Skripsi Ferdi Fadly _final

RD_CK RD_PTHOTFCK DMEKEHA @CK AKPD_YDKZA RDHD_AKPCF @A OA@CKG IAZMCN PD_FC@CR MDHAZMAKCK. RDKGCKGGT_CK @CK MDPAHRCKGCK @AZP_AOTZA RDK@CRCPCK @A AK@EKDZAC RD_AE@D ?224 ( ?226

ID_@ACK IC@NQ 27+4:49

LT_TZCK

< ZPCPAZPAMC

RDHAKCPCK < DMEKEHA

ZDMENCF PAKGGA ANHT ZPCPAZPAM LCMC_PC ?233 3

RD_CK RD_PTHOTFCK DMEKEHA @CK AKPD_YDKZA RDHD_AKPCF @A OA@CKG IAZMCN PD_FC@CR MDHAZMAKCK. RDKGCKGGT_CK @CK MDPAHRCKGCK @AZP_AOTZA RDK@CRCPCK @A AK@EKDZAC RD_AE@D ?224 ( ?226

ZM_ARZA @acltmck zdocgca Zcncf Zcpt Zqccp tkptm Hdhrdendf Zdotpck Zclckc Zcakz Pdcrck rc`c Zdmencf Pakgga Anht Zpcpazpam

Endf< ID_@ACK IC@NQ 27+4:49

ZDMENCF PAKGGA ANHT ZPCPAZPAM LCMC_PC ?233 ?

RD_CK RD_PTHOTFCK DMEKEHA @CK AKPD_YDKZA RDHD_AKPCF @A OA@CKG IAZMCN PD_FC@CR MDHAZMAKCK. RDKGCKGGT_CK @CK MDPAHRCKGCK @AZP_AOTZA RDK@CRCPCK @A AK@EKDZAC RD_AE@D ?224 ( ?226

Endf< ID_@ACK IC@NQ 27+4:49

Hdkgdpcfta%Hdkqdptlta. Mdptc Lttzck Zpcpazpamc

Rdhoahoakg

Hefchhc` @emfa. Rf+@+ KAR 3197293? 311323 3 223

Dplaf Pczacf. Z+D+. H+R+R+ KAR 317?26?1 31143? ? 223

Pah Rdkgtla

Rdkgtla A

Rdkgtla AA

@+ Fcac`a Fc`aztwcke. Z+D+. H+Zj+ KAR 310624?2 317:29 3 223

@z+ E`q Zqciwan. H+Za+ KAR 31403226 31712: 3 220

:

RD_KQCPCCK Zmarza `dkgck Lt`tn RD_CK RD_PTHOTFCK DMEKEHA @CK AKPD_YDKZA RDHD_AKPCF @A OA@CKG IAZMCN PD_FC@CR MDHAZMAKCK. RDKGCKGGT_CK @CK MDPAHRCKGCK @AZP_AOTZA RDK@CRCPCK @A AK@EKDZAC RD_AE@D ?224 ‚ ?226

Endf< ID_@ACK IC@NQ 27+4:49

c`cncf odkc(odkc fczan rdkdnapack zdk`aa `ck otmck fczan rncgacp cpct fczan mcqc eckg ncak+ Lamc `a mdht`ack fca `amdpcfta pdkqcpc zmarza aka fczan rncgacp cpct fczan mcqc eckg ncak. rdktnaz odzd`ac zmarza aka `akqcpcmck pa`cm zcf `ck zdotpck Zclckc Zcakz Pdcrck `ajcotp cpct `aocpcnmck+

Lcmcpc. 39 Zdrpdhod ?233

Id`ack Ic`nq

0

R_CMCPC

Cnfch`tnanncf. rtla zqtmt rdktnaz tjcrmck md fc`acp Cnncf ZWP. mcdkc fckqc `dkgck rdpenekgck(Kqc ncf rdktnaz `crcp hdkqdndzcamck zmarza qckg odlt`tn „Rdck Rdpthotfck Dmekeha `ck Akpdydkza Rdhdakpcf `a Oa`ckg Iazmcn Pdfc`cr Mdhazmakck. Rdkgckggtck `ck Mdpahrckgck @azpaotza Rdk`crcpck `a Ak`ekdzac Rdae`d ?224 ( ?226‘+ Rdktnaz ltgc hdkgtjcrmck pdahc mczaf mdrc`c< 3+ @+ Ochockg Fdt Zdkpezc. H+ Dj+ zdncmt Mdptc Zdmencf Pakgga Anht Zpcpazpam. ?+ Aot Dplaf Pczacf. Z+D+. H+R+R+ zdncmt `ezdk rdhoahoakg qckg pdncf odzd`ac

hdntckgmck

wcmpt

`ck

hdhoahoakg

`dkgck

rdktf

mdzcocck. :+ Ocrcm @+ Fcac`a Fc`aztwcke. Z+D+. H+ Zzj+ `ck Ocrcm @z+ E`q Zqciwan. H+ Za+ zdncmt `ezdk rdkgtla cpcz medmza `ck zcck qckg `azchrcamck. 0+ Aotk`c `ck cnhcfth Cqcf pdjakpc zdpc cockg(cockgmt. _e|a Ic`nq `ck _a|mq Ic`na odzdpc mdntcgc. mftztzkqc Icdn `ck Kc|aic. 4+ Aot @+ Ot`aczaf `ck Ocrcm Cfhc` Cydk|ec. Z+D+. H+Z+D+ cpcz zthockgck a`d `ck rdkldnczck(rdkldnczck qckg `aodamck. 9+ Pdhck(pdhck zdrdltckgck ckgmcpck 01 ZPAZ. mftztzkqc mdntcgc odzc Pfd _thond &_dzc. Keyac. Qegc. Qeqem. Damc. Ahdn`c. _caz. Hdna. Zmak|. Hdgc. Na|c. Mcakc. Kazc. _ck`q. Lfek. Cha|. `ck Czdr! 7+ Rdzekdn @cwdn 34 &Pctiam. Ockg Gtzpc. Ockg @ct. Aick `ck Ia`|!. 6+ Zdpc zdhtc rafcm qckg pdncf hdhockpt rdktnazck zmarza aka+ Rdktnaz hdkqc`ca ocfwc zmarza aka hczaf lctf `ca mdzdhrtkcck. tkptm  apt. rdktnaz hdkgfccrmck mapam `ck zcck `ca rcc rdhocjc+ Cmfakqc. pdndrcz `ca zdgcnc mdmtckgck qckg c`c. rdktnaz odfccr zmarza aka `crcp odhckiccp ocga ockqcm rafcm+ Lcmcpc. Zdrpdhod ?233 Id`ack Ic`nq

4

COZP_CM

ID_@ACK IC@NQ . „Rdck Rdpthotfck Dmekeha `ck Akpdydkza Rdhdakpcf `a

Oa`ckg Iazmcn Pdfc`cr Mdhazmakck. Rdkgckggtck `ck Mdpahrckgck @azpaotza Rdk`crcpck `a Ak`ekdzac Rdae`d ?224 ( ?226‘+

yaaa-393 fcnchck

Mdhazmakck. rdkgckggtck `ck mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck hdtrcmck rdhczcncfck tpchc qckg `afc`cra endf kdgcc zd`ckg odmdhockg &KZO!. pa`cm  pdmdjtcna Ak`ekdzac+ Mdpagckqc zcnakg odmcapck. zdfakggc trcqc rdkgdkpczckkqc pa`cm oazc `andrczmck zcpt zchc ncakkqc+ ncakkqc+ Pdcpczakqc mdpagc rdhczcncfck aka hdtrcmck ak`amcpe rdkpakg mdodfczanck rdhockgtkck+

Ptltck tpchc

rdhockgtkck otmck tkptm hdkjarpcmck rdpthotfck dmekeha qckg pakgga zclc. hdncakmck ltgc rdpthotfck dmekeha qckg hchrt hdkgdkpczmck mdhazmakck. hdkckggtnckga mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck `ck hdkgtckga pakgmcp rdkgckggtck+ Kchtk. od`czcmck icmpc qckg c`c `a Ak`ekdzac. mek`aza qckg pdlc`a hdkgak`amczamck fcn qckg zchc zdmcna odod`c+ Rdpthotfck dmekeha pakgga. kchtk mdhazmakck hczaf ztnap pdcpcza `ck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck `aak`amczamck zdhcmak pahrckg+ Endf. mcdkc apt rdkdnapack aka odptltck tkptm  hdklcwco ocgcahckc zdodkckqc rdck `ca rdpthotfck dmekeha pdfc`cr rdhczcncfck qckg c`c+ Tkptm hdhrdmcqc ckcnazaz. rdkdnapack aka ltgc hdnaocpmck akpdydkza rdhdakpcf pdtpchc `a oa`ckg iazmcn `cnch hdhrdkgctfa rdhczcncfck hcmedmekeha pdzdotp+ Hdpe`d ckcnazaz qckg `agtkcmck c`cncf he`dn rdzchcck zahtnpck `dkgck hdkggtkcmck `cpc rckdn+ Fczan rdkdnapack hdktkltmmck ocfwc `dkgck hdkttkmck pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc. rdpthotfck dmekeha hdkttkmck pakgmcp mdhazmakck `ck hdkqdocomck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck ndoaf hdcpc+ Endf mcdkc apt. rdpthotfck fctz `arcjt pdtpchc rc`c zdmpe qckg rc`cp mcqc mftztzkqc zdmpe rdpckack+

Mcpc mtkja< mdhazmakck. rdkgckggtck. mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck. akpdydkza rdhdakpcf. he`dn rdzchcck zahtnpck. dgdza `cpc rckdn+ 9

@CIPC_ AZA

R_CMCPC………………………………………………………………+…++++

a

COZP_CM…………………………………………………………………+…

aa

@CIPC_ AZA…………………………………………………………………++

aaa

@CIPC_ PCODN……………………………………………………………++

y

@CIPC_ GCHOC_…………………………………………………………+

ya

@CIPC_ NCHRA_CK………………………………………………………+

yaaa

OCO A

RDK@CFTNTCK………………………………………………++++

3

3+3 Ncpc Odncmckg………………………………+………………

3

3+? A`dkpaiamcza `ck Ocpczck Hczcncf……………………………

?

3+: Rdthtzck Hczcncf…………………………………………+

4

3+0 Ptltck Rdkdnapack……………………………………………+

9

3+4 Hckiccp Rdkdnapack…………………………………………+++

9

3+9 Zazpdhcpamc Rdktnazck………………………………………++

7

MCLACK RTZPCMC @CK MD_CKGMC RAMA_………………+++

6

?+3 Mclack Pdea…+++……………………………………………++

6

?+? Rdkdnapack Pdmcap……………………………………………+

?3

?+: Mdckgmc Rama………………………………………………+

??

OCO AA

?+0 Farepdzaz Rdkdnapack…………………………………………++ ?0 OCO AAA

HDPE@ENEGA…………………………………………………++

?4

:+3 _tckg Nakgmtr Rdkdnapack…………………………………… ?4

OCO AY

:+? Hdpe`d Rdkgthrtnck @cpc…………………………………+

?4

:+: Hdpe`d Ckcnazaz……………………………………………+++

?6

FCZAN @CK RDHOCFCZCK…………………………………+++

9:

0+3 Gchocck Thth Pakgmcp Mdhazmakck `a Ak`ekdzac…+++…+++

9:

0+? Gchocck Thth PRP `a Ak`ekdzac…………………………

97

0+: Gchocck Thth Mdpahrckgck @azpaotza Rdk`crcpck `a Ak`ekdzac……………………………………++………………

72

0+0 Gchocck Thth Rdpthotfck Dmekeha `a Ak`ekdzac…++…

7:

0+4 He`dn Rdzchcck Zahtnpck………………………………+…

76

7

0+9 Rdck Rdpthotfck Dmekeha Pdfc`cr Mdhazmakck. Rdkgckggtck `ck Mdpahrckgck @azpaotza Rdk`crcpck `a Ak`ekdzac………………………………………………+…+

63

0+7 Rdck Akpdydkza Rdhdakpcf Pdfc`cr Mdhazmakck. Rdkgckggtck `ck Mdpahrckgck @azpaotza Rdk`crcpck `a Ak`ekdzac………………………………………………+…+

69

0+6 Rdck R@_O rd Zdmpe Pdfc`cr Mdhazmakck. Rdkgckggtck `ck Mdpahrckgck @azpaotza Rdk`crcpck

OCO Y

`a Ak`ekdzac………………………………………………+…+

339

MDZAHRTNCK @CK ZC_CK……………………………………

3?:

4+3 Mdzahrtnck …………………………………………………++ 3?: 4+? Zcck…………………………………………………………+ 3?7 @CIPC_ RTZPCMC………………………………………………………++++

3?1

NCHRA_CK…………………………………………………………………+++

3:?

_AWCQCP FA@TR…………………………………………………………++++

393

6

@CIPC_ PCODN

Ke+ Pcodn

Lt`tn Pcodn

Fcnchck

3

A`dkpaiamcza rdzchcck zptmptcn………………………………………+++

93

?

Gcaz mdhazmakck `ck rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm hazmak `a Ak`ekdzac. pcftk ?229………………………………………………………………………

:

Rdmdhockgck R@_O zdmpe rdpckack `ck Pakgmcp Rdkgckggtck Pdotmc &PRP! Reyakza Geekpcne rdae`d ?220 ‚ ?226………………++

0

94

72

Rdmdhockgck rdpthotfck R@O &! rd zdmpe `a Ak`ekdzac pcftk ?224 ( ?226……………………………+++………………………………+

74

4

He`dn rdzchcck zptmptcn…………………………………………++++++

62

9

He`dn rdzchcck d`tjd` ieh …………………………………+++……+

63

7

@azpaotza rdk`crcpck `ck czae gaka Ak`ekdzac ?22? ‚ ?226……………

6:

6

_czae rdkgdntcck rdhdakpcf tkptm mdzdfcpck `ck rdk`a`amck pdfc`cr R@O ododcrc kdgcc `a Czac pcftk ?223 ( ?221………+++……………+++

12

1

Rereza rdk`crcpck reyakza `a zdnttf Ak`ekdzac pcftk ?224 ( ?226++++

1:

32

Zmcnc akpdycn `dclcp `dzdkpcnazcza iazmcn…………………++…………+++

322

33

Mdhck`aack iazmcn `cdcf hdkttp reyakza pcftk ?226……………+…+

323

3?

_czae rclcm pdfc`cr R@O ododcrc kdgcc pcftk ?224+……………+…+

32?

3:

Trcf Hakahth Reyakza &THR! `ck kanca Mdotptfck Fa`tr Ncqcm  &MFN! pcftk ?227 ‚ ?226………………………………………………++

30

326

Rdkgdnehremmck rdmdlc `a Ak`ekdzac hdkttp zpcptz mdpdkcgcmdlcck pcftk ?229 `ck ?227……………………………………………………++

33:

34

Rdmdhockgck trcf zdmpe akiehcn `a Ak`ekdzac pcftk ?220 ‚ ?226…+

330

39

Rdzchcck rdpthotfck R@_O rd zdmpe pdfc`cr rdkgckggtck. mdhazmakck. `ck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck `a Ak`ekdzac ……………………+

1

337

@CIPC_ GCHOC_

Ke+ Gchoc

Lt`tn Gchoc

Fcnchck

3

Mtyc Mt|kdpz „T pdocnam‘…+………………………………………++

1

?

