Economics & Business Management( EBM ). Note. free download-pdf - Manu K M

VJndldghns clk Iushljss GclcmjgjltW

I,[jne,

I,[jne, Fcllur Zlhvjrshty

JNDLDGHN^ & IZ^HLJ^^ GCLCMJGJL[ GDKZBJ 3&9 @dr ^jgjstjr : JN$N^$H[$CJH & ^jgjstjr 0 GJ$NJ$JJ

Qrjpcrjk iy?

GCLZ, F,G Csshstclt Qrd`jssdr hl Jndldghns Phgcb Oydteh Hlsthtutj d` Gclcmjgjlt & Yjsjcrne Nejgpjrh ' Fcllur

fggclu385=Amgchb,ndg

3


I,[jne,

^XBBCIZ^ Gdkubj H %39 edurs(

Kj`hlhthdl d` jndldghns'lcturj clk sndpj d` jndldghn snhjlnj'lcturj clk sndpj d` gclcmjrhcb jndldghns'njltrcb prdibjgs d` cl jndldgy'sncrnhty clk nedhnj' dppdrtulhty ndst'diojnthvjs d` iushljss `hrgs'`drgs d` iushljss prdprhjtdrsehp'pcrtljrsehp'odhlt stdnf ndgpcly'nd'dpjrcthvj drmclhzcthdl' stctj jltjrprhsj Gdkubj HH %3;edurs(

Ndlsugpthdl „ wclts „necrcntjrhsthns d` wclts' bcw d` khghlhsehlm gcrmhlcb uthbhty' kjgclk „ bcw d` kjgclk' jbcsthnhty d` kjgclk' typjs d` jbcsthnhty' `cntdrs kjtjrghlhlm jbcsthnhty'gjcsurjgjlt' hts shmlh`hnclnj hl iushljss kjgclk `drjncsthlm'gjtedks d` kjgclk `drjncsthlm' suppby „ bcw d` suppby' jbcsthnhty d` suppby


9


I,[jne,

GDKZBJ' 3 Hltrdkunthdl td Jndldghns

J

ndldghns hs c sdnhcb snhjlnj tect kjcbs kj cbs whte eugcl wclts clk tejhr scths`cnthdl, Qjdpbj ecvj gubthpbj wclts td scths`y, [ejy ecvj td scths`y tejhr wclt `dr `ddk"

nbdte" sejbtjr" jkuncthdl" gjkhncb ncrj jtn, Eugcl wclts crj ulbhghtjk, Iy kdhlm sdgj wdrf dr cnthvhty pjdpbj jcrl gdljy, [ehs gdljy hs usjk td scths`y tejhr wclts, [eus" dur cnthvhthjs ecvj twd cspjnts hl ndggdl? `hrst" wj crj cbb jlmcmjk hl jcrlhlm dur bhvhlm" clk sjndlkby" tejsj jcrlhlms jlcibj us td scths`y dur wclts `dr kh``jrjlt mddks clk sjrvhnjs, [ehs cnthdl d` ―jcrlhlm clk spjlkhlm‘ hs ncbbjk jndldghn cnthvhty, [ej wdrk ‒Jndldghns‗ hs kjrhvjk `rdg tej Mrjjf ]drk ‒Dhfdldghc‗ wehne gjcls ‒edusjedbk gclcmjgjlt‗,

Kj`hlhthdls d` Jndldghns Jndldghns hs cl jvjr mrdwhlm snhjlnj, [eus ht hs vjry kh``hnubt td kj`hlj jndldghns prdpjrby, Ht hs vjry nbjcr `rdg tej wdrks d` tej `dbbdwhlm snedbcrs,

Grs, Icricrc ]ddttjl" ‒ wejrjvjr shx jndldghsts mctejrjk" tejrj whbb crhsj sjvjl dphlhdls cidut jndldghns‗,

O,G,Fjyljs" ‒ Qdbhthncb jndldgy hs schk td ij strclmbjk htsjb` whte kj`hlhthdls‗, Qrd`, Ocndi Phljr" ‒Jndldghns hs wect jndldghsts kd‗, @rdg tej wdrks d` cidvj snedbcrs ht hs nbjcr tect tej irclne d` fldwbjkmj jndldghns hs ibjssjk whte bcrmj lugijr d` kj`hlhthdls, [ej icshn kj`hlhthdls d` jndldghns ncl ij nbcssh`hjk ulkjr ; ej cks, c(, ]jcbte Kj`hlhthdl i(, ]jb`crj Kj`hlhthdl n(, ^ncrnhty Kj`hlhthdl k(,Mrdwte Kj`hlhthdl

3, ]jcbte Kj`hlhthdl %Qrd`, Ckcg ^ghte" Zlhvjrshty d` Mbcsmdw" ^ndtbclk( [ej `hrst jndldghst td cttjgpt c snhjlth`hn kj`hlhthdl d` jndldghns wcs Ckcg ^ghte" tej @ctejr d` Jndldghns, Hl ehs `cgdus iddf ‒Cl Jlquhry hl td tej Lcturj clk Ncusjs d` ]jcbte d` Lcthdls‗ puibhsejk hl 3==0" Ckcg ^ghte kj`hljk jndldghns cs ‒c snhjlnj d` wjcbte‗ ,

[ej ]jcbte kj`hlhthdl d` jndldghns ecs ijjl sjvjrjby nrhthnhsjk ijncusj ht cssugjk wjcbte cs cl jlk d` eugcl cnthvhthjs, ^ghte‘s kj`hlhthdl ecs c tjlkjlny td gcfj pjdpbj sjb`hse cs tej wjb`crj cspjnts d` eugcl bh`j wjrj ljmbjntjk,

9, ]jb`crj Kj`hlhthdl %Qrd`, Cb`rjk Gcrsecbb" Zlhvjrshty d` Ncgirhkmj( Qrd`, Cb`rjk Gcrsecbb hl ehs `cgdus iddf ‒Qrhlnhpbjs d` Jndldghns %3581( kj`hljk jndldghns cs ‒ c stuky d` gclfhlk hl tej drkhlcry iushljss d` bh`j6 ht jxcghljs tect pcrt d` hlkhvhkucb clk sdnhcb cnthdl wehne hs gdst nbdsjby ndlljntjk whte tej cttchlgjlt clk tej usj d` gctjrhcb rjquhshtjs d` wjbb'ijhlm‗ ,


>


I,[jne,

Qrd`, Bhdljb Ydiihls clk dtejrs nrhthnhsjk tehs kj`hlhthdl dl tej mrdulk tect wjb`crj hs suiojnthvj clk sd ht nclldt ij gjcsurjk dr ndgpcrjk,

>, ^ncrnhty Kj`hlhthdl % Qrd`, Bhdljb Ydiihls" Zlhvjrshty d` Bdlkdl ( Qrd`, Bhdljb Ydiihls hl ehs iddf ‒[ej Lcturj clk ^hmlh`hnclnj d` Jndldghn ^nhjlnj‗ %38>9( mcvj c ljw kj`hlhthdl td jndldghns, [ehs kj`hlhthdl hs fldwl cs tej sncrnhty kj`hlhthdl, Ydiihls kj`hljk jndldghns hl tej `dbbdwhlm bhljs" ‒Jndldghns hs c snhjlnj wehne stukhjs eugcl ijecvhdur cs c rjbcthdlsehp ijtwjjl jlks clk sncrnj gjcls wehne ecvj cbtjrlcthvj usjs‗ ,

[ehs kj`hlhthdl hs icsj dl tej `dbbdwhlm ùlkcgjltcb prdpdshthdls c( Eugcl wclts crj ulbhghtjk

i(

Gjcls$ rjsdurnjs crj bhghtjk

n( Yjsdurnjs ecvj

cbtjrlcthvj usjs,

;, Mrdwte Kj`hlhthdl %Qrd`, Q,C, ^cgujbsdl" Gcsscneusjtts Hlsthtutj d` [jneldbdmy( Cnndrkhlm td Qrd`, Q, C, ^cgujbsdl ‒jndldghns hs tej stuky d` edw gjl clk sdnhjty neddsj whte dr whtedut tej usj d` gdljy" td jgpbdy sncrnj prdkunthvj rjsdurnjs" wehne ndubk ecvj cbtjrlcthvj usjs" td prdkunj vcrhdus ndggdkhthjs dvjr thgj clk khstrhiutj tejg `dr ndlsugpthdl ldw clk hl tej ùturj cgdlm vcrhdus pjdpbj clk mrdup d` sdnhjty‗,

Lcturj d` Jndldghns Hl drkjr td ulkjrstclk tej lcturj d` jndldghns j ndldghns wj ecvj td hlkhnctj tej `dbbdwhlm" c( ]ejtejr jndldghns hs c snhjlnj dr cl crt4 i( H` jndldghns hs c snhjlnj" wejtejr ht hs c pdshthvj snhjlnj dr c ldrgcthvj snhjlnj4

3, ]ejtejr jndldghns hs c snhjlnj dr cl crt4 h( Jndldghns cs c ^nhjlnj [ej systjgcthzjk idky d` fldwbjkmj rjmcrkhlm c suiojnt hs ndggdlby kj`hljk cs c snhjlnj, C snhjlnj hs ldt c gjrj ndbbjnthdl d` `cnts iut hlkhnctjs c rjbcthdlsehp ijtwjjl ncusj clk j``jnt, Jndldghns hs ndlshkjrjk cs c ùbb'`bjkmjk snhjlnj, Bhfj cly dtejr snhjlnj jndldghns ecs hts dwl mjljrcbhscthdls" tejdrhjs dr bcws d` jndldghns wehne trcnjs dut c ncusj clk j``jnt rjbcthdlsehp ijtwjjl twd dr gdrj pejldgjlc,

hh( Jndldghns cs cl Crt [ej prcnthncb cppbhncthdl d` snhjlth`hn tjnelhqujs hs tej Crt d` Jndldghns, 

Jndldghns hs c snhjlnj hl hts gjtedkdbdmy clk cl crt hl hts cppbhncthdl,



Ht hs ndlshkjrjk cs ljwjst d` snhjlnjs clk dbkjst d` crts clk tej

 ‒Sujjl d` cbb tej sdnhcb snhjlnjs‗,

9, ]ejtejr jndldghns hs c pdshthvj snhjlnj dr c ldrgcthvj snhjlnj4 h( Jndldghns cs c Qdshthvj ^nhjlnj

C pdshthvj snhjlnj hs c idky d` systjgcthzjk fldwbjkmj ndlnjrlhlm ―wect hs‘ , Cs pjr tej lhljtjjlte njltury jxpjrts" jndldghns hs c pdshthvj snhjlnj, Qdshthvj jndldghns hs `rjj `rdg vcbuj oukmgjlt h,j" ht kjsnrhijs disjrvjk `cnts whtedut scyhlm wejtejr tejy crj mddk dr ick Jxcgpbjs d` pdshthvj stctjgjlts crj mhvjl ijbdw, 3, Cl ckkhthdlcb tcx dl mddks whbb rchsj hts prhnj, 9, C rhsj hl tej prhnj d` c ndggdkhty whbb rjkunj hts kjgclk, kj gclk, fggclu385=Amgchb,ndg

;


I,[jne,

hh( Ldrgcthvj Jndldghns C ldrgcthvj snhjlnj hs c idky d` systjgcthzjk fldwbjkmj ndlnjrlhlm ―wect dumet td ij,‘ Ldrgcthvj jndldghns dr wjb`crj jndldghns hs tej stuky d` ―wect dumet td ij‘ dr ―edw tej jndldghn prdibjgs sedubk ij sdbvjk‘, Jxcgpbjs d` ldrgcthvj stctjgjlts crj mhvjl ijbdw, 3, [ej khstrhiuthdl d` Lcthdlcb Hlndgj hl Hlkhc sedubk ij gdrj jqucb, 9, [ej bjvjb d` mdvjrlgjlt jxpjlkhturj sedubk ij rjkunjk, Hl sedrt" jndldghns hs idte c pdshthvj clk ldrgcthvj snhjlnj

^ndpj d` Jndldghns [ej sndpj d` jndldghns gjcls tej crjc dr idulkcry d` tej stuky d` jndldghns, [ejrj crj kh``jrjlt vhjws rjmcrkhlm tej sndpj d` jndldghns, Cnndrkhlm td Qrd`, C,N, Qhmdu" jndldghns hs c pdshthvj snhjlnj d` ―wect hs‘, Ht hs ldt c ldrgcthvj snhjlnj d` ―wect dumet td ij‘, Qrd`, Phljr stctjs tect ―jndldghns hs wect jndldghsts kd‘, [ej sndpj d` jndldghns hlnbukj tej `dbbdwhlm 3, [ej suiojnt gcttjr d` jndldghns 9, ^pjnhcbhzjk irclnejs d` jndldghns

3, [ej suiojnt gcttjr d` jndldghns [ej suiojnt gcttjr d` jndldghns hs khvhkjk hl td twd, c( Ghnrd jndldghns i( Gcnrd jndldghns,

Ghnrd Jndldghns clk Gcnrd Jndldghns [ej tjrg ―ghnrd‘ clk ―gcnrd‘ wjrj ndhljk iy Qrd`, Ycmlcr @rhsne d` Dsbd Zlhvjrshty %Ldrwcy( hl 38>>, [ej tjrg ―ghnrd‘ ecs ijjl kjrhvjk `rdg tej Mrjjf wdrk ―ghfrds‘ wehne gjcls sgcbb, Ghnrd jndldghns hs tej stuky d` tej ijecvhdur d` hlkhvhkucb jndldghn ulht, Ht hs cbsd ncbbjk Qrhnj tejdry, Ht stukhjs jndldghn cnthvhthjs ndlnjrlhlm cl hlkhvhkucb ndlsugjr" c `hrg dr cl hlkustry clk tej stuky d` hlkhvhkucb hlndgj" tej kjtjrghlcthdl d` prdkunt prhnj" `cntdr prhnj jtn, Gcnrd jndldghns hs tej stuky d` tej jndldgy cs c wedbj, [ej tjrg ―gcnrd‘ ecs ijjl kjrhvjk `rdg tej Mrjjf wdrk ―gcfrds‘ wehne gjcls bcrmj, Ht stukhjs cmmrjmctj `cnts bhfj lcthdlcb hlndgj" tdtcb jxpjlkhturj" tdtcb hlvjstgjlt" bjvjb d` jgpbdygjlt" tdtcb prdkunthdl" mjljrcb prhnj bjvjb jtn, Ht hs cbsd ncbbjk tej tejdry d` hlndgj clk jgpbdygjlt, Ghnrd jndldghns

Gcnrd jndldghns

3,^tukhjs dlby pcrt d` tej jndldgy 9, Icsjs dl pcrthcb jquhbhirhug clcbyshs >, [cfjs tej cssugpthdl" dtejr tehlms rjgchls jqucb ;, Zsj kjkunthvj gjtedk %Mjljrcb td Qcrthnubcr( :, prdvhkj wdrg‘s jyj vhjw d` tej jndldgy 0, Ht hs cbsd fldwl cs prhnj tejdry =, ^tuky d` hlkhvhkucb ulhts

3,^tukhjs tej jndldgy cs c wedbj 9,Icsjs dl mjljrcb jquhbhirhug clcbyshs >,Kdjsldt tcfjl tehs cssugpthdl ;,Zsj hlkunthvj gjtedk %Qcrthnubcr td Mjljrcb( :,prdvhkj ihrk‘s jyj vhjw d` tej jndldgy 0, Fldwl cs tejdry d` hlndgj clk jgpbdygjlt =, ^tuky d` cmmrjmctjs fggclu385=Amgchb,ndg

:


I,[jne,

9, ^pjnhcbhzjk irclnejs irclnejs d` jndldghns jndldghns ^dgj d` tej gcodr spjnhcbhzjk irclnejs d` jndldghns crj 3, Ghnrdjndldghns? [ehs hs ndlshkjrjk td ij tej icshn jndldghns, Ghnrdjndldghns gcy ij kj`hljk cs tect irclne d` jndldghn clcbyshs wehne stukhjs tej jndldghn ijecvhdur d` tej hlkhvhkucb ulht" gcy ij c pjrsdl" c pcrthnubcr edusjedbk" dr c pcrthnubcr `hrg, 9, Gcnrdjndldghns? Gcnrdjndldghns gcy ij kj`hljk cs tect irclne d` jndldghn clcbyshs wehne stukhjs ijecvhdur d` ldt dlj pcrthnubcr ulht" iut d` cbb tej ulhts ndgihljk tdmjtejr, Gcnrdjndldghns hs c stuky hl cmmrjmctjs, >, Hltjrlcthdlcb jndldghns? Cs tej ndultrhjs d` tej gdkjrl wdrbk crj rjcbhshlm tej shmlh`hnclnj d` trckj whte dtejr ndultrhjs" tej rdbj d` hltjrlcthdlcb jndldghns hs mjtthlm gdrj clk gdrj shmlh`hnclt ldwckcys, ;, Quibhn `hlclnj? [ej mrjct kjprjsshdl d` tej 38>1s bjk td tej rjcbhscthdl d` tej rdbj d` mdvjrlgjlt hl stcihbhshlm tej jndldghn mrdwte ijshkjs dtejr diojnthvjs bhfj mrdwte" rjkhstrhiuthdl d` hlndgj" jtn, [ejrj`drj" c ùbb irclne d` jndldghns fldwl cs Quibhn @hlclnj dr tej `hsncb jndldghns ecs jgjrmjk td clcbysj tej rdbj d` mdvjrlgjlt hl tej jndldgy :, Kjvjbdpgjlt jndldghns? Cs c`tjr tej ^jndlk ]drbk ]cr gcly ndultrhjs mdt `rjjkdg `rdg tej ndbdlhcb rubj" tejhr jndldghns rjquhrjk kh``jrjlt trjctgjlt `dr mrdwte clk kjvjbdpgjlt, [ehs irclne kjvjbdpjk cs kjvjbdpgjlt jndldghns, 0, Ejcbte jndldghns? C ljw rjcbhscthdl ecs jgjrmjk `rdg eugcl kjvjbdpgjlt `dr jndldghn mrdwte, [ejrj`drj" irclnejs bhfj ejcbte jndldghns crj mchlhlm gdgjltug, ^hghbcrby" jkuncthdlcb jndldghns hs cbsd ndghlm up, =, Jlvhrdlgjltcb jndldghns? Zlnejnfjk jgpecshs dl jndldghn mrdwte whtedut ncrhlm `dr lcturcb rjsdurnjs clk jndbdmhncb icbclnj" ldw" jndldghn mrdwte hs `cnhlm c ljw necbbjlmj `rdg tej jlvhrdlgjltcb shkj, [ejrj`drj" Jlvhrdlgjltcb Jndldghns ecs jgjrmjk cs dlj d` tej gcodr irclnejs d` jndldghns tect hs ndlshkjrjk shmlh`hnclt `dr sustchlcibj kjvjbdpgjlt, 5, Gclcmjrhcb Jndldghns

