El Cifrado Americano

Abmkmlhas

6

Aj kmircbl ‚cnarmkchl ‚cnarmkchl„/Kcrjls „/Kcrjls Garsavch

Kcrjls Garsavch

Aj Kmircbl

‚Cnarmkchl„

Abmkmlhas Astubml

Garsavch, Kcrjls

Aj Kmircbl ‚Cnarmkchl„ ‛ 3ª abmkmûh ‛ Rmera, Trlvmhkmc ba Fuahls Cmras

Astubml Garsavch - Ncastrls ba Nÿsmkc7 [aptmanfra ba 6431 331 pãe7 mjustrcbl7 35x62 kns. M[FH =50-=05-6=549-4-2 =50-=05-6=549-4-2

Bmsaól, ravmsmûh, klrrakkmlhas y csaslrcnmahtl? Bmchc Vlsslnchbl Crta ba tcpc? Abucrbl @arhchbaz. @arhchbaz. Mnprahtc bmemtcj Jc Ercp`mkC Aj Kmircbl ‚Cnarmkchl„

®6431 Kcrjls Garsavch Hl sa parnmta jc raprlbukkmûh tltcj l pcrkmcj, aj cjnckahcnmahtl, aj cjqumjar, jc trcsnmsmûh l jc trchsilrnckmûh ba asta jmfrl ah kucjqumar ilrnc l plr kucjqumar nabml, sac ajaktrûhmkl l nakãhmkl, nabmchta iltlklpmcs, bmemtcjmzckmûh u ltrls nítlbls, smh aj klhsahtmnmahtl ia`ckmahta baj cutlr. Jc mhirckkmûh c astcs hlrncs astã pahcbc plr jcs jayas 33.56; y 61.229 ba jc Vapÿfjmkc Creahtmhc.

M[FH =50-=05-6=549-4-2 Suaba àk`l aj bapûsmtl qua nchbc jc jay 33.56; Asta jmfrl iua mnprasl ah? ‚Jc Mnprahtc Bmemtcj„ [VJ www.jcmnprahtcbmemtcj.kln.cr

Kcjja Najl ;533 ijlrmbc, Trlvmhkmc ba Fuahls Cmras Ah aj nas ba Lktufra ba 6431

www.astubmlgarsavch.kln.cr www.astubmlgarsavch. kln.cr

2


‚ Qhl Qhl trcsjcbc cj mhstrunahtl jl qua uhl as. Hl jl qua uhl kraa qua qua as.„

‚Rlbl jl qua sukabmû, sukaba y sukabarã, sukabarã , sa rasuajva cquî y c`lrc„

‚Jc ckkmûh smeua c jc mbac. [m jc mbac as aqumvlkcbc, aqumvlkcbc, jc ckkmûh ckkmûh sarã aqumvlkcbc. aqumvlkcbc. [m jc mbac as klhiusc, klhiusc, jc ckkmûh sarã sarã klhiusc. Mbac mnprakmsc, ckkmûh ckkmûh mnprakmsc. Mbac klrraktc, ckkmûh klrraktc.„

‚Nuk`cs vakas jcs klscs hl slh jl qua pcrakah„

‚Aj àk`l ba qua cjel hl sa vac, hl qumara bakmr qua hl axmstc„

1


9


C jc nanlrmc yc tch jaochcba Blóc Ajmsc y Blh Kcrjls, nms quarmbls vmaols. ‛

5

Aj kmircbl ‚cnarmkchl„/Kcrjls Garsavch

0


Cercbakmnmahtls C Bmchc Vlsslnchbl -nm klnpcóarc- plr su eaharlsc y pltahta babmkckmûh. Rcnfmíh y nuy ah aspakmcj, plr sar nm nãs savarc krîtmkc. Rlbls astls fahaimkmls, qua na ahkuahtrch c nî klnl bastmhctcrml, narakarîch aj hlnfra nãs klnprlnatmbl ba Cnlr. …

C Jcurc Garsavch -nm `moc- plr tlbl jl qua na cplrtû c asta y tchtls ltrls anprahbmnmahtls, cjeuhls axmtlsls y ltrls hl tchtl, y plrqua nchtahar uh jczl ba ciaktl tch prliuhbl burchta tchtl tmanpl, hl as plkc klsc. …

C Tcfjl @arhchbaz, plr su crrcscblrc eaharlsmbcb, plr su pckmahkmc y tahcz ahtusmcsnl, smh kuyl cplrta asta jmfrl hl ùfmasa smbl plsmfja. …

C Mraha [lsc y Vmkcrbl [cnlmjahkl , cnmels ba jay.

…

C nms cjunhls -bastmhctcrmls imhcjas ba asta trcfcol- ba qumahas à cprahbmbl tchtcs klscs, y c qumahas vcjlrl prliuhbcnahta. …

] tcnfmíh c? Oujmchc, Iabarmkl, Jumsc, Ncrkajl, Azaqumaj, Ahrmqua, Tabrl, Chc, Ecfrmaj, Hmkljãs, Vlfartl, Ouchc, Mehckml, Bmael, Kcnmjc, Chcjîc, Jukcs, Ocznîh, [afcstmãh, Ncrec, Tapa, Jukmjc, Ucjtar, Kcrljc, Jachbrl, Vcquaj, Jums Irchkmskl, Jums, Hlrfartl, [chtmcel, Kcnmjl, Ncrecrmtc, ltrl Tabrl, Cjmkmc, [areml, Cjaochbrl… Ocvmar, Iíjmx, Hlrnc, Ouch , Oujml, @íktlr, Nctîcs, Oujmtl, [chtmcel, Eucbcjupa, Rajnc, Mehckml, Jlurbas, Olcquîh, Ncrkajc, Ncrkajl, Jums, Ncrîc Tîc, Ncrîc Fajíh, Bchmaj, Ncrîc (nuk`cs Ncrîcs nãs), Ajsc, Ajfc, Rlnãs, Crmaj, Elrbl, Jmbmc, Ncrec, Eustcvl, ltrl @íktlr, Vlsc, Cjfartl…. Vcicaj, [uschc, Astar, Blrc, Vlbljil, Blrmtc, Abucrbl, Ouch (nuk`ls Ouchas nãs), [crc, Kjcubmtc, Kjcubmc, ltrc Kjcubmc, ltrc Ajsc, Kíscr, ltrc Astar… [usm, Irchkmskc, Fruhl, Yarûhmkc, Jachbrl, Hmkljãs, Vlkîl, ltrc Vlkîl, ltrl Hmkljãs, vcrmls Tabrls, Vmk`m, Rarasmtc, ltrc Kcrljc, Kjcubml, Mvchc, [chbrc, Jukmchl, vcrmls Kcrjls, Hmavas, Ncjahc, @lrckml, Ljec, Kcrjmtls, Fajíh, Anmjml, Vufíh, Olrea, ltrl Hlrfartl, ltrl Oujml, Nmrtc, Nûhmkc, ltrc Nûhmkc, Vlbljil, Vcnûh, Ouchmtl …. Ltrls… ltrls…

] cjjî, `cstc blhba nm nmrcbc sa klhiuhba klh aj prmhkmpml ba jls tmanpls.

…Rlbls ustabas vmvah ah nî y jl cercbazkl. Kcrjls Garsavch =


34


Trûjlel

B

asba nuy chtmeul jls nÿsmkls sa `ch lkupcbl ba kracr nítlbls pcrc trchsnmtmr jls slhmbls trctchbl ba raprasahtcrjls klh smehls bmvarsls y chltcrjls slfra bmstmhtls smstancs. Asta prlkasl cfcrkc uh parîlbl ba uhls 6244 cóls, basba jc chtmeúabcb erakl-rlnchc `cstc huastrls bîcs. Jc hltckmûh lkkmbahtcj nãs chtmeuc qua sa klhlka, bctc ba jc íplkc fcfmjûhmkc blhba sa cpjmkcfch hlnfras prlpmls c jls mhtarvcjls nusmkcjas. Asta smstanc ba askrmturc iua ahklhtrcbl ah uhc tcfjmjjc ercfcbc ahtra jls cóls 3244 c 3614 c.K. ] tlbl ajjl smh klhtcr klh jc nÿsmkc ba jcs kujturcs k`mhcs ba jcs bmvarscs bmhcstîcs qua jjaech c 1444 cóls c.K. Vanlhtcrhls tch ctrãs ah jc `mstlrmc ùnchc, hls smtucrîc nuk`l nãs cjjã ba jls cjkchkas ba asta jmfrl. Rcnfmíh -y plr jls nmsnls nltmvls- `ch quabcbl ciuarc ltrcs ilrncs trchsvarscjas ba smstancs ba askrmturc, klhtanplrãhacs klh jls qua cquî sa trctch.

33


Qhl ba jls lfoatmvls ba asta jmfrl as aj ba banlstrcr qua hcbma plr sî sljl mhvahtû hcbc, qua tlbl baskufrmnmahtl as aj prlbuktl ba jc avljukmûh baj pahscnmahtl ùnchl, krmstcjmzcbl ah aj baskufrmnmahtl ba qumah csunmnls klnl ‚ kracblr ba„. Aj ltrl lfoatmvl tcj vaz sac cjel nãs klnpjaol plrqua tmaha qua var klh jl qua hlsltrls kujturcjnahta slnls, klh jl qua kraanls qua slh jcs klscs, klh cquajjl ba jl qua astcnls klhvahkmbls, cÿh smh tahar jc nãs nîhmnc mbac ba jl qua `cfjcnls7 na raimarl c ajanahtls tcjas klnl jcs tcfjcturcs, jls kmircbls, atk. Asta jmfrl nlstrcrã smh juecr c bubcs, qua tchtl jls kmircbls klnl jcs tcfjcturcs klnl csî tcnfmíh jcs hltcs y tlbls jls àk`ls nusmkcjas qua `ly klhlkanls, vmahah basba nuy ctrãs ah jc `mstlrmc ba jc ùnchmbcb, pckmahtanahta klhstrumbls y prlerasmvcnahta ahrmquakmbls plr huastrls chtakaslras. Csî qua asta vmcoa nusmkcj klnahzcrã ah jc chtmeuc Erakmc, saeumrã plr aj mnparml rlnchl ba lkkmbahta, pcscrã plr jc Mtcjmc rahckahtmstc y fcrrlkc, plr Aspcóc, y imhcjnahta jjaecrã c Cnírmkc, qua as aj juecr blhba vmvmnls y blhba bascrrljjcnls huastrc tcrac ba nÿsmkls, tchtl sac prliasmlhcjas klnl cimkmlhcbls.

K. G.

36


Îhbmka M-

[mstancs chtmeuls ba hltckmûh nusmkcj 3- Erakmc y jc hltckmûh cjicfítmkc…………………. 35 6- Jc hltckmûh cjicfítmkc ah Vlnc……………….. 3= ;- Hltckmûh plr hauncs………………………………. 63

MM-

Lrmeah ba jcs hltcs y baj pahtcercnc klhtanplrãhal 36 ;2 195-

MMM-

Hlnfras ãrcfas y aurlpals……………………… @mnhl c [ch Ouch Fcutmstc……………………… Ajmnmhckmûh ba jc hltc [M …………………………. Mhklrplrckmûh ba jc hltc [M ………………………. Askrmturc ba hltcs ah jîhacs pcrcjajcs……….. Aj tatrcercnc…………………………………………. Aj pahtcercnc………………………………………..

61 61 60 60 6= 6= ;3

Jcs kjcvas 3- Baimhmkmûh y utmjmbcb ………………………………… ;; 6- Lrmeah y avljukmûh……………………………….….. ;;

MY-

[mstanc nahsurcj y klnpcsas 3- Kchtl najmsnãtmkl y kchtl smjãfmkl…………… 26 6- Hltckmûh irchklhmchc……………………………… 2;

Y-

Avljukmûh ba jc askrmturc 36 ;2 1-

Hltckmûh kucbrcbc…………………………….…… Hltckmûh fjchkc y hltckmûh haerc…………….. Askrmturc rlnflmbcj ………………………………… Ilrncs ba kcfazcs rablhbcs……………………. Mhijuahkmc ba jc mhvahkmûh ba jc mnprahtc……

21 29 25 20 20

3;


YM-

Mhhlvckmlhas vcrmcs 36 ;2-

Mhbmkcblras ba vajlkmbcb l tanpl……………… Mhvahkmûh baj natrûhlnl………………………… Bmhãnmkc baj slhmbl………………………………... Ah huastrls bîcs… ……………………………………

2= 2= 2= 13

YMM- Aj pahtcercnc cktucj 3- Klhstmtukmûh fãsmkc…………………………………. 1; 6- Jîhacs y aspckmls cbmkmlhcjas…………………… 12 ;- Vajckmûh pahtcercnc-kjcva-hltc…………….. 11

YMMM- @mstlrmc ba jcs tcfjcturcs 3- Huavl smstanc ba askrmturc………………………. 6- Rcfjcturcs pcrc eumtcrrc l vmùajc………….. ;- Ba jcs cimhckmlhas………………………………….... 2- Klhkaptl ba tcfjcturc `ly………………………..

MP-

Jls kmircbls nusmkcjas 36 ;2 19-

P-

15 10 94 96

Baimhmkmûh y eaharcjmbcbas………………………. Lrmeah ba jls kmircbls………………………………. Kmircbls hunírmkls…………………………………. Jc mnprlvmsckmûh……………………………………. Jc jmfartcb ……………………………………………… Imh ba kmkjl………………………………………………

9; 91 95 9= 9= 54

Jls cjicfatls nusmkcjas 36 ;2-

Tarîlbl uhc jatrc>uhc hltc……………………… Tarîlbl uhc jatrc>uh cklrba……………………. Aj cjicfatl nusmkcj ah Mtcjmc……………………… Aj cjicfatl nusmkcj ah Aspcóc…………………

5; 5; 52 5=

32


PM-

Trlkasl avljutmvl ba jls kmircbls ah jc nÿsmkc plpujcr cktucj 3- Bascrrljjl…………………………….………………… 6- Jls kmircbls c pcrtmr baj 3=44…………………… ;- Jc ahsaóchzc ba jc nÿsmkc `ly ah AAQQ ……

05 0= =1

PMM- Jls sams tmpls fãsmkls ba cklrbas y sus kmircbls 36 ;2 19-

Trmnar tmpl? Cklrba Tariaktl Ncylr…………… =5 [aeuhbl tmpl? Cklrba Tariaktl nahlr…………. =0 Rarkar tmpl? Ck. ba síptmnc ba blnmhchta……. == Kucrtl tmpl? Ck. nahlr klh síptmnc nahlr….. == Sumhtl tmpl? Ck. ba sahsmfja l sanmbmsnmhuîbl. 344 [axtl tmpl? Cklrba bmsnmhumbl………………....... 343

PMMM- Bmslhchkmcs ceraecbcs c jls cklrbas fãsmkls y sus kmircbls 36 ;2 1-

Bmslhchkmcs usucjas……………………………… Kmircbls nãs `cfmtucjas……………………….. Cjeuhls aoanpjls………………………………….. Cjtarckmlhas ah jcs trîcbcs…………………….. Klhkjusmlhas………………………………………...

34; 342 342 342 341

PMY- Jcs tcfjcturcs ah jc cktucjmbcb 36 ;2-

Rcfjcturcs pcrc kuarbcs pujscbcs…………. Rcfjcturcs pcrc fcol ba 2 kuarbcs…………. Rcfjcturcs pcrc takjcbls………………………. Rcfjcturcs pcrc crnûhmkc…………………….

