Dear MBA students, As agreed please find attached the Final Term Exam, you you should: 1. Anser A!! A!! "uestions, #art1 $ #art% %. &se your text 'oo(, extra text 'oo(, the internet, and other references. ). D*+T discuss or share, share , 'y any means of communication, ith any other class students -een for those ho ar . 2t is +*T A33E#TED to 4ust copy and paste from any source, your interpretation and rite5up is a M&/T to g 5. Reply with your fle .xls, o your answer to ME ONLY, to ashra@ashraelsaty.co . 6. M&/T include your first name and family name 72T82+ the file name - ex.: DrAshrafElsafty5E59M5%E5Fina . &se B!&E color for your text ansers, or 4ust fill in the shaded 'loc(s. 8. Email directly to ME ONLY no later than agreed deadline day and time 25th Jan. 2014, 10:00 m! other As 2 mentioned 'efore for the mid5term and during our classes, e are studying to learn, and e are no leeragi /o please focus on your time and ansers to learn hile filling the exam. 2 hope 2 did met your expectations, and no you as a researcher, you ill 'e responsi'le for hat you hae learne country and your people. 8ope you gained the ultimate scientific 'enefit from the course and me as ell. May Allah 'less you all. Kind Regards,
!r.. "shra Elsaty !r Adjunct Professor Professor,, Strategist Strategic Management & Research Methods. ESLSCA, MIU, Riti/MsM cairo outreach.
Dr. Dr. Ashraf Ashr af Elsafty El safty Research Methods ESLSCA 42E Final Exam Part %&E Q
Part ! !e#elop a conceptual o$el or the scenario %elow& 'nci$ence o so(in) in o#ies has starte$ to increase a)ain, ater ha#in) $ecline$ or se#eral $eca$es. "ccor$in) "ccor$in) to the National *ancer 'nstitute so(in) is seen in at least three out o our conteporary %ox+oce %ox+oce hits. -hats ore, i$entifa%le ci)arette %ran$s appeare$ in a%out one+thir$ o all o#ies in /001. Exposure to so(in) in o#ies is an iportant pre$ictor o a$olescent so(in) initiation& so(in) in o#ies has %een shown to a2ect a$olescents intentions to start so(in). 'n turn, the intentions to start so(in) are $eterine$ %y a ore positi#e attitu$e towar$ so(in) ater seein) a fl character so(e. Recent Recent research has re#eale$ that the relationship relationship %etween seein) a fl character so(e an$ the attitu$e towar$ so(in) is stron)er when a persons i$entifcation with a fl character increases. 3hese fn$in)s are consistent with social learnin) theory, which pre$icts that attitu$es an$ %eha#iors are o$ele$ %y o%ser#in) the %eha#iors o others.
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'hat are the (asic research desi)n iss*es+ Descri(e them in some detail.,2 -ara)ra-hs
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/An ex-loratory st*dy is 0*st as *sef*l as a -redicti1e st*dy. Disc*ss this statement. ,2 Para)ra-hs Para)ra-hs
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Disc*ss the inter3relationshi-s inter3relationshi-s amon)! non3contri1ed settin) -*r-ose of the st*dy ty-e of in1esti)ation researcher interference and time hori5on of the st*dy.
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'hy is the *nit of analysis an inte)ral -art of the research desi)n+ ,32 -ara)ra-hs
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=elo6 are three scenarios. For each indicate ho6 the researcher sho*ld -roceed 6ith the follo6in) )i1in) reasons co1erin)! 8he 8he 8he 8he 8he 8he
-*r-ose of the st*dy ty-e of in1esti)ation extent of researcher interference st*dy settin) time hori5on for the st*dy *nit of analysis. Scenario A: Ms. Joyce Lynn, the owner of a small business (a woman’s dress boutique), has invited a consultant to tell her how she is dierent from similar small businesses within a 6!mile radius, in re"ard to her usa"e of the most modern com#uter technolo"y, sales volume, #ro$t mar"in, and sta trainin".
Scenario B: Mr.
%aul &od"e, the owner of several restaurants is concerned about the wide dierences in the #ro$t mar"ins of the various restaurants. &e would li'e to try some incentive #lans for increasin" the eciency levels of those restaurants that are la""in" behind. ut, before he introduces this, he would li'e to be sure that the idea will wor'. &e as's a researcher to hel# him on this issue.
Scenario C: *
mana"er is intri"ued why some #eo#le seem to derive +oy from wor' wor' and "et ener"ied by it, while others $nd it troublesome and frustratin".