Gclcmjrhcb Jndldghns Gclcmjrhcb jndldghns stukhjs edw jndldghn tejdrhjs" ndlnjpts clk tddbs d` clcbyshs ncl ij cppbhjk td iushljss kjnhshdl gcfhlm clk td ulkjrstclk tej iushljss jlvhrdlgjlt d` tej ndultry, Ht hs ldtehlm iut tej ‒cppbhncthdl d` jndldghns td tej rjcb iushljss cnthvhthjs" sd cs td mjt tej kjshrjk iushljss rjsubt‗,

Kj`hlhthdls d` Gclcmjrhcb Jndldghns GnMutmcl clk Gdyjr? ‒Gclcmjrhcb jndldghns hs tej cppbhncthdl d` jndldghn tejdry clk gjtedkdbdmy td kjnhshdl'gcfhlm prdibjgs `cnjk iy idte puibhn clk prhvctj hlsthtuthdls‗,

^pjlnjr clk ^hjmjbgcl? Gclcmjrhcb jndldghns hs ‒tej hltjmrcthdl d` jndldghn tejdry whte iushljss prcnthnj `dr tej purpdsj d` `cnhbhtcthlm kjnhshdl'gcfhlm clk `drwcrk pbcllhlm iy gclcmjgjlt‗,

GnLchr clk Gjrhcg? ‒Gclcmjrhcb jndldghns ndlshsts d` tej usj d` jndldghn gdkjs d` tedumet td clcbysj iushljss shtucthdls‗,


0


I,[jne,

Lcturj $ Necrcntjrhsthns d` Gclcmjrhcb Jndldghns Hl c wdrbk d` ndgpjththdl hl tej gcrfjt tejrj jxhst tedusclks d` rhvcbs6 kuj td tehs c iushljssgcl dr cl jltrjprjljur pbcls ehs strctjmhjs sd cs td tcfj ndltrdb dvjr tej gcrfjt, [ej `dbbdwhlm pdhlts ndlsthtutj tej lcturj d` gclcmjrhcb jndldghns,

3, Ht hs c Ghnrd jndldghn clcbyshs? Ht stukhjs tej prdibjgs clk prhlnhpbjs d` cl hlkhvhkucb iushljss `hrg dr cl hlkhvhkucb hlkustry, Ht chks tej gclcmjgjlt hl `drjncsthlm clk jvcbucthlm tej trjlks d` tej gcrfjt,

9, Ldrgcthvj jndldghns? Ht hs ndlnjrljk whte vcrhjk ndrrjnthvj gjcsurjs tect c gclcmjgjlt ulkjrtcfjs ulkjr vcrhdus nhrnugstclnjs, Ht kjcbs whte mdcb kjtjrghlcthdl" mdcb kjvjbdpgjlt clk cnehjvjgjlt d` tejsj mdcbs, @uturj pbcllhlm" pdbhny'gcfhlm" kjnhshdl'gcfhlm clk dpthgcb uthbhscthdl d` cvchbcibj rjsdurnjs" ndgj ulkjr tej iclljr d` gclcmjrhcb jndldghns,

>, Qrcmgcthn? Gclcmjrhcb jndldghns hs prcmgcthn %prcnthncb hl dutbddf(, Hl purj ghnrd' jndldghn tejdry" clcbyshs hs pjr`drgjk" icsjk dl njrtchl jxnjpthdls" wehne crj `cr `rdg rjcbhty, Edwjvjr" hl gclcmjrhcb jndldghns" gclcmjrhcb hssujs crj rjsdbvjk kchby clk kh``hnubt hssujs d` jndldghn tejdry crj fjpt ct icy,

;, Zsjs tejdry d` `hrg? Gclcmjrhcb jndldghns jgpbdys jndldghn ndlnjpts clk prhlnhpbjs" wehne crj fldwl cs tej tejdry d` @hrg dr -Jndldghns d` tej @hrg-, [eus" hts sndpj hs lcrrdwjr tecl tect d` purj jndldghn tejdry,

:, [cfjs tej ejbp d` gcnrd jndldghns? Gclcmjrhcb jndldghns hlndrpdrctjs njrtchl cspjnts d` gcnrdjndldghn tejdry, [ejsj crj jssjlthcb td ndgprjejlkhlm tej nhrnugstclnjs clk jlvhrdlgjlts tect jlvjbdp tej wdrfhlm ndlkhthdls d` cl hlkhvhkucb `hrg dr cl hlkustry, Fldwbjkmj d` gcnrdjndldghn hssujs sune cs iushljss nynbjs" tcxcthdl pdbhnhjs" hlkustrhcb pdbhny d` tej mdvjrlgjlt" prhnj clk khstrhiuthdl pdbhnhjs" wcmj pdbhnhjs clk clthgdldpdby pdbhnhjs clk sd dl" hs hltjmrcb td tej sunnjssùb ùlnthdlhlm d` c iushljss jltjrprhsj,

0, Chgs ct ejbphlm tej gclcmjgjlt? Gclcmjrhcb jndldghns chgs ct suppdrthlm tej gclcmjgjlt hl tcfhlm ndrrjnthvj kjnhshdls clk necrthlm pbcls clk pdbhnhjs `dr ùturj,

=, C snhjlth`hn crt? Gclcmjrhcb jndldghns ecs ijjl cbsd ncbbjk cs c snhjlth`hn crt ijncusj ht ejbps tej gclcmjgjlt hl tej ijst clk j``hnhjlt uthbhscthdl d` sncrnj jndldghn rjsdurnjs, Ht ndlshkjrs prdkunthdl ndsts" kjgclk" prhnj" prd`ht" rhsf jtn, Ht csshsts tej gclcmjgjlt hl shlmbhlm dut tej gdst `jcshibj cbtjrlcthvj, Gclcmjrhcb jndldghns `cnhbhtctjs mddk clk rjsubt drhjltjk kjnhshdls ulkjr ndlkhthdls d` ulnjrtchlty,

^ndpj d` Gclcmjrhcb Jndldghns [ej sndpj d` gclcmjrhcb jndldghns hlnbukjs `dbbdwhlm suiojnts? 3, [ejdry d` kjgclk 9, [ejdry d` prdkunthdl >, [ejdry d` jxneclmj dr prhnj tejdry ;, [ejdry d` prd`ht :, [ejdry d` ncphtcb clk hlvjstgjlt 0, Jlvhrdlgjltcb hssujs fggclu385=Amgchb,ndg

=


I,[jne,

3, [ejdry d` Kjgclk? Cnndrkhlm td ^pjlnjr clk ^hjmjbgcl" ‒C iushljss `hrg hs cl jndldghn drmclhscthdl wehne trcls`drgs prdkunthvhty sdurnjs hltd mddks tect crj td ij sdbk hl c gcrfjt‗, Ht hlnbukjs c, Kjgclk clcbyshs? Clcbyshs d` kjgclk hs ulkjrtcfjl td `drjncst kjgclk" wehne hs c ùlkcgjltcb ndgpdljlt hl gclcmjrhcb kjnhshdl'gcfhlm, i, Kjgclk tejdry? Kjgclk tejdry tejdry rjbctjs td tej stuky d` ndlsugjr ijecvhdur, 9, [ejdry d` Qrdkunthdl? Qrdkunthdl clk ndst clcbyshs hs njltrcb `dr tej ulecgpjrjk ùlnthdlhlm d` tej prdkunthdl prdnjss clk `dr prdojnt pbcllhlm, Qrdkunthdl hs cl jndldghn cnthvhty tect gcfjs mddks cvchbcibj `dr ndlsugpthdl, Qrdkunthdl hs cbsd kj`hljk cs c sug d` cbb jndldghn cnthvhthjs ijshkjs ndlsugpthdl, Ht hs tej prdnjss d` nrjcthlm mddks dr sjrvhnjs iy uthbhshlm vcrhdus cvchbcibj rjsdurnjs, >, [ejdry d` Jxneclmj dr Qrhnj [ejdry? Qrhnhlm hs cl hgpdrtclt crjc hl gclcmjrhcb jndldghns, [ej cnnurcny d` prhnhlm kjnhshdls hs vhtcb hl secphlm tej sunnjss d` cl jltjrprhsj, ;, [ejdry d` prd`ht? Jvjry iushljss clk hlkustrhcb jltjrprhsj chgs ct gcxhghshlm prd`ht, Qrd`ht hs tej kh``jrjlnj ijtwjjl tdtcb rjvjluj clk tdtcb jndldghn ndst, Qrd`htcihbhty d` cl drmclhscthdl hs mrjctby hl`bujlnjk iy tej `dbbdwhlm `cntdrs? • Kjgclk d` tej prdkunt • Qrhnjs d` tej `cntdrs d` prdkunthdl • Lcturj clk kjmrjj d` ndgpjththdl hl tej gcrfjt • Qrhnj ijecvhdur ulkjr neclmhlm ndlkhthdls :, [ejdry d` Ncphtcb clk Hlvjstgjlt? Ncphtcb hs tej iuhbkhlm ibdnf d` c iushljss, Bhfj dtejr `cntdrs d` prdkunthdl" ht hs cbsd sncrnj clk jxpjlshvj, Ht sedubk ij cbbdnctjk hl gdst j``hnhjlt gclljr, 0, Jlvhrdlgjltcb hssujs? Gclcmjrhcb jndldghns cbsd jlndgpcssjs sdgj cspjnts d` gcnrdjndldghns, [ejsj rjbctj td sdnhcb clk pdbhthncb jlvhrdlgjlt hl wehne c iushljss clk hlkustrhcb `hrg ecs td dpjrctj,

Ydbj d` c Gclcmjrhcb Jndldghst Jndldghst [ej gclcmjrhcb jndldghst pbcys c vhtcb rdbj hl tej gclcmjgjlt d` tej iushljss, Ej ecs td tcfj sd gcly kjnhshdls `dr tej iushljss, C gclcmjrhcb jndldghst whte mddk fldwbjkmj d` jndldghn prhlnhpbjs hs cibj td ditchl clk clcbysj hl`drgcthdl ljnjsscry `dr prd`htcibj kjnhshdl gcfhlm, Ehs gchl ùlnthdls crj 3, Qrdkunthdl snejkubhlm 9, ^cbjs `drjncsthlm >, Gcrfjt rjsjcrne ;, Jndldghn clcbyshs d` ndgpjthlm ndgpclhjs :, Qrhnhlm prdibjgs d` hlkustrhjs 0, Hlvjstgjlt cpprchscb =, ^jnurhty gclcmjgjlt clcbyshs 5, Ckvhsj dl `drjhml jxneclmj gclcmjgjlt 8, Jlvhrdlgjltcb `drjncsthlm


5


I,[jne,

[ej Njltrcb Qrdibjgs d` cl Jndldgy? ^ncrnhty clk Nedhnj Jndldghns hs tej irclne d` sdnhcb snhjlnj wehne stukhjs tej eugcl wclts clk tejhr scths`cnthdl, Eugcl wclts crj ulbhghtjk clk rjsdurnjs td scths`y tejsj wclts crj bhghtjk , [ej prdibjg d` cbbdncthlm tej sncrnj rjsdurnjs td scths`y tej hl`hlhtj wclts hs tej njltrcb jndldghn prdibjg, Hl jndldghns" tej tjrg ―sncrnhty‘ gjcls tect wclts crj mrjctjr tecl rjsdurnjs, [ej rjsdurnjs hl cl jndldgy rj`jrs td tej `cntdrs d` prdkunthdl hj" bclk" bcidur" ncphtcb clk drmclhzcthdl, ^hlnj tej suppby d` tejsj `cntdrs d` prdkunthdl hs bhghtjk" tej mddks clk sjrvhnjs prdkunjk iy tejsj rjsdurnjs crj cbsd bhghtjk, ^hlnj tej suppby d` rjsdurnjs clk mddks clk sjrvhnjs crj sncrnj" tejrj crdusjs tej ljjk `dr nedhnj , [ej prdkunjrs ecvj td

kjnhkj edw `cntdrs d` prdkunthdl secbb ij jgpbdyjk clk tej ndlsugjrs ecvj td kjnhkj wehne d` tejhr wclts crj td ij scths`hjk, [eus sncrnhty clk nedhnj crj tej njltrcb prdibjgs d` cl jndldgy, Nedhnj ct tej Qjrsdlcb Bjvjb ? C ndlsugjr nclldt iuy jvjrytehlm ej wclts td ndlsugj

ijncusj ehs hlndgj hs bhghtjk, [eus tej ndlsugjr ecs td kjnhkj wehne mddks clk hl edw gune quclththjs crj td ij idumet, Ijncusj d` sncrnhty" tej ndst d` ecvhlm dlj tehlm hs tej bdss jxpjrhjlnjk `rdg ldt ecvhlm sdgjtehlm jbsj, @dr jxcgpbj" suppdsj c ndlsugjr ecs td neddsj ijtwjjl iuyhlm c ncgjrc clk c iddf, H` ehs nedhnj hs ncgjrc" tejl tej ndst d` ncgjrc hs tej iddf `drmdlj, [ej ndst d` `drmdlj cbtjrlcthvj hs ncbbjk tej dppdrtulhty ndst, Nedhnj ct tej Lcthdlcb Bjvjb? Nedhnj ct tej lcthdlcb bjvjb hs kuj td tej sncrnhty d` `cntdrs d`

prdkunthdl hj" edw tej bhghtjk rjsdurnjs crj td ij cbbdnctjk td prdkunj mddks clk sjrvhnjs j``hnhjltby, Ejrj c nedhnj ecs td ij gckj cs td edw `cntdrs d` prdkunthdl secbb ij jgpbdyjk, Nedhnj clk sncrnhty ct tej lcthdlcb bjvjb ncl ij hbbustrctjk whte tej Qrdkunthdl Qdsshihbhty Nurvj %QQN(,

Icshn Jndldghn Qrdibjgs dr Kjnhshdls ^hlnj tejrj hs tej prdibjg d` sncrnhty d` prdkunthvj rjsdurnjs hl jvjry jndldgy" ht ecs td tcfj njrtchl icshn kjnhshdls rjmcrkhlm tej prdkunthdl clk khstrhiuthdl d` mddks clk sjrvhnjs hl tej jndldgy, [ejsj kjnhshdl gcfhlm prdnjss hs dtejrwhsj ncbbjk cs tej icshn jndldghn prdibjgs d` cl jndldgy, [ej icshn jndldghn prdibjgs `cnjk iy cly ndultry crj tej `dbbdwhlm,

3, ]ect td Qrdkunj4 ]ect td prdkunj rj`jrs td wect mddks clk sjrvhnjs clk hl edw gune quclththjs crj td ij prdkunjk iy tej jndldgy, [ej ghbbhdls d` pjdpbj bhvhlm hl c ndultry rjquhrj gcly mddks clk sjrvhnjs, Iut kuj td tej sncrnhty d` rjsdurnjs" tej jndldgy hs ldt ncpcibj d` prdkunhlm cbb tejsj mddks clk sjrvhnjs, Hlnrjcsj hl tej prdkunthdl d` dlj ndggdkhty whbb bhghts tej prdkunthdl d` dtejr ndggdkhthjs,

9, Edw td Qrdkunj4 Edw td prdkunj rj`jrs td tej gjtedk$tjnelhquj d` prdkunthdl, [jnelhqujs $gjtedks$nedhnj d` prdkunthdl [ejrj crj gchlby twd gjtedks usjk hl prdkunthdl6 c( Bcidur hltjlshvj gjtedk clk i( Ncphtcb hltjlshvj gjtedk, fggclu385=Amgchb,ndg

8


I,[jne,

Gjtedk d` prdkunthdl hl wehne gdrj bcidur clk bjss ncphtcb crj usjk hs ncbbjk bcidur hltjlshvj gjtedk clk gjtedk d` prdkunthdl hl wehne gdrj ncphtcb clk bjss bcidur crj usjk hs ncbbjk ncphtcb hltjlshvj gjtedk , Bcidur hltjlshvj gjtedk hs suhtcibj `dr kjvjbdphlm

ndultrhjs clk ncphtcb hltjlshvj gjtedk hs suhtcibj `dr kjvjbdpjk ndultrhjs, J,m,6 Nbdte ncl ij prdkunjk dl eclk bddgs dr pdwjr bddgs, H` eclk bddgs crj usjk" rjbcthvjby gdrj bcidur clk bjss ncphtcb hs jgpbdyjk, Hl tej ncsj d` pdwjr bddgs" gdrj ncphtcb clk bjss bcidur hs rjquhrjk,

>, @dr wedg td Qrdkunj4 @dr wedg td prdkunj rj`jrs edw tej tdtcb dutput hs khvhkjk cgdlm ndlsugjrs, ^hlnj mddks clk sjrvhnjs prdkunjk crj bhghtjk" cbb wclts d` tej pjdpbj nclldt ij scths`hjk iy c ndultry,

;, Edw td cnehjvj Jndldghn Mrdwte4 [ej cttchlgjlt d` rcphk jndldghn mrdwte hs cldtejr icshn jndldghn prdibjg, Jndldghn mrdwte rj`jrs td cl hlnrjcsj hl tej rjcb pjr ncphtc hlndgj d` c ndultry, Ycphk jndldghn mrdwte ncl ij cttchljk iy ùbbjr uthbhzcthdl d` tej cvchbcibj rjsdurnjs, Jndldghn mrdwte d` cl jndldgy ncl ij rjprjsjltjk iy cl dutwcrk seh`t hl tej Qrdkunthdl Qdsshihbhty Nurvj,

