ism is pmrqui `fstf isi cmcijtm `fj skbm uj bipþsktm bi ofs fchknkmjis bi sus pfbris7 `fj `in`m om qui io cujbm fbuotm quirãf quirãf qui `knkir `knkirfj fj y bi ripijti ripijti si bknij ‟½pirm istm is om qui ym qukirm `fnir= Oms prmbklkms prmb klkms qui trkujefj smj oms qui puibij binkr ‟qukirm `fnir om qui ym qukirm `fnir y jm sþom om qui qukiri io ristm bi of o f smnkibfb1 smnk ibfb1 ym puibm puibm tmcfr tmcfr cks prmpkfs binkskmjis–. binksk mjis–. Tmr supuistm, supuistm, sk smj s mj tfoijtmsms tfoijtmsms pfrf bicfskfbfs bicfskfbfs nmsfs, ism tfchkëj tfchkëj puibi sir uj prmhoicf. 94
Tirm f cun`ms prmbklkms ois vf pireintfcijti hkij. Yjf nmsf qui tijicms qui rinmrbfr is istf7 ij of nuchri, jujnf `fy cun`m nupm. Fsã puis, sk `fy 944 vkmokjkstfs cfrfvkoomsms bi 69 föms, sþom ujms nufjtms puibij sir uj [ktz`fa Tirocfj „lijkm vkmokjkstf bio sklom PP- jm puibi `fhir 944, fsã qui cun`ms tijbræj qui nmjemrcfrsi nmj tmnfr ij ujf mrquistf m sir cfistrms bi isnuiof y ism jm is tfj lrfjbkmsm nmcm istfr ij io Nfrjilki @foo. OA „ Oi vmy f pibkr pibk r qui jms ixpokqui ixpokqui nþcm fpoknfr tmbms istms prkjnkpkms prkjnkpkm s y nmjniptms nmjniptms f of of ibunfnkþj, pirm fjtis, pmr efvmr bãlfci7 Ixksti istf timrãf m emrcf bi pijsfckijtm, ij io sijtkbm bi qui oms lrfjbis lijkms bi of `kstmrkf -nmcm Ikjstikj m Eriub- nfrinãfj bi nfpfnkbfbis smnkfois m icmnkmjfois, nmcm pfrf sir huijms pfbris, huijms `kgms, `ircfjms m fcklms. ½Ism is pmrqui bisfrrmoofcms cæs juistrf kjtioklijnkf ij ujm bi oms nfcpms qui ustib cijnkmjþ „of oþlknf, ofs cfticætknfs, io oijlufgi- y jm ij `fhofr nmj io mtrm m ij tijir riofnkmjis nmj ofs pirsmjfs= @L „ ¡Isf is uj ujff ixnioijti i xnioijti prilu pri lujt jtf! f! Is uj ujff prilu pr ilujt jtff cuy cuy nmcpok nmcpoknfbf nfbf.. Trmhfh Tr mhfhoicij oicijti ti of o f `i istubkfbm tfjtm nmcm io cigmr, y f÷j fsã, jm tijlm rispuistfs nmjnouyijtis. Nrim qui folujfs pirsmjfs nmcm nmcm Ikjstikj Ikjstikj smj præntknfcijti præntknfcijti futkstfs1 futkstfs1 istæj tfj nmjnijtrfbfs nmjnijtrfbfs ij folm, folm, qui qui io ristm ri stm bio cujbm jm ois kcpmrtf cun`m, y Ikjstikj `fstf om bkgm. Ij rifokbfb rifokb fb `fj `fhkbm `fhkbm istubkms istubkms bi prmbklkms, pr mbklkms, y oms prmbklkms suioij tijir tijir om qui oofcfcms oofcfcms ujf ‟nrksks bi of cibkfjf ibfb–, pirm of ci @fy mtrfs pirsmjfs nmcm Eriub, qui bi `in`m eui nfpfz bi ooivfr ujf vkbf efckokfr hfstfjti rfzmjfhoi1 rfzmjfhoi1 tfchkëj tfchkëj ëo istfhf nmjnijtrfbm, nmjnijtrfbm, pirm skj ixnoukr ixnoukr f tmbms oms o ms bic bi cæs. Ruvm 5 `kgms y of cfymrãf bi iooms sfokþ hkij. [m nrim qui om qui is cuy nmc÷j is qui istf lijti f oms 84 m 89 föms istæ hkij, pirm su prmyintm bi vkbf is folm tfj kcpmrtfjti qui oms nmjsuci. Fsã, fujqui `uhkirfj tmcfbm mtrm ruchm y `uhkirfj pmbkbm sir pirsmjfs cæs bi efckokf, tirckjfrmj nmjnijtræjbmsi pmr ijtirm ij su trfhfgm. Lfjb`k bkgm folm qui bf ckibm, si om bkgm f uj fcklm suym7 ‟½Tmr quë ti primnupfs tfjtm pmr tu `kgm= Is mhvkm qui tu trfhfgm is cæs kcpmrtfjti–. [ pmr supuistm qui Lfjb`k istfhf `fhofjbm bi sã ckscm, pmrqui Lfjb`k Lfjb`k jm jm tijãf tijãf cftrkc cftrkcmjkm mjkm jk jk `kgms. Cæs hkij, jm jm ooivfhf ooivf hf uj huij cftrkcmjkm ftrkcmjkm y nmj oms `kgms `kgms jm tijãf jkjlujf riofnkþj, pirm prmhfhoicijti f oms 84 föms istfhf pireintfcijti hkij1 pirm pfrf io cmcijtm qui tuvm 94 m 54 nfrlfhf f tmbm io cujbm ij sus `mchrms y nrim qui ij cun`ms nfsms, ism is om qui sunibi. Of lijti nmcm Tknfssm is kjtirisfjti pmrqui tirckjf usfjbm f of lijti „smhritmbm fo kr ijviginkijbm-. Ysfhf Ysfhf f oms gþvijis, g þvijis, f vinis bio sixm s ixm mpuistm, mpuistm, f vinis bi su cksc ckscmm sixm, jm sixufoc sixufocijt ijti, i, skjm sk jm „pmr igic i gicpompom- nufjbm nufjbm ^trfvkjsay ijviginkþ, ooivþ riofnkmjis riofn kmjis nmj oms gþvijis pmrqui oi fyubfhfj fyubfhfj f riguvijinir riguvijinir su cijt cijti. i. [m së f`mrf, nmcm nmcm fnfbëcknm fnfbëcknm bi 54 föms, föms , qui qui fprijbm cun`m cæs bi foucjms bi 89 föms qui bi cks nmcpföirms bi 54 föms y sk qukirm nmjtkjufr fprijbkijbm, prmhfhoicijti vmy f pfsfr cæs tkicpm nmj gþvijis bi 89 föms y cijms tkicpms nmj oms fjnkfjms. 96
OA „ Ystib `fhoþ `fni pmnm bi istf nmchkjfnkþj m ciznof bi jfturfoizf, ijtri lijëtknf y prmnisms bi fprijbkzfgi ½Ixksti folujf bkeirijnkf ijtri kjtioklijnkf cfsnuokjf y eicijkjf= @L „ ^k oi prilujtfs f nufoqukirf qui nmjmznf of kjemrcfnkþj bi `my, ij quë nmsfs smj cigmris oms `mchris y ij quë nmsfs smj cigmris ofs cugiris, jm `fhrãf nmjtrmvirskf. Oms `mchris smj cigmris ij nuistkmjis nuistkmjis bi oþlknf, cftic cfticætknfs, ætknfs, ispfnkfois ispfnkf ois y ofs cugiris smj s mj cigmri cigmriss ij nuistkmjis okjlÿãstknfs okjlÿãstknfs i kjtirpirsmjfois. Jm `fy bisfnuirbm. Bmjbi mnurrij bisfnuirbms is ij io pmr quë. Bknij folujms qui tmbm si bihi f of lijëtknf y ti bfj ujf ofrlf ixpoknfnkþj bi psknmomlãf ivmounkmjkstf bi nufjbm ujms nfzfhfj y ofs mtrfs si quibfhfj sijtfbfs ij nfsf1 mtrms bkrãfj qui is tmtfocijti ujf nuistkþj smnkfo, qui `fni 644 föms jkjlujf cugir isnrkhãf ijsfyms y f`mrf `fy tfjtfs ijsfykstfs cugiris nmcm `mchris. [ tfchkëj `fy lijti nmcm ym, qui prmhfhoicijti bkrãf qui `fy ujf nkirtf pribkspmsknkþj lijëtknf ij io `mchri prmcibkm y ij of cugir prmcibkm, pirm qui ism pmbrãfj cmbkeknfrom nuistkmjis nuoturfois. Oi puibm bfr uj huij igicpom7 ij Istfbms Yjkbms sk ujm vf f oms nursms bi cfticætknfs, ijnmjtrfræ qui oms bi cæs fotfs fo tfs nfokeknfnkmjis nfok eknfnkmjis smj, pmr fpofstfjt f pofstfjtii cfymrãf, cfymrãf, `mchris. `mchris. ^k jmsmtrms vicms f oms istfbmujkbijsis bi fsnijbijnkf fskætknf qui istubkfj cfticætknfs ij Istfbms Yjkbms, ijnmjtrfræ qui of bkeirijnkf ijtri `mchris y cugiris is cun`m cijmr y f ofs cugiris fskætknfs ois istæ yijbm cun`m cigmr qui f oms `mchris istfbmujkbijsis. Istm jm si puibi ixpoknfr nmj lijëtknf1 si ixpoknf pmrqui oms fskætknms si tmcfj tmcfj cuy cuy ij sirkm of ibunfnkþj i bunfnkþj,, oms pfbris si skijt s kijtfj fj nmj oms jköms y trfhfgfj nmj iooms, ixklij uj fotm rijbkckijtm. Yjf viz `fni 84 föms `kni uj istubkm nmj jköms istfbmujkbijsis y jköms n`kjms, pirm jköms n`kjms ij N`kjf. Ois pibã qui bkhugfrfj ½nþcm ti vis f tk ckscm ij of jmn`i= Io jköm prmcibkm n`kjm si bkhugþ sijtfbm f of cisf `fnkijbm of tfrif gujtm f ujm bi sus pfbris1 ism jkjl÷j jköm istfbmujkbijsi om bkhugþ. Io jköm istfbmujkbijsi prmcibkm si bkhugþ f sã ckscm ij su nufrtm -uj nufrtm prmpkm, qui oms jköms n`kjms jm tijãfj- isnun`fjbm ij fquëo cmcijtm uj wfoacfj m vkijbm tioivkskþj1 `my sirãf ij Kjtirjit y istfrãfj isnun`fjbm uj kTmb m folm fsã. Rmbm ism is nuoturfo, jm tkiji jfbf qui vir nmj oms lijis. OA „ Is cuy kjtirisfjti. ^k nmcpfrfcms f uj `mchri bio sklom PP m bio PPK nmj ujm bio sklom PUKKK m PKP ½smcms cæs kjtioklijtis qui iooms= @L „ Jm, ij jkjl÷j sijtkbm hkmoþlknm, pmrqui of hkmomlãf nfchkf nmj cun`m cæs oijtktub1 of hkmomlãf y of lijëtknf lijëtknf nfchkfj nmj io pfsm bi ckois bi föms. Om qui sã nfchkf nfchkf pmr p mr supuistm, supuistm, is of sfoub. s foub. Io `in`m bi qui sifcms cæs sfoubfhois skljkeknf qui pmbicms sir prmbuntkvms burfjti cfymr tkicpm, sk jm pirbicms tkicpm ij ijeircibfbis y sk jm jms cmrkcms f oms 24 föms bi tuhirnuomsks. Folujms ooilfcms `fstf oms 04 m ;4 föms. Tirm of virbfbirf bkeirijnkf is om qui oofcfcms ‟prmstëtknf– m prþtisks–, m sif, si f, ofs nmsfs nms fs qui jms jms puibij fyu fyubfr bfr f sir kjtioklijt kjtioklijtis. is. @my ij bãf, sk istæs ijeirc ijeircmm eãsknfcijti, nuijtfs nmj ujf skoof bi ruibfs y rfcpfs. Bi klufo cfjirf, ym fntufocijti jm cicmrkzm cun`fs nmsfs, sþom vmy f Kjtirjit y ofs fvirklum. Fsã qui ism ci `fni cæs kjtioklijti. Io fnnism f mtrfs pirsmjfs7 ym ci puibm pmjir ij nmjtfntm nmj nufoqukir pirsmjf bio cujbm pfrf `fniroi ujf prilujt prilujtf. f. Ism jm om pmbãf `fnir Bf Ukjnk1 Ukjnk1 tfc tfcpmnm pmnm om pmbãf pmbã f `fnir Bfrwkj. Fsã qui qui io fnnism fnni sm f mtrfs pirsmjfs y of sfoub smj om qui jms jms `fni cæs cæs kjtioklijtis. kjtioklijtis. Tirm juistrms juistrms nirihrms niri hrms jm smj jfbf 98
bkeirijtis bi oms bio `mchri bi Ofsnfux, is cæs, `fstf puibi qui oms juistrms istëj cijms hkij, pmrqui smcms smcms cæs cæs oms qui smhrivkvkc smhrivk vkcms ms sk tijicms tijicms prmhoic prmho icfs fs bi sfoub sfo ub y ij of fjtkl fjtklÿibfb, ÿibfb, si cmrãfj cmrãfj cæs pmrqu pmrq ui si oms nmc n mcãf ãf io fjtãompi. fjtãompi. Frkstþtiois `fni 8,944 föms isnrkhkþ okhrms smhri tmbfs ofs ærifs bio nmjmnkckijtm, bisbi of ritþrknf `fstf of eãsknf, ijtmjnis ½smcms cæs kjtioklijtis qui Frkstþtiois m qui Afjt= Tmr supuistm qui jm, pirm sã tijic tijicms ms fnnism f nmsfs n msfs qui iooms jm tijãfj. tijãfj. OA „ Istm ci trfi f istf juivf irf bi nmcujknfnkmjis i Kjtirjit, kTmbs, tinjmomlãf y iointrþjknf. [m tijlm bms `kgms, ujf jköf bi 66 föms y uj jköm bi 0 föms. Rkijij cun`fs `fhkokbfbis ij io cfjigm bi nmjtrmois ricmtm y TN²s y Ofptmps, ¡[ ym tuvi qui oiir oms cfjufois! Tfrf cã is cun`m cæs bkeãnko `fnirom ½pmr quë is ism= Jmrcfocijt Jmrcfocijtii ois o is binkc bin kcms ms f oms pfbris qui oms `kgms vkijij nmj uj ‟n`kp–, ispinkfo ispink fo pfrf pf rf ijtijbir ijtijbir isf is f tinjmomlãf, tinjmomlãf, pirm pir m ½pmr quë is ism= ½pmrqui ½pmrqui iooms ioo ms fbfptfj su kjtioklij kjtioklijnkf nkf y su nfpfnkbfb f istf irf ir f y f oms tkicpms tkicpms qui vkvij= @L „ ^ã, skj bubf sus lijis jm smj bkeirijtis1 bispuës bi tmbm, smj oms lijis qui `iribþ bi sus pfbris. ^kj ^k j ichfrlm, ichfrlm, ujf ujf huijf huijf fjfomlãf fjfomlãf sirãf sirã f nmcm nmcm nufjbm nufjbm fprijbicms fprijbicms kbkmcfs. Nufoqukir Nufoqukir jköm bi 8 m > föms, om o m pmjis ij nufoqukir nufoqukir iseirf is eirf bio cuj cujbm y vf f fprijbir fpr ijbir isi kbkmc k bkmcf. f. [ sk oms pfbris `fhofj bms m tris kbkmc kbk mcfs, fs, oms o ms jköms tfchkëj tfchkëj oms vfj f fprijbir fpr ijbir f `fhofr. Is pfrti p frti bio fkri qui rispkrfj. rispk rfj. Nufjbm Nufjbm tkijis tkijis 69 m 84 föms, fprijbir fpr ijbir kbkmcfs is cæs bkeãnko1 bk