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Dr. Ashraf Elsafty Research Methods ESLSCA 42E Final Exam Part 8'%
-hich o the ollowin) is ost suita%le when there is little to no insi)ht in a certain pro%le or when there is no inoration a#aila%le on how siilar pro%les or research issues ha#e %een sol#e$ in the past
a. Exploratory research. %. !escripti#e research. c. *ausal research. $. Experiental research.
-hat cannot %e seen as purpose o a causal stu$y a. :n$erstan$in) the $epen$ent #aria%le. %. >re$ictin) the $epen$ent #aria%le. c. Ma(in) sure that all rele#ant #aria%les are inclu$e$ in the stu$y. $. Explainin) #ariance in the $epen$ent #aria%le. ' a %an( ana)er wants to analyAe the relationship %etween interest rates an$ %an( $eposit patterns o clients, a Bfel$ stu$y is the ost suita%le etho$ o in#esti)ation. ". true ?. alse " ar(etin) ana)er ais to in#esti)ate the relationship %etween custoer satisaction an$ store loyalty aon) ?ritish consuers. =or this purpose, $ata will ha#e to %e collecte$ ro ?ritish stores an$ the Bunit o analysis is the country. ". true ?. alse
3he *hie =inancial Ocer 6*=O7 o a ultinational corporation wants to (now the profts a$e $urin) the past 5 years %y each o the su%si$iaries in En)lan$, Cerany, =rance, an$ 9pain. 't is possi%le that there are any re)ional oces o these su%si$iaries in each o these countries. 3he profts o the #arious re)ional centers or each country ha#e to %e a))re)ate$ an$ the profts or each country or the past 5 years pro#i$e$ to the *=O. ;ence, the Bunit o analysis is the country. ". true ?. alse 9tu$ies, when $ata on the $epen$ent #aria%le are )athere$ at two or ore points in tie to answer the research Duestion, are calle$& a. *ross+sectional stu$ies. %. Lon)itu$inal stu$ies. c. Exploratory stu$ies. $. *ase stu$ies. Experiental $esi)ns in#aria%ly are lon)itu$inal stu$ies since $ata are collecte$ %oth %eore an$ ater a anipulation. ". true ?. alse -hich o the ollowin) stu$ies is a causal stu$y 3he researcher tries to fn$ out& a. -hat percenta)e o the population thin(s coercials are annoyin) copare$ to 40 years a)o. %. -hy uneployent in Europe is hi)her than in "sia. c. ' so(in) is relate$ to cancer. $. "ll the a%o#e answers are correct. " %an( ana)er wants to $eterine the cause+an$+e2ect relationship %etween interest rate an$ the in$uceents it o2ers to clients to sa#e an$ $eposit oney in the %an(. -hat is the appropriate stu$y settin) a. " fel$ stu$y. %. " fel$ experient. c. " la% experient. $. None o the a%o#e. 3he )oal o a stu$y, hence, is to o2er to the researcher a profle o the phenoena o interest ro an in$i#i$ual, or)aniAational, in$ustry+oriente$, or other perspecti#e. a. Exploratory. %. !escripti#e. c. *ausal.
$. Experiental. stu$ies are also necessary when soe acts are (nown, %ut ore inoration is nee$e$ or $e#elopin) a #ia%le theoretical raewor(. a. Exploratory. %. !escripti#e. c. *ausal. $. Experiental. -hether a stu$y is a causal or a correlational one $epen$s on the type o research Duestions as(e$ an$ how the pro%le is $efne$. ". true ?. alse 3he extent o intererence %y the researcher with the noral Fow o wor( at the wor(place has a $irect %earin) on whether the stu$y un$erta(en is causal or ". true ?. alse " causal stu$y is con$ucte$ in the natural en#ironent o the or)aniAation with iniu intererence %y the researcher with the noral Fow o wor(. ". true ?. alse 'n stu$ies con$ucte$ to esta%lish cause+an$+e2ect relationships, the researcher tries to anipulate certain #aria%les so as to stu$y the e2ects o such anipulation on the $epen$ent #aria%le o interest. ". true ?. alse *orrelational stu$ies are in#aria%ly con$ucte$ in contri#e$ settin)s, whereas ost ri)orous causal stu$ies are $one in non+contri#e$ la% settin)s. ". true ?. alse 3he unit o analysis reers to the le#el o a))re)ation o the $ata collecte$ $urin) the su%seDuent $ata analysis sta)e. ". true ?. alse Our research Duestion $eterines the unit o analysis. ". true
?. alse " stu$y can %e $one in which $ata are )athere$ Gust once, perhaps o#er a perio$ o $ays or wee(s or onths, in or$er to answer a research Duestion. 9uch stu$ies are calle$& a. *ross+sectional stu$ies. %. Lon)itu$inal stu$ies. c. Exploratory stu$ies. $. *ase stu$ies. " ar(etin) ana)er is intereste$ in tracin) the pattern o sales o a particular pro$uct in our $i2erent re)ions o the country on a Duarterly %asis or the next / years. 3his is an exaple o a& a. *ross+sectional stu$y. %. Lon)itu$inal stu$y. c. Exploratory stu$y. $. *ase stu$y. 8nowle$)e o research $esi)n $etails also helps ana)ers to stu$y an$ intelli)ently coent on research proposals. ". true ?. alse Metho$olo)ical ri)or increases as we o#e pro)ressi#ely ro an exploratory stu$y to a hypothesis+testin) stu$y, an$ with this, the costs o research also increase. ". true ?. alse
Measureent is the assi)nent o nu%ers or other sy%ols to characteristics o o%Gects accor$in) to a pre+specife$ set o rules. ". true ?. alse O%Gects inclu$e& a. >ersons, strate)ic %usiness units, an$ copanies. %. *ountries, cars, an$ arousal see(in) ten$ency. c. Elephants, (itchen appliances, an$ shoppin) enGoyent. $. Restaurants, shapoo, an$ ser#ice Duality. Exaples o characteristics o o%Gects are& a. Len)th, wei)ht, an$ country. %. "rousal see(in) ten$ency, strate)ic %usiness unit, an$ shoppin) enGoyent. c. 9er#ice Duality, con$itionin) e2ects, an$ taste.