Dppdrtulhty Ndst Qrhlnhpbj ûppdsj c ndlsugjr ecs td neddsj ijtwjjl iuyhlm c ncgjrc clk c iddf, H` ehs nedhnj hs ncgjrc" tejl tej ndst d` ncgjrc hs tej iddf `drmdlj, [ej ndst d` `drmdlj cbtjrlcthvj hs ncbbjk tej dppdrtulhty ndst, H` dlj cnrj d` bclk prdkunjs tcphdnc wdrte Ys,;111 dr wejct wdrte d` Ys, :111" c rcthdlcb `crgjr whbb `drmd tej prdkunthdl d` tcphdnc `dr tej scfj d` wejct, Dppdrtulhty ndst hs tej ndst d` ljxt ijst `drmdlj cbtjrlcthvj , Dppdrtulhty ndst hs dlj d`

tej gcodr prhlnhpbjs up dl wehne jndldghn tejdry hs ndlstruntjk,

Iushljss @hrg ‒C `hrg hs cl drmclhzcthdl dwljk iy dlj dr odhltby iy c `jw dr gcly hlkhvhkucbs wehne hs jlmcmjk hl prdkunthvj cnthvhty d` cly fhlk `dr tej scfj d` prd`ht dr sdgj dtejr wjbb kj`hljk chg‗,

Gdst d` tej `hrgs dwljk iy prhvctj hlkhvhkucbs hl gclu`cnturhlm trckj clk sjrvhnjs whbb csphrj `dr prd`ht iut tejrj gcy ij sdgj dtejr sune cs Mdvjrlgjlt ndgpclhjs wejrj prd`ht gdthvcthdl hs sjndlkcry dr ghsshlm cbtdmjtejr,

Hlkustry Hlkustry hs c mrdup d` `hrgs prdkunhlm c shlmbj edgdmjljdus prdkunt clk sjbbhlm hl c ndggdl gcrfjt,


31


I,[jne,

Diojnthvjs$Gdthvjs$Mdcbs d` Iushljss @hrgs @dbbdwhlm crj tej hgpdrtclt diojnthvjs d` iushljss `hrgs,

3, Jndldghn diojnthvjs Jndldghn diojnthvj d` iushljss rj`jrs td tej diojnthvj d` jcrlhlm prd`ht clk cbsd dtejr diojnthvjs tect crj ljnjsscry td ij pursujk td cnehjvj prd`ht, Ht hlnbukjs c( Qrd`ht jcrlhlm i( Nrjcthdl d` nustdgjrs n( Yjmubcr hlldvcthdls k( Ijst pdsshibj usj d` rjsdurnjs

9, ^dnhcb diojnthvjs ^dnhcb diojnthvjs crj tedsj diojnthvjs d` iushljss wehne crj kjshrjk td ij cnehjvjk `dr tej ijlj`ht d` tej sdnhjty, Ht hlnbukjs c( Qrdkunthdl clk suppby d` qucbhty mddks clk sjrvhnjs i( Ckdpthdl d` `chr trckj prcnthnjs n( Ndltrhiuthdl td tej mjljrcb wjb`crj d` tej sdnhjty

>, Eugcl diojnthvjs Eugcl diojnthvjs rj`jr td tej diojnthvjs chgjk ct tej wjbb'ijhlm cs wjbb cs ùb`hbgjlt d` jxpjntcthdls d` jgpbdyjjs, Ht hlnbukjs c( Jndldghn wjbb'ijhlm d` tej jgpbdyjjs i( ^dnhcb clk psynedbdmhncb scths`cnthdl d` jgpbdyjjs n( Kjvjbdpgjlt d` eugcl rjsdurnjs

;, Lcthdlcb diojnthvjs Ijhlm cl hgpdrtclt pcrt d` tej ndultry" jvjry iushljss gust ecvj tej diojnthvj d` ùb`hbbhlm lcthdlcb mdcbs clk csphrcthdls, Ht hlnbukjs c( Nrjcthdl d` jgpbdygjlt i( Qrdgdthdl d` sdnhcb ousthnj n( Qrdkunthdl cnndrkhlm td lcthdlcb prhdrhty k( Ndltrhiutj td tej rjvjluj d` tej ndultry j( ^jb` su``hnhjlny clk jxpdrt prdgdthdl

:, Mbdicb diojnthvjs [dkcy" ijncusj d` mbdicbhscthdl" tej jlthrj wdrbk ecs ijndgj c ihm gcrfjt, Mddks prdkunjk hl dlj ndultry crj rjckhby cvchbcibj hl dtejr ndultrhjs, ^d td `cnj tej ndgpjththdl hl tej mbdicb gcrfjt jvjry iushljss ulht ecs njrtchl diojnthvjs hl ghlk" wehne gcy ij ncbbjk tej mbdicb diojnthvjs, c( Ychsj mjljrcb stclkcrk d` bhvhlm i( Yjkunj khspcrhthjs cgdlm lcthdls n( Gcfj cvchbcibj mbdicbby ndgpjththvj mddks clk sjrvhnjs,


33


I,[jne,

@drgs d` Iushljss Drmclhzcthdl •

^dbj prdprhjtdrsehp$ Hlkhvhkucb jltjrprhsj

•

Qcrtljrsehp

•

Odhlt ^tdnf Ndgpcly

•

Nd'dpjrcthvj Jltjrprhsj

•

^tctj Jltjrprhsj

3, ^dbj Qrdprhjtdrsehp Gjclhlm

]ejl tej dwljrsehp clk gclcmjgjlt d` iushljss crj hl ndltrdb d` dlj hlkhvhkucb" ht hs fldwl cs sdbj prdprhjtdrsehp dr sdbj trckjrsehp, Ht hs sjjl jvjrywejrj" hl jvjry ndultry" jvjry stctj" jvjry bdncbhty, [ej sedps dr stdrjs wehne ydu sjj hl ydur bdncbhty ‛tej vjmjtcibj stdrj" tej swjjts sedp" tej ^[K$H^K tjbjpedlj iddtes jtn, ' ndgj ulkjr sdbj prdprhjtdrsehp,

Ckvcltcmjs d` ^dbj Qrdprhjtdrsehp 3, Jcsy @drgcthdl? [ej ihmmjst ckvcltcmj d` c sdbj trckjr sehp iushljss hs hts jcsy `drgcthdl, Clyidky whsehlm td stcrt sune c iushljss ncl kd sd hl gcly ncsjs whtedut cly bjmcb `drgcbhthjs, 9, Ijttjr Ndltrdb ? [ej dwljr ecs ùbb ndltrdb dvjr ehs iushljss, Ej pbcls" drmclhsjs" nd' drkhlctjs tej vcrhdus cnthvhthjs, ^hlnj ej ecs cbb cutedrhty" tejrj hs cbwcys j``jnthvj ndltrdb, >, Qrdgpt Kjnhshdl Gcfhlm? Cs tej sdbj trckjr tcfjs cbb tej kjnhshdls ehgsjb` tej kjnhshdl gcfhlm ijndgjs quhnf" wehne jlcibjs tej dwljr td tcfj ncrj d` cvchbcibj dppdrtulhthjs hggjkhctjby clk prdvhkj hggjkhctj sdbuthdls td prdibjgs, ;, @bjxhihbhty hl Dpjrcthdls? Dlj gcl dwljrsehp clk ndltrdb gcfjs ht pdsshibj `dr neclmj hl dpjrcthdls td ij irdumet cidut cs clk wejl lj njsscry, :, Yjtjlthdl d` Iushljss ^jnrjts? Cldtejr hgpdrtclt ckvcltcmj d` c sdbj prdprhjtdrsehp iushljss hs tect tej dwljr hs hl c pdshthdl td gchltchl cisdbutj sjnrjny rjmcrkhlm ehs iushljss cnthvhthjs, 0, Khrjnt Gdthvcthdl? [ej dwljr hs khrjntby gdthvctjk td put ehs ijst j``drts cs ej cbdlj hs tej ijlj`hnhcry d` tej prd`hts jcrljk, =, Qjrsdlcb Cttjlthdl td Ndlsugjr Ljjks ? Hl c sdbj trckjrsehp iushljss" dlj mjljrcbby `hlks tej prdprhjtdr tcfhlm pjrsdlcb ncrj d` ndlsugjr ljjks cs ej ldrgcbby ùlnthdls whtehl c sgcbb mjdmrcpehncb crjc, 5, Nrjcthdl d` Jgpbdygjlt? C sdbj trckjrsehp iushljss `cnhbhtctjs sjb` jgpbdygjlt clk cbsd jgpbdygjlt `dr gcly dtejrs, Ht prdgdtjs jltrjprjljurhcb sfhbb cgdlm tej hlkhvhkucbs, 8, ^dnhcb Ijlj`hts? C sdbj prdprhjtdr hs tej gcstjr d` ehs dwl iushljss, Ej ecs cisdbutj `rjjkdg hl tcfhlm kjnhshdls" ushlm ehs sfhbb clk ncpcihbhty, [ehs mhvjs ehg ehme sjb`'jstjjg clk khmlhty hl tej sdnhjty clk mrckucbby ej cnquhrjs sjvjrcb sdnhcb vhrtujs bhfj sjb`' rjbhclnj" sjb`'kjtjrghlcthdl" hlkjpjlkjlt tedumet clk cnthdl" hlhthcthvj" ecrk wdrf jtn", [eus" ej sjts cl jxcgpbj `dr dtejrs td `dbbdw,


39


I,[jne,

31, Jquhtcibj Khstrhiuthdl d` ]jcbte? C sdbj prdprhjtdrsehp iushljss hs mjljrcbby c sgcbb sncbj iushljss, Ejlnj tejrj hs dppdrtulhty `dr gcly hlkhvhkucbs td dwl clk gclcmj sgcbb iushljss ulhts, [ehs jlcibjs whkjsprjck khspjrshdl d` jndldghn wjcbte clk kh`ùsjs ndlnjltrcthdl d` iushljss hl tej eclks d` c `jw,

Khsckvcltcmjs Khsckvcltcmjs d` ^dbj Qrdprhjtdrsehp 3, Zlbhghtjk Bhcihbhty? Hl sdbj prdprhjtdrsehp" tej bhcihbhty d` iushljss hs rjndvjrjk `rdg tej pjrsdlcb cssjts d` tej dwljr, Ht rjstrhnts rj strhnts tej sdbj trckjr td tcfj gdrj rhsf clk hlnrjcsjs tej vdbugj d` ehs iushljss, 9, Bhghtjk @hlclnhcb Yjsdurnjs? [ej cihbhty td rchsj clk idrrdw gdljy iy dlj hlkhvhkucb hs cbwcys bhghtjk, [ej hlckjqucny d` `hlclnj hs c gcodr eclkhncp `dr tej mrdwte d` sdbj prdprhjtdrsehp, >, Bhghtjk Ncpcnhty d` Hlkhvhkucb? Cl hlkhvhkucb ecs bhghtjk fldwbjkmj clk sfhbb, [eus ehs ncpcnhthjs td ulkjrtcfj rjspdlshihbhthjs" ehs ncpcnhty td gclcmj" td tcfj kjnhshdls clk td ijcr tej rhsfs d` iushljss crj cbsd bhghtjk, ;, Zlnjrtchlty d` kurcthdl? [ej jxhstjlnj d` c sdbj trckjrsehp iushljss hs bhlfjk whte tej bh`j d` tej prdprhjtdr, Hbbljss" kjcte dr hlsdbvjlny d` tej dwljr irhlms cl jlk td tej iushljss, [ej ndlthluhty d` iushljss dpjrcthdl hs" tejrj`drj" ulnjrtchl,

9, Qcrtljrsehp Gjclhlm

C pcrtljrsehp `drg d` drmclhscthdl hs dlj wejrj twd dr gdrj pjrsdls crj cssdnhctjk td rul c iushljss whte c vhjw td jcrl prd`ht, Qjrsdls `rdg shghbcr icnfmrdulk dr pjrsdls d` kh``jrjlt cihbhty clk sfhbbs" gcy odhl tdmjtejr td ncrry dl c iushljss, Jcne gjgijr d` sune c mrdup hs hlkhvhkucbby fldwl cs ― pcrtljr‘ clk ndbbjnthvjby tej gjgijrs crj fldwl cs c ―pcrtljrsehp `hrg‘, [ejsj `hrgs crj mdvjrljk iy tej Hlkhcl Qcrtljrsehp Cnt" 38>9, C ghlhgug d` twd pjrsdls crj rjquhrjk td stcrt c pcrtljrsehp iushljss, [ej gcxhgug gjgijrsehp bhght hs 31 hl ncsj d` iclfhlm iushljss clk 91 hl ncsj d` cbb dtejr typjs d` iushljss,

[ypjs d` Qcrtljrsehp [ej pcrtljrs d` c `hrg crj irdckby khvhkjk hltd terjj gchl nctjmdrhjs, 

Mjljrcb Qcrtljrs,



^pjnhcb Qcrtljrs,



Dtejr Qcrtljrs,

3, Mjljrcb Qcrtljrs? Icshncbby cbb tej pcrtljrs d` c `hrg crj mjljrcb pcrtljrs, Mjljrcb pcrtljrs crj d` twd typjs %c( Cnthvj pcrtljr" clk %i( ^bjjphlm pcrtljr,

c( Cnthvj Qcrtljr? C pcrtljr wed tcfjs cnthvj pcrt hl tej kcy td kcy gclcmjgjlt d` tej iushljss hs ncbbjk cl cnthvj pcrtljr, Cl cnthvj pcrtljr %cbsd ncbbjk wdrfhlm pcrtljr( gcy wdrf hl kh``jrjlt ncpcnhthjs sune cs gclcmjr" drmclhzjr" ckvhsjr" ndltrdbbjr d` cbb tej c``chrs d` tej `hrg, [ej cnthvj pcrtljr hs rjwcrkjk cs pjr cmrjjgjlt ijtwjjl tej pcrtljrs, p crtljrs, fggclu385=Amgchb,ndg

3>


I,[jne,

%i(^bjjphlm Qcrtljr? C sbjjphlm pcrtljr hs dlj wed ndltrhiutjs ncphtcb" secrjs prd`hts clk bdssjs d` tej `hrg iut tcfjs ld pcrt hl tej kcy td kcy gclcmjgjlt d` tej c``chrs d` tej `hrg, C pjrsdl" wed ecs gdljy td hlvjst iut nclldt spcrj thgj `dr tej iushljss" gcy ijndgj sbjjphlm pcrtljr, C sbjjphlm pcrtljr hs bhcibj `dr tej bhcihbhthjs d` tej iushljss bhfj dtejr pcrtljrs,

9, ^pjnhcb Qcrtljrs ^pjnhcb pcrtljrs crj pcrtljrs wedsj bhcihbhty hs bhghtjk td tej jxtjlt d` tejhr ncphtcb ndltrhiutjk hl tej `hrg, [ejy crj dlby `dulk hl bhghtjk pcrtljrsehp, [ej spjnhcb pcrtljrs nclldt tcfj pcrt hl tej gclcmjgjlt d` tej iushljss d` tej `hrg,

>, Dtejr Qcrtljrs [ej dtejr typjs d` pcrtljrs sdgjthgjs `dulk hl c `hrg crj cs `dbbdws,

%c( ^jnrjt Qcrtljr? C pcrtljr wed tcfjs cnthvj pcrt hl tej c``chrs d` c iushljss iut hs ldt fldwl td tej puibhn cs c pcrtljr hs ncbbjk ^jnrjt pcrtljr‗, Ej" bhfj dtejr pcrtljrs" hs bhcibj td tej nrjkhtdrs d` tej `hrg td cl ulbhghtjk jxtjlt Ej secrjs prd`hts cnndrkhlm td tej cmrjjgjlt shmljk,

%i( Ldghlcb Qcrtljr? Ldghlcb pcrtljr bjlks ehs lcgj `dr tej mddkwhbb clk nrjkht wdrtehljss td tej `hrg, Ej ljhtejr ndltrhiutjs ncphtcb ldr tcfjs cnthvj pcrt hl tej gclcmjgjlt d` iushljss, ûne pcrtljrs crj ncbbjk ldghlcb pcrtljrs, Ldghlcb pcrtljrs crj bhcibj `dr tej kjits d` tej `hrg,

%n( Qcrtljrs hl Qrd`ht Dlby? H` c pcrtljr hs jlthtbjk td rjnjhvj njrtchl secrj d` prd`ht clk hs ldt ejbk bhcibj `dr tej bdssjs" ej hs fldwl cs pcrtljr hl prd`ht dlby, Ej hs ldt cbbdwjk td tcfj pcrt hl tej gclcmjgjlt d` tej iushljss,

Qcrtljrsehp Kjjk C pcrtljrsehp kjjk hs wrhttjl cmrjjgjlt wehne ndltchls tjrgs clk ndlkhthdls cs td tej rjbcthdlsehp d` tej pcrtljrs cgdlm jcne dtejr, [ejrj hs ld prjsnrhijk Qjr`drgc `dr pcrtljrsehp kjjk iut ht gust ij stcgpjk clk shmljk iy cbb tej pcrtljrs, Qcrtljrsehp kjjk hs krcwl td cvdhk ghsulkjrstclkhlm clk ulkjshrcibj bhthmcthdl, ]ejrj ht hs kjnhkjk td ecvj c pcrtljrsehp kjjk hl wrhttjl `drg" ht sedubk ij stcgpjk cnndrkhlm td tej prdvhshdls d` ^tcgp Cnt" 3588, Ht hs ldt rjmcrkjk cs c puibhn kdnugjlt bhfj gjgdrclkug d` cssdnhcthdl clk crthnbjs d` cssdnhcthdl, Ht hs dtejrwhsj fldwl cs cmrjjgjlt" kjjk dr crthnbjs d` pcrtljrsehp,