eãnko1 nufjbm nufjbm tkijis ck ck ibfb, ib fb, is kcpmskhoi. OA „ Of riofnkþj ijtri nmjmnkckijtm i kjtioklijnkf, io cfjtijirjms husnfjbm nmjmnkckijtm f trfvës bi juistrfs vkbfs ½jms `fni cæs kjtioklijtis= @L „ Huijm, cæs kjtioklijtis ij io sijtkbm bi qui `fy cæs nmsfs qui pmbicms nmjtistfr y cæs nmsfs qui pmbicms `fnir. [m jm nrim qui `flf cigmris f juistrfs nmcputfbmrfs. Is binkr, nmj erinuijnkf hrmcim hrmcim qui tmbm tmbm io fnnism fnni sm bi Kjtirj Kjtirjit it bio cuj cujbm, bm, jm jm jms `fni `fni f jkjlu jkjlujm jm bi jmsmtrms jmsmtrms cæs cæs kjtioklijtis kjtioklijtis qui Iccfjuio Afjt, qui jujnf sfokþ bi su Aõjkjlshirl y qui bfhf ujf nfckjftf tmbms oms bãfs fo cibkmbãf. OA - ½Of kjtioklijnkf ijvigini= ½Tmr quë is kcpmskhoi= @L „ Tmrqui yf jm istæ ij io fkri qui rispkrfcms. Bëgfci usfr uj igicpom7 [m tijlm 54 föms, t÷ prmhfhoic prmhfho icijt ijtii tijlfs tijlfs 24. ^k `u `uhkirf fol÷j guilm guilm qui nmcijz nmcijzfc fcms ms f gulfr gulfr bi jköms, nmcm nmcm fgibriz, fgibri z, bfcfs n`kjfs m cmjmpmokm, irf pfrti bi om qui `fnãfcms, jfbki tuvm qui ijsiöfrjms ofs kjstrunnkmjis1 kjstrunnkmjis1 jms ekgæhfcms ekgæhfcms y om `fnãfcms. `fnãfcms. Nfsk tmbms oms jköms ij Istfbms Yjkbms Yjkbms f oms o ms 68 föms puibij cfjigfr uj nmn`i, jm jm pmrqui jfbki jfbki ois o is ijsiöi, skjm pmrqui pmrqui istæ ij io fkri. fk ri. ^kjm vkfgfrfj vkfgfr fj nmj su pfbri qui cfjigf, sirãf cun`m cæs bkeãnko. OA „ Ekjfocijti ^iömr, ustib prmhfhoicijti is pfbri bi efckokf Is ixfntfcijti om ckscm nmj of tinjmomlãf. Fquã istæ ujf citæemrf7 fjtis, nufjbm ym tijãf qui trfhfgfr nmj of cæqukjf, ym tijãf qui ijsiöfroi f of cæqukjf f `fnir om qui ym quirãf `fnir1 f ck `kgm, of cæqukjf of ijsiöf nþcm eujnkmjf. Fsã qui sþom is nuistkþj bi om qui si tkiji f cfjm, y is fhsmoutfcijt fhsmoutfcijtii nkirtm nk irtm om qu quii bknis. bk nis. @L „ Bi nuftrm `kgms y tijlm uj jkitm. 9>
OA „ [ fhuiom fbicæs, ijtmjnis, ustib sfhi tmbm istm, om `f istubkfbm y bisnuhkirtm y `f ooilfbm f ofs nmjnouskmjis qui sustijtfj istf timrãf, qui is cuy vfokmsf pfrf cã. ½Nþcm oi `flm= OA „ Folujms nmjniptms si fpoknfj fo cujbm bi oms jilmnkms bi `my. ½Nþcm fpoknfr istf timrãf bi ofs Kjtioklijnkfs C÷otkpois fo cujbm icprisfrkfo bi `my= [ ½nþcm oi `fni ustib nmj su jkitm= ½Nþcm fpoknf ustib tmbms istms nmjniptms pfrf qui iooms fcpoãi fcpoãijj, fprijbfj fpri jbfj y bisfrrmooij bisfrrmo oij su nriftkvkbfb y ofs nmjixkmjis nmjixkmjis f`ã bij bi jtrm bio nirihrm= nirihr m= @L „ Bi cun`fs cfjirfs. Trkcirm qui tmbm, jm husnfr f ujf pirsmjf qui si fgusti f ujf smof biekjknkþj bi ‟kjtioklijti–. Jm husnfr f ujf pirsmjf qui tijlf io ckscm tkpm bi kjtioklijnkf qui t÷1 jm ti ckris fo ispigm. Tril÷jtfti ½quë ci efotf= Fo emrcfr iqukpms, jm emrcis iqukpms bmjbi tmbms sifj om ckscm1 jm emrcis iqukpms bmjbi tmbms sifj cuy bkstfjtis bi oms bicæs1 emrcf iqukpms nmj lijti qui tijlf kjtioklijnkfs nmcpoicijtfrkfs y qui si iqukokhrij, qui fo pmjiroms gujtms `flfj uj cigmr trfhfgm, qui io qui puibf puibf `fnir uj sþom tkpm bi kjtioklijnkf kjtioklijnkf pmr sã s ã smom. s mom. Nufjbm Nufjbm qukirfs nmjtrftfr, nmjtrftfr, pril÷j pri l÷jtft tftii quë tkpm bi kjtioklijnkf kjtioklijnkf si jinisktf pfrf `fnir isi trfhfgm1 fo fsnijbiroms, jm oms vfyfs f pmjir ij uj trfhfgm pfrf io qui jm is fptf su kjtioklijnkf f cijms qui tfchkëj ois vfyfs f ijsiöfr, pfrf qui fsã puibfj usfr usfr su kjtioklijnkf kjtioklijnkf pfrf isi trfhfgm. trfhfg m. [ jm skicpri pkijsis qui tijir ujff bihkokbfb uj bihko kbfb is cfom1 f vinis, vini s, tijir tijir ujf ujf bihkokbfb bihko kbfb ij i j uj uj ærif ti fhri nmsfs qui f mtrfs pirsmj pirsm jfs jm si ois o is fhrij. fh rij. [m smy bfotþjknm bfotþjknm y jm vim ij pirspintkvf, pirs pintkvf, tijlm tijlm pëskc pësk cf vkstf. vk stf. Ism f vinis ci vuiovi cæs ÷tko pfrf nu n uistkmjis bi bksiöm bks iöm qui sk tuvkirf ujf ujf vkstf vks tf cfrfvk cfrfvkoomsf oomsf.. Nrim puis qui smj cun` cun`fs fs nmsfs nms fs pfrf pf rf ofs o fs qui jm `fnãf efotf of timrãf bi ofs Kjtioklij Kjtioklijnkfs nkfs C÷otkpois, pirm of timrãf timrã f bi ofs Kjtioklijnkfs Kjtioklijnkfs C÷otkpoi C÷otkpoiss ti bf ujf ujf cfjirf cfjirf bi pijsfrofs. Folukij Folukij bkgm folujf folujf viz, viz, qui is nmcm ujf nfgmjirf bmjbi puibis fnmcmbfr f bkeirijtis pirsmjfs. @L „ Of virbfb -y istm tfo viz ti smrprijbf- ym ci iseuirzm cun`m pmr jm kjtiointufokzfr of tfrif bi pfbri bi efckokf. [m tuvi suirti1 supi supi isnmlir is nmlir cu cuy hkij f cks cks pfbris (si rãi). rãi) . Nrim qui euirmj euirmj pfbris cfrfvkoomsm frfvk oomsmss y ci ci hfsm hfs m cun`m cæs ij om qui fprijbã bi iooms nmcm pfbris y bi cks fhuioms y pfrkijtis, qui ij nufoqukir nmsf bi cks okhrms bi tixtm. F`mrf hkij, tijlm nuftrm `kgms1 silurm istmy bi qui ti nmjtfrãfj nuftrm nuijtms bkeirijtis smhri quë tkpm bi pfbri smy. [m nmjtfhf uj n`ksti7 nufjbm tijãf uj sþom `kgm, pijsfhf qui qui `fhãf sþom uj tkpm bi `kgm1 `kgm1 nufjbm nufjbm tuvi tuvi bms `kgms, pijsë qui qui `fhãf bms tkpms7 kjtrmvirtkbms y ixtrmvirtkbms. Nufjbm tuvi tris `kgms, bkgi qui tmbms oms jköms irfj bkeirijtis1 nufjbm tuvi tuvi 2 `kgms, cfjbfr cfjbfr f oms o ms jköms f of isnuiof irf tfj nfrm ij Istfbms Yj Yjkbms, qui ci ci pfsfhf pfs fhf tmbm io tkicpm lfjfjbm bkjirm y yf jm tuvi jfbf bi tkicpm pfrf ofs timrãfs. Tirm yf `fhofjbm ij sirkm, sirk m, pkijsm qui fhrkrsi fhrkr si f bkstkjtms bkstkjtms tkpms bi ixnioijnkf, fyubfroi fyubfroi fo jköm m jköf f ijnmjtrfr folm ij om qui sif huijm m huijf y qui oi icmnkmji -sif m jm om qui f cã ci lusti `fnirtijir nkirtf bmsks bi `uckobfb bi qui jm puibis nmjtrmofrom tmbm y bfrti nuijtf bi qui, pmr bislrfnkf, cun`fs bi ofs kjeouijnkfs smj nmsfs qui t÷ jm puibis nmjtrmofr. Tmr igicpom, ym ci iseuirzm cun`m pmr nmjtfrois f cks `kgms bi nmsfs qui `flm y qui jm ci sfoij hkij, smhri erfnfsms, pmrqui pkijsm qui qui ism is om o m qui qui ym ois tijlm tijlm qui qui nmjtfr1 nmjtfr1 jm jm mhstfjti, mhstfjti, vij qui tijl tijlmm omlrms y qui smy cuy nmjmnkbm y isi, is uj cijsfgi qui jm puibm isnmjbir. • Of cijti nriftkvf, qui `fni nmsfs juivfs 92
• Of cijti rispitumsf, qui sfhi nþcm riofnkmjfrsi nmj lijti qui is cuy bkeirijti Fsã, `fy qui nmcpijsfr ofs nmsfs qui ujm jm puibi nmjtrmofr, om qui sã bkrë is qui cks nuftrm `kgms tkijij uj nfræntir cfrfvkoomsm. ^i qukirij, smj cfrfvkoomsms siris `ucfjms y f su cfbri y f ck „sk jms tmnf fol÷j nrëbktm pmr ism- jms pfrini p frini cæs kcpmrtfj kcpmrtfjti. ti. • Of cijti ëtknf, lijti qui si nmjbuni pmr prkjnkpkms, y jm sþom pmr kjtirës prmpkm. Isf is of cijti qui jinisktfcms ij io euturm, y isi okhrm, ij kjloës m ij ispfömo, is ck cigmr iseuirzm pfrf kjbknfr nþcm nþcm omlrfrom. o mlrfrom. OA „ Eioknkbfbis, ^iömr, y lrfnkfs pmr nmcpfrtkr istfs nmsfs tfj vfokmsfs, of ibunfnkþj, oms cfistrms y nmcpföirms bi nofsi y io sksticf ij io qui vkvkcms. @fy cun`fs timrãfs „ustib `fhofhf bi Tkflit ij su okhrm- qui husnfj prinksfcijti isti sksticf bi cicmrkzfnkþj1 fprijbirsi io nmjmnkckijtm y ripitkr y cicmrkzfr ein`fs, `kstmrkf, irfs bio tkicpm. ½Nuæo is of cigmr cfjirf bi prmcmvir io nrinkc nrink ckijtm kijtm bi of kjtioklijnkf= kjtioklijnkf= OA „ Cun`fs lrfnkfs pmr tmbm y pmr su tkicpm. @L „ Bi jfbf. t r f h f G m s y T u h O k n f n k m j i s B i O B r . l f r B j i r @L „ Huijm, ti vmy f bfr ujf rispuistf cuy fnfbëcknf f isf prilujtf. Isnrkhã uj okhrm ij kjloës qui si tktuof ‟Ekvi Ckjbs emr t`i Euturi–, y tfchkëj ixksti ij ispfömo, om puhoknþ Tfkbþs ij 8449 y si oofcf ‟Ofs nkjnm cijtis bio Euturm–. Nufoqukirf qui istë kjtirisfbm puibi in`froi uj vkstfzm y f`ã ijnmjtrfræj qui ixpoknm nkjnm tkpms bi cijti7 • Istrunturfs bi of cijti • Of Rimrãf bi ofs o fs Kjtioklijnkfs Kjtioklijnkfs C÷otkpois, Emjbm bi Nuotu Nuoturf, rf, Cëxknm, 6;0<. • Ibunfnkþj frtãstknf y bisfrrmoo bisfr rmoomm `u `uc cfjm, Tfkbþs, Hfrniomjf, Hfrni omjf, 6;;2. • Of cijti bksnkpokjfbf • Kjtioklij Kjtioklijnkfs nkfs c÷otkpois. ÷otkpois . Of timrãf timrãf ij of præntknf. Tfãbþs, Hfrniomjf, 6;;9. • Of cijti skjtitkzfbmrf, qui kjtilrf nmsfs y ofs mrlfjkzf • Cijtis Cijtis nriftkvfs7 Yjf fjftmcãf fjftmcãf bi of nriftkvkbfb nr iftkvkbfb vkstf v kstf f trfvës bi ofs of s vkbfs vkbf s bi :^. Eriub, Er iub, F. Ikjstikj, T.Tknfssm, K. ^trfvkjsay, R.^. Iookmt, C. Lrf`fc, C. Lfjb`k, Tfkbþs, Hfrniomjf, 6;;9. Euijti7 Ofjbf Ofjbfvirb virbii Fsismrãf Fsism rãf Ibunftkvf Ibu nftkvf
Kjtioklijnkfs C÷otkpois Hfrniomjf, 6;;<. Bistfnf ij Ointurf, isnrkturf, jfrrfnkþj jfrrfn kþj bi `kstmrkfs, `kstmrkfs, cicmrkz cicmrkzfn fnkkþj bi ein ein`fs, `fs, pkijsf pkijsf ij pfofhrfs Oi lustf Oiir , isnrkhk Oiir, is nrkhkr, r, nmjtfr nuijtms, `fhofr, `fhofr, cicmrkzfr, `fnir puzzois
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Fprijbi cigmr Oiyijbm, isnun`fjbm y vkijbm pfofhrfs, `fhofjbm, isnrkhkijbm, bksnutkijbm y bihftkijbm Meknkm m trfhfgm euturm Tmitfs, isnrktm i snrktmris, ris, pirkmb pirk mbkkstfs, mrfbmris mrfbmris
• Of cijt cijtii jm isnmofrkzfbf. isnmo frkzfbf. Nþcm Nþcm pkijsfj pk ijsfj oms jköms y nþcm nþcm bihkirfj bihk irfj ijsiöfr ofs isnuiofs, Tfkbþs, Tfk bþs, Hfrniomjf, 6;;<. • Kjtioklij Kjtioklijnkfs nkfs c÷otkpois. ÷otkpois . Of timrãf timrãf ij of præntknf, Tfkbþs, Hfrniomjf, 6;;0. Cfticætknfs, rfzmjfckijtm, oþlknf, rismounkþj bi prmhoicfs, pfutfs pfut fs Xismo Xis movir vir prmhoicfs, prmhoicfs, nuistkm n uistkmjfr, jfr, trfhfgfr nmj j÷cirms, ixpirkcijtfr ixpirkcijtfr Ysf Ysfjbm jbm pfutfs pfutfs y riofnkmjis, nofskeknfjbm, trfhfgfjbm nmj om fhstrfntm Nkijtãeknms, cfticætknms, nmjtfbmris, kjlijkirms, fjfokstfs bi sksticfs.
• Cijtis Cijtis oãbiris. oãbir is. Fjftmc Fjftmcãf ãf bio bi o okbirfzlm, o kbirfzlm, Tkfbþs, Hfrniomjf, Hfrnio mjf, 6;;0. Ointurf bi cfpfs, lræeknms, bkhugfjbm ofhirkjtms, puzzois, kcflkjfjbm nmsfs, vksufokzfjbm Bksiöfr, bkhugfr, nmjstrukr, nrifr, smöfr bispkirtm, ckrfr bkhugms Rrfhfgfjbm Rrf hfgfjbm nmj n mj bkhug bkhugms ms y nmo n momris mris,, vksufokzfjbm, vksufokzfjbm, usfjbm su mgm cijtfo, bkhugfjbm Tkomtms, cfrkjms, isnuotmris, pkjtmris, frquktintms.