$. Restaurants, shapoo, an$ ser#ice Duality. "ttri%utes o o%Gects that can %e physically easure$ %y soe cali%rate$ instruents pose no easureent pro%les. ". true ?. alse Re$uction o a%stract concepts to ren$er the easura%le in a tan)i%le way is calle$ operationaliAin) the concepts. ". true ?. alse OperationaliAin) is $one %y loo(in) at the %eha#ioral $iensions, acets, or properties $enote$ %y the concept. 3hese are then translate$ into o%ser#a%le an$ easura%le eleents so as to $e#elop an in$ex o easureent o the concept. ". true ?. alse OperationaliAin) a concept in#ol#es a series o steps. 4. *oe up with a $efnition o the construct. /. !e#elop a response orat. . "ssess the #ali$ity an$ relia%ility o the easureent scale. I. !e#elop an instruent 6one or ore ites or Duestions7 that actually easures the concept that one wants to easure. -hat is the correct or$er a. 4+I+/+. %. I+/+4+. c. I+/++4. $. +4+I+/. OperationaliAin) a concept consists o $elineatin) the reasons, antece$ents, conseDuences, or correlates o the concept. ". true ?. alse You cannot easure o%GectsH you easure o o%Gects. a. Eleents. %. !iensions. c. "ntece$ents. $. "ttri%utes. OperationaliAin) is& a. !esi)nin) Duestionnaires. %. 3ranslatin) a pro%le $efnition into a research Duestion. c. Ma(in) an a%stract concept easura%le.
$. !efnin) $icult concepts in the research proposal.
" #aria%le or construct ust always %e $irectly o%ser#a%le. ". true ?. alse OperationaliAin) a #aria%le prece$es $efnin) a #aria%le. ". true ?. alse
3he construct Bhun)er is a typical exaple o a construct that ust %e operationaliAe$ %ecause it is an a%stract an$ su%Gecti#e concept. ". true ?. alse -hat is the type o scale o the #aria%le Ba)e i it is easure$ in the ollowin) way 5hat is your a"e7 8888 years.9 a. Noinal. %. Or$inal. c. 'nter#al. $. Ratio. -hat is the easureent le#el o incoe, easure$ in the ollowin) way& 5hat is your annual "ross income79 - /0. 1. ! 2. 2. ! 30. 4 30. a. Noinal. %. Or$inal. c. 'nter#al. $. Ratio. J"s the cali%ration or fne+tunin) o a scale increases in sophistication, so $oes the power o the scaleK. -hat is thereore the ost powerul scale a. " noinal scale. %. "n or$inal scale. c. "n inter#al scale. $. " ratio scale.
3he $i2erence %etween an or$inal an$ a ratio scale is that a ratio scale has an ar%itrary Aero point. ". true ?. alse "ry ran( 6such as lieutenant, captain, aGor, colonel, )eneral, etc.7 is or$inal in nature. ". true ?. alse 3eperature is usually easure$ on a ratio scale. ". true ?. alse
" la$y stan$s on a pair o scales three ties in a row. 3he frst tie she wei)hs (ilo, the secon$ tie (ilo, an$ the thir$ tie (ilo. ;er real wei)ht is 54 (ilo. -hat is the atter with the scales a. 3he pair o scales is %. 3he pair o scales is c. 3he pair o scales is $. 3he pair o scales is
not relia%le an$ not #ali$. relia%le %ut is not #ali$. not relia%le %ut is #ali$. relia%le an$ #ali$.