Mdckgmc rama ………++………………………………………………+

?:

:

He`dn rdck rdpthotfck dmekeha `ck akpdydkza rdhdakpcf `a oa`ckg iazmcn pdfc`cr mdhazmakck. rdkgckggtck `ck mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck …………………………………………………+

0

Lthncf rdk`t`tm hazmak `a Ak`ekdzac od`czcmck pdhrcp pakggcn rdae`d ?224 ‚ ?226 ………+………………………………………+++++

4

Rdmdhockgck ak`dmz gaka cpae

70

Rdmdhockgck rdpthotfck dmekeha `a Ak`ekdzac rdae`d ?224( ?226+………+++…………………………………………………………

34

7:

Rdmdhockgck R@O cpcz `czc fcgc mekzpck ?222 `a Ak`ekdzac rdae`d ?224(?226+…………………………………………+……+++…

30

7?

Gchocck pakgmcp mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck `a Ak`ekdzac od`czcmck reyakza pcftk ?226 ++……………………………………

3:

73

Gchocck pakgmcp mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck `a Ak`ekdzac od`czcmck reyakza pcftk ?224 ++……………………………………

3?

91

`a Ak`ekdzac od`czcmck pdhrcp

pakggcn pcftk ?224 ‚ ?226 ……………………………………………+ 33

96

Gchocck Pakgmcp Rdkgckggtck Pdotmc &PRP! `a Ak`ekdzac od`czcmck reyakza pcftk ?226……+++………………………………

32

97

Gchocck Pakgmcp Rdkgckggtck Pdotmc &PRP! `a Ak`ekdzac od`czcmck reyakza pcftk ?224 …++…………………………………

1

99

Rdmdhockgck Pakgmcp Rdkgckggtck Pdotmc &PRP! `a Ak`ekdzac pcftk ?224 ‚ ?226 …++………………………………………………+++

6

90

Rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm hazmak `a Ak`ekdzac od`czcmck reyakza pcftk ?226……………………………………………………………………

7

9:

Rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm hazmak `a Ak`ekdzac od`czcmck pdhrcp pakggcn rdae`d ?224 ‚ ?226 …………………………………………………++

9

?0

Rereza rdmdlc hdkttp ncrckgck tzcfc tpchc `a Ak`ekdzac pcftk 32

70

?226 …………++………………………………………………+++

77

39

Pdea nakgmcck zdpck mdhazmakck &Yaptetz Jajnd! ++………………++

64

37

Pc`d(eii  iakckzacn `cnch rdkgchoanck mdrtptzck tkptm hdnckltpmck

zdmencf ……………++…………………………………………………+ 36

_czae rdkgdntcck rdhdakpcf tkptm mdzdfcpck `ck rdk`a`amck pdfc`cr

pepcn

rdk`crcpck

`cdcf

`a

Ak`ekdzac

pcftk

?226…………………………………………………………………… 31

?3

13

Rereza Rdk`crcpck Czna @cdcf &RC@! zdnttf reyakza `a Ak`ekdzac rdae`d ?224 ‚ ?226 +………………………………………

?2

66

10

Rereza `ckc rdahockgck zdnttf reyakza `a Ak`ekdzac rdae`d ?224 ‚ ?226 +…………………………………………………………++

17

Pdea itkgza mekzthza ………………………………………………

329

33

@CIPC_ NCHRA_CK

Ke+ Nchrack

Lt`tn Nchrack

Fcnchck

3

Fczan dzpahcza he`dn rdzchcck zptmptcn……………+++……+…

3:?

?

Fczan dzpahcza he`dn rdzchcck d`tjd` ieh …………………++

3:7

:

Rdkgtlack ycacodn dk`egdk…++………………………………+…+

30?

0

Rdkgtlack zahtnpckapcz Fctzhckk………………………+………+

307

4

He`dn mdhazmakck……………………++…………………………

34?

9

He`dn rdkgckggtck…………………………………++++………++

340

7

He`dn mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck……………+++………++

349

6

Tla mdkehcnck rdzchcck zptmptcn………………+++…………++

346

1

Tla mdkehcnck rdzchcck d`tjd` ieh………………………++

341

32

Tla mdkehcnck rdzchcck ptkggcn +……………………………++

392

3?

OCO A RDK@CFTNTCK

3+3+ Ncpc Odncmckg

Mdhazmakck. rdkgckggtck `ck mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck hdtrcmck rdhczcncfck(rdhczcncfck tpchc qckg `afc`cra endf kdgcc zd`ckg odmdhockg &KZO!. pa`cm pdmdjtcna Ak`ekdzac+ Mdpagc rdhczcncfck pdzdotp zcnakg

odmcapck.

hdktkltmmck

`ahckc

c`ckqc

ododcrc

ftotkgck

fczan

rezapai

rdkdnapack qckg

`a

zagkaiamck

odocgca

kdgcc

ckpcc

pakgmcp

rdkgckggtck. pakgmcp mdhazmakck. `ck pakgmcp mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck &ORZ. ?221!+ Endf mcdkc apt. trcqc rdkgdkpczck mdhazmakck pa`cm oazc `andrczmck `ca trcqc rdkjarpcck ncrckgck rdmdlcck `ck rdhdcpcck rdk`crcpck+ Akpdydkza rdhdakpcf `cnch hdkgfczanmck mdoalcmck(mdoalcmck qckg pdakpdgcza `ck

zahtnpck

`afccrmck

hchrt

hdkgcpcza

rdhczcncfck(rdhczcncfck

rdhockgtkck aka+ Pchotkck

&?221!

hdkgcpcmck

ocfwc

zdodnth

pcftk

3172(ck.

rdhockgtkck `arck`ckg zdocgca rezdz dmekeha zclc+ Pakgga dk`cfkqc mdhcltck rdhockgtkck `a ztcpt kdgcc fckqc `atmt od`czcmck pakgmcp rdpthotfck dmekehakqc+ Rdpthotfck dmekeha `aqcmaka cmck hdkdpdz `dkgck zdk`aakqc. hdkjarpcmck ncrckgck rdmdlcck `ck hdhotmc odocgca rdntckg dmekeha. zdfakggc hczcncf mdhazmakck `ck mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck `crcp pdcpcza+ Akancf qckg zdjcc ntcz `amdkcn zdocgca pdea pajmnd `ewk diidjp 3+

3

Pajmnd `ewk diidjp  hdtrcmck zcncf zcpt peram rdkpakg hdkgdkca rdhockgtkck dmekeha `a KZO

rc`c `dmc`d 3142(ck fakggc 3192(ck+ Pchotkck &?221! hdkqcpcmck cgthdkpcza pdea qckg cmck hdkgfczanmck mdzahrtnck ocfwc cmck pdlc`a „didm jtjtck md ocwcf aka‘ `amdhockgmck rdpchc mcna endf Cpft Ndwaz &3140!. `ck `ardntcz endf _ckaz `ck Ida &3196! ` ck ncakkqc+

3:

Rc`c mdkqcpcckkqc. zdlthncf kdgcc zd`ckg odmdhockg odfczan hdkjcrca rdpthotfck dmekeha qckg pakgga+ Kchtk. hczcncf(hczcncf zdrdpa rdkgckggtck. mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck. `ck mdhazmakck pa`cm ockqcm  pdcpcza cpct ocfmck `cnch ockqcm mcztz ltzpt zdhcmak ottm &Pe`ce. ?22:!+ Tkptm mcztz `a Ak`ekdzac. Pchotkck &?221! hdkqcpcmck zdlcm RDNAPC? A pcftk 3191 fakggc zdmcckg. Ak`ekdzac hdhckg hdkamhcpa nclt rdpthotfck dmekeha qckg pakgga. pdpcra `azdpca `dkgck pakgmcp mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck qckg `aak`amczamck ltgc zdhcmak pakgga `ck lthncf rdk`t`tm hazmak pdpcr ockqcm+ Hdkttp `cpc ORZ. pcftk ?229. lthncf rdk`t`tm hazmak `a Ak`ekdzac hdkgcncha rdkakgmcpck hdklc`a :1.: ltpc lawc cpct 37.7: rdzdk `ca pepcn rdk`t`tm `ck pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc &PRP! hdkjcrca 32.04 rdzdk+ Mek`aza pdzdotp `ardrccf `dkgck ak`dmz gaka cpae qckg hdkakgmcp `ca 2.:0: rc`c pcftk ?224 hdklc`a 2.:79 rc`c pcftk ?227. qckg hdktkltmmck ocfwc `azpaotza rdk`crcpck zdhcmak pa`cm hdcpc+ Rc`cfcn `cnch mttk wcmpt pdzdotp. rdpthotfck dmekeha qckg `ajcrca Ak`ekdzac ckpcc 4 ‚ 9 rdzdk rd pcftk+

3+?+ A`dkpaiamcza `ck Ocpczck Hczcncf

Mdhazmakck. rdkgckggtck. `ck mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck hdtrcmck hczcncf mapaz `a Ak`ekdzac+ Mdpagckqc hdtrcmck pckpckgck kqcpc `cnch rdhockgtkck kczaekcn+ Pdcpczakqc mdpagc rdhczcncfck aka hdtrcmck ak`amcpe rdkpakg mdodfczanck rdhockgtkck+ Hdkttp Pe`ce &?22:! ptltck tpchc rdhockgtkck `ca ztcpt kdgcc otmck fckqc tkptm hdkjarpcmck ?

RDNAPC. rdhockgtkck nahc pcftk. hdtrcmck ccf `ck zpcpdga rdhockgtkck qckg pdztztk zdjcc zazpdhcpam `ck odpcfcr rc`c hczc e`d oct. `ahtnca zdlcm pcftk 3191 RDNAPC A ‚ RDNAPC YA odcmfa rc`c pcftk 3111 odptltck tkptm hdkjarpcmck nck`czck qckg mtcp ocga ockgzc Ak`ekdzac tkptm pthotf `ck odmdhockg odmdhockg cpcz mdmtcpck mdmtcpck zdk`aa. qckg rdncmzckcckkqc rdncmzckcckkqc `apapamodcpmck rc`c oa`ckg dmekeha+

30

rdpthotfck dmekeha qckg zdpakgga(pakggakqc zclc. hdncakmck ltgc rdpthotfck dmekeha qckg hchrt hdkgdkpczmck mdhazmakck. hdkckggtnckga mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck `ck hdkqd`acmck ncrckgck rdmdlcck tkptm hdkgtckga pakgmcp rdkgckggtck+ Kchtk. od`czcmck icmpc qckg `azchrcamck rc`c zto(oco zdodnthkqc. mek`aza qckg pdlc`a hdkgak`amczamck fcn qckg zchc zdmcna odod`c. lctf `ca fccrck+ Endf mcdkc apt. fakggc maka hczaf pdpcr hdklc`a rdpckqcck `ck rdoakjckgck `cnch zpt`a dmekeha rdhockgtkck c`cncf ocgcahckcmcf rdck `ca rdpthotfck dmekeha `cnch hdkgcpcza rdhczcncfck mdhazmakck. rdkgckggtck `ck mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck qckg pdlc`a `a Ak`ekdzac+ Zdncak rdpthotfck dmekeha. akpdydkza rdhdakpcf ltgc `a`tgc odrdck `cnch rdhczcncfck qckg pdlc`a aka+ Rdkgcnchck dzdza Chdamc Zdamcp pcftk 31:2(ck hdkgclcmck ocfwc hdmckazhd rczc pa`cm htkgmak `crcp hdkjcrca mek`aza mdzdahockgck zdjcc epehcpaz+ Mdpa`cmzdahockgck ckpcc rdhakpcck `ck rdkcwcck hdkqdocomck ockqcm rdhczcncfck. pdtpchc rdkgckggtck qckg odnctp(nctp `ck odtltkg mdrc`c mdhazmakck qckg hdkakgmcp+ Endf mcdkc apt. hdkttp Mdqkdzz jchrt pckgck rdhdakpcf `ardntmck `cnch hdkgckpazarcza c`ckqc mdhtkgmakck mdgcgcnck rczc &hcmdp icantd! pdzdotp+ Jchrt pckgck rdhdakpcf `cnch hdkgcpcza rdhczcncfck qckg c`c `crcp htkjtn `cnch wtlt` qckg odod`c(od`c+ @anafcp `ca zaza rdkgdntcck. rdhdakpcf hdhanama rdfcpack qckg zdatz tkptm hdhdckga mdhazmakck+ Hdkttp `cpc ORZ. cnemcza ckggcck tkptm rdkgdkpczck mdhazmakck hdkakgmcp pclch `ca _r 36 panatk rc`c pcftk ?220 hdklc`a _r 40 panatk `a pcftk ?227. `ck `akcammck ncga hdklc`a _r 9? panatk rc`c pcftk ?226+ Kchtk ckggcck rdhdakpcf rc`c 34

rdkdnapack aka `aocpcza rc`c rdkgdntcck mdzdfcpck `ck rdk`a`amck zclc+ Hdkttp Pchotkck &?221!. rdkgdntcck rdhdakpcf tkptm rdk`a`amck `ck mdzdfcpck hdtrcmck qckg pdrdkpakg `cnch trcqc rdkgdkpczck mdhazmakck+ Zd`ckgmck `ca zaza rdkdahcck. rdkdnapa hdhocpcza rdkdahcck `cdcf c`cncf `ca rclcm `cdcf `ck `ckc rdahockgck qckg `aodamck rtzcp &`ckc cnemcza thth `ck `ckc cnemcza mftztz! tkptm hdkgtckga mdpahrckgck rdhockgtkck ckpc `cdcf+ Rdkdahcck aka `afccrmck `crcp hdklc`a zthod rdhoacqcck `cnch hdncmzckcmck odocgca regch(regch qckg hdkqdlcfpdcmck rdk`t`tm+ Jchrt pckgck rdhdakpcf odamtpkqc pdmcap `dkgck trcqc rdhdcpcck rdk`crcpck+ C`crtk akpdydkza rdhdakpcf qckg `agtkcmck `cnch rdkdnapack `ck `crcp `agenekgmck md`cnch trcqc aka `ackpcckqc c`cncf rdkdpcrck trcf hakahth reyakza &THR! qckg `azdztcamck od`czcmck mccmpdazpam `ca hczakg(hczakg `cdcf `ck rclcm rdkgfczanck &RRf!+ Zdncak apt. akpdydkza rdhdakpcf qckg `agtkcmck `cnch rdkdnapack aka c`cncf pakgmcp akincza. ckgmc hdndm ftti &CHF! `ck rereza rdmdlc zdmpe akiehcn+ Rdkggtkcck ak`amcpe(ak`amcpe pdzdotp `cnch rdkdnapack aka `a`czcmck rc`c mdkqcpcck ocfwc mdpagckqc hdhanama ftotkgck qckg dcp `dkgck rdkgckggtck. mdhazmakck `ck mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck+ Kchtk. fcn qckg rdnt mapc zc`ca c`cncf c`ckqc mdpdmcapck ckpcc rdpthotfck dmekeha. rdkgckggtck. mdhazmakck `ck mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck+ Mdpdmcapck aka hdkqdocomck ztcpt rdhczcncfck `a`tgc `crcp hdhdkgctfa rdhczcncfck qckg ncak+ Zdfakggc. akpdydkza rdhdakpcf qckg `ancmtmck `cnch hdkgcpcza zdotcf rdhczcncfck fdk`cmkqc pa`cm hdkgcmaocpmck hdhottmkqc mek`aza rdhczcncfck qckg ncak+ Mcdkc lamc mek`aza `dhamack 39

pdlc`a. rdhczcncfck qckg akgak `acpcza pa`cm cmck pdzdndzcamck `dkgck ocam+ Hdad &3114! `cnch _ak`cqckpa &?221! hdk`diakazamck rdhockgtkck zdocgca ztcpt rezdz qckg `crcp hdkqdocomck rdkakgmcpck rdk`crcpck aan rd mcrapc. pckrc hdkqdocomck pdlc`akqc rdkakgmcpck mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck `ck rdkakgmcpck lthncf rdk`t`tm hazmak+ Od`czcmck fcn(fcn pdzdotp. rdkdnapack hdkgdkca rdck rdpthotfck dmekeha `ck akpdydkza rdhdakpcf pdfc`cr mdhazmakck. rdkgckggtck. `ck mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck rdnt `ancmtmck+ @dkgck rdkdnapack aka `afccrmck `crcp `ardendf gchocck hdkgdkca ocgcahckc mcapck rdpthotfck dmekeha

pdfc`cr

rdhczcncfck(rdhczcncfck

rdhockgtkck

pdzdotp

`ck

ocgcahckc akpdydkza rdhdakpcf pdakpdgcza qckg zdocamkqc `ancmtmck `cnch trcqc hdkgcpcza rdhczcncfck(rdhczcncfck qckg c`c aka+

