Ekosistem Air Tawar

EKOSISTEM AIR TAWAR  TUGAS UJI KOMPETENSI KOMPETENSI 3  “EKOSISTEM AIR TAWAR” MATA KULIAH EKOLOGI DAN ILMU LINGKUNGAN Dosen Pengampu  D!" Sa!#ono$ M" P%

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Lu*(+ana Nu! ,a!&%a

-K./)01/2 -K./)01/2 

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3"

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R&7an A'a8&

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Te4a Se*7a A%&

-K./)01

9"

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-K./)01:9 -K./)01:9 

-K./)01.6

PENDIDIKAN GEOGRA,I  JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN PENDIDIKAN ILMU PENGET PENGETAHUAN AHUAN SOSIAL

,AKULTAS AKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN UNI;ERSITAS SE

La*a! &' =&'a %&=an%&ng5an %engan 'au*an maupun %a!a*an$ namun %em&5&an e5os&s*em a&! *a#a! mem&'&5& pe!anan 7ang sanga* pen*&ng 5a!ena me!upa5an sum=e! a&! !uma( *angga %an &n%us*!& 7ang mu!a(" Pe!a&!an a&! *a#a! me!upa5an*empa* %&sposa'?pem=uangan 7ang mu%a( %an mu!a( " Sua*u e5os&s*em %apa* *e!=en*u5 o'e( a%an7a &n*e!a5s& an*a!a ma5('u5 %an'&ng5ungann7a$ =a&5 an*a!a ma5('u5 (&%up %engan ma5('u5 (&%up 'a&nn7a %anan*a!a ma5('u5 (&%up %engan '&ng5ungan a=&o*&5 -(a=&*a*" In*e!a5s& %a'ame5os&s*em %&%asa!& a%an7a (u=ungan sa'&ng mem=u*u(5an an*a!a sesama ma5('u5 (&%up %an a%an7a e5sp'o&*as& '&ng5ungan a=&o*&5 un*u5 5e=u*u(an %asa! (&%up=ag& ma5('u5 (&%up" D&'&(a* %a!& aspe5 5e=u*u(ann7a$ sesunggu(n7a &n*e!a5s& =ag& ma5('u5 (&%upumumn7a me!upa5an upa7a men%apa*5an ene!g& =ag& 5e'angsungan (&%upn7a 7ang me'&pu*& pe!*um=u(an$ peme'&(a!aan$ !ep!o%u5s& %an pe!ge!a5an" Ke=e!'angsungan *e!se=u* mem=ua* se*&ap &n%&@&%u =e!8uang un*u5 %apa* mempe!*a(an5an 5e'angsungan (&%upn7a" Se(&ngga me!e5a memp!o%u5s& sega'a (a' 7ang me!e5a =u*u(5an %a'am me'angsung5an (&%upn7a"


A"

Penge!*&an E5os&s*em A&! Ta#a!

Se>a!a umum$ ma5su% e5os&s*em a%a'a( sua*u (u=ungan *&m=a' =a'&5 7ang *e!8a%& an*a!a ma5('u5 (&%up %engan '&ng5ungann7a" D&se5&*a! 5&*a$ a%a =an7a5 se5a'& e5os&s*em 7ang *e!8a%&$ mung5&n &*u e5os&s*em a&! *a#a!$ e5os&s*em$ pan*a&$ e5os&s*em %a!a*$ %an se=aga&n7a *e!gan*ung %a!& '&ng5ungan *empa* (&%up ma5('u5 *e!se=u*" Se%ang5an 7ang %&ma5su% e5os&s*em a&! *a#a! a%a'a( sua*u =en*u5 men7e'u!u( a*au *a*anan 7ang a%a %&%a'am a&! *a#a! %an se5&*a!n7a 7ang *e!%&!& %a!& ma5('u5 (&%up %&%a'am a&! *e!se=u* %an '&ng5ungan a&! *a#a! &*u sen%&!&" E5os&s*em a&! *a#a! a5an sa'&ng mempenga!u(& an*a!a sa*u 5omponen %engan 5omponen 'a&nn7a" Komponen pem=en*u5 e5os&s*em %apa* %&=e%a5an men8a%& %ua 7a&*u Komponen (&%up -=&o*&5 Komponen *&%a5 (&%up -a=&o*&5

on*o( 5omponen (&%up %&%a'am a&! *a#a! a%a'a( &5an$ se!angga %a'am a&!$ %an sega'a ma5('u5 (&%up 7ang a%a %&se5&*a! pe!a&!an *e!se=u*" Se%ang5an 5omponen ma*& a*au *&%a5 (&%up a%a'a( =en%aB=en%a %&%a'am *e'aga a*au sunga& &*u sen%&!& 7ang %&guna5an se=aga& me%&a (&%up %a!& ma5('u5 (&%up %&%a'amn7a" In*e!a5s& an*a!a 5omponen =&o*&5 %engan 5omponen a=&o*&5 a5an mem=en*u5 5esa*uan 7ang *&%a5 %apa* %&p&sa(5an$ %an (a' &*u'a( 7ang men8a%&5an se=ua( e5os&s*em %&%a'am a&! *a#a! maupun %&*empa* 'a&nn7a" <"

&!&B>&!& E5os&s*em A&! Ta#a!

E5os&s*em a&! *a#a! &n& mem&'&5& >&!&B>&!& *e!*en*u an*a!a 'a&n Pa%a #&'a7a( *e!se=u* *&%a5 *e!%apa* @a!&as& su(u 7ang men>o'o5" Ke>en%e!ungan pene*!as& *e!(a%ap >a(a7a sanga* 5u!ang 7ang %&penga!u(& o'e( >ua>a 8uga &5'&m"  Tum=u(an 7ang =an7a5 %&8umpa& pa%a e5os&s*em 7ang sa*u &n& a%a'a( 8en&s ganggang" O!gan&sme 7ang (&%up %& %a'am e5os&s*em &n& umumn7a *e'a( menga'am& Case a%ap*as&" Ka%a! ga!am sanga* !en%a( =a(5an 8au( 'e=&( !en%a( 8&5a %&=an%&ng5an 5a%a! ga!am pa%a p!o*op'asma o!gan&sme a&!" Ka%a! ga!am?sa'&n&*asn7a sanga* !en%a($ =a(5an 'e=&( !en%a( %a!& 5a%a! ga!am p!o*op'asma o!gan&sme a5ua*&5" ;a!&as& su(u sanga* !en%a(" Pene*!as& >a(a7a ma*a(a!& 5u!ang" D&penga!u(& o'e( &5'&m %an >ua>a" "

,a5*o! Pem=a*as e5os&s*em A&! Ta#a!

 T&pe *&pe %an Ca5*o! Ca>*o! pem=a*as" Ha=&*a* a&! *a#a! menempa*& %ae!a( 7an !e'a*&C 5e>&' pa%a pe!mu5aan =um&$ %&=an%&ng5an %engan (a=&*a* 'au*an %an %a!a*an$ *e*eap& =ag& manus&a 5epen*&ngann7a 8au( 'e=&( =e!a!*& %&=an%&ng5an %engan 'uas %ae!a(n7a" Ka!ena a'asan a'asa se=aga& =e!&5u*  )" Ha=&*a* a&! *a#a! me!upa5an sum=e! a&! 7ang pa'&ng p!a5*&s %an mu!a( un*u5 5epen*&ngan %omes*&5 maupun &n%us*!& -a&! mung5&n %apa* %&pe!o'e( %a'am 8um'a( 'e=&( =an7a5 %a!& 'au*$ *e*ap& %engan =&a7a %engan =&a7a 7ang 'e=&( *&ngg& 7a&*u 'e=&( =an7a5 ene!g& 7ang %&pe!'u5an %an a%an7a popus& ga!am" 0"

Komponen a&! *a#a! a%a'a( “'e(e! =o*o'” -%ae!a( 5!&*&s pa%a %au! (&%!o'og& "

3" E5os&s*em a&! *a#a! mena#a!5an s&s*em pem=uangan 7ang mema%a& %an pa'&ng mu!a(" Ka!ena manus&a men7a'a( guna5an sum=e! %a7a &n& ma5a 8e'as =a(#a usa(a un*u5 mengu!ang& *e5anan *e!se=u* (a!us %&'a5u5an se>epa*n7a$ =&'a *&%a5$ a&! a5an men8a%& Ca5*o! pem=a*as =ag& manus&a"

,a5*o!BCa5*o! pem=a*as 7ang >u5up pen*&ng pa%a a&! *a#a!$ %an 7ang a5an %&=&>a!a5an men%a'am pa%a *&ap pem=a(asan %a!& s&s*em a5ua*&5 a%a'a(  