• Cijtis Cijtis ixtrfmrbk ixtrfmrbkjfrkfs. jfrkfs. Nuftrm Nuftrm ritrftms ri trftms pfrf bisnuhrkr bis nuhrkr juistrf juistrf prmpkf prmpk f ixnipnkmjfokbfb, Tfkbþs, Tf kbþs, Hfrniomjf, 6;;;. Ftoitkscm, bfjzf, frti brfcætknm, trfhfgms cfjufois, utkokzfnkþj bi `irrfckijtfs Cmvirsi, tmnfr tmnf r y `fho `fhofr, fr, oijlufgi oijlufgi nmrpm n mrpmrfo rfo Rmnfjbm, cmvk cmvkëjbmsi, ëjbmsi, prmnisfjbm prmnisf jbm kjemrc kjemrcfnkþj fnkþj f trfvës bi sijsfn s ijsfnkkmjis nmrpm n mrpmrfois rfois Ftoitfs, hfkofrkjis, nkrugfjms, frtisfjms Nfjtfr, rinmjmnir smjkbms, rinmrbfr ciombãfs, rktcms Nfjtfr, tfrfrifr, tmnfr uj kjstrucijtm, isnun`fr c÷sknf Xktcm, ciombãf, nfjtfr, Isnun`fjbm c÷sknf y ciombãfs Nmcpmsk Nmcp msktmris, tmris, bkrintmris bi mrquistf, nrãtknms n rãtknms cusknfois, cusknfois, c÷sknms, c÷s knms, ijtri mtrms.
• Of juivf juivf nkijnkf bi of cijti. cijti. @kstmrkf bi of rivmounkþj r ivmounkþj nmljkt nmljktkvf, kvf, Tfkbþs, Tf kbþs, Hfrniomjf, 8448. • Huij trfhfgm. Nufjbm ëtknf y ixnioijnkf nmjvirlij (nmj mtrms futmris), Tfkbþs, Hfrniomjf, 8448. Ijtijbkijbm f of lijti, okbirifjbm, mrlfjkzfjbm, nmcujknfjbm, rismovk ri smovkijbm ijbm nmjeo n mjeokntms, kntms, vijbk vi jbkijbm ijbm Rijir fcklms, `fhofr nmj of lijti, gujtfrsi nmj lijti. Nmcpfrtkijbm, nmcpfrfjbm, riofnkmjfjbm, ijtrivkstfjbm, nmmpirfjbm Fntmris, Fntmri s, pmoãtk pmoãtknms, nms, vijbibmris, bmnijtis. bmnijtis .
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• Of ibunfnkþj bi of cijti y io nmjmnkckijtm bi ofs bksnkpokjfs. Om qui tmbms oms istubkfjtis bihirãfj nmcprijbir, Tfkbþs, Hfrniomjf, 8448. • Cijtis Cijtis nriftkvfs. nriftkvfs . Yjf Yjf fjftmc fjftmcãf ãf bi of o f nriftkvkbfb, nri ftkvkbfb, Tfkbþs, Hfrniomjf, 8448. Ijtijbkëjbmsi f sã ckscm, rinmjmnkijbm sus pujtms euirtis y sus bihkokbfbis, istfhoi nkijbm mhgitkvms Rrfhfgfr smo smom, m, rieoixkmjfr, rieoixk mjfr, silukr silukr sus s us kjtirisis. kjtirisi s. Rrfhfgfjbm smom, `fnkijbm prmyintms f su prmpkm rktcm, tijkijbm ispfnkm, rieoixkmjfjbm. Riþomlms, eãsknms, psknþom psk nþomlm lmss
• Of kjtioklijnkf riemrcuofbf. Ofs kjtioklijnkfs c÷otkpois ij io sklom PPK, Tfkbþs, Hfrniomjf, 844>. Ijtijbkijbm of jfturfoizf, `fnkijbm bkstkjnkmjis, kbijtkeknfjbm of eomrf y of efujf Tfrtknkpfr ij of jfturfoizf, `fnir bkstkjnkmjis. Rrfhfgfr ij io cibkm jfturfo, ixpomrfr oms siris vkvkijtis, fprijbir fnirnf bi ofs pofjtfs y ticfs riofnkmjfbms nmj of jfturfoizf. Hmtæjknms, Hmtæjk nms, nf nfzfbmris, zfbmris, inmom i nmomlk lkstfs stfs,, pfksfgkstfs pfksfgkstfs
• Of juivf juivf nkijnkf bi of cijti. cijti. @kstmrkf bi of rivmounkþj r ivmounkþj nmljkt nmljktkvf, kvf, Tfkbþs, Tf kbþs, Hfrniomjf, 6;;5. • Frti, cijti y nirihrm. Yjf fprmxkcfnkþj nmljktkvf f of nriftkvkbfb, Tfkbþs, • Ofs nkjnm cijtis bio euturm, Tfkbþs, Hfrniomjf, 8449. @mwfrb Lfrbjir is uj kcpmrtfj kcpmrtfjti ti kjvistklfbmr kjvistklfbmr bio bi o sklom s klom PP qui qui `f sijtfbm ofs hfsis h fsis pfrf io istubkm istubkm y bisfrrmoom bi nmjmnkckijtm ij io sklom PPK. Is uj `mchri qui `f bigfbm c÷otkpois bisfeãms f oms psknþomlms, psknþo mlms, jiurmpsknþomlms, jiurmpsknþomlms, pibflmlms pibflmlms y ibunfbmris ibunfbmris bi juistrms uistrms tkicpms. tkicpms. ½Bihicms ibunfr f tmbms bi of ckscf emrcf= ½Oms istubkfjtis rispmjbij klufo f oms ckscms istãcuoms, istãcuoms, rinursms, sksticfs sksticfs y ivfoufnkmj ivfo ufnkmjis= is= ½Oms ½Oms istu i stubkfjtis bkfjtis smj cmtkvfbms cmtkvfbms y ftrfãbms fo f o bisfrrmoom bisfrr moom bi sus `fhkokbfbis `fhkokbfbi s hfgm hfg m quë pricksfs= pricksfs= ½Rfrifs y trfhfgms= ½Fskljftu ½Fskljfturfs rfs y bihiris qui bi jm sir nucpokbms ijerijtfræj io nfstklm bi of nfokeknfnkþj= si nmjvirtkræ nmcm fbuotm, ij uj prmeiskmjfo ixktmsm, ij uj nkubfbfjm cmbiom, rispmjsfhoi, nmcprmcitkbm y ij ÷otkcf pirm prkcirf kjstfjnkf, ij ujf pirsmjf eiokz. Oms nmrpmrftkvms nmr pmrftkvms kjtirjfnkmjfois kjtirjfnkmjfois bibknfj bibk nfj `my `my nursms nursms y rinursms f of nfpfnktfnkþj n fpfnktfnkþj icmnkmjfo icmnkmjfo bi sus bkrintkvms bkrin tkvms y iginutkvms. ½Of ½Of Nfusf= ^ijnkoof7 `my is tfj vfokmsm io nmieknkijt n mieknkijtii kjt k jtiointufo, iointufo, of `fhkokbfb y nfpfnkbfb nfpfnk bfb bi ofs o fs pirsmjfs pir smjfs pfrf tmcfr tmcfr binkskmjis bink skmjis fnirtfbfs fnir tfbfs y prinksfs ij uj uj nmjtix nmjtixtm tm nmcpitktkvm nmcpitktkvm lomhfo, nmcm nmcm io iqukokhrkm iqukokhrk m icmnkmjfo icmnkmjfo bi isfs is fs ckscfs ckscfs pirsmjfs. Huijf Huijf pfrti pfr ti bi su s u ëxktm ëxktm nmcm nmcm prmeiskmjfois, prm eiskmjfois, eujnkmj eujnkmjfrkms frkms,, riprisijtfj ri prisijtfjtis tis smnkfois, smnk fois, istfræ sust s ustijt ijtfbm fbm ij su iqukokhrkm iqukok hrkm icmnkmjfo. Is `mrf bi qui, nmcm ibunfbmris, cfistrms y bmnijtis, fsucfcms io ritm bi ujf nfpfnktfnkþj nmjtkjuf, bi uj istubkm pircfjijti pfrf rispmjbir f oms ritms y bisfeãms bi juistrms tkicpms. Tmr ioom oms siömris s iömris y ofs siömrfs siömr fs bmnij bmni jtis, istæj mhoklfbms tfchkëj tfchkëj f nmjtrkhukr nmjtrkhukr y ijrkquinir isf pfrti pf rti 9<
‟eujbfnkmjfo– bi uj sir `ucfjm. Of rispuistf bi oms siömris cfistrms pmbrãf sir ‟isf jm is ck rispmjsfhkokbfb– , ‟jmsmtrms jm smcms tirfpiutfs m psknþomlms–, ‟isi is trfhfgm bi sus pfbris, ij nfsf y ij ÷otkcf kjstfjnkf bi uj prmeiskmjfo–. Bihicms nmjmnir io trfhfgm y pijsfckijtm bi uj `mchri nmcm Lfrbjir, nuym trfhfgm puibi sir ijmrcic ijmrcicijt ijtii ijrkquinibmr bi juistrfs juistrfs ofhmris nmtkbkfjfs. F`ã istæ of o f hkhokmlrfeãf hk hokmlrfeãf y oms om s tixtms tixtms pfrf p frf prmeujbkz prmeujbkzfr fr ij sus sus timrãfs y `foofzlms. `foofzlms. Tuis ij of rifokbfb rif okbfb nmtkbkfjf, ij io tmrhiookjm tmrhio okjm bi istãc i stãcuoms uoms y bi bftms qui pmr ckois ooilfj f of cijti ijti bi tmbm istubkfjti nfbf bãf, is rispmjsfhkokbfb bio prmeismr fyubfrom f nmjmnirsi y prmpmrnkmjfroi ofs `irrfckijt `irrfckijtfs fs jinisfrkfs inisfr kfs pfrf nmjstrukr nmjstrukr su kjt k jtioklijnkf ioklijnkf icmnkmjfo. icmnkmjfo. OfkjtiOklijnkficmnkmjfO Io Br. Lfrbjir jm tkiji tkiji uj okhrm okhr m m bisfrrmo bis frrmoom om ispinãeknm is pinãeknm smhri s mhri isti is ti pfrtknuofr, skj ichfrlm, ichfrlm, jms jms pfrini isijnkfo is ijnkfo pfrf of o f emrcfnkþj emrcfnkþj kjtilrfo kjtilrfo bi oms bmnijtis. Folujms psknþomlms „uefjms bi su prmeiskþj- fekrcfj qui ixkstij ioicijtms jfturfois, nmjlëjktms m lijëtknms qui pribkspmjij f uj sir `ucfjm pfrf bisfrrmoofr su kjtioklijnkf icmnkmjfo. Mtrms bknij qui si trftf bi uj fprijbkzfgi, qui tkiji cun`m qui vir nmj su ijtmrjm, su nfsf y of `fhkokbfb y fpirturf bi sus pfbris y `irc `ircfjms fjms pfrf cfjigfr cfjigfr sus icmnkmjis, icmnkmjis, pfrf ixprisfrofs, ixprisfrofs , pfrf rinmjmnirofs. Istm ij juistrf juistrf ixpirkijnkf, is uj prmnism nmcpoigm, nmcpoigm, qui riqukiri ibunfnkþj. @my cæs qui jujnf, oms tists psknmoþlknms qui fskljfj uj vfomr jucërknm fo NK (Nmieknkijti Kjtiointufo) `fj bicmstrfbm of pfrnkfokbfb bi su fprinkfnkþj. Yjf pirsmjf nmj uj NK ioivfbm, jm jinisfrkfcijti Of Rimrãf bi of Kjtioklijnkf Icmnkmjfo eui bisfrrmoofbf pmr Bfjkio Lmoicfj ij oms Istfbms Yjkbms f prkjnkpkms bi oms ;4. Tksnþomlm jfnkbm ij Nfokemrjkf, puhoknþ io nëoihri okhrm qui om `kzm efcmsm ‟Kjtioklijnkf Icmnkmjfo– ij 6;;9 y pmstirkmrcijti trfhfgþ ij uj silujbm tktuofbm ‟Kjtioklijnkf ^mnkfo–. Rrfhfgþ nmcm ribfntmr bi of sinnkþj bi nkijnkfs bi of nmjbuntf y bio nirihrm pfrf io Jiw [mra Rkcis. Rkcis. @f skbm ibktmr bi of o f rivkstf rivks tf Tsyn`moml Tsyn`momlyy Rmbfy y prmeismr bi psknmomlãf psk nmomlãf ij of Yjkvirs Yjkvirskbfb kbfb bi b i @frvfrb, ij of qui mhtuvm mhtuvm su bmntmrfbm. ^il÷j io Br. Lmoicfj, oms nmcpmjijtis isijnkfois bi of kjtioklijnkf icmnkmjfo smj7 • Futmnmjmnkckijtm icmnkmjfo (nmjnkijnkf bi sã ckscm)7 si riekiri fo nmjmnkckijtm bi juistrfs prmpkfs prmpkf s icmnkmjis icmnkmjis y of emrcf emrcf ij qui qui si cfjke cfjkekistfj kistfj y jms feintfj feintfj.. Is kcpmrtfj kcpmrtfjti ti nmjmnir nmjmnir juistrfs juistrfs rifnnkmjis rifnnk mjis f bitirckjfbms bitirckjfbms istãcuoms, istãcuoms, om qui jms bisispirf bisispir f y nmomnf fo hmrbi bi of sijsft si jsftiz1 iz1 io cmbm ij qui juistrm istfbm bi æjkcm kjeouyi ij juistrf nmjbuntf1 nuæois smj juistrfs vkrtubis y pujtms bëhkois, bëhko is, juistrfs juistrfs emrtfoizfs fjãcknfs fjãcknfs y ju juistrfs bihkokbfbi bihk okbfbis. s. Kjvktfc Kjvktfcms ms f oms siömris s iömris prmeismris f `fnir io igirnknkm hæsknm bi rispmjbir f istfs kjtirrmlfjtis, jms smrprijbirãfcms fo nmcprmhfr om pmnm qui jms jms nmjmnicms. nmjmnicms. • Futmnmjt Futmnmjtrmo rmo icmnkmjfo icmnkmjfo (fu (f utmrriluofnkþ tmrriluofnkþjj)7 io fut f utmnmjt mnmjtrmo rmo jms pirc pir ckti ivktfr ivk tfr bigfrjms bigfr jms ooivfr pmr ofs o fs icmnkmjis icmnkmjis bio cmcijt mcijtm, m, pmr io i o istfookbm istfoo kbm bi eurkf, eurkf, pmr of o f bkn`f bishmrbfbf. bishmr bfbf. Nmjsksti ij sfhir quë is 90