Ckvcltcmjs d` Qcrtljrsehp @hrg 3, Jcsy @drgcthdl? C pcrtljrsehp ncl ij `drgjk whtedut gcly bjmcb `drgcbhty clk jxpjlsjs, Jvjry pcrtljrsehp `hrg ljjk ldt ij rj mhstjrjk, 9, Bcrmjr Yjsdurnjs ? Cs ndgpcrjk td sdbj prdprhjtdrsehp" c pcrtljrsehp `hrg ncl pddb bcrmjr `hlclnhcb rjsdurnjs, [eus ht ncl jltjr hltd ihmmjr dpjrcthdls clk ncl ecvj gdrj nrjkht `cnhbhthjs, Ht ncl cbsd ecvj ijttjr gclcmjrhcb tcbjlt, >, @bjxhihbhty hl dpjrcthdl? [ejrj hs `bjxhihbhty d` dpjrcthdl hl pcrtljrsehp iushljss kuj td c bhghtjk lugijr d` pcrtljrs, [ejsj pcrtljrs ncl neclmj tejhr dpjrcthdls clk cgjlk diojnthvjs h` ljnjsscry iy gutucb ndlsjlt,


3;


I,[jne,

;, Ijttjr Gclcmjgjlt? Qcrtljrs tcfj gdrj hltjrjst hl tej c``chrs d` iushljss cs tejrj hs c khrjnt rjbcthdlsehp ijtwjjl dwljrsehp" ndltrdb clk prd`ht, [ejy d`tjl gjjt td khsnuss tej c``chrs d` iushljss clk ncl tcfj prdgpt kjnhshdl, :, êcrhlm d` Yhsf? Hl pcrtljrsehp" rhsf d` bdss hs jcshjr td ijcr iy hlkhvhkucb pcrtljrs cs ht hs secrjk iy cbb tej pcrtljrs, 0, Qrdtjnthdl d` ghldrhty hltjrjst? Jvjry pcrtljr ecs cl jqucb scy hl kjnhshdl gcfhlm, C pcrtljr ncl prjvjlt c kjnhshdl ijhlm tcfjl h` ht ckvjrsjby c``jnts ehs hltjrjsts, Hl jxtrjgj ncsjs c khssjlthlm pcrtljr gcy whtekrcw `rdg pcrtljrsehp clk ncl khssdbvj ht, =, Ijttjr Quibhn Yjbcthdls? Hl c pcrtljrsehp `hrg tej mrdup gclcmhlm tej c``chrs d` tej `hrg hs mjljrcbby sgcbb, Ht `cnhbhtctjs ndrkhcb rjbcthdlsehp whte tej puibhn,

Khsckvcltcmjs Khsckvcltcmjs d` pcrtljrsehp @hrg 3, Hlstcihbhty? C pcrtljrsehp `hrg kdjs ldt ndlthluj td jxhst hlkj`hlhtjby, [ej kjcte" hlsdbvjlny dr bulcny d` c pcrtljr gcy irhlm cidut cl uljxpjntjk jlk td pcrtljrsehp, 9, Zlbhghtjk Bhcihbhty? Cs tej bhcihbhty d` pcrtljrs hs odhlt clk sjvjrcb td cl ulbhghtjk jxtjlt" cly dlj d` tej pcrtljrs ncl ij ncbbjk updl td pcy cbb tej kjits jvjl `rdg ehs pjrsdlcb prdpjrthjs, @urtejr" cs jvjry pcrtljr ecs c rhmet td tcfj pcrt hl tej gclcmjgjlt d` tej `hrg" cly wrdlm kjnhshdl iy c shlmbj pcrtljr gcy bjck td ejcvy bhcihbhthjs `dr dtejrs, >, Bcnf d` Ecrgdly? ^hlnj jvjry pcrtljr ecs jqucb rhmet" tejrj crj mrjctjr pdsshihbhthjs d` `rhnthdl clk qucrrjb cgdlm tej pcrtljrs, Kh``jrjlnjs d` dphlhdl gcy bjck td ghstrust clk khsecrgdly wehne gcy ubthgctjby rjsubt hl khsrupthdl clk nbdsurj d` tej `hrg, ;, Bhghtjk Ncphtcb? Cs tejrj hs c rjstrhnthdl dl tej gcxhgug lugijr d` pcrtljrs" p crtljrs" tej ncphtcb wehne ncl ij rchsjk hs bhghtjk,

>, Odhlt ^tdnf Ndgpcly Gjclhlm?

C Odhlt ^tdnf Ndgpcly hs c vdbultcry cssdnhcthdl d` pjrsdls td ncrry dl iushljss, Ldrgcbby" ht hs mhvjl c bjmcb stctus clk hs suiojnt td njrtchl bjmcb rjmubcthdls, Ht hs cl cssdnhcthdl d` pjrsdls wed mjljrcbby ndltrhiutj gdljy `dr sdgj ndggdl purpdsj, Gjgijrs d` c odhlt stdnf ndgpcly crj fldwl cs secrjedbkjrs clk tej ncphtcb d` tej ndgpcly hs fldwl cs secrj ncphtcb, [ej tdtcb secrj ncphtcb hs khvhkjk hltd c lugijr d` ulhts fldwl cs ― secrjs‘, Jm, [ctc Hrdl & ^tjjb Nd, Bhghtjk" Ehlkustcl Bjvjr Bhghtjk" Yjbhclnj Hlkustrhjs Bhghtjk" ^tjjb Cutedrhty d` Hlkhc Bhghtjk jtn,

Ckvcltcmjs d` Odhlt ^tdnf Ndgpcly? 3, Bhghtjk Bhcihbhty? Hl c Odhlt ^tdnf Ndgpcly tej bhcihbhty d` hts gjgijrs hs bhghtjk td tej jxtjlt d` secrjs ejbk iy tejg, [ehs cttrcnts c bcrmj lugijr d` sgcbb hlvjstdrs td hlvjst hl tej ndgpcly, Ht ejbps tej ndgpcly td rchsj eumj ncphtcb, Ijncusj d` bhghtjk bhcihbhty" c ndgpcly hs cbsd cibj td tcfj bcrmjr rhsfs, 9, Ndlthluhty d` jxhstjlnj? C ndgpcly hs cl crth`hnhcb pjrsdl nrjctjk iy bcw clk pdssjssjs hlkjpjlkjlt bjmcb stctus, Ht hs ldt c``jntjk iy tej kjcte" hlsdbvjlny jtn, d` hts gjgijrs, [eus ht ecs c pjrpjtucb jxhstjlnj, >, Ijlj`hts d` bcrmj sncbj dpjrcthdl? Ht hs dlby tej ndgpcly `drg d` drmclhscthdl wehne ncl prdvhkj ncphtcb `dr bcrmj sncbj dpjrcthdls, Ht rjsubts hl bcrmj sncbj prdkunthdl ndlsjqujltby fggclu385=Amgchb,ndg

3:


I,[jne,

bjckhlm td hlnrjcsj hl j``hnhjlny clk rjkunthdl hl tej ndst d` dpjrcthdl, Ht ùrtejr dpjls tej sndpj `dr jxpclshdl, ;, Qrd`jsshdlcb Gclcmjgjlt? Ndgpclhjs" ijncusj d` ndgpbjx lcturj d` cnthvhthjs clk dpjrcthdls clk bcrmj vdbugj d` iushljss" rjquhrj prd`jsshdlcb gclcmjrs ct jvjry bjvjb d` drmclhscthdl, Clk ijncusj d` tejhr `hlclnhcb strjlmte tejy ncl c``drk td cppdhlt sune gclcmjrs, [ehs bjcks td j``hnhjlny, :, ^dnhcb Ijlj`ht? C odhlt stdnf ndgpcly d``jrs jgpbdygjlt td c bcrmj lugijr d` pjdpbj, Ht `cnhbhtctjs prdgdthdl d` vcrhdus clnhbbcry hlkustrhjs" trckj clk cuxhbhcrhjs td trckj, ^dgjthgjs ht cbsd kdlctjs gdljy `dr jkuncthdl" ejcbte" ndggulhty sjrvhnj clk rjlkjrs ejbp td necrhtcibj clk sdnhcb hlsthtuthdls, 0, Yjsjcrne clk Kjvjbdpgjlt? C ndgpcly mjljrcbby hlvjsts c bdt d` gdljy dl rjsjcrne clk kjvjbdpgjlt `dr hgprdvjk prdnjssjs d` prdkunthdl" kjshmlhlm clk hlldvcthlm ljw prdkunts" hgprdvhlm qucbhty d` prdkunt" ljw wcys d` trchlhlm hts stc``" jtn,

Khsckvcltcmjs Khsckvcltcmjs d` Odhlt ^tdnf Ndgpcly? 3, @drgcthdl hs ldt jcsy ? [ej `drgcthdl d` c ndgpcly hlvdbvjs ndgpbhclnj whte c lugijr d` bjmcb `drgcbhthjs ulkjr tej ndgpclhjs Cnt clk ndgpbhclnj whte sjvjrcb dtejr Bcws, 9, Ndltrdb iy c Mrdup ? Ndgpclhjs crj ndltrdbbjk iy c mrdup d` pjrsdls fldwl cs tej Idcrk

d` Khrjntdrs, [ehs gcy ij kuj td bcnf d` hltjrjst dl tej pcrt d` tej secrjedbkjrs wed crj whkjby khspjrsjk6 hmldrclnj" hlkh``jrjlnj clk bcnf d` prdpjr clk thgjby hl`drgcthdl, [eus" tej kjgdnrcthn vhrtujs d` c ndgpcly kd ldt rjcbby j xhst hl prcnthnj, >, ^pjnubcthdl clk Gclhpubcthdl? [ej secrjs d` c ndgpcly crj purnecsjk clk sdbk hl tej stdnf jxneclmjs, [ej vcbuj dr prhnj d` c secrj hs kjtjrghljk hl tjrgs d` tej khvhkjlk jxpjntjk clk tej rjputcthdl d` tej ndgpcly, [ejsj ncl ij gclhpubctjk, Ijshkjs" tejrj hs jxnjsshvj spjnubcthdl wehne hs rjmcrkjk cs c sdnhcb jvhb, ;, Jxnjsshvj mdvjrlgjlt ndltrdb? C ndgpcly hs jxpjntjk td ndgpby whte tej prdvhshdls d` sjvjrcb Cnts, Ldl'ndgpbhclnj d` tejsj hlvhtjs ejcvy pjlcbty, [ehs c``jnts tej sgddte ùlnthdlhlm d` tej ndgpclhjs, :, Kjbcy hl Qdbhny Kjnhshdls? C ndgpcly ecs td ùb`hb njrtchl prdnjkurcb `drgcbhthjs ij`drj gcfhlm c pdbhny kjnhshdl, [ejsj `drgcbhthjs crj thgj ndlsughlm clk" tejrj`drj" pdbhny kjnhshdls gcy ij kjbcyjk, 0, ^dnhcb ciusjs? C odhlt stdnf ndgpcly hs c bcrmj sncbj iushljss drmclhscthdl ecvhlm eumj rjsdurnjs, [ehs prdvhkjs c bdt d` pdwjr td tejg, Cly ghsusj d` sune pdwjr nrjctjs ulejcbtey ndlkhthdls hl tej sdnhjty j,m, ecvhlm gdldpdby d` c pcrthnubcr iushljss" hlkustry dr prdkunt6 hl`bujlnhlm pdbhthnhcls clk mdvjrlgjlt hl mjtthlm tejhr wdrf kdlj6 jxpbdhthlm wdrfjrs" ndlsugjrs clk hlvjstdrs,

;, Nd'Dpjrcthvj ^dnhjty$ Nd'Dpjrcthvj Jltjrprhsj Gjclhlm

Cly tjl pjrsdls ncl `drg c nd'dpjrcthvj sdnhjty, Ht ùlnthdls ulkjr tej Nddpjrcthvj ^dnhjthjs Cnt" 3839 clk dtejr ^tctj Nd'dpjrcthvj ^dnhjthjs Cnts, C nd'dpjrcthvj sdnhjty hs jlthrjby kh``jrjlt `rdg cbb dtejr `drgs d` drmclhscthdl hl tjrgs d` hts diojnthvj, [ej nd' fggclu385=Amgchb,ndg

30


I,[jne,

dpjrcthvjs crj `drgjk prhgcrhby td rjlkjr sjrvhnjs td hts gjgijrs, Mjljrcbby ht cbsd prdvhkjs sdgj sjrvhnj td tej sdnhjty, [ej gchl diojnthvjs d` nd'dpjrcthvj sdnhjty crj? %c( rjlkjrhlm sjrvhnj rctejr tecl jcrlhlm prd`ht" %i( gutucb ejbp hlstjck d` ndgpjththdl" clk %n( sjb` ejbp hl pbcnj d` kjpjlkjlnj, Dl tej icshs d` diojnthvjs" vcrhdus typjs d` nd'dpjrcthvjs crj `drgjk? c, Ndlsugjr nd'dpjrcthvjs? [ejsj crj `drgjk td prdtjnt tej hltjrjsts d` drkhlcry

ndlsugjrs d` sdnhjty iy gcfhlm ndlsugjr mddks cvchbcibj ct rjcsdlcibj prhnjs, Fjlkrhyc Ieclkcr hl Kjbeh" Cbcfc hl Ieuicljswcr clk shghbcr dtejrs crj cbb jxcgpbjs d` ndlsugjr nd'dpjrcthvjs, i, Qrdkunjrs nd'dpjrcthvjs? [ejsj sdnhjthjs crj sjt up td ijlj`ht sgcbb prdkunjrs wed `cnj

prdibjgs hl ndbbjnthlm hlputs clk gcrfjthlm tejhr prdkunts, [ej ]jcvjrs nd'dpjrcthvj sdnhjty" tej Eclkbddg dwljrs‘ nddpjrcthvj sdnhjty crj jxcgpbjs d` sune nd'dpjrcthvjs, n, Gcrfjthlm nd'dpjrcthvjs? [ejsj crj `drgjk iy prdkunjrs clk gclu`cnturjs td jbhghlctj

jxpbdhtcthdl iy tej ghkkbjgjl wehbj gcrfjthlm tejhr prdkunt, Fcseghr Crts Jgpdrhug" O&F Eclkhnrc`ts" Ztfcbhfc jtn, crj jxcgpbjs d` gcrfjthlm nd'dpjrcthvjs, k, Edushlm Nd'dpjrcthvjs? [ejsj crj `drgjk td prdvhkj edushlm `cnhbhthjs td hts gjgijrs,

[ejy crj ncbbjk nd'dpjrcthvj mrdup edushlm sdnhjthjs, j, Nrjkht Nd'dpjrcthvjs? [ejsj sdnhjthjs crj `drgjk td prdvhkj `hlclnhcb ejbp td hts

gjgijrs, [ej rurcb nrjkht sdnhjthjs" tej nrjkht clk terh`t sdnhjthjs" tej uricl nd'dpjrcthvj iclfs jtn, ndgj ulkjr tehs nctjmdry, `, @crghlm Nd'dpjrcthvjs? [ejsj crj `drgjk iy sgcbb `crgjrs td ncrry dl wdrf odhltby clk

tejrjiy secrj tej ijlj`hts d` bcrmj sncbj `crghlm, Ijshkjs tejsj typjs" dtejr nd'dpjrcthvjs ncl ij `drgjk whte tej diojnthvj d` prdvhkhlm kh``jrjlt ijlj`hts td hts gjgijrs" bhfj tej ndlstrunthdl nd'dpjrcthvjs" trclspdrt nd'dpjrcthvjs" nd'dpjrcthvjs td prdvhkj jkuncthdl jtn,

Ckvcltcmjs d` Nd'dpjrcthvj ^dnhjty? 3, Jcsy @drgcthdl? @drgcthdl d` c nd'dpjrcthvj sdnhjty hs jcsy cs ndgpcrjk td c ndgpcly, Cly 31 pjrsdls ncl vdbultcrhby `drg cl cssdnhcthdl clk mjt tejgsjbvjs rjmhstjrjk whte tej Yjmhstrcr d` Nd'dpjrcthvj sdnhjthjs, 9, Bhghtjk Bhcihbhty? [ej bhcihbhty d` tej gjgijrs hs bhghtjk td tej jxtjlt d` ncphtcb ndltrhiutjk iy tejg, >, Dpjl Gjgijrsehp? [ejrj hs ld rjstrhnthdl dl cly hlkhvhkucb td ij c gjgijr d` cly nd' dpjrcthvj, ;, ^tctj Csshstclnj ? Nd'dpjrcthvjs mjt c bdt d` pctrdlcmj hl tej `drg d` jxjgpthdls clk ndlnjsshdls hl tcxjs clk `hlclnhcb csshstclnj `rdg tej stctj mdvjrlgjlts wehne ld dtejr drmclhscthdl mjts, :, Ghkkbjgcl‘s Qrd`ht Jbhghlctjk? [erdume tej nd'dpjrcthvj tej ndlsugjrs ndltrdb tejhr dwl suppbhjs clk iy tehs gjcls tej ghkkbjgcl‘s prd`ht hs jbhghlctjk, 0, Gclcmjgjlt? C nd'dpjrcthvj ùlnthdls hl c kjgdnrcthn gclljr, Jcne gjgijr ecs dlby dlj vdtj,


3=


I,[jne,

=, ]hlkhlm up? [ej khssdbuthdl d` c nd'dpjrcthvj `hrg hs quhtj kh``hnubt, Ht kdjs ldt njcsj td jxhst hl ncsj d` kjcte" dr hlsdbvjlny dr rjshmlcthdl d` c gjgijr, Ht ecs teus c `chrby stcibj bh`j,

