BZ ]LZPAZSB ]LZPAZSBZZ Z A AM]KGBS AM]KGBSA]KBH A]KBHLSL LSL C CBZ \HB \HB OANEB OANEB B CLZKGB CLZKGB] ] R\L A B P]LZLS P]LZLS R\L JAZSK JAZSKS\K S\K] ] A KJA KJA Z\PA]SL Z\DLKSA À JNBZZKOKJBÇÊA)
G]\PA K 2
Ckzo| çêa Hlizs}|bn4 S}èbcl cb H|nel} Bsnlsb
Ia pbzzbca. b ckzo|içêa hlizs}|bn amzl}vbcb lh bsnlsbz cl bnsb jahplskçêa oak bzzajkb b ba bnsa ièvln cl bjskvkcbcl oèzkjb r|l jb}bjsl}ktbvb az zl|z s}lkiaz kâ}kaz) C|}bisl h|ksa slhpa. kzsa iêa clzpl}sa| a kisl}lzzl caz plzr|kzbca}lz. pakz plizbvb(zl r|l. jah b ckhki|kçêa cb kislizkcbcl caz s}lkiaz. b jkjnkkjkcbcl hlizs}|bn vansb}kb ba ia}hbn zlh cls}khlisa cb zbôcl cb bsnl b) Pa}ëh. bng|iz lzs|caz }lvlnbh r|l bz bsnlsbz bhlia}}lkjbz= pazz|lh hbkz p}amnlhbz úzzlaz ca r|l bz bsnlsbz l|hlia}}lkjbz:) B bhlia}}lkb cb h|nel} bsnlsb ë |h oli hlia cl jb|zb ea}haibn) B zlj}lçêa p|nzâskn c Gi]E lzsâ bnsl}bcb. a r|l nlvb ba o|ijkaibhlisa bia}hbn caz jkjnaz zlu|bkz) B }lc|çêa ib zlj}lçêa cl lzs}agëikaz ë }lzpaizâvln plna clzlivanvkhlisa cl azslapa} zl p}lhbs|}b jah jaizlr|äijkbz b j|}sa l naiga p}btaz) B j|}sa p}bta. lzsbz bsnlsbz säh bp}lzlisbca |h nsa èickjl cl nlzülz. lh clja}}äijkb sbisa ca jahp}ahlskhlisa zs}|s|}bn cb hkj}a(b}r|ksljs|}b ca azza. jaha c }lc|çêa cb hbzzb úzzlb ja}pa}bn. pb}skj|nb}hlisl o}bjs|}bz cl zs lzz6 l. b naiga p}bta. br|lnbz r|l zl sa}ibh pa}sbca}bz cl azslapa}azl clzlivanvlh |h }kzja hbka} cl o}bjs|}b jah jaizlr|äijkbz paslijkbnhlisl g}bvlz. l ma}b bkicb davliz) A p}kijkpbn amdljskva ia s}bsbhlisa cl bsnlsbz pa}sbca}bz cl bhlia}}lkb ë }lzsb|}b} a zl lr|knèm}ka ea}haibn) B bjskvkcbcl oèzkjb clvl zl} p}aisbhlisl } c|tkcb lh 20, b =0, ca van|hl!kislizkcbcl!o} lr|äijkb p}ëvkaz l a gbiea cl plza clvl zl} bcr|k}kca jah cklsbz r|l aol}lçbh bjkhb cl =<00 jbna}kbz. hlckcbz r l gl}bnhlisl }lz|nsbh ia }lsa}ia lzpaisíila cl hlizs}|bçêa) Iaz jbzaz lh r|l kzza iêa aja}}l. b }lpazkçêa ea} haibn pbzzb b zl} p}ljaiktbcb pb}b lvksb} b pl}cb úzzlb p}ljajl. bs}bvëz cl }lpazkçêa lzs}agëikjb. cb hlzhb oa}hb r|l ë }lbnktbcb lh h|nel}lz lh hliapb|zb a|. r|bic iljlzzâ}ka. cb bchkikzs}bçêa cl biskjaijlpjka bkz a}bkz jah bnsbz sbubz cl lzs}agëika pb}b b|hlisb} cl oa}hb zkgikokjbskvb b hbzzb úzzlb clzsbz bsnlsbz) A z|pnlhlisa jah jânjka clvl zl} olksa lh sacbz bz pa}sbca}bz cb s}èbcl c h|nel} bsnlsb. |sknktbica 2<00 hg ckâ}kaz lh c|bz cazlz) ]kmlk}a l Ol}}lk}b. =005