3he ollowin) scale is a& 5:"ly 88 88 88 88 88 eautiful9 a. " li(ert+scale. %. " seantic $i2erential scale. c. " nuerical scale. $. "n iteiAe$ ratin) scale.
-hich o the ollowin) is not a source o priary $ata a. " ocus )roup. %. " panel. c. *opany recor$s. $. " #i$eo conerence. -hereas panels eet or a one+tie )roup session, ocus )roups eet ore than once. ". true ?. alse
3he !elphi 3echniDue is a orecastin) etho$ that uses a cautiously selecte$ panel o experts in a systeatic, interacti#e anner. ". true
?. alse 3he a$#anta)e o see(in) secon$ary $ata sources is sa#in)s in tie an$ costs o acDuirin) inoration. ". true ?. alse :nstructure$ inter#iews are so la%ele$ %ecause the inter#iewer $oes not enter the inter#iew settin) with a planne$ seDuence o Duestions to %e as(e$ o the respon$ent. ". true ?. alse 9tructure$ inter#iews are those con$ucte$ when it is (nown at the outset what inoration is nee$e$. ". true ?. alse -hen con$uctin) inter#iews, it is unethical that the researcher a(es written notes as the inter#iews are ta(in) place, or as soon as the inter#iew is terinate$. ". true ?. alse 3he principles o wor$in) reers to which o the ollowin) actors a. 3he appropriateness o the content o the Duestions %. ;ow Duestions are wor$e$ an$ the le#el o sophistication o the lan)ua)e use$. c. 3he type an$ or o Duestions as(e$. $. "ll o the a%o#e. 3he way Duestions are seDuence$ coul$ also intro$uce certain %iases, reDuently reerre$ to as the or$erin) e2ects. ". true ?. alse 'nstea$ o phrasin) all Duestions positi#ely, it is a$#isa%le to inclu$e soe ne)ati#ely wor$e$ Duestions as well, so the ten$ency in respon$ents to echanically circle the points towar$ one en$ o the scale is iniiAe$. ". true ?. alse J!o you thin( there is a )oo$ ar(et or the pro$uct an$ that it will sell wellK 3his Duestion is&
a. Lea$in). %. Loa$e$. c. !ou%le+%arrele$. $. "%i)uous.
J!ont you thin( that in these $ays o escalatin) costs o li#in), eployees shoul$ %e )i#en )oo$ pay raisesK a. Lea$in). %. Loa$e$. c. !ou%le+%arrele$. $. "%i)uous. 3he seDuence o Duestions in the Duestionnaire shoul$ %e such that the respon$ent is le$ ro Duestions o a )eneral nature to those that are ore specifc. ". true ?. alse 3he seDuence o Duestions in the Duestionnaire shoul$ %e such that the respon$ent is le$ ro Duestions that are relati#ely easy to answer to those that are pro)ressi#ely ore $icult. ". true ?. alse 3he seDuence o Duestions in the Duestionnaire shoul$ %e such that you en$ with Duestions that respon$ents reuse to answer. ". true ?. alse 3he %i))est $isa$#anta)e o secon$ary $ata is& a. 3hat they are not eetin) the specifc nee$s o the particular situation or settin). %. 3hat it is )enerally ore expensi#e to collect secon$ary $ata than priary $ata. c. 3hat they are )enerally Dualitati#e in nature. $. 3hat they cannot %e use$ or orecastin) purposes.
>ro%a%ility saplin) $esi)ns are use$ when the representati#eness o the saple is o iportance in the interests o wi$er )eneraliAa%ility. ". true ?. alse
*on#enience saplin) an$ Duota saplin) are exaples o pro%a%ility saplin). ". true ?. alse " researcher who in#esti)ates the relationship %etween the loyalty pro)ra o a specifc superar(et an$ the loyalty towar$s this superar(et, collects his $ata %y Duestionin) consuers who lea#e the specifc superar(et on se#eral $aily perio$s. 3he saplin) etho$ use$ %y this researcher is calle$& a. *on#enience saplin). %. 9iple ran$o saplin). c. 9tratife$ saplin). $.
$. "ll o the a%o#e. " saple siAe o I0 is lar)e enou)h. ". true ?. alse "s a saplin) techniDue, Dualitati#e research )enerally uses non!#robability sam#lin" as it $oes not ai to $raw statistical inerence. ". true ?. alse
8han9s Dr Ashraf Elsafty
Ans6er %&L *sin) A or = or C or D or E D%&8 DELE8E %R DE A& %F 8E R%'S G*st ans6er here on )rey cells only