Khsckvcltcmjs Khsckvcltcmjs d` Nd'dpjrcthvjs? 3, Bhghtjk Ncphtcb? [ej cgdult d` ncphtcb tect c nd'dpjrcthvj ncl mjljrctj hs bhghtjk ijncusj d` tej gjgijrsehp rjgchlhlm ndl`hljk td c bdncbhty dr rjmhdl dr c pcrthnubcr sjnthdl d` pjdpbj, 9, Qrdibjgs hl Gclcmjgjlt? Mjljrcbby ht hs sjjl tect nd'dpjrcthvj kd ldt ùlnthdl j``hnhjltby kuj td bcnf d` gclcmjrhcb tcbjlt, >, Bcnf d` Gdthvcthdl? Nd'dpjrcthvjs crj `drgjk td rjlkjr sjrvhnj td hts gjgijrs tecl td jcrl prd`ht, [ehs kdjs ldt prdvhkj jldume gdthvcthdl td gclcmj tej nd'dpjrcthvjs j``jnthvjby, ;, Bcnf d` Nd'dpjrcthdl? Nd'dpjrcthvjs crj `drgjk whte tej vjry hkjc d` nd'dpjrcthdl, Iut" ht hs d`tjl sjjl tect tejrj hs bdt d` `rhnthdl clk ihnfjrhlm cgdlm tej gjgijrs kuj td pjrsdlcbhty kh``jrjlnjs" jmd nbcse jtn, :, Bcnf d` ^jnrjny? Gchltjlclnj d` iushljss sjnrjny hs dlj d` tej hgpdrtclt `cntdrs `dr tej sunnjss d` jltjrprhsj wehne tej nd'dpjrcthvjs cbwcys bcnf, 0, Kjpjlkjlnj dl Mdvjrlgjlt? [ej hlckjqucny d` ncphtcb clk vcrhdus dtejr bhghtcthdls gcfj nd'dpjrcthvjs kjpjlkclt dl tej mdvjrlgjlt `dr suppdrt clk pctrdlcmj hl tjrgs d` mrclts" bdcls clk suiojnt tejgsjbvjs td hltjr`jrjlnj,

:, ^tctj Jltjrprhsj$ Quibhn Jltjrprhsj [ej iushljss ulhts dwljk" gclcmjk clk ndltrdbbjk iy tej njltrcb" stctj dr bdncb mdvjrlgjlt crj tjrgjk cs puibhn sjntdr jltjrprhsjs dr puibhn jltjrprhsjs, [ejsj crj cbsd fldwl cs puibhn sjntdr ulkjrtcfhlms, C puibhn sjntdr jltjrprhsj gcy ij kj`hljk cs cly ndggjrnhcb dr hlkustrhcb ulkjrtcfhlm dwljk clk gclcmjk iy tej mdvjrlgjlt whte c vhjw td gcxhghsj sdnhcb wjb`crj clk upedbk tej puibhn hltjrjst,

Necrcntjrhsthns d` Quibhn Jltjrprhsjs Bddfhlm ct tej lcturj d` tej puibhn jltjrprhsjs tejhr icshn necrcntjrhsthns ncl ij suggcrhsjk cs `dbbdws? 3, Dwljk" gclcmjk clk ndltrdbbjk iy Mdvjrlgjlt, 9, @ulkjk iy Mdvjrlgjlt >, ]jb`crj drhjltjk ;, Ndlnjltrctj dl puibhn uthbhty sjrvhnjs :, Yjspdlshibj td pcrbhcgjlt 0, Disjrvclnj d` Mdvjrlgjlt `drgcbhty hs ljnjsscry

@drgs d` Drmclhscthdl d` Quibhn Jltjrprhsjs [ejrj crj terjj kh``jrjlt `drgs d` drmclhscthdl usjk `dr tej puibhn sjntdr jltjrprhsjs hl Hlkhc, [ejsj crj %3( Kjpcrtgjltcb Zlkjrtcfhlm6 %9( ^tctutdry %dr Quibhn( Ndrpdrcthdl" clk %>( Mdvjrlgjlt Ndgpcly, fggclu385=Amgchb,ndg

35


I,[jne,

Kjpcrtgjltcb Zlkjrtcfhlm `drg d` drmclhscthdl hs prhgcrhby usjk `dr prdvhshdl d` jssjlthcb

sjrvhnjs sune cs rchbwcys" pdstcb sjrvhnjs" irdckncsthlm jtn, ûne drmclhscthdls ùlnthdl ulkjr tej dvjrcbb ndltrdb d` c ghlhstry d` tej Mdvjrlgjlt clk crj `hlclnjk clk ndltrdbbjk hl tej scgj wcy cs cly dtejr mdvjrlgjlt kjpcrtgjlt, [ehs `drg hs ndlshkjrjk suhtcibj `dr cnthvhthjs wejrj tej mdvjrlgjlt kjshrjs td ecvj ndltrdb dvjr tejg hl vhjw d` tej puibhn hltjrjst, ^tctutdry Ndrpdrcthdl %dr puibhn ndrpdrcthdl( rj`jrs td c ndrpdrctj idky nrjctjk iy tej

Qcrbhcgjlt dr ^tctj Bjmhsbcturj iy c spjnhcb Cnt wehne kj`hljs hts pdwjrs" ùlnthdls clk pcttjrl d` gclcmjgjlt, ^tctutdry Ndrpdrcthdl hs cbsd Fldwl Cs Quibhn Ndrpdrcthdl, Hts ncphtcb hs wedbby prdvhkjk iy tej mdvjrlgjlt, Jxcgpbjs d` sune drmclhscthdls crj Bh`j Hlsurclnj Ndrpdrcthdl d` Hlkhc" ^tctj [rckhlm Ndrpdrcthdl jtn, Mdvjrlgjlt Ndgpcly rj`jrs td tej ndgpcly hl wehne :3 pjrnjlt dr gdrj d` tej pchk up

ncphtcb hs ejbk iy tej mdvjrlgjlt, Ht hs rjmhstjrjk ulkjr tej Ndgpclhjs Cnt clk hs ùbby mdvjrljk iy tej prdvhshdls d` tej Cnt, Gdst iushljss ulhts dwljk clk gclcmjk iy mdvjrlgjlt `cbb hl tehs nctjmdry,

Ckvcltcmjs d` Quibhn Jltjrprhsjs 3, Kjvjbdpgjlt d` icnfwcrk crjcs? Qrhvctj jltjrprhsj nclldt scths`y tej kjvjbdpgjlt ljjks d` icnfwcrk crjcs, Jxtjlshdl d` puibhn jltjrprhsj hs jssjlthcb `dr tej jndldghn rjndlstrunthdl d` tej icnfwcrk crjcs,

9, Quibhn wjb`crj? [ej chg d` puibhn jltjrprhsj hs ldt td jcrl prd`ht" iut tej sdnhcb dr puibhn wjb`crj wehne prdgdtj lcthdlcb hltjrjst,

>, Jlk d` hlkustrhcb prd`ht? tej mrdwte d` ncphtcbhsg hs nejnfjk iy puibhn jltjrprhsj ;, Kjvjbdpgjlt d` icshn clk ejcvy hlkustrhjs? prhvctj jltjrprhsj mjljrcbby ejshtctjs td pcrthnhpctj hl ncphtcb hltjlshvj hlvjstgjlts, J,m, hrdl clk stjjb pbclt" `jrthbhzjr pbclt jtn, [ejrj`drj puibhn jltjrprhsjs ndgj td ejbp hl tej kjvjbdpgjlt d` icshn clk ejcvy hlkustrhjs,


38


I,[jne,

:, @cnhbhthjs td wdrfjrs? bcidur hs cbsd prdvhkjk whte gdrj `cnhbhthjs iy tej puibhn jltjrprhsj cs ndgpcrjk td tej prhvctj jltjrprhsj

0, Sucbhty prdkunts ct rjcsdlcibj prhnjs? puibhn sjntdr jltjrprhsj prdkunjs ijttjr qucbhty prdkunts clk sjbbs tejg ct rjcsdlcibj prhnjs, =, Jcsy nrjkht? Ht hs jcsy td ndbbjnt gdrj ncphtcb `dr tej stctj jltjrprhsj cs ndgpcrjk td tej prhvctj jltjrprhsj,

5, Jndldghn clk sdnhcb jqucbhthjs? hlndgj `rdg tej stctj jltjrprhsj kdjs ldt md hl td tej prhvctj pdnfjt iut ht hs spjlk dl puibhn wjb`crj,

8, Cibj jgpbdyjj? tej stctj jltjrprhsjs ecvj tej ckvcltcmj d` cibj pj rsdls 31, Yjsjcrne? [ej stctj jltjrprhsjs ecvj su``hnhjlt ùlks ct tejhr khspdscb td uthbhsj ht `dr rjsjcrne d` ljw tjnelhqujs d` prdkunthdl d` ljw gcnehljs,

Khsckvcltcmjs Khsckvcltcmjs d` puibhn jltjrprhsjs 3, Bcnf d` hlnjlthvjs? [ej mdvjrlgjlt sjrvclts kdl‘t ecvj tej scgj hlnjlthvj td kd tejhr ijst cs c gcl hl prhvctj jltjrprhsj ecs, Hl tej mdvjrlgjlt sjrvhnj" prdgdthdl hs rjwcrkjk iy sjlhdrhty clk ldt iy gjrht,

9, Yjktcphsg? Gcly kjnhshdls ecvj tcfjl hl c stctj jltjrprhsj ct kh``jrjlt ehme bjvjb gjjthlms, [ej `hbj ndlnjrlhlm tejsj gcttjrs mjljrcbby rjgchls bdnfjk'up whtedut cly rjcsdl hl tej kh``jrjlt d``hnjs `dr c bdlm bd lm thgj

>, ]cstjùb jxpjlkhturj? [ej mdvjrlgjlt ùlks d` prdpjrty crj usjk ncrjbjssby wehne rjsubts hl bhttbj ijlj`hts ct c mrjct ndst,

;, Ndrrupthdl? ndrrupthdl clk khsedljsty crj vjry ndggdl tehlms hl stctj jltjrprhsj, :, Zlljnjsscry hltjr`jrjlnj? [ejrj hs mjljrcb tjlkjlny d` ghlhstjrs clk tej iurjcunrcts td hltjr`jrj hl tej trcls`jr d` mdvjrlgjlt mdvj rlgjlt jgpbdyjj

0, Qdbhthncb `cvdurhthsg? Jvjry ghlhstjr clk bjckjr usjs `cvdurhthsg clk ljpdthsg hl tej rjnruhtgjlt clk cppdhltgjlt d` tejhr ljcr clk kjcrs, [ehs ncusj cppdhltgjlt d` hlj``hnhjlt pjrsdls,

=, @rjqujlt clk sukkjl trcls`jr? `rjqujlt clk sukkjl trcls`jr ckvjrsjby eht tej ldrgcb ùlnthdlhlm d` tej stctj jltjrprhsj,

//////////


91


I,[jne,

GDKZBJ' 9 Ndlsugjr C ndlsugjr hs dlj wed iuys mddks clk sjrvhnjs `dr pjrsdlcb scths`cnthdl d` wclts, Ej whbb usj ehs bhghtjk hlndgj td kjrhvj gcxhgug scths`cnthdl,

Ndlsugpthdl Hl jndldghns" tej tjrg ndlsugpthdl gjcls tej cnt d` ndlsughlm$purnecshlm sdgjtehlm, Ht hs tej uthbhzcthdl d` mddks td scths`y ljjks,

]clts C wclt hs sdgjtehlm tect hs kjshrjk, Ht hs schk tect jvjry pjrsdl ecs ulbhghtjk wclts" iut bhghtjk rjsdurnjs, [eus" pjdpbj nclldt ecvj jvjrytehlm tejy wclt clk gust bddf `dr tej gdst c``drkcibj cbtjrlcthvjs,

Necrcntjrhsthns d` Eugcl ]clts 3, Eugcl wclts crj ulbhghtjk? ―Gcl hs c iulkbj d` kjshrjs‘, Gcl‘s ghlk hs sd gckj tect ej ljvjr ndgpbjtjby scths`hjk clk ejlnj tejrj hs ld jlk td eugcl wclts, ]ejl dlj wclt hs scths`hjk cldtejr wclt whbb nrdp up td tcfj hts pbcnj clk teus ht hs ljvjr jlkhlm nynbj d` wclt,

9, Cly pcrthnubcr wclt hs scthcibj? [edume tej wclts crj ulbhghtjk" ht hs pdsshibj td scths`y c pcrthnubcr wclt" prdvhkjk tej gjcls %rjsdurnj(,

>, ]clts crj ndgpbjgjltcry? Ht hs c ndggdl jxpjrhjlnj tect wj wclt tehlms hl mrdups, C shlmbj crthnbj dut d` mrdup ncl ldt scths`y eugcl wclts iy htsjb`, Ht ljjks dtejr tehlms td ndgpbjtj hts usj j,m, pjl & hlf" ncr & pjtrdb jtn,

;, ]clts crj ndgpjththvj? ^dgj wclts ndgpjtj td dtejr, ]j cbb ecvj c bhghtjk cgdult d` gdljy ct dur khspdscb6 tejrj`drj wj gust neddsj sdgj tehlms clk rjojnt tej dtejr, J,m, sumcr clk ocmmjry,

:, ]clts vcry whte thgj pbcnj clk pjrsdl? ]clts crj ldt cbwcys tej scgj, Ht vcrhjs whte hlkhvhkucb td hlkhvhkucb, Qjdpbj wclt kh``jrjlt tehlms ct kh``jrjlt thgjs clk hl kh``jrjlt pbcnjs,

0, ]clts vcry hl Zrmjlny clk Hltjlshty? Cbb wclts crj ldt jqucbby urmjlt clk hltjlsj, ^dgj wclts crj urmjlt wehbj sdgj crj bjss urmjlt,

=, ]clts gubthpby whte nhvhbhzcthdl? ]hte tej ckvclnjgjlt tej wclts gubthpby, [ejrj`drj tej wclts d` pjdpbj bhvhlm hl uricl crjc crj gdrj tecl tej vhbbcmjrs, ]hte nhvhbhzcthdl tej kjgclk `dr rckhd" [,P" gdtdr'ncr jtn" crj hlnrjcshlm,

5, ]clts crj rjnurrhlm hl lcturj? ^dgj wclts crj rjnurrhlm hl lcturj" j,m, `ddk wj rjquhrj cmchl clk cmchl,

8, ]clts neclmj hltd ecihts? H` c pcrthnubcr wclt hs rjmubcrby scths`hjk tejl ht gcy mrdw hltd eciht j,m, sgdfhlm d` nhmcrjttj clk usj d` krums, fggclu385=Amgchb,ndg

93


I,[jne,

31, ]clts crj hl`bujlnjk iy hlndgj" scbjsgclsehp clk ckvjrthsjgjlt? H` hlndgj hs ehmejr gdrj wclts ncl ij scths`hjk, Gcly tehlms wj iuy d` pcrthnubcr irclks kuj td scbjsgclsehp dr ckvjrthsjgjlt,

33, ]clts crj tej rjsubt d` nustdg dr ndlvjlthdl? Cs c pcrt d` nustdg clk ndlvjlthdl wj iuy gcly tehlms, Yjcbby tejy crj ldt rjquhrjk iut ulbhfjby wj ecvj td purnecsj ht j,m, jxpjlsjs dl sdnhcb njrjgdlhjs,

39, Qrjsjlt wclts crj gdrj hgpdrtclt tecl ùturj wclts? @uturj hs ulnjrtchl clk ejlnj gcl hs gdrj ndlnjrljk whte tej scths`cnthdl d` tej prjsjlt wclts rctejr tecl ùturj wclts,

Nbcssh`hncthdl $ [ypjs d` ]clts? [ej wclts ncl ij nbcssh`hjk cs ulkjr,

3( Ljnjsscrhjs? [ejsj ncl ij sui khvhkjk cs c( Ljnjsscrhjs d` jxhstjlnj? [ej tehlms whtedut wehne wj nclldt jxhst j,m, wctjr" `ddk" nbdtehlm" sejbtjr, i( Ndlvjlthdlcb ljnjsscrhjs ? [ej tehlms wehne wj crj `drnjk td usj iy sdnhcb nustdg,

9( Ndg`drts? C`tjr scths`yhlm dur ljnjsscrhjs wj kjshrj td ecvj sdgj ndg`drts, @dr jxcgpbj tcibj clk nechr `dr c stukjlt ejbp td hlnrjcsj tej j``hnhjlny, Iut nusehdljk ndstby nechr hs ldt c ndg`drt,

>( Buxurhjs? Buxury gjcls supjr`budus %gdrj tecl ljjkjk( ndlsugpthdl, C`tjr mjtthlm ndg`drts" gcl kjshrj buxury, j,m, mdbk clk shbvjr" ndstby ùrlhturj" jtn,

Zthbhty [ej tjrg uthbhty rj`jrs td ―tej wclt scths`yhlm pdwjr d` c ndggdkhty dr c sjrvhnj‘, Zthbhty hs c psynedbdmhncb pejldgjldl, Ht hs ehmeby suiojnthvj clk kh``jrs `rdg pjrsdl td pjrsdl, [d clcbysj tej ndlnjpt d` uthbhty" jndldghsts usj cl hgcmhlcry gjcsurj ncbbjk ―uthbs‘, @dr ndlvjlhjlnj wj jxprjss uthbs hl gdljy tjrgs, tj rgs,

Ndlnjpts d` Zthbhty c( [dtcb Zthbhty [dtcb uthbhty hs kj`hljk cs tej tdtcb psynedbdmhncb scths`cnthdl kjrhvjk iy c ndlsugjr `rdg sug d` uthbhthjs tej ndlsugpthdl d` c mhvjl cgdult d` c ndggdkhty, Hl dtejr wdrks " ht hs tej sug ditchljk `rdg ndlsugpthdl d` kh``jrjlt quclththjs d` c ndggdkhty ,

i( Cvjrcmj Zthbhty Cvjrcmj uthbhty hs tej uthbhty wehne hs kjrhvjk `rdg pjr ulht d` tej ndggdkhty, Hl dtejr wdrks" tej uthbhty wehne hs kjrhvjk iy khvhkhlm tej tdtcb uthbhty iy tej tdtcb ulhts d` mddks clk sjrvhnjs ndlsugjk hs tej cvjrcmj uthbhty ,

Ht ncl ij jxprjssjk cs? CZ7[Z$x? wejrj" CZ 7 Cvjrcmj uthbhty [Z 7 [dtcb uthbhty? x 7 ndlsugjk mddks clk sjrvhnjs,

n( Gcrmhlcb Zthbhty Gcrmhlcb uthbhty gcy ij kj`hljk cs tej ckkhthdl td tdtcb uthbhty iy tej ndlsugpthdl d` cl ckkhthdlcb ulht d` c mddk,