pfsfgirm pfsfgi rm ij ujf ujf nrksks y quë quë pirburf. Rmbms jms ijmgfcms ijmgfcms nmj ju juistrf istrf pfrigf, pfrig f, pirm sk jms bigfcms ooivfr pmr isi ijmgm, sirãfcms kjnfpfnis bi cfjtijir ujf riofnkþj bi pfrigf, m vkvkrãfcms ij io itirjm prmnism bio pirbþj y of nuopf. • Futmcmtkvfnkþj7 bkrklkr ofs icmnkmjis `fnkf uj mhgitkvm jms pirckti cfjtijir of cmtkvfnkþj y ekgfr juistrf ftijnkþj ij ofs citfs y oms mhgitkvms, ij oulfr bi bispirbknkfr ijirlãf y ftijnkþj ij oms mhstænuoms. Ij istm, risuotf kjbkspijsfhoi nkirtf nki rtf bmsks bmsk s bi mptkcksc mptkckscmm i kjknkftkvf, bi emrcf emrcf qui sifcms icprijbibmris y rispmjbfcms nmj æjkcm rijmvfbm y bi emrcf pmsktkvf fjti oms c÷otkpois nmjtrftkicpms. • Xinmjmnkckijtm Xinmjmnkckijtm bi icmnkmjis icmnkmjis fgijfs fg ijfs (icpftãf)7 (icpftãf)7 istf is tfo viz ujf ujf bi ofs cæs ioivfbfs io ivfbfs y smekstknfbfs nufokbfbis bi of kjtioklijnkf icmnkmjfo. Huijf pfrti bi ofs riofnkmjis smnkfois si sustijtfj ij sfhir ijtijbir m kjtirpritfr fnirtfbfcijti ofs siöfois icmnkmjfois qui oms bicæs icktij, nmj erinuijnkf bi emrcf kjnmjsnkijti, y qui f cijubm tfchkëj smj jm virhfois. Io rinmjmnir ofs icmnkmjis icmnkmjis fgijfs, fg ijfs, fquioom qui ofs bicæs bicæs pirsmjfs pi rsmjfs skijt ski jtij ij y qui qui f vinis ixprisfj cibkfjti cibkfjti oms listms listms bio rmstrm, pmr io tmjm bi vmz, pmr of ckrfbf, krfbf , jms puibi puibi fyubfr fyubfr f istfhoinir ofzms cæs cæs rifois r ifois y riofnkmjis riof nkmjis cæs cæs burfbirfs burfbirf s nmj ofs pirsmjfs bi ju juistrm istrm ijtmrjm. ijtmrjm. Jm ij vfjm, io rinmjmnir r inmjmnir ofs icmnkmjis icmnkmjis fgij fgi jfs is io prkc pr kcir ir pfsm pfs m pfrf ijtijbir ijtijbir f mtrfs pirsmjfs pi rsmjfs i kbijt kb ijtkeknfrjms keknfrjms nmj ioofs. • Xiofnkmjis Xiofnk mjis kjtirpirs kjtirpirsmjfois mjfois (`fhkokbfbis (`fhkokb fbis smnkfoi sm nkfois)7 s)7 nufoqukirf nufoqukirf puibi bfrsi nuijtf nuijtf bi qui ujf ujf huijf huijf riofnkþj riof nkþj nmj oms bicæs bicæs is uj ujmm bi oms o ms ioic io icijt ijtms ms cæs vfokmsms pfrf juistrf juistrf vkbf pirsmjfo m prmeiskmjfo. [ jm jm sþom trftfr f oms qui jms jms lustfj lustfj,, jms jms pfrinij pfrini j skcpætknms, skcpætknms, sijt si jtkc kcms ms nirnfjãf, fckstfb fckstfb m ofzms bi efckokf. ^kjm sfhir trftfr ixktmsfcijti f fquiooms pmr qukijis jm sijtkcms ujf fekjkbfb jfturfo, jfturfo, istæj ij ujf pmsknkþj girærquknf giræ rquknf supirkmr, juistrms uistrms gieis, g ieis, bkrintkvms m supirkmris. supirkmris . Of kjtioklijnkf kjtioklijnkf ic i cmnkmjfo ij io trfhfgm trfhfg m is ujm bi oms ritms r itms cæs cæs lrfjbis bi of vkbf ofhmrfo o fhmrfo m prmeiskmjfo. Nuæjt Nuæjtfs fs vinis jms sijtkc sijtkcms ms cfotrftfbms, cfotrftfbms, meijbkbms, meijbkbms, `uc `uckoofbms koo fbms m skcpoicijt skcpoicijti, i, bisfprmvin`fbms bisfprmv in`fbms pmr juistrms juistrms supirkmris. supirkmr is. Tmr of skc s kcpoi poi y sijnkoof rfzþj bi qui ij ju juistrf vkskþj, vks kþj, iooms ioom s smj s mj kjnfpfnis bi rinmjmnir juistrms juistrms tfoijtms tfoijtms y `fhkokbfbis. `fhkokb fbis. Ju Jujjnf m nfsk nfs k ju jujnf, jnf, jms jms nmomnfcms n momnfcms ij of sktufnkþj bi nmcprijbir f prmeujbkbfb om qui juistrms gieis qukirij y ixklij, nþcm si skijtij fjti quë kjknkftkvfs m prmyintms, m skcpoicijti, quë ois kjtirisf y quë jm. Juistrf pirnipnkþj icmnkmjfo n`mnf y si ijerijtf nmj of bi iooms, prmvmnfjbm pmsknkmjis f vinis krrinmjnkokfhois m krribuntkhois, nfrijtis bi uj pujtm bi ijnuijtrm m bi bkæomlm. Kcflkj Kcflkjij ij ustibis ustibis siömris siömr is prmeismris, pr meismris, of fpmrtfnkþj qui qui pmbrãfc pmbrã fcms ms `fnir f of vkbf vk bf pirsmjfo pirs mjfo y prmeiskmjfo bi juistrms juistrms istubkfjtis istubkfjtis sk oms mrkijt mr kijtfc fcms ms ij of rieoixkþj bi istms nkjnm pujt pujtms ms bi Kjtioklij Kjtioklijnkf nkf icmnkmjfo. icmnkmjfo. Ois fsilurm fsilurm qui siræ sir æ kc k chmrrfhoi hmrrfho i io rinuirbm bi su nofsi y of kjvktfnkþj f of kjvistklfnkþj kjvistklfnkþj qui bi ioof si bisprijbf bis prijbf pfrf fj f jfokzfr y istubkfr istubkfr isti ijemqui ijemqui psknmoþlknm. Tirm cæs f÷j, kcflkjij ustibis siömris prmeismris io ijrkquinkckijtm qui tijbrãf su trfhfgm fnfbëcknm, su trfhfg trfhfgmm ij fuof, fuof, ij pofjifnkþj y bksiöm bi sinuijnkfs sinuijnkfs bkbæntknfs, su trfhfgm trfhfgm ij of iofhmrfnkþj bi ixpirkijnkfs kjtilrfbmrfs bio nmjmnkckijtm y, bi emrcf cuy siöfofbf, ij ivfoufnkþj, sk ustibis tmcfrfj ij nuijtf istms nkjnm pujtms. 9;
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rinmcijBfnkmjisTræntknfs iGicTOm Of nmjlruijnkf ijtri om qui pijsfcms, binkcms y smcms is uj ioicijtm isijnkfo bi juistrm igirnknkm bmnijti7 ‟Ibunfr nmj io igicpom– binãfj juistrms cfymris, nmcm cuistrf vktfo bi qui of nmjbuntf y io nmcpmrtfckijtm cmrfo y ëtknm bio prmeismr, bigf ujf `uioof kjbioihoi ij oms istubkfjtis. Jm pmbicms pmbicms ixklkr ixklkr `mjistkbfb `mjistkbfb sk jm of vkvkc vkvk cms ij nfrji nfrji prmpkf, prmpkf , jm jm pmbicms pmbicms pibkrois pibkr ois skj sk jnirkbfb, nirk bfb, nmcprmcksm, sk jm oms bicmstrfcms jmsmtrms ckscms. Oms kjvktfcms kjvktfcms f fpoknfr fpokn fr bi emrcf emrcf pirsmjfo pirs mjfo i kjbkvkbufo oms nkjnm pujtms pujtms f su prmpkf pirsmjf, f su igirnknkm bmnijti. F of emrcf ij qui rispmjbm nmcm cfistrm fjti io bisæjkcm m of fpftãf bi cks istubkfjt istubkfjtis1 is1 bio cëtmbm qui pmjlm pmjlm ij præntknf pfrf nmjtijir nmjtijir of rihiobãf, rihiobã f, io bismrbij, of efotf bi ftijnkþj ftijnkþj m bi pfrtknkpfnkþj. pfr tknkpfnkþj. Jfbki `f bkn`m bkn`m qui sir cfistrm cfistrm sif eænko. Rmbm om o m nmjtrfrk nmjtrfrkm. m. Rmbm isti trfhfgm istæ sustijt sustijtfbm fbm ij of ijmrci, ioivfbãskcf y prmeujbf ckskþj y vmnfnkþj bi ibunfr. Nmcm om oofcfcms jmsmtrms, io fpmstmofbm bi of ibu ib unfnkþj. Tmr ism is m si ixkli ixkli qui ij juist juistrm rm iqukokhrkm iqukokh rkm pirsmjfo pi rsmjfo y prmeiskmjfo, tijlfcms prisijtis oms nkjnm pujtms bi of kjtioklijnkf icmnkmjfo qui siræj `irrfckijtf vfokmsf ij io igirnknkm igir nknkm bmnijti bmnijti bi juistrf juistrf prmeiskþj. TujtufOkBfB Trkcirm ij ibunfr ij io usm bio tkicpm y io rispitm fo tkicpm bi oms bicæs is io prmeismr ckscm. Of nofsi kjknkf f ujf `mrf siöfofbf ij io `mrfrkm isnmofr y io rilofcijtm bi of isnuiof. Oms trfhfgms si ijtrilfj ijtrilfj io bãf ispinkeknfbm ispink eknfbm pmr io prmeismr. Oms prmlrfc pr mlrfcfs fs tkijij uj uj mhgitkvm y uj prmpþsktm istfhoinkbm ij uj nfoijbfrkm. Jm pmbicms pibkrois qui sifj y `flfj, om qui jmsmtrms nmcm cfistrms, jm `icms merinkbm y bicmstrfbm. Io cujbm eujnkmjf nmj uj `mrfrkm y uj nfoijbfrkm, ijsiöfrois bisbi f`mrf f `mrf fo istrunturfr istrunturfr uj sksticf sksticf bi trfhfgm trfhfg m mrbijfbm, ois sirvkræ sirvk ræ bi emrcf emrcf vktfo ij su bisfrrmoom bisfrr moom pirsmjfo y prmeiskmjfo. prmeiskmjfo. T r i T f r f n k þ j B i O f n O f s i oms pfræcitrms bi trfhfgm bio prmeismr. Jm pmbrãf sir bi mtrf emrcf, emrcf, y skj ichfrlm ichfrlm om is. Of Of ixpirkijnkf, oms föms bi sirvknk s irvknkm, m, io nfckjm nfckjm fjbfbm nmcm bmnijti `f prmbunkbm of ixniskvf nmjekfjzf ij oms siömris cfistrms, qui fo bmckjfr sus ticfs y cftirkfs, ooilfj fo sfoþj bi nofsi nmj of ckscf vkskþj, igicpoms y bksnursm qui `fj ripitkbm fo pfsm pf sm bi lijirfnkmjis. @my of cmbirjkbfb cmbirjkbfb mhoklf mho klf om mpu m puistm. istm. Jm smofc smof cijti ijti pmr of jinisfrkf pripfrfn p ripfrfnkþj kþj bi sinuijnkfs sinuijnkfs bkbæntknfs, bmjbi io cfistrm cfistrm nmjticpof nmjticpof y pofjif oms c÷otkpois rinursms y ioic ioi cijtms ijtms qui bihij istfr ij guilm guilm ij io sfoþj bi nofsi, no fsi, skjm s kjm pmrqui bihicms bihicms fjtknkpfr of rifnnkþj rifnnk þj y rispuistf rispuistf bi oms o ms gþvijis, g þvijis, fjti fjti ofs of s nufois, tfchkëj tfchkëj bihi `fhir ujf pripfrfnkþj pripfrfnk þj y pmsturf. pmsturf. Of rfzþj is skcpoi7 iooms pmsiij tfjtf m cæs kjemrcfnkþj `my qui oms cfistrms, pmr om qui nmcm bmnijti, bihm sfhir quë kjstrucijtms utkokzfr pfrf prmvmnfr fo foucjm ij of h÷squibf i kjvistklfnkþj 54
bio nmjmnkckijt nmjmnkckijtm. m. Io cfistrm qui jm pripfrf, pri pfrf, kcprmvks kcprmvksf, f, ‟n`mrif– nmcm nmcm bknij bk nij oms gþvijis, y prmjtm pkirbi io rispitm ris pitm bi sus sus foucj foucjms. Gustknkf Of gustknkf bihi istfr prisijti ij tmbm cmcijtm ij io prmnism bi ijsiöfjzf-fprijbkzfgi, ij io prmtflmjksc prmtflmjkscmm qui husnfc husnfcms ms `my bi oms istubkfjtis. istubkfjtis. Ij of ixpmsknk ixpmsknkþj þj ij nofsi, ij of kcpfrtknkþj kcpfrtknkþj bi cftirkfs, ij of pfrtknkpfnkþj bi oms foucjms, pirm cuy siöfofbfcijti, ij of ivfoufnkþj. Oms foucjms bihij ixpirkcij ixpirkcijtfr tfr of vkvijnkf vk vijnkf bi of o f gustknkf ij io prmnism bi of ivfoufnkþj, cibkfjti cibkfjti io istfhoinkc istfhoink ckijtm kijtm bi pfræcitrms pfræcitrms nofrms n ofrms,, iquktftkvms, trfjspfrijtis trfjspfrijtis i klufoktfrk klufoktfrkms. ms. Io foucjm foucjm jm puibi puibi pirnkhkr pirnk hkr io fntm bi ivfoufnkþj nmcm nmcm risuotfbm bi of vmoujtfb vmoujtfb kjbkvkbufo kjbkvkbufo bio prmeismr, pr meismr, nmcm nmcm ieintm bi su skcpftãf skcpftãf m istfbm bi æjkcm. æjkcm. Of prkcirf emrcf emrcf bi trfjsc trfjscktkr ktkr vfomris vf omris bi gustknkf si rifok r ifokzfj zfj cibkfjti of ivfoufnkþj. Jmsmtrms emrcfc emrcfcms ms kjtilrfocij kjtilrfocijti ti f ju juistrms gþvijis, jm smom ois trfjscktkc trfjscktkcms ms prmnisms, prmnis ms, kbifs, kbifs , nmjmnkckijtms y folujf kjemrcfnkþj. ^k si trftfrf sþom bi ioom, istfrãfcms okcktfbms f of kjstrunnkþj. Io kj k jtirës nijtrfo ij oms ju juivms ivms prmnisms pr mnisms bi ivfoufnkþj, ivf oufnkþj, nmivfoufnkþj, futmivfoufnkþj futmivfoufnkþj itn. itn. si sustijtf ij oms pmrtfemokms bi ivkbijnkfs, bmjbi io trfhfgm bio foucjm istæ bicmstrfbm y cfjkekistm. Tirm om qui istæ bitræs y bihi rilkr io nrktirkm bio prmeismr, is sk io istubkfjti `f fbqukrkbm, fskckofbm y bmckjfbm io lrupm bi nmjmnkckijtms qui pritijbãfcms nmcm istf sinuijnkf. Ibunfr ij of gustknkf is tfo viz of cfymr cfymr jiniskb jiniskbfb fb smnkfo smnk fo bi juistrm uistrm pfãs. pfã s. Of rifokbfb rifok bfb si kcpmji kcpmji y juistrfs ju istrfs juivfs juivfs lijirfnkmjis bihij ilrisfr bi ofs isnuiofs nmj nm j uj uj nofrm sijt s ijtkbm kbm bi iqukbfb y ustknkf. ½Nþcm si `fni= ½Nmj quë kjstrucijtms nuijtf io prmeismr pfrf `fnirom= Of rispuistf jm is sijnkoof. Rfo viz vi z sif ujm ujm bi isms lrfjbis lrfjbis ritms r itms y bisfeãms bio sklom PPK. PPK. Of gustknkf gustknkf jm is ujf ujf fhstrfnnkþj tiþrknf, suhtic suhticff ij of nofsi no fsi bi birin`m. Of Of gustknkf is i s ujf ujf vkvijnkf bkfrk b kfrkf, f, nmtkbkfjf, smhri of qui bisnfjsfj Of præntknf bi of gustknkf fo kjtirkmr bio sfoþj bi nofsis bihi sir of jmrcf nijtrfo bi juistrm nmcpmrtfc nmcpmrtfckijt kijtmm nmcm prmeismris. Ij of nmjstrunnkþj nmjstrunnkþj bi nmjsijsms, nmjsijsms, ij of prmvmnfnkþj prmvmnfnk þj fo bkæomlm, bk æomlm, ij of iofhmrfn i ofhmrfnkþj kþj bi fnuirbms, io cfistrm bihi kcpuosfr kcpuosfr of nmjnkijnkf nmjnkijnkf bi gustknkf f nfbf cmcijt cmcijtm. m. ^þom fsã, omlrfricms ‟emrcfr– `mchris y cugiris gustms ij su bisicpiöm, ij of iofhmrfnkþj bi su nrktirkm, ij of emrcfnkþj bi su mpkjkþj y „smhritmbm- ij su nmjbuntf y bisicpiöm. Istm, f pisfr bi qui of smnkibfb y of vkbf nmtkbkfjf, jm jms merini „pfrtknuofrcijti ij Cëxknm- ujf vkvijnkf rifo y futëjtknf bi of gustknkf. Is binkr, io cfistrm vf f ‟nmjtrfnmrrkijti– bi of smnkibfb, pmrqui om qui iooms vij y vkvij euirf euirf bio æc æ chktm isnmofr, isnmo fr, nu n uistkmjf sirkfc sirkf cijti ijti nufoqukir vkvijnkf vk vijnkf m ixpirkijnkf bi gust g ustknkf. knkf. jirsi m fusijtfrsi bi isf rispmjsfhkokbfb. Oms foucjms bihij vir f su cfistrm nmcm uj cmbiom f silukr, silukr, nmcm nmcm uj oãbir ci cmtkvf cmtkvf y nfutkvf nfutkvf nmj su nfpfnkbfb bi bkrklkr, bk rklkr, bi mrkijtfr, bi prmvmnfr, pr mvmnfr, bi bkfomlfr y ispinkfocijti bi cmtkvfr. Io cfistrm, binãfcms fo prkjnkpkm, is cæs uj luãf, tutmr, mrkijtfbmr, efnkoktfbmr bio nmjmnkckijtm. nmjmnkckijtm. [ pmr tmbm ioom, is uj oãbir oãbi r qui nmjbuni nmjbuni y bkrkli oms bistkjms bi su lrupm. OkBirfzlm 56
