Cualquier observación o sugerencia será bien recibida a al correo =
[email protected] o facebook Jaime Rodríguez Ya que no soy un profesional y agradecería mas información para complementarlo.
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PRINCIPIOS BASICOS DE LA MUSICA
¿Qué es la música? La música
Es el arte de combinar bien los sonidos y el tiempo o ritmo . El sonido
Es el producto de los cuerpos sonoros. El ruido
Es un sonido indeterminado; no tiene ritmo; por ejemplo lo que se produce cuando se cae un lápiz, o dos piedras al chocar. Elementos de la música
El pentagrama o pauta, las claves, las notas, y los silencios o pautas, el ritmo y l os compas.
METODOS PARA APRENDER MUSICA Existen dos métodos para aprender música A) EL SOLFEO B) EL SIFRADO
SOL- FA y su definición es el arte de medir bien y entonar dando El solfeo: es una derivación de la palabra SOL-FA a cada signo su propio nombre. s e escriben de forma El cifrado: es una derivación de el cifrado en el cual, los acordes y las notas se abreviada utilizando, letras símbolos, símbolos, y números para los mismos. mismos.
CARACTERISTICA DE LOS SONODOS MUSICALES Todas las cosas tienen propiedades que son necesarias necesarias para su existencia, así es que se llaman propiedades especiales. Por ejemplo: un lápiz no podría ser lápiz si no tuviera longitud y forma. Un sonido musical tiene cuatro propiedades esenciales: DURACION
du ración. 1. DURACION: Quiere decir el tiempo que se sostenga el sonido o su duración. 2. TONO: se refiere a lo grabe o a lo agudo de el sonido
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4. TIMBRE: describe el carácter del sonido, si el sonido es suave, penetrante o áspero. ásp ero. Se nota que el timbre de un caña de boquilla difiere del el sonido de el piano y la guitarra de el clarinete.
Cualquier sonido tiene duración intensidad y timbre, mas solamente un sonido musical tiene las cuatro propiedades descritas. NOMBRE DE LAS NOTAS
La música es el verdadero idioma universal. Sin embargo es mucho más fácil aprender a leer la música que aprender aprender a leer un idioma hablado. Las palabras del texto de la música se hacen con las notas hay solamente 7 notas en el alfabeto musical en vez de 28, sus nombres son: DO, RE, MI, FA, SOL, LA, SI, DO. El orden descendente descendente es el inverso del orden ascendente, o sea DO, SI, LA SOL, FA, MI RE, DO. He aquí una sección del teclado del piano. Los siete sonidos musicales se encuentran en las notas blancas o naturales de DO hasta DO como en este diseño.
Ilustración 1
Como comprenden de 8 notas de DO a DO se llama “una octava”
DIAGRAMA DE UNA OCTAVA
En la música existen 7 notas musicales de; DO, RE, MI, FA, SOL, LA, SI. Estas las encontramos en una sección del piano, que conocemos como una octava o ctava que consta de 8 teclas blancas y 5 negras. En una octava encontramos todas las notas que conocemos. Para una mejor comprensión observe la siguiente figura.
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Teclas negras se llaman sostenidos (#) o bemoles b
Teclas blancas son la notas DO, RE…. (Notas naturales)
Las notas negras corresponden a las mismas teclas blancas. Solo que estas notas o teclas están alteradas son SOSTENIDO (#) o BEMOLES (b).
Se llaman sostenidos (#) cuando se tocan de d e izquierda a derecha. Se llaman bemoles (b) cuando se tocan de derecha a izquierda.
EL SISTEMA CIFRADO En este sistema se le asignan letras a las notas♪ del piano de manera que: A= LA, B=SI, C=DO, D=RE, E=MI, F=FA, G=SOL, y si esta alterada la nota se llama: C#, R#, F#, G#, A# o Db, Eb, Gb, Ab, Bb. Bb.
Los sonidos intermedios: Seguramente al observar en el teclado usted se ha preguntado ¿Por qué en el piano hay dos clases de teclas? ¿Por que en el grupo de las l as negras hay tan solo cinco y en cambio en el de las blancas hay siete? la respuesta a esta interrogante la explicaremos de la manera siguiente: Nuestro sistema musical esta formado por doce sonidos diferentes. De estos siete
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Las negras se dividen en grupos de a dos y tres. En el ejemplo de abajo fíjese en la tecla marcada “DO” no tiene nombre. Es un medio tono más alto que “DO”. Subiendo la próxima tecla es “RE” sigue una tecla que no tiene nombre. Luego va “MI” ahora la próxima es blanca que se llama “FA”. Aunque “MI” y”FA” son blancas hay solamente un medio tono entre las dos . Y entre “DO” y”RE” hay un tono completo, porque son dos medios tonos, entre “RE” y”MI” hay otro tono completo. ¿Cuántos tonos hay entre “FA” y”SOL”? y”SOL” ? ¿Entre “SI” y”DO y”DO”? ”? Para una mejor comprensión analice la siguiente figura:
SISTEMA MUSICAL TEMPERADO Seguramente ha observado que existe una diferencia tonal entre cada una de las teclas de su instrumento, esta diferencia se llama Semi-Tono o Medio-Tono que equivale a la distancia entre tecla y tecla formando un sistema en el que cada doce semitonos integran una octava y esto se repite tres, cuatro o cinco veces dependiendo del modelo y tamaño del mismo. A este sistema se le denomina sistema musical temperado adaptado a la mayor parte de nuestra música.