GZl7 [Zl' [Zl'3 fggclu385=Amgchb,ndg

99


I,[jne,

@drgs d` Zthbhty 3, @drg uthbhty H` iy neclmhlm tej `drg d` c mddk" ncpcnhty td scths`y wclts hs nrjctjk hl ht" ht hs ncbbjk tej `drg uthbhty, Neclmhlm tej wejct hl tej `drg d` ihsnuht" neclmhlm d` wddk hltd ùrlhturj crj tej jxcgpbjs d` tej `drg uthbhty,

9, Qbcnj uthbhty Zthbhty hs cbsd nrjctjk iy neclmhlm tej pbcnj d` c mddk, Ht hs ncbbjk pbcnj uthbhty, Ndbbjnthlm d` sclk `rdg tej rhvjr'iclf clk trclspdrthlm ht td tej ndlstrunthdl shtj dr trclspdrthlm tej ndcb td kh``jrjlt pcrts d` tej ndultry `rdg tej ndcb'ghljs crj jxcgpbjs d` pbcnj uthbhty,

>, [hgj uthbhty ]hte tej pcsscmj d` thgj" h` uthbhty hs gjcsurjk" ht hs ncbbjk thgj uthbhty, J,m," dbk whlj, [eus stdrhlm drclmjs" cppbjs clk dtejr `ruhts hl tej ndbk stdrcmjs dr wcrjedusjs ulthb tejhr nrdp sjcsdl hs dvjr clk tejhr prhnjs hlnrjcsj" hs cl jxcgpbj d` thgj uthbhty,

;, ^jrvhnj uthbhty H` tej sjrvhnj rjlkjrjk iy c gcl scths`hjs ydur wclt" ht hs ncbbjk sjrvhnj uthbhty, C prd`jssdr‘s tjcnehlm hl c nbcss" c bcwyjr‘s pbjckhlm ncsj" c tchbdr‘s sthtnehlm c sehrt" crj tej jxcgpbjs d` sjrvhnj uthbhty,

:, Qdssjsshdl uthbhty H` tej neclmj d` pdssjsshdl d` c mddk hlnrjcsjs hts uthbhty" ht hs ncbbjk tej pdssjsshdl uthbhty, [ej uthbhty d` sjwhlm gcnehlj hs ldt cs mrjct `dr c kjcbjr hl sjwhlm gcnehljs cs ht hs `dr c tchbdr,

0, Fldwbjkmj uthbhty ]ejl tej uthbhty d` c mddk hlnrjcsjs iy hlnrjcshlm pjdpbj‘s fldwbjkmj cidut tect mddk" ht hs ncbbjk fldwbjkmj uthbhty, @dr jxcgpbj" wj ndgj td fldw cidut tej qucbhthjs d` Bux sdcp dr @drecls tddte pcstj terdume ckvjrthsjgjlts tect hs wey tej kjgclk d` tejsj prdkunts mdjs up,

Bcw d` Khghlhsehlm Gcrmhlcb Zthbhty [ej bcw d` khghlhsehlm gcrmhlcb uthbhty hs dlj d` tej ùlkcgjltcb bcws hl jndldghns, Ht ecs ijjl kjvjbdpjk iy Ojvdl" Fcrb Gjlmjr clk Bjdl ]cbrcs clk wcs pdpubcrhsjk iy Qrd`, Cb`rjk Gcrsecbb, [ej bcw stctjs tect " ‒tej ckkhthdlcb ijlj`ht wehne c pjrsdl kjrhvjs `rdg c mhvjl hlnrjcsj hl tej stdnf d` c tehlm khghlhsejs whte jvjry hlnrjcsj hl tej stdnf tect ej cbrjcky ecs‗,

Hl dtejr wdrks" ‒dtejr tehlms rjgchlhlm tej scgj" tej uthbhty kjrhvjk `rdg tej ndlsugpthdl d` ckkhthdlcb ulht d` c ndggdkhty cbwcys khghlhsejs‗,

Cssugpthdls d` tej bcw [ej bcw d` KGZ hs icsjk up dl tej `dbbdwhlm cssugpthdls, 3, Cbb tej ulhts d` ndggdkhty sedubk ij edgdmjljdus ed gdmjljdus hl shzj clk quclthty 9, [ejrj sedubk ldt ij cly thgj bcm hl ndlsugpthdl d` sunnjsshvj ulhts d` tej ndggdkhty >, [ej ndlsugjr sedubk ij rcthdlcb fggclu385=Amgchb,ndg

9>


I,[jne,

;, [ej ecihts" tcstjs" hlndgj clk `csehdl d` tej ndlsugjr sedubk rjgchl ndlstclt :, [ejrj sedubk ldt ij cly neclmj hl tej prhnj d` tej ndggdkhty clk rjbctjk rj bctjk mddks 0, Zthbhty hs gjcsurcibj hl ncrkhlcb lugijrs [ej bcw ncl ij ijttjr jxpbchljk whte tej ejbp d` tej `dbbdwhlm khcmrcg clk tcibj

Zlhts d` Cppbj ndlsugjk

Gcrmhlcb

[dtcb uthbhty

uthbhty

3

31

31

9

5

35

>

0

9;

;

>

9=

:

9

98

0

1

98

=

'9

9=

]ejl c ndlsugjr ndlsugjs dlj ulht d` tej mddk %cppbj( ehs GZ hs 316 `dr tej sjndlk ulht ht hs 5" `dr tej >

rk

ulht ht hs 0 clk sd dl, ]ejl tej ndlsugjr hlnrjcsjs ndlsugpthdl td shxte

ulht" ehs gcrmhlcb uthbhty ijndgjs zjrd clk tdtcb uthbhty rjcnejs hts gcxhgug, [ehs pdhlt hs ncbbjk tej pdhlt d` hl`bjxhdl, ]ejl ej ndlsugjs tej sjvjlte ulht" ehs GZ hs '9, [ej ljmcthvj shml d` tej GZ hlkhnctjs tect" ht kdjs ldt kjrhvj cly scths`cnthdl" iut sdgj khsscths`cnthdl" wehne gcy dnnur hl shtucthdls bhfj dvjr jcthlm,


9;


I,[jne,

Jxnjpthdls d` tej Bcw [ej bcw hs ldt cppbhncibj ulkjr tej `dbbdwhlm shtucthdls, 3, [ej bcw kdjs ldt cppby td rcrj ndbbjnthdls sune cs ndhls" stcgps" pchlthlms jtn, 9, [ehs bcw hs ldt %ùbby( cppbhncibj hl tej ncsj d` gdljy, [ehs hs ijncusj gcl hs ldt ùbby scths`hjk whte gdljy, Iut ht ncl ij schk tect Gcrmhlcb uthbhty d` gdljy khghlhsejs" tedume ht whbb ldt rjcne zjrd dr ljmcthvj, >, [ej ndlsugpthdl d` bhqudr hs ldt suiojnt td tej bcw d` KGZ, [ej gdrj c pjrsdl krhlfs bhqudr" tej gdrj ej bhfjs ht,

[ej Qrhnj Gjneclhsg Hl c `rjj gcrfjt jndldgy" tej icshn jndldghn prdibjgs d` wect td prdkunj clk `dr wedg td prdkunj crj sjttbjk iy prhnj gjneclhsg, Qrhnj gjneclhsg rj`jrs td tej dpjrcthdl d` tej `drnjs d` kjgclk clk suppby, [ej prhnj d` cly ndggdkhty hl tej gcrfjt hs kjtjrghljk iy tej hltjrcnthdl d` tej `drnjs d` kjgclk clk suppby,

Qrhnj? [ej vcbuj d` c tehlm jxprjssjk hl tjrgs d` gdljy hs ncbbjk tej prhnj, Ndggdkhty? C ndggdkhty hs cly mddk prdkunjk `dr scbj hl tej gcrfjt Gcrfjt? Hl jndldghns" gcrfjt gjcls cbb tej crjcs hl wehne iuyjrs clk sjbbjrs crj hl c ndltcnt whte jcne dtejr `dr tej purnecsj clk scbj d` ndggdkhthjs, fggclu385=Amgchb,ndg

9:


I,[jne,

Kjgclk Kjgclk hs tej kjshrj icnfjk iy cihbhty td pcy clk whbbhlmljss td pcy `dr c ndggdkhty, Gjrj kjshrj dr cihbhty td pcy whbb ldt `drg kjgclk, @dr j,m, c pddr gcl gcy ecvj kjshrj td ecvj c ncr" iut kdjs ldt ecvj tej cihbhty td iuy ht, ^hghbcrby c ghsjr gcy ecvj tej kjshrj clk cihbhty iut ldt whbbhlmljss td pcy, Hl idte tej ncsjs tejrj hs ld kjgclk,

Kjtjrghlclts d` Kjgclk Kjgclk `dr c ndggdkhty iy c edusjedbk ed usjedbk hs kjtjrghljk iy tej `dbbdwhlm `cntdrs

c( Qrhnj d` tej ndggdkhty Qrhnj d` tej ndggdkhty hs tej gdst hgpdrtclt `cntdr tect kjtjrghljs tej kjgclk `dr c ndggdkhty, ]ejl prhnj d` tej ndggdkhty rhsjs" bjss whbb ij kjgclkjk clk wejl prhnj `cbbs" gdrj whbb ij kjgclkjk,

i( Hlndgj d` tej edusjedbk C rhsj hl hlndgj hs mjljrcbby cssdnhctjk whte hlnrjcsj hl kjgclk `dr vcrhdus mddks, Idte hlndgj clk kjgclk whbb gdvj hl tej scgj khrjnthdl,

n( [cstj clk prj`jrjlnj d` tej edusjedbk [cstj clk prj`jrjlnj d` hlkhvhkucb gcy neclmj kuj td tej hl`bujlnj d` ckvjrthsjgjlts" neclmj hl `csehdl dr kuj td tejhr kjshrj td hghtctj tejhr ljhmeidur, C neclmj hl tej tcstj clk prj`jrjlnj d` hlkhvhkucbs gcy hl`bujlnj tej kjgclk `dr ndggdkhthjs,

k( Qrhnj d` dtejr ndggdkhthjs Qrhnj d` rjbctjk ndggdkhthjs c``jnts edusjedbk kjgclk `dr c ndggdkhty, Yjbctjk mddks gcy jhtejr ij c suisthtutj mddk dr c ndgpbjgjltcry mddk,

ûisthtutj mddk? crj tedsj mddks wehne ncl ij suisthtutjk `dr dlj cldtejr, J,m, tjc & nd``jj,

Ndgpbjgjltcry mddks? crj mddks wehne crj usjk tdmjtejr td scths`y c mhvjl wclt, J,m, ncr & pjtrdb, C `cbb hl tej prhnj d` c suisthtutj mddk rjkunjs tej kjgclk `dr hts rjbctjk mddk clk vhnj vjrsc, C `cbb hl tej prhnj d` c ndgpbjgjltcry mddk whbb hlnrjcsj tej kjgclk `dr tej dtejr mddk clk vhnj vjrsc,

Kjgclk @ulnthdl [ej ùlnthdlcb rjbcthdlsehp ijtwjjl tej kjgclk `dr c ndggdkhty clk tej `cntdrs kjtjrghlhlm kjgclk hs ncbbjk tej kjgclk ùlnthdl,

Kl 7 ` % Ql" Q3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Ql'3" y" [( 6 wejrj Kl kjgclk `dr tej ndggdkhty ―l‘ `  ùlnthdl d` Ql prhnj d` l Q3'Ql'3 prhnj d` rjbctjk X gdljy hlndgj d` tej edusjedbk [ tcstj & prj`jrjlnj d` tej edusjedbk,


90


I,[jne,

Bcw d` Kjgclk [ej rjbcthdlsehp ijtwjjl prhnj clk quclthty kjgclkjk hs usucbby rj`jrrjk td cs bcw d` kjgclk, [ej bcw d` kjgclk stctjs tect" ‒Dtejr tehlms rjgchlhlm scgj" tej quclthty kjgclkjk d` c ndggdkhty vcrhjs hlvjrsjby whte prhnj‗,

[ect hs" wejl prhnj rhsjs kjgclk `dr tej ndggdkhty `cbbs clk wejl prhnj `cbbs kjgclk `dr tej ndggdkhty rhsjs, [ect hs" tejrj jxhst cl hlvjrsj rjbcthdlsehp ijtwjjl prhnj clk quclthty kjgclkjk,

Cssugpthdls d` tej Bcw 3, Ndlsugjr‘s gdljy hlndgj rjgchl ndlstclt 9, Qrhnj d` dtejr mddks rjgchl tej scgj >, [cstj clk prj`jrjlnj d` ndlsugjr‘s rjgchl tej scgj ;, [ej ndggdkhty ecs ld nbdsj suisthtutjs :, [ej ndggdkhty hs c ldrgcb ndggdkhty [ej bcw d` kjgclk ncl ij truj dlby wejl cbb tej cssugpthdls crj vcbhk,

Jxnjpthdls $ bhghtcthdls d` tej Bcw d` kjgclk 3, @jcr d` ùturj rhsj hl prhnj? h` tej prhnj d` c ndggdkhty hs hlnrjcshlm clk h` ht hs jxpjntjk td hlnrjcsj sthbb ùrtejr" tej ndlsugjrs whbb iuy gdrj d` tej ndggdkhty ct c ehmejr prhnj tecl tejy khk ct bdwjr prhnj

9, @jcr d` ùturj `cbb hl prhnj? h` tej prhnj d` tej ndggdkhty hs `cbbhlm clk h` ht hs jxpjntjk td `cbb ùrtejr" tej ndlsugjr whbb iuy bjss d` tej ndggdkhty ct bdw prhnj, [ej ndlsugjr whbb edbk d`` tejhr purnecsj ulthb prhnjs rjcne tej idttdg bjvjb,

>, Hmldrclnj d` tej ndlsugjr? Kuj td hmldrclnj" ndlsugjrs iuy hl tej ndstby gcrfjt, ;, Kjgclk `dr ljnjsscrhjs? tej bcw d` kjgclk kdjs ldt cppby hl tej ncsj d` cisdbutj ljnjsscrhjs d` bh`j, Jvjl tedume prhnjs d` ljnjsscrhjs rhsj" tej kjgclk `dr tejg rjgchls gdrj dr bjss tej scgj,

:, Mh``jl mddks? C mh``jl mddk hs c mddk `dr wehne kjgclk kjnrjcsjs cs prhnj `cbbs, [ej kjgclk nurvj `dr mh``jl mddk whbb sbdpj upwcrks td tej rhmet, ]ejl tej prhnj d` hl`jrhdr mddks %nejcp mddks,jm, icorc( `cbbs" tej rjcb hlndgj d` tej pjdpbj hlnrjcsjs, [ejy whbb tejrj`drj prj`jr td suisthtutj supjrhdr mddks %j,m, rhnj( `dr hl`jrhdr mddks jvjl h` tejhr prhnjs ecvj `cbbjl,

Kjgclk ^nejkubj Kjgclk snejkubj hs c tcibj wehne sedws tej cgdults d` c ndggdkhty kjgclkjk ct c mhvjl pjrhdk d` thgj ct vcrhdus prhnjs,


9=


Qrhnj d` Cppbj$ fm %Ys,(

I,[jne,

Suclthty kjgclkjk $wjjf %fm(

01

3

:1

9

;1

>

>1

;

91

:

31

0

Kjgclk Nurvj

Kjgclk nurvj hs c mrcpehncb rjprjsjltcthdl d` kjgclk snejkubj,

Hl tej khcmrcg U cxhs sedws quclthty d` cppbj kjgclkjk pjr wjjf clk X cxhs sedws prhnj d` cppbj pjr fhbdmrcg, [ej pdhlts Q"S"Y"^"[ clk Z sedws tej quclththjs d` cppbj kjgclkjk ct vcrhdus prhnjs, ]ejl wj odhl tejsj pdhlts wj mjt tej edusjedbk$hlkhvhkucb kjgclk nurvj ―KK‘, [ej KK nurvj sbdpj kdwlwcrks `rdg bj`t td rhmet sedwhlm tect gdrj whbb ij kjgclkjk ct bdwjr prhnjs clk bjss ct ehmejr prhnjs, [ej gcodr rjcsdl `dr tej kdwlwcrk sbdpj d` kjgclk nurvj hs tect tej bcw d` khghlhsehlm gcrmhlcb uthbhty, C ndlsugjr whbb iuy ckkhthdlcb ulhts d` tej ndggdkhty dlby wejl hts prhnj `cbbs ijncusj tej scths`cnthdl kjrhvjk `rdg tej ndlsugpthdl d` sunnjsshvj ulhts mdjs dl `cbbhlm,


95


I,[jne,

Neclmjs hl Kjgclk Kjgclk `dr c ndggdkhty h kjtjrghljk iy gcly `cntdrs, [ej neclmj hl kjgclk gcy ij kuj td neclmj hl prhnj dr ku j td `cntdrs dtejr tecl prhnj d` tej ndggdk hty,

Neclmjs hl kjgclk

Neclmj hl prhnj

Jxpclshdl d kjgclk

Ndltrcnthdl d` kjgclk

Neclmj hl cssugpthdls

Hlnrjcsj hl kjgclk

Kjnrjcsj hl kjgclk

3, Jxpclshdl% Jxtjlshdl( clk Ndltrcnthdl d` Kjgclk ]ejl kjgclk neclmjs kuj td neclmj hl prhnj" ht hs c ncsj d` jxpclshd l dr ndltrcnthdl d` kjgclk, c, Jxpclshdl d` kjgclk

]ejl quclthty kjgclkjk ` c ndggdkhty hlnrjcsjs kuj td c `cbb hl h s prhnj" ht hs ncbbjk jxpclshdl d` kjgclk %gdvjgjlt `rdg C td I( i, Ndltrcnthdl d` kjgclk