Okg|}b 24 vb}kbçêa cl ea}haibz }lp}ac|skvbz)
2
Zèic}ahl jaizsks|èca plnb jahmkibçêa cl s}äz ln lhlisaz zkisahbsanúgkjaz4 clza}clh bnkhlisb} %bia}lukb+. b lia}}lkb l azslapa}azl) B|zäijkb jahpnlsb cl hlizs}|bçêa. j|db obzl ja }}lzpaiclisl i|ijb zl cl| ia kickvèc|a a| oak kisl}}ahpkcb) : Jkjnaz hlizs}|bkz }lg|nb}lz)
Jnbzzkokr|l jaha jaha vl}cbclk}b %_+ a| obnzb %O+ jbcb jbcb |hb cbz bok}hbçülz zlg|kislz }lnbskvbz baz hljbikzhaz okzkanúgkjaz bzzajkbcaz à s}èbcl cb h|nel} bsnlsb l à z|b sl}bpä|skjb) %B+ B b|zäijkb cl bjskvkcbcl lzs}agëikjb ib p}khlk}b hlsbcl ca jkjna zlu|bn iêa khplcl az pkjaz cl gaibca(
lzskh|nkibz) %M+ B ckhki|kçêa cb bjskvkcbcl oèzkjb cb bsnlsb jais}km|k pb}b b aja}}äijkb cb obzl hlizs}|bn. clvkcb ba
lig}azzbhlisa ca licahës}ka) %J+ B ekpúokzl p}ac|t b NE. r|l lzskh|nb az oanèj|naz p}khâ}kaz b p}ac|tk}lh az lzs}agëikaz) %C+ B }lc|çêa cb bjskvkcbcl oèzkjb l a gbiea cl plza vkb }lgkhl bnkhlisb} p}ahavlh |hb sbub lnlvbcb
jaizsbisl cl lzsl}úkclz ba naiga ca jkjna hlizs}|bn) %L+ B }lc|çêa cl lzs}agëikaz pacl khplck} b aja}}äijkb cbz obzlz p}ankol}bskvb l zlj}lsa}b ca jkjna |sl}kia) %O+ Ë cl jaizkcl}b} r|l a lnlvbca ièvln cl bjskvkcbcl oèzkjb clz}lg|nl b o|ijkaibnkcbcl cb }lgkêa ekpasbníhkjb) %G+ Lh lubhlz cl clizkahls}kb úzzlb. bz bsnlsbz bhlia}}lkjbz }lvlnbh o}lr|lislhlisl mbkub clizkcbcl
hkil}bn úzzlb)
%E+ Hlzha r|l b il|}a(ea}haib ekpasbníhkjb iêa lzskh|nl b p}ac|çêa ekpaokzâ}kb cl OZE. pacl}â ebvl}
av|nbçêa) =)
Zlnljjkail b bnsl}ibskvb r|l jahpnlsb b o}bzl zlg|kisl cl haca b amsl} |hb bok}hbçêa ja}}ljsb)
Zl ib avagëilzl a jahpnlsbhlisa cb zlg|icb ckvkzêa hlkúskjb ca avújksa KK ja}}lzpaicl à jaijn|zêa cb hbs|}bçêa. pa} bibnagkb. a së}hkia clzsb obzl gbhlsagëikjb clokil(zl ia zlua hbzj|nkia %B+ plnb jaizsks|kçêa caz lzpl}hbsatúkclz) %M+ plnb jaizsks|kçêa caz lzpl}hbsújksaz KK) %J+ plnb jaizsks|kçêa caz lzpl}hbsèckaz) %C+ plnb jaizsks|kçêa caz lzpl}hbsèckaz. iljlzzksbica pb}b sbn cl olj|icb} a avújksa KK)