3+:+ Rdthtzck hczcncf

Od`czcmck rcrcck rc`c ocgack ncpc odncmckg zdpc a`dkpaiamcza `ck ocpczck hczcncf. hcmc rdhczcncfck rc`c rdkdnapack aka `crcp `athtzmck `cnch rdpckqcck(rdpckqcck odamtp< 3+ Ocgcahckc gchocck thth pakgmcp mdhazmakck. pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc. pakgmcp mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck `ck rdpthotfck dmekeha `a Ak`ekdzac5 ?+ Ocgcahckc rdck rdpthotfck dmekeha `ck akpdydkza rdhdakpcf `a oa`ckg iazmcn pdfc`cr pakgmcp mdhazmakck. pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc `ck pakgmcp mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck `a Ak`ekdzac5

37

:+ Ocgcahckc rdck R@_O rd zdmpe pdfc`cr mdhazmakck. rdkgckggtck `ck mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck `a Ak`ekdzac5

3+0+ Ptltck Rdkdnapack

C`crtk ptltck qckg akgak `ajcrca `ca rdkdnapack aka c`cncf zdocgca odamtp< 3+ Hdkgdpcfta gchocck thth pakgmcp mdhazmakck. pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc. pakgmcp mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck `ck rdpthotfck dmekeha `a Ak`ekdzac ?+ Hdkgmcla rdck rdpthotfck dmekeha `ck akpdydkza rdhdakpcf `a oa`ckg iazmcn pdfc`cr pakgmcp mdhazmakck. pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc `ck pakgmcp mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck `a Ak`ekdzac :+ Hdkgmcla rdck R@_O rd zdmpe pdfc`cr mdhazmakck. rdkgckggtck `ck mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck `a Ak`ekdzac

3+4+ Hckiccp Rdkdnapack

Rdkdnapack aka `afccrmck `crcp hdhrdmcqc napdcpt hdkgdkca mclack pdfc`cr

mdpdmcapck

rdhczcncfck

hcmedmekeha

`a

Ak`ekdzac

`dkgck

hdkggtkcmck rdk`dmcpck rdzchcck zahtnpck. mftztzkqc hdkggtkcmck `cpc rckdn+ Zdncak apt. ocga rdkgchoan mdoalcmck ocam `a pakgmcp rtzcp hctrtk `cdcf. rdkdnapack aka `afccrmck `crcp hdklc`a nck`czck(nck`czck `cnch rdkqtztkck mdoalcmck+ Zdfakggc rdhdakpcf `crcp hdkgfczanmck akpdydkza(akpdydkza qckg

36

pdakpdgcza `cnch hdkgcpcza rdhczcncfck(rdhczcncfck hcmedmekeha qckg c`c+

3+9+ Zazpdhcpamc Rdktnazck

Zmarza aka `azclamck `cnch nahc oco qckg zdjcc gcaz odzc `crcp `aakja zdocgca odamtp< OCO A RDK@CFTNTCK

Oco aka hdhtcp ncpc odncmckg. a`dkpaiamcza `ck ocpczck hczcncf. rdthtzck hczcncf. ptltck `ck hckiccp rdkdnapack zdpc zazpdhcpamc rdktnazck+ OCO AA NCK@CZCK PDE_A

Oco aka odazamck mclack pdea. rdkdnapack pdmcap. mdckgmc rama. `ck farepdzaz rdkdnapack qckg `acltmck+ OCO AAA HDPE@ENEGA

Oco aka hdhcrcmck tckg nakgmtr rdkdnapack. rezd`t rdkgthrtnck `cpc zdpc hdpe`d ckcnazaz qckg `agtkcmck+ OCO AY FCZAN @CK RDHOCFCZCK

Oco aka hdkqclamck fczan rdkgencfck `cpc ocam odtrc pcodn. gchoc. dzpahcza he`dn `ck rdhocfczckkqc tkptm hdkjcrca ptltck rdkdnapack+ OCO Y MDZAHRTNCK @CK ZC_CK

Oco aka odaza mdzahrtnck `ca rdkdnapack odzdpc ahrnamcza fczan rdkdnapack `ck zcck qckg `admehdk`czamck tkptm rdkdnapack zdnckltpkqc

31

OCO AA MCLACK RTZPCMC @CK MD_CKGMC RAMA_

?+3+ Mclack Pdea Rdpthotfck Dmekeha. Rdkgckggtck. Mdpahrckgck @azpaotza Rdk`crcpck `ck Mdhazmakck

Rdpthotfck

dmekeha.

pakgmcp

rdkgckggtck

pdotmc.

pakgmcp

mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck `ck pakgmcp mdhazmakck dcp mcapckkqc+ Hdkttp Pe`ce &?22:!. rdpthotfck dmekeha. zdfctzkqc hdkgfcrtz `ck hdkgtckga

pakgmcp

mdhazmakck.

mdpahrckgck

rdk`crcpck

`ck

pakgmcp

rdkgckggtck+ Hczaf pakggakqc ckgmc mdhazmakck. pakgmcp rdkgckggtck `ck mdzdklckgck rdk`crcpck pcm pdndrcz `ca zpcpdga rdhockgtkck qckg `apdcrmck qcapt pdncnt iemtz pdfc`cr rdpthotfck dmekeha+ Rdpthotfck dmekeha qckg `ajcrca `dkgck pa`cm `aamtpa endf rdntczck mdlc qckg zdock`akg hdkgcmaocpmck   lthncf rdkgckggtck hczaf odzc. pakgmcp mdhazmakck pa`cm pttk zdjcc zagkaiamck. `ck mdzdklckgck rdk`crcpck hdndoc+ Zd`ckgmck rdpthotfck dmekeha qckg `aotptfmck c`cncf rdpthotfck dmekeha qckg pa`cm zclc pakgga. pdpcra hchrt hdkjarpcmck ncrckgck rdmdlcck qckg ockqcm. zdfakggc `azpaotza rdk`crcpck ndoaf hdcpc. `ck `crcp hdkgdkpczmck mdhazmakck+ Rdpthotfck dmekeha qckg odmtcnapcz akancf qckg hdklc`a `chocck pacr `cdcf+ Crcoanc pa`cm pdlc`a rdpthotfck dmekeha qckg `dhamack. `chrcmkqc c`cncf pakgmcp rdkgckggtck hdkakgmcp mcdkc pcm pdzd`ac ncrckgck rdmdlcck zdfakggc ltckg mdzdklckgck rdk`crcpck zdhcmak hdndoc. pakgmcp mdhazmakck

?2

zdhcmak pakgga `ck `amfcwcpamck fcn(fcn zdrdpa aka cmck hdkgfchocp `ck hdhoda didm kdgcpai pdfc`cr rdpthotfck dmekeha md `drckkqc+ Rdpthotfck Dmekeha `ck @azpaotza Rdk`crcpck

@cpc pcftk 3172(ck `ck 3162(ck hdkgdkca rdpthotfck dmekeha `ck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck `a ockqcm kdgcc odmdhockg.

zdrdpa Ak`ekdzac.

hdktkltmmck zdcmck(cmck c`c medncza rezapai ckpcc nclt rdpthotfck `ck pakgmcp mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck< zdhcmak pakgga rdpthotfck R@O cpct zdhcmak odzc rdk`crcpck rd mcrapc zdhcmak odzc rdod`cck ckpcc mcth hazmak `ck mcth mcqc+ Napdcpt hdkgdkca rdtocfck mdzdklckgck `cnch `azpaotza rdk`crcpck cwcnkqc `a`ehakcza endf crc qckg `azdotp `dkgck farepdzaz Mt|kdpz+ @dkgck hdhcmca `cpc ckpc kdgcc &jezz zdjpaek! `ck `cpc `ca zdlthncf ztydq%eozdycza `a pacr kdgcc &pahd zdadz!. Zahek Mt|kdpz hdkdhtmck dncza ckpcc mdzdklckgck rdk`crcpck `ck pakgmcp rd`crcpck rd mcrapc ododkptm T pdocnam+ @ahckc rc`c cwcnkqc rdpthotfck dmekeha cmck hdkqdocomck mdzdklckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck. `ck mdht`ack zdaakg odlcnck wcmpt rdpthotfck cmck hdkqdocomck rdhdcpcck &Pchotkck. ?221!+

   a    k    a    G    k    a    z    a     i    d    e    M

Rre`tm Kczaekcn ortpe dr mcapc

Gchoc 3+ Mtyc Mt|kdpz „T pdocnam‘

?3

Hdkttp Wad &316:! ockqcm dmekeh odckggcrck ocfwc ckpcc rdpthotfck dmekeha qckg rdzcp `ck rdhocgack rdk`crcpck pd`crcp ztcpt mek`aza „pc`d(eii‘ qckg hdhocwc ahrnamcza mdrc`c rdhdcpcck `cnch rdhocgack rdk`crcpck fckqc `crcp `ajcrca lamc nclt rdpthotfck dmekeha `apttkmck &_cfhckapc. ?227!+ Pe`ce &?22:! hdkldnczmck ocfwc zccp aka. pdtpchc `a kdgcc odmdhockg. mdzdlcfpdcck dmekeha qckg `ajcrca hdncnta rdpthotfck pa`cm ncga hdhc`ca+ @ardntmck rdpthotfck dmekeha qckg ndoaf odmtcnapcz. qcapt rdpthotfck

qckg

odeadkpcza

rc`c

rdhdcpcck

&gewpf wapf dstapq!+

Rdkgcnchck `a ockqcm kdgcc odmdhockg hdktkltmmck ocfwc rdhockgtkck qckg hdhraeapczmck rc`c rdpthotfck zdakg hdkakggcnmck tckg ocga rdocamck `azpaotza mdzdlcfpdcck+ Rc`c `czckqc c`c pa`cmkqc mdpahrckgck rdk`crcpck `ahanamakqc+

rc`c

zdotcf

Ocgcahckc

kdgcc jcc

pdgckptkg

`azpaotzakqc.

mccmpdazpam ocgcahckc

dmekeha

jcc

qckg

hdhrdendf

rdpthotfckkqc. hdtrcmck fcn(fcn qckg `crcp hdkqdocomck rdhocgack „mtd dmekeha‘ apt pa`cm hdcpc+ Hdad &3176! `cnch _ak`cqckpa &?221! hdk`diakazamck rdhockgtkck dmekeha zdocgca ztcpt rezdz qckg `crcp hdkqdocomck pdlc`akqc rdkakgmcpck rdk`crcpck aan rd mcrapc pckrc hdkqdocomck pdlc`akqc rdkakgmcpck mdzdklckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck `ck rdkakgmcpck lthncf rdk`t`tm hazmak+ Rdhdcpcck

fczan(fczan

rdhockgtkck

oaczckqc

`amcapmck

`dkgck

mdpahrckgck+ Rc`c `czckqc mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck fckqc hdtrcmck zdocgack mdjan zclc `ca mdpahrckgck+ C`c ockqcm mdpahrckgck ncak qckg ltgc pcm  mcncf

rdkpakg

`dkgck

mdpahrckgck ??

`azpaotza

rdk`crcpck.

`ackpcckqc<

mdpahrckgck gdk`d. mdmtczcck. zpcptz. mek`aza mdlc. `nn+ C`c ododcrc cnczck mdpahrckgck hdklc`a ztcpt fcn qckg rdnt `ardfcpamck+ Mdpahrckgck rdk`crcpck qckg dmzpdh cmck hdkqdocomck akdiazadkza dmekeha+ Zdocgack rdkqdocokqc c`cncf rc`c pakgmcp rdk`crcpck cpc(cpc odcrcrtk. mdpahrckgck qckg zdhcmak pakgga cmck hdkqdocomck zdhcmak mdjankqc ocgack rertncza qckg hdhdktfa zqccp tkptm hdk`crcpmck raklchck cpct zthod md`ap qckg ncak+ Ndoaf nckltp. `dkgck pakgmcp mdpahrckgck qckg pakgga. pakgmcp pcotkgck zdjcc mdzdnttfck jdk`dtkg dk`cf+ Fcn aka `amcdkcmck. pakgmcp pcotkgck hclakcn pdpakgga oaczckqc `apdhtmck rc`c mdncz hdkdkgcf md ocwcf+ Zd`ckgmck mdncz cpcz zdocgack odzc `ca rdk`crcpckkqc ltzpt `azahrck `a ntc kdgda `cnch odkptm  rdncack he`cn &jcrapcn inagfp ! `ck mekzthza `ancmtmck rc`c occkg(occkg hdwcf ahrep+ Zdfakggc mdpahrckgck rdk`crcpck cmck hdkqdocomck mekzthza pdfc`cr re`tm `ehdzpam hdkttk &Pe`ce. ?22:!+ Zdncak `carc`c apt. cnczck rdkpakg ncakkqc c`cncf mdpahrckgck rdk`crcpck cmck hdndhcfmck zpcoanapcz zezacn `ck zena`capcz+ Ndoaf jdncmc ncga. mdpahrckgck qckg pakgga hdhrdmtcp mdmtcpck renapaz genekgck mcqc. `azchrakg mdmtcpck pcwc hdkcwc dmekeha hddmc+ Oaczckqc mdmtcpck aka cmck `agtkcmck tkptm  hdkgccfmck odocgca fczan rdhockgtkck `dha mdrdkpakgck hddmc zdk`aa+ Dn( Zcnyc`e `ck Ack hdtrcmck jekpef kdgcc `dkgck mdpahrckgck pakgga qckg pdncf hdkgcncha odocgca gtkjckgck `cnch kdgda cpct mekinam zaran qckg odmdrcklckgck qckg pdncf hdkdnck ockqcm lawc `ck hdhtk`tmck mdhcltck rdhockgtkck zdnchc ododcrc `dmc`d+