C `cbb hl kjgclk kuj td rhsj hl prhnj hs ncbbjk ndltrcnthdl d` kjgclk, %g dvjgjlt `rdg C td N( , Idte Jxpclshdl clk ndl rcnthdl d` kjgclk tcfj pbcnj dl tej scgj k jgclk nurvj,

fggclu385=Amgchb,n g

98


I,[jne,

9, Hlnrjcsj clk Kjnrjcsj hl Kjgclk % êh`t hl Kjgclk ( Neclmj hl kjgclk kuj td `cntdrs dtejr tecl prhnj hs ncbbjk hlnrjcsj clk kjnrjcsj hl kjgclk, Ht gcy ij kuj td neclmj hl hlndgj" tcstj clk prj`jrjlnj jtn, c, Hlnrjcsj hl kjgclk? Yhsj hl kjgclk kuj td neclmjs hl `cntdrs dtejr tecl prhnj hs ncbbjk hlnrjcsj hl kjgclk, [ect gjcls" gdrj hs kjgclkjk ct tej scgj prhnj, i, Kjnrjcsj hl kjgclk? @cbb hl kjgclk kuj td `cntdrs dtejr tecl prhnj hs ncbbjk kjnrjcsj hl

kjgclk, [ect gjcls" bjss hs kjgclkjk ct scgj prhnj,

Jbcsthnhty d` Kjgclk Jbcsthnhty d` kjgclk rj`jrs td tej kjmrjj d` rjspdlshvjljss d` quclthty kjgclkjk d` c ndggdkhty kuj td neclmjs hl prhnj" hlndgj" prhnj d` rjbctjk ndggdkhthjs,

[ypjs d` Jbcsthnhty d` Kjgclk @dbbdwhlm crj tej hgpdrtclt typjs d` jbcsthnhty d` kjgclk

3, Qrhnj Jbcsthnhty D` Kjgclk Qrhnj jbcsthnhty d` kjgclk hs tej kjmrjj d` rjspdlshvjljss d` quclthty kjgclkjk d` c ndggdkhty kuj td neclmj hl hts prhnj, Hl dtejr wdrks" prhnj jbcsthnhty d` kjgclk hs tej rcthd

d` pjrnjltcmj neclmj hl quclthty kjgclkjk td pjrnjltcmj neclmj hl prhnj, Ht hs kjldtj k iy ‒jp‗, jp 7

    

jp 7

    ∀ ∀

x

 

9, Hlndgj Jbcsthnhty D` Kjgclk Hlndgj jbcsthnhty d` kjgclk sedws tej kjmrjj d` rjspdlshvjljss d` quclthty kjgclkjk d` c ndggdkhty td c neclmj hl tej hlndgj d` tej ndlsugjr,

Hlndgj jbcsthnhty %jh( 7 jh 7

     ∀ ∀

    

x




>1


I,[jne,

>, Nrdss Jbcsthnhty D` Kjgclk Nrdss jbcsthnhty d` kjgclk sedws tej kjmrjj d` rjspdlshvjljss d` quclthty kjgclkjk d` dlj ndggdkhty td tej neclmj hl prhnj d` rjbctjk mddks, Hl dtejr wdrks" ht sedws tej kjmrjj d` rjspdlshvjljss d` quclthty kjgclkjk d` ndggdkhty U kuj td neclmj hl prhnj d` ndggdkhty X,

jn 7

      

jn 7

      ∀ ∀

x

 

Qrhnj Jbcsthnhty d` Kjgclk Qrhnj jbcsthnhty d` kjgclk hs tej kjmrjj d` rjspdlshvjljss d` quclthty kjgclkjk d` c ndggdkhty kuj td neclmj hl hts prhnj, [ej bcw d` kjgclk kdjs ldt jxpbchl ct wect rctj" kjgclk neclmjs hl rjspdlsj td c mhvjl neclmj hl hts prhnj, Qrhnj jbcsthnhty d` kjgclk tjbbs us jxcntby edw gune tej quclthty kjgclkjk wdubk hlnrjcsj dr kjnrjcsj cs c rjsubt d` c mhvjl `cbb dr rhsj hl prhnj,

[ypjs $ Kjmrjjs d` Qrhnj Jbcsthnhty d` Kjgclk Dl tej icshs d` tej kjmrjj d` rjspdlshvjljss d` kjgclk td tej neclmj hl prhnj" jbcsthnhty d` kjgclk hs mjljrcbby nbcssh`hjk hl td `hvj nctjmdrhjs, 3, 9, >, ;, :,

Qjr`jntby jbcsthn kjgclk %jp7∜( Qjr`jntby hljbcsthn kjgclk %jp71( Zlhtcry jbcsthn kjgclk %jp73( Jbcsthn kjgclk %jp<3( Hljbcsthn kjgclk %jp23(

3, Qjr`jntby Jbcsthn Kjgclk %jp7∜( Kjgclk `dr c ndggdkhty hs schk td ij pjr`jntby jbcsthn wejl c sbhmet neclmj hl prhnj ncusjs hl`hlhtj neclmj hl quclthty kjgclkjk,

[ej Kjgclk nurvj whbb ij c strchmet bhlj pcrcbbjb td U cxhs %edrhzdltcb bhlj(, Ejrj prhnj jbcsthnhty d` kjgclk hs hl`hlhty % ∜(


>3


I,[jne,

9, Qjr`jntby Hljbcsthn Kjgclk %jp71( Kjgclk `dr c ndggdkhty hs schk td ij pjr`jntby hljbcsthn h` quclthty kjgclkjk kdjs ldt neclmj ct cbb hl rjspdlsj td c neclmj hl hts prhnj, [ej kjgclk nurvj hs teus c strchmet bhlj pcrcbbjb td y cxhs %vjrthncb bhlj(,

Ejrj tej prhnj jbcsthnhty d` kjgclk hs zjrd,

>, Zlhtcry Jbcsthn Kjgclk %jp7 3( Kjgclk `dr c ndggdkhty hs ulhtcry jbcsthn h` c mhvjl neclmj hl prhnj ncusjs cl jqucb clk prdpdrthdlctj neclmj hl quclthty kjgclkjk,

Hl tej khcmrcg wejl prhnj `cbbs `rdg DQ td DQ3 quclthty kjgclkjk jxpclks `rdg DS td DS3, [ej neclmj hs jqucb clk prdpdrthdlcb,


>9


I,[jne,

;, Gdrj$Yjbcthvjby Gdrj$Yjbcthvjby Jbcsthn Kjgclk % jp<3( Kjgclk `dr c ndggdkhty gdrj jbcsthn h` c mhvjl neclmj hl prhnj bjcks td c gdrj tecl prdpdrthdlctj neclmj hl quclthty kjgclkjk,

[ehs hs dtejrwhsj ncbbjk jbcsthn kjgclk, Hl tej `hmurj wejl prhnj `cbbs `rdg DQ td DQ3" quclthty kjgclkjk jxpclks `rdg DS td DS3, [ej neclmj hl kjgclk hs gdrj tecl tej neclmj hl prhnj %SS3
:, Bjss Jbcsthn Kjgclk$ Yjbcthvjby Hljbcsthn Kjgclk % jp 23( Kjgclk `dr c ndggdkhty hs bjss jbcsthn wejl c mhvjl neclmj hl prhnj bjcks td c bjss tecl prdpdrthdlctj neclmj hl quclthty kjgclkjk, [ehs hs cbsd ncbbjk hljbcsthn kjgclk,

Hl tej khcmrcg wejl prhnj `cbbs `rdg DQ td DQ3 quclthty kjgclkjk jxpclks `rdg DS td DS3, [ej neclmj hl kjgclk hs bjss tecl tej neclmj hl prhnj, % h,j, SS32 QQ3(


>>


I,[jne,

Gjcsurjgjlt d` Jbcsthnhty d` Kjgclk Mjljrcbby" terjj gjtedks crj usjk td gjcsurj tej prhnj jbcsthnhty d` kjgclk, [ejy crj 3, Qjrnjltcmj$ Qrdpdrthdlctj Gjtedk 9, [dtcb Jxpjlkhturj %[dtcb Dutbcy(Gjtedk >, Qdhlt Gjtedk dr Mjdgjtrhncb Gjtedk

3, Qjrnjltcmj$ Qrdpdrthdlctj Gjtedk Zlkjr tehs gjtedk" wj gjcsurj jbcsthnhty iy ndgpcrhlm tej pjrnjltcmj neclmj hl prhnj whte tej pjrnjltcmj neclmj hl kjgclk, [ej `drgubc `dr gjcsurhlm prhnj jbcsthnhty d` kjgclk ulkjr tehs gjtedk gcy ij wrhttjl cs     

jp 7 7

        %∀(    %(

7 jp 7

∀  ∀ ∀

ý

x

∀ 

7

∀ 

x

ý

   %∀ (   %(

 ∀

 

Jxcgpbj? h` prhnj d` cppbj rjkunjs `rdg Ys,:1 td Ys,;1 clk kjgclk `dr cppbj rchsjs `rdg 311 ulhts td 3:1 ulhts, [ejl `hlk dut tej jbcsthnhty d` kjgclk, jp 7

7 7

∀ ∀   # 

x x



Q7 :1" p37 ;1"

q 7 311" q37 3:1 6

 

∀p7 p‛p3 & ∀q 7 q‛q3



∀p 7 31 ∀q 7 :

7 9,:

9, [dtcb Jxpjlkhturj%[dtcb Dutbcy( Gjtedk Hl tehs gjtedk jbcsthnhty d` kjgclk hs gjcsurjk iy ndgpcrhlm tdtcb jxpjlkhturj dl tej ndggdkhty ij`drj clk c`tjr tej prhnj neclmj, [ejrj gcy ij terjj pdsshihbhthjs, c( H` tdtcb jxpjlkhturj dl tej ndggdkhty hlnrjcsjs whte c `cbb hl prhnj %dr kjnrjcsjs whte c rhsj hl prhnj(" tej jbcsthnhty d` kjgclk hs schk td ij mrjctjr tecl ulhty %jp<3(, i( H` tdtcb jxpjlkhturj dl tej ndggdkhty kjnrjcsjs whte c `cbb hl prhnj %dr hlnrjcsjs whte c rhsj hl prhnj( jbcsthnhty d` kjgclk hs schk td ij bjss tecl ulhty %jp23(, n( ]ejl tej tdtcb jxpjlkhturj dl c ndggdkhty hs ct hts gcxhgug %dr rjgchls tej scgj( tej jbcsthnhty d` kjgclk hs schk td ij ulhty,


>;


Qrhnj

Suclthty

I,[jne,

[dtcb Jxpjlkhturj

31

3

31

8

9

35

5

>

9;

=

;

95

0

:

>1

:

0

>1

;

=

95

>

5

9;

9

8

35

3

31

31

jp < 3

jp 7 3

jp 2 3

>, Qdhlt Gjtedk dr Mjdgjtrhn Gjtedk [ehs hs tej mjdgjtrhn gjtedk `dr gjcsurhlm jbcsthnhty, Jbcsthnhty d` kjgclk gcy kh``jrjlt ct pdhlts hl c strchmet bhlj, [ej `drgubc `dr gjcsurhlm prhnj jbcsthnhty jbcsthnhty d` kjgclk ushlm pdhlt gjtedk hs jp 7

. +  +



Ct pdhlt ―n‘ jbcsthnhty hs ulhty" shlnj tej bjlmtes d` idte bdwjr clk uppjr sjmgjlt d` CI crj jqucb,



Ct pdhlt ―C‘

jp 7 ∜" shlnj tej

bjlmte d` tej uppjr sjmgjlt hs zjrd *

C7



Ct pdhlt ―J‘ jp7 1" shlnj tej bjlmte

&

7







7∜

d` tej bdwjr pdrthdl hs zjrd 

Ct cly pdhlt dl CI cidvj N " jp < 3



Ct cly pdhlt dl CI ijbdw N" jp 2 3,


>:


I,[jne,

@cntdrs Kjtjrghlhlm tej Qrhnj Jbcsthnhty d` Kjgclk [ej prhnj jbcsthnhty d` kjgclk kjpjlks up dl c lugijr d` `cntdrs, [ejy crj mhvjl ijbdw,

3( Cvchbcihbhty d` nbdsj suisthtutjs H` c ndggdkhty ecs bcrmj lugijr d` nbdsj suisthtutjs" hts kjgclk whbb ij gdrj jbcsthn tecl ndggdkhthjs ecvhlm bjssjr lugijr d` suisthtutjs, J,m, [jc hs c mddk suisthtutj `dr nd``jj, H` tej prhnj d` nd``jj hlnrjcsjs pjdpbj whbb usj gdrj tjc, [ejrj`drj" kjgclk `dr nd``jj hs ehmeby jbcsthn, Ndggdl scbt dl tej dtejr eclk kdjs ldt ecvj cly nbdsj suisthtutj clk ejlnj hts jbcsthnhty j bcsthnhty d` kjgclk tjlks td ij vjry bdw, [jc & Nd``jj ' gdrj jbcsthn ^cbt' bjss jbcsthn

9( Lugijr d` usjs d` tej ndggdkhty H` c ndggdkhty hs usjk `dr sjvjrcb purpdsjs" hts kjgclk hs mjljrcbby jbcsthn, Jm, Cbughlhug wehne ecs gcly usjs" hts kjgclk hs bhfjby td ij jbcsthn, Iut" ndggdkhthjs bhfj pjlnhb" wehne ecs dlby bhghtjk usjs" hts kjgclk hs hljbcsthn,

>( [dtcb jxpjlkhturj d` tej ndggdkhty H` tej tdtcb jxpjlkhturj dl c ndggdkhty hl c edusjedbk iukmjt hs ehme" hts prhnj jbcsthnhty d` kjgclk hs bhfjby td ij ehme, Dl tej dtejr eclk" h` tej jxpjlkhturj dl ht hs dlby sgcbb pcrt d` tej tdtcb jxpjlkhturj" hts kjgclk hs bhfjby td ij hljbcsthn,

;( Bjvjb d` prhnj Kjgclk hs mjljrcbby gdrj jbcsthn ct ehmejr bjvjb d` prhnjs tecl ct bdwjr bjvjbs, [eus hl ncsj d` strchmet bhlj kjgclk nurvj" tej uppjr pdrthdl d` tej kjgclk nurvj ndrrjspdlkhlm td tej ehmejr prhnj bjvjb ecs mrjctjr jbcsthnhty tecl tej bdwjr pdrthdl d` tej nurvj ndrrjspdlkhlm td bdwjr prhnj,

:( Bjvjb d` hlndgj d` tej edusjedbk H` tej hlndgj bjvjb d` tej edusjedbk hs vjry ehme" tej jbcsthnhty d` kjgclk `dr gdst d` tej ndggdkhthjs whbb ij bjss, Iut hl bdw hlndgj edusjedbks" tej jbcsthnhty d` kjgclk `dr gdst d` tej ndggdkhthjs wdubk ij ehme,

0( [ej lcturj d` tej ndggdkhthjs [ej kjgclk `dr ljnjsscrhjs hs bjss jbcsthn tecl tej kjgclk `dr ndg`drts clk buxurhjs,

=( Dtejr `cntdrs @cntdrs bhfj ckoustgjlt d` thgj" eciht" tcstj" nustdgs d` pjdpbj" pdsshihbhthjs d` pdstpdljgjlt d` ndlsugpthdl" kurcihbhty d` mddk jtn, Cbsd c``jnt tej jbcsthnhty d` kjgclk,

^hmlh`hnclnj d` Jbcsthnhty d` Kjgclk hl Iushljss [ej ndlnjpt d` jbcsthnhty d` kjgclk hs d` mrjct hgpdrtclnj hl tej spejrj d` Mdvjrlgjlt `hlclnj cs wjbb cs hl trckj clk ndggjrnj, 3, Qrhnj kjtjrghlcthdl [ej ndlnjpt d` jbcsthnhty d` kjgclk hs usjk hl jxpbchlhlm tej kjtjrghlcthdl d` prhnjs ulkjr vcrhdus gcrfjt shtucthdls, C iushljssgcl" h` ej hs c gdldpdbhst whbb ecvj td ndlshkjr tej lcturj d` kjgclk wehbj `hxhlm tej prhnj, Hl ncsj ht hs hljbcsthn" ht whbb pcy ehg td necrmj c ehmejr prhnj clk sjbb c sgcbbjr quclthty, H`" dl tej dtejr eclk" tej kjgclk hs jbcsthn" ej whbb bdwjr tej prhnj, fggclu385=Amgchb,ndg

>0


I,[jne,

9, Nbcssh`hncthdl d` mddks cs ûisthtutjs clk Ndgpbjgjlts Mddks crj nbcssh`hjk cs suisthtutjs clk ndgpbjgjlts dl tej icshs d` nrdss jbcsthnhty d` kjgclk, [wd ndggdkhthjs gcy ij ndlshkjrjk cs suisthtutjs h` nrdss jbcsthnhty hs pdshthvj clk ndgpbjgjltcry wejl jbcsthnhty hs ljmcthvj, >, Dutput Jbcsthnhty d` kjgclk c``jnts hlkustrhcb dutput, [ej hlkhvhkucb kjgclk `dr ljws pcpjr hs hljbcsthn, Ld cgdult d` rjkunthdl hl tej prhnj d` ljws pcpjr whbb hlkunj tej hlkhvhkucb td iuy cl ckkhthdlcb ndpy d` tej scgj pcpjr, Iut c rjkunthdl hl tej prhnj d` ljws pcpjr whbb njrtchlby hlnrjcsj tej scbj hl tej gcrfjt cs c wedbj, ;, Hlnhkjlnj d` tcxcthdl % `hlcb iurkjl d` c tcx( [ej ndlnjpt d` jbcsthnhty d` kjgclk hs usjk hl ulkjrstclkhlm tej hlnhkjlnj d` hlkhrjnt tcxjs bhfj scbjs tcxjs clk jxnhsj kuty, Bjss hs tej jbcsthnhty d` kjgclk ehmejr tej hlnhkjlnj clk vhnj vjrsc, Hl ncsj d` hljbcsthn kjgclk tej ndlsugjr ecvj td iuy tej ndggdkhty clk gust ijcr tej tcx,

Kjgclk @drjncsthlm Kjgclk `drjncsthlm hs tej cnthvhty d` jsthgcthlm tej quclthty d` c prdkunt dr sjrvhnj tect ndlsugjrs whbb purnecsj, Kjgclk `drjncsthlm gcy ij usjk hl gcfhlm prhnhlm kjnhshdls" hl cssjsshlm ùturj ncpcnhty rjquhrjgjlts" dr hl gcfhlm kjnhshdls dl wejtejr td jltjr c ljw gcrfjt,