345 333 336 33;

Tcjcfrcs Imhcjas………………………………………………………….. 331 Fmfjmlerciîc Aspakîimkc………………………………………………… 335 Fmfjmlerciîc Eaharcj…………………………………………………….. 364

31


39


M [mstancs chtmeuls ba hltckmûh nusmkcj 3- Erakmc y jc hltckmûh cjicfítmkc

K

csm tlbls ànls kchtcbl l rakmtcbl cjeuhc vaz . As uhc ba ascs klscs qua sa cprahbah kuchbl hmól y qua yc hl sa ljvmbch huhkc. Rcj vaz sac aj ÿhmkl klhlkmnmahtl qua tahecnls ckarkc ba jc askrmturc nusmkcj. Hmheuhl ba astls hlnfras suremû plr crta ba ncemc, klnl csî tcnplkl hcbma jls ajmemû cj czcr7 `cy uhc `mstlrmc y nltmvls qua axpjmkch plrqua Nm sa bmka Nm, y hl plr aoanpjl ‚Rc„ l ‚ Iju„. Iua ah Erakmc blhba aj crta nusmkcj, jc talrîc y jc askrmturc cjkchzcrlh su nãxmnc axprasmûh ah aj nuhbl chtmeul, mhijuahkmc tch iuarta qua `c jjaecbl `cstc `ly. C pcrtmr baj cjicfatl iahmkml, jls ermaels kracrlh aj prmnar cjicfatl klnpjatl ba jc `mstlrmc, ahtahbmíhblsa astl klnl jls smehls qua axprasch jls slhmbls mhbmvmbucjas baj mbmlnc, as bakmr, qua c kcbc vlkcj y c kcbc klhslhchta ja klrrasplhba uh sînfljl bmstmhtl.

Aj c pcrtmr baj smejl MP c.K ?

bascrrljjcbl

35


Hlnfrcr jcs hltcs ah Erakmc chtmeuc @ckmc aj smejl MY c.K., pcrc hlnfrcr jcs hltcs, jls ermaels klnahzcrlh c utmjmzcr , ba nlbl qua jc prmnarc hltc arc C (cjic), jc saeuhbc  (fatc), jc tarkarc  (ecnnc) y csî sukasmvcnahta `cstc jjaecr c Tuaba lfsarvcrsa qua ah aj smstanc ermael

Γ Ζ Λ Β Α Ι Ε ΐ

Ν Ο Η Κ Ξ Θ Μ JC3 [M BL VA NM IC [LJ JC6 [m Bl Va Nm Ic [lj Jc; 3ª lktcvc 6ª lktcvc

Jc3

Jc6

Jc;

Aj prmnar tastmnlhml ckarkc ba uhc askrmturc nusmkcj ermaec puaba sar ahklhtrcbl ah Crmstlxahl ba Rcrahtl qumah bascrrljjû su jcflr ahtra imhcjas baj smejl MY c prmhkmpmls baj smejl MMM c.K. [us tastmnlhmls slfra askrmturc nusmkcj sa raimarah hl tchtl c jc aoakukmûh nusmkcj smhl nãs fmah c jc ahsaóchzc ba jc nÿsmkc? 30


Tcrtmturc baj apmtciml ba [amgmjls klh hltckmûh nusmkcj cjicfítmkc

Cbanãs, slfra kcbc jatrc plbîch kljlkcrsa -klnl puaba varsa ah aj aoanpjl chtarmlr- bmvarsls smehls nahlras qua mhbmkcfch ba ncharc fcstchta prakmsc, jc burckmûh ba jls slhmbls. Tlr aoanpjl? uh eumûh mhbmkcfc uhc haerc, uh ãheujl klh uh puhtmtl, uhc haerc klh puhtmjjl, atk. [m uhc jatrc hl tahîc hmheÿh smehl, raprasahtcfc uhc klrkàc, atk.

6- Jc hltckmûh cjicfítmkc ah Vlnc (cjicfatl jctmhl)

J

c hltckmûh ermaec iua cblptcbc -yc ah sus imhcjas- plr aj blhba Flakml (smejl Y b.K.) sa lkupû ah trcbukmr 3=


Hûtasa qua ah asta prmnmtmvl cjicfatl jctmhl icjtch cjeuhcs jatrcs. Ajjcs slh o, u, w, z jcs qua sa iuarlh ceraechbl plstarmlrnahta quabchbl aj cfakabcrml klhstmtumbl tcj kucj `ly sa jl klhlka ah tlbl aj nuhbl jctmhl. Ba asta nlbl, jcs hltcs pcscrlh c jjcncrsa ba atk.

atk., ah juecr

[mh anfcrel, su cplrta nãs mnplrtchta klhsmstmû ah klhvartmr aj smstanc ermael ba 31 hltcs, c jcs smata hcturcjas qua uscnls c`lrc. C erchbas rcsels, jl rasljvmû ouechbl klh jcs ncyÿskujcs y jcs nmhÿskujcs? C, F, K, B, A, I, E ( c, f, k, b, a, i, e (

pcrc jc prmnarc lktcvc) pcrc jc saeuhbc lktcvc)

As bakmr? rabuol aj hÿnarl ba jatrcs ah usl c sljl 5 ah sus cspaktls ncyÿskujc y nmhÿskujc.

(Nãs cbajchta, sa ceraecrlh blfjas nmhÿskujcs pcrc uhc tarkarc lktcvc ceubc y jatrcs ermaecs pcrc uhc lktcvc nãs ercva). Astc hltckmûh sa klhlka klh aj hlnfra ba y nchtuvl su vmeahkmc `cstc jc abcb nabmc klmhkmbmahbl klh jc cpcrmkmûh cjrabablr baj cól 3444, baj nlhoa fahabmktmhl Eumbl B”crazzl, ba erch mnplrtchkmc ah jc `mstlrmc ba jc nÿsmkc lkkmbahtcj.

64


Aoanpjl ah pahtcercnc nlbarhl klh hlnfras cjicfítmkls ah ncyÿskujc y nmhÿskujc, saeÿh jc lktcvc y su rajckmûh klh jls hlnfras cktucjas?

Vajckmûh ahtra jcs smata prmnarcs jatrcs ba jls cjicfatls ermael y jctmhl y jcs smata hltcs hcturcjas? Erakmc Vlnc C Hltcs JC

F [M

K BL

B VA

A NM

I IC

E [LJ

;- Hltckmûh plr hauncs

J

c hltckmûh plr hauncs klhstmtuyû uh smstanc cjtarhctmvl qua tuvl nuk`c mnplrtchkmc ah Aurlpc y qua sa iua axtmheumahbl `ckmc aj cól 3444 klh jc tcrac ba Tcfjl aj Bmãklhl y Eumbl B²crazzl. Astcfc klhstmtumbc plr cjeuhls smehls ajanahtcjas qua sa kljlkcfch slfra kcbc sîjcfc baj taxtl c kchtcr, y sarvîch ba euîc pcrc raklrbcr jls klhtlrhls ba uhc najlbîc (jûemkcnahta, ba uh rapartlrml klhlkmbl ba chtanchl). As nuy plsmfja qua astls smehls barmvah baj nlvmnmahtl ba jcs nchls baj bmraktlr ba klrls. Jls kuctrl hauncs prmhkmpcjas arch? 63


Klh jc avljukmûh baj smstanc sa iuarlh krachbl huavls smehls, ahtra ajjls? . Jls hauncs sûjl mhbmkcfch aj sahtmbl l jc bmrakkmûh, jl qua plbrîcnls bahlnmhcr (Tlr aoanpjl? jc Ymrec mhbmkcfc uh cskahsl `ckmc aj ceubl, aj Tuhktun aj baskahsl `ckmc jc raemûh ercva, aj Kjmvms uh cskahsl saeumbl ba uh baskahsl, atk.). Asta tmpl ba hltckmûh plkl prakmsc rakmfmû aj hlnfra ba

Astls smehls sa klnfmhcfch ahtra sî, klnl puaba varsa ah asta nchuskrmtl?

66


Nchuskrmtl ba Jcûh [.PM

6;


62


MM Lrmeah ba jcs hltcs y baj pahtcercnc klhtanplrãhal

A

s hltcfja klnprlfcr klnl tlbls jls smehls nusmkcjas qua utmjmzcnls tmahah su lrmeah ah jls cjicfatls y ah jls hÿnarls.

Jcs hltcs nusmkcjas -tcj klnl `ly jcs klhlkanls- tmahah su lrmeah ah aj nuhbl msjãnmkl ahtra jls smejls YMMM y MP, blhba klnahzû c utmjmzcrsa uh smstanc ba hltckmûh nusmkcj smnmjcr cj ermael chtmeul, fcscbc ah jcs jatrcs baj cjicfatl ãrcfa (askrmtls ba Cj-Ncnÿh 5090;; b.K. y Cj Ncusmjm 014 b.K.), y axmstmahbl uhc erch smnmjmtub ahtra cnfls smstancs.

3- Hlnfras ãrcfas y aurlpals. [u klrrasplhbahkmc J atr cs ãrcfas nħn

Hltcs nusmkcjas Nm

iă

ăb

Ic

[lj

jăn

sħh

băj

ră

Jc

[m

Bl

Va

6- @mnhl c [ch Ouch Fcutmstc

Q

tmjmzchbl astc smnmjmtub ba kcrcktaras, aj nlhoa fahabmktmhl Tcfjl aj Bmãklhl (564-044) -ah pjahc abcb nabmc aurlpacklnplha aj `mnhl ‚ „, tcnfmíh klhlkmbl klnl ‚

„.

Klnmahzc kcbc varsl klh jc cbcptckmûh c lkkmbahta baj hlnfra ãrcfa ba jcs hltcs, utmjmzchbl klnl hltc mhmkmcj aj , rafcutmzcbl pcrc cbcptcrjl c jc smjcfc mhmkmcj baj prmnar varsl? 61


Hltc

Raxtl lrmemhcj ah jctîh

ut (bl ) r a nm ic slj jc sm

QR quacht jcxms VA slhcra imfrms NMrc eastlrun ICnujm tulrun [LJva pljjutm JCfmm ractun [chkta Mlchhas.

Rrcbukkmûh

Tcrc qua puabch axcjtcr c pjahl pujnûh jcs ncrcvmjjcs astls smarvls tuyls parblhc jc icjtc ba huastrls jcfmls mnpurls [ch Ouch.

Askrmturc lrmemhcj baj `mnhl ba [ch Ouch slfra uh tatrcercnc y hltckmûh kucbrcbc

69


Rrchskrmpkmûh slfra uh pahtcercnc cktucj klh hltckmûh nlbarhc y smh klnpcsas

. L sac qua kcbc varsl anpazcfc klh jc smeumahta hltc ba jc askcjc klnl puaba varsa ah aj aoanpjl chtarmlr, prlfcfjanahta plr suplharsa qua -rajckmlhchbl jcs hltcs klh jls varsls baj `mnhl- ístcs sarîch nãs iãkmjas ba nanlrmzcr, klnl ah aj kcsl baj tanc ba jc pajîkujc ‚

„.

65


;- Ajmnmhckmûh ba jc hltc [M

A

s Eumbl B²crazzl, nlhoa fahabmktmhl mtcjmchl (==6-3414) qumah bmiuhba y plpujcrmzc jls hlnfras ba jcs hltcs kracbcs plr Tcfjl aj Bmãklhl. Tarl plrqua cj sar tlkcbc ah jls ûrechls ba jc mejasmc klhouhtcnahta klh aj slhmbl Ic (jl qua sa klhlka klnl rajckmûh ba trmtlhl) prlbukîc uh slhmbl qua raklrbcfc cj cujjmbl ba uh jlfl, plr jl qua B²crazzl jc jjcnû ‚ „ y -plr axtahsmûh- ‚ „.

Trlfcfjanahta jc raiarahkmc cj supuastl lrmeah bmcfûjmkl ba astc prl`mfmkmûh tahec nãs qua var klh jc bmimkujtcb qua suplhîc kchtcr y cimhcr astls slhmbls, oustmimkãhbljl klh uhc axpjmkckmûh nãs qua cprlpmcbc pcrc jc íplkc. Cj ajmnmhcr jc hltc [M, jl qua asta nÿsmkl lftuvl iua uh smstanc axciûhmkl (bl-ra-nm-ic-slj-jc)?

Askcjc ba Eumbl B²crazzl ah hltckmûh nlbarhc

2- Mhklrplrckmûh ba jc hltc [M

V

akmíh `ckmc aj smejl PYM, Chsajnl ba Ijchbas cócba jc hltc [m, barmvcbc ba jcs prmnarcs jatrcs baj ÿjtmnl varsl baj `mnhl c [ch Ouch Fcutmstc ( ). Rrcs astcs railrncs y nlbmimkckmlhas, jcs hltcs hcturcjas pcscrlh c sar jcs qua sa klhlkah cktucjnahta klnl ?

60


1- Askrmturc ba hltcs ah jîhacs pcrcjajcs. [u lrmeah

A

j prmnar mhtahtl -tcj vaz hl baj tlbl klhskmahta- pcrc jjaecr cj smstanc ba jîhacs pcrcjajcs klhlkmbl klnl sa prlbuka burchta jc saeuhbc nmtcb baj smejl PM (saeÿh jl ctastmeuc uh nchuskrmtl ba jc íplkc) blhba aj klpmstc trczc uhc jîhac `lrmzlhtcj slfra aj parecnmhl klh aj imh ba ufmkcr uhc hltc pcrtmkujcr, lrmahtchbl jc cjturc ba jls hauncs ah tlrhl c jc nmsnc. Ah astc jîhac, ufmkc jc hltc JC

Juael Eumbl B²crazzl prlplha uhc huavc ilrnc ba askrmturc, utmjmzchbl ah juecr ba uhc, y krachbl klhsakuahtanahta, uh aspckml mhtarnabml. Jc prmnarc jîhac arc rloc y cjjî ufmkû cj IC7 ah jc saeuhbc, ba kljlr cncrmjjl, kljlkû cj BL, bchbl lrmeah csî, cj smstanc ba kjcvas qua sa usc ah jc cktucjmbcb y qua sa axpjmkcrã nãs cbajchta.

9- Aj tatrcercnc

T

lstarmlrnahta, aj nmsnl Eumbl B²crazzl -klhsmbarcbl aj iuhbcblr ba jc hltckmûh nusmkcj lkkmbahtcj- cócba ltrcs bls jîhacs c su smstanc, krachbl aj chtakaslr bmraktl ba huastrl cktucj pahtcercnc?

6=


Aj tatrcercnc tcnfmíh plbîc cbnmtmr tchtl slfra klnl plr bafcol baj nmsnl?

Aoanpjl ba rajckmûh ahtra tatrcercnc ah kjcva ba BL ah 2tc, y kjcva ba [LJ cktucj

;4


5- Aj Tahtcercnc. Klhsljmbckmûh baj smstanc ba kmhkl jîhacs.

K

lnl yc sa `c nahkmlhcbl, burchta aj [.PYM aj smstanc ba kmhkl jîhacs sa mnplha klnl ba usl klnÿh pcrc tlbl tmpl ba nÿsmkc.

Jc cpcrmkmûh ba jc supusl uh prlerasl mnplrtchtîsmnl ah jc kltmbmchambcb ba jc nÿsmkc7 klh jc mhbmkckmûh ba jc cjturc ba jls jc nÿsmkc, b jc nanlrmc y slhmbls arc plsmfja ‚ aj cprahbmzcoa. (Yar kcp. YMM)?