Su(u"

A&! mempun7a& =e=e!apa s&Ca* un&5 7ang =e!(u=ungan %engan panas 7ang se>a!a =e!samaBsama mengu!an& pe!u=a(an su(u sampa& *&ng5a* m&n&ma'$ se(&na pe!=e%aan su(u %a'am a&! 'e=&( 5e>&' %an pe!u=a(an 7ang *e!8a%& 'e=&( 'am=a* %a!& pa%a u%a!a" S&Ca* 7ang *e!pen*&ng a%a'a(   Panas 8en&s 7ang *&ngg&$ !e'a*&C se8um'a( =esa! panas %&nu*u(5an un*u5 me!u=a( su(u a&!" ) g!am 5a'o!& -g5a' panas %&=u*u(5an un*u5 mena&55an su(u ) m' -) g!am a&! )1  'e=&( *&ngg& -an*a!a ).B)91 (an7a amon&a %an =e=e!apa sen7a#a 'a&n mempun7a& n&'a& 'e=&( %a!& sa*u"  Panas Cus& 7ang *&ngg&" 21 5a'o!& %&=u*u( 5an un*u5 mengu=a( ) g!am es men8a%& a&! *anpa mengu=a( su(un7a -%an se=a'&5n7a"  Panas e@apo!as& 7ang *&ng&" .39 5a'o!& %&se!ap se#a5*u e@apo!as& 7ang %apa* %&5a*a5an =e!'angsun *e!us mene!us %a!& pe!mu5aan @ege*as& $ a&! %an es$ se=ag&an =esa! s&na! ma*a(a!& %&guna5an un*u5 e@apo!as& a&! %a!& e5os&s*em %&%un&a$ %an a'u! ene!g& &n& mengu=a( &5'&m %an memung5&n5an pe!5em=angan 5e(&%upan %a'am semua 5eane5a!agaman 7ang mena58u=5an"  Ke!apa*an a&! *e!*&ngg& *e!8a%& pa%a su(u /1  F %&a*as %an %&=a#a( *&*&5 *e!se=u* a&! a5an =e!5em=ang %an men8a%& 'e=&( !&ngan" S&Ca* un&5 &n& men7e=a=5an a&!a %anau *&%a5 mem=e5u se'u!u(n7a pa%a mus&m %&ng&n" Wa'aupun @a!&as& su(u %a'am a&! *&%a5 se=esa! %& u%a!a$ (a' &n& me!upa5an Ca5*o! pem=a*as u*ama$ 5a!ena o!gan&sme a5ua*&5 se!&ng5a'& mempun7a& *o'e!ans& 7ang semp&* - s*eno*e!ma' " Ma5a$ #a'aupun *e!8a%& popu'as& panas 7ang se%ang o'e( manus&a$ a5&=a*n7a %apa* ama* 'uas" Pe!u=a(an su(u men7e=a=5an po'a s&!5u'as& 7ang 5(as %an s*!a*&+5as&$ 7ang ama* mempenga!u(& 5e(&%upan a5ua*&5" Dae!a( pe!a&!an 7ang >u5up 'uas %apa* mempenga!u(& &5'&m %ae!a( %a!a*an %& se5&*a!n7a" Su(u a&! pa'&ng =a&5 %an e+s&en %&u5u! mengguna5an senso! e'e5*!on&s sepe!*& *e!m&s*o!" Pem=a>aan %an pen>a*a*an 'angsung %a!& *e!m&s*o! memu%a(5an pa!a pemu'a un*u5 mengam=&' p!o+' su(u %a!& (a=&*a* a5ua*&5" 

Ke8e!n&(an

Pene*!as& >a(a7a se!&ng5a'& %&(a'ang& o'e( 4a* 7ang *e!'a!u* %a'am a&!$ mem=a*as& 4ona Co*os&n*esa$ %&mana (a=&*a* a5ua*&5 %&=a*as& o'e( 5e%a'aman" Ke5e!u(an$ *e!u*ama =&'a %&se=a=5an o'e( 'umpu! %an pa!*&5e' 7ang%apa* mengen%ap$ se!&ng5a'& pen*&ng se=aga& Ca5*o! pem=a*as" Se=a'&5n7a$ =&'a 5e5e!u(an %&se=a=5an o'e( o!gan&sme$ u5u!an 5e5e!u(an me!upa5an &n%&5as& p!o%u5*&@&*as" Ke8e!n&(an %apa* %&u5u! %engan a'a* 7ang ama* se%e!(ana 7ang %&se=u* >a5!am se>>(& -%&nama5an menu!u* penemuann7a$ A"Se>>(&$ seo!ang I*a'& 7ang mempe!5ena'5ann7a pa%a *a(un )29. =e!upa >a5!am pu*&( %engan ga!&s *enga( 5&!aB5&!a 01 >m %an %&masu55an 5e%a'am a&! sampa& *&%a5 *e!'&(a* %a!& pe!mu5aan" Ke%a'aman &*u %&se=u* 5e8e!n&(an >a5!am se>>(&$ 7ang %apa* men>apa& /1 m pa%a

a&! 7ang ama* 5e!u( %an =e!5&sa! an*a!a =e=e!apa >m pa%a a&! 7ang ama* 8e!n&($ *&%a5 p!o%u5*&C %&%anau 7ang *&ngg& 'e*a5n7a sepe!*& Danau !a*e! %& Taman Nas&ona' !a*e! La5e$ O!egon" DanauB%anau %& W&es>ons&n 7ang *e'a( %&pe'a8a!& %engan &n*ens&C mengguna5an >a5!am se>>(& sampa& 5e%a'aman %&mana pene*!as& >a(a7a 5&!aB5&!a . %a!& !a%&as& 7ang men>apa& pe!mu5aan" Semen*a!a Co*os&n*esa mas&( *e!8a%& pa%a &n*ens&*as !en%a($ *&ng5a*an . menan%a& =a*as =a#a( 5e=an7a5an 4ona Co*os&n*esa" Wa'aupun e'as =a(#a a'a*Ba'a* s&n*esa mo%e!n a5an mem=e!&5an %a*a 7ang a5u!a* *en*ang pene*!as& >a(a7a$ >a5!am se>>(& mas&( %&anggap a'a* 7ang =e!guna o'e( a('& '&mno'og& 7angse!&ng5a'& menguna5an *e5n&5 &n& un*u5 menga*u! *&ng5a* Ce!*&'&sas& un*u5 meng(as&'5an pe!*um=u(an +*op'an5*on 7ang =a&5 *ap& *&%a5 *e!'a'u *&ngg&" 

A!us

A&! >u5up “pa%a*”$ ma5a a!a( a!us ama* pen*&ng se=aga& Ca5*o! pem=a*as$ *e!u*ama pa%a a'&!an a&!" D&samp&ng &*u$ a!us a&! se!&ng 5a'& ama* menen*u5an %&s*!&=us& gas 7ang @&*a'$ ga!am %an o!gan&sme 5e>&'" 