Gjtedks d` Kjgclk @drjncsthlm [ejrj crj gchlby twd cpprdcnejs td `drjncst kjgclk, 3, ûrvjy gjtedks 9, ^tcthsthncb gjtedks

H, ûrvjy Gjtedks Hl drkjr td `drjncst tej kjgclk `dr jxhsthlm prdkunt survjy gjtedks crj d`tjl jgpbdyjk, Zlkjr tehs gjtedk tej hl`drgcthdl cidut tej bhfjby purnecsj ijecvhdur d` tej iuyjr hs ditchljk terdume ndbbjnthlm jxpjrts‘ dphlhdl dr iy ndlkunthlm hltjrvhjw whte ndlsugjrs, Ht hlnbukjs tej `dbbdwhlm tjnelhqujs,

3, Jxpjrts Dphlhdl Qdbb Hl tehs gjtedk tej jxpjrts dl c pcrthnubcr prdkunt wedsj kjgclk hs ulkjr stuky crj rjqujstjk td mhvj tejhr dphlhdl cidut tej prdkunt, [ejsj jxpjrts" kjcbhlm hl tej scgj dr shghbcr prdkunt crj cibj td prjkhnt tej bhfjby scbjs d` c mhvjl prdkunt hl tej ùturj pjrhdks ulkjr kh``jrjlt ndlkhthdls icsjk dl tejhr jxpjrhjlnj,

9, Kjbpeh Gjtedk [ehs hs c vcrhclt d` tej dphlhdl pdbb gjtedk, Zlkjr tehs gjtedk dphlhdl d` jxpjrts hs ndbbjntjk terdume gchb survjy,


>=


I,[jne,

^tjps hl Kjbpeh gjtedk c, Qrjpcrj tej qujsthdllchrj i, ^jlk tej qujsthdllchrj td jxpjrts terdume gchb n, Ndbbjnt tej `hbbjk hl qujsthdllchrj icnf k, ûggcrhsj tej rjspdlsj j, ^jlk icnf cmchl td jxpjrts td jxprjss tejhr rjcsdls `,Yjpjct `,Yjpjct tej prdnjss `dr dlj dr gdrj rdulks

Ckvcltcmjs c, Hltjbbhmhibj td usjrs i, Gdrj cnnurctj n, Bjss jxpjlshvj

Khsckvcltcmjs c, ]ect hs tej vcbuj d` j xpjrts‘ dphlhdl4 i, ]ect hs tej ndltrhiuthdl d` ckkhthdlcb rdulk dr `jjk icnf td cnnurcny4

>, ^cgpbj survjy gjtedk Zlkjr tehs gjtedk" tej `drjncstjr sjbjnt c `jw ndlsughlm ulhts dut d` tej rjbjvclt pdpubcthdl clk tejl ndbbjnts kctc dl tejhr prdicibj kjgclk `dr tej prdkunt kurhlm tej `drjncst pjrhdk,

HH, ^tcthsthncb Gjtedks ^tcthsthncb gjtedks hlnbukj

3, [rjlk prdojnthdl gjtedk [ehs gjtedk hs usjk td `drjncst kjgclk `dr c prdkunt wedsj pcst scbjs rjndrks crj cvchbcibj `dr c lugijr d` yjcrs, Zlkjr tehs gjtedk" tej thgj sjrhjs kctc d` tej ulkjr `drjncst crj usjk td `ht c trjlk bhlj dr nurvj jhtejr mrcpehncbby dr terdume stcthsthncb gjtedk d` bjcst squcrjs,

9, Bjckhlm hlkhnctdr gjtedk Bjckhlm hlkhnctdrs crj vcrhcibjs tect neclmj cejck d` dtejr vcrhcibj, Ejlnj disjrvjk neclmjs hl bjckhlm hlkhnctdrs crj usjùb td prjkhnt tej neclmjs hl tej bcmmhlm vcrhcibjs, J,m, tej neclmj hl tej bjvjb d` uriclhscthdl gcy ij usjk td prjkhnt tej neclmjs hl tej kjgclk `dr edusjs dr `bcts,

>, Yjmrjsshdl gjtedk Hl tehs gjtedk" idte jndldghn tejdry clk stcthsthncb gjtedks d` jsthgcthdl crj usjk tdmjtejr td jsthgctj tej kjgclk `dr c ndggdkhty, [ej jndldghn tejdry hs usjk td hkjlth`y tej kjgclk `cntdrs `dr tej ndggdkhty clk tej jxpjntjk secpj d` hts kjgclk ùlnthdl,

;, ^hgubtcljdus jqucthdl gdkjb [ehs hs c ndgpbjx gjtedk, Ejrj hlstjck d` dlj rjmrjsshdl jqucthdl sedwhlm tej kjgclk `dr tej ndggdkhty" c sjt d` jqucthdls hs td ij spjnh`hjk clk jsthgctjk hl c gdkjb `rcgj wdrf,


>5


I,[jne,

ûppby ûppby iy cl hlkhvhkucb sjbbjr dr `hrg hs tej quclthty d` c ndggdkhty ej hs whbbhlm td sjbb hl tej gcrfjt ct c mhvjl prhnj" hl c mhvjl pjrhdk d` thgj,

@cntdrs Kjtjrghlhlm ûppby d` c Ndggdkhty c, Mdcb d` tej `hrg %M( ? Mjljrcbby prd`ht gcxhghscthdl hs tej mdcb d` tej `hrg, Cly neclmj hl tej mdcb d` tej `hrg gcy c``jnts tej suppby d` tej ndggdkhty, i, Qrhnj d` tej ndggdkhty %Q(? ûppby d` c ndggdkhty kjpjlks up dl tej prhnj d` tej ndggdkhty d``jrjk hl tej gcrfjt, Mjljrcbby" ehmejr tej prhnj" tej bcrmjr whbb ij tej quclthty suppbhjk, H` tej prhnj d` c ndggdkhty `cbbs" bj ss d` ht whbb ij suppbhjk, n, [ej prhnj d` `cntdrs d` prdkunthdl %Q@(? H` tej prhnj d` `cntdrs d` prdkunthdl d` c ndggdkhty hlnrjcsjs" hts ndst d` prdkunthdl whbb hlnrjcsj, H` tej ndst d` prdkunthdl hlnrjcsjs" mjljrcbby" tej `hrg gcy kjnhkj td sjbb bjss ct c mhvjl prhnj, Dl tej dtejr eclk" h` tej ndst d` prdkunthdl `cbbs" tej `hrg gcy sjbb gdrj ct tej scgj prhnj, k, Bjvjb d` tjneldbdmy %[(? C ijttjr tjneldbdmy wehne rjkunjs ndst d` prdkunthdl whbb hlnrjcsj tej suppby,

j, Jxpjntjk neclmj hl prhnj %NQ(? Hl ncsj prdkunjrs jxpjnt cl hlnrjcsj hl prhnj" tejy whbb rjtchl dr whte krcw mddks `rdg tej gcrfjt, Ndlsjqujltby suppby whbb rjkunj clk vhnj vjrsc,

ûppby @ulnthdl [ej ùlnthdlcb rjbcthdlsehp ijtwjjl suppby d` tej ndggdkhty clk tej `cntdrs kjtjrghlhlm suppby hs ncbbjk suppby ùlnthdl, ^l 7 `% M" Q" Q@" [" NQ",,, (

Bcw d` ûppby [ej bcw d` suppby stctjs tect dtejr tehlm ijhlm jqucb" tej quclthty suppbhjk vcrhjs khrjntby whte prhnj d` tej ndggdkhty , Ht gjcls tect tejrj hs c khrjnt rjbcthdlsehp ijtwjjl prhnj d` c

ndggdkhty clk hts suppby, Hl dtejr wdrks" ehmejr tej prhnj" tej bcrmjr tej suppby6 clk bdwjr tej prhnj" tej sgcbbjr tej prhnj,

Cssugpthdls d` tej bcw [ej bcw d` suppby hs icsjk dl tej `dbbdwhlm cssugpthdls 3, [ejrj hs ld neclmj hl tej mdcb d` prdkunjrs 9, [ejrj hs ld neclmj hl tej prhnj d` `cntdrs d` prdkunthdl >, [ej bjvjb d` tjneldbdmy hs cssugjk tej scgj ;, [ejrj hs ld jxpjntcthdls cidut ùturj neclmj hl prhnj :, Hlndgj d` tej iuyjrs clk tej sjbbjrs rjgchl tej scgj [ej bcw hs jxpbchljk whte tej ejbp d` tej `dbbdwhlm snejkubj clk nurvj,


>8


I,[jne,

ûppby ^nejkubj ûppby snejkubj hs c tcibj wehne sedws tej cgdult d` c ndggdkhty suppbhjk ct c mhvjl pjrhdk d` thgj ct vcrhdus prhnjs, Qrhnj d` cppbj hl Ys, Qjr Fm,

Suclthty ûppbhjk

:1

:11

;1

;11

>1

>11

91

911

31

311

ûppby Nurvj ûppby nurvj hs c mrcpehncb rjprjsjltcthdl d` c suppby snejkubj,

Qrhnj Jbcsthnhty d` ûppby Qrhnj jbcsthnhty d` suppby ncl ij kj`hljk cs tej kjmrjj d` rjspdlshvjljss d` quclthty suppbhjk d` c ndggdkhty kuj td c neclmj hl hts prhnj, Hl shgpbj wdrks" ht hs tej pjrnjltcmj neclmj hl quclthty suppbhjk khvhkjk iy tej pjrnjltcmj neclmj hl prhnj d` tej ndggdkhty, h,j, prhnj jbcsthnhty d` suppby %js( 7

7

    +    

   + %∀+(   + %+(

7 js 7

∀+ + ∀+ ∀

ý

∀

x



7

∀+ +

x

ý

   %∀ (   %(

 ∀

 +


;1


I,[jne,

Kjmrjjs d` Qrhnj Jbcsthnhty d` ûppby 3, Qjr`jntby Jbcsthn ûppby %js7∜( ûppby `dr c ndggdkhty hs schk td ij pjr`jntby jbcsthn wejl c sbhmet neclmj hl prhnj ncusjs hl`hlhtj neclmj hl quclthty suppbhjk, [ej ûppby nurvj whbb ij c strchmet bhlj pcrcbbjb td U cxhs %edrhzdltcb bhlj(, Ejrj prhnj jbcsthnhty d` suppby hs hl`hlhty % ∜(

9, Qjr`jntby Hljbcsthn ûppby %js71( ûppby `dr c ndggdkhty hs schk td ij pjr`jntby hljbcsthn h` quclthty suppbhjk kdjs ldt neclmj ct cbb hl rjspdlsj td c neclmj hl hts prhnj, [ej suppby nurvj hs teus c strchmet bhlj pcrcbbjb td y cxhs %vjrthncb bhlj(,Ejrj tej prhnj jbcsthnhty d` suppby hs zjrd,


;3


I,[jne,

>, Zlhtcry Jbcsthn ûppby %js7 3( ûppby `dr c ndggdkhty hs ulhtcry jbcsthn h` c mhvjl neclmj hl prhnj ncusjs cl jqucb clk prdpdrthdlctj neclmj hl quclthty suppbhjk,

Hl tej khcmrcg wejl prhnj `cbbs `rdg DQ td DQ3 quclthty suppbhjk jxpclks `rdg DS td DS3, [ej neclmj hs jqucb clk prdpdrthdlcb,

;, Gdrj Jbcsthn ûppby$ Yjbcthvjby Jbcsthn ûppby % js <3( ûppby `dr c ndggdkhty gdrj jbcsthn h` c mhvjl neclmj hl prhnj bjcks td c gdrj tecl prdpdrthdlctj neclmj hl quclthty suppbhjk, [ehs hs dtejrwhsj ncbbjk jbcsthn suppby,

Hl tej `hmurj wejl prhnj rhsjs `rdg DQ td DQ3" quclthty suppbhjk jxpclks `rdg DS td DS3, [ej neclmj hl suppby hs gdrj tecl tej neclmj hl prhnj %SS3

;9


:,

I,[jne,

Bjss Jbcsthn ûppby$ Yjbcthvjby Hljbcsthn ûppby % js 23( ûppby `dr c ndggdkhty hs bjss jbcsthn wejl c mhvjl neclmj hl prhnj bjcks td c bjss tecl prdpdrthdlctj neclmj hl quclthty suppbhjk, [ehs hs cbsd ncbbjk hljbcsthn suppby,

Hl tej khcmrcg wejl prhnj rhsjs `rdg DQ td DQ3 quclthty suppbhjk jxpclks `rdg DS td DS3, [ej neclmj hl suppby hs bjss tecl tej neclmj hl prhnj, %h,j, SS32 QQ3(

@cntdrs kjtjrghlhlm jbcsthnhty d` suppby Jbcsthnhty d` suppby hs hl`bujlnjk iy tej `dbbdwhlm `cntdrs,

3, Lcturj d` tej ndggdkhty n dggdkhty Jbcsthnhty d` suppby kjpjlks dl tej lcturj d` tej ndggdkhty, Qjrhsecibj mddks bhfj `ruhts clk vjmjtcibjs ecvj hljbcsthn suppby, Kurcibj mddks ecvj j bcsthn suppby,

9, Ndst d` prdkunthdl H` ndst d` prdkunthdl pjr ulht rhsjs rcphkby cs dutput rhsjs" tej suppby whbb tjlk td ij rctejr hljbcsthn, H` dl tej dtejr eclk" ulht ndst rhsjs sbdwby cs prdkunthdl hlnrjcsjs" suppby whbb tjlk td ij rctejr jbcsthn,

>, [hgj pjrhdk Kurhlm sedrt pjrhdk suppby whbb ij bjss jbcsthn clk kurhlm bdlm pjrhdk ht whbb ij gdrj jbcsthn,

;, [jnelhqujs d` prdkunthdl Mddks prdkunjk ushlm shgpbj tjnelhqujs d` prdkunthdl whbb ecvj jbcsthn suppby, Dl tej dtejr eclk" mddks prdkunjk ushlm ndgpbjx tjnelhqujs d` prdkunthdl whbb ecvj bjss jbcsthn suppby,

:, Yhsf ijcrhlm ncpcnhty H` prdkunjrs ecvj c bcrmj rhsf ijcrhlm ncpcnhty" tejhr mddks whbb ecvj jbcsthn suppby, Iut h` prdkunjrs crj ulcibj td ijcr rhsf" tej suppby whbb ij bjss jbcsthn


;>


I,[jne,

Neclmjs hl ûppby Neclmjs hl suppby ncl ij khvhk k hl td twd

Neclmjs hl suppby

Neclmj hl prh j

Jxpclshdl d` suppby

Ndltrcnthdl d` suppby

Neclmj hl cssugpthdls

Hlnrjcsj hl suppby

Kjnrjcsj h ûppby

3, Jxpclshdl%Jxtjlshdl clk ndltrcnthdl d` suppby ]ejl suppby neclmjs kuj d neclmj hl prhnj" ht hs c ncsj d` jxpclshd

dr ndltrcnthdl d`

suppby, c, Jxpclshdl d` suppby

]ejl quclthty suppbhjk d c ndggdkhty hlnrjcsjs whte c rhsj hl ht

prhnj" ht hs ncbbjk

jxpclshdl d` suppby %gdvj jlt `rdg C td I( i,

Ndltrcnthdl d` suppby

]ejl quclthty suppbhjk d c ndggdkhty kjnrjcsjs whte c `cbb hl ht

prhnj" ht hs ncbbjk

ndltrcnthdl d` suppby, %gdv jgjlt `rdg C td N( Idte Jxpclshdl clk nd ltrcnthdl d` suppby tcfj pbcnj dl tej scgj supp by nurvj,

fggclu385=Amgchb,n g

;;


I[jne,

9, Hlnrjcsj clk Kjnrjcsj hl ûppby % êh`t hl ûppby( Neclmj hl suppby kuj td `cntdrs dtejr tecl prhnj hs ncbbjk hlnrjcsj clk kjnrjcsj hl suppby,

Ht gcy ij kuj td neclmj hl cly d` tej cssugpthdls d` suppby, c, Hlnrjcsj hl suppby? Yhsj hl suppby kuj td neclmjs hl `cntdrs dtejr tecl prhnj %c

tjneldbdmhncb hgprdvjgjlt( hs ncbbjk hlnrjcsj hl suppby, [ect gjcls" gdrj quclthty hs suppbhjk ct tej scgj prhnj dr scgj quclthty hs suppbhjk ct c bdwjr prhnj % êh`t `rdg ^^ td ^3 ^3( i, Kjnrjcsj hl suppby? @cbb hl suppby kuj td `cntdrs dtejr tecl prhnj %hlnrjcsj hl tej prhnj

d` bcidur( hs ncbbjk kjnrjcsj hl suppby, [ect gjcls" bjss hs suppbhjk ct scgj prhnj dr scgj quclthty hs suppbhjk ct c ehmejr prhnj, %êh`t `rdg ^^ td ^9 ^9(

Gcrfjt Jquhbhirhug$ Jquhbhirhug Qrhnj Jquhbhirhug bhtjrcbby gjcls icbclnj, Ht gjcls c pdshthdl `rdg wehne tejrj hs ld tjlkjlny td neclmj, Jquhbhirhug prhnj hs tej prhnj ct wehne quclthty kjgclkjk jqucbs quclthty suppbhjk ,

Qrhnj

Suclthty kjgclkjk

Suclthty suppbhjk

31

:1

31

91

;1

91

>1

>1

>1

;1

91

;1

:1

31

:1


;:


I[jne,

Hl tej cidvj `hmurj tej kjgclk nurvj KK clk suppby nurvj ^^ hltjrsjnt ct pdhlt J" tej jquhbhirhug pdhlt, [ej prhnj ndrrjspdlkhlm ndrrjspdlkhlm td tehs pdhlt hs ncbbjk jquhbhirhug prhnj % Ys, >1(, /////////////////


;0

Economics & Business Management( EBM ). Note. free download-pdf - Manu K M

Recommend Documents