;3


;6


MMM Jcs kjcvas 3- Baimhmkmûh y utmjmbcb

J

cs slh ajanahtls ba jc askrmturc nusmkcj kuyc iuhkmûh as jc ba mhbmkcr csmehchbl c uhc batarnmhcbc uhc batarnmhcbc baj pahtcercnc, qua sa tlnc klnl puhtl ba raiarahkmc pcrc astcfjakar jls hlnfras baj rastl ba jcs hltcs. Tlr tchtl, jcs kjcvas supjah jcs jmnmtckmlhas baj pahtcercnc, yc qua aj hÿnarl ba cjturcs qua puabah raprasahtcrsa ah ísta (mhkjusl klh jîhacs cbmkmlhcjas) hl as hm . Jls krmtarmls pcrc uscr uhc kjcva u ltrc slh fãsmkcnahta bls? qua (axtahsmûh) baj mhstrunahtl l jc qua vc c mhtarpratcr jc uhc lfrc, sa cbakua jl naolr plsmfja cj rchel ba hltcs qua cbnmta uh pahtcercnc trctchbl ba , y qua sac jl nãs kjcrl y sahkmjjl plsmfja pcrc cj nÿsmkl jc jakturc ba jc pcrtmturc. 6- Lrmeah y avljukmûh

A

h jls smejls PM y PMM yc sa uscfch kjcvas cj mhmkml ba jls tatrcercncs. Cj prmhkmpml, ah juecr ba uh smehl aspakîimkl ba kjcva, jc jîhac ba raiarahkmc baj tatrcercnc arch?

. Jcs kjcvas ba jatrcs nãs irakuahtas

K (kjcva ba BL) Vaprasahtcfc jc kjcva ba BL, y as jc nãs chtmeuc. Jc ‚k„ nmhÿskujc mhbmkcfc jc cjturc racj ba jcs hltcs y jc ncyÿskujc

raprasahtcfc uhc lktcvc nãs fcoc.

;;


Rcnfmíh sa jc jjcnc kjcva ba klhtrcjtl. Ah jc cktucjmbcb y ah su varsmûh ba tarkarc jîhac, su usl astã prãktmkcnahta prãktmkcnahta jmnmtcbl c jc vmljc. Jc kjcva ba BL smtucbc slfra jc kucrtc jîhac j îhac baj pahtcercnc sa bahlnmhc tcnfmíh . [a utmjmzc ah jc nÿsmkc askrmtc pcrc , klnl kjcva ba trchsmkmûh pcrc cjeuhcs hltcs ceubcs baj csî klnl pcrc askrmfmr jcs hltcs ceubcs baj

Kjcva ba BL ah kucrtc jîhac baj tatrcercnc y ufmkckmûh racj rajctmvc ba jcs hltcs

Kjcva ba BL ah tarkarc jîhac baj tatrcercnc y ufmkckmûh ba jcs hltcs

Avljukmûh ba jc askrmturc askrmturc ba jc kjcva ba BL, BL, basba aj smejl PM `cstc jc cktucjmbcb ;2


Ilrnc cktucj

I (kjcva ba IC) Vaprasahtcfc jc y su ufmkckmûh nãs `cfmtucj arc ah jc kucrtc jîhac baj tatrcercnc. Ah cjeÿh nlnahtl ba su avljukmûh, aj smehl astcfc ilrncbl plr tras paquaóls kucbrcbls haerls. Chtmeucnahta sa jc jjcncfc vlz sa askrmfîc ah astc kjcva.

, yc qua jc nÿsmkc pcrc asc

Ah jc cktucjmbcb, jc usch slfra tlbl jls mhstrunahtls nãs ercvas ba jc kuarbc irltcbc, ( ), ouhtl klh jls nãs ercvas ba jls vmahtls ba natcj ), y ba jls vmahtls jls vmahtls ba ncbarc ( ). [u usl as ba rmelr pcrc askrmfmr jcs hltcs qua tlkc jc nchl mzqumarbc baj pmchl y tcnfmíh baj crpc. Rcnfmíh sa utmjmzc ah jc (tmnfcjas) [a trctc ba jc kjcva ah usl qua parnmta askrmfmr jls slhmbls nãs ercvas slfra aj pahtcercnc.

Kjcva ba IC ah kucrtc jîhac baj tatrcercnc y ufmkckmûh ba jcs hltcs ;1


Avljukmûh ba su askrmturc askrmturc

Ilrnc cktucj

E (kjcva ba [LJ)

Vaprasahtcfc jc , qua sa uhmû klh plstarmlrmbcb c jcs ltrcs bls kjcvas. Cpcrakîc askrmtc klh e nmhÿskujc. Ah aj Fcrrlkl arc klhlkmbc klnl cktucjnahta sa jjcnc (kjcva ba slj) l ceubls).

y ah mhejís (kjcva pcrc

[m fmah tuvl c jl jcrel ba jc `mstlrmc ltrcs ufmkckmlhas, jc ÿhmkc qua jjaeû c huastrls bîcs iua jc ufmkcbc slfra jc

Avljukmûh ba su askrmturc askrmturc

;9


Ilrnc cktucj

Ah prmhkmpml sa anpjacrlh jcs kjcvas ba BL y IC qua sa plbîch smtucr ah jcs jîhacs kcnfmchbl, jûemkcnahta, aj hlnfra avahtucjnahta csmehcbl c astcs jîhacs. Astc avljukmûh ah jc askrmturc klnmahzc ah jc abcb nabmc, smeua plr aj rahckmnmahtl y as c pcrtmr baj cól 3944 kuchbl klnmahzc c utmjmzcrsa jc cktucj erciîc. Ah jc íplkc cktucj, jc kjcva ba [LJ ah saeuhbc jîhac sa utmjmzc pcrc tasmturcs vlkcjas l mhstrunahtcjas ceubcs y jc ba IC ah kucrtc pcrc vlkas a mhstrunahtls ercvas. Jc kjcva ba BL ah tarkarc -utmjmzcbc pcrc tasmturcs mhtarnabmcs- `c quabcbl rajaecbc c uhls plkls mhstrunahtls klnl `c quabcbl bmk`l chtarmlrnahta. Kuchtl ah aj pahtcercnc sa smtÿc uhc kjcva, sarã jc tasmturc qua raprasahta7 plr aj klhtrcrml, kuchtl astí jc kjcva, raprasahtcrã uhc tasmturc Ah jl qua c nÿsmkc plpujcr sa raimara,

Kjcvas aspakmcjas Axmstah uhc sarma ba kcsls ah jls qua sa anpjach , jjcncbls . ;5


Asta as aj kcsl ba jcs kjcvas ba qua cócbah jc kmirc 0 plr bafcol baj smehl ba kjcva pcrc mhbmkcr qua jc nÿsmkc qua astã askrmtc vc c slhcr (as aj kcsl ba jc eumtcrrc)?

L plr ahkmnc pcrc mhbmkcr uhc

?

Cnfcs kjcvas aspakmcjas tmahah `ly uh usl nuy rastrmhembl. [mehls bmvarsls Ahtra jls , astã jc , qua c bmiarahkmc baj rastl ba kjcvas, sa trctc ba uhc klhvahkmûh qua mhbmkc qua jl askrmtl c klhtmhuckmûh ah aj pahtcercnc as pcrc parkusmûh y csmehc c jcs bmvarscs jîhacs y aspckmls, mhstrunahtls ba parkusmûh ba ah vaz ba cjturcs l hltcs nusmkcjas?

;0


Ltrl smehl `cfmtucjnahta uscbl as jc kjcva qua sa utmjmzc ah jc nÿsmkc plpujcr pcrc mhstrunahtls klh trcstas ( atk.) qua suaja askrmfmrsa ah @ly, jcs tcfjcturcs [a saócjc qua as uhc tcfjcturc nabmchta jcs jatrcs RCF raprasahtcbcs ah sahtmbl vartmkcj cj prmhkmpml baj smstanc?

;=


24


MY [mstanc nahsurcj y klnpcsas

[

m fmah jc raprasahtckmûh najûbmkc ba jls slhmbls mfc plr fuah kcnmhl, icjtcfc baimhmr uh .

Ych suremahbl csî, `ckmc aj smejl PMMM, ilrncs ba mhbmkcr asc burckmûh c pcrtmr ba jc klhsljmbckmûh ba smstancs ba rîtnmkc. Tcrc iuhbcnahtcr astcs huavcs ilrncs rîtnmkcs, iua hakascrml vljvar cj smejl MY c.K., c jc chtmeuc Erakmc. Jls ermaels `cfîch, plr asls tmanpls, bascrrljjcbl uh klnpjaol y aimkmahta smstanc pcrc nabmr jc burckmûh ba jls slhmbls klhsmstahta c erchbas rcsels, ah smehls kljlkcbls slfra aj kmircbl cjicfítmkl. ] klnl yc `cfîcnls vmstl chtas, aj aoanpjl?

as uh axkajahta

Tuaba lfsarvcrsa qua plr aoanpjl, c jc jatrc sljc ja klrrasplhbîc jc burckmûh ba uhc klrkàc7 sm jc jatrc jjavcfc uh eumlh plr ahkmnc, arc uhc haerc7 sm cbanãs baj eumlh mhklrplrcfc uh puhtl, haerc klh puhtmjjl atk. 23


3- Kchtl najmsnãtmkl y kchtl smjãfmkl

[

lfra astc fcsa, c imhcjas baj smejl PMM, jls klnplsmtlras irchkasas klnahzcrlh c bascrrljjcr uh anfrmlhcrml , lrmeah ba huastrl smstanc cktucj.

Jc nlbmimkckmûh klhsmstmû ah qua, ah juecr ba anpjacr jc ilrnc ba jcs hltcs pcrc mhbmkcr su burckmûh rajctmvc, klnahzcrlh c anpjacr .

Bafa taharsa ah kuahtc qua aj kchtl arc prablnmhchtanahta (ahtlhcr vcrmls slhmbls klh uhc nmsnc smjcfc)?

@ckmc imhcjas baj smejl PMMM, aj kchtl klnmahzc c sar prablnmhchtanahta (uhc hltc, uhc sîjcfc)?

26


6- Hltckmûh irchklhmchc

A

s csî klnl -qumzãs aj nãs mnplrtchta taûrmkl nusmkcj baj smejl PMMM- Irchkl ba Kljlhmc ah Kljlhmc ah uh trctcbl ba cjrabablr ba 3654, klhsljmbc aj smstanc ba (tcnfmíh jjcncbc ah su `lhlr hltckmûh irchklhmchc). Ah asta smstanc, aj qua sa ahkuahtra.

, mhbapahbmahtanahta baj klhtaxtl ah

Bmk`l ba ltrl nlbl?

Hltckmûh irchklhmchc [ PMMM

2;


22


Y Avljukmûh ba jc askrmturc 3- Hltckmûh kucbrcbc

@

ckmc aj cól 3314 jc askrmturc nusmkcj klhlka uhc mnplrtchta avljukmûh cj kcnfmcr aj pcrc prlbukmr jc askrmturc? sa kcnfmc , mhhlvckmûh plr jc kucj sa cfchblhc pcujctmhcnahta jc , raanpjczãhbljc plr jl qua sa klhlka klnl . Aj nltmvl ba astc mhhlvckmûh as ah racjmbcb, nuy smnpja7 klh jc pjunc sûjl arc plsmfja (askrmturc ah puhtc)7 parl hl arc plsmfja , jl qua sa jlerû klh jc kcóc, cbanãs ba plbar trczcrsa jls rcsels rcse ls klh ncylr prakmsmûh?

Chtmilhcrml. [. PMMM (hltckmûh kucbrcbc)

21


6- Hltckmûh fjchkc y hltckmûh haerc

B

urchta aj smejl PY, sa smeumû anpjachbl jc hltckmûh kucbrcbc, cuhqua sa mhtrlbuoarlh cjeuhcs nlbmimkckmlhas ah jc erciîc ba jcs hltcs. Csî, ah tlrhl c 3261, jls klpmstcs anpazcrlh c askrmfmr jcs hltcs klh (c astc hltckmûh sa ja bcfc aj hlnfra ba ) ah juecr ba rajjahcr kcbc kcfazc klh tmhtc ( ). Bmk`c trchsilrnckmûh tuvl juecr plrqua ah asc íplkc, jls klpmstcs pcscrlh ba askrmfmr slfra parecnmhl c askrmfmr ah pcpaj qua, lfvmcnahta, arc ãsparl y ba ncjc kcjmbcb7 rajjahcr jcs hltcs haercs slfra jc suparimkma ãsparc baj pcpaj cunahtcfc aj rmasel ba qua jc tmhtc sa klrrmasa, crrumhchbl tlbc jc pãemhc.

Hltckmûh Fjchkc [ PY-PYM

Jls vcjlras fãsmkls ba jcs imeurcs ba jc hltckmûh nahsurcj slh asahkmcjnahta mbíhtmkls c jls nlbarhls. Jc (l sanmfrava) as meucj c jc cktucj rablhbc Jc , meucj c jc fjchkc Jc , meucj c jc haerc Jc , meucj c jc klrkàc Jc sanmiusc, meucj c jc sanmklrkàc Jls vcjlras ba ncylr burckmûh tanplrcj ( ), `ch bascpcrakmbl.

29


Hltckmûh haerc [ PMY-PY

;- Askrmturc rlnflmbcj

@

ckmc klnmahzls baj 3144, tcnfmíh cpcrakmû uhc mhhlvckmûh ah jc askrmturc (ah racjmbcb nãs ba ilrnc qua ba ilhbl) jc qua iua cfchblhãhblsa `ckmc imh ba smejl?

Askrmturc rlnflmbcj 3141

25


2- Ilrncs ba kcfazcs rablhbcs

J

c askrmturc rlnflmbcj iua raanpjczcbc pcujctmhcnahta plr jc ilrnc ba tcj klnl jcs klhlkanls `ly ah bîc.

Hltckmûh nlbarhc

C jl jcrel ba jc saeuhbc nmtcb baj smejl PYMMM, hl sa prlbuoarlh ltrcs mhhlvckmlhas ah asta sahtmbl, cuhqua sî iuarlh cpcrakmahbl smehls y axprasmlhas pcrc mhbmkcr jc bmhãnmkc ba jc nÿsmkc, su kcrãktar, atk.

1- Mhijuahkmc ba jc mhvahkmûh ba jc mnprahtc

J

c mhvahkmûh ba jc mnprahtc ah 3211 mnplrtû uh kcnfml rcbmkcj pcrc jc bmvujeckmûh ba jcs pcrtmturcs. C pcrtmr ba asta àk`l, sa tuvl jc plsmfmjmbcb ba nujtmpjmkcrjcs. [mh anfcrel sljl uhc paquaóc pcrta ba jc nÿsmkc askrmtc klh chtarmlrmbcb cj 3944 `c jjaecbl `cstc huastrls bîcs, prlfcfjanahta bafmbl c qua jcs prmnarcs mnprasmlhas bafîch sar kcrcs y ba klnpjaoc ickturc. Ah jîhacs eaharcjas jcs klpmcs klhtmhucrlh `ckmíhblsa c nchl plr axpartls, eaharcjnahta ah askrmturc ba rlnfls jc kucj sa `cfîc bmiuhbmbl. Tarl `ckmc aj 3544 -klh jc jjaecbc ba jc fureuasîc cj plbar- sa klnmahzc c prlbukmr y c bmstrmfumr nÿsmkc mnprasc c erch askcjc. As asta aj lrmeah ba uhc avljukmûh qua cplycbc ah jls cvchkas takhljûemkls, `c basanflkcbl ah uhc prasahkmc klhstchta ba jc nÿsmkc ah huastrc vmbc kltmbmchc.

20


YM Mhhlvckmlhas vcrmcs 3- Mhbmkcblras ba vajlkmbcb l tanpl

V

akmíh ah aj smejl PYMM klnmahzch c anpjacrsa mhbmkcblras ba tanpl l vajlkmbcb c jc qua plbîc trchskurrmr uhc lfrc nusmkcj ( .) Bahtrl ba uh kmartl hmvaj ba mhaxcktmtub tanplrcj, jmfrcbc jûemkcnahta c jc parkapkmûh ba kcbc uhl.