Konsen*!as& gas pe!napasan


Konsen*!as& ga!am =&ogen&5

N&*!a* %an pospa* sampa& =a*as *e!*en*u *ampa5n7a *e!=a*as 8um'a(n7a (amp&! pa%a semua e5os&s*em a&! a#a!" Da'am a&! %anau %an a'&!an a&! %engan 5esa%a(an !en%a($ 5a's&um %an ga!amBga!am 'a&n uga *ampa5n7a *e!=a*as" Ke>ua'& pa%a =e=e!apa ma*a a&! m&ne!a'$ =a(5an pa%a a&! %engan 5esa%a(an *e!*&ngg& (an7a mempun7a& 5a%a! ga!am a*au sa'&n&*as 5u!ang %a!& 1$.$ %&=an%&ng5an %engan 31B 3: %a'am a&! 'au*" Dua >&!& 'a&n %a!& a&! *a#a! %apa* mempenga!u(& um'a( %an %&s*!&=us& %a!& 8en&s 7an a%a -a*au 5e5a7aan 5ua'&*as =&o*a" Ka!ena (a=&*a* a&! *a#a! se!&ng5a'& *e!&so'as& sa*u %a!& 7ang 'a&n o'e( %a!a*an %an 'au*an$ o!gan&sme %engan pen7e=a!an !en%a( me'e#a*& (a'angan &n& mung5&n *e'a( gaga' un*u5 mapan %&*empa*B*empa*7ang *&%a5 sesua&" I5an *e!u*ama mena%& su=e5 %a!& pem=a*asan &n& F a'&!an a&!$ m&sa'n7a #a'aupun (an7a =e=e!apa 5&'ome*e! 8a!a5n7a %&%a!a*an *e*ap& 5a!ena *e!&so'as& o'e( a&!$ mung5&n %ae!a(n7a -n&>(e %&*empa*& o'e( 8en&s 7ang =e!=e%a" Se=a'&5n7a$ 5e=an7a5an o!gan&sme 5e>&' sepe!*& panggang$ u%ang$ p!o*o4oa %an =a5*e!& mempun7a& 5emampuan pen7e=a!an 7ang *&ngg&" Ma5a seseo!ang mung5&n a5an menemu5an Dap(n&a %a'am 5o'am %& Ame!&5a Se!&5a* %an %& Ingg!&s"
m&sa'n7a %apa* %&guna5an %& Ame!&5a Se!&5a* pa'&ng *&%a5 sampa& *&ng5a* Cam&'7 a*au genus$ *anaman !en%a( %an &n@e!*e=!a*a a&! *a#a! menun8u55an *&ng5a* 5osmopo'&*an 7ang *&ngg&" O!an&sme a&! *a#a! mempun7a& pe!soa'an *e!*en*u un*u5 %&pe>a(5an %a'am (u=ungan %engan penga*u!an *e5anan osmose - osmo!egu'as& " Ka!ena 5onsen*!as& ga!am %a'am >a&!an *u=u( a*au se' 'e=&( =esa! %a!&pa%a '&ng5ungan a&! *a#a! - 7a&*u %&se=u* >a&!an (&pe!*on&5 $ ma5a a&! >en%e!ung masu5 5e %a'am *u=u( se>a!a osmos&s =&'a se'apu*n7a - mem=!an  %apa* %&*em=us a&! - pe!mea=e' $ a*au 5a%a! a!am a5an men8a%& *&ngg& =&'a mem=!an !e'a*&C *&%a5 pe!mea=e'" <&na*ang a&! *a#a!$ sepe!*& p!o*o4oa %engan se'apu* se' 7ang *&p&s %an &5an %engan &nsangn7a (a!us mempun7a& >a!a e+s&en un*u5 menge'ua!5an a&! - *e!'a5sana %engan @a5uo'a 5on*!a5*&' pa%a p!o*o4oa %an g&n8a' pa%a &5an a*au =a%ann7a a5an mem=esa! %an me'e*us" Kesu5a!an %a'am osmo!egu'as& %apa* %&*e!ang5an $pa'&ng *&%a5 se=ag&an$ mengapa se8um'a( =esa! (e#an 'au* %a!& se'u!u( P(7''um$ 5en7a*aan7a =e'um pe!na( =e!(as&' memasu5& '&ng5ungan a&! *a#a!" Se=a'&5n7a &5an =e!*u'ang - 8uga =u!ung 'au* %an mama'&a  7ang >a&!an *u=u(n7a =e!5a%a! ga!am 'e=&( !en%a( %a!& a&! 'au* - 7a&*u (&po*on&5  =e!(as&' masu5 5em=a'& 5e 'au* %engan me!u=a( osmo!egu'as& me*a=o'&s se>a!a pe!'a(anB 'a(an 7ang me'&pu*& pem=uangan ga!am %an penanganan a&!"

D"

A%ap*as&

A%ap*as& me!upa5an sua*u p!oses e@o'us& 7ang men7e=a=5an o!gan&sme mampu (&%up 'e=&( =a&5 %& =a#a( 5on%&s& '&ng5ungan *e!*en*u %an s&Ca* gene*&5 7ang mem=ua* o!gan&sme men8a%& 'e=&( mampu un*u5 =e!*a(an (&%up -M>Naug(*onB Wo'C$ )661 2/" Apa=&'a =&>a!a *en*ang a%ap*as& sua*u o!gan&sme ma5a *&%a5 'epas %a!& e@o'us&$ 7a&*u pe!u=a(an pa%a C!e5uens& gen %a'am sua*u popu'as& 7ang =e!5a&*an %engan #a5*u"
Mu*as&  pe!&s*&#a pe!u=a(an gene*&s 7ang %&penga!u(& o'e( se'e5s& a'am"

 A'&!an gen  a%ap*as& &n& %apa* *e!8a%& 8&5a o!gan&sme menga'am& m&g!as& masu5 a*au 5e'ua! %a!& popu'as& se*empa*" Da!& m&g!as& &*u$ 5emung5&nan *e'a( *e!8a%& pe!u=a(an C!e5uens& gen =a&5 pa%a %ono! maupun !es&p&en popu'as& %engan >a*a*an 8&5a me!e5a mem=a#a gen 7ang mempun7a& pe!=e%aan C!e5uens& %a!& sa'a( sa*u popu'as&n7a"  Se'e5s& a'am  sua*u p!oses &n*e!a5s& an*a!a Ceno*&p -s&Ca*Bs&Ca* o!gan&sme 7ang %apa* %&ama*& %a!& 'ua! %engan '&ng5ungann7a 7ang menen*u5an 5emampuan mempe!*a(an5an 5e(&%upan %an (as&' !ep!o%u5*&C %a!& geno*&p &n%&@&%u"

E" 

K'as&+5as& e5o'og&s a&! *a#a! Danau

 Danau me!upa5an genangan a&! 7ang *e!%apa* pa%a sua*u >e5ungan =esa! =a&5 o'e( =en*u5an geo'og& maupun =ua*an manus&a" Da'am e5os&s*em %anau *e!%apa* =e=e!apa 4ona$ an*a!a 'a&n  a" ona '&*o!a' me!upa5an =ag&an %anau 7ang me!upa5an pe!*emuan an*a!a =ag&an %a!a*an 7ang *&%a5 *e!genang a&! %an =ag&an %a!a*an 7ang 7ang *e!genang a&!" Da'am 4ona &n& *e!%apa* %ua p!o%usen 7a&*u *anaman =e!a5a! %an +*op'an5*on" Pa%a 4ona &n& me!upa5an %ae!a( 7ang pa'&ng =an7a5 %&(un& o'e( 8en&s =&na*ang %a!& 4ona 7ang 'a&n" =" ona '&mne*&5  4ona &n& me!upa5an %ae!a( %&mana genangan a&! su%a( *&%a5 *e!&5a* 'ag& %engan %a!a*an 7ang *&%a5 *e!genang a&!" Pa%a 4ona &n& s&na! ma*a(a!& mas&( %apa* menem=us genangan a&!$ (a' &n& memung5&n5an +*op'an5*on un*u5 (&%up pa%a 4ona &n&" Pa%a e5os&s*em %anau +*op'an5*on me!upa5an p!o%usen u*ama 7ang 5emu%&an %&&5u*& o'e( 5onsumen I =e!upa se!angga a&!$ 5onsumen II =e!upa amp(&=& %an >!us*a>ea$ 5onsumen III =e!upa &5anB&5an p!e%a*o!$ 5onsumen pun>a5 =e!upa &5anB&5an p!e%a*o! 7ang 'e=&( =esa!$ %an %e5ompose! =e!upa =a5*e!& pengu!a& se(&ngga *e!=en*u5 sua*u !an*a& ma5anan pa%a e5os&s*e %anau" >" ona p!oCun%a'  =ag&an %asa! %an %ae!a( a&! 7ang %a'am 7ang *&%a5 *e!>apa& o'e( pene*!as& >a(a7a eCe5*&C" Ka!ena *&%a5 a%a >a(a7a %a'am mempe!o'e( ma5anan peng(un& 4ona &n& =e!gan*ung o!gan&sme pa%a 4ona '&mne*&5 %an '&*o!a'"

D& %un&a *e!%apa* *&ga 5a*ego!& %anau$ 7a&*u se!& o'&go*!o+5Beu*!o+5$ *&pe %anau 7ang 5(usus$ %an penggenangan"

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Se!& o'&go*!o+5Beu*!o+5

Danau o'&go*!o+5 %&*an%a& pa%a 4ona '&*o!a' 8um'a( *anaman sanga* se%&5&* se!*a 5e!apa*an p'an5*on !en%a(" Ka!ena *anaman sanga* se%&5&* se!*a 5e!apa*an p'an5*on 7ang !en%a( 5emung5&nan un*u5 5e5u!angan o5s&gen 7ang =e!a* sanga* 5e>&'" Danau eu*!o+5 me!upa5an 5e=a'&5an %a!& %anau o'&go*!o+5 %&mana pa%a 4ona '&*o!a' %anau &n& @ege*as&n7a 'e=&( 'e=a* %an 5e!apa*an p'an5*on 'e=&( *&ngg&$ %engan =an7a5n7a =a(an o!gan&5 &n& 5emung5&nan pa%a s*agnas& panas %apa* meng(&'ang5an =e=e!apa o!gan&sme" 0"