:)
Bz bok}hbçülz r|l zl zlg|lh cktlh }lzplksa à okzkanagkb cb lzpl}hbsagëilzl. iljlzzâ}kb pb}b jaijn|k} jahpb}bskvbhlisl khpnkjbçülz cl bjs|bçêa ea}haibn ib avagëilzl l ia jkjna zlu|bn olhkikia) 2) Lh kickvèc|az z|dlksaz à }lhaçêa caz slzsèj|naz. b|hlisb b p}ac|çêa cl Gi]E plna ekpasânbha) =) Ia kisl}ka} caz sôm|naz zlhkièol}az. amzl}vbh(zl jën|nbz lh vâ}kaz lzsâckaz cb lzpl}hbsagëilzl bzzajkbcbz
b jën|nbz p}ac|sa}bz cl slzsazsl}aib) :) A ièvln pnbzhâskja cl slzsazsl}aib ë }lg|nbca pa} |h hljbikzha cl }ls}a(bnkhlisbçêa pazkskvb)
Slzsl cl Bvbnkbçêa Lzj}ksb %2+) Pâgkib = cl 7
Zlnljjkail b bnsl}ibskvb r|l bz bvbnkb ja}}ljsbhlisl) %B+ : ë vl}cbclk}b6 2 l = zêa obnzbz) %M+ = ë vl}cbclk}b6 2 l : zêa obnzbz) %J+ = l : zêa vl}cbclk}bz6 2 ë obnzb) %C+ 2 ë vl}cbclk}b6 = l : zêa obnzbz)
3)
Zlnljjkail b bnsl}ibskvb r|l p}llijel p}llijel az lzpbçaz lzpbçaz ib o}bzl zlg|kisl cl haca b amsl} |hb bok}hbçêa ja}}ljsb)
B lzs}|s|}b kcliskokjbcb jah a i´20 %okg) =+ pacl jaisl} ia zl| kisl}ka} |h gnúm|na panb}. zkibn r|l zl lzsâ ib p}lzliçb cl |h j|da iôjnla ë p}avkca cl ) %B+ avújksa K %+ =: j}ahazzahbz) %M+ avújksa K %+ 3? j}ahazzahbz eahúnagaz) %J+ avújksa KK %+ =: j}ahazzahbz) %C+ avújksa KK %+ 3? j}ahazzahbz eahúnagaz)
<)
Zlnljjkail b bnsl}ibskvb r|l p}llijel p}llijel az lzpbçaz lzpbçaz ibz o}bzlz zlg|kislz zlg|kislz cl haca haca b amsl} amsl} |h slusa ja}}ljsa)
Clpliclica ca zlua. a jebhbca pb} cl j}ahazzahbz zlu|bkz cl |h kickvèc|a pacl zl} clzkgibca ca skpa UU ‚ ia jbza ca zlua olhkikia ‚ l ca skpa U[ ‚ }lnbskvbhlisl ba zlua hbzj|nkia (. zlica r|l jbcb nls}b }lp}lzlisb |h j}ahazzahb) Bzzkh. zlnljjkaibica |h lzpl}hbsatúkcl ba bjbza pb}b okiz cl p}ajlzzbhlisa ia íhmksa cb }lp}ac|çêa bzzkzskcb. b p}ambmknkcbcl cl zl lzsb} ib p}lzliçb cl |h gíhlsb jah |h j}ahazzahb [ ë cl . iêa lhpb}lnebca jah a|s}a j}ahazzahb zlu|bn l jaislica ) %B+ <0, %+ cakz j}ahbsèckaz %M+ 200, %+ |h j}ahbsècka %J+ 200, %+ cakz j}ahbsèckaz %C+ <0, %+ |h j}ahbsècka
?)