6- Mhvahkmûh baj natrûhlnl

K

lh jc mhvahkmûh ba asta cpcrctl ( ) sa ja ltlrec axcktmtub c jc vajlkmbcb klh jc qua trchskurra uh pcscoa nusmkcj. Tlbanls ctrmfumr su mhvahkmûh c pariakkmlhcnmahtl c Ilurhmar (3060).

Nctzaj (3036)

y

su

;- Bmhãnmkc baj slhmbl

R

cnfmíh klnmahzch c utmjmzcrsa smehls pcrc raeujcr jc (plr aoanpjl ). ] tcnfmíh sa klhvmartah ah `cfmtucjas jls smehls ba (cunahtcr kcubcj slhlrl prlerasmvcnahta) y (bmsnmhumr). Astls prlkabmnmahtls sa klhlkah eahírmkcnahta klnl bmhãnmkc baj slhmbl. C pcrtmr baj smejl PMP sa eaharcjmzc ahtra jls klnplsmtlras, jc tahbahkmc c askrmfmr tlbls jls batcjjas axprasmvls ba jc pcrtmturc y sa cnpjîc aj aspaktrl ba mhbmkcblras ba tanpl (

2=


14


2- Ah huastrls bîcs …

A

h huastrls bîcs, plkcs mhhlvckmlhas sa `ch mhtrlbukmbl. Vacjnahta

Bahtrl ba jc nÿsmkc klhtanplrãhac arubmtc, jls klnplsmtlras anpjach nuy c nahubl , qua mhkjuyah ah sus pcrtmturcs.

Bahms [ncjjay-

( 3=06)

13


Ol`h Kcea-

(3=16)

Ol`h Kcea

16


YMM Aj pahtcercnc cktucj 3- Klhstmtukmûh fãsmkc

A

stã klhstmtumbl plr uh smstanc ba qua sa kuahtch ba cfcol `ckmc crrmfc?

,

Jîhacs?

Aspckmls?

Klnl ah kcbc plsmkmûh puaba askrmfmrsa uhc hltc, rasujtc ahtlhkas qua ah aj pahtcercnc sa puabah ufmkcr . @cy hltcs qua slh nuy ceubcs l nuy ercvas y plr tchtl sa smtÿch

1;


6- Jîhacs y aspckmls cbmkmlhcjas

J

cs jîhacs y aspckmls cbmkmlhcjas klhstmtuyah ah racjmbcb, huavcs jîhacs y aspckmls qua ceraecnls cj smstanc lrmemhcj parl ba jcs kucjas sûjl ercimkcnls uh paquaól saenahtl, plrqua rasujtcrîc nuy klhiusc jc jakturc, plr hl bakmr mnplsmfja?

12


;- Vajckmûh pahtcercnc-kjcva-hltc

[

m ah uh pahtcercnc sa askrmfah hltcs…

…ajjl hl smehmimkc hcbc, plrqua

, pcrtmahbl klnl yc sa nahkmlhû chtas, ba uhc .

Astc iuhkmûh jc kunpjah jcs kjcvas, ba ncharc qua Tuaba lfsarvcrsa klnl saeÿh jc kjcva qua sa utmjmka.

(Lfsarvcr qua jc kjcva ba [LJ astã ufmkcbc ah jc , y jc ba BL, ah IC

, jc ba

11


19


YMMM @mstlrmc ba jcs tcfjcturcs 3- Huavl smstanc ba askrmturc. Jcs tcfjcturcs

@

ckmc aj smejl PY klnmahzc c baimhmrsa uh smstanc ba askrmturc nusmkcj kuyl

Klh asta prlkabmnmahtl hl sa `ckîc hakascrml cprahbar jcs hltcs y cpcrakîc klnl uh rakursl nuy cprlpmcbl pcrc bmiuhbmr ncsmvcnahta jc nÿsmkc. Jcs prmnarcs tcfjcturcs bctch ba imhas baj smejl PMY y ah prmhkmpml sa utmjmzcrlh pcrc trchskrmfmr pmazcs pljmiûhmkcs (ah su ncylrîc vlkcjas) pcrc uh sljl mhstrunahtl. Nabmchta aj cerupcnmahtl ba jcs bmiarahtas vlkas ah uhc sljc pcrtmturc sa lftahîch huavcs pmazcs pcrc jls mhstrunahtls nãs usucjas ba jc íplkc. Bafmbl c qua jcs tcfjcturcs ÿhmkcnahta nlstrcfch jcs plsmkmlhas ba jls babls hakascrmcs pcrc prlbukmr kcbc slhmbl l erupl ba slhmbls, .

Astl smehmimkc qua uhc tcfjcturc pcrc ûrechl hl arc ÿtmj pcrc eumtcrrc y vmkavarsc. Rcnplkl iuhkmlhcfc uhc nmsnc tcfjcturc pcrc bmiarahtas mhstrunahtls ba kuarbc, yc qua ístls sa bmiarahkmcfch klhsmbarcfjanahta ah aj hÿnarl ba kuarbcs y ah su cimhckmûh, jl nmsnl qua sukaba `ly. 15


6- Rcfjcturcs pcrc eumtcrrc l vmùajc

R

lbcs jcs lfrcs pcrc eumtcrrc l vmùajc -kracbcs burchta jls smejls PYM y PYMM- astãh askrmtcs ah tcfjcturcs. Jcs prmnarcs iuarlh mnprascs ah Yahakmc, c prmhkmpmls baj smejl PYM, saeÿh klhstc ah jc @mstlrmí ba jc nusmqua, ba Jcvlmx (Tcrms, pce.36;). Jc tcfjcturc pcrc eumtcrrc l vmùajc klhsmstîc ah uh smstanc erãimkl ba hltckmûh qua sa ufmkcfc slfra uhc pcutc ba tchtcs jîhacs `lrmzlhtcjas klnl kuarbcs plsaîc aj mhstrunahtl.

[lfra ajjcs sa mhbmkcfch plr nabml ba hÿnarls l jatrcs jls kcsmjjarls (trcstas) ah qua bafîch pmscrsa jcs kuarbcs pcrc lftahar jcs hltcs. Jcs imeurcs rîtnmkcs kljlkcbcs plr ahkmnc ba jc pcutc, raprasahtcfch jc burckmûh ba kcbc hltc l cklrba, askrmtl bafcol ba ajjcs. Jc klbmimkckmûh ba jcs tcfjcturcs hl arc imoc, smhl qua plbîc vcrmcr ba ckuarbl c jc íplkc, aj mhstrunahtl, pcîs, eíharl ba nÿsmkc (rcseuacbc l puhtacbc) l mhkjusmva, cutlr ba jc lfrc. Bmiarahkmcs ahtra eumtcrrc y vmùajc Jcs bmiarahkmcs ahtra jc eumtcrrc y jc vmùajc baj smejl PYM, rasujtch nuy klhiuscs sm sa qumara varjcs basba aj puhtl ba vmstc ba su klhstrukkmûh, slhmbl u ltrcs kcrcktarîstmkcs iîsmkcs. Tarl sm sa lfsarvch jcs bahlnmhckmlhas ckkaslrmcs ba astls mhstrunahtls ah jc íplkc qua hls lkupc, asc klhiusmûh bascpcraka?

10


Ymùajc > ‚eumtcrrc baj nÿsmkl„ (sams kuarbcs) Eumtcrrc > ‚vmùajc baj puafjl„ (kuctrl kuarbcs)

L sac qua ahtra uhc y ltrc, `cfîc nãs qua hcbc uhc bmstmhkmûh ba lrbah slkmcj, ba oarcrquîcs slkmcjas y kujturcjas .

Trãktmkcnahta, jc ÿhmkc bmiarahkmc astcfc bcbc plr jc kchtmbcb ba kuarbcs qua tahîc kcbc mhstrunahtl? sams jc vmùajc y tch sljl kuctrl jc eumtcrrc. ‚…Hl as ltrc klsc astc eumtcrrc smhl uhc vmùajc qumtcbc jc saxtc y jc prmnc„ . (Ouch Farnubc - 3111).

Tcrc aj cól 3109, Ymkahta Ncrtmhaz Aspmhaj ceraec ah Ncbrmb c jc eumtcrrc (vmùajc baj puafjl), uhc qumhtc kuarbc.

Astc mhhlvckmûh, nahkmlhcbc ah aj jmfrl ba Blyzm ba Yajczkl ‚Huavl nítlbl ba kmircs pcrc tcóar jc eumtcrrc„ ba 39;4 , tuvl uh íxmtl tch erchba qua jls eumtcrrmstcs ba tlbls jls pcîsas jc cblptcrlh klhlkmíhblsa basba ahtlhkas klnl eumtcrrc aspcóljc. Vakmíh ah aj smejl PYMMM jc eumtcrrc aspcóljc cblptc baimhmtmvcnahta su saxtc kuarbc smh qua astí bancsmcbl kjcrl qumíh mhtrlbuka astc mhhlvckmûh. Rcnfmíh sa `c plpujcrmzcbl ah Creahtmhc klh aj hlnfra ba eumtcrrc krmljjc.

1=


;- Ba jcs cimhckmlhas

@

cstc aj cól 3944 jcs cimhckmlhas ba jc vmùajc y jc eumtcrrc arch kcûtmkcs.

Kcbc qumah jc cbcptcfc c kcbc lfrc saeÿh jc tlhcjmbcb ah jc kucj astuvmarc klnpuastc, saeÿh jc raemûh, atk., plr uh nltmvl nuy sahkmjjl? .

Klhsakuahtanahta, kcbc nÿsmkl cbcptcfc jc cimhckmûh ba ncharc ba qua jc lfrc ah kuastmûh tuvmarc jc ncylr kchtmbcb plsmfja ba kuarbcs cj cmra pcrc avmtcr aj usl ba jc kaomjjc. Tarl c pcrtmr baj 39;4, sa klhsljmbc jc smeumahta cimhckmûh?

C pcrtmr baj smejl PYMMM, quabû tcj kucj `ly jc klhlkanls?

, jc cimhckmûh

94


Qh arrlr nuy klnÿh as aj ba

, saeurcnahta plr su smnmjmtub ah sus bmcercncs ba jîhacs. klhiuhbmr

Bmiarahkmc ahtra Tahtcercnc y Rcfjcturc Aj Tahtcercnc as uh smstanc ba kmhkl jîhacs blhba sa askrmfa jc nÿsmkc pcrc kucjqumar mhstrunahtl, mhkjumbl aj kchtl. Jc Rcfjcturc klhtmaha sams jîhacs sm as pcrc eumtcrrc, kuctrl, kmhkl, sams l smata sm as pcrc fcol, kuctrl sm as pcrc ugajaja atk. Aj Tahtcercnc utmjmzc tlbcs sus plsmkmlhas (jîhacs y aspckmls) pcrc kljlkcr jcs hltcs. Jc Rcfjcturc sljl jcs jîhacs, yc qua slh uh erãimkl ba jcs kuarbcs ba jls mhstrunahtls, blhba sa kljlkcrãh jls hÿnarls klrrasplhbmahtas c jls kcsmjjarls blhba `cy qua kljlkcr jls babls. Ah varbcb, jc Rcfjcturc smnpja as uh smstanc nuy mhklnpjatl yc qua cj hl mhbmkcr burckmlhas ba slhmbl, sûjl smrva sm uhl yc klhlka jc kchkmûh. Aj smstanc ba Rcfjcturcs

93


2- Klhkaptl ba tcfjcturc `ly

K

lnl sa varã nãs cbajchta, aj klhkaptl ba tcfjcturc ba jls smejls PYM y PYMM bmimara brãstmkcnahta baj klhkaptl cktucj, tch bmiuhbmbl ah mhtarhat y aspakmcjnahta bahtrl baj ãnfmtl baj rlkg y ba ltrls eíharls plpujcras. Ah aiaktl, plr cquajjls tmanpls jc tcfjcturc sa bascrrljjû `cstc klhstmtumrsa ah uh klnpjatl y eahumhl smstanc ba trcsnmsmûh ba jc nÿsmkc askrmtc, smnmjcr cj pahtcercnc. Baspuís iua bascpcrakmahbl ah íplkc jc kjãsmkc (smejl PYMMM) ah iuhkmûh baj cuea baj smstanc baj pahtcercnc, aj bascrrljjl rîtnmkl, jc cpcrmkmûh ba jls klnpcsas, y aj bascrrljjl ba jls mhstrunahtls y jc lrquastc ahtra ltrls icktlras. Ah jc íplkc cktucj, jcs tcfjcturcs `ch rasurembl klh iuarzc ah kcsm tlbcs jcs nchmiastckmlhas ba nÿsmkc plpujcr, jl qua `c smehmimkcbl uh brcnãtmkl ratrlkasl kujturcj y tcnfmíh prãktmkl. Ah aiaktl, ah aj kcsl ba jcs nãs smnpjas, sljl ncrkch ah uh bmcercnc baj mhstrunahtl, jls juecras blhba `cy qua pmscr pcrc lftahar batarnmhcbls slhmbls ba uhc kchkmûh l ba uh cklrba klh cfsljutc praskmhbahkmc ba jc rîtnmkc, jc tíkhmkc klh jc qua `cy qua tlkcr, nctmkas, atk. Astcs jmnmtckmlhas tlrhch c jcs tcfjcturcs smnpjas ah uh nabml plr jl nahls mhaimkcz pcrc trcsnmtmr jc nÿsmkc. ] kuchbl sa ja kljlkch rmtnls y ltrls klnplhahtas sa vc pcrakmahbl fcstchta c uhc pcrtmturc trcbmkmlhcj rastchbl sljl cprahbar aj hlnfra ba jcs hltcs. (Yar kcp. PMM ‚Jcs tcfjcturcs ah jc cktucjmbcb„). ¼Kûnl jjaecnls klnl slkmabcb c tljarcr sanaochta baercbckmûh ba jc abukckmûh y jc ahsaóchzc< Asta as uh tanc jcrel, klhtrlvartmbl y `cstc kmartl puhtl trmsta y quabc iuarc ba jls cjkchkas ba asta jmfrl. 96


MP Jls kmircbls nusmkcjas 3- Baimhmkmûh y eaharcjmbcbas

[

a bahlnmhch kmircbls nusmkcjas c tlbls cquajjls smstancs ba hltckmûh nusmkcj qua utmjmzch hÿnarls, jatrcs l klnfmhckmlhas

ba cnfls ajanahtls pcrc mhbmkcr cklrbas.

[u usl prãktmkl kltmbmchl astã rasarvcbl c bls ÿhmkls ãnfmtls? jc nÿsmkc plpujcr, y ah jls klhsarvctlrmls limkmcjas ah su varsmûh hunírmkc, c jc racjmzckmûh ba aoarkmkmls ba crnlhîc.

Ah jîhacs eaharcjas jls kmircbls sa utmjmzcrlh y sa utmjmzch sljcnahta pcrc raprasahtcr jls cklrbas qua cklnpcóch uhc najlbîc l qua mhtaerch uhc sakuahkmc crnûhmkc . Tlbanls kjcsmimkcr jls kmircbls ah tras tmpls? hunírmkls, cjicfítmkls y nmxtls. Klhstmtuyah ahtlhkas uhc aspakma ba , uh ajanahtl smnfûjmkl, as bakmr uh . Cjeuhls aoanpjls?