Danau 5(usus

a Danau %7s*!op(&>  %anau &n& mengan%ung (um&> a>&% 7ang *&ngg& %a'am a&!n7a %an pa%a =ag&an *ep& %anau *e!%&!& %a!& gam=u* 7ang =e!5em=ang men8a%& pas&! *e!apung gam=u*" = Danau *ua 7ang %a'am %an mempun7a& =&na*ang en%em&5  pa%a 5asus &n&$ >on*o(n7a a%a'a( Danau
> Danau as&n %& gu!un pas&! %anau &n& *e!=en*u5 5a!ena penga&!an se%&men*e! %& %ae!a( %engan &5'&m 5e!&ng %&mana e@apo!as& 'e=&( =esa! %a!& p!es&p&*!as& se(&ngga meng(as&'5an 5onsen*!as& ga!am 7ang *&ngg&" Pa%a %anau &n& *e!%apa* =e=e!apa 5omun&*as 7ang %apa* =e!*a(an pa%a 5on%&s& sa'&n&*as 7ang *&ngg& sa'a( sa*un7a A!*em&a" on*o( %anau &n& a%a'a( G!ea* Sa'* La5e$ U*a(" % Danau a'5a'& %& gu!un pas&!  *e!8a%& pa%a penga&!an &gneous %& %ae!a( %engan &5'&m 5e!&ng se!*a pH %an 5onsen*!as& 5a!=ona* *&ngg&" on*o( %anau &n& P7!am&% La5e$ Ne@a%a" e Danau @u'5an&5  %anau &n& %&>&!&5an %engan %ae!a( @u'5an&5 7ang mas&( a5*&C %engan 5on%&s& 5&m&a#& 7ang e5s*!em %an =&o*a 7ang sanga* *e!=a*as" Danau &n& umumn7a *e!%apa* %& Jepang %an ,&'&p&na" C Danau %engan s*!a*&+5as& 5&m&a#&  %anau &n& =e!=e%a %engan %anauB%anau 7ang a%a %& %un&a pa%a umumn7a %&mana a&! pe!mu5aan %an %asa! =e!>ampu! se>a!a =e!5a'a se(&ngga *e!s*!a*&+5as& se>a!a pe!manen 5a!ena a%an7a !em=esan a&! as&n a*au pe'epasan ga!am %a!& en%apan$ (a' &n& men7e=a=5an *e!8a%&n7a pe!=e%aan 5e!apa*an 7ang *e*ap an*a!a a&! pe!mu5aan %an a&! %asa! %anau" on*o( Danau <&g So%a La5e$ Ne@a%a 7ang me!upa5an %anau %engan s*!a*&+5as& 5&m&a#&" g Danau 5u*u=  %anau &n& mem&'&5& su(u pe!mu5aan *e*ap %&=a#a( /  a*au na&5 %& a*as &*u (an7a un*u5 pe!&o%e 7ang sanga* pen%e5 se'ama mus&m panas$ (a' &n& men7e=a=5an es men>a&! se(&ngga s&!5u'as& %apa* *e!8a%&" 3" Penggenangan  %anau &n& me!upa5an =ua*an manus&a 7ang %& =angun *e!gan*ung pa%a %ae!a(n7a %an penga&!an a'am&n7a" Danau &n& mem&'&5& u5*uas& pe!mu5aan a&! %an *u!=&%&*as 7ang *&ngg&" 

Ko'am

Ko'am a%a'a( %ae!a( pe!a&!an 7ang 5e>&' %&mana 4ona '&*o!a'n7a !e'a*&C =esa! %an %ae!a( '&mne*&5 se!*a p!oCun%a' 5e>&' a*au *&%a5 a%a" E5os&s*em &n& %apa* %&*emu5an pa%a %ae!a( 7ang mem&'&5& >u!a( (u8an 7ang >u5up" Te!%apa* =e=e!apa 8en&s 5o'am$ an*a!a 'a&n a" Ko'am a'am&  5o'am &n& =an7a5 %&*emu5an pa%a %ae!a( 5apu!" Ko'am &n& *e!=e*u5 a5&=a* %ep!es& a*au penu!unan >a&!an %a!& s*!a*a %& =a#a(n7a" =" Ko'am semen*a!a  5o'am 7ang 5e!&ng un*u5 =e=e!apa #a5*u %a'am 5u!un #a5*u se*a(un" O!gan&sme pa%a 5o'am &n& mampu =e!*a(an pa%a s*a%&um %o!man se'ama pe!&o%e 5e!&ng %engan =e!*a(an (&%up %a'am *ana( 7ang 5e!&ng un*u5 =e=e!apa =u'an a*au =e!ge!a5 5e %a'am %an 5e'ua! 5o'am" >" Ko'am ga'&an  5o'am 7ang %& =en*u5 oe'( manus&a a*au (e#an %engan >a!a mem=en%ung a&! a*au me'a5u5an pengga'&an" 

Komun&*as Lo*&5 -A&! Menga'&!

 ang mem=e%a5an e5os&s*em &n& %engan 5o'am a%a'a( a'&!an a&! a*au a!us" A'&!an a&! &n& *e!=en*u5 5a!ena a%an7a sum=e! a&! =a&5 &*u %a!& (u8an$ men>a&!n7a es$ mun>u'n7a ma*a a&!$ %an a%an7a !e'&eC %a!& pe!mu5aan =um&" A&! (u8an se*e'a( 8a*u(

%& pe!mu5aan =um& menga'am& e@apo!as& 5emu%&an me!em=es 5e %a'am *ana( 5emu%&an %&se!ap o'e( *um=u(an se(&ngga *e!8a%& *!ansp&!as& %an s&san7a menga'&! %& pe!mu5aan se=aga& “su!Ca>e !un o” -En%a!*o$ 011: 66" Pa%a e5os&s*em &n& =e=e!apa o!gan&sme me'a5u5an a%ap*as& un*u5 =e!*a(an (&%up"
Me'e5a* pe!manen pa%a su=s*!a* 7ang 5o5o("

e!a" >"

Pe!mu5aan =a#a( 7ang 'eng5e*

a>&ng p&p&(" %"


Hamp&! semua 8en&s (e#an a'&!an a&! mem&'&5& =en*u5 *u=u( 7ang s*!eam '&ne$ (a' &n& =e!*u8uan mengu!ang& ga7a %o!ong %a!& a'&!an a&!" =en*u5 *u=u( 7ang s*!eam '&ne %engan =en*u5 (amp&! sepe!*& *e'u! %an me!un>&ng %&=ag&an =e'a5ang men7e=a=5an *ana(an a&! m&n&mum 7ang menga'&! me'e#a*&n7a" e"


e'a(B>e'a( =a*u" C"

R(eo*a&s pos&*&C 

<&na*ang a'&!an a&! (amp&! *&%a5 =e!@a!&as& =e!o!&en*as& 5e a!a( (u'u %an =&'a %apa* =e!enang *e!usBmene!us =e!ge!a5 me'a#an a!us" Ke=a'&5ann7a =an7a5 (e#an 7ang (&%up %& a&! *enang %&*empa*5an pa%a a&! menga'&!$ 5e=an7a5an %a!& me!e5a *e!(an7u* o'e( a'&!an a&! a*au *&%a5 =e!usa(a me'a#an a!us" g"

T(&gmo*a&s pos&*&C 

on*o( se5e'ompo5 n&mCa %&*empa*5an pa%a sua*u >e5ungan$ me!e5a =e!usa(a un*u5 =e!(u=ungan %engan =ag&an =a#a( %a! >a=ang 5a7u$ !e!un*u(an$ a*au apa sa8a7ang a%a =a(a5an sa'&ng me'e5a*5an %&!&=&'a *&%a5 a%a pe!mu5aan 7ang %apa* %&*empa*&"

,"