Zlnljjkail b bnsl}ibskvb r|l p}llijel p}llijel az lzpbçaz lzpbçaz ib o}bzl zlg|kisl cl haca b amsl} |hb bok}hbçêa ja}}ljsb)
R|bica a avújksa KK iêa ë ol}sknktbca. a ja}pa nôsla pl}zkzsl jaha gníic|nb licúj}kib bsë ba jkjna. hahlisa lh r|l b zlj}lçêa cl lzs}agëikaz l cl p}aglzsl}aib . p}avb cb clglil}bçêa cbr|lnb lzs}|s|}b)
%O+ Najbn cl bjs|bçêa ca hësaca jais}bjlpskva iêa(ibs|}bn hljíikja jaieljkca jaha p}lzl}vbskva) %G+ Najbn aicl zl câ a oliúhlia cb o|zêa hlhm}bib} caz cakz gíhlsbz) %E+ Ú}gêa slhpa}â}ka ca jkjna avâ}kja }lzpaizâvln plnb gb}biskb cb obzl zlj}lsa}b ca jkjna |sl}kia l ca
lzplzzbhlisa ca h|ja jl}vkjbn) 5)
B pèn|nb jais}bjlpskvb ë |h s}bsbhlisa pb}b b bhlia}}lkb. ia r|bn lzsêa livanvkcaz amdljskvaz cl }lzsb|}a ca lr|knèm}ka ea}haibn l cl khplckhlisa cb clg}bcbçêa cb hbzzb úzzlb ja}pa}bn) Lupnkr|l cl r|l haca b pèn|nb jais}km|k pb}b b }lg|nb}ktbçêa ca jkjna hlizs}|bn) Ib z|b }lzpazsb. ë khp}lsl}èvln r|l }lja}}b à pazanagkb à pazanagkb %kizs}|çülz cb bchkikzs}bçêa caz jahp}khkcaz+ l skpa ca biskjaijlpjkaibn lh jb|zb pb}b bskigk} az amdljskvaz ca kslh)
G]\PA KK B glzsbçêa ë |h pl}èaca cl p}ao|icbz h|cbiçbz okzkanúgkjbz. jais}anbcbz plnaz zkzslhbz licúj}kiaz cb hêl l ca lhm}kêa!olsa) A slzsl cl g}bvkclt }lp}lzlisbca ib okg) : pl}hksl clsljsb} ib |}kib b p}lzliçb cl r|biskcbclz hèikhbz cb ea}haib gaibcas}apkib ja}kúikjb e|hbib %eJG+)
Okg|}b :
Pb}b |hb hlnea} kisl}p}lsbçêa cb okg|}b lupazsb l ia zliskca cl lzjnb}ljl} a o|ijkaibhlisa mkar|èhkja caz slzslz cl g}bvkclt. ë iljlzzâ}ka bp}lzlisb} cl oa}hb jaijkzb bz clokikçülz caz jaijlksaz cl biskja}pa l biskgëika) Az biskja}paz zêa |h skpa cl p}aslèibz gnam|nb}lz %kh|iagnam|nkibz+ r|l jk}j|nbh nkv}lhlisl ia pnbzhb zbig|èila l ia|s}bz zlj}lçülz) Zêa p}ac|tkcaz pa} |hb gbhb cl gnúm|naz m}bijaz clzkgibcaz nkioújksaz M r|bica lzslz jaisbjsbh jah jahpailislz hanlj|nb}lz lzs}bieaz ba a}gbikzha ‚ az biskgëikaz) Az biskgëikaz paclh zl} hanëj|nbz nkv}lz a| lzs}|s|}bz hanlj|nb}lz lukzslislz ib z|pl}oèjkl cbz jën|nbz. pa} lulhpna. r|l jaizsks|lh hkj}aa}gbikzhaz %HA+ kivbza}lz %vè}|z. mbjsë}kbz. p}asataâ}kaz. jahpazsaz cl pnbisbz. o|igaz. hkj}abikhbkz+) Bsë hlzha az p}ac|saz p}ac|tkcaz %l) g) saukibz mbjsl}kbibz+ pa} lzslz HA paclh sl} |hb bjçêa biskgëikjb) Az biskja}paz gatbh cl lzpljkokjkcbcl }lnbskvbhlisl baz biskgëikaz b r|l zl nkgbh pb}b sa}ib} lzslz hbsl}kbkz ckzo|ijkaibkz. zlh bjçêa pbsagëikjb)
Slzsl cl Bvbnkbçêa Lzj}ksb %2+) Pâgkib 3 cl 7
Ib okg) :. a zèska cl nkgbçêa caz biskgëikaz baz biskja}paz lzsâ }lp}lzlisbca pa} zkhmanagkb jah bml}s|}b lh \) Sahl bsliçêa baz zlg|kislz objsaz4 b+ Bz hanëj|nbz cl eJG jaiskcbz ib |}kib vêa jahpa}sb}(zl jaha biskgëikaz6 m+ Az biskja}paz nkv}lz %Bj2+ lzsêa hb}jbcaz jah |h ja}bisl l säh lzpljkokjkcbcl pb}b a biskgëika eJG6 j+ Az Bj2 hkg}bh ia zliskca caz biskja}paz khamknktbcaz6 c+ Az biskja}paz khamknktbcaz cb dbilnb cl }lz|nsbcaz bp}lzlisbh lzpljkokjkcbcl pb}b a jahpnlua eJG(Bj2.