?:

Rdckck Rdhdakpcf

C`ch Zhapf. zdeckg cfna dmekeha cnack mnczam qckg hdkgcgtkgmck hdmckazhd rczc odocz. hdkqcpcmck ocfwc c`c akyazaond fck`z `cnch hdkgcpt rdhocgack zthod `cqc. `ck endf mcdkckqc rdck rdhdakpcf hdklc`a zckgcp `aocpcza mcdkc cmck hdkggckggt rezdz aka+ Mekzdr akyazaond fck`z mdht`ack `adrdzdkpczamck zdocgca hdmckazhd rczc hdncnta fcgc zdocgca akzpthdkp tpchckqc+ C`crtk itkgza rdhdakpcf hdkttp Zhapf fckqc < tkptm hdhdnafcc mdchckck. tkptm hdkqdndkggccmck rdc`anck. tkptm hdkqd`acmck occkg qckg pa`cm `azd`acmck endf rafcm zwczpc &zdrdpa< lcnck. ldhocpck. aagcza. `nn!+ Kchtk. `cnch hczc zdmcckg aka. rakzar mdodoczck dmekeha `cnch rcmpamkqc ztnap pddcnazcza+ C`ckqc rakzar hdhcmzahthmck mdrtczck `ca hczakg(hczakg ak`aya`t hdkqdocomck rdodkptck mdrdkpakgck. rczc pa`cm  zdncnt hchrt hdkjarpcmck mek`aza mdzdahockgck &hcmdp icantd!+ @drdza `a Chdamc pcftk 31:2(ck hdtrcmck jekpef kqcpc mdgcgcnck hdmckazhd rczc `cnch hdkgcpczca rdkgckggtck+ Tkptm aptncf. hdkttp Mdqkdzz `aotptfmck akpdydkza rdhdakpcf tkptm hdhrdkgctfa pakgmcp etprtp `ck mdzdhrcpck mdlc &Rcjeqe. ?227!+ @cnch zazpdh rddmekehack he`dk. rdckck rdhdakpcf `crcp `aocga `cnch ododcrc ocgack. qcapt < cnemcza. `azpaotza `ck zpcoanazcza &@thcaq. 3111!+ Rdckck cnemcza endf rdhdakpcf aka zckgcp `aotptfmck pdtpchc `cnch fcn rdkqd`acck occkg(occkg qckg pa`cm `crcp `azd`acmck endf zwczpc qcapt occkg( occkg qckg odzaicp thth cpct `azdotp ltgc occkg rtonam+ Mcdkc `cnch zazpdh rddmekehack ztcpt kdgcc. pa`cm zdhtc occkg `crcp `azd`acmck endf zwczpc `ck `crcp `ardendf hdncnta zazpdh rczc+ @cnch fcn zdrdpa aka hcmc rdhdakpcf fctz ?0

oazc hdkqd`acmck crc qckg `azdotp `dkgck occkg rtonam pc`a+ Zd`ckgmck occkg qckg `crcp `ardendf hdncnta zazpdh rczc. qcapt hdncnta pckzcmza ckpcc rdkltcn `ck rdhodna `azdotp occkg zwczpc+ Pa`cm `crcp pdzd`ackqc occkg rtonam endf zazpdh cpct hdmckazhd rczc aka hdtrcmck mdgcgcnck rczc &hcmdp icantd!+ Pa`cm `crcp `azd`acmckkqc occkg(occkg pdzdotp endf zazpdh rczc `amcdkcmck hckiccp `ck occkg pdzdotp pa`cm `crcp `akamhcpa fckqc endf qckg hdhanama zdk`aa. pcra `crcp ltgc `ahanama%`akamhcpa rtnc endf qckg ncak. `dkgck mcpc ncak. occkg pdzdotp pa`cm hdhrtkqca zaicp rdkgdjtcnack zdrdpa fcnkqc occkg zwczpc+ Jekpef `ca occkg cpct lczc qckg pa`cm `crcp `azd`acmck endf zazpdh rczc pdzdotp hazcnkqc< t`cc odzaf. lcnck thth. ldhocpck. oacqc mdzdfcpck `ck rdk`a`amck.

`ck

ncak

zdocgcakqc+

@dkgck

mcpc

ncak.

rdhdakpcf

`crcp

hdkggtkcmck mdoalcmck iazmcn odtrc rdkgdntcckkqc tkptm rdhockgtkck thcf hazmak. cpctrtk rdkgdntcck(rdkgdntcck tkptm hdkenekg mcth hazmak zdrdpa rdkgdntcck tkptm mdzdfcpck `ck rdk`a`amck+ @afccrmck `dkgck rdkgdntcck pdzdotp. zdjcc pa`cm nckgztkg cmck hdkenekg genekgck hazmak tkptm hdk`crcp rdhdcpcck `ck mdfa`trck qckg ndoaf ocam+ Mekzdmtdkza `ca rdckck cnemcza rdhdakpcf c`cncf zthod rdk`crcpck+ Hdkttp TT ??%3111 `ck TT ?4%3111. zthod rdk`crcpck `cdcf pd`aa cpcz Rdk`crcpck czna `cdcf &RC@!. `ckc rdahockgck `ck `ckc(`ckc ncak qckg zcf+ Rdk`crcpck czna `cdcf pd`aa cpcz rclcm `cdcf. dpaotza `cdcf. fczan mdmcqcck `cdcf `ck ncak(ncak qckg hdtrcmck fczan rdk`crcpck `ca `cdcf apt zdk`aa+ Rclcm `cdcf hdtrcmck rtkgtpck qckg `ancmtmck rdhdakpcf `cdcf od`czcmck rdcptck rdtk`ckg(tk`ckgck qckg odncmt+ Rclcm `cdcf aka `crcp `aod`cmck `cnch `tc mcpdgea qcapt rclcm `cdcf qckg `apdpcrmck endf rdcptck ?4

`cdcf `ck rclcm kdgcc qckg rdkgdnencck `ck rdkggtkcckkqc `azdcfmck mdrc`c `cdcf+ Rdkdahcck rclcm `cdcf ckpcc ncak rclcm mdk`ccck odhepe. odc ocnam  kchc mdk`ccck odhepe. rclcm ocfck ocmc mdk`ccck odhepe. `ck ncak(ncak+ Odod`c `dkgck rdk`crcpck czna `cdcf &RC@!. `ckc rdahockgck hdtrcmck `ckc qckg odzthod `ca rdk`crcpck CROK qckg `acnemczamck mdrc`c `cdcf tkptm hdk`ckca mdotptfck `cdcf `cnch ckgmc rdncmzckcck `dzdkpcnazcza+ @ckc rdahockgck pd`aa `ca ocga fczan rclcm%otmck rclcm. `ckc cnemcza thth &@CT!. `ck `ckc cnemcza mftztz &@CM!+ @CT hdtrcmck pckzid `ckc `ca rdhdakpcf rtzcp md rdhdakpcf `cdcf qckg `ahcmzt`mck tkptm hdktptr mdzdklckgck iazmcn &  iazjcn gcr! `ck rdhdcpcck mdhchrtck iazmcn ckpc `cdcf `cnch ckgmc hdhockpt mdhck`aack rdhdakpcf `cdcf hdklcnckmck itkgza `ck ptgczkqc hdncqcka hczqccmcp+ @CM hdtrcmck `ckc qckg `azd`acmck mdrc`c `cdcf tkptm hdhdktfa mdotptfck mftztz+ C`c pagc mapdac `ca mdotptfck mftztz zdrdpa `apdpcrmck `cnch rdcptck rdtk`ckg(tk`ckgck qckg odncmt. qcapt< mdotptfck pa`cm `crcp `ardfaptkgmck `dkgck hdkggtkcmck thtz `ckc cnemcza thth. mdotptfck hdtrcmck mehaphdk cpct raeapcz kczaekcn. `ck mdotptfck tkptm hdhoacqca mdgacpck doeazcza `ck rdkgfalctck endf `cdcf rdkgfczan+ @dkgck `dhamack @CM rc`c `czckqc hdtrcmck pckzid qckg odzaicp zrdzaiam tkptm ptltck(ptltck qckg zt`cf `agcazmck+ Rdck odamtpkqc qckg `ancmtmck endf rdhdakpcf c`cncf rdck `azpaotza+ Rdckck

`azpaotza

`alcnckmck

rdhdakpcf

`dkgck

odptltck

tkptm 

hdk`azpaotzamck rdk`crcpck+ Zcncf zcpt akzpthdk qckg `crcp `ancmtmck rdhdakpcf c`cncf rclcm rdkgfczanck &RRf!+ RRf hdtrcmck rdk`crcpck ocga fczan ?9

`ca rclcm rdkgfczanck pdtpckg endf wclao rclcm eckg raoc`a `cnch kdgda od`czcmck mdpdkptck rczcn ?4 `ck rczcn ?1 Tk`ckg(Tk`ckg pdkpckg rclcm  rdkgfczanck+ Pdhcztm rdk`crcpck ocga fczan `ca rclcm cpcz rdkgfczanck odtrc gcla. trcf. fekecath. ptklckgck `ck rdhocqcck ncakkqc zdftotkgck `dkgck rdmdlcck cpct lcocpck. lczc `ck mdgacpck qckg `ancmtmck endf wclao rclcm eckg raoc`a od`czcmck mdpdkptck rczcn ?3 Tk`ckg(Tk`ckg pdkpckg rclcm rdkgfczanck qckg odncmt+ Rdkdpcrck trcf hakahth reyakza &THR! ltgc hdtrcmck trcqc rdhdakpcf qckg odptltck hdkgtckga mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck+ Fcn aka pdhcztm `cnch `czc rdpahockgck `ca rdkdpcrck trcf qckg pdptckg rc`c rczcn 10 TT Ke+ 3: pcftk ?22: pdkpckg mdpdkcgcmdlcck. zdncak cgc trcf pa`cm  hdneep `aocwcf mdfa`trck hakahth tkptm rdkgdkpczck mdhazmakck+ Rdckck

rdhdakpcf

qckg

ncak

c`cncf

zdocgca

cncp

zpcoanazcza

rddmekehack+ Rdckck zpcoanazcza rdhdakpcf `aotptfmck lamc pdlc`a gckggtck `cnch zpcoanapcz rddmekehack. zdrdpa< pdlc`a `dincza. akincza. rdkttkck rdhakpcck%rdkcwcck ztcpt occkg. qckg kckpakqc hczcncf(hczcncf pdzdotp cmck hdkgcmaocpmck pahotnkqc hczcncf qckg ncak zdjcc odpttp(pttp. zdrdpa rdkgckggtck. zpcgincza. `ck ncak(ncak+ @cnch hdklcnckmck rddmekehack `aotptfmck akincza qckg dk`cf `ck dncpai zpcoan+ Akincza qckg dk`cf `crcp hdkjarpcmck rdpthotfck dmekeha+ Mdkcamck fcgc ndoaf jdrcp zd`amap `aock`akgmck oacqc re`tmza. zdfakggc re`tzdk cmck hdhrdendf mdtkptkgck `ck hdkahotnmck gcacf tkptm  odre`tmza+ Kchtk Akincza qckg pakgga. qckg hdkqdocomck fcgc kcam jdrcp

?7

hdkqdocomck rdhakpcck cgdgcp hdkttk. zdfakggc re`tmza pttp odmtckg `ck cmck hdkjarpcmck rdkgckggtck+ Rdck ncak qckg `crcp `ancmtmck rdhdakpcf qckg pdhcztm `cnch rdkdnapack aka c`cncf rc`c oa`ckg rdk`a`amck `ck mdpdkcgcmdlcck+ Rc`c oa`ckg rdk`a`amck. mdpdwcmanck akpdydkza rdhdakpcf `crcp pdwcmana endf ckgmc hdndm  ftti &CHF!+ Pcgdp rdhdakpcf rc`c CHF. hdktkltmmck jchrt pckgck rdhdakpcf `cnch oa`ckg rdk`a`amck pdzdotp+ Mdhchrtck hdhocjc hdtrcmck cmc `ca rdkgdpcftck `ck rdhamack hcktzac+ Hdndm ftti `crcp `ahcmkca zdocgca mdhchrtck tkptm hdklcnak ftotkgck `dkgck eckg ncak hdncnta rdhoajccck. hdhocjc. `ck hdktnaz. qckg `acrnamczamck rc`c mdhchrtck tkptm  hdhckiccpmck hd`ac hczzc `ck odocgca pdmkenega akiehcza+ Ptltck `ca hdndm  ftti c`cncf rdkakgmcpck pcci mdfa`trck hczqccmcp. mdamtpzdpcck rtonam. rdkqdndzcack hczcncf mdhcktzacck. `ck rdntczck mcrczapcz ak`aya`t `ck zezacn hczqccmcp+ Mekzdr pdkpckg hdndm ftti hdktkltmmck c`ckqc ftotkgck ckpcc pakgmcp mdhchrtck ocjc ptnaz `ck rcpazarcza zdmencf `dkgck mdhazmakck+ Zd`ckgmck

akpdydkza

rdhdakpcf

`a

oa`ckg

mdpdkcgcmdlcck

c`cncf

rdkgdhockgck zdmpe akiehcn hdklc`a zdmpe iehcn `cnch trcqc hdkgtckga rdmdlc `a zdmpe akiehcn+

@diakaza Erdczaekcn

C`crtk `cnch rdkdnapack aka. `diakaza(`diakaza erdczaekcn qckg `agtkcmck rdkdnapa c`cncf zdocgca odamtp< Mdhazmakck c`cncf mdpa`cmhchrtck `ca zaza dmekeha tkptm hdhdktfa

mdotptfck `czc hcmckck `ck otmck hcmckck qckg `atmt `ca zaza rdkgdntcck+ ?6

Rdk`t`tm Hazmak c`cncf zdzdeckg `dkgck cpc(cpc rdkgdntcck rd mcrapc rd

otnck `a ocwcf gcaz mdhazmakck+ Gcaz Mdhazmakck pd`aa `ca `tc mehrekdk. qcapt Gcaz Mdhazmakck Hcmckck

&GMH! qckg hdtrcmck kanca rdkgdntcck mdotptfck hakahth hcmckck qckg `azdpccmck `dkgck ?322 manemcnea rd mcrapc rd fca= `ck Gcaz Mdhazmakck Kek(Hcmckck &GMKH! qckg hdtrcmck mdotptfck hakahth tkptm rdthcfck. zck`ckg. rdk`a`amck. `ck mdzdfcpck+ GMH `ck GMKH `afaptkg zdjcc pdrazcf tkptm `cdcf rdmepcck `ck rd`dzcck+ Ak`amcpe Mdhazmakck<

c!   Fdc` Jetkp Ak`dv &R2!. qcapt rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm hazmak qckg fa`tr `a ocwcf gcaz mdhazmakck cpct pakgmcp mdhazmakck+ o! Ak`dmz Md`cnchck Mdhazmakck &Reydpq Gcr Ak`dv(R 3!. hdtrcmck tmtck cpc(cpc mdzdklckgck rdkgdntcck hczakg(hczakg rdk`t`tm hazmak pdfc`cr gcaz mdhazmakck+ Zdhcmak pakgga kanca ak`dmz. zdhcmak lctf cpc(cpc rdkgdntcck rdk`t`tm `ca gcaz mdhazmakck+ j! Ak`dmz Mdrccfck Mdhazmakck &Reydpq Zdydapq Ak`dv(R ?!. hdtrcmck gchocck hdkgdkca rdkqdocck rdkgdntcck `a ckpcc rdk`t`tm hazmak+ @cnch rdkdnapack aka ak`amcpe mdhazmakck qckg `agtkcmck c`cncf   Fdc` Jetkp   Ak`dv &R2!+ R@_O hdtrcmck lthncf kanca pchocf qckg `afcznmck endf zdnttf tkap tzcfc