Komponen E5os&s*em

E5os&s*em %apa* %&a!*&5an se=aga& (u=ungan *&m=a' =a'&5 a*au &n*e!a5s& an*a!a ma5('u5 (&%up %engan '&ng5ungann7a" Se'a&n &*u e5os&s*em me!upa5an *&ng5a*an o!gan&sas& 5e(&%upan 7ang men>a5up o!gan&sme %an '&ng5ungan *a5 (&%up$ %&mana 5e%ua 5omponen *e!se=u* sa'&ng mempenga!u(& %an =e!&n*e!a5s&" Komponen pen7usun e5os&s*em *e!%&!& a*as %ua ma>am$ 7a&*u 5omponen =&o*&5 %an a=&o*&5" Komponen =&o*&5 a%a'a( 5omponen 7ang *e!%&!& a*as ma5('u5 (&%up$ se%ang5an 5omponen a=&o*&5 a%a'a( 5omponen 7ang *e!%&!& a*as =en%a ma*&" Se'u!u( 5omponen =&o*&5 %a'am sua*u e5os&s*em mem=en*u5 5omun&*as" Dengan %em&5&an$ e5os&s*em %apa* %&a!*&5an se=aga& 5esa*uan an*a!a 5omun&*as %engan '&ng5ungan a=&o*&5n7a" Komponen <&o*&5 a!an7a mempe!o'e( ma5anan %& %a'am e5os&s*em$ o!gan&sme anggo*a 5omponen =&o*&5 %apa* %&=e%a5an men8a%& *&ga$ 7a&*u P!o%usen$ 7ang =e!a!*& peng(as&'" P!o%usen me!upa5an o!gan&sme 7ang mampu meng(as&'5an 4a* ma5anan sen%&!& -au*o*!oC me'a'u& Co*os&n*es&s" ang *e!masu5 %a'am 5e'ompo5 &n& a%a'a( *um=u(an (&8au a*au *um=u(an 7ang mempun7a& 5'o!o+'" P!o%usen &n& 5emu%&an %&manCaa*5an o'e( o!gan&smeBo!gan&sme 7ang *&%a5 =&sa meng(as&'5an ma5anan -(e*e!o*!oC 7ang =e!pe!an se=aga& 5onsumen" Konsumen$ 7ang =e!a!*& pema5a&$ 7a&*u o!gan&sme 7ang *&%a5 %apa* meng(as&'5an 4a* ma5anan sen%&!& *e*ap& mengguna5an 4a* ma5anan 7ang %&=ua* o'e( o!gan&sme 'a&n" O!gan&sme 7ang se>a!a 'angsung mengam=&' 4a* ma5anan %a!& *um=u(an (&8au a%a'a( (e!=&@o!a" O'e( 5a!ena &*u$ (e!=&@o!a se!&ng %&se=u* 5onsumen *&ng5a* pe!*ama" Ka!n&@o!a 7ang men%apa*5ann ma5anan %engan memangsa (e!=&@o!a %&se=u* 5onsumen *&ng5a* 5e%ua" Ka!n&@o!a 7ang memangsa 5onsumen *&ng5a* 5e%ua %&se=u* 5onsumen *&ng5a* 5e*&ga %an se*e!usn7a" P!oses ma5an %an %&ma5an %& %a'am e5os&s*em a5an mem=en*u5 !an*a& ma5anan" Pe!(a*&5an >on*o( se=ua( !an*a& ma5anan &n& %aun =e!#a!na (&8au -P!o%usen  u'a* -Konsumen I  a7am -Konsumen II  musang -Konsumen III  ma>an -Konsumen I;?Pun>a5" Da'am e5os&s*em$ =an7a5 p!oses !an*a& ma5anan 7ang *e!8a%& se(&ngga mem=en*u5 8a!&ngB  8a!&ng ma5anan -Coo% #e= 7ang me!upa5an 5umpu'an %a!& =e=e!apa !an*a& ma5anan" De5ompose! a*au pengu!a&" De5ompose! a%a'a( 8asa% !en&5 7ang =e!pe!an mengu!a&5an =a(an o!gan&5 7ang =e!asa' %a!& o!gan&sme 7ang *e'a( ma*& a*aupun (as&' pem=uangan s&sa pen>e!naan" Dengan a%an7a o!gan&sme pengu!a&$ o!gan&sme a5an *e!u!a& %an me!esap 5e %a'am *ana( men8a%& unsu! (a!a 7ang 5emu%&an %&se!ap o'e( *um=u(an -p!o%usen" Se'a&n &*u a5*&@&*as pengu!a& 8uga a5an meng(as&'5an gas 5a!=on %&o5s&%a 7ang a5an %&pa5a& %a'am p!oses Co*os&*es&s" 0"

Komponen A=&o*&5

Komponen a=&o*&5 me!upa5an 5omponen *a5 (&%up %a'am sua*u e5os&s*em" Komponen a=&o*&5 sanga* menen*u5an 8en&s ma5('u5 (&%up 7ang meng(un& sua*u '&ng5ungan" Komponen a=&o*&5 =an7a5 !agamn7a$ an*a!a 'a&n *ana($ a&!$ u%a!a$ su(u$ %an 'a&nB'a&n" Su(u Su(u =e!penga!u( *e!(a%ap e5os&s*em 5a!ena su(u me!upa5an s7a!a* 7ang %&pe!'u5an o!gan&sme un*u5 (&%up" A%a 8en&sB8en&s o!gan&sme 7ang (an7a %apa* (&%up pa%a 5&sa!an su(u *e!*en*u" S&na! ma*a(a!& S&na! ma*a(a!& mempenga!u(& e5os&s*em se>a!a g'o=a' 5a!ena ma*a(a!& menen*u5an su(u" S&na! ma*a(a!& 8uga me!upa5an unsu! @&*a' 7ang %&=u*u(5an o'e( *um=u(an se=aga& p!o%usen un*u5 =e!Co*os&n*es&s" A&! A&! =e!penga!u( *e!(a%ap e5os&s*em 5a!ena a&! %&=u*u(5an un*u5 5e'angsungan (&%up o!gan&sme" am=a(an$ %an pen7e=a!an =&8&F =ag& (e#an %an manus&a$ a&! %&pe!'u5an se=aga& a&! m&num %an sa!ana (&%up 'a&n$ m&sa'n7a *!anspo!*as& =ag& manus&a$ %an *empa* (&%up =ag& &5an" a!a *a5 'angsung men7e=a=5an pe!=e%aan %&s*!&=us& o!gan&sme %& pe!mu5aan =um&" A%a o!gan&sme 7ang mampu (&%up pa%a ga!&s '&n*ang *e!*en*u sa8a"

Semen*a!a &*u 5omponen =&o*&5 men>a5up =e=e!apa (a' 7ang %apa* %&5e'ompo55an =e!%asa!5an Cungs&n7a"
 Au*o*!oC *a5 'a&n a%a'a( &s*&'a( 7ang menun8u5 pa%a ma('u5 (&%up 7ang =&sa mem=en*u5 sen%&!& ma5anann7a sen%&!&"  He*e!o*!oC sen%&!& a%a'a( o!gan&sme 5onsumen 7ang *a5 =&sa mem=en*u5 ma5anann7a sen%&!& se(&ngga &a mengam=&' 5e=u*u(an *e!se=u* %a!& 'ua! %&!&n7a"

Semen*a!a &*u 8&5a %&'&(a* %a!& susunan *!o+5n7a$ ma5a 5omponen e5os&s*em =&o*&5 %&=ag& 5e %a'am 3 5e'ompo5 7a5n&

P!o%usen" Se>a!a se%e!(ana %&a!*&5an se=aga& peng(as&' ma5anan" Ia a%a'a( ma('u5 (&%up a*au o!gan&sme 7ang meng(as&'5an ma5anann7a sen%&!&" O!gan&sme 7ang *e!>a5up %a'am 5e'ompo5 &n& a%a'a( *um=u(an 7ang mem&'&5& 5'o!o+'" Da'am e5os&s*em %a!a*$ *um=u(an sanga* %&pe!'u5an se=aga& sum=e! ma5anan ma('u5 (&%up 'a&nn7a" Semen*a!a &*u %a'am e5os&s*em pe!a&!an$ o!gan&sme %engan 5'o!o+' a%a'a( =e!=aga& 8en&s a'ga 8uga +*op'an5*on" Komponen e5os&s*em =&o*&5 se'an8u*n7a a%a'a( 5onsumen" Ia se>a!ase%e!(ana %&a!*&5an se=aga& pema5a&" Ke'ompo5 &n& men>a5up semua o!gan&sme 7ang *a5 =&sa meng(as&'5an ma5anan =ag& %&!&n7a sen%&!& se(&ngga &a (a!us men%apa*5an ma5anan %a!& o!gan&sme 'a&nn7a un*u5 mempe!*a(an5an 5e=e!'angsungan (&%upn7a" Konsumen &n& %&=ag& 5e %a'am 3 =ag&an 7a5n& 5onsumen *&ng5a* pe!*ama me'&pu*& semua o!gan&sme 7ang meng5onsums& 4a* 'angsung %a!& *um=u(an a*au %&se=u* (e!=&@o!a" Konsumen *&ng5a* 5e%&a 7a5n& semua ma('u5 (&%pu 7ang mempe!o'e( ma5anan %engan memangsa (e!=&@o!a *a%& a*au %&se=u* 5a!n&@o!a"  Te!a5(&! a%a'a( 5onsumen *&ng5a* 5e*&ga 7a5n& ma('u5 (&%up 7ang memangsa 5onsumen *&ng5a* 5e%ua" Pengu!a& a*au %e>ompose!" Me!upa5an 5omponen e5os&s*em =&o*&5 7ang sanga* =e!pe!an %a'am (a' mengu!a&5an =a(anB=a(an o!gan&s 7ang muasa'n7a %a!&

ma('u5 (&%up 7ang *e'a( ma*& a*au 8uga (as&' pem=uangan s&s*em pen>e!naan ma('u5 (&%pu" O!gan&sme pengu!a& &n& >u5up pen*&ng se=a= &a men8aga s*a=&'&*as e5os&s*em %engan mengu!a& 4a*B4a* =uangan *e!se=u* se(&ngga %&se!ap o'e( *ana( %an men8a%& unsu! (a!a =ag& pe!5em=angan *um=u(an"

G"

Jen&s E5os&s*em A&! Ta#a!