r|l o|ijkaib cl biskgëika6 l+ Az biskja}paz khamknktbcaz cb dbilnb cl jais}ana bp}lzlisbh lzpljkokjkcbcl pb}b az Bj2. zlh nkgbçêa à
ea}haib) 2)
Jnbzzkokr|l jaha jaha vl}cbclk}b %_+ a| obnzb %O+ jbcb jbcb |hb cbz bok}hbçülz zlg|kislz }lnbskvbz ba o|ijkaibhlisa mkar|èhkja mkar|èhkja caz slzslz cl c l g}bvkclt) %B+ \h slzsl cl g}bvkclt cb}â |h }lz|nsbca pazkskva bkicb r|l a lhm}kêa lzsldb ia zl| lzsbca cl hú}|nb) %M+ Zú i|hb zks|bçêa cl g}bvkclt zl amsl}â |hb mbicb jana}kcb ib dbilnb cl jais}ana) %J+ Zl az biskja}paz khamknktbcaz cb dbilnb cl }lz|nsbcaz zl nkgb}lh ba jahpnlua eJG(Bj2. a slzsl cl g}bvkclt
%C+ Az Bj2. zlh nkgbçêa à ea}haib. paclh zl} lijb}bcaz jaha az biskgëikaz r|l zl nkgbh baz biskja}paz
khamknktbcaz cb dbilnb cl jais}ana) %L+ Ia clzlivanvkhlisa olsbn. b pnbjlisb obt a pbpln ca ja}pa bhb}lna. ib bns|}b ca clzlivanvkhlisa
lhm}kaiâ}ka) %O+ Ë pazzèvln r|l az biskja}paz khamknktbcaz cb dbilnb cl }lz|nsbcaz zl nkg|lh àz hanëj|nbz nkv}lz cl eJG) %G+ B clsljçêa cl eJG clsl}hkib a kièjka ca clzlivanvkhlisa olsbn) %E+ B mbicb jana}kcb ib dbilnb cl }lz|nsbcaz sl}â zlhp}l b hlzhb kislizkcbcl ba naiga cb g}bvkclt. pakz b
jaijlis}bçêa cl eJG zl}â sbhmëh jaizsbisl) =)
Zlnljjkail b bnsl}ibskvb r|l jahpnlsb b o}bzl zlg|kisl cl haca b amsl} |hb bok}hbçêa ja}}ljsb)
A lzsâcka lhm}kaiâ}ka ja}}lzpaiclisl ba okh cb zlghlisbçêa b pb}sk} ca ava ë %B+ b gâzs}|nb ckcë}hkjb) %M+ b hú}|nb) %J+ a mnbzsajkzsa) %C+ a s}aoamnbzsa)
:)
Bz bok}hbçülz r|l zl zlg|lh cktlh }lzplksa b bzpljsaz }lnbskvaz à jais}bjlpçêa l jb|zbz r|l nlvbh ba }lj|}za à }lp}ac|çêa bzzkzskcb) 2) B p}aglzsl}aib obva}ljl b vkzjazkcbcl ca h|ja jl}vkjbn) =) Ib b|zäijkb cl r|bnr|l} jais}bjlpçêa iêa(ibs|}bn. a pl}èaca kiolj|ica cb h|nel} ja}}lzpaicl}â b saca a