`cnch ztcpt `cdcf pdpdkpt cpct hdtrcmck lthncf kanca occkg `ck lczc cmfa qckg `afczanmck endf zdnttf tkap dmekeha zdnchc rdae`d pdpdkpt+ Rdpthotfck Dmekeha hdtrcmck rdpthotfck `ca R@O%R@_O. `ahckc

R@O%R@_O hdtrcmck lthncf kanca pchocf occkg `ck lczc qckg `afczanmck endf ?1

zdnttf tkap tzcfc `cnch ztcpt kdgcc%`cdcf pdpdkpt. cpct hdtrcmck lthncf kanca occkg `ck lczc cmfa qckg `afczanmck endf zdnttf zdmpe dmekeha rc`c ztcpt kdgcc%`cdcf pdpdkpt `ck rc`c rdae`d pdpdkpt+ Ckgmcpck Mdlc c`cncf rdk`t`tm tzac mdlc &34 pcftk md cpcz! qckg odmdlc cpct

hdhrtkqca rdmdlcck pdpcra zdhdkpcc pa`cm odmdlc. `ck rdkgckggt+ Odmdlc c`cncf mdgacpck dmekeha qckg `ancmtmck zdzdeckg `dkgck hcmzt`

hdhrdendf cpct hdhockpt hdhrdendf rdk`crcpck cpct mdtkptkgck. rcnakg zd`amap 3 lch &pa`cm pdrtptz! `cnch zdhakggt qckg ncnt+ Rdkgckggtck hdtrcmck zdnazaf ckpcc ckgmcpck mdlc `dkgck zdnttf eckg

qckg odmdlc+ Pakgmcp Rdkgckggtck Pdotmc hdtrcmck

rereza `ca eckg qckg

hdkgckggt `aock`akgmck `dkgck lthncf ckgmcpck mdlc+ Pakgmcp mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck hdtrcmck tmtck mdhdcpcck

rdk`crcpck qckg `a`dmcpa `dkgck hdkggtkcmck ckgmc ak`dmz gaka cpae+ Pakgmcp rdk`a`amck rc`c rdkdnapack aka `a`dmcpa `dkgck hdkggtkcmck ckgmc

hdndm ftti &CHF!+ Hdkttp mekzdr `ck `diakaza qckg `amdntcmck ORZ. CHF cpct  C`tnp Napdcjq _cpd c`cncf rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm tzac 34 pcftk md cpcz qckg oazc hdhocjc `ck hdktnaz zdpc hdkgdpa zdotcf mcnahcp zd`dfckc `cnch fa`trkqc zdfca(fca+ CHF `crcp `afaptkg `dkgck hdkggtkcmck `cpc Ztzdkcz Me rdpckqcck „`crcp hdhocjc `ck hdktnaz‘+ Rdk`crcpck `cdcf c`cncf fcm rdhdakpcf `cdcf qckg `acmta zdocgca rdkchocf

kanca mdmcqcck odzaf `cnch rdae`d pcftk odzckgmtpck+

:2

Rdk`crcpck `cdcf pd`aa `ca < 3+ Rdk`crcpck Czna @cdcf &RC@! ?+ @ckc rdahockgck :+ Ncak(ncak rdk`crcpck `cdcf qckg zcf Rdk`crcpck Czna @cdcf &RC@! c`cncf rdk`crcpck qckg `ardendf `cdcf qckg

`artkgtp od`czcmck rdcptck `cdcf zdztca `dkgck rdcptck rdtk`ckg( tk`ckgck tkptm hdkgthrtnmck `ckc gtkc mdrdntck `cdcf qckg odzckgmtpck `cnch hdhoacqca mdgacpckkqc+ RC@ pd`aa `ca rclcm `cdcf. dpaotza `cdcf. fczan rdtzcfcck hanam `cdcf `ck rdkgdnencck mdmcqcck `cdcf qckg `arazcfmck. `ck ncak(ncak rdk`crcpck czna `cdcf qckg zcf+ Rclcm @cdcf c`cncf rtkgtpck qckg `ancmtmck rdhdakpcf `cdcf od`czcmck

rdcptck rdtk`ckg(tk`ckgck qckg odncmt+ Rclcm `cdcf qckg hdtrcmck ocgack `ca rdk`crcpck czna `cdcf &RC@! aka `crcp `aod`cmck `cnch `tc mcpdgea qcapt rclcm `cdcf qckg `apdpcrmck endf rdcptck `cdcf `ck rclcm kdgcc qckg rdkgdnencck `ck rdkggtkcckkqc `azdcfmck mdrc`c `cdcf+ Rdkdahcck rclcm  `cdcf ckpcc ncak rclcm mdk`ccck odhepe. odc ocnam kchc mdk`ccck odhepe. rclcm ocfck ocmc mdk`ccck odhepe. `ck ncak(ncak+ @ckc Rdahockgck c`cncf `ckc qckg odzthod `ca rdk`crcpck CROK qckg

`acnemczamck mdrc`c `cdcf tkptm hdk`ckca mdotptfck `cdcf `cnch ckgmc rdncmzckcck `dzdkpcnazcza+ @ckc Rdahockgck pd`aa `ca Ocga Fczan Rclcm%Otmck Rclcm. @ckc Cnemcza Thth &@CT!. `ck @ckc Cnemcza Mftztz &@CM!+ @ckc Cnemcza Thth &@CT! c`cncf pckzid `ckc `ca rdhdakpcf rtzcp md  &iazjcn gcr! rdhdakpcf `cdcf qckg `ahcmzt`mck tkptm hdktptr mdzdklckgck iazmcn  iazjcn

`ck rdhdcpcck mdhchrtck iazmcn ckpc `cdcf `cnch ckgmc hdhockpt :3

mdhck`aack rdhdakpcf `cdcf hdklcnckmck itkgza `ck ptgczkqc hdncqcka hczqccmcp+ @ckc Cnemcza Mftztz &@CM! c`cncf `ckc qckg `azd`acmck mdrc`c `cdcf tkptm 

hdhdktfa mdotptfck mftztz+

C`c pagc mapdac `ca mdotptfck mftztz zdrdpa

`apdpcrmck `cnch rdcptck rdtk`ckg(tk`ckgck qckg odncmt. qcapt< ( Mdotptfck pa`cm `crcp `ardfaptkgmck `dkgck hdkggtkcmck thtz `ckc cnemcza thth+ ( Mdotptfck hdtrcmck mehaphdk cpct raeapcz kczaekcn ( Mdotptfck tkptm hdhoacqca mdgacpck doeazcza `ck rdkgfalctck endf `cdcf rdkgfczan+ @dkgck `dhamack @CM rc`c `czckqc hdtrcmck pckzid qckg odzaicp zrdzaiam  tkptm ptltck(ptltck qckg zt`cf `agcazmck+ Rclcm Rdkgfczanck &RRf! hdtrcmck rdk`crcpck ocga fczan `ca rclcm rdkgfczanck

pdtpckg endf Wclao Rclcm Eckg Raoc`a `cnch kdgda od`czcmck mdpdkptck Rczcn ?4 `ck Rczcn ?1 Tk`ckg(Tk`ckg pdkpckg rclcm rdkgfczanck qckg odncmt+ Pdhcztm  rdk`crcpck ocga fczan `ca rclcm cpcz rdkgfczanck odtrc gcla. trcf. fekecath. ptklckgck `ck rdhocqcck ncakkqc zdftotkgck `dkgck rdmdlcck cpct lcocpck. lczc `ck mdgacpck qckg `ancmtmck endf Wclao Rclcm Eckg raoc`a od`czcmck mdpdkptck Rczcn ?3 Tk`ckg(Tk`ckg pdkpckg Rclcm Rdkgfczanck &RRf! qckg odncmt+ Trcf hdtrcmck odzckqc ocncz lczc qckg `apdahc endf pdkcgc mdlc qckg

`akqcpcmck `cnch kanca kehakcn hcpc tckg qckg odncmt+ Trcf Hakahth Reyakza &THR! hdtrcmck odzckqc kanca trcf hakahth qckg

zdfctzkqc `apdahc endf rdmdlc qckg odncmt `a ztcpt reyakza+ Trcf hakahth

:?

hdtrcmck trcf rdhtncck qckg `apdahc endf zdeckg rdmdlc cpct ottf qckg `crcp `ardgtkcmck tkptm hdhdktfa mdotptfck fa`trkqc zdjcc hakahcn+ Akincza < Rdock`akgck `ca R@_O cpcz `czc fcgc odncmt pdfc`cr R@_O cpcz

`czc fcgc mekzpck+ Akincza rc`c rdkdnapack aka zdocgca `dincpe pdfc`cr R@_O

?+?+Rdkdnapack Pdmcap Qt`feqeke &?220! hdncmtmck rdkdnapack `dkgck lt`tn Rdhockgtkck

Rdpckack `ck Rd`dzcck zdocgca Trcqc Hdkgcpcza Mdhazmakck `ck Rdkgckggtck< Ckcnazaz Dmekeha(Renapam Mdoalcmck Iazmcn+ Hdkttp Qt`feqeke &?220!. mdhazmakck `ck rdkgckggtck hczaf hdklc`a hczcncf tpchc `a Ak`ekdzac+ Rdpthotfck dmekeha `ck zpcoanapcz hcme qckg pdncf pdlc`a odnth hdkjtmtra tkptm hdkgtckga ckgmc mdhazmakck `ck ckgmc rdkgckggtck+ Rdkdnapack aka zdk`aa odptltck hdklcwco ocgcahckc mdoalcmck iazmcn `cnch hdkgtckga odock mdhazmakck

`ck

rdkgckggtck+

@dkgck

hdkggtkcmck

he`dn

zahtnpck

hdkggtkcmck `cpc zdadz Ak`ekdzac `ca pcftk 3160(?22:. odnact hdk`crcpmck ocfwc rdkgdntcck qckg `azdpca `dkgck mdoalcmck trcf cmck hchrt hdkgtckga mdhazmakck `ck rdkgckggtck+ Keyac`a &?232! `dkgck rdkdnapack odlt`tn Rdtocfck Zptmpt Dmekeha

`ck Pakgmcp Rdkgckggtck `a Ak`ekdzac. hdkggtkcmck `cpc rckdn ?9 reyakza. `ca pcftk ?222(?221 hdhrdendf mdzahrtnck ocfwc rdpthotfck zdmpe rdpckack `ck akydzpcza zagkaiamck hdkttkmck pakgmcp rdkgckggtck+ Rtonamcza

ORZ

&?221!

qckg

odlt`tn

Ckcnazaz

Mdhazmakck.

Mdpdkcgcmdlcck `ck @azpaotza Rdk`crcpck. `dkgck hdkggtkcmck `cpc rckdn hdhrdendf mdzahrtnck ocfwc pakgmcp rdkgckggtck zagkaiamck hdhrdkgctfa ::

pakgmcp mdhazmakck. kchtk rdpthotfck dmekeha `ck ak`dmz gaka cpae pa`cm  zagkaiamck+ Fclala &?232! `dkgck rdkdnapack odlt`tn Mdpdmcapck Ckpcc Rdpthotfck

Dmekeha. Mdpahrckgck Rdk`crcpck `ck Rdkgdkpczck mdhazmakck `a Reyakza _act ?22?(?226 qckg odptltck tkptm hdkgdpcfta icmpe(icmpe qckg hdhrdkgctfa mdhazmakck `a Reyakza _act `dkgck hdkggtkcmck `cpc rckdn 32 mcotrcpdk `ca pcftk ?22?(?226+ Odnact hdhrdendf mdzahrtnck ocfwc rdpthotfck dmekeha `ck rdocamck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck zagkaiamck hdkgdkpczmck mdhazmakck+

?+:+Mdckgmc Rama

Rdkdnapack aka `aiemtzmck rc`c pdnccf pdfc`cr rdck rdpthotfck dmekeha

pdfc`cr

rdhczcncfck

hcmedmekeha

zdrdpa<

mdhazmakck.

rdkgckggtck `ck mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck+ Odod`c `dkgck rdkdnapack zdodnthkqc qckg hdhe`dnmck `ck hdkgckcnazaz ftotkgck ckpcc rdpthotfck dmekeha `ck mdhazmakck zclc. zpt`a aka ltgc hdhrdfaptkgmck ftotkgck ckpcc rdpthotfck dmekeha pdfc`cr rdkgckggtck zdpc rdck pa`cm nckgztkg `ca rdpthotfck dmekeha

pdfc`cr mdhazmakck `ck mdpahrckgck `azpaotza

rdk`crcpck+ @a zchrakg apt. tkptm hdhrdntcz `ck hdhrdmcqc jcmtrck ckcnazaz pdmcap rdpthotfck dmekeha `dkgck rdhczcncfck qckg pdlc`a. zdlthncf ycacodn ncak pdtpchc akpdydkza rdhdakpcf zdrdpa rdkgdntcck rdhdakpcf tkptm  mdzdfcpck `ck rdk`a`amck. rclcm `cdcf. @CT. @CM. rclcm rdkgfczanck. rdkdpcrck THR. rdkgdk`cnack pakgmcp akincza. ckgmc hdndm ftti `ck rereza eckg qckg odmdlc `a zdmpe akiehcn zdpc mek`aza mdhazmakck cwcn `alc`amck :0

zdocgca ycacodn dmzegdk+ Zdjcc akgmcz. mdckgmc rama hdkgdkca mdpdmcapck ckpc ycacodn `cnch rdkdnapack aka pdzcla hdncnta ocgck odamtp<

Akpdydkza Rdhdakpcf ( ( (

Rdck Cnemcza Rdck @azpaotza Rdck Zpcoanazcza

Pakgmcp Rdkgckggtck Pdotmc &PRP!

Rdpthotfck Dmekeha

Mekzthza _thcf Pckggc

@azpaotza Rdk`crcpck

Pakgmcp Mdhazmakck &FJA!