Se>a!a umum e5os&s*em a&! *a#a! %&=ag& men8a%& %ua 8en&s 7a&*u e5os&s*em 'en*&5 a*au a&! *enang %an e5os&s*em a&! 7ang menga'&! a*au 'o*&5" )"

E5os&s*em Len*&5 a*au E5os&s*em A&! Tenang

Pe!a&!an menggenang -'en*&5 a%a'a( sua*u =en*u5 e5os&s*em pe!a&!an 7ang %& %a'amn7a a'&!an a*au a!us a&! *&%a5 memegang pe!anan pen*&ng" Ha' &n& 5a!ena a'&!an a&! *&%a5 =eg&*u =esa! a*au *&%a5 mempenga!u(& 5e(&%upan o!gan&sme 7ang a%a %& %a'amn7a" Pa%a pe!a&!an &n& Ca5*o! 7ang ama* pen*&ng %&pe!(a*&5an a%a'a( pem=ag&an #&'a7a( a&! se>a!a @e!*&5a' 7ang mem&'&5& pe!=e%aan s&Ca* un*u5 *&ap 'ap&sann7a" Pe!a&!an menggenang %& =ag& %a'am *&ga 'ap&san u*ama 7ang %&%asa!& o'e( a%a *&%a5n7a pene*!as& >a(a7a ma*a(a!& %an *um=u(an a&!$ 7a&*u L&**o!a'$ '&mne*&5 %an p!oCun%a'$ se%ang5an a*as %asa! pe!=e%aan *empe!a*u! pe!a&!ann7a$ pe!a&!an menggenang %&=ag& men8a%& 3 5e'ompo5 7a&*u me*a'&mn&on$ ep&'&mn&on$ %an (&po'&mn&on" Ke'ompo5 o!gan&sme %& pe!a&!an menggenang =e!%asa!5an n&>(e u*ama %a'am 5e%u%u5an !an*a& ma5anan me'&pu*& p!o%use! -au*o*!oC$ ma5!o 5onsume! -(e*e!o*!oC %an m&5!o5onsume! -%e5ompose!" Ke'ompo5 o!gan&sme 7ang a%a %& pe!a&!an menggenang =e!%asa!5an >a!a (&%upn7a me'&pu*& =en*(os$ p'an5*on$ pe!&+*on$ ne5*on %an neus*on" on*o( 5os&s*em a&! *enang 7a&*u %anau$ !a#a a&! *a#a!$ 5o'am$ !a#a gam=u* %an 'a&n se=aga&n7a a"

Danau

Danau me!upa5an sua*u =a%an a&! 7ang menggenang %an 'uasn7a mu'a& %a!& =e=e!apa me*e! pe!seg& (&ngga !a*usan me*e! pe!seg&" D& %anau *e!%apa* pem=ag&an %ae!a( =e!%asa!5an pene*!as& >a(a7a ma*a(a!&" Dae!a( 7ang %apa* %&*em=us >a(a7a ma*a(a!& se(&ngga *e!8a%& Co*os&n*es&s %&se=u* %ae!a( Co*&5" Dae!a( 7ang *&%a5 *e!*em=us >a(a7a ma*a(a!& %&se=u* %ae!a( aCo*&5" D& %anau 8uga *e!%apa* %ae!a( pe!u=a(an *empe!a*u! 7ang %!as*&s a*au *e!mo5'&n" Te!mo5'&n mem&sa(5an %ae!a( 7ang (anga* %& a*as %engan %ae!a( %&ng&n %& %asa!" Komun&*as *um=u(an %an (e#an *e!se=a! %& %anau sesua& %engan 5e%a'aman %an 8a!a5n7a %a!& *ep&"
Dae!a( '&*o!a'$

Me!upa5an %ae!a( %ang5a'" a(a7a ma*a(a!& menem=us %engan op*&ma'" A&! 7ang (anga* =e!%e5a*an %engan *ep&" Tum=u(ann7a me!upa5an *um=u(an a&! 7ang =e!a5a! %engan %aun a%a 7ang men>ua* 5e a*as pe!mu5aan a&!" Komun&*as o!gan&sme sanga* =e!agam *e!masu5 8en&s8en&s ganggang 7ang me'e5a* -5(ususn7a

%&a*om$ =e!=aga& s&pu* %an !em&s$ se!angga$ !us*a>ea$ &5an$ am+=&$ !ep*&' a&! %an sem&a&! sepe!*& 5u!aB5u!a %an u'a!$ &*&5 %an angsa$ %an =e=e!apa mama'&a 

Dae!a( '&mne*&5$

Me!upa5an %ae!a( a&! =e=as 7ang 8au( %a!& *ep& %an mas&( %apa* %&*em=us s&na! ma*a(a!&" Dae!a( &n& %&(un& o'e( =e!=aga& +*op'an5*on$ *e!masu5 ganggang %an s&ano=a5*e!&" Ganggang =e!Co*os&n*es&s %an =e!ep!o%u5s& %engan 5e>epa*an *&ngg& se'ama mus&m panas %an mus&m sem&" oop'an5*on 7ang se=ag&an =esa! *e!masu5 Ro*&Ce!a %an u%angBu%angan 5e>&' memangsa +*op'an5*on" oop'an5*on %&ma5an o'e( &5anB&5an 5e>&'" I5an 5e>&' %&mangsa o'e( &5an 7ang 'e=&( =esa!$ 5emu%&an &5an =esa! %&mangsa u'a!$ 5u!aB5u!a$ %an =u!ung pema5an &5an" 

Dae!a( p!oCun%a'$

Me!upa5an %ae!a( 7ang %a'am$ 7a&*u %ae!a( aCo*&5" O!gan&sme 7ang a%a (&%up %engan men%e5ompos&s& %e*!&*us 7ang 8a*u( %a!& %ae!a( '&mne*&5" O!gan&sme 7ang meng(un& a%a'a( >a>&ng %an m&5!o=a" 

Dae!a( =en*&5$

Me!upa5an %ae!a( %asa! %anau *empa* *e!%apa*n7a =en*os %an s&saBs&sa o!gan&sme ma*&" am %anau 7a&*u %anau o'&go*!op&5 %an %anau eu*!op&5" Danau o'&go*!op&5 me!upa5an %anau 7ang %a'am %an 5e5u!angan ma5anan$ 5a!ena +*op'an5*on %& %ae!a( '&mne*&5 *&%a5 p!o%u5*&C" &!&B>&!&n7a$ a&!n7a 8e!n&( se5a'&$ %&(un& o'e( se%&5&* o!gan&sme$ %an %& %asa! a&! =an7a5 *e!%apa* o5s&gen sepan8ang *a(un" Danau eu*!op&5 me!upa5an %anau 7ang %ang5a' %an 5a7a a5an 5an%ungan ma5anan$ 5a!ena +*op'an5*on sanga* p!o%u5*&C" &!&B>&!&n7a a%a'a( a&!n7a 5e!u($ *e!%apa* =e!ma>amBma>am o!gan&sme$ %an o5s&gen *e!%apa* %& %ae!a( p!oCun%a'" Danau o'&go*!o+5 %apa* =e!5em=ang men8a%& %anau eu*!o+5 a5&=a* a%an7a ma*e!&Bma*e!& o!gan&5 7ang masu5 %an en%apan" Pe!u=a(an &n& 8uga %apa* %&pe!>epa* o'e( a5*&@&*as manus&a$ m&sa'n7a %a!& s&saBs&sa pupu5 =ua*an pe!*an&an %an *&m=unan sampa( 5o*a 7ang mempe!5a7a %anau %engan =uangan se8um'a( n&*!ogen %an CosCo!" A5&=a*n7a *e!8a%& 'e%a5an popu'as& ganggang a*au ='oom&ng$ se(&ngga *e!8a%& p!o%u5s& %e*!&*us 7ang =e!'e=&(an 7ang a5(&!n7a meng(a=&s5an sup'a& o5s&gen %& %anau *e!se=u*" Peng5a7aan %anau sepe!*& &n& %&se=u* eu*!o+5as&" Eu*!o+5as& men7e=a=5an a&! *&%a5 %apa* %&guna5an 'ag& %an mengu!ang& n&'a& 5e&n%a(an %anau" ="