Io pfpio pfp io bi oms Bkrintmris ij oms pofjt po fjtiois iois ibunftkvms ibunftkvms is eujbfc eujbfcijt ijtfo. fo. ^mj iooms ioo ms qukijis ijnfhizfj ijnfhizfj io prmnism ibunftkvm, ibunftkvm, qukijis qukijis kc k cpuosfj of listkþj isnmofr, qukijis qukijis cmtkvfj cmtkvfj f oms o ms cfistrms f nfpfnktfrsi nfpfnk tfrsi y f sir cigmris igmri s nfbf bãf. Tirm Tir m smj tfchkëj tfchkëj oms Bkrintmris Bkr intmris qukijis nmjbunij nmjbunij of jfvi bi of isnuiof, is binkr, qukijis cfrnfj io ruchm, io rktcm, of rutf. ½Vuë quiricms `fnir nmj istms istubkfjtis= ½Ij quë oms quiricms nmjvirtkr= ½Vuë risuotfbms ispirfcms mhtijir bi su fprmvin`fckijtm, nmjnkijtkzfnkþj, cfburiz y nrinkckijtm= Io Bkrintmr is uj oãbir mhoklfbm, pmr om qui bihi pmsiir nufokbfbis pfrf io okbirfzlm7 nofrkbfb bi mhgitkvms, nfpfnkbf n fpfnkbfbb bi bkæomlm bk æomlm y nmjstru nmjstrunnkþj nnkþj bi fnuirbms, futmrkbfb cmrfo hfsfbf ij su nmjmnkckijtm y ij su ixpirkijnkf, `uckobfb y sijnkooiz pfrf ijnfhizfr y bkrklkr uj iqukpm, efnuotfbis bi nmjvijnkckijtm y cmtkvfnkþj lrupfo. Is folukij nmj pireko fcpokm ij io æchktm ibunftkvm, qui jm smofcijti `f pfsfbm pmr sir cfistrm erijti f lrupm, i kbifocijti om sklui skijbm, skjm qui fbicæs ri÷ji ofs nfrfntirãstknfs bi fhfjbirfbm pfrf mrkijtfr io bistkjm bi of kjstktunkþj y bi su pirsmjfo. ^kj ichfrlm, io okbirfzlm jm si okcktf fo bkrintmr. Io cfistrm ckscm is uj oãbir bijtrm bi su sfoþj bi nofsis, nofsi s, jm puibi puibi fhsti Fquëo qui om omlrf, pircfjiniræ ij of cijti y oms nmrfzmjis bi sus foucjms pmr skicpri. Io okbirfzl okbi rfzlmm jm si sust s ustijt ijtff ij of futmrkbfb futmrkbfb bio nfrlm n frlm m bio puistm puistm fsklj fsk ljfbm fbm ij io isnfofeþj isnfof eþj isnmofr. isnmof r. Okbirfzl kbirf zlmm is nmjtrfrk nmjtrfrkmm f futmrktfrks futmrktfrksc cm, isi pirvirsm pirvir sm igirnkn ig irnknkm km nmc÷j nmc÷j ij cun` cun`fs fs bi juistrfs juistrfs isnuiofs, i snuiofs, bmjbi cfistrms cfistrms y bkrintmris bkri ntmris igirnij igi rnij nmj ixnisms ixnisms y fhusms fhusms of o f futmrkbfb bi su s u pmsknkþj, prmvmnfjbm bisvkfnkmjis ij of emrcfnkþj bi oms istubkfjtis. Iooms fprijbij qui of ‟futmrkbfb– si igirni nmj pmbir, nmj vmz ekrci ekrci y cfjbm kjnuist kjnuistkmjfhoi.¡Efosm! kmjfhoi.¡Efosm! Of Of futmrkbfb futmrkbfb si s i igirni igir ni nmj nmjmnkc nmjmnkckijt kijtmm y nmj ixpirkijnkf, nmj nfpfnkbfb nfpfnkb fb bi fjæoksks, bi rieoix ri eoixkþj kþj y nmj uj uj prmeujbm prmeujbm sijtkbm sijtkbm bi gustknkf. Io oãbir o ãbir igirni igir ni of futmrkbfb futmrkbfb nmj kjtioklij kjtioklijnkf, nkf, ij i j of h÷squibf bi ofs of s cigmri cigmriss fotirjftkvfs y smounkmjis pfrf io pofjtio ibunftkvm, ibunftkvm, pfrf io lrupm bi istubkfjt istubkfjtis is y pfrf io sfoþj sfoþ j bi nofsis. nofsi s. fchkijtiyftcþseirfiBunftkvf Cun`m si `f isnrktm fo rispintm. ^i `fj nuistkmjfbm timrãfs fnirnf bi oms ispfnkms fcpokms, fhkirtms y ouckjmsms, ouckjmsms, ij nmjtrfpmsk nmjtrfpmsknkþj nkþj nmj sfomjis msnurms, n`knms, fpritfbms, bmjbi si isnun`f isnun`f io rukbm nmjstfjt nmjstfjtii qui prmvmnf pr mvmnf bkstrfnnk b kstrfnnkþj þj y bkspirskþj bkspirsk þj ijtri ijtri oms istubkfjtis. istubkfjtis. ^i `f nuistkmjfbm nuistkmjfbm kjnou k jnousm sm of of fustirkbfb fustirkbfb bi uj sfoþj rurfo, nmj pksm bi b i tkirrf, ij cibkm cibkm bi ujf rfjn`irãf, rfjn`irãf, pmhris hfjnfs h fjnfs y f vinis skj pkzfrrþj. ^mj nfsms ixtricms ixtricms bmjbi of ibunfnkþj `fni `fni ckoflrms pfrf nfptfr y igirnir igir nir su cfrfvkoomsm frfvko omsm prmnism bi fprijbkz fpr ijbkzfgi fgi y nrinkc nrink ckijtm kijtm kjtirkmr. ^kj ichfrlm ij of cfymrãf bi oms pofjtiois ibunftkvms, ofs nmjbknkmjis smj cibkfjfcijti fniptfhois7 hfjnfs, vijtfjf, ouz jfturfo, pkzfrrþj. ^k jm `fy ouz jfturfo, prmnurfr qui of kouckjfnkþj sif bio cæxkcm vmotfgi pmskhoi pfrf omlrfr of cigmr nfokbfb bi ouz fo fonfjni. io nmjmnkckijtm ripktkijbm oinnkmjis „fujqui pmr bënfbfs si pijsþ om nmjtrfrkm-. Om qui cicmrkzfj is kjemrcfnkþj y bftms, pirm qui bi emrcf bisfrtknuofbf, jm ois skrvi pfrf jfbf. Om qui husnfcms is qui nmjintij nmjintij bftms, qui rifoknij rifo knij ijofnis „jiu „jiurmoþlknms rmoþlknms y bi quãcknf quãcknf nirihrfonirihr fo- bi kj k jemrcfnkþj emrcfnkþj y nmjmnkckijtms qui ois pircktfj IJRIJBIX [ NMCTXI@IJBIX io sijtkbm prmeujbm bi ofs 58
nmsfs, pfrf qui sifj iooms qukijis qukijis puibfj fpoknfr isi nmjmnkc n mjmnkckijt kijtmm bi cko emrcfs emrcfs bkstkjt bk stkjtfs fs ij juistrf ju istrf rifok r ifokbfb bfb nfc nf chkfjti m, kjnousm, bisfrrmoo bisfr rmoofr fr juivms nmjmnkckijt nmjmnkckijtms ms y smounkþj bi prmhoic prmho icfs. fs. Is rispmjsfhkokbfb bio prmeismr nukbfr y cfjtijir ij om pmskhoi ofs cigmris nmjbknkmjis bio ispfnkm ibunftkvm, ibunftkvm, ij prkcirf kjstfjnkf, kjstfjnkf, bio bi o sfoþj sf oþj bi nofsis. nofs is. Mrbij, okcpkizf, okcpkizf, pkzfrrþj okcpkm pfrf kjknkfr k jknkfr of of siskþj, sisk þj, vijtkofnkþj vijtkofnkþj fbinufbf, smj istms ioicijtms ioicijtms hæsknms pfrf prmpknk p rmpknkfr fr ujf ujf fntktub fntktub fniptfhoi bio istubkfjt istubkfjti, i, ujf ujf bkspmskn bk spmsknkþj kþj f fprijbir, fpr ijbir, f bisfrrmo bis frrmoofr ofr sus efnuotfbis efnuotfbis y bicmstrfr bicmstrfr sus s us nmcpitij nmcpitijnkfs nkfs ij lrupm, ij iqukpm m bi emrcf kjbkvkbufo. Rmbm istm jm is pmskhoi pmskho i skj sk j of pfrtknkpfnkþ pfr tknkpfnkþjj fntkvf, ispmjtæjif, ispmjtæjif, skj kj`khknk kj`khknkmjis, mjis, tmtfoc tmtfocijt ijtii okhri ok hri y ij mnfskmj mnfskm jis bkrklkbf bk rklkbf pmr io prmeismr. ^i fprijbi vkvkijbm vkvk ijbm io nmjmnkckijt nmjmnkckijtm, m, TFXRKNK TFXRKNKTFJB TFJBM M bi su lijirfnkþj y bi su bisnuhrkckijtm. Istm is om qui folujms tiþrknms ibunftkvms oofcfj ‟of ipkefjãf bio fprijbkzfgi– isi cmcijtm bi oktirfo kouckjfnkþj nufjbm io gmvij bisnuhri y ijtkijbi folm qui si oi `fhãf jilfbm m isnfpfbm, folm qui jm omlrfhf ijtijbir. TfrtknkTfnkþjsijnkOOizy`uckOBfB Jm ixksti ixksti `my ibunfnkþj skj pfrtknkpfnkþj pfrtknkpfnk þj istubkfj istubkfjtko. tko. Oms Oms juivms juivms skstic sk sticfs fs bi nmcpitijnkfs, nmcpitijnkfs, sustijt sustijtfj fj io bisfrrmo bis frrmoom om bi b i `fhkokbfbis `fhkokbf bis y nmjstrunnkþj nmjstrunnkþj bio nmjmnkckijt nmjmnkckijtmm pmr pfrti bio ibunfjbm, ibunfjbm, isijnkfocijti ij of pfrtknkpfnkþj, ij of h÷squibf nmjgujtf bio nmjmnkckijtm. Rrfhfgfcms gujtms, ij iqukpm, io cfistrm ixpmji, bkntf oãjifs bi rieoixkþj, prmvmnf io nuistkmjfckijtm y of fntktub kjquksktkvf bio foucjm ½Tmr quë is istm= ½Vuë nfusfs prmvmnfj qui sif fsã= [ io cfistrm mrkijtf, nmjbuni, kjnktf of pfrtknkpfnkþj vktfo bio istubkfjti pmrqui bi isf emrcf nmjstruyi io nmjmnkckijtm. Oms gþvijis jm fprijbij cicmrkzfjbm, jm fskckofj ½Tmr quë `fy istubkfjtis qui si puibij fnirnfr nmj jfturfo nmjekfjzf f sus prmeismris, nmcijtfr fsujtms fsujtms riofnkmjfbms riof nkmjfbms nmj of nofsi, nofsi , hrmcifr m kjnou k jnousm sm `fnir nmje n mjekbijnkfs kbijnkfs pirsmjfois pi rsmjfois y mtrms jm= ½Tmr quë ixkstij prmeismris qui kjvktfj f of ispmjtæjif nirnfjãf bi sus istubkfjtis, f of poætknf kjemrcfo euirf euirf bio bi o sfoþj sf oþj bi nofsis, nofs is, f of o f nmjsuotf nmjsuotf okhri, ok hri, ckijtrfs ckijtrfs qui mtrms prmeismris smj tic tickbms kbms y rin`fzfbms= rin`fzfbms= Jm si puibi sir si r uj prmeismr bio sklom PPK, PPK, tutmr, tutmr, mrkijt mrki jtfbmr fbmr y efnko efnkoktfbmr ktfbmr bio nmjmnkckijtm sk jm si nmjstruyi ujf nmcujknfnkþj sfjf, fhkirtf, pourfo y bi nirnfjãf nmj juistrms istubkfjtis. Isf nmcujknfnkþj si sustijtf ij of sijnkooiz y ij of `uckobfb bio prmeismr, ij su nfpfnkbfb pfrf fniptfrsi nmcm ujf pirsmjf qui bisicpiöf uj rmo kcpmrtfjti ij of vkbf bi sus foucjms, pirm qui jm is, jk nirnfjfc nirn fjfcijt ijti, i, io mrænuom bipmsktfrkm bipmsk tfrkm bi of o f virbfb, virbf b, io nmjmnkckijt nmjmnkckijtmm y of nkijnkf. nki jnkf. Io cfistrm cfistrm nmjmnibmr bi tmbms oms ticfs y virbfbis, io qui si sipfrf nmj frrmlfjnkf y smhirhkf bi sus istubkfjt istubkfjtis is pmr of ijmrci ijmrci hfrrirf hfr rirf bio nmjmnkckijt nmjmnkckijtmm y of ixpirkijnkf fnucuofbf fnucuofbf f om o m ofrlm of rlm bi föms bi sirvknkm, sirvk nkm, istæ nmjbijfbm nmjbijfbm f erfnfsfr ij su ofhmr nmc nm cm futëjtknm futëjtknm ibunfbmr. Jfbf ibunf y prmvmnf bi cigmr emrcf emrcf of nmjekfjz nmjekfjzff y nirnfjãf, nirnfjãf, of fpirtu fp irturf rf y bkspmsknkþj bkspmsknk þj bi oms istubkfjtis, qui uj cfistrm sijnkoom, bkrintm, nmj of `uckobfb pfrf rinmjmnir qui jm om sfhi tmbm, pirm qui om puibi husnfr husnfr y bisnuhrkr gujtm gujtm nmj io foucj foucjm. Is ujf ujf fntktub fntktub bio prmeismr, qui si trfjsemrc trfjsemrcff rfbknfocij rfb knfocijti ti bio pibistfo bio bi o nmjmnkc n mjmnkckijt kijtmm y of nkijnkf f of kl k lufobfb bio fprijbkzfgi. Of 5>