Gchoc ?+ Mdckgmc Rama Ycacodn(ycacodn dk`egdk `ck dmzegdk `cnch mdckgmc rama zdjcc `acgchcpam `azclamck rc`c Gchoc :. qckg hdtrcmck cnt `ca he`dn+ @acgch pdzdotp hdtrcmck `czc tkptm hdncmtmck rdhe`dnck cpctrtk ckcnazaz `cnch rdkdnapack aka+ :4

Gchoc :+ He`dn Rdck Rdpthotfck Dmekeha `ck Akpdydkza Rdhdakpcf `a Oa`ckg Iazmcn Pdfc`cr Mdhazmakck. Rdkgckggtck `ck Mdpahrckgck @azpaotza Rdk`crcpck Mdpdckgck<

8 Cnack Rdkgctf

8 Ycacodn Dmzegdk

8 Ycacodn Dk`egdk

?+0+ Farepdzaz Rdkdnapack

3+ Rdpthotfck dmekeha hdkttkmck pakgmcp mdhazmakck. rdkgckggtck `ck mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck+ ?+ Pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc &PRP! hdhrdkgctfa mdhazmakck `ck mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck+ :+ Mdhazmakck `ck mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck hdkttkmck mekzthza hczqccmcp+ 0+ Mekzthza hczqccmcp hdhrdkgctfa rdpthotfck dmekeha+ 4+ Akpdydkza rdhdakpcf hdhrdkgctfa rdpthotfck dmekeha. rdkgckggtck. mdhazmakck `ck mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck+

:9

OCO AAA HDPE@ENEGA

:+3+ _tckg Nakgmtr Rdkdnapack

Rdkdnapack aka odazamck pdkpckg mdpdmcapck ododcrc rdhczcncfck hcmedmekeha qcapt rdpthotfck dmekeha. pakgmcp rdkgckggtck. pakgmcp mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck `ck pakgmcp mdhazmakck+ Rdkdnapack aka ltgc hdkgchcpa ocgcahckc rdck rdhdakpcf `cnch hdkckggtnckga rdhczcncfck( rdhczcncfck hcmedmekeha pdzdotp+ Rdkdnapack aka hdkggtkcmck `cpc jezz zdjpaek `ca :2 reyakza. `ahckc Reyakza Mdrtnctck _act. Ztncwdza Occp `ck Rcrtc Occp pdgcotkg rc`c reyakza czcnkqc qcapt Reyakza _act. Ztncwdza Zdncpck `ck Rcrtc+ Reyakza( reyakza pdzdotp `achcpa zdnchc mttk wcmpt 0 pcftk `cnch rdae`d ?224 ‚ ?226+ Rdkdnapack aka `afccrmck hchrt hdklcwco ocgcahckc mdpdmcapck ckpcc rdhczcncfck hcmedmekeha `ck ocgcahckc akpdydkza rdhdakpcf pttp ck`an `cnch rdhczcncfck aka+ :+?+ Hdpe`d Rdkgthrtnck @cpc

Zdhtc `cpc qckg `agtkcmck `cnch rdkdnapack aka. mdjtcna trcf hakahth reyakza &THR! `ck rdkgdntcck rdhdakpcf hdkttp itkgza mdzdfcpck `ck rdk`a`amck hdtrcmck `cpc zdmtk`d qckg odzthod `ca ORZ+ Zdjcc ndkgmcr. rdkldnczck hdkgdkca `cpc qckg `agtkcmck c`cncf zdocgca odamtp< 3+ @cpc R@O Kczaekcn `ck R@_O reyakza cpcz `czc fcgc mekzpck pcftk ?222+ @cnch rdkdnapack aka. `ca `cpc R@_O zdpacr reyakza `ancmtmck rdkgfaptkgck tkptm hdhrdendf rdpthotfck dmekeha+ Rdpthotfck dmekeha &Gewpf! :7

rc`c pcftk pdpdkpt hdtrcmck rdzdkpczd rdtocfck `ca R@_O pcftk pdpdkpt pdfc`cr R@_O pcftk zdodnthkqc+

ℋ. 8 .. . 322$ `ahckc <

&3!

a 8 reyakza &Cjdf. Zthcpdc Tpcc.…. Rcrtc! p 8 pcftk &?224. ?229. ?227. ?226!

 Fdc` Jetkp Ak`dv ! ?+ @cpc rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm hazmak & Fdc`

Zthod `cpc< rtonamcza ORZ „@cpc `ck Akiehcza Mdhazmakck = Otmt 3< Rerakza‘ &odocgca pcftk!

:+ @cpc pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc &PRP! Zthod `cpc< rtonamcza ORZ „Ak`amcpe Mdzdlcfpdcck _cmqcp‘ &odocgca pcftk! 0+ @cpc `azpaotza rdk`crcpck `a`dmcpa `dkgck hdkggtkcmck gaka cpae ak`dv ORZ hdncmtmck rdkgfaptkgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck hdkggtkcmck  revq rdkgdntcck qckg `cpckqc `ardendf `ca ZTZDKCZ he`tn mekzthza rc`c pcftk ?224 `ck ?227+ Tkptm hdndkgmcra `cpc. rdkdnapa hdncmtmck rdkgfaptkgck hdkggtkcmck cw `cpc ZTZDKCZ me `dkgck hdkggtkcmck thtz rdkgfaptkgck zdocgca odamtp <

83∟ ∓ &&. - .&!!    .

&?!

@ahckc < Gaka 8 Gaka cpae ak`dv tkptm hdwcmana `azpaotza rdk`crcpck 8 Rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm mdnehrem md(a

8 Rdzdkpczd mthtncpai rdk`crcpck mdnehrem md(a

a

8 3. ?. :. … . k

4+ @cpc trcf hakahth rerakza &THR! Zthod< @drcpdhdk Pdkcgc Mdlc `ck Pckzhagcza &@DRKCMD_P_CKZ! :6

9+ @cpc mekzthza thcf pckggc @cpc mekzthza thcf pckggc qckg `agtkcmck `cnch rdkdnapack aka hdtrcmck ocgack `ca mehrekdk rdkqtztk R@_O hdkttp rdkgdntcck &dvrdk`aptd crrecjf !

Zthod< ORZ 7+ @cpc rdkgdntcck rdhdakpcf hdkttp itkgza mdzdfcpck `ck rdk`a`amck Zthod < Mdhdkpdack Mdtckgck 6+ @cpc rclcm `cdcf `ck rclcm rdkgfczanck &RRf! Zthod< ORZ Zto`ap Mdtckgck @cdcf 1+ @cpc `ckc cnemcza thth &@CT! `ck `ckc cnemcza mftztz &@CM! Zthod < ORZ Zto`ap Mdtckgck @cdcf 32+ Ckgmc Hdndm Ftti &napdcjq cpd! Ckgmc hdndm ftti tkptm hdnafcp rdck rdhdakpcf `cnch mdoalcmck oa`ckg rdk`a`amck `ardendf `ca rtonamcza ORZ „  Ak`amcpe Mdzdlcfpdcck _cmqcp ‘ &odocgca pcftk! 33+ @cpc rereza zdmpe akiehcn @cpc aka `ardendf `ca rtonamcza ORZ „ @cpc `ck Akiehcza Mdhazmakck ‘ 3?+ @cpc AFM @cpc AFM cpct ak`dmz fcgc mekzthdk `agtkcmck tkptm hdhrdendf pakgmcp akincza `ahckc rdkdnapack aka hdkggtkcmck akincza   qdc ek qdc  zdpacr otnck Hcdp &  Hcjf pe Hcjf!+ Rdkgfaptkgck akincza pa`cm odod`c lctf `dkgck rdkgfaptkgck rdpthotfck dmekeha+ Akincza hdtrcmck rdzdkpczd rdtocfck AFM otnck hcdp rc`c ztcpt pcftk lamc `aock`akgmck AFM pcftk zdodnthkqc. cpct `crcp `athtzmck zdocgca odamtp < :1

Akncza. 8 ... v 322 $

&:!

@ahckc < a 8 reyakza &Cjdf. Zthcpdc Tpcc. … . Rcrtc ! p 8 pcftk &?224. ?229. ?227. ?226 ! Zthod `cpc < ORZ @cpc qckg `agtkcmck tkptm ckcnazaz akiddkzac hdtrcmck `cpc rckdn qckg hdkjcmtr :2 reyakza `cnch rdae`d pcftk ?224(?226+ Rdkgencfck `cpc(`cpc pdzdotp `ancmtmck `dkgck hdkggtkcmck zdlthncf regch. qcmka<  Hajezeip  .   Cj Yadw :+: `ck   Dyadwz 9+2+ Mdgacpck rdkgencfck `cpc `dkgck   Dvjdn ?227  hdkggtkcmck   Hajezeip Dvjdn ?227  hdkjcmtr rdkgfaptkgck rdpthotfck dmekeha. `azpaotza rdk`crcpck &gaka cpae ak`dv! `ck akincza zdpc rdhotcpck pcodn `ck gciam tkptm mdrdkpakgck ckcnazaz `dzmarpai+ Zdncak rdkqclack pcodn `ck gciam. rdkdnapack aka ltgc hdkggtkcmck rdpc qckg `aotcp `dkgck hdkggtkcmck ockptck   Cj Yadw :+:+ Zd`ckgmck rdkgencfck `cpc `dkgck hdkggtkcmck   Dyadwz 9+2

`agtkcmck tkptm hdkgdzpahcza rcchdpd(rcchdpd he`dn dgdza `ck zpcpazpam( zpcpazpam qckg `agtkcmck tkptm mdrdkpakgck ckcnazaz akiddkzac zdpc tla(tla iehcn hdkqckgmtp rdhanafck hdpe`d dzpahcza zdpc zrdzaiamcza he`dn pdocam+

:+:+ Hdpe`d Ckcnazaz Ckcnazaz @dzmarpai 

Ckcnazaz `dzmarpai rc`c rdkdnapack aka hdnartpa rdkqclack hdncnta pcodn. gciam. rdpc. `ck zdocgcakqc+ Ckcnazaz `dzmarpai `ancmtmck rc`c rdkdnapack aka odptltck

tkptm

hdhrdendf

gchocck

hdkgdkca

pakgmcp

mdhazmakck.

mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck. pakgmcp rdkgckggtck `ck rdpthotfck dmekeha `a Ak`ekdzac+ 02

Ckcnazaz Akiddkzac

Ckcnazaz Akiddkzac rc`c rdkdnapack aka iemtz rc`c rdzecnck ocgcahckc rdckck rdpthotfck dmekeha `ck akpdydkza rdhdakpcf `a oa`ckg iazmcn pdfc`cr pakgmcp rdkgckggtck. pakgmcp mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck `ck pakgmcp mdhazmakck `a Ak`ekdzac+ Tkptm hdklcwco fcn pdzdotp. rdkdnapa hdncmtmck ? rdhe`dnck qcapt

he`dn rdzchcck zahtnpck &zahtnpckdetz

dstcpaekz he`dn ! `ck he`dn rdzchcck ptkggcn &zakgnd dstcpaek he`dn !+ @cpc

qckg `agtkcmck tkptm ckcnazaz akiddkzac hdtrcmck `cpc rckdn `ca :2 reyakza qckg `achcpa `cnch mttk wcmpt 0 pcftk &?224 ‚ ?226!+

Ckcnazaz @cpc Rckdn

@cpc qckg `agtkcmck `cnch ckcnazaz dmekehdpamc pd`aa `ca : ldkaz. qcapt `cpc pahd(zdadz. `cpc jezz(zdjpaek. `ck `cpc rckdn+ Rc`c `cpc pahd zdadz. zcpt cpct ndoaf ycacodn cmck `achcpa rc`c zcpt tkap eozdycza `cnch mttk wcmpt pdpdkpt+ Zd`ckgmck `cpc jezz(zdjpaek hdtrcmck chcpck `ca ododcrc tkap eozdycza `cnch zcpt papam wcmpt+ @cpc rckdn &  rckdn reend` `cpc! hdtrcmck gcotkgck `cpc jezz zdjpaek `ck zdadz + @dkgck mcpc ncak. `cpc rckdn hdtrcmck `cpc `ca ododcrc ak`aya`t zchc qckg `achcpa `cnch mttk wcmpt pdpdkpt+ Lamc mapc hdhanama P  rdae`d wcmpt &p 8 3.?.+++.P ! `ck  K  lthncf ak`aya`t &a 8 3.?.+++.K !. !. hcmc `dkgck `cpc rckdn mapc cmck hdhanama pepcn tkap eozdycza zdockqcm  KP   KP + Lamc  lthncf tkap wcmpt zchc tkptm zdpacr ak`aya`t. hcmc `cpc `azdotp ocnckjd` rckdn + Lamc zdocnamkqc. qcmka lthncf tkap wcmpt odod`c tkptm zdpacr ak`aya`t. hcmc `azdotp tkocnckjd` rckdn +

03

@cnch rdkdnapack aka. `agtkcmck `cpc qckg odzaicp ocnckjd` rckdn + Endf mcdkc `cpc `ardendf `ca :2 reyakza qckg `achcpa `cnch mttk wcmpt 0 pcftk hcmc `ardendf 3?2 eozdycza+ Rdkggtkcck `cpc rckdn rc`c `czckqc hdtrcmck zentza cpcz mdpa`cmpdzd`acck `cpc pahd(zdadz qckg jtmtr rcklckg tkptm  mdrdkpakgck ckcnazaz dmekehdpamc+ Hdkttp Ocnpcga &?224!. rdkggtkcck `cpc rckdn `cnch dgdza hdhanama ododcrc mdtkptkgck. `ackpcckqc < 3+ @dkgck hdkggcotkgmck `cpc pahd zdadz `ck jezz zdjpaek. rckdn hdkqd`acmck `cpc qckg ndoaf ockqcm `ck akiehcza qckg ndoaf ndkgmcr zdpc odycacza+ @dkgck `dhamack cmck `afczanmck `dgdzz ei idd`eh &`dclcp odocz! qckg ndoaf odzc `ck hchrt hdkakgmcpmck rdzaza `ca dzpahcza qckg `ancmtmck+ ?+ @cpc rckdn hchrt hdkgcmehe`cza pakgmcp fdpdegdkapcz ak`aya`t( ak`aya`t qckg pa`cm `aeozdycza kchtk `crcp hdhrdkgctfa fczan `ca rdhe`dnck &ak`aya`tcn fdpdegdkdapq!+ Fcn aka pa`cm `crcp `ancmtmck endf zpt`a pahd zdadz hctrtk jezz zdjpaek zdfakggc `crcp hdkqdocomck fczan qckg `ardendf hdncnta md`tc zpt`a aka cmck hdklc`a oacz+ :+ @cpc rckdn `crcp `agtkcmck tkptm hdhrdnclca md`akchazck `cpc+ Cpakqc `crcp `agtkcmck tkptm hdhrdendf akiehcza ocgcahckc mek`aza ak`aya`t(ak`aya`t rc`c wcmpt pdpdkpt `aock`akgmck rc`c mek`azakqc rc`c wcmpt qckg ncakkqc+ 0+ @cpc rckdn `crcp hdkga`dkpaiamczamck `ck hdkgtmt didm qckg pa`cm `crcp `apckgmcr endf `cpc jezz zdjpaek htka hctrtk `cpc pahd zdadz htka+

0?

4+ @cpc rckdn hdhtkgmakmck tkptm hdhockgtk `ck hdkgtla he`dn qckg odzaicp ndoaf thap `aock`akgmck `cpc jezz zdjpaek htka hctrtk `cpc pahd zdadz htka+

9+ @cpc rckdn `crcp hdhakahcnmck oacz qckg `afczanmck endf cgdgcza ak`aya`t mcdkc tkap eozdycza pdncnt ockqcm+ _dgdza `cpc rckdn odod`c `dkgck dgdza pahd zdadz hctrtk jezz zdjpaek+ _dgdza `cpc rckdn hdhanama `etond ztozjarp  rc`c zdpacr ycacodn.

`ahckc a hdktkltmmck ak`aya`t `ck czrdm  jezz zdjpaek. zd`ckgmck p  hdktkltmmck wcmpt zdmcnagtz zdocgca czrdm pahd zdadz+ _dgdza `cpc rckdn `crcp `ahe`dnmck zdocgca odamtp <

 8- -  -  8Cjdf.Zthtp.…. ‿ 

Rcrtc=

&0!