Jatrcs y hÿnarls

9;


[ljl hÿnarls

[akuahkmc crnûhmkc

Kmircbls klh hÿnarls rlnchls

92


6- Lrmeah ba jls kmircbls

A

j lrmeah ba jls kmircbls tmaha nuy plkl ba ckcbínmkl l askljãstmkl. Klnl kcsm tlbcs jcs racjmzckmlhas ùnchcs sureah mnpujscbcs plr uh nltlr c vakas kruaj? jc hakasmbcb (aj ltrl nltlr as aj basal parl hl cpjmkc ah asta kcsl). Mncemhanls c uh klnplsmtlr baj smejl PYMM basplocbl ba su `cjl ba rlnchtmkmsnl y vaharckmûh. As bakmr, mncemhanls jc nÿsmkc klnl uh trcfcol kltmbmchl, klnl uh limkml nãs cjjã baj crta. Ah ascs íplkcs hl `cfîc aqumpls ba cubml, hm klnputcblrcs hm smqumarc juz ajíktrmkc y jc banchbc ba nÿsmkc arc ahlrna ah jcs klrtas y pcjckmls ba tlbl aj nuhbl. ] hl sa trctcfc ba askrmfmr smnpjas y sahkmjjcs kchkmlhas? `cfîc qua askrmfmr nÿsmkc ba erch klnpjaombcb y hl sljl uhc jîhac najûbmkc smhl tcnfmíh `cfîc qua `ckar jls crraejls pcrc sar aoakutcbls plr nuk`ls mhstrunahtls, c vakas… ba uh bîc pcrc ltrl! Tarl aj mhstrunahtl blhba jcs jmnmtckmlhas ba tmanpl ouecrlh uh rlj batarnmhchta c jc `lrc ba fuskcr huavls smstancs ba chltckmûh nusmkcj, iua aj kjcva, chtapcscbl bmraktl baj pmchl qua klhlkanls ah jc cktucjmbcb. Aj kjcva ouhtl klh aj vmljlhkajl klhstmtuîc jc fcsa crnûhmkc slfra jc qua sa abmimkcfch jcs klnplsmkmlhas. @cfîc qua askrmfmr nÿsmkc pcrc jcs bls nchls, slhlrmbcbas vartmkcjas trcfcolscs ba ajcflrcr. Aj kjcva arc aj ÿhmkl mhstrunahtl ba jc lrquastc cj qua `cfîc qua askrmfmrja cklrbas hltc plr hltc?

91


Ymahbl aj nchuskrmtl baj aoanpjl, mncemhanls aj asiuarzl y jcs `lrcs qua suplhîc askrmfmr pcrc aj kjcva jcs hltcs ba jls cklrbas kcbc vaz nãs hutrmbls y klnpjaols ah uh tmanpl smh takhljleîc, blhba tlbl arc c nchl y `cfîc qua askrmfmr kcbc vaz nãs nÿsmkc ah nahlr tmanpl.

99


Hl sa scfa c qumíh sa ja lkurrmû jc mbac ba raprasahtcr jcs hltcs ba jls cklrbas klh smehls. Jl qua sî scfanls as qua jc mbac prahbmû rãpmbcnahta ahtra jls klnplsmtlras, qua ahklhtrcrlh csî uh cjmvml c su trcfcol. Rcnfmíh as kmartl qua jc mhtarpratckmûh baj kmircbl, hl raijaocfc imajnahta aj pahscnmahtl baj klnplsmtlr. Tarl bcbcs jcs kmrkuhstchkmcs… ¼c qumah plbîc mnplrtcrja asa batcjja< Jc prmnarc ilrnc ba kmircbls qua sa klhlka sa ranlhtc c jc íplkc fcrrlkc (3944 c 3514 cprlx.), c pcrtmr ba uhc àrrcnmahtc qua tuvl ah su nlnahtl erch bmiusmûh? aj fcol klhtmhul l kmircbl . [a bascrrljjû csî uh smstanc ba smnpjmimkckmlhas ba ahlrna aimkckmc c jc `lrc ba raprasahtcr uhc crnlhîc, lrmeah ba huastrl smstanc ba kmircbls cktucj, sljl hunírmkl.

;- Kmircbls hunírmkls

A

h uh prmhkmpml, ufmkcbls bafcol ba jcs hltcs smstanc rakmfmû aj hlnfra ba

.

, ba jc lfrc (fcol). Asta

Astc ilrnc ba kmircbl iua nuy mnplrtchta burchta jls smejls PYMM y PYMMM (parîlbl fcrrlkl). Rcj as csî, qua tcnfmíh sa bahlnmhc c astc íplkc, íplkc baj fcol klhtmhul. Trãktmkcnahta hl axmsta lfrc nusmkcj ba asa parîlbl qua hl klhtahec asta rakursl. Aj klnplsmtlr sljl askrmfîc jc jîhac baj fcol y nãs cfcol, hÿnarls y/l cjeuhls ltrls plkls smehls. Ah aj aoanpjl qua smeua puaba varsa jc pcrta baj fcol kmircbl, partahakmahta c uhc lfrc ba jc íplkc. Astã askrmtc pcrc bls mhstrunahtls? vmljlhkajjl (vmljlha) y kjcva (kanfcjl). Jûemkcnahta, aj kajjl tlkc jcs hltcs qua astãh askrmtcs. 95


Hls quabc scfar ahtlhkas qua klsc `cka aj kjcva, tahmahbl prasahta qua as uh mhstrunahtl crnûhmkl. ] jl qua `cka as… baklbmimkcr jls hÿnarls klnl cklrbas l crpaemls . Tcrc ajjl, tlnc jc hltc askrmtc klnl partahakmahta c uh cklrba y klh jls hÿnarls vc klhstruyahbl aj cklrba l crpaeml ah kuastmûh, ba ckuarbl klh aj smeumahta prlkabmnmahtl? c- [m jc hltc hl jjavc hmheÿh hÿnarl, sa csuna uh cklrba ncylr l nahlr saeÿh jc kjcva. f- [m bafcol ba jc hltc `cy uh 9, smehmimkc qua `cy qua tlkcr tcnfmíh uh [lj (saxtc ba [m). Jc ltrc hltc baj cklrba sa babuka. k- [m `cy uh #, jc tarkarc ba asa fcol as #. b- [m `cy uh 6, smehmimkc qua `cy qua ceraecr uhc saeuhbc, atk.

Hl as baj kcsl `ckar uh trctcbl ba kmircbl hunírmkl smhl sljl nlstrcr aj prlkabmnmahtl plr aj kucj klnmahzc ah aj smejl PYMM aj kmircbl ba cklrbas. Astcs cfravmcturcs sa vmarlh ah uh prmnar nlnahtl, icvlrakmbcs plr jc .

90


2- Jc mnprlvmsckmûh

A

sta prlkabmnmahtl parnmtîc cj mhtírprata uh cjtl ercbl ba jmfartcb y vcrmckmûh ah jc ajcflrckmûh ba sus pcrtas. Qhc nmsnc lfrc tlkcbc plr bmstmhtls mhtírpratas slhcfc bmiarahta yc qua jls kmircbls arch mhtarpratcbls klh jc mnprlhtc ba kcbc uhl? klh crpaemls, klh cklrbas, klh hltcs ba cblrhl, atk. As bakmr, quabcfc jmfrcbl c jc ncylr l nahlr `cfmjmbcb a mhspmrckmûh ba kcbc mhstrunahtmstc (nuk`cs vakas aj bmraktlr ba jc lrquastc, sm sa trctcfc baj kjcva, l aj ncastrl ba kcpmjjc, sm arc aj ûrechl) aj rasujtcbl y kcjmbcb ba jc aoakukmûh. Astc bmskmpjmhc tuvl tchtl íxmtl qua, nuk`c eahta klhkurrîc c jls klhkmartls klh aj ÿhmkl prlplsmtl ba askuk`cr jcs mnprlvmsckmlhas ba jls cklnpcócnmahtls ba uhl u ltrl mhtírprata.

1- Jc jmfartcb

R

cj vaz `cyc smbl jc mnprlvmsckmûh nusmkcj uhc ba jcs plkcs cktmvmbcbas ùnchcs qua askcpcrlh c jc raprasmûh ba jc íplkc y c jc kahsurc. Hcbma scfa kûnl sukabmû asta baskumbl parl jl kmartl qua plr cóls aj aoarkmkml pjahl ba jc jmfartcb quabû ah nchl ba jls nÿsmkls y ah aspakmcj, ba jls takjcbmstcs. C hmheuhc cutlrmbcb pljîtmkc hm akjasmãstmkc sa ja lkurrmû pahscr ah qua as jl qua `ckîc uh mnprlvmscblr? vljcr, askcpcr ba jls nljbas rîembls, `cfjcr parslhcjnahta klh Bmls smh mhtarnabmcrmls. Asta as aj aspîrmtu, jc asahkmc ba jc mnprlvmsckmûh qua cilrtuhcbcnahta `ly smeua tahmahbl àrabarls aspakmcjnahta ah aj ãnfmtl baj oczz.

9=


9- Imh ba kmkjl Aj kmircbl hunírmkl blnmhû cfsljutcnahta jc askahc nusmkcj kujtc burchta kcsm 644 cóls (basba aj 3944 `cstc uh tmanpl mnprakmsl jjaechbl cj 3044). Hl `cy raemstrl ba slhctcs, klhkmartls, lrctlrmls, smhilhîcs, nmhuatls atk. Sua hl mhklrplrcrch asta rakursl. Klh aj cbvahmnmahtl baj kjcsmkmsnl sa tlrhû mhckaptcfja aj baocr jmfrcbl cj krmtarml baj mhtírprata jc racjmzckmûh ba jc pcrta crnûhmkc ba uhc klnplsmkmûh y vljvmarlh c askrmfmrsa tlbcs jcs hltcs mnpjmkcbcs ah aj kmircbl. Qhc vaz suparcbc jc íplkc baj fcol klhtmhÿl klnl aj vcjlr baj kmircbl hunírmkl pcsc c sar anmhahtanahta taûrmkl, smahbl utmjmzcbl nãs qua hcbc ah jc ahsaóchzc ba jc crnlhîc trcbmkmlhcj ah jls klhsarvctlrmls ba nÿsmkc limkmcjas cÿh ah huastrls bîcs. …Jc `mstlrmc hls nuastrc klh kjcrmbcb qua jc ÿhmkc ncharc ba qua hls sac prlvak`lsc as, sm plbanls smhtatmzcrjc, `ckar uhc smhlpsms tcj qua hls parnmtc ckkabar c jc asahkmc ÿjtmnc ba jls àk`ls, baspaocr jc `locrcskc baj tmanpl y jjaecr c jc sanmjjc. Tlr aoanpjl? aj jaecbl nãs mnplrtchta qua hls `c baocbl aj kchtl eraelrmchl hl klhsmsta ah su mhnahsc jmstc ba klnplsmkmlhas, smhl ah uh sljl ajanahtl klhstmtutmvl quí iua jc hltc tahlr l blnmhchta, chtakabahta bmraktl ba jc iuhkmûh blnmhchta, pmjcr baj smstanc ba tahsmlhas y raplsls ba jc tlhcjmbcb lkkmbahtcj. ] ba jc lfrc tcnfmíh ahlrna y aj pahscnmahtl ba Emlvchhm Tmarjumem bc Tcjastrmhc (3161-31=1), nÿsmkl qua batarnmhc jc irlhtarc ahtra aj chtmeul smstanc nlbcj y aj smstanc tlhcj, Jl qua hls `c quabcbl ba ajjl as aj cklrba blnmhchta, pmjcr nusmkcj ba lkkmbahta. ¼] qua hls `c quabcbl ba jc íplkc baj fcol kmircbl l klhtmhul< Hm nãs hm nahls qua jc asahkmc ba uhc jmfartcb iurtmvc baj pahscnmahtl nusmkcj, nchmiastcbc ah jc mnprlvmsckmûh. …Jls kmircbls hunírmkls crnûhmkls bascpcrakah ba jc prãktmkc kltmbmchc plr karkc ba ;44 cóls, `cstc racpcrakar klh iuhkmlhas jmnmtcbcs ah jls kmircbls cjichunírmkls plpujcras ba jc cktucjmbcb, jaols ba su cpleal baj 3944. 54


Qhc ckjcrckmûh mnplrtchta? Kuchbl hls raiarmnls c kmircbls hunírmkls, `ckanls raiarahkmc c hÿnarls klnl sînfljls ba cklrbas as bakmr, hltcs smnujtãhacs (nãs ba tras). Hl klhiuhbmr klh jls hÿnarls qua cpcrakah plr mhtarhat slfra jcs pjchtmjjcs ba jcs eumtcrrcs l fcols mhbmkchbl aj kcsmjjarl c pmscr .

53


56


P Jls cjicfatls nusmkcjas

V

akmfah astc bahlnmhckmûh jls smstancs qua utmjmzch

3- Tarîlbl uhc jatrc> uhc hltc Asta parîlbl klnmahzc ah Erakmc blhba klnahzchbl plr aj Jc? C F K B A I E Jc [m Bl Va Nm Ic [lj Juael jcs hltcs sa rapatîch ah jc saeuhbc lktcvc parl klh bmstmhtcs jatrcs. Klhtmhÿc ah Vlnc, blhba sa cbcptch jcs jatrcs ermaecs cj cjicfatl jctmhl, kljlkchbl nmhÿskujcs pcrc jc saeuhbc lktcvc. 6- Tarîlbl uhc jatrc>uh cklrba

C

F

K

B

A

I

Hûtasa qua astls kmircbls slh meucjas c jls qua `ly utmjmzcnls parl su smehmimkcbl as nuy bmstmhtl. 5;


Jls pcîsas cblhba hl tuvmarlh bancsmcbc mhijuahkmc jls nÿsmkls jctmhls, klhtmhucrlh klh aj chtmeul smstanc ba jcs jatrcs baj cjicfatl. Rcj as aj kcsl ba Mhejctarrc, Cjanchmc, jls pcîsas askchbmhcvls, AA.QQ y ltrls. C erchbas rcsels, jc lrmahtckmûh jctmhc (jmbarcbc plr jc askuajc irchkasc) klh sus kmircbls hunírmkls avljukmlhc `ckmc jc ahsaóchzc askljãstmkc ba jc nÿsmkc, nmahtrcs aj cjicfatl chejlscoûh, trchsilrncbl ah cjicfatl nusmkcj, quabc rasarvcbl cj ãnfmtl ba erch pcrta ba jc nÿsmkc plpujcr nuhbmcj. ;- Aj cjicfatl nusmkcj ah Mtcjmc (uhc jatrc>uh cklrba) Aj kracblr ba asta smstanc ba nÿsmkc kmircbc ah aj kucj , as aj mtcjmchl Emrljcnl Nlhtascrbl. [a ctrmfuya c Nlhtascrbl aj `cfar smbl aj prmnarl ah utmjmzcr smehls cjicfítmkls pcrc raprasahtcr nãs ba uh slhmbl,

Aj smstanc quabc axpuastl ah su lfrc ‚ H spcehmuljc

(Fljlhmc, 3949).

Ah asta tîtujl sufycka aj lfoatmvl baj huavl nítlbl? y asta hl as ltrl qua aj ba avmtcr tahar qua cprahbar jcs hltcs nusmkcjas . Kurmlscnahta, aj nmsnl lfoatmvl qua `ly tmahah jcs tcfjcturcs cuhqua klh nuk`îsmnc nahls kcjmbcb. Ba astls asiuarzls surea uhc praeuhtc, vãjmbc pcrc aj 3944 y tcnfmíh pcrc jc cktucjmbcb? ¼hl ùfmarc smbl nãs iãkmj cprahbar jcs hltcs< Ah racjmbcb, arc nãs fmah uh jmstcbl, uh ahuhkmcbl ba plsmfmjmbcbas pcrc racjmzcr cklrbas ah jc eumtcrrc jmnmtcbc plr ahtlhkas, c . 52


Ycja bakmr, Ah astc prmnmtmvc tcfjcturc slfra Eumtcrrc ba 1 Kuarbcs, jc prmnarc, as jc jîhac mhiarmlr. Jc trchskrmpkmûh c jc hltckmûh cktucj -nchuskrmtc- bctc baj cól 3952?