ibunfnkþj bio sklom sk lom PPK PPK istæ nijtrfbf nijtrfbf ij quë quë y nþcm nþcm si fprijbi, pfrf bisfrrmoofr bisfrr moofr bi quë emrcf emrcf si fpoknf. rfokbfb. rfok bfb. Of fpirturf nmjstfjt nmjstfjtii f bkvirsfs bkvirs fs emrcfs emrcfs bi pijsfckijt pijsfckijtm, m, nriijnkfs, nri ijnkfs, kbimomlãfs, kbim omlãfs, pmsknkmjis pmsk nkmjis pmoãtknfs m nuoturfois. nuoturfois. Io cuj cujbm bm ij io qui qui vkvkræj vkvkr æj „ij io qui vkvij yfyf- is nrinkijtic nr inkijticijt ijtii lomhfokzfbm, kjtirnmjintfbm, skj bkstfjnkfs, ermjtirfs m hfrrirfs limlræeknfs. Tmr ioom is vktfo iofhmrfr ujf istrunturf bi pijsfckijtm fcpokm, cuy fhkirtm, c÷otkpoi, qui jms pircktf ijtijbir bkstkjtfs emrcfs y `æhktms okjlÿãstknms, okjlÿãstknms, nuoturfoi nuoturfois, s, lfstrmjþc lfstrmjþcknms, knms, pmoãtknms, pmoãtknms , `kstþrknms. Tijsicms Tijsicms qui ij 64 föms „ sil÷j fekrcfj folujms euturþomlms- nirnf bio 89 pmr nkijtm bi of pmhofnkþj cujbkfo trfhfgfræ nmj y pfrf ujf ujf icprisf icprisf m nmrpmrfnk nmr pmrfnkþj þj n`kjf. n`kjf. Juistrms Juistrms gþvijis bihij istfr pripfrfbms pfrf pf rf nmjtfr nmjtfr nmj of `fhkokbfb bi uj pijsfckijtm eoixkhoi, fbfptfhoi y nfpfz bi bihftkr nmj cuy bkeirijtis pmsturfs. Isnun`fr, Isnun`fr, bkfomlfr, bk fomlfr, rispitfr rispi tfr nmcm nmcm igis bi of emrcfnkþj emrcfnkþj ij io bihfti y of nuoturf nuoturf bi of pourfokbfb. po urfokbfb. Of smounkþj bi nmjeokntms is pfrti eujbfcijtfo bi istf oãjif bi bihfti, nþcm utkokzm oms frlucijtms, ofs rfzmjis y of fpirturf bi pmsknkmjis i kbimomlãfs, pfrf rismovir nmjeokntms, nmjstrukr bkæomlm y ijtijbkckijtm. iOBihfti Bihicms ijtijbir io bihfti cæs nmcm ujf emrcf bi frtknuofr y istrunturfr ujf oãjif bi pijsfckijtm, qui nmcm ujf efnuotfb bksnurskvf m pfrofcijtfrkf. Of h÷squibf bio nmjmnkckijtm, of kjvistklfnkþj y io fprijbkzfgi nmjtkjum. Tmr cæs bi uj sklom pripfrfcms istubkfjtis pfrf qui euirfj nfpfnis bi ijtijbir kjstrunnkmjis, fskckofrofs y nuc nucpokrofs, pokr ofs, pfrf pmbir pmb ir ripitkr ri pitkr skstic sk sticfs fs y bisfrrmoof bisfrr moofrr citmbmomlãfs. citmbmomlãfs. F`mrf F`mrf bihic bihi cms pripfrfroms pripfr froms pfrf pf rf io bihfti, bi hfti, pfrf istruntu istrunturfr emrcfs emrcfs bi pijsfckijtm, pijsfckijtm, sustijt sustijtfrofs frofs,, frtknuofr y pmbir fbfptfr istfs vkskmjis f uj cujbm y ujf smnkibfb ij pircfjijti nfchkm. Yj kjlribkijti eujbfcijtfo bi istf nuoturf bi bihfti is of pouYjf `fhkokbfb eujbfcijtfo nmj of qui bihicms ‟iqukpfr– f juistrms istubkfjtis, is nmj of nmcpitijnkf bi ‟fprijbir pircfjijticijti–. Ofs eujnkmjis cæs bicfjbfbfs pmr of smnkibfb istæj ij nmjtkjum nfchkm, oms nmjmnkckijtms fbqukrkbms pmr kjlijkirms y tënjknms ij ujkvirskbfbis y pmoktënjknms ij io cujbm, si cmbkeknfj pmr ijnkcf bi uj 54 pmr nkijtm nfbf nuftrm föms, y of tijbijnkf is qui istm fucijti f rijmvfrsi ij uj 644 pmr nkijtm nfbf tris, nfbf bms y tfo viz nfbf föm. Fsã bi ræpkbm ræpk bm fvfjzf fvfjzf of kjvistklfnkþj kjvistklfnkþj y io bisfrrmoom bio nmjmnkckijtm. ½Istm bihi prmvmnfrjms fjlustkf= ½Bihicms trfjscktkrois f juistrms foucjms of sijsfnkþj bi qui jfbf bi om qui fprijbij ois sirvkræ ij io euturm= Nmjtujbijticijti ¡JM! Juistrf Juistrf rispmjsfhkokbfb rispmjsfhko kbfb nmcm ibunfbmris ibunfbmris nmjsksti n mjsksti ij prmpmrnkmjfrois prmpmrnk mjfrois `irrfckijt `irrfckijtfs fs sueknki sueknkijt jtis is pfrf rifokzfr rifo kzfr kjvistklfnkþj pmr iooms ioom s ckscms, ckscms, husnfr kje k jemrc mrcfnkþj, fnkþj, nmrrmhmrfr nmrr mhmrfr euijt euijtis, is, vfokbfr vfo kbfr bftms. Jm tmbm om qui istæ ij oãjif ij Kjt Kjtirjit irjit is virbfbirm, virbfbir m, jm tmbms oms prmnisms pr mnisms bi vfokbfnkþj vfok bfnkþj bi kjemrcfnkþj ij \kakpibkf smj sueknkijticijti nmcprmhfbms nmcm pfrf fniptfr bftms nmcm nkirtms y virbfbirms. 52
Io prmeismr pr meismr cmbirjm, cmbirjm, kchukbm kchukbm ij i j of ftcþseirf ftcþseirf bklktfo, `fhkoktfbm `fhkok tfbm nmj ofs nfpfnkbfbis nfpfnkbf bis pfrf pf rf jfvilfr ij of rib y cfjigfr io oijlufgi kjemrcftkvm bi of ^mnkibfb bio Nmjmnkckijtm, tkiji of ckskþj bi kjnuonfr fo istubkfjti bio sklom PPK ofs `fhkokbfbis jinisfrkfs pfrf bksnirjkr, girfrqukzfr y nofskeknfr of kjemrcfnkþj nmj of qui is hmchfrbifbm tmbm io tkicpm. ½Vuë is væokbm y quë jm= ½quë bmy pmr nkirtm y biekjktkvm y quë istæ f÷j ij prmnism bi fvfjni, bi nmjekrcfnkþj, bi ixpirkcijtfnkþj= Iooms, juistrms foucjms, bihij sir nfpfnis bi husnfr isi nmjmnkckijtm, kjvistklfr of kjemrcfnkþj riquirkbf pfrf vfokbfro vfo kbfrom, m, fbqukrkrom, fbqukrkro m, nmjsuotfrom nmjsuotfrom y fskckofr fskckofrom. om. ½Vuë ½Vuë bkni qukëj y quë tfj tfj sirkm is= Tfrf qui ism sif pmskhoi, jmsmtrms prmeismris bihicms sir nfpfnis bi `fnirom, bi kjstrucijtfrom nmj nmjmnkckijtm nmjmnkckijtm y ixpirki ixpirkijnkf. jnkf. Jmsmtrms bihicms sir nfpfnis n fpfnis bi husnfr ij of rib, ri b, bi jfvilfr, bi kjvistklfr, kjvistklfr, bi nmrrmhmrfr nmrrmhmr fr bftms bf tms y euij euijtis, tis, bi fnnibir fn nibir f hfjnms i kjemrc kjemrcfnkþj fnkþj oigfjf oig fjf y bkstfjti, bkstfjti, pirm vfokmsf vfok msf y nmjekrcfbf. nmjekrcfbf. Yj Yj prmeismr cmbirjm cmbirjm bihi sir s ir nfpfz n fpfz bi merinir fo istu i stubkfjti bkfjti ujf ujf okstf bi sktkms ij Kjtirj Kjtirjit it bmjbi husnfr husnfr ij su prkcirf prkcirf oinnkþj, o innkþj, y bispuës, bigfrom bigfro m sþom sþo m pfrf sfhir quë kjvistklþ kjvistklþ y nþcm ijnmjtrþ bitirckjfbf kjemrcfnkþj. Tirm nufjbm of prisijti, jmsmtrms bihicms tijir io nmjmnkckijtm nmjmnkckijtm bi sk oms sktkms qui vksktþ smj sirkms, sirk ms, nriãhoi nr iãhoiss y euj eujbfcijt bfcijtfbms. fbms. Is io iqukvfoijt i qukvfoijtii f nufjbm f jmsmtrms `fni >4 m 24 föms, jms cfjbfhfj f of `icirmtinf y f of hkhokmtinf bi tfo m nufo ujkvirs uj kvirskbfb, kbfb, pmrqui p mrqui f`ã si ijnmjtrfhf ijnmjtrfhf of kjemrc kjemrcfnkþj fnkþj qui io prmeismr pr meismr husnfhf pfrf pfr f juistrf juistrf oinnkþj. oi nnkþj. Io fprijbkz fpr ijbkzfgi fgi nmjtkju nmjtkjumm siræ sir æ ujf ujf bi ofs lrfjbis lrfjbis `fhkokbfbis `fhkok bfbis bio sklom s klom PPK. PPK. Fquëo prmeiskmjkstf, trfhfgfbmr, frtisfjm, frtkstf, qui sif nfpfz nfp fz bi silukr silukr fprijbkijbm tmbm io tkicpm, nmj ointurfs, ointurfs, kjemrcfnkþj, jfvilfnkþj, nursms y bkpomcfbms „pirm smhritmbm- nmj futmlijirfnkþj bi nmjmnkckijtm, nmjmnkckijtm, siræ io cæs nfpfnktfbm pfrf bisicpiöfr bisicpiöfr euj eujnkmjis c÷otkpois c÷otkpois y, pmr ijbi, siræ sir æ cæs bicfjbfbm pmr io cirnfbm. Of ibunfnkþj jm tirckjf ij of isnuiof, is fpijfs, su pujtm bi frrfjqui. iPklijnkf Oms jkviois bi ixklijnkf y bi nfokbfb ij io trfhfgm cfrnfræj of nmcpitktkvkbfb bi oms föms pmr vijkr. Io prmeismr istæ mhoklfbm f istfhoinir isms jkviois bi ixklijnkf y bi nfokbfb, f ribmhofr iseuirzms, f vmovir f kjtijtfr uj cigmr risuotfbm, ujf cigmr ixpmsknkþj, uj pmrtfemokm bi ixpirkijnkfs cæs fcpokm y nmcpoitm. Of rfzþj is sijnkoof7 isi is io cujbm rifo fo qui si ijerijtfj yf bisbi `my. Of juivf riofnkþj cfistrm-foucjm hfsfbf ij of nmcujknfnkþj, of nmjekfjzf, io kjtirës bio prmeismr pmr of pirsmjf pi rsmjf qui qui is su istubkfjti, istubkfjti, jm jm pmr io j÷cirm j÷cirm ij of okstf bi fskstij fsk stijnkf, nkf, jm bihi feintfrsi feintfrsi pmr oms jkviois kvio is bi nfokbfb nfokb fb y bi ixklijnkf. ixklijnkf. Fo nmjtrfrk nmjtrfrkm, m, bihij fyubfr fyubfr y emrtfoinir isf is f pmsturf nirnfjf y nmjekfhoi nmjekfhoi bio prmeismr, pr meismr, pmrqui oms oãcktis oãcktis y oms skstic s ksticfs fs bi trfhfgm siræj sir æj nfbf viz cæs cæs ixklijtis, ixklijtis, y oms istubkfjtis bihij istfr ‟`fhkoktfbms– pfrf rispmjbir f iooms. nmjtiPtmyijtmrjm. @my cæs qui jujnf io prmnism bi ijsiöfjzf-fprijbkzfgi si nmjnritf ij uj cibkm nfrfntirkzfbm pmr ujf sirki bi ioicijtms7 • of ibunfnkþj bihi ‟sirvkr– ‟sir vkr– fo istubkfjt istubkfjtii pfrf pfr f nmcprijbir nmcprijbir cigmr su ijtmrj ijtmrjmm smnkfo smnk fo y nuoturfo nuoturfo y pripfrftmrkf. Trmhoicfs bisbi io trfjspmrti, io vistkbm, io fnnism f Kjtirjit, of nmjintkvkbfb ij su 59
zmjf, of ixkstijnkf bi ujf nmcputfbmrf ij nfsf, io fnnism f uj nfeë m hkhokmtinf qui ois pircktf io usm bi nmcputfbmrfs. Rmbm istm, ij uj prkcir jkvio. Ispinkfoc Ispinkfo cijti, ijti, io prmeismr bihi sfhir quë tkpm tkpm bi icpoims icpoims si merinij ij of zmjf zmjf bmjbi su isnuiof istæ kjsirtf, ij quë trfhfgfj oms pfpæs pf pæs bi sus istubkfjtis, istubkfjtis, quë quë fspkrfnk fsp krfnkmjis mjis prmeiskmjfois tkijij y nþcm nþcm pmbicms ijnfusfro ijnfusfrofs, fs, ioivfro i oivfrofs, fs, emrtfoinirofs. emrtfoinir ofs. ½Ck ½Ck isnuiof istæ is tæ ij ujf ujf zmjf zmjf ru r urfo, urhfjf, urhfjf, cfrãtkcf, pisquirf m kjbustrkfo= ½Vuë tkpm bi nmjmnkckijtms sirvkræj pfrf qui cks istubkfjtis si kjsirtij nmj cfymr efnkokbfb ij su ijtmrjm smnkfo y ofhmrfo= ½Nþcm `flm nmcm prmeismr pfrf qui oms nmjtijkbms bi ck cftirkf puibfj ‟ftirrkzfrsi– bi cfjirf cæs ieknkijti ij su rifokbfb nmtkbkfjf= • of ibunfnkþj bihi rispmjbir nmj ioicijtms ioicijtms præntknms, nmjnritms n mjnritms y ispinãeknms ispinã eknms f isi is i ijtmrjm ijtmrjm smnkfo smnk fo y nuoturfo • io istubkfjti bihi tijir of nirtizf y of sijsfnkþj bi qui om qui fprijbi y of emrcf ij qui om fprijbi, puibi sir fpoknfbm fpo knfbm y pu puistm istm ij præntknf ij su rifokbfb rifokbf b nmtkbkfjf, nmjnritf y ispinãeknf. Of ibunfnkþj bio sklom PPK jm si fhstrfi bi of rifokbfb jk si merini bi emrcf fksofbf y bisnmjintfbf. Tmr föms, oms o ms skstic s ksticfs fs bi ijsiöfjzf ijsiöfjzf ripitãfj nmj prmlrfcfs prmlrfcfs y ticfrkms ticfrkms ujf sirki bi ioicijtms ioicijtms tiþrknms qui jm jm tijãfj nmjixkþj nmjixkþj bkrintf nmj of rifokbfb. rifok bfb. Istm prmbugm bisirnkþj, bisi rnkþj, fhfjbmjm fhfjbmjm isnmofr, biskjtirës pmr pfrti bi oms istubkfjtis, fpftãf. Io prmeismr bihi bmckjfr su ijtmrjm, sfhir quë `fy y quë pfsf, f quë tkpm bi prmhoicfs si ijerijtfj sus foucjms bi sinujbfrkf Of rifokbfb is cuotkbksnkpokjfrkf y cuotkefnëtknf, is cuotkbkcijskmjfo. Oms prmhoicfs inmjþcknms, smj nmj erinuijnkf pmoãtknms, y birkvfj ij prmhoicfs smnkfois. Yj ticf bi cirnfbmtinjkf, is tfchkëj ujm bi puhoknkbfb, f vinis bi prmbunnkþj m bkstrkhunkþj bi prmbuntms, bi fnnism fo cirnfbm. Is binkr, juistrms foucjms bihij istfr pripfrfbms pfrf ijerijtfr sktufnkmjis bi emrcf cuotkbksnkpok otkbksn kpokjfrkf jfrkf y pfrf ioom, ioom , jm `fy `fy cigmr cigmr emrcf emrcf qui oms prmeismris bksiöij ixpirkijnkfs kjtilrfbmrfs bio fprijbkzfgi, bmjbi si kjvmounri f quãcknf y f cfticætknfs, pirm tfchkëj f ofs nkijnkfs smnkfo s mnkfois is y f ofs RKKN^. RKKN^. Io ritm is trfhfgfr ij iqukpm, iqukpm, riuj r iujkrjms krjms nmj nmoilfs bmnijtis bmnijtis pfrf pfr f bksiöfr bksiöf r istfs i stfs sinu sin uijnkfs bkbæntknfs bk bæntknfs bi emrcf emrcf kjt k jtilrfo, ilrfo, bmjbi uj cksc ckscmm prmhoicf, pr mhoicf, is fjfokzfbm bisbi bi sbi su pirspintkvf y ispinkfokbfb pmr nfbf prmeismr y pmr nfbf cftirkf. Nmj ioom, omlrfricms ibunfr f juistrms ju istrms istu i stubkfjtis bkfjtis ij io fjæoksks kjtilrfo kjtilrfo bi oms prmhoic prmhoi cfs, pmrqui pm rqui juistrm juistrm nmjtixtm nmjtixtm smnkfo smnkf o y nuoturfo, juistrm ijtmrjm kjcibkftm jms om bicfjbf tmbms oms bãfs. iOTrmeismrcuOtkBkcijskmjfO Fo istubkfr oms risuotfbms „nmj erinuijnkf erinuijnkf nmjtrmvirtkbms nmjtrmvirtkbms pfrf Cëxknm- bi ofs o fs pru pr uihfs kjtirjfnkmjfois, kjtirjfnkmjfois, of TK^F ispinkfocijti, ispinkfocijti, cæs cæs fooæ fo oæ bi juistrms juistrms pmhris pmhr is risuotfbms, r isuotfbms, `fy mtrms pfãsis pfã sis qui skicpri sfoij sfoi j nmj ivfoufnkmjis ivfoufnkmjis ioivfbfs, io ivfbfs, ispinkfoc ispink focijt ijtii Ekjofjbkf. Ij Cëxknm Cëxknm uj prmeismr bi prkcfrkf, sinujbfrkf m kjnousm kjnousm bi hfn`kooirftm hfn`kooirf tm jm jm lmzf lmzf bio rispitm bi of smnkibfb. Jm is nmjskbirfbm „nmcm mnurri ij Ekjofjbkf- io bipmsktfrkm bio sfhir y of emrcfnkþj bi 55