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Se llama ESCALA a la sucesión repetitiva de los sonidos ordenados en forma ascendente o descendente. La mayor parte de nuestra música esta basada en Escalas Mayores y Escalas Menores. Escalas Mayores Son las escalas más importantes por que de ahí se han derivado otras como; la escala menor, menor armónica y menor melódica. Una escala Mayor es una sucesión de ocho sonidos que obedecen a un orden especifico; las escala recibe el nombre de su primer nota o sonido. La escala mayor mas conocida es la de DO MAYOR. Analícela.
Se llaman grados de la escala a la numeración (empleando números romanos) de los sonidos que la forman, así que:
DO es el grado RE es el grado MI es el grado
I II III
FA es el grado SOL es el grado LA es el grado
IV V VII
SI es el grado VII DO es el grado VIII
Los grados de la escala y sus nombres A cada nota de una escala se le ha asignado un nombre tomando como base las escalas de DO mayor Podemos establecer la siguiente ilustración:
Grados:
DO
RE
MI MI
FA
SOL
LA
SI
DO
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
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Ejercitando las escalas Para ejercitar las escalas deberás usar correctamente los dedos de ambas manos para mayor comodidad y mejor estética. Ejemplo: forma ascendente y descendente mano derecha.
Grados
1º
2º
3º
4º
5º
6º
7º
8º
Notas
C
D
E
F
G
A
B
C
Dedos
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
Forma ascendente y descendente mano izquierda
Grados
1º
2º
3º
4º
5º
6º
7º
8º
Notas
C
D
E
F
G
A
B
C
Dedos
5
4
3
2
1
3
2
1
Uso correcto de los dedos Numerando los dedos 1- pulgar 2- índice 3- mayor 4- anular 5- meñique
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Tabla de escalas mayores y sus respectivos sostenidos y bemoles 1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
Mano
5
4
3
2
1
3
2
1
derecha
C=
DO
RE
MI
FA
SOL
LA
SI
DO
D=
RE
MI
FA#
SOL
LA
SI
DO#
RE
E=
MI
FA#
SOL#
LA
SI
DO#
RE#
MI
F=
FA
SOL
LA
SIb
DO
RE
MI
FA
G=
SOL
LA
SI
DO
RE
MI
FA#
SOL
A=
LA
SI
DO#
RE
MI
FA#
SOL#
LA
B=
SI
DO#
MI#
FA
SOL#
LA#
SI
RE#
Escalas sostenidas mayores C# = DO#
RE#
FA
FA#
SOL#
LA#
DO
DO#
D# = RE#
FA
SOL LAb
SIb SIb
DO
RE
RE#
F# = FA#
SOL# LA#
SI
DO#
RE#
FA
FA#
RE#
FA
SOL
SOL#
SOL
LA
LA#
G# = SOL# LA#
DO
DO#
A# = LA#
RE
MIb
DO
FA
Mano izquierda
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
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Tabla de escalas menores con sus respectivos sostenidos y bemoles. Escala menores Cm = DO
RE
MIb
FA
SOL
LAb
SIb
DO
Dm = RE
RE
MIb
FA
SOL
LAb
SIb
DO
Em = MI
FA#
SOL
LA
SI
DO
RE
MI
Fm =
SOL
LAb
SIb
DO
REb
MIb
FA
Gm = SOL
LA
SIb
DO
RE
MIb
FA
SOL
Am = LA
SI
DO
RE
MI
FA
SOL
Bm = SI
DO#
RE
MI
FA#
SOL
FA
LA
LA B
Escalas sostenidas menores C#m = DO#
RE#
MI
FA#
SOL#
LA
SI
DO#
D#m = RE#
FA
FA#
SOL#
LA#
SI
DO#
RE#
F#m = FA#
SOL#
LA
SI
DO#
RE
MI
FA#
G#m = SOL#
LA#
SI
DO#
RE#
MI
FA# SOL#
A#m = LA#
DO
DO#
RE#
FA
FA# SOL# LA#
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Escala de do menor
Escala de re mayor
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D
E
Escala de MI menor
Escala de FA mayor
F
G
A
Bb
C
D
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Escala de SOL mayor
Escala de sol menor
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Escala de si mayor
Escala de si menor
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Diagrama de escalas menores armónica y melódica. Escala de DO menor Armónica
Escala menor Melódica
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La posición fundamental es la versión original del acorde. Si un acorde se compone de tres notas , tiene tres formas de hacerse o tiene tres inversiones. Acordes de 4 notas Acorde de Do novena Mayor
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Tabla de acordes menores Posición fundamental
1 ª inversion
2 ª inversion
Cm
DO+MIb+SOL
MIb+SOL+ DO
SOL+ DO+ MIb
Dm
RE+FA+LA
FA+LA+ RE
LA+ RE+ FA
Em
MI+SOL+SI
SOL+SI+ MI
SI+ MI+ SOL
Fm
FA+LAb+DO
LAb+DO+ FA
DO+ FA+ LAb
Gm
SOL+SIb+RE
SIb+RE+ SOL
RE+ SOL+ SIb
Am
LA+DO+MI
DO+MI+ LA
MI+ LA+ DO
Bm
SI+RE+FA#
RE+FA#+ SI
FA#+ SI+ RE
Tabla de los bajos para los acordes mayores y menores DO =
DO – SOL
FA =
FA – DO
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Los círculos armónicos Se utilizan para acompañar las melodías y están formados por 3 o más acordes se pueden formar en notas mayores y menores. Círculos mayores El círculo más sencillo es el que se compone de tres acordes usando el 1º , 4º y 5º grado de la escala mayor. En este círculo todos los acordes son mayores. Ejemplo: circulo de DO DO Nota base
SOL Acorde auxiliar
FA Acorde auxiliar