Tlsmkmlhas ba Nlhtascrbl

51


Rrchskrmpkmûh c askrmturc cktucj baj lrmemhcj chtarmlr . Tuaba varsa qua aj lrbah ba jcs kuarbcs astã mhvartmbl ah rajckmûh cj lrmemhcj. Jls kmircbls cjicfítmkls qua cquî sa axplhah hl eucrbch rajckmûh cjeuhc klh jls cktucjas.

Tlr aoanpjl? aj prmnar cklrba as uh [lj ncylr klh fcol ah [m, parl jc jatrc C, as jc qua `ly uscnls pcrc Jc Ncylr. Aj saeuhbl as Bl Ncylr ah astcbl iuhbcnahtcj parl jc jatrc as F, qua `ly mhbmkc [m Ncylr y csî sukasmvcnahta. Astl mhbmkc qua aj cjicfatl arc uscbl sljl klnl uh rakursl pcrc ratahar rãpmbcnahta jcs plkcs plsmkmlhas prcktmkcfjas ah jc eumtcrrc ba jc íplkc (69, saeÿh Nlhtascrbl) smh tahar ah kuahtc ltrcs vcrmcfjas. Rcnfmíh cpcrakah ltrls smehls klnl + y & pcrc mhbmkcr cklrbas. Baj nmsnl nlbl, uh nmsnl cklrba jjavcfc bmiarahtas jatrcs saeÿh astuvmarc ah plsmkmûh karrcbc l cfmartc. Rcj as aj kcsl baj usl ba jc jatrc F pcrc Bl Ncylr ah plsmkmûh karrcbc, y jc _ pcrc aj nmsnl Bl Ncylr ah plsmkmûh cfmartc?

C

F

K

B

A

I

59


R

E

H

@

L

M

T

G

S

J

V6

N

[

55


Klrrasplhbahkmc ahtra cjicfatl mtcjmchl, jls cklrbas qua raprasahtcfch, y su smehmimkcbl cktucj Jcs jatrcs qua hl tmahah su aqumvcjahta ah aj kmircbl klhtanplrãhal, hl axmstah `ly klnl cjicfatl nusmkcj ? Cjicfatl mtcjmchl baj 3944 C F K B I E + @ M G J N H L T S V6 [ R Y P ] _ & T;

Cklrbas E/F K B/C Cn A/F I/K A nahlr

Klrrasplhbahkmc Klh jls cklrbas cktucjas Jc Ncylr [m Ncylr Bl Ncylr Va Ncylr Ic Ncylr [lj Ncylr

Aj cjicfatl nusmkcj sa vc trchsilrnchbl plkl c plkl klh aj klhkursl ba [chsavarmhl (3966), Nmjjlha (39;1), y Ilskcrmhm 3969) `cstc jjaecr c Frmsaól aj qua tcnfmíh ah 3969,

50


Rcfjcturc ba Frmsaól cól 3969

Aj smstanc hl prlsparû, fãsmkcnahta plrqua jls nÿsmkls yc astcfch `cfmtucbls c mhtarpratcr jcs tcfjcturcs klh hÿnarls y astl suplhîc uh asiuarzl c tlbcs jukas mhÿtmj yc qua hl prlplhîc fahaimkml cjeuhl. (Jls hÿnarls raanpjczch c jcs jatrcs ah aj kmircbl, y vmkavarsc)

2- Aj cjicfatl nusmkcj ah Aspcóc (uhc jatrc>uh cklrba) Jums ba Nmjãh Iua uh klnplsmtlr y vmùajmstc aspcólj baj rahckmnmahtl qua vmvmû ahtra jls cóls 32=4 y 3193 cprlxmncbcnahta. ) y qumzã tcnfmíh aj prmnarl ah mhbmkcr aj ‚tanpl„ (vajlkmbcb) ba uhc lfrc nusmkcj. Hckmbl ah uhc kuhc crmstlkrãtmkc, prlfcfjanahta vmvmû y nurmû ah Ycjahkmc cuhqua hl axmstah hltmkmcs kartarcs slfra ajjl. [î sa klhsmehc uhc astcbîc ah Tlrtuecj blhba trcfcoû ah jc klrta ba Ouch MMM, c qumah babmkû su jmfrl ‚ . Cbanãs ba su pariakkmûh tchtl plr su lrbahcnmahtl bmbãktmkl kuchtl plr su klhtahmbl astítmkl, aj nítlbl as mnplrtchta plrqua klhstmtuya 5=


(pufjmkcbl ah Ycjahkmc ah aj cól 31;9). C bmiarahkmc ba ltrls nítlbls ba jc íplkc, hl klhtmaha cbcptckmlhas pcrc jc vmùajc ba lfrcs vlkcjas pljmiûhmkcs (bahlnmhcbcs mhtcfujckmlhas), y k . Klhtmaha ichtcsîcs, pcvchcs, tmahtls, vmjjchkmkls, rlnchkas y slhatls ba rcmecnfra aspcóljc, y tcnfmíh sa mhkjuyah kchkmlhas mtcjmchcs y plrtueuascs. ] smahbl jc vmùajc klnÿh ba Nmjãh askrmfmû sus lfrcs slfra

(‚jc eumtcrrc baj nÿsmkl„),

.

Tarl -klhtrcrmcnahta cj rastl ba jls nÿsmkls y klnplsmtlras , utmjmzchbl cbanãs jls hÿnarls baj 3 cj = y jc kmirc rlnchc P pcrc mhbmkcr jls 34 trcstas ba jc eumtcrrc baj [ PYM. Aj smeumahta as uh icksînmj ba uhc ba sus klnplsmkmlhas blhba puaba varsa? c- Jc tcfjcturc ba 9 kuarbcs (‚ eumtcrrc baj nÿsmkl„) f- Jc saxtc kuarbc ah jc jîhac mhiarmlr tcj klnl sa usc ah jc cktucjmbcb. k- Klnl bctl scjmahta, aj rmtnl ba jc lfrc chltcbl slfra jc tcfjcturc.

04


03


Ecspcr [chz Nuy plkl sa klhlka slfra Ecspcr [chz (3924-3534) y su lfrc nusmkcj. [u ‚

3952, as

‚ba

.

Rrchskrmfmnls cquî uh pãrrcil baj prûjlel ba jc abmkmûh lrmemhcj ba asta trctcbl askrmtl plr aj cutlr?

06


Hl astã nuy kjcrl plr quí Ecspcr [chz ba jls mtcjmchls, klnl tcnfmíh tahmahbl ah kuahtc aj chtakabahta ba Jums ba Nmjãh. Tarl klhsmehc c jc barak`c ba jls hÿnarls qua mhbmkch jls kcsmjjarls, uhc sarma ba puhtls baj 3 cj 2 klnl puaba varsa ah aj cfakabcrml baj icxînmj. Ajjls mhbmkch sahtchbl jcs fcsas pcrc uhc klrraktc bmemtckmûh (raklrbcr qua jc prmnarc kuarbc as jc ba cfcol)?

Ceraec tcnfmíh c su jmfrl ah jl qua plbanls bahlnmhcr klnl uh

0;


Tuaba babukmrsa ahtlhkas qua jc eumtcrrc astcfc jmnmtcbc c 64 ÿhmkcs plsmkmlhas.

02


Ah jc lktcvc abmkmûh ba astc lfrc raabmtcbc ah 39=5, yc klnmahzch c varsa ah aj trcfcol ba [chz, jls prmnarls smehls mhkmpmahtas ba uhc askrmturc nlbarhc?

01


09


PM Trlkasl avljutmvl ba jls kmircbls ah jc nÿsmkc plpujcr cktucj 3- Bascrrljjl

B

asba aj prmnmtmvl usl baj cjicfatl pcrc mhbmkcr jcs hltcs nusmkcjas ah Erakmc `cstc huastrls bîcs, `ch pcscbl cjrabablr ba 6944 cóls. C erchbas rcsels, aj prlkasl plbrîc baskrmfmrsa klnl smeua? [mejl MY c.K. Qhc jatrc ncyÿskujc>uhc hltc / Crmstlxahls ba Rcrahtl - Qsl ba 31 hltcs bmiarahtas baj cjicfatl ermael pcrc bls lktcvcs c pcrtmr ba jc hltc JC [mejl MY b.K. / Flakml - Rrchsjmtarckmûh baj cjicfatl ermael cj jctmhl - Jatrcs C-F-K-B, atk. raanpjczch c Cjic-Fatc-Ecnnc-Bajtc, atk. - Qtmjmzc jcs nmsncs jatrcs parl pcrc jc lktcvc nãs ceubc [mejl MP - Qhc sîjcfc> uhc hltc - Aj cjicfatl ãrcfa (smejls YMMM y MP) klnl lrmeah ba jls hlnfras ba jcs hltcs lkkmbahtcjas - Tcfjl aj Bmãklhl. @mnhl c [ch Ouch Fcutmstc - Eumbl B²crazzl? Bl Va Nm Ic [lj Jc [m - Kcnmhl pcrcjajl cj cjicfatl nusmkcj

05


[mejl PYM-PYMM - Qhc jatrc ncyÿskujc>uh cklrba imol / Emrljcnl Nlhtascrbl - Rcfjc ba plsmkmlhas imocs pcrc tlkcr cklrbas l crpaemcr ah jc eumtcrrc [mejls PYMM-PYMMM - Qhc jatrc>uh cklrba Jumz ba Nmjãh - Ecspcr [chz - Tariakkmlhcnmahtl baj cjicfatl nusmkcj mtcjmchl - Mhklrplrckmûh ba puhtls pcrc mhbmkcr jls babls ba jc nchl mzqumarbc ([chz) - Mhtrlbukkmûh ba mhbmkckmlhas rîtnmkcs slfra jls kmircbls (Nmjãh) [mejls PYMM-PYMMM - Hÿnarls>cklrbas -

C pcrtmr ba cquî, jc avljukmûh ba jls kmircbls ba nÿsmkc plpujcr ( slstahmbl.

) klnmahzc uh kcnmhl nãs jahtl parl tcnfmíh nãs

Ah jc ncylrîc ba jls kcsls bahtrl ba asta ãnfmtl (oczz, rlkg, tchel, iljgjlra, cirlcnarmkchl, flssc, atk.),

00


Jls kmircbls cktucjas slh aj prlbuktl ba jc iusmûh ahtra? 3) Aj (3144-3544) 6) Jls (3944-3514) ;) Aj (C-F-K-B-A-I-E) 2) Cjeuhls ltrls smehls lrmemhcbls ah jcs pcrtmkujcrmbcbas ba cjeuhls mhstrunahtls nlbarhls, klnl jc . Jc bmiarahkmc sustchkmcj ahtra aj jaheucoa cjicfítmkl eraklrlnchl y jls cjicfatls nusmkcjas mtcjmchl y aspcólj, hl as nahlr7 nmahtrcs qua ah Erakmc y Vlnc

6- Jls kmircbls c pcrtmr baj 3=44

[

m fmah as kmartl qua aj hl sa lrmemhc ah aj klhtmhahta cnarmkchl, plr jl kucj as arrûhal jjcncrjl ‚ „ (sarîc nãs fmah ‚ „l ‚ l ‚ „ l qumzã klh ncylr prlpmabcb tlbcvîc, ‚ ), tcnfmíh as kmartl aj àk`l ba qua . Tcraka sar nuy prlfcfja qua `cyc smbl ah cjjî blhba klnmahzch c pariakkmlhcrsa jls kmircbls, qua juael, basba aj oczz, mrrcbmch su mhijuahkmc `ckmc tlbl aj nuhbl. Tcraka tcnfmíh kmartl qua `ckmc imhcjas baj smejl PMP `cstc klnmahzls baj smejl PP, hl sa utmjmzcfch jls kmircbls. Astc as jc íplkc ba cuea baj rcetmna, uhc nÿsmkc ‚c jc aurlpac„ ah cjeÿh sahtmbl, tltcjnahta askrmtc y smh juecr pcrc jc mnprlvmsckmûh klnl jl ctastmeuc jc lfrc baj pmchmstc taxchl [kltt Olpjmh (30903=35). 0=


As nuy prlfcfja qua aj lrmeah baj kmircbl nlbarhl bafc smtucrsa cjrabablr baj 3=64, smh qua puabc cboubmkcrsa su pctarhmbcb c hmheÿh nÿsmkl ah pcrtmkujcr. Chtas nãs fmah, pcrakmarc uhc krackmûh kljaktmvc, blhba nuk`ls nÿsmkls ba oczz iuarlh klhsljmbchbl plkl c plkl aj smstanc c trcvís baj tmanpl y saeurcnahta fcscbl ah hakasmbcbas ba prcktmkmbcb nusmkcj. Ah aj cól 3=23, Cpcraka aj Ãjfun ‚ „ qua klhtmaha jcs pcrtmturcs ba erchbas íxmtls plpujcras ba jc íplkc kluhtry klnl ‚

„, ‚ „ y ‚

klrrasplhbmahtas?

„, ‚ „, ‚ „, ahtra nuk`îsmncs ltrcs, klh jls kmircbls

=4


Tuaba lfsarvcrsa ah asta lrmemhcj jc pjahc vmeahkmc ba uh astmjl nuy cvchzcbl ba kmircbls.

=3


Astls sa ahkuahtrch cklnpcócbls ba uh erãimkl qua raprasahtc jcs kuarbcs ba jc eumtcrrc y jcs plsmkmlhas tahtctmvcs ba jls babls. Cbanãs -y klnl bctl nuy mnplrtchta- plbanls var qua astc pcrtmturc klnl tlbcs jcs ba su íplkc. Jc pcrtmturc kuahtc klh uh pahtcercnc blhba sljl astã jc najlbîc y bls pahtcercncs ah kjcvas ba [lj y Ic, blhba sa ahkuahtrc aj cklnpcócnmahtl pcrc pmchl. Tlr asls cóls, arch nuy klnuhas bls mhstrunahtls ba kuarbc pujscbc? y aj plr jl qua ah jc ÿjtmnc `loc baj nítlbl sa ahkuahtrch klhsmehcbcs jcs plsmkmlhas pcrc astls mhstrunahtls y jc cimhckmûh cj cmra ba sus kuarbcs. Rcnfmíh rasujtc sueastmvl lfsarvcr kûnl hcbma klhsmbarcfc hakascrml askrmfmr nÿsmkc klhvahkmlhcj pcrc eumtcrrc, ugajaja, l fchol, jmnmtchbl jc pcrtmkmpckmûh ba astls mhstrunahtls cj smnpja cklnpcócnmahtl.

=6


=;


Cjel nãs cbajchta ah aj tmanpl, ah pjahc arc baj oczz, jcs pcrtmturcs sa smnpjmimkch cÿh nãs7 sa ajmnmhc jc askrmturc klhvahkmlhcj pcrc pmchl, sa nchtmahah y ahrmquakah jls kmircbls, y sa nchtmaha (bafa taharsa ah kuahtc qua astl puaba racjmzcrsa csî plr sar aj oczz uhc ilrnc mnprlvmscbc ba jc nÿsmkc slfra uh asquanc crnûhmkl klnpcrtmbl). Cj meucj qua ah aj icksînmj chtarmlr, plbanls lfsarvcr qua jls kmircbls klhtmahah jatrcs, cjtarckmlhas, cjeuhls ltrls smehls y , àrahkmc ba jc íplkc fcrrlkc baj fcol klhtmhul.