 8 ?2 ?224 24.. ?2 ?229 29.. ?2 ?227 27.. ?2 ?226 26==

γ hdtrcmck mekzpckpc. ο odtmtck R v 3 hdtrcmck rcchdpd fczan dzpahcza

`ck   hdktkltmmck eozdycza md(ap  `ca R ycacodn odocz+



hdtrcmck didm 

ak`aya`t qckg odod`c(od`c tkptm zdpacr ak`aya`t md(a+ Zd`ckgmck  hdtrcmck de  dgdza zdrdpa fcnkqc rc`c he`dn dgdza mnczam+

He`dn rdzchcck `acpcz `azdotp ekd(wcq he`dn cpct he`dn zcpt ccf. mcdkc fckqc hdhcztmmck didm ak`aya`t & ! `cnch he`dn+ Lamc he`dn ltgc hdhcztmmck didm `ca wcmpt. hcmc `azdotp pwe(wcq he`dn cpct he`dn `tc ccf `ck zdjcc hcpdhcpaz `crcp `aptnazmck zdocgca odamtp<

 8  -  -  - ‿   - 

 8 Cjdf.Zth f.Zthtp. … . Rcrtc=

&4!

 8 ?2 ?224 24.. ?2 ?229 29.. ?2 ?227 27.. ?2 ?226 26== `ahckc  hdtrcmck didm wcmpt cpct mehrekdk pdk+ Mdodc`cck



hdhrdoendfmck rdgdzdck akpdzdr dgdza ckpc wcmpt+ Lamc didm wcmpt odzaicp 0:

zazpdhcpam cpct pa`cm cjcm. hcmc mehrekdk aka `crcp `agckpamck endf zdlthncf ycacodn `thhq wcmpt+

Dzpahcza He`dn _dgdza `dkgck Hdkggtkcmck @cpc Rckdn

Pagc hcjch dzpahcza he`dn qckg `crcp `agtkcmck `cnch ckcnazaz dgdza `cpc rckdn c`cncf he`dn jehhek diidjpz.   iavd` diidjpz. `ck ck`eh diidjpz+ Rc`c `czckqc. rdod`cck qckg hdk`czca mdpagckqc c`cncf mdodc`cck didm zrdzaiam 



ak`aya`t & !+ !+ Mdodc`cck didm zrdzaiam ak`aya`t `ck mednczakqc `dkgck ycacodn rdkldncz qckg pdchcpa `agtkcmck+

& !

zckgcp hdkdkptmck zrdzaiamcza he`dn qckg cmck

 C+ Jehhek Diidjpz He`dn 

He`dn jehhek diidjpz hdtrcmck rdk`dmcpck `cpc rckdn qckg rcnakg zd`dfckc+ He`dn aka pa`cm hdhrdfcpamck `ahdkza ak`aya`t hctrtk wcmpt zdfakggc `aczthzamck ocfwc rdancmt ckpc ak`aya`t zchc `cnch odocgca mttk wcmpt+ He`dn aka fckqc hdkgmehoakczamck `cpc pahd zdadz `ck jezz zdjpaek `cnch

odkptm   reen.

hdkgdzpahczakqc

hdkggtkcmck

rdk`dmcpck

mtc`cp

 reend` ndczp zstcd + pdmdjan% 

C`crtk rdzchcck dgdza `cnch he`dn jehhek diidjpz `crcp `aptnaz zdocgca odamtp<

 8- -  8Cjdf.Zthtp.…. ‿ 

Rcrtc=

&9!

 8 ?2 ?224 24.. ?2 ?229 29.. ?2 ?227 27.. ?2 ?226 26==

`ahckc a hdktkltmmck jezz zdjpaek &ak`aya`t! `ck p  hdktkltmmck rdae`d wcmptkqc+ @dkgck czthza mehrekdk de  `cnch rdkgencfck mtc`cp pdmdjan

00

oaczc. rezdz dzpahcza zdjcc pdrazcf tkptm zdpacr tkap jezz zdjpaek `crcp `ancmtmck+ Od`czcmck czthza zptmpt hcpamz ycackz(meycackz dza`tcnkqc. rc`c he`dn jehhek diidjpz. c`c 0 hdpe`d dzpahcza qckg `crcp `agtkcmck. qcmka< 3! E`akcq Ndczp Zstcd &ENZ!.   lamc zptmpt hcpamz ycackz(meycackz dza`tcnkqc `aczthzamck odzaicp fehezmd`czpam `ck pa`cm c`c jezz zdjpaekcn jedncpaek+

?! Gdkdcna|d` Ndczp Zstcd &GNZ!% Wdagfpd` Ndczp Zstcd &WNZ!< Jezz Zdjpaekcn Wdagfp.   lamc zptmpt hcpamz ycackz(meycackz

dza`tcnkqc `aczthzamck odzaicp fdpdezmd`cpam `ck pa`cm c`c jezz zdjpaekcn jedncpaek+

:! Idczaond Gdkdcna|d` Ndczp Zstcd &IGNZ!% Zddhakgnq Tkjedncpd`    _dgdzzaek &ZT_! cpct   Hcvahth Namdnafee` Dzpahcpe &HND!.  lamc

zptmpt hcpamz ycackz(meycackz dza`tcnkqc `aczthzamck odzaicp fdpdezmd`czpam `ck c`c jezz zdjpaekcn jedncpaek+ 0! Idczaond

Gdkdcna|d`

Ndczp

Zstcd

&IGNZ!

`dkgck

rezdz

ctpedgdzzayd &C_! rc`c de pdh( kqc. lamc zptmpt hcpamz

ycackz(meycackz dza`tcnkqc `aczthzamck odzaicp fdpdezmd`czpam  `ck c`c medncza ckpc wcmpt rc`c dza`tcnkqc+  O+  Iavd` Diidjpz He`dn 

He`dn Iavd` diidjpz hdkgczthzamck ocfwc pd`crcp didm qckg odod`c ckpc ak`aya`t+ Rdod`cck apt `crcp `acmehe`cza hdncnta rdod`cck rc`c akpdzdrkqc+ Endf mcdkc apt. `cnch he`dn   iavd` diidjpz. zdpacr

04



hdtrcmck

rcchdpd qckg pa`cm `amdpcfta `ck cmck `adzpahcza `dkgck hdkggtkcmck pdmkam  ycacodn `thhq qckg `crcp `aptnaz zdocgca odamtp<

 8- -  -   8  - 2 2 …… 22  -    ……     -  ⋫ ⋫ 2⋫ 2⋫ ⋥⋳ ⋫ ⋫  ⋫ ⋫⋳… ⋫ ⋫ ⋫ ‿ 

&7!

&6!

Pdmkam zdrdpa `acpcz `akchcmck  Ndczp zstcd @thhq Ycacodn &NZ@Y!+

Zdncak `apdcrmck tkptm didm pacr ak`aya`t . NZ@Y aka ltgc `crcp hdkgcmehe`cza didm wcmpt qckg odzaicp zazpdham+ Fcn aka `crcp `ancmtmck hdncnta rdkchocfck ycacodn `thhq wcmpt `a `cnch he`dn+ Od`czcmck czthza zptmpt hcpamz ycackz(meycackz dza`tcnkqc. rc`c he`dn iavd` diidjpz. c`c : hdpe`d dzpahcza qckg `crcp `agtkcmck. qcmka< 3! E`akcq Ndczp Zstcd &ENZ%NZ@Y!.   lamc zptmpt hcpamz ycackz( meycackz dza`tcnkqc `aczthzamck odzaicp fehezmd`czpam `ck pa`cm  c`c jezz zdjpaekcn jedncpaek+ ?! Wdagfpd` Ndczp Zstcd &WNZ!.  lamc zptmpt hcpamz ycackz(meycackz dza`tcnkqc `aczthzamck odzaicp fdpdezmd`czpam `ck pa`cm c`c jezz zdjpaekcn jedncpaek+

:! Zddhakgnq Tkjedncpd` _dgdzzaek &ZT_!.

  lamc zptmpt hcpamz

ycackz(meycackz dza`tcnkqc `aczthzamck odzaicp fdpdezmd`czpam  `ck c`c jezz zdjpaekcn jedncpaek+ J+ _ck`eh Diidjpz He`dn

Odod`c `dkgck   iavd` diidjpz he`dn. didm zrdzaiam `ca hczakg(hczakg ak`aya`t



`ardncmtmck zdocgca ocgack `ca mehrekdk de  qckg odzaicp cjcm 

`ck pa`cm odmedncza `dkgck ycacodn rdkldncz qckg pdchcpa 09

& !

. he`dn zdrdpa

aka `akchcmck ck`eh diidjpz he`dn &_DH!+ He`dn aka zdakg `azdotp ltgc `dkgck de jehrekdkp he`dn &DJH!+ @dkgck `dhamack. rdzchcck he`dn ck`eh diidjpz `crcp `aptnazmck zdocgca odamtp<

 8- -  8Cjdf.Zthtp.…. ‿ 

Rcrtc=

&1!

 8 ?2 ?224 24.. ?2 ?229 29.. ?2 ?227 27.. ?2 ?226 26==

@ahckc ∹

 8  -  =  ! 8 2 =  ! 8   -  =  .  8 2 =  ≢  =     ! 8 2=   ! 8    8      8 2

Hdzmartk mehrekdk de wap  odzaicp fehemd`czpam. kqcpckqc pd`crcp medncza ckpcc wap  `ck wap ∟ z &dstajedncpaek!. qcmka<

 . !  8

  

&32!

Mcdkc apt. hdpe`d ENZ pa`cm oazc `agtkcmck tkptm hdk`crcpmck dzpahcpe qckg diazadk ocga he`dn ck`eh diidjpz + Hdpe`d qckg pdrcp tkptm hdkgdzpahcza he`dn ck`eh diidjpz c`cncf Gdkdcna|d` Ndczp Zstcdz &GNZ! `dkgck czthza

fehemd`czpam `ck pa`cm c`c jezz(zdjpaekcn jezz(zdjpaekcn jedncpaek+

Rdkqdndmzack He`dn

@ca mdpagc he`dn qckg pdncf `aocfcz zdodnthkqc. mdht`ack `aranaf qckg hckc he`dn qckg rcnakg pdrcp `agtkcmck `cnch rdkdnapack+ Rdhanafck he`dn `crcp `ancmtmck zdjcc iehcn hctrtk akiehcn `dkgck hdhrdpahockgmck ododcrc fcn pdpdkpt+ 07

Lt`gd &3162! hdkqcpcmck c`c rdod`cck hdk`czc tkptm hdkdkptmck ranafck ckpcc IDH &Iavd` Diidjpz He`dn ! `ck DJH & De Jehrekdkp He`dn! ckpcc ncak zdocgca odamtp &Gtlccpa. ?220!< 3! Lamc P <hncf `cpc pahd zdadz! odzc `ck K <hncf tkap jezz(zdjpaek! mdjan. rdod`cck ckpcc IDH `ck DJH c`cncf zckgcp paraz+ Endf mcdkc apt. `crcp `ancmtmck rdkgfaptkgck zdjcc mekydkzaekcn+ Rc`c mdc`cck aka. IDH htkgmak ndoaf `aztmca+ ?! Mdpamc K odzc `ck P mdjan. dzpahcza `ardendf `dkgck `tc hdpe`d `crcp odod`c zdjcc zagkaiamck+ Rc`c DJH.



 8-

. `ahckc

c`cncf mehrekdk ck`eh jezz(zdjpaek `ck rc`c IDH.



`apdpcrmck `ck pa`cm cjcm+ Lamc mapc zckgcp qcmak `ck rdjcqc ocfwc

ak`aya`t. cpctrtk tkap jezz(zdjpaek zchrdn mapc c`cncf pa`cm cjcm. hcmc IDH ndoaf jejem `agtkcmck+ Lamc tkap jezz(zdjpaek zchrdn c`cncf ck`eh%cjcm. hcmc DJH ndoaf jejem `agtkcmck+ :! Mehrekdk de  ak`aya`t



`ck zcpt cpct ndoaf dgdze odmedncza.

dzpahcpe qckg odczcn `ca DJH c`cncf oacz. zd`ckgmck qckg odczcn `ca IDH c`cncf tkoaczd` + 0! Lamc K odzc `ck P mdjan. zdpc lamc czthza tkptm DJH pdrdktfa. hcmc dzpahcpe DJH ndoaf diazadk `aock`akg dzpahcpe IDH+ Zdjcc iehcn. c`c pagc rezd`t rdkgtlack qckg cmck `agtkcmck. qcapt tla zpcpazpam I qckg `agtkcmck tkptm hdhanaf ckpcc he`dn jehhek diidjpz cpct iavd`  diidjpz= tla   Nckgckgd Htnparnad &NH! qckg `agtkcmck tkptm hdhanaf ckpcc

he`dn jehhek diidjpz cpct he`dn ck`eh diidjpz= `ck tla  Fctzhck qckg `agtkcmck tkptm hdhanaf ckpcc he`dn iavd` diidjpz cpct he`dn ck`eh diidjpz+ 06

C+ Rdkgtlack Zagkaiamckza He`dn Iavd` Diidjpz

Rdkgtlack zagkaiamckza he`dn iavd` diidjpz `ancmtmck `dkgck tla zpcpazpam I+ Tla I `agtkcmck tkptm hdkgdpcfta crcmcf pdmkam dgdza `cpc rckdn `dkgck iavd`  diidjpz ndoaf ocam `ca he`dn dgdza jehhek diidjpz+ Farepdzaz ktnn &F2! qckg

`agtkcmck c`cncf he`dn jehhek diidjpz ndoaf ocam. `dkgck mcpc ncak pa`cm  pd`crcp rdod`cck ckpc ak`aya`t+ C`crtk tla I zpcpazpamkqc c`cncf zdocgca odamtp<

!%&! { &= =& ∟3!= & ∟∟! !  ℋ8 &%&!

&33!