Ko'am

Ko'am umumn7a %& %e+n&s&5an se=aga& 5umpu'an a&! 7ang %ang5a' %an s&Ca* umumn7a !e'a*&C me!upa5an a&! *enang %an 5a7a a5an @ege*as&" Ko'am %apa* %&=ag& a*as   Ko'am =e!asa' %a!& %anau 7ang 'uas"  Ko'am 7ang *&%a5 =e!(u=ungan %engan %anau$ u5u!ann7a 5e>&'"  Ko'am =ua*an manus&a
 Ko'am semen*a!a -Ko'am semen*a!a (an7a a%a pa%a #a5*u a%a *e!*en*u"  Ko'am pe!manen -Ko'am pe!manen =e!&s& a&! sepan8ang *a(un" Ko'am me!upa5an *empa* *&ngga' 7ang =a&5 =ag& (e#anB(e#an &n@e!*e=!a*e m&sa'n7a Q ,'age''a*a *e!%&!& %a!& Eug'ena$ Pan%o!&a$ Ru%o!&na %an @o'@o" Q D&an*a!a oe'en*e!a*a$ (7%!a se!&ng *e!'&(a* menempe' pa%a *anaman %&=a#a( a&! Q ,&'um P'a*7(e'm&n*(es sepe!*& *u!=e''a!&a *e%apa* %& =a#a( =a*u %an %& an*a!a @ege*as&" Q Anna'&%a %&#a5&'& o'e( >a>&ng *ana( a&! *a#a! sepe!*& L&m&>o'oa$ Q A!*(!opo%a me!upa5an =en*u5 7ang %om&nan *e!%apa* %a'am pe!a&!an 5o'am"

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Ra#a a&! *a#a!

Ra#a me!upa5an =en*u5 pe!a'&(an an*a!a a&! *e!=u5a %an %a*a!an" Ra#a =&asan7a %&5e'&'&ng& @ege*as&$ umun7a %ang5a' %an *anaman mengapung" ;ege*as& !a#a *e!%&!& %a!& *um=u(B*um=u(an mena(un 7ang se'a'u (&8au 7ang %&se'&ng&u o'e( *amnaman me!am=a*" ;a!&as& a*au 5eane5a!gaman (e#an sanga* 5e>&'" Te!%apa* p!o*o4oa$ !o*&Ce!$ nema*o%e$ 'a!@a >apung$ Amp(&so%a$ Isopo%a$ &5an$ %an 5u!aB5u!a" Pa%a 'ap&san %asa! *e!%apa* &nse5*a$ 5eong$ %an &5anB&5an" Da'am 5ea%aan 7ang *&%a5 men7enang5an peng(un& !a#a mem=en*u5 5&s*a" Se=aga& >on*o( &5an -'ep&%os&ne! %an >e!a*o%us mem =ung5us %&!& %engan 'umpu! se'ama =e=e!apa =u'an" 0"

E5os&s*em Lo*&5 a*au E5os&s*em A&! Menga'&!

Pe!a&!an menga'&! -'o*&5 a%a'a( sua*u =en*u5 e5os&s*em pe!a&!an 7ang %& %a'amn7a a'&!an a*au a!us a&! memegang pe!anan pen*&ng" Ha' &n& 5a!ena a'&!an a&! >u5up =eg&*u =esa! >on*o(n7a 7a&*u sunga&" Sunga& a%a'a( sua*u =a%an a&! 7ang menga'&! 5e sa*u a!a(" A&! sunga& %&ng&n %an 8e!n&( se!*a mengan%ung se%&5&* se%&men %an ma5anan" A'&!an a&! %an ge'om=ang se>a!a 5ons*an mem=e!&5an o5s&gen pa%a a&!" Su(u a&! =e!@a!&as& sesua& %engan 5e*&ngg&an %an ga!&s '&n*ang" Komun&*as 7ang =e!a%a %& sunga& =e!=e%a %engan %anau" A&! sunga& 7ang menga'&! %e!as *&%a5 men%u5ung 5e=e!a%aan 5omun&*as p'an5*on$ 5a!ena a5an *e!=a#a a!us" Se=aga& gan*&n7a *e!8a%& Co*os&n*es&s %a!& ganggang 7ang me'e5a* %an *anaman =e!a5a!$ se(&ngga %apa* men%u5ung !an*a& ma5anan" O!gan&sme sunga& %apa* =e!*a(an *&%a5 *e!=a#a a!us 5a!ena menga'am& a%ap*as& e@o'us&one!" M&sa'n7a =e!*u=u( *&p&s %o!so@en*!a' %an %apa* me'e5a* pa%a =a*u" &' 7ang =e=as %a!& pusa!an a&!" H"

K'as&+5as& E5o'og&s

K'as&+5as& E5o'og&s O!gan&sme A&! Ta#a!  Ha=&*a* a&! *a#a! me!upa5an pe!an*a!a (a=&*a* 'au* %an (a=&*a* %a!a*" Penggo'ongan o!gan&sme %a'am a&! %apa* =e!%asa!5an a'&!an ene!g& %an 5e=&asaan (&%up" )"


O!gan&sme %&=ag& men8a%& 3 7a&*u   Au*o*!op( -p!o%usen$ *anaman (&8au %an m&5!oo!gan&sme 5emos&n*e*&5"  P(ago*!op( -5onsumen ma5!o$ (e!=&@o!a$ p!e%a*o!$ pa!as&*"  Sap!o*!op( -5onsumen m&5!o a*au pengu!a&$ %&5'as&+5as&5an sesua& %engan =a(an o!gan&5 7ang %&u!a&5an " 0"


O!gan&sme %&=e%a5an se=aga& =e!&5u* 7a&*u  a"

P'an5*on

 Te!%&!& a'as +*op'an5*on %an 4oop'an5*on$ o!gan&sme mengapung 7ang a!a( pe!ge!a5ann7a 5&!aB5&!a *e!gan*ung a!us" Wa'aupun =e=e!apa 4oop'an5*on menun8u55an ge!a5an =e!enang 7ang a5*&C 7ang mem=an*u mempe!*a(an5an pos&s& @e!*&>a'$ p'an5*on se>a!a 5ese'u!u(an *&%a5 %apa* =e!ge!a5 me'a#an a!us" ="

Ne5*on

O!gan&sme 7ang %apa* =e!enang %an =e!ge!a5 %engan 5emauan sen%&!&$ m&sa'n7a &5an$ am+=&$ se!angga a&! =esa!" 

Neus*on

O!gan&sme 7ang mengapung a*au =e!enang %& pe!mu5aan a&! a*au =e!*empa* pa%a pe!mu5aan a&!$ m&sa'n7a se!angga a&!" 

Pe!&+*on

Me!upa5an *um=u(an a*au (e#an 7ang me'e5a*?=e!gan*ung pa%a *um=u(an a*au =en%a 'a&n$ m&sa'n7a 5eong" 


He#an %an *um=u(an 7ang (&%up %& %asa! a*au (&%up pa%a en%apan" a>&ng %an !em&s"

I"

ManCaa* E5os&s*em A&! Ta#a!


Se=aga& *empa* =e!'angsungn7a s&5'us (&%up 8en&s o!a?Cauna 7ang pen*&ng

3" Se=aga& sum=e! a&! 7ang %apa* %&guna5an 'angsung o'e( mas7a!a5a* se5&*a!n7a -!uma(*angga$ &n%us*!& %an pe!*an&an /" Se=aga& *empa* pen7&mpanan 5e'e=&(an a&! 7ang =e!asa' %a!& a&! (u8an$ a'&!an pe!mu5aan$ sunga&Bsunga& a*au %a!& sum=e!Bsum=e! a&! =a#a( *ana( ." Meme'&(a!a &5'&m m&5!o$ %& mana 5e=e!a%aan e5os&s*em %anau %apa* mempenga!u(& 5e'em=aman %an *&ng5a* >u!a( (u8an se*empa* 9" Se=aga& sa!ana *!anpo!*as& un*u5 mem&n%a(5an (as&'B(as&' pe!*an&an %a!& *empa* sa*u 5e *empa* 'a&nn7a :"

Se=aga& peng(as&' ene!g& me'a'u& p'*a

2"

Se=aga& sa!ana !e5!eas& %an o=8e5 pa!&#&sa*a"


A"