=2


Aj mbmlnc mhejís Csî klnl aj mhejís sa `c trchsilrncbl ah mbmlnc uhmvarscj pcrc kcsm tlbcs jcs cktmvmbcbas, jl nmsnl sukaba ah jc nÿsmkc plpujcr. Aj cfakabcrml mhejís klnl raprasahtckmûh ba jc nÿsmkc crnûhmkc kmircbc, `cka qua aj ahtahbmnmahtl ba jls nÿsmkls sac plsmfja nãs cjjã ba jcs irlhtarcs ba kcbc pcîs.

;- Jc ahsaóchzc ba jc nÿsmkc `ly ah jls Astcbls Qhmbls As uhc kraahkmc fcstchta bmiuhbmbc jc ba qua jls chejlscolhas sljl usch jcs jatrcs baj su cjicfatl y hÿnarls pcrc su nÿsmkc. Aj usl baj kmircbl cjichunírmkl astã jmnmtcbl c saócjcr jls cklrbas klnl plr aoanpjl? K5 mhbmkc bl-nm-slj-smf7 Bn9= as ra-ic-jc-sm-nm Atk. Rcnfmíh sa usch jcs jatrcs pcrc raiarmrsa plr aoanpjl c uhc tlhcjmbcb(K nmhlr, F ijct, K [`crp atk.), c jcs kuarbcs cj cmra ba jc eumtcrrc (A, C, B, E, F, A), c jcs kjcvas (E kjai, I kjai atk.), y ah eaharcj pcrc hlnfrcr jcs hltcs cmsjcbcnahta. Tarl c jc `lrc ba jaar nÿsmkc `ch utmjmzch uh nuy mhtajmeahta smstanc qua csmehc uhc smjcfc bmiarahta c kcbc uhc ba jcs hltcs bmctûhmkcs y krlnãtmkcs?

Bl

Im

Bm

[lj

Va

[m *

Vm

Jc

Nm

Jm

Ic

Rm *

Bl =1


Ra

Na

Jc

Ja

Va

[lj

Vc

[a

Ic

Nm

Bl

Kcrcktarîstmkcs Tuaba lfsarvcrsa qua jc hltc [m rakmfa ah aj sljial chejlscoûh aj hlnfra ba ‚Rm„ , ah rczûh ba qua ‚[m„ sa jjcnc cj [lj#. Hl as kmartl ahtlhkas jc cimrnckmûh ba qua jcs hltcs jctmhcs ‚bl ra nm ic jc sm„ i uarlh raanpjczcbcs plr jcs jatrcs ‚ C F K B A I E„.

Chtas nãs fmah, sa `c prlbukmbl uhc iusmûh ahtra cnfls smstancs (aj cjicfítmkl mhejís y aj smjãfmkl jctmhl) klh jc avmbahta vahtcoc prãktmkc ba qua c kcbc hltc ja klrrasplhba uhc sîjcfc bmiarahta, rasarvãhblsa jcs jatrcs y ltrls smehls pcrc jc crnlhîc.

=9


PMM Jls sams tmpls fãsmkls ba cklrbas y sus kmircbls

A

h juecr ba astubmcr jls cklrbas klnl nÿjtmpjas astrukturcs mhbmvmbucjas -jl qua bmimkujtc su klnprahsmûh- jls kjcsmimkcnls ah sams tmpls fãsmkls saeÿh jc iuhkmûh qua kunpjah ah aj aherchcoa tlhcj.

Jc fcsa baj kmircbl nusmkcj klhtanplrãhal astã klhstmtumbc plr jcs smata prmnarcs jatrcs ncyÿskujcs baj cfakabcrml chejlscoûh.

3- Trmnar Rmpl? Cklrba Tariaktl Ncylr (Rarkarc ncylr + qumhtc oustc) C bmiarahkmc ba jls smstancs ermael y rlnchl, blhba kcbc jatrc raprasahtcfc uhc hltc, kcbc uhc ba astcs jatrcs raprasahtc ah aj smstanc nlbarhl, uhc trîcbc Tariaktc ncylr (;ª ncylr+1ªoustc) ba ckuarbl cj smeumahta lrbah? Jatrc C F K B A I E

C

F

K

Cklrba Jc Ncylr [m Ncylr Bl Ncylr Va Ncylr Nm Ncylr Ic Ncylr [lj Ncylr

B

A

I

E =5


Jc Ncylr

[m Ncylr

Qfmkckmûh

Cklrbas cskahbmbls y baskahbmbls

Bl Ncylr

Va Ncylr

Nm Ncylr

Ic Ncylr

[lj Ncylr

* Ercbls M y MY ba jc askcjc Ncylr hcturcj * Ercbls MMM, YM ba jc askcjc nahlr crnûhmkc

*[m uhc trîcbc ncylr hakasmtcrc sar cskahbmbc sa ja ceraecrã c jc barak`c ba jc jatrc aj smehl # (s`crp ah mhejís, slstahmbl ah kcstajjchl) plr aoanpjl I#, K#, E#, atk. *[m uhc trîcbc tuvmarc qua sar baskahbmbc sa ja kljlkcrã, tcnfmíh c jc barak`c, aj smehl f (ijct ah mhejís, fanlj ah kcstajjchl) plr aoanpjl Ff, Cf, Bf, atk.

6- [aeuhbl tmpl? Cklrba Tariaktl nahlr (Rarkarc nahlr + qumhtc oustc) [m uh cklrba as nahlr smnpjanahta sa kljlkch cj jcbl ba jc jatrc (smanpra ncyÿskujc), cjeuhl ba jls smeumahtas smehls? ‚n„ , ‚‛„ l ‚nmh„ (baj mhejís nmhlr), plr aoanpjl?

Kn Knmh K‛

Cn Cnmh C ‛

Bn Bnmh B‛

An I#n Anmh I#nmh A‛ A‛

En Enmh E‛

=0


Qfmkckmûh

* Ercbls MM, MMM y YM ba jc askcjc Ncylr hcturcj * Ercbls M y MY ba jc askcjc nahlr

;- Rarkar tmpl? Cklrba ba síptmnc ba blnmhchta (Rarkarc ncylr + qumhtc oustc + síptmnc nahlr) Qh cklrba ba blnmhchta sa klhstruya klh uhc trîcbc ncylr + uhc síptmnc nahlr.

Aj kmircbl hunírmkl ÿhmkl as aj 5 smh hmheÿh ltrl ceraecbl. L sac qua 5 smehmimkc síptmnc nahlr?

K5

B5

Qfmkckmûh

A5

I5

E5

C5

F5

* Ercbl Y ba cnfls nlbls. * [a jl jjcnc cklrba blnmhchta y, klh nãs prlpmabcb, ‚blnmhchta ba…„ * As blnmhchta ba jc hltc qua sa ahkuahtrc c uhc qumhtc oustc mhiarmlr l c uhc kucrtc oustc suparmlr (plr asl c astc rajckmûh sa jc bahlnmhc rajckmûh ba blnmhchta)

2- Kucrtl tmpl? Cklrba nahlr klh síptmnc nahlr (Rarkarc nahlr + qumhtc oustc + síptmnc nahlr) Aj kmircbl as cjichunírmkl? ‚n„ plr nahlr y 5 smh hmheÿh ceraecbl plr jc síptmnc nahlr.

Kn5

Bn5

An5

In5

En5

Cn5

Fn5 ==


Qfmkckmûh

* Ercbls MM, MMM YM nlbl Ncylr * Nlbl nahlr? M y MY ercbls. * Traiarahtanahta sa jl utmjmzc slfra aj MM baj nlbl ncylr ah jc kcbahkmc klnpuastc (MM, Y, M) y slfra aj MY baj nahlr ah jc nmsnc iûrnujc (MY, Y, M).

1- Sumhtl tmpl? Cklrba ba sahsmfja l sanmbmsnmhumbl (Rarkarc nahlr + qumhtc bmsnmhumbc + síptmnc nahlr) Aj kmircbl as cjichunírmkl, klh aj klhkursl ba ltrls smehls. Tuaba jjavcr bmiarahtas kmircbls? n5 1f, n5 f1, n5 1, ð

Kn51f Kn5f1 Kn5 1

Bn51f Bn5f1 Bn5 1

An51f An5f1 An5 1

In51f In5f1 In5 1

En51f En5f1 En5 1

Cn5f1 Fn51f Cn5f1 Fn5f1 Cn5 1 Fn5 1

Kð

Bð

Að

Ið

Eð

Cð

Qfmkckmûh

Fð

Tlr tahar jc qumhtc bmsnmhumbc sljl sa jl ufmkc ah? * Ercbl YMM baj nlbl Ncylr * Ercbl MM baj nlbl nahlr. * [a usc prmncrmcnahta klnl raanpjczl baj cklrba blnmhchta ah jcs kcbahkmcs, smh basklhlkar su utmjmzckmûh ah ltrcs kmrkuhstchkmcs.

344


9- [axtl tmpl? Cklrba bmsnmhumbl (Rarkarc nahlr + qumhtc bmsnmhumbc + síptmnc bmsnmhumbc) Cbnmta jls smeumahtas kmircbls? ‚bmn„ (bmnmhmsàb), ‚¿„, l ‚bmn 5„

K bmn K¿ K bmn5

Qfmkckmûh y Kcrcktarîstmkcs

B bmn B¿ K bmn5

E bmn E¿ E bmn5

* Aj cklrba bmsnmhumbl as uh cklrba ctîpmkl. * Tuaba sar askrmtl ba nuk`cs ncharcs parl ah racjmbcb sljl axmstah jls tras baj aoanpjl. * Nuk`cs vakas sa jl bahlnmhc ‚cklrba smnítrmkl„ plr sar uhc suparplsmkmûh ba

tarkarcs nahlras. Tlr aoanpjl, aj prmnar cklrba puaba jjcncrsa mhbmstmhtcnahta Bl, Nmf, [LJf l JC smh qua sa nlbmimqua su slhlrmbcb. ] tcnfmíh plbrîc hlnfrcrjl plr sus ahcrnlhîcs ([M#, VA#, IC# l [Mff). * [u ÿhmkc ufmkckmûh hcturcj as slfra aj YMM ercbl cskahbmbl ba jc askcjc nahlr crnûhmkc.

343


346


PMMM Bmslhchkmcs ceraecbcs c jls cklrbas fãsmkls y sus kmircbls 3- Bmslhchkmcs usucjas

K

ucjqumarc ba astls sams tmpls ba cklrbas puaba rakmfmr aj cplrta ba mhtarvcjls bmslhchtas smh qua ajjl nlbmimqua jc iuhkmûh qua kcbc uhl ba ajjls kunpja bahtrl baj aherchcoa tlhcj (iuhkmlhas ba tûhmkc, sufblnmhchta l blnmhchta). Jl qua sî sa nlbmimkc as aj kljlr, jc axprasmûh baj cklrba ciaktcbl, c vakas ba ncharc mnplrtchta. Rcnfmíh `cy qua bakmr qua sa `ch prlbukmbl nuk`ls cfusls bahtrl ba asta ãnfmtl, vljvmíhblsa nuk`cs klnplsmkmlhas mhslplrtcfjanahta cncharcbcs. Tarl klrraktcnahta utmjmzcbl, asta rakursl crnûhmkl klhstmtuya uhc fuahc ilrnc ba bltcr ba vcrmabcb c jcs klnplsmkmlhas, ahtahbmíhblsa tcnfmíh klnl tcjas, jls cklnpcócnmahtls qua racjmzc uh nÿsmkl plpujcr.

Astcs bmslhchkmcs ceraecbcs c jls cklrbas puabah sar? BAHRVL BA JC LKRCYC MHRAVYCJL BM[RCHKMC

[axtc Ncylr [íptmnc Ncylr

AH [AEQHBC LKRCYC MHRAVYCJL BM[RCHKMC

Kuctrl tlhls y uh Hlvahc sanmtlhl Ncylr Kmhkl tlhls y uh Hlvahc sanmtlhl nahlr Lhkahc cunahtcbc Rrakahc Ncylr

[mata tlhls Lk`l tlhls y uh sanmtlhl Rras tlhls Bmaz tlhls y uh sanmtlhl

Cbanãs, astcs bmslhchkmcs puabah klnfmhcrsa ahtra sî y cslkmcrsa, klh kmartcs prakcukmlhas, c jls cklrbas fãsmkls.

34;


6- Kmircbls nãs `cfmtucjas pcrc jcs bmslhchkmcs ceraecbcs (tahsmlhas) MHRAVYCJL

[axtc ncylr [íptmnc ncylr Hlvahc ncylr Hlvahc nahlr Lhkahc cun. Rrakahc ncylr Kucrtc ceraecbc

KMIVC 3

9 Nco 5 = f= +33 (*) 3; (**) [us2 (***)

KMIVC 6

KMIVC ;

5+ =f #33

=‛

(*) Jc lhkahc sa usc hlrncjnahta cunahtcbc. (**) Jc trakahc sa usc smanpra klh jc síptmnc nahlr. [m hl as csî, sa csuna klnl saxtc ceraecbc, cuhqua astí c bmstchkmc ba trakahc. (***) Jls sus2 (baj mhejís suspahbab) puabah sar uscbls cpjmkchbl jc kucrtc c uh cklrba ncylr l nahlr, l c uh cklrba klh 5ª.

;- Cjeuhls aoanpjls

K5+

K5+ =

K=

K5 =

K9 =

K33

K3;

2- Cjtarckmlhas ah jcs trîcbcs Jcs trîcbcs ncylras y nahlras puabah rakmfmr tcnfmíh cjtarckmlhas ah sus qumhtcs (# l f).

342


Rrîcbcs ncylras y sus nlbmimkckmlhas?

K

Kmircbls K cue. K bmn K 1# K 1f K 1+ K1

Rrîcbcs nahlras y sus nlbmimkckmlhas

Kn

(*)Kn cue.

Kn 1f Kn f1

(*) Asta cklrba hl as prcktmkcfja plrqua hl eaharc uh huavl cklrba, plr sar uhc ahcrnlhîc ba Cf/K. Lfvmcnahta, c astcs fcsas cjtarcbcs sa ja puabah cbmkmlhcr síptmncs, hlvahcs, lhkahcs y trakahcs, baj tmpl Ff5f1, k3; 1# atk. Rcnfmíh kcfa nahkmlhcr qua aj àk`l ba qua uhc klnfmhckmûh sac plsmfja hl csaeurc uhc fuahc slhlrmbcb hm nuk`l nahls. 1- Klhkjusmlhas Astls slh jc ncylrîc ba jls sînfljls utmjmzcbls pcrc raprasahtcr cklrbas. Jc prãktmkc ba jls nmsnls, as bakmr su utmjmzckmûh nusmkcj kltmbmchc, quabc iuarc ba jls cjkchkas ba asta jmfrl.

341


Ah huastrc íplkc, aj smstanc cjichunírmkl nusmkcj `c cbqumrmbl uh fmah echcbl prastmeml, prlbuktl ba su erch utmjmbcb y pariakkmûh bahtrl baj kcnpl ba jc nÿsmkc plpujcr uhmvarscj, cj puhtl ba klhvartmrsa ah uh ajanahtl nusmkcj mhsustmtumfja bcbc jc uhmvarscjmbcb qua `c cjkchzcbl.