oms gþvijis y, pmr ijbi, ujf pirsmjf f qukij si oi bihi tmbm io rispitm y fbckrfnkþj y nmj qukëj si bihi trfhfgfr trfhfg fr bi emrcf emrcf cu cuy nirnfjf pfrf emrtfoinir y fpmyfr fpmyfr of o f nmrrkijt nmrr kijtii y io prmnism prmn ism ibunftkvm. ½Ij quë rfbknf su ëxktm= ½Nþcm `f omlrfbm fvfjnis tfj skljkeknftkvms y pirsmjfs tfj hkij pripfrfbfs bi fnuirbm f su pfãs, su ijtmrjm ijtmrjm y su rifokbfb= rifok bfb= @fy c÷otkpois c÷otkpois rispuistfs, pirm ujf ujf bi ioofs i oofs y tfo tfo viz of cæs kcpmrtfjti, rfbknf ij of fotf nfokbfb prmeiskmjfo bi oms bmnijtis. Trmeiskmjfois bi of ibunfnkþj, nmj uj nmcprmcksm y ujf vkskþj nofrf bi quë qukirij, f bþjbi qukirij ooilfr y nuæo is io mhgitkvm qui pirskluij ij io sfoþj bi nofsis. Nufjbm `fhofcms bio prmeismr cuotkbkcijskmjfo, jms rieirkcms fo qui kcflkjfcms nmcm bmnijti bio euturm. Yj `mchri y cugir nmj ckrfs y `mrkzmjtis cæs fotms y prmeujbms qui io ticfrkm y oms mhgitkvms. Yj fnfbëcknm fnfbëcknm ij i j tmbm tmbm io sijtkbm sijtkbm bi of pfofhrf, pf ofhrf, nfpfz bi bksiöfr bksi öfr istrftil is trftilkfs kfs pfrf ‟emrc ‟ emrcfr– fr– siris `ucfjms. Yj `mchri y cugir bi su tkicpm, pirm nmj of vkskþj bi bms skloms bi `kstmrkf y nuoturf. nuoturf. Yj pirsmjfgi nfpfz nf pfz bi prmvmnfr of n` n `kspf y of h÷squibf bio nmjmnkckijt nmjmnkckijtm, m, pmr io i o purm pofnir pof nir bi ij i jnmjtrfro nmjtrfrom, m, jm pfrf fbqukrkr uj ujff nfokeknfnkþj nfo keknfnkþj u mhtijir mhtijir uj ujff jmtf fprmhftmrkf. fprmhftmrkf . Io trfhfgm ‟cflkstirkfo– nmcm lrickfocijti si oi bijmckjf ij Cëxknm y cun`ms mtrms pfãsis bi Fcërknf Fcërknf Oftkjf, `f `f skbm s kbm bivfoufbm, bksc bk sckju kjukbm, kbm, utkok utkokzfbm zfbm pmr y pfrf pfr f kjt k jtirisis irisis pmoãtknms y lric lrickfoi kfois. s. Of nfokbfb nfo kbfb `f pfsfbm f uj pofjm sinujbfrkm, sinujbfrkm, of pripfrfnk pr ipfrfnkþj þj ``ff bisfpfrink bisf pfrinkbm bm nfsk pmr nmcpoitm. Of Of ibunfnkþj nmjtkj nmjtkjuf uf is uj iseuirz iseuirzmm bi ujms pmnms pmr prmeiskmjfokzfrsi y merinir cigmris sirvknkms sirvk nkms f sus istubkfjtis. Io prmeismr pr meismr cuotkbkcij cuotkbkcijskmjfo, skmjfo, bihi sir fquëo qui vif io prmvijkr nmcm of mpmrtu mpm rtujjkbfb bi nrinkc nrink ckijtm kijtm bi sus istubkfjtis istubkfjtis y ois pofjtii mhoklfnkmjis y risp rispmjsfhkokbfbis mjsfhkokbfbis pfrf nmjsklm nmjsklm ckscm ckscm y pfrf su nmcuj nmcujkbfb. kbfb. Is qukij prmyintf prmyintf `fnkf `fnkf fbiofjt fbio fjtii pofjis y istrftilkfs, istrftilkfs, citfs, citfs, mhgitkvms, fchknkmjis bi fprijbkzfgi y nmjmnkckijtm, pripfrfnkþj nmjstfjti. Tfrinkirf qui io sksticf istæ nmjstrukbm f nmjtrfnmrrkijti, is binkr, f fquiooms prmeismris qui si pripfrfj, pripfr fj, qui prmpmjij prmpmjij pofjis pofjis bi cigmrf cigmrf,, qui qui bksiöfj bksiöf j istrftilkfs istrftilkfs kjt k jtilrfbmrfs ilrfbmrfs bio nmj nm jmnkckijtm, mnkckijtm, smj f qukijis cæs cæs trfhfgm trfhfg m ois oi s nuistf, pmrqui smj siöfofbms siöfofb ms y istklcftkz istklcftkzfbms fbms pmr of o f kjirnkf k jirnkf bi ofs emrcfs emrcfs y io pism bi oms nmjtrmois. Io prmeismr cuotkbkcijskmjfo istæ f of UFJLYFXBKF ij tfjtfs iseirfs y ærifs, jm sþom of ibunftkvf, skjm of bio cujbm nmjticpmræjim7 bi quë si `fhof, quë si bksnuti, nuæois siræj oms ticfs isijnkfois pfrf oms gþvijis bi `my ij io cujbm bi cföfjf. ½Nmj quë `irrfckijtfs bihij rispmjbir f ofs bicfjbfs bicfjbfs bio sklom PPK= Tmr sk efotfrfj nufokbf nufokbfbis bis y `fhkok `fhkokbfbis, bfbis, io cfistrm cuotkbkc cuotkbkcijskmj ijskmjfo fo bihi sir uj ixpirtm ij io cfjigm bi icmnkmjis y sijtkckijtms. Bihi sir nfpfz bi ijsiöfrois f cfjigfr of erustrfnkþj, f qui oms foucjms fprijbfj qui jm tmbm ij of vkbf si nmjsklui f of prkcirf, qui nmj erinuijnkf is jinisfrkm uj silujbm y tirnirm y cæs iseuirzms pfrf ooilfr f of citf. Vui prmcuivf „nmcm viãfcms ij io bihfti- of nfpfnkbfb bksnurskvf bi rismovir nmjeokntms, bi bisfrtknuofr pmskhois nmjermjtfnkmjis, bi ijnmjtrfr oms nfckjms cæs nmrtms y ieknkijtis pfrf nmjstrukr fnuirbms. 5<
OffnfBickf F bkeirijnkf bio pfsfbm, nufjbm oms prmeismris bi ibunfnkþj hæsknf m cibkf cibkf si s i nmjnijtrfhfj nmjnijtrfhfj ÷jknf ÷jknf y isijnkfocijti isijnkfocijti ij sus sus cftirkfs cftirkfs,, ij fonfjzfr oms mhgitkvms y nuc nucpokr oms ticfrkms ticfrkms,, tmbfs istfs is tfs tfrifs bi emrcf emrcf nufsk kjbkvkbufo, k jbkvkbufo, `my si kc k cpmji nmcm nmcm jiniskbfb isijnkfo io trfhfgm trfhfg m ij iqukpm7 io emrtfoinkckijt emrtfoinkckijtmm bi of fnfbickf. fnfbickf. bkijbm nfbf ioicijtm ioicijtm bi nfbf cftirkf= [ smhritmbm, ½nþcm ½nþcm om istæj fskckofjbm fskckofjbm pfrf pfr f pmjirom ij præntknf i kjnou k jnoukro kromm ij su pmrtfemokm bi ivkbijnkfs= Tfrf omlrfr istm is vktfo qui oms siömris bmnijtis trfhfgij ij fnfbickfs, bksiöij sinuijnkfs bkbæntknfs nmcpfrtkbfs nmcpfrtkbfs y ixpirkijnkfs ixpirkijnkfs bi fprijbkz fpr ijbkzfgi fgi skljkeknftkvm skljkeknftkvm kj k jtilrfbmrf tilrfbmrfs. s. Fsã of cfistrf bi nkijnkfs smnkfois prmpmjbræ ij fnfbickf, io ticf bi ‟Of Cmbf– bisbi of pirspintkvf pirspin tkvf smnkfo, smnkfo , bi kcpfntm kcpfntm ij io nmjsuc nmjsucm y oms `æhktms `æhktms bi ofs pirsmjfs1 pi rsmjfs1 pirm io ckscm ckscm tic ticff is tmcfbm pmr of cfistrf bi quãcknf pfrf istubkfr of tixturf, nmcpmsknkþj y jfturfoizf bi oms tixtkois1 y bi of ckscf emrcf io cfistrm bi RKKN^ puibi prmpmjir uj fjæoksks bisbi oms cibkms y of cirnfbmtinjkf bio eijþcijm bi of cmbf, ckijtrfs qui io prmeismr bi cfticætknfs husnf fpoknfnkmjis ekjfjnkirfs y bi birrfcf inmjþcknf pmr istf kjbustrkf. Io bmnijti bio sklom PPK bihi prmpknkfr uj fprijbkzfgi lomhfokzfbm, kjtilrfbmr bi of rifokbfb, pmrqui sijnkoo sijnkoofc fcijt ijti, i, `my `my cæs cæs qui juj jujnf, nf, ofs bksnkpo bk snkpokjfs, kjfs, ærifs bi trfhfgm y bi bisfrrmoom bisfrr moom prmeiskmjfo istæj prmeujbfc prmeujbfcijt ijtii kjtirrio kjtirriofnkmjfbfs. fnkmjfbfs. Istf juivf jiniskbfb si sustijtf ij io `in`m bi qui io nmjmnkckijtm si nmjstruyi smhri om fprijbkbm fjtirkmrcijti. Is binkr, om qui io istubkfjti `f vkstm y fpri`ijbkbm „kbifocijti- ij nursms fjtirkmr fjtirkmris, is, bihi sir jinisfrkfcijti jinisfrkfcijti kjnmrpmrfbm f oms nursms y cftirkfs cftirkfs ij nursm. nursm. Istm Is tm risuotf kcpmskho kcpmskhoii sk jm si trfhfgf ij i j ‟Fnfbic ‟Fnfbickfs– kfs– pmr ærifs ær ifs bi nmjmnkckijt nmjmnkckijtm. m. Oms prmeismris bihic bihi cms nmcpfrtkr nmcpfrtkr ijtri jmsmtrms jmsmtrms io i o fvfjni y ritrmnism bi oms istu i stubkfjtis, bkfjtis, ij quë quë ærifs ærif s bi su s u bisfrrmoom bisfrrmoo m `fy bihkokbfbis qui bihicms riemrzfr, m quë bksnkpokjfs ispinãeknfs istæj risuotfjbm nmcpoigfs pfrf su fprijbkzfgi. Ij sãjtisks, ½nþcm istæj fprij Of nmjstrunnkþj bio nmjmnkckijtm kcpoknf prinksfcijti ism, of sucf kjtirnmjintfbf i kjtirriofnkmjfbf bi oms nmjmnkckijtms qui lijirfj f su viz juivfs itfpfs bi fprijbkzfgi y bi rfnkmjfokzfnkþj. Io istu is tubkfjt bkfjtii vf nmcprijbkijbm nmcprijbkijbm eijþc eijþcijms ijms lomhfo lomhfois is y rifokbfbis rifo kbfbis cuotkbksn uotkbksnkpok kpokjjfrkfs frkf s f pfrtkr bi of kjtilrfnkþj bi ixpirkijnkfs qui sus cfistrms bksiöfj, prmpmjij y rifokzfj ij iqukpm. Of vkbf istæ riofnkmjfbf, rio fnkmjfbf, oms kjlijkirms kjlijkirms tkijij qui qui vir nmj oms fhmlfbms y oms cëbknms nmj oms smnkþomlms smnkþo mlms y oms fjtrmpþomlms. fjtrmpþomlms. Oms lijitkstfs lijitkstfs bi `my, fquiooms fquiooms qukijis qukijis istu is tubkfj bkfj io bisfrrmoom bisfrr moom bio lijmcf rilkmjfo y nmcujktfrkm, istubkfj cun`m bi smnkmomlãf y fjtrmpmomlãf pfrf ijtijbir nþcm si fokcijtfhf y bi quë emrcf vkvãf ujf nmcujkbfb `fni 644 m 844 föms. Istm pircktkræ qui su trfhfgm nmcm lijitkstf, sif cun`m cæs fnunkmsm y prinksm, fo bitirckjfr oms efntmris fchkijtfois, fokcijtknkms m nuoturfois qui bitirckjfrmj of emrcfnkþj lijëtknf. 50