STUDI KASUS PERAIRAN AIR TAWAR

Pe!a&!an a&! *a#a! %& In%ones&a umumn7a mempun7a& s&Ca* mu'*&guna$ 7a&*u un*u5 memenu(& mu'a& %a!& 5epe!'uan !uma( *angga$ 5epe!'uan (e#an$ *!anspo!*as& penga&!an$ %an se=aga&n7a" Ke=an7a5an sunga& %& In%ones&a *e'a( menga'am& penu!unan Cungs& a5&=a* =e!=aga& a5*&@&*as manus&a &n& mas&( me!upa5an sum=e!%a7a pe!a&!an 7ang 5a7a a5an o!gan&sme a&! " Ke(&%upan %& a&! %&8umpa& *&%a5 (an7a pa%a =a%an a&! *ap& 8uga pa%a %asa! a&! 7ang pa%a*" D& %asa! a&!$ 8um'a( 5e(&%upan sanga* *e!=a*as 5a!ena 5e*e!se%&aan nu*!&en* 7ang *e!=a*as" O'e( 5a!ena &*u$ (e#an 7ang (&%up %& a&! %a'am (an7a'a( (e#anB(e#an 7ang mampu (&%up %engan 8um'a( %an 8en&s nu*!&en* *e!=a*as" o=a un*u5 men7a8&5an 5asus 7ang me!upa5an gam=a!an %a!& (as&' pene'&*&an 7ang %&'a5u5an pa%a pe!a&!an a&! *a#a! Sunga& Tam=a5
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Pe!a&!an A&! Ta#a! %engan Kua'&*as =a&5

ema!ann7a mas&( *e!go'ong !en%a(" Kon%&s& *e!se=u* %apa* %&'&(a* %a!& a%an7a 5e'ompo5 =en*os 7ang (&%up mene*ap -ses&'e %an %a7a a%ap*as& 7ang =e!@a!&as&" Se=ua( pe!a&!an 7ang *e!>ema! %&*an%a& %engan 5an%ungan O 7ang 'e=&( =esa! =&'a %&=an%&ng5an %engan 5ang%ungan o5s&genn7a -O0" Te!%apa*

5o!e'as& an*a!a *&ng5a* pen>ema!an a&! %engan o!gan&sme 7ang (&%up %a'am se=ua( pe!a&!an a&! *a#a!" Sema5&n *&ngg& 5a%a! O $ ma5a 5epa%a*an popu'as& sema5&n !en%a(" Sema5&n *&ngg& 5a%a! O0 %an 5e>e!a(an a&! ma5a 5epa%a*an popu'as& sema5&n *&ngg&" Da'am pene'&*&an *e!%apa* *&ga s*as&un pengama*an pa%a pengga' sunga& 7ang sama" Da!& 5e*&ga s*as&un pengama*an$s*as&un I menun8u55an n&'a& %ens&*as *e!en%a(" Ren%a(n7a 5e!apa*an &n& menun8u55an =a(#a '&ng5ungan pe!a&!an pa%a s*as&un I *&%a5 5on%us&C un*u5 5e(&%upan gas*!opo%a 7ang a%a %& %a'amn7a" Ha' &n& %&se=a=5an 5a!ena pa%a s*as&un I %&%apa*5an 5on%&s& sunga& 7ang *e'a( %&manCaa*5an un*u5 =an7a5 5e=u*u(an manus&a se(&ngga *e!8a%& %eg!a%as& 5ua'&*as e5os&s*em %an *e!8a%& pen>ema!an =a(anB=a(an 7ang *&%a5 %&su5a& gas*!opo%a a*au o!gan&sme 'a&nn7a" e!a(an a&!" Se%ang Ca5*o! 7ang 5u!ang =e!penga!u( a%a'a( pH su=s*!a*$ su(u a&! %an su(u u%a!a" Mes5&pun mas&( *e!go'ong =a&5 namun men&ng5a*n7a a5*&@&*as manus&a %& =an*a!an sunga& %a'am pemenu(an 5e=u*u(ann7a mengan>am *e!8a%&n7a %eg!a%as& 5ua'&*as '&ng5ungan pe!a&!an se(&ngga pe!'u %&'a5u5an penge'o'aan *e!pa%u un*u5 men8agan7a aga! *e*ap *e!pe'&(a!a %engan =a&5 %an *e!5on*!o'"

"

Pe!a&!an A&! Ta#a! Dengan Kua'&*as Ku!ang
Ka=upa*en Gunung 5&%u' se=ag&an =esa! #&'a7a(n7a me!upa5an =en*angan 5a!s* gunung se#u 7ang sanga* un&5" W&'a7a( 5a!s* &n& se>a!a a'am& me!upa5an %ae!a( 7ang *an%us %an 5e!&ng 5a!ena m&n&mn7a sum=e! a&! *ana( %an a&! pe!mu5aan$ se(&ngga =en*u5an >e5ungan 7ang se>a!a a'am& *e!=en*u5 %& #&'a7a( &n& men8a%& sanga* =e!a!*& =ag& 5e(&%upan %&se5&*a!n7a" e5ungan pa%a %ae!a( 5a!s* pa%a saa* mus&m peng(u8an a5an *e!&s& a&! %an 5emu%&an %&5ena' se=aga& *e'aga" Sa'a( sa*u *e'aga %& 5a=upa*en Gunung5&%u' a%a'a( Te'aga Jongge" Te'aga Jongge o'e( mas7a!a5a* Gunung5&%u' %&Cungs&5an se=aga& sa!ana MK$ un*u5 a5*&@&*as pe!*an&an$ pe!&5anan$ pe*e!na5an$ #&sa*a %an !&*ua' =u%a7a" Keg&a*an &n& %apa* menga5&=a*5an *e!ganggun7a e5os&s*em *e'aga %an pe!u=a(an 5e=e!a%aan o!gan&sme a&! %& *e'aga" Pe!u=a(an 5on%&s& pe!&a!an *e!se=u* %apa* %&gam=a!5an me'a'u& 5e=e!a%aan o!gan&sme %& pe!a&!an *e!se=u* sa'a( sa*un7a 4oop'an5*on" oop'an5*on a%a'a( p'an5*on (e#an& 7ang (&%upn7a me'a7angB'a7ang %a'am a&! %an %&a mempun7a& 5emampuan un*u5 =e!enang" oop'an5*on %a'am e5os&s*em pe!a&!an mem&'&5& pe!an 7ang pen*&ng 5a!ena 4oop'an5*on me!upa5an 5onsumen pe!*ama +*op'an5*on 7ang mempun7a& pe!an un*u5 mem&n%a(5an ene!g& %a!& p!o%usen p!&me! 7a&*u +*op'an5*on 5e *&ng5a* 5onsumen 7ang 'e=&( *&ngg& 'ag& sepe!*& 'a!@a &5an$ %an &5anB&5an 5e>&'"

oop'an5*on me!upa5an sa'a( sa*u o!gan&sme 7ang !en*an *e!(a%ap 5on%&s& pe!u=a(an '&ng5ungan" Ke*&5a 8um'a( 4oop'an5*on m&n&m$ 5e'&mpa(an 5onsumenn7a sepe!*& 'a!@a &5an$ %an &5anB&5an 5e>&' a5an menga'am& penu!unan" Kon%&s& &n&'a( 7ang *e!8a%& pa%a e5os&s*em a&! *a#a! Te'aga Jongge"

ema! %&*an%a& %engan 5an%ungan O 7ang 'e=&( =esa! =&'a %&=an%&ng5an %engan 5ang%ungan o5s&genn7a -O0" Te!%apa* 5o!e'as& an*a!a *&ng5a* pen>ema!an a&! %engan o!gan&sme 7ang (&%up %a'am se=ua( pe!a&!an a&! *a#a!" Sema5&n *&ngg& 5a%a! O $ ma5a 5epa%a*an popu'as& sema5&n !en%a(" Sema5&n *&ngg& 5a%a! O0 %an 5e>e!a(an a&! ma5a 5epa%a*an popu'as& sema5&n *&ngg&"

Sa!an Ma5a'a( &n& %&(a!ap5an %apa* men8a%& a>uan %&'a5u5ann7a peme'&(a!aan un*u5 men8aga 5ua'&*as '&ng5ungan pe!a&!an a&! *a#a!" Men&ng5a*n7a a5*&@&*as manus&a %& =an*a!an sunga& %a'am pemenu(an 5e=u*u(ann7a mengan>am *e!8a%&n7a %eg!a%as& 5ua'&*as '&ng5ungan pe!a&!an a&! *a#a! se(&ngga pe!'u %&'a5u5an penge'o'aan *e!pa%u un*u5 men8agan7a aga! *e*ap *e!pe'&(a!a %engan =a&5 %an *e!5on*!o'"

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