349


PMY Jcs tcfjcturcs ah jc cktucjmbcb 3- Rcfjcturcs pcrc kuarbcs pujscbcs

B

aspuís ba `cfar, prãktmkcnahta, bascpcrakmbl ba kmrkujckmûh burchta jls smejls PMP y PP plr `cfar smbl baspjczcbc plr jc ah jc cktucjmbcb aj smstanc fcsa ba tcfjcturcs `c vuajtl c utmjmzcrsa, cuhqua ah eaharcj ba uh nlbl rÿstmkl y ajanahtcjîsmnl. Trmhkmpcjnahta slh uscbcs plr pcrta ba prmhkmpmchtas y cimkmlhcbls c jls mhstrunahtls ba kuarbc klnl jc eumtcrrc, aj fcol, aj ugajaja, atk. [u usl sa `c axtahbmbl klhsmbarcfjanahta c trcvís ba mhtarhat, bafmbl c qua astcs ‚ „ slh iãkmjas ba trchskrmfmr, klpmcr y ahtahbar, , jl qua hl `cka nãs qua nlstrcr aj pahlsl batarmlrl cj qua jc abukckmûh nusmkcj `c jjaecbl ah aj smejl PPM. Jaols astãh ba jcs tcfjcturcs pcrc eumtcrrc baj smejl PYMM y klnmahzls baj PYMMM, jcs kucjas klhstmtuîch blhba sa plbîc jaar jc rîtnmkc ba jcs lfrcs klnl csî tcnfmíh jc bmemtckmûh ba nchl mzqumarbc c anpjacr y ltrls smehls nusmkcjas meucjnahta vcjmlsls. Jcs tcfjcturcs astãh klnpuastcs plr tchtcs jîhacs klnl kuarbcs tmaha uh mhstrunahtl. Eaharcjnahta sa aspakmimkc su cimhckmûh ah jc pcrta mzqumarbc, utmjmzchbl jc ba jcs hltcs, cuhqua sm sa trctc ba jc cimhckmûh astãhbcr baj mhstrunahtl, puaba lnmtmrsa.

], klnl yc vmnls, tcnfmíh c jc mzqumarbc y cj klnmahzl ba jc tcfjcturc, sa kljlkc c vakas jc kjcva sustmtutmvc lrbahcbc ah ilrnc vartmkcj. 345


Ah jcs jîhacs ba jc tcfjcturc cpcrakah uhls hÿnarls qua mhbmkch aj trcsta qua sa `c ba pmscr cj tlkcr jc kuarbc (uh ‚4„ -karl- mhbmkc qua sa `c ba tlkcr jc kuarbc cj cmra). Ah jc tcfjcturc tcnfmíh puabah cpcrakar jatrcs u ltrls sînfljls. Jcs tcfjcturcs puabah sar

.

Jcs sljl mhbmkch ah quí kcsmjjarls `cy qua kljlkcr jls babls ba jc nchl mzqumarbc smh hmheuhc mhbmkckmûh rîtnmkc hm ba bmemtckmûh c utmjmzcr, jl qua mnpjmkc? - qua cj hl mhbmkcr jc bmemtckmûh, puabah prlvlkcrsa bcóls tíkhmkls nuy bmiîkmjas ba arrcbmkcr. Jcs tcfjcturcs ceraech uhc mhbmkckmûh rîtnmkc prakmsc c jls hÿnarls ba jls kcsmjjarls. Jcs tcfjcturcs jjavch jc mhbmkckmûh ba jls kcsmjjarls c pmscr, y jc mhbmkckmûh baj rmtnl, bafcol baj pahtcercnc klh jc lfrc

Rcfjcturc [mnpja

340


Rcfjcturc Klnpuastc

Rcfjcturc Klnfmhcbc

Rcnfmíh sa chltch ltrls sînfljls cuxmjmcras klnl jls cblrhls y aiaktls. Astls puabah sar ahtra ltrls? (Jmecbl cskahbahta)? Ísta sa `cka tlkchbl uhc hltc y saeumbcnahta eljpachbl (ncrtmjjl) uh kcsmjjarl nãs crrmfc l aj prmnar kcsmjjarl sm sa astã tlkchbl jc kuarbc cj cmra. (jmecbl baskahbahta)? As jc mhvarsmûh baj [a cplych bls babls ah jc nmsnc kuarbc, ah uh prlkasl baskahbahta, sa tlkc jc hltc smtucbc fcol aj babl qua astã nãs c jc barak`c, y asa nmsnl babl ilrnc uh echk`l qua pajjmzkc jc kuarbc. (astmrcr)? aj klhsmsta ah prasmlhcr jc kuarbc ah uh batarnmhcbl kcsmjjarl, y astmrcrjc `ckmc crrmfc smh sljtcrjc. Aj fahbmhe puaba sar (3 tlhl) l (uh sanmtlhl), cuhqua tcnfmíh puaba `cfar astmrcnmahtls ncylras. (basjmzcr)? Cj tlkcr sa crrcstrc aj babl qua sa ahkuahtrc slfra aj raspaktmvl kcsmjjarl `cstc ltrl, yc sac plstarmlr l chtarmlr cj qua sa 34=


astã pmschbl, smh qumtcr aj babl (hl puaba `ckarsa tlkchbl jc kuarbc cj cmra). ? [a prlbuka tlkchbl jc kuarbc ah uh batarnmhcbl trcsta smh `ckar prasmûh slfra íj. ? [a tlkc jc hltc y sa `cka lskmjcr klh jc pcjchkc ba jc eumtcrrc, l fmah `ckmahbl uh fahb jl nãs rãpmbl plsmfja `ckmc crrmfc y `ckmc cfcol, sm sa qumara mnmtcr naolr c jc vlz ùnchc, `ckmahbl uhc lskmjckmûh klh aj babl ba barak`c c mzqumarbc. (cpcecbl klh jc pcjnc)? Jc hltc as jmearcnahta cpcecbc klh aj klstcbl axtarmlr ba jc nchl barak`c nmahtrcs astãh slhchbl jcs hltcs.

334


6- Rcfjcturcs pcrc fcol ba kuctrl kuarbcs [mnpja

Klnpuastc

Klnfmhcbc

333


;- Rcfjcturcs pcrc takjcbls

J

ls mhstrunahtls ba takjcbl tcnfmíh tmahah blhba kcbc jîhac raprasahtc uhc lktcvc. Jcs hltcs sa mhbmkch klh aj kmircbl ba jatrcs (K, B, A, I, E, C, F). [arãh sm astãh raiarmbcs c jcs pcrc jcs takjcs haercs. Jls aspckmls ahtra hltc y hltc y jls smjahkmls sa ercimkch klh eumlhas. Rcnfmíh sa puaba mhbmkcr jc raslhchkmc ba uhc hltc ) sustmtuyahbl jls eumlhas plr aj smehl , cbanãs ba ltrls sînfljls plr aj astmjl. Astc ilrnc ba askrmturc pcrc takjcbls as nuy plkl uscbc plrqua prasahtc -cj meucj qua jcs tcfjcturcs klnpuastcs pcrc eumtcrrc l fcol? su erch klnpjaombcb `cka qua sac

Cquî plbanls var uh aoanpjl ba tcfjcturc cktucj ba Tmchl? V 2 |a-a-a-a-E-E-E-E-B-B-B-c-c-c-c-E-a-a-a-a-E-E-E-E-BB-B-c-c-c-c-E| V ; | K88888K-a88888a-------I888I888a-K88888Ka88888a-------I888I888a| J 6 | K88888K-a88888a-f88888I888I888a-K88888Ka88888a-f88888I888I888a| J 3 | ----------------f88888--------------------------f88888--------| J (jait)? nchl mzqumarbc V (rme`t)? nchl barak`c K`lrus ba ‚Oust Bchka„ ba [taichm Earnchlttc, Cjmcuha R`mcn y Hc`mr G`cyct

336


2- Rcfjcturcs pcrc crnûhmkc

J

c ilrnc nãs plpujcr y sahkmjjc ba raprasahtcr jcs hltcs pcrc crnûhmkc ah tcfjcturc klhsmsta ah mhbmkcr sukasmvcnahta ba aj hÿnarl ba kajbc, y sm jc kajbc sa

[aócjcr sm jc kajbc sa slpjc l sa cspmrc, sa puaba `ckar ba nuk`cs ncharcs. Tlr aoanpjl? klh ijak`cs pcrc slpjcr, l ijak`cs pcrc cspmrcr. Rcnfmíh sa suaja kljlkcr ahtra pcríhtasms jcs cspmrcbcs. Qhl ba jls nítlbls nãs smnpjas y prãktmkls klhsmsta ah hunarcr jc kajbc qua sa tlkc. Juael . ‛„ @cy ltrls sînfljls qua mhbmkch cjtarckmlhas ah jcs hltcs ( atk.). [manpra astã mhbmkcbc ah kcbc tcfjcturc -l bafarîc astcrjl- jc ilrnc ba mhtarpratcrjc klh jls smehls qua sa mhbmquah ah kcbc kcsl. Tlr jl eaharcj jcs tcfjcturcs hl mhkjuyah mhbmkcblras tcjas klnl aj rmtnl, jcs hltcs y sus smjahkmls atk., puastl qua sa trctc ba uh nlbl rubmnahtcrml ba chltcr jcs klnplsmkmlhas. Tlr asa nltmvl as cklhsaocfja qua uhc tcfjcturc vcyc smanpra cklnpcócbc ba su klrrasplhbmahta crk`mvl ba cubml.

33;


332


Tcjcfrcs imhcjas

6

144 cóls ba `mstlrmc ba jc nÿsmkc hl slh plkls, tahmahbl ah kuahtc cbanãs, qua ànls tahmbl qua lfvmcr nuk`îsmncs raiarahkmcs y bctls ba mhtarís, mnplsmfjas ba klhsmehcr bahtrl ba jls jînmtas rmeurlsls ba asta trcfcol. [mh anfcrel tlbl jlerl, tlbc avljukmûh, rcrîsmncs vakas puaba sar ctrmfumfja c uhc sljc parslhc, smhl qua as aj prlbuktl baj trcfcol y jc cpjmkckmûh ba jc mhtajmeahkmc ùnchc ckunujcbls eaharckmûh trcs eaharckmûh.

Jc avljukmûh ba jls cjicfatls nusmkcjas y hunírmkls basba jc kujturc ermaec, jls smejls PYMM y PYMMM `cstc jjaecr cj cktucj kmircbl cjichunírmkl nusmkcj, as uh axkajahta aoanpjl cj raspaktl. Astc pariakkmûh as aspakmcjnahta lfsarvcfja ah jcs lfrcs ba Oczz blhba aj kmircbl cjichunírmkl nusmkcj cbqumara su nãxmnc axprasmûh. 331


Aj Oczz klnl mbaljleîc Ba tlbls jls eíharls nusmkcjas, aj oczz as jc ÿhmkc nÿsmkc qua axkaba su klhbmkmûh aspakîimkc, yc qua klhstmtuya ah ilrnc sustchkmcj, uhc mbaljleîc. Mnpjmkc uhc ncharc aspakmcj ba chbcr plr jc vmbc, ba pahscr jc vmbc. ¼] quí nchmimastc aj oczz c trcvís ba sus crnlhîcs, cklrbas, sus ilrncs ba ahjczcrsa, jls sljls, jcs klnuhmlhas rauhmbcs ah jcs ocns< …Jc jmfartcb iuhbcnahtcj baj `lnfra, jc krackmûh puastc

ah uh cktl kcsm frutcj y scjvcoa, y aj mhtajaktl ùnchl puastl cj sarvmkml ba astc axprasmûh ba jmfartcb. As jmfartcb qua huhkc plbrã sar crrcscbc

…smnpjanahta plrqua as. …Q h sahtmbl nmjmtchta ba jc nÿsmkc.

Tuaba klhkjumrsa ahtlhkas qua, sm fmah jc mbac ba kmircr nÿsmkc pcrc lftahar uh rasujtcbl anmhahtanahta prãktmkl y cj cjkchka ba nuk`cs parslhcs hl as cjel hlvablsl, aj kmircbl cjichunírmkl, smh juecr c bubcs, cbqumara kcrtc ba kmubcbchîc ah jls Astcbls Qhmbls ba Hlrtacnírmkc. Jcs tcfjcturcs hl klrrmarlh aj nmsnl bastmhl. C pcrtmr baj smejl PYMMM klnahzcrlh uh jaht4 prlkasl ba baercbckmûh `cstc jjaecr ah huastrc íplkc, c jînmtas bmiîkmjas ba ahtahbar, bmiîkmjas ba oustmimkcr, bmiîkmjas ba bmearmr y nuk`l nãs cÿh sm uhl pratahba chcjmzcr aj iahûnahl basba aj uh ãheujl sljcnahta nusmkcj. Asparl smhkarcnahta qua asta paquaól jmfrl -cj `ckarhls klhlkar cspaktls kcsm ljvmbcbls ba jc `mstlrmc ba jc nÿsmkc- hls `cec sahtmr nahls slfarfmls, nãs mhtaercbls c uh sar kljaktmvl y nãs ùnchls ah aj naolr sahtmbl baj tírnmhl. Kcrjls Garsavch 339


Aj iljgjlra nusmkcj Creahtmhl - Ab. Vmklrbm Rrctcbl ba crnlhîc - Ncrtîh Abmtlr (3011) Abukckmûh ba jc nanlrmc nusmkcj - Ab. Vmklrbm Astítmkc y krackmûh nusmkcj - Ab. @ckàtta Klpjch `cfjc slfra nÿsmkc - Ab. [mejl Yamhta Asquanc baj Iljgjlra - Ab. Kljunfmc -

@mstlrmc ba jc nÿsmkc ah jc chtmeúabcb - Ab. Vmklrbm -

Aj oczz. @mstlrmc y prasahkmc - Ab. Klhvareahkmc Bmbãktmkc Nusmkcj - Ab. Vmklrbm Ilrn mh tlhcj nusmk - Ab. @ljt, Vmha`crt chb Umhstlh Mhk . Akls ba nurkmíjcels y `lnfras - Aubafc Ahkmkjlpabmc ba jc nÿsmkc - Ab. Ermocjfl [axtaaht` kahtury `crnlhy ‛ Ab. @.U.Ercy &Kl. Mhk. 335


Cbmastrcnmahtl ajanahtcj pcrc nÿsmkls - Ab. Vmklrbm -

Crnlhîc trcbmkmlhcj - Ab. Vmklrbm Ilrncs prakjãsmkcs ba jc bchzc - Aubafc Kchtcr smh jmnmtckmlhas - Ab. Kcnfmã tu Ylz Rrcmtí ba j²lrkàstrctmlh - Ab.Ncx Ask`ma Nÿsmkc ba lrmahta - Ab. Jcflr Jc avljukmûh nusmkcj ba lkkmbahta - Ab. Vmklrbm Jls ncastrls baj oczz - Aubafc Rrctcbl ba crnlhîc - Ab. Vmklrbm -

Rrctcbl ba crnlhîc - Ab. Vmklrbm -

Rwahtmat` kahtury `crnlhy ‛ Ab. Hlrtlh&Kl. Mhk.H] Fcsmk Nusmk - Ab. Fcjwmh&Nmjjs Klnplsmkmûh nusmkcj - Ab. Jcflr Trmhkmpmls ba lrquastckmûh - Ab. Vmklrbm 330


Cpuhtas ba Klnplsmkmûh pcrc jc lrquastc ba oczz Mhstrukkmûh slfra jc eumtcrrc aspcóljc - Lrmemhcj cól 3952 Mhtrlbukkmûh c O.[.Fck` - Aubafc Bmkkmlhcrml Lxilrb ba jc nÿsmkc ‛ Ab. Ab`csc Ajanahtm bm klnplsmzmlha - Ab.Vmklrbm Mtcjmc -

Nlbajl pcrc astubmchtas ba klnplsmkmûh - Ab. Vmklrbm -

@mstlrmc ba jc nÿsmkc - Ab. Vmklrbm 3=26 Ckÿstmkc nusmkcj y lrechljleîc - Ab. Vmklrbm Rrctcbl ba klhtrcpuhtl - Ab. Vmklrbm Jcs fcsas psmkljûemkcs ba jc abukckmûh nusmkcj - Aubafc @mstlrmc ba jc nÿsmkc - Ab. Jcflr Rrctcbl ba crnlhîc - Ab. Jcflr

33=


El Cifrado Americano

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