iOnfrkscf Jm tmbms tmbms oms siris s iris `uc `ucfjms smj nfrksc nfrks cætknms, bi `in`m, `in`m, cæs cæs hkij fo nmjtrfrk nmjtrfrkm, m, is of ckjmrãf ckjmrãf kjtilrfbf kjtilrfbf pmr fquiooms qukijis qukijis istæj is tæj bmtfbms bi efnuotfbis efnuotfbis eãsknfs, eãsk nfs, virhfois, vir hfois, `kstrkþjknfs `kstrkþjknfs m bi skcpftãf skcpftãf jfturfo jfturfo pfrf pfr f ftrfpfr of ftijnkþj ftijnkþj bi sus kjtiromnutmris. kjtiromnutmris. Io cfistrm kjbkvkbufo, smoktfrkm, lijkm bi su cftirkf, sipfrfbm bio ristm bio nofustrm bi prmeismris, qui prmvmnf io rispitm y of fbckrfnkþj bi nmoilfs y foucjms fo nfckjfr pmr oms pfskooms bio pofjtio, `f nmjnoukbm su nknom nmcm bmnijti smoktfrkm. F`mrf istæ oofcfbm pmr of rifokbfb f trfhfgfr ij iqukpm. Of nofsi bi limlrfeãf pmr sã smof, fksofbf bio ristm bi ofs cftirkfs, nfrini bi skljkeknfbm sk jm of riofnkmjfcms nmj oms eijþcijms nokcætknms, nmj of inmjmcãf rilkmjfo, nmj of `kstmrkf y nuoturf bio sktkm y nmj su prmbuntkvkbfb ij io cujbm fntufo. F oms siömris prmeismris skicpri ois cmoistf fhmrbfr isti ticf, pmrqui pfrtij bi of pricksf bi qui om kc k cpmrtfjti pmrtfjti is io nmjmnkckijt nmjmnkckijtm, m, is of sfhkburãf s fhkburãf qu q ui ‟ym pmsim– pfrf qui iooms ci tijlfj tijlfj rispitm y ci pristij pr istij ftijnkþj. ^iömris bmnijtis, bmnijtis, istf is tf pricksf pricksf `f skbm sk bm bistrukbf y birru birr uchfbf pmr oms cmbirjms skstic sks ticfs fs bi ijsiöfjzf-fprijbkz ijsiöfjzf-fprijbkzfgi. fgi. Io okhri o khri y viomz fnnism f of o f kj k jemrcfnkþj emrcfnkþj bispofzf bispo fzf io supuistm supuistm ‟nmjmnkckijtm– ‟nmjmnkckijtm– m ‟sfhkburãf– ixnouskvf bio cfistrm, pmr ijbi, bihi `fnir uj iseuirzm fbknkmjfo pfrf fnirnfrsi, nfutkvfr y cmtkvfr f sus foucjms. @my, cæs qui jujnf, oms prmeismris istfcms mhoklfbms f trfhfgfr ij fnfbickf, ij nmjgujtm, ij io bksiöm nmointkvm bi istrftil is trftilkfs kfs bi ijsiöfjzf-fpri ijsiöfjzf-fprijbkz jbkzfgi, fgi, jm smofcijt smofcijtii pmr nmcpfrtkr nmcpfrtkr of ixpirkijnkf i xpirkijnkf y ``fnir fnir pfrtãnkpi f ck ck nmoilf n moilf bi uj igirnknkm igirnkn km ixktmsm, bi uj ujff sinuij sin uijnkf nkf prmvin`msf y cmtkvfbmrf cmtkvfbmrf pfrf oms istubkfjt istubkfjtis, is, skjm, sk jm, ispinkfocijti, ispinkfocijti, pmrqui io prmnism prmn ism bi pofjifnkþj bi sinuijnkfs sinuijnkfs bkbæntknfs y of kjtirrio kjtirriofnkþj fnkþj bi bksnkpo bk snkpokjfs kjfs y cftirkfs, cftirkfs, frrmgfræ frrmg fræ „nmj nirtizfnirtizf- risuotfbms r isuotfbms cuy cuy ijrkquinibmris ijrkquinibmris.. ^k jm si nuijtf nmj ofs efnuotfbis qui ijlomhfj io nfrkscf, sk jm si trftf bi uj lrfj ixpmsktmr nmj fcpokf fcpokfss `fhkokbfbis `fhkokbf bis mrfois, mrf ois, sk s k jm is ujf ujf pirsmjf pirs mjf qui qui pmr jftu jfturfoizf rfoi zf nfptf of ftijnkþj bi oms bicæs, bicæs, io cfistrm istæ mhoklfbm f husnfr pujtms bi ijnuijtrm y bi fnirnfckijtm nmj sus istubkfjtis. Trmvmnfr io bkæomlm, nmjstrukr nmjstrukr nmcpoknk nmcpoknkbfbis, bfbis, husnfr pujtms pujtms bi nmjtfntm nmjtfntm lijirfnk lijirfnkmjfo, mjfo, itn. Io cfistrm bihi `fnir uj iseuirzm pmr nmjstrukr isi vãjnuom, f vinis kjbioihoi, ijtri uj prmeismr y uj ibunfjbm. ibunfjbm. Jm kcpmrtf sk smy s my sirkm i kj k jtrmvirtkbm, jm kcpmrtf kcpmrtf sk jm llmzm mzm bi nufokbfbis eãsknfs ftrfyijtis y nfutkvfbmrfs, jm kcpmrtf qui jm sif uj bin`fbm bi jfturfo skcpftãf, bihm trftfr bi ixpomtfr uj ærif bi ck pirsmjfokbfb qui ci pircktf istrin`fr of riofnkþj nmj oms foucjms. nm j n O u s k m j i s pibkr s pibkr f oms jköms y gþvijis qui nrifj y nmjeãij ij sus cfistrms, sk isnun`fj ij nfsf nmcijt nmcijtfrkms frkms nrãtknms m jilftkvms. jilftkvms. I
5;
stfcms nmjvijnkbms bi qui isti prmnism bi nfchkm istæ ij nursm, bi qui m cmbkeknfcms of mrkijtfnkþj, io cmbiom, cmbiom, of o f nfokbfb nfo kbfb bi juistrm uistrm trfhfgm ibunftkvm, ibunftkvm, m prmvmnfric prmvmnfri cms cfymr cfymr bisirnkþj bisirnk þj isnmofr, isnmof r, y nmj ioom, ofs of s lrfvis nmjsinuijnkfs nmjsinuijnkfs bi qui `ic `icms ms `fhofbm. Nmcm Nmcm `icms `icms smstij s mstijkbm, kbm, io i o bmnijt bmn ijtii istæ ij i j io nijtrm bi isti prmnism, p rmnism, su pfpio y su rispmjsfhkokbfb rispmjsfhko kbfb smj ijmrcis. ijmrcis. Istfc Is tfcms ms mhoklfbms m hoklfbms f trfjsemrc trfjsemrcfr fr juistrfs uistrfs isnuiofs, f nmjvirtkrofs ij istms ispfnkms ispf nkms vkvms, ijirlëtknms, rihmsfjtis bi kjemrcfnkþj, nmjmnkckijtm y ijtuskfscm pmr io cujbm nfchkfjti nmj io qui istfcms istrin`fcijti kjtirnmjintfbms. Of isnuiof is i s io cmtmr bio nfchkm nfchkm smnkfo s mnkfo.. Bisbi f`ã si emrcfj emrcfj oms oãbiris oã biris y oms eujnkmj eujnkmjfrkms frkms,, oms cfistrms bio bi o euturm, euturm, oms ic i cprisfrkms, prisfr kms, kjlijkirms kjlijkirms y nkijtãeknms nkijtãeknms qui tijbræj tijbræj of rispmjsfhkok r ispmjsfhkokbfb bfb bi nmjstrukr nmjstrukr smnkibfbis smn kibfbis cæs gu g ustfs, cæs klufoktfrk klufoktfrkfs, fs, cæs pourfois y tmoirfjtis. tmoirfjtis. ^mnkibfbis ^mn kibfbis,, ij sucf, sucf, cæs bic bi cmnrætknfs. Of isnuiof is nuiof is of nëouof lijirfbmrf, kj k jknkfo, knkf o, prkcklijkf. prkcklijkf. Oms bicþnrftfs bicþnrftfs si s i emrcfj emrcfj f`ã y bisbi f`ã. Oms nkubfbfjms rispmjsfhois, nmcprmcitkbms, `mjistms smj ilrisfbms bi juistrfs isnuiofs. M om `fnicms jmsmtrms, m jm om `fræ jfbki cæs pmr jmsmtrms. Isti is juistrm pfãs, juistrf smnkibfb smnkib fb y nmcuj nmcujkbfb, kbfb, io i o trfhfgm trfhfg m jms nmrrispmjbi nmrrisp mjbi f jmsmtrms. jmsmtrms. Io cfistrm is uj fpþstmo bi of ibunfnkþj, su kcflij y rispitm smnkfo, bipijbi tfchkëj bi qukijis nmjvkvkcms nmjvkvkcms y trfhfgfcms nmj iooms ij of emrcfnkþj emrcfnkþj bi juistrms juistrms `kgms. Oms prkc pr kcirms irms rispmjsfhois bi qui „ij ieintmieintm- sifj igicpom igicpom y cmtmr cmtmr bi nfchkm, nfchkm, smj oms prmpkms prmpkm s bmnijtis. bmnijtis. Nmjstruyfcms isnuiofs fhkirtfs, okhris, eërtkois ij io bkæomlm y io bihfti, rknfs ij io fjæoksks y of kjtirpritfnkþj, cuotknmomris ij of tmoirfjnkf y of fpirturf, cmbirjfs y bklktfois ij of kjtirnmjixkþj y sus sus pmskhkokbfbis. pmskhko kbfbis. Fpofubfcms Fpofubfcms f oms o ms cfistrms cfistrms qui fhrfzfj fhrf zfj nmj pfskþj su igirnknkm igirnknk m prmeiskmjfo, qui si bibknfj bibk nfj nmj f`ãjnm y g÷hkom f trfhfgfr nmj oms gþvijis, f lukfroms y mrkijtfroms ij uj cujbm nfchkfjti y nmj erinuijnkf nmjeusm. Oms pfãsis si ibkeknfj bisbi of isnuiof. Oms sksticfs si kjtilrfj nmj pirsmjfs rifois qui rinkhkirmj ujf ibunfnkþj y ujf emrcfnkþj ij vfomris. Isti is juistrm cmcijtm pfrf fsuckr nmj ijtirizf isf lrfvi rispmjsfhkokbfb rispmjsfhko kbfb y ``fniro fnirom, m, bi emrcf emrcf skstic sk sticætknf ætknf citmbmoþlknf, citmbmoþlknf, pmr oms sklukijt sklukijtis is 84 m 89 föms. ^þom ijtmjnis, pmbricms vir nmj nofrkbfb oms risuotfbms. F`ã istæ io cujbm, qui jm ispirf. Nmcm Nmcm pfbris pfbr is bi efckok efckokf, f, bihic bihi cms fnirnfr fn irnfrjjms f oms nijtrms nijtrms ibunftkvms, ibunftkvms, kjtirfntufr kjtirfntufr nmj juistrms juistrms prmeismris, pfrtknkpfr pfr tknkpfr ij ofs fntkvkbfbis fntkvk bfbis isnmofris, isnmo fris, prmc pr mcmvir mvir fnnkmjis fnnk mjis nmjstrunt nmjstruntkvfs kvfs ij efvmr bi of isnuiof, bi juistrms cfistrms y bi juistrms `kgms y foucjms. Io rispitm, r ispitm, rispfobm ris pfobm y fbckrfnk fbckrfnkþj þj smnkfo qui bihicms bihicms f ju juistrms istrms cfistrms icpkizf icpkizf ij nfsf, ij i j io cijsfgi bi ju juistrms istrms pfbris, pfbr is, ij of riofnkþj riof nkþj y mpkjkþj bi juist juistrms rms pfbris `fnkf oms bmnijtis. bmnijtis. Jm <4
pmbicms pmbicms GTO / OA OA nk t f s hk h O k m l r f e ã f 6. Tirspintkvfs MNBI7 Cëxknm, Tmoãtknfs Nofvi pfrf uj Bisfrrmoom ^mstijkhoi - Nmrjigm Cfzþj, Cfzþj, Fjf Ofurf Ofurf ‟Of ibunfnkþj cibkf supirkmr hfsfbf ij nmcpitijnkfs– nmcpitijnkfs– (844;) Ibknkþj bi futmr Jm. 4>-844;-4<>468>>8<44-46 MNBI, Mntuhri 8464 - Aiooy, Limrli ‟Tsknmomlãf bi oms Nmjstruntms Tirsmjfois– 6;99 8. Cigmrfr ofs Isnuiofs. Istrftilkfs Istrftilkfs pfrf of Fnnkþj Fnnk þj ij Cëxknm Cëxknm - Tkflit, Gifj ‟Ipksticmomlãf ‟Ipksticmomlãf lijëtknf– MNBI, Mntuhri 8464 - Cifb, Limrli @irhirt >. Cigmrfr ofs Isnuiofs. Istrftilkfs Istrftilkfs pfrf p frf of o f Fnnkþj ij Cëxknm Cëxknm - Cfturfjf Cfturfjf @uchirtm @uchirtm MNBI, Mntuhri Mntuhri 8464 - Ufriof, Erfjnksnm 2. Xiemrcf Kjtilrfo bi of Ibunfnkþj ij Cëxknm7 Of Nrifnkþj bi uj ^ksticf Jfnkmjfo bi Hfn`koo Hfn`kooirftm irftm ij uj cfrnm bi bkvirsk bk virskbfb. bfb. - Uylmstak, Oiv ^uhsinritfrkf bi Ibunfnkþj Cibkf ^upirkmr (^IT), Ijirm 8440 - Nærbijfs, @irjæj. 9. Tirspintkvfs MNBI7 Cëxknm, Tmoãtknfs Nofvi pfrf uj bisfrrmoom ^mstijkhoi - ^akjjir, H.E. ‟^mhri io nmjbuntkscm– (6;<<) Hfrniomjf, Emjtfjioof Emjtfjioof MNBI, Mntuhri 8464 - ^tffts, Frt`ur ‟Nmjbuntf y Tirsmjfokbfb. Nmjbuntkscm psknmoþlknm– (6;<<) Ispföf, Bisnoëi bi Hrmuvir 5. Lfstm ij Ibunfnkþj7 Of ieknkijnkf bio ekjfjnkfckijtm ibunftkvm ij Cëxknm Cëxknm Cëxknm IUFO IUFO×F ×F.. Nijtrm Nijtrm bi Fj Fjæoks æoksks ks bi Tmoãtknfs Tmo ãtknfs T÷hoknfs T÷hoknf s - Wurkee, L.I. ‟Hi`fvkmrksc7 ‟Hi`fvkmrksc7 F nmjniptufo rinmjstruntkmj– (6;09) Jiw [mra, Nmouchkf Yjkvirskty Triss. <. Cigmrfr ofs Isnuiofs7 Istrftilkfs pfrf of Fnnkþj ij Cëxknm. - Hfrtmomcë, F. (8448) Cuotkcibkf Cuot kcibkf pfrf ibunfr. ibu nfr. Hfrniomjf7 Ibihë. MNBI, Mntuhri 8464 - Lmjzfoiz, C. Mlfobi, K (8445) Juivfs tinjmomlãfs tinjmo mlãfs y Ibunfnkþj Ibunfnk þj. Cëxknm7 Yjk virskbfb Kjtirfcirknfjf pfrf io Bisfrrmoom. 0. Cigmrfr ofs Isnuiofs7 Istrftilkfs pfrf of Fnnkþj ij Cëxknm - Nfhirm, G.,it.fo.(6;;;) Rinjmomlãf ibunftkvf, Cfbrkb7 ^ãjtisks Ibunfnkþj. MNBI, Mntuhri 8464 - Bãfz-Hfrrklf, E. y @irjæjbiz, L (8448) Istrftilkfs Istrfti lkfs bmnijtis bmnij tis pfrf uj fprijbkzf fp rijbkzfgi gi skljkek skl jkeknftk nftkvm. vm. Yjf kjtirpritfnkþj nmjstruntkvkstf. Cëxknm. Cn Lrfw @koo. `i c i r m l r f e ã f - Brissir, Bijksi. ‟Ibunfjbm pfrf of cibkmnrkbfb–, - Eirjæjbiz, C(6;;2). Ofs tfrifs bi of prmeiskþj prme iskþj bi ijsiöfr ijs iöfr . Cëxknm ^klom PPK. Cëxknm, Trmnism 6<06, bknkichri 8464. - Cfyir, X. (8448) Tsknmomlãf Tsknmomlã f bi of Ibunfnkþj. Ibunfnkþj . Ijsiöfr pfrf uj fprijbkzfgi fprijbk zfgi skljke s kljkeknf knf <6
tkvm. Umoucij Umoucij KK Cëxknm. Cëxknm. Trijtkni @foo. @foo . - Jfjzk, Ksfhio. ‟Of Cfymrãf bi oms cixknfjms si nmjintf nuftrm `mrfs fo bãf–,
- TK^F pfrf bmnijtis7 of o f ivfoufnkþj iv foufnkþj nmcm nmcm mpmrtu mpmr tujkbfb jkbfb bi fprijbkzfgi/Kjstktu fprijbkzfgi/Kjstktutm tm Jfnkmjfo pfrf pfr f of of Ivfoufnkþj bi of Ibunfnkþj Cëxknm. KJII. Huijms Fkris, Of Nrþjknf bi @my, mntuhri 8445. - Rrãfs bi His, Eirjfjbm. ‟Io sãjbrmci bi ofs vijtfjfs–, - Hurþj, Hurþj, G.(6;;<) G.(6;;< ) Cmtkvfnkþj Ibkn kmjis Cijsfgir Cijsfgirmm Cfbrkb, Io Tfãs ^icfjfo ^icfjfo Cmtk vfnkþj y Fprijbkzfgi Fprijbkzfg i Cëxknm Cëxk nm7 Ibknkmjis 6542, gu g ujkm 844< - R`i Inmjmckst ‟F \mrob me nmjjintkmjs–, Omjbris, fhrkofhr ko-c cfym 844<. - 6>8 „ 6>> „
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