`ahckc k 8 lthncf ak`aya`t= P 8 rdae`d eozdycza= m 8 lthncf rcchdpd `cnch he`dn   iavd` diidjpz= _ZZ3 hdtrcmck dza`tcn zth ei zstcdz jehhek diidjpz he`dn. zd`ckgmck _ZZ? hdtrcmck dza`tcn zth ei zstcdz iavd` zstcdz  iavd` diidjpz he`dn+

Kanca I faptkg cmck hdkgamtpa `azpaotza zpcpazpam I `dkgck `dclcp odocz &`i! }k(3x `ck }kP(k(mx+ Lamc kanca zpcpazpam I faptkg ndoaf odzc `carc`c I pcodn rc`c γ pdpdkpt. hcmc farepdzaz ktnn cmck `apencm zdfakggc `crcp `azahrtnmck pdmkam dgdza `cpc rckdn `dkgck   iavd` diidjpz ndoaf ocam `ca he`dn dgdza `cpc rckdn pckrc ycacodn `thhq &jehhek diidjpz!+

O+ Rdkgtlack Zagkaiamckza He`dn _ck`eh Diidjpz

Tkptm rdkgtlack zagkaiamckza zagkaiamckz a he`dn ck`eh diidjpz `crcp `agtkcmck tla  Nckgckgd Htnparnad  &NH!+ He`dn aka `a`czcmck rc`c kanca dza`tcn `ca he`dn jehhek diidjpz+ Farepdzaz ktnn &F2! qckg `agtkcmck c`cncf ocfwc ycackz `ca

didm zrdzaiam ak`aya`t

γa

zchc `dkgck ken. qcmka

? ϊ  

γ  

8 2.

cpct `dkgck mcpc ncak

pa`cm pd`crcp c`ckqc didm pa`cm pdchcpa rc`c mehrekdk de  he`dn ck`eh

01

diidjpz+ @dkgck mcpc ncak he`dn jehhek diidjpz ndoaf ocam `ca ck`eh diidjpz he`dn+

C`crtk kanca zpcpazpam NH `afaptkg od`czcmck iehtnc zdocgca odamtp<

    ∓ ∓ &  !          88 &!!  ∓ ∓ ∟ 3

{ .? 3

`ahckc k 8 lthncf ak`aya`t= P 8 lthncf rdae`d wcmpt `ck

&3?!



c`cncf dza`tcn

he`dn jehhek diidjpz+ NH cmck hdkgamtpa `azpaotza jfa(zstcd `dkgck `dclcp odocz &`i! zdodzc 3+ Lamc NH ndoaf odzc `ca jfa(zstcd rc`c pcodn `dkgck zagkaiamckza &cnrfc pdpdkpt! .  . hcmc farepdzaz ktnn cmck `apencm. qckg odcpa he`dn dzpahcza qckg pdrcp tkptm dgdza `cpc rckdn c`cncf he`dn ck`eh diidjpz `carc`c he`dn jehhek diidjpz+

J+ Fctzhck Pdzp

Pdmc`ckg mapc odfc`crck `dkgck mek`aza `ahckc ck`eh diidjpz he`dn hctrtk iavd` diidjpz he`dn ndoaf ocam `ca jehhek diidjpz he`dn+ Tkptm apt rdnt `ancmtmck  Fctzhck pdzp  `cnch hdkdkptmck he`dn qckg zdztca ckpcc he`dn iavd`  diidjpz cpct he`dn ck`eh diidjpz+ Tkzt rdkpakg hdpe`d rdhanafck aka c`cncf

 ∟ <  ∟ 8-∟?.   

hcpamz meycackz `ca rdod`cck ydmpe

`ahckc

&3:!

c`cncf dzpahcpe diazadk qckg `afczanmck `ca hdpe`d   iavd` diidjpz

zd`ckgmck

c`cncf dzpahcpe qckg `afczanmck `ca hdpe`d ck`eh diidjpz +

Fczan hdpe`d Fctzhck c`cncf ocfwc rdod`cck meycackz `ca dzpahcpe

 iavd` diidjpz he`dn `dkgck dzpahcpe ck`eh diidjpz he`dn c`cncf 2. zdfakggc

& ∟ !. 8. ∟ 8 2 42

&30!

. 8

&34!

Mdht`ack `dkgck hdkztozpaptzamck rdzchcck ( rdzchcck pdzdotp cmck hdkgfczanmck hcpamz meycackz zdocgca odamtp<

 ∟ 8∟ 8

 ∓

&39!

Zdnckltpkqc hdkgamtpa mapdac Wcn`. kanca zpcpazpam Fctzhck `acpcz cmck hdkgamtpa `azpaotza jfa(zstcd zdocgca odamtp< ‿     ∟   8  8  ∟  ∓

&37!

Zpcpazpam tla Fctzhck `a cpcz hdkgamtpa `azpaotza jfa(zstcd `dkgck `dclcp odocz zdockqcm lthncf ycacodn odocz &m!+ Farepdzaz ktnn rc`c tla fctzhck c`cncf he`dn ck`eh ndoaf ocam+ lamc kanca zpcpazpam Fctzhck ndoaf odzc `carc`c kanca mapaz zpcpazpam  jfa(zstcd. hcmc farepdzaz ktnn cmck `apencm. qckg odcpa he`dn dzpahcza qckg pdrcp tkptm dgdza `cpc rckdn c`cncf he`dn   iavd` diidjpz `aock`akg he`dn ck`eh diidjpz+ @cnch rdkdnapack aka. rdkdkptck crcmcf   iavd` diidjpz he`dn cpct ck`eh diidjpz he`dn qckg cmck `agtkcmck zdncak `a`czcmck rc`c zdlthncf rdpahockgck

qckg pdncf `azdotpmck. ltgc cmck `a`czcmck rc`c mapdac dmekeha &hcmd zdkzd zdjcc dmekeha!+ Mdzdztcack pck`c fczan dzpahcza mediazadk dgdza zdpacr ycacodn `a `cnch he`dn `dkgck pdea `ck mdwclcck odzcck kanca mediazadk fczan dzpahcza pdzdotp ltgc hdklc`a tkzt rdpahockgck `cnch rdhanafck he`dn+ Zdnckltpkqc. tkptm he`dn dzpahcza dgdza `cpc rckdn pdranaf. cmck `ancmtmck rdkgtlack tkptm hdhanaf dzpahcpe `dkgck zptmpt ycackz(meycackz `ca dza`tcn qckg ndoaf ocam+ Kchtk. lamc pdranaf he`dn ck`eh diidjpz hcmc rdkgtlack tkptm hdhanaf zptmpt ycackz(meycackz dza`tcn qckg ndoaf ocam pa`cm  `ancmtmck+ 43

Zptmzpt Ycackz(Meycackz _dza`tcn He`dn _dgdza @cpc Rckdn

Pcfcrck zdnckltpkqc zdpdncf hdkdkptmck he`dn dzpahcza c`cncf hdhanaf hdpe`d dzpahcza qckg pdrcp zdztca `dkgck zptmpt ycackz(meycackz dza`tcn+ Hdhockgtk he`dn dgdza `dkgck `cpc rckdn cmck hdkqdocomck odpchocfkqc mehrekdk dza`tcn. mcdkc c`ckqc `ahdkza jezz(zdjpaek `ck pahd(zdadz rc`c `cpc+ Mek`aza aka hdkqdocomck hcpamz ycackz(meycackz dza`tcn hdklc`a zd`amap ndoaf mehrndmz oanc `aock`akgmck `dkgck he`dn dgdza mnczam qckg fckqc hdkggtkcmck `cpc jezz(zdjpaek cpct `cpc pahd(zdadz+ Rc`c he`dn dgdza mnczam. rdnckggcck pdfc`cr czthza mnczam. pdtpchc fdpdemd`czpazapcz

`ck

ctpemddncza

hdtrcmck

hczcncf

zdatz

qckg

hdkgcmaocpmck rdk`tgc rcchdpd dgdza qckg `adzpahcza `dkgck ENZ pa`cm ncga odzaicp ONTD &odzp nakad tkoaczd` dzpahcpe !+ !+ C`c ockqcm zentza qckg `crcp `alcnckmck oanc apt pdlc`a rc`c he`dn dgdza mnczam. `ackpcckqc pckziehcza ycacodn `dkgck odocgca odkptm he`aiamcza+ @cnch rdhe`dnck dgdza `dkgck `cpc rckdn. pdlc`akqc rdnckggcck czthza dgdza nakad mnczam rc`c dza`tcn c`cncf fcn qckg zckgcp ztnap `afak`ca+ Kchtk odod`c `dkgck dgdza nakdc mnczam. rdnckggcck czthza mnczam `crcp `acmehe`cza hdncnta rdhanafck hdpe`d dzpahcza qckg `azdztcamck `dkgck zptmpt ycackz(meycackz dza`tcnkqc+ Odocgca mdhtkgmakck hdpe`d dzpahcza qckg `azdztcamck `dkgck zptmpt ycackz(meycackz qckg zdnckltpkqc cmck `aldnczmck aka fckqc oazc `apdcrmck rc`c he`dn iavd` diidjpz `ck he`dn jehhek diidjpz+

4?

C+ Zptmpt Fehezmd`czpam `ck Pa`cm C`c Jrezz(zdjpaekcn Jerrdncpaek

Zptmpt ycackz(meycackz dza`tcn qckg odzaicp fehezmd`czpam `ck pa`cm  c`c jezz(zdjpaekcn jedncpaek c`cncf zdocgca odamtp<

2  ϊ2 …… 22 ϊ  8 Dδδδδ 8  2⋫ 2⋫ …⋳ ϊ⋫

Tkptm zptmpt zdrdpa aka hdpe`d dzpahcza qckg `agtkcmck c`cncf E`akcq Ndczp  Zstcd+ O+ Zptmpt Fdpdezmd`czpam `ck Pa`cm C`c Jrezz(zdjpaekcn Jerrdncpaek

Zptmpt ycackz(meycackz dza`tcn qckg odzaicp fdpdezmd`czpam `ck pa`cm  c`c jezz(zdjpaekcn jedncpaek c`cncf zdocgca odamtp<

 2 … 2 ϊ   8 Dδδδδ 8  22⋫ ϊ 2⋫ ……⋳ ϊ2⋫

Tkptm zptmpt zdrdpa aka hdpe`d dzpahcza qckg `agtkcmck c`cncf Gdkdcna|d`   Ndczp Zstcd &GNZ! %Wdagfpd`  %Wdagfpd` Ndczp Zstcd &WNZ! Jezz(zdjpaekcn Wdagfp + J+ Zptmpt Fdpdezmd`czpam `ck C`c Jrezz(zdjpaekcn Jerrdncpaek

Zptmpt ycackz(meycackz dza`tcn qckg odzaicp fdpdezmd`czpam `ck c`c jezz(zdjpaekcn jezz(zdjpaekcn jedncpaek c`cncf zdocgca odamtp<

  ϊ  … ϊ  ϊ   8 Dδδδδ 8  ϊϊ⋫  ϊϊ⋫ ⋳…… ϊϊ⋫

Tkptm zptmpt zdrdpa aka hdpe`d dzpahcza qckg `agtkcmck c`cncf Idczaond Gdkdcna|d` Ndczp Zstcd &IGNZ!% Zddhakgnq Zddhakgnq Tkjedncpd` _dgdzzaek &ZT_!< ZT_ wdagfp cpct Hcvahth Namdnafee` Dzpahcpe  & HND   HND !+ !+ 4:

@+ Zptmpt Fdpdemd`czpam `ck C`ckqc Ctpemedncza

Rc`c he`dn aka pdlc`a medncza ckpc `tc dza`tcn rc`c rdae`d wcmpt qckg odod`c `cnch jezz(zdjpaek qckg zchc &`aczthzamck pa`cm pdlc`a jezz(zdjpaekcn jedncpaek!+ Mehrekdk dza`tcn ckpc wcmpt `aczthzamck hdkgamtpa rezdz ctpedgdzzayd `dkgck ncg 3%C_&3!+ Zptmpt hcpam ycackz(meycackz dza`tcn

c`cncf

  2 … 2 ϊ   8 Dδδδδ 8  22⋫ ϊ 2⋫ ……⋳ ϊ2⋫ 

Hdpe`d dzpahcza qckg `agtkcmck c`cncf Idczaond Gdkdcna|d` Ndczp Zstcd &IGNZ! `dkgck rezdz ctpedgdzzayd & C_  C_! rc`c dza`tcn &Dmckck`c. ?220!+

Rdkgtlack Czthza Zptmpt Ycackz(meycackz _dza`tcn

C`crtk tkptm rdkdkptck hdpe`d dzpahczakqc `ancmtmck rdkgtlack  Ncgckgd Htnparnad  & NH  NH pdzp  rc`c zptmpt ycackz(meycackz dza`tcn!+ Rdkgtlack

`ancmtmck tkptm hdkgdpcfta crcmcf zptmpt ycackz(meycackz dza`tcn hdhdktfa czthza fehezmd`czpam cpct zptmpt fdpdezmd`czpam `ck pa`cm c`c jezz(zdjpaekcn jedncpaek+ Farepdzaz ktnn &F2! qckg `agtkcmck c`cncf zptmpt ycackz(meycackz

dza`tcn odzaicp fehezmd`czpam+ Zdhdkpcc farepdzaz cnpdkcpaikqc &F3! c`cncf ocfwc zptmpt ycack(meycack dza`tcn odzaicp fdpdezmd`czpam+  F 2 < ϊ  a? 8 ϊ   ? &Zptmpt ycackz(meycackz dza`tcn fehezmd`czpam!+  F 3 < ϊ  a? ≢ ϊ   ? &Zptmpt ycackz(meycackz dza`tcn fdpdezmd`czpam!+

Zdjcc hcpdhcpaz. zpcpazpam tla qckg `agtkcmck `crcp `athtzmck zdocgca 40

odamtp<

       88  ∓  ∟ 3 { = 

&36!

`ahckc P  hdtrcmck lthncf rdae`d wcmpt. k c`cncf lthncf ak`aya`t. ϊ  ˉ a? c`cncf ycack dza`tcn rdzchcck md(a rc`c mek`aza fehezmd`czpam. `ck ϊ  ˉ ? c`cncf Hdck Zstcd De  rdzchcck zazpdh rc`c mek`aza fehezmd`czpam+

Zpcpazpam tla NH aka hdkgamtpa `azpaotza zpcpazpam jfa(zstcd `dkgck `dclcp odocz zdockqcm k(3+ Lamc kanca zpcpazpam  NH   NH ndoaf odzc `ca kanca mapaz zpcpazpam jfa( zstcd . hcmc farepdzaz ktnn cmck `apencm. qckg odcpa zptmpt ycackz(meycackz

dza`tcn odzaicp fdpdezmd`czpam pckrc c`c medncza ckpc tkap+ Hdpe`d qckg `crcp `agtkcmck tkptm zptmpt ycackz(meycackz dza`tcn qckg odzaicp fdpdezmd`czpam  c`cncf Wdagfpd` Ndczp Zstcdz &WNZ!+

Rdhanafck Dzpahcpe Zptmpt Fdpdezmd`czpam `ck Pa`cm C`c Jrezz

Zdjpaekcn Jerrdncpaek cpct ZT_ `dkgck Tla NH+

Rdkgtlack aka `ancmtmck crcoanc fczan rdkgtlack NH hdktkltmmck ocfwc zptmpt ycackz(meycackz dza`tcn odzaicp fdpdezmd`czpam+ Rc`c rdkgtlack aka. farepdzaz ktnn qckg `agtkcmck c`cncf ocfwc zptmpt ycackz(meycackz dza`tcn odzaicp fdpdezmd`czpam `ck pa`cm c`c jezz zdjpaekcn jedncpaek + Zdhdkpcc farepdzaz cnpdkcpaikqc c`cncf ocfwc zptmpt ycackz(meycackz dza`tcn odzaicp fdpdezmd`czpam `ck c`c jezz zdjpaekcn jedncpaek &Zddhakgnq Tkjedncpd`   _dgdzzaek%ZT_!+ Zpcpazpam tla qckg `agtkcmck `athtzmck zdocgca odamtp<

 8  ∓ ∓  { & !% 44

&31!

`ahckc k c`cncf lthncf ak`aya`t. P c`cncf lthncf rdae`d wcmpt dza`tcn jedncpaek jediiajadkp  ckpcc rdzchcck md(a `ck md(l+



c`cncf

Zpcpazpam tla NH aka hdkgamtpa `azpaotza zpcpazpam jfa(zstcd `dkgck `dclcp



odocz zdockqcm k&k(3!%?+ Lamc kanca zpcpazpam  ν 

ndoaf odzc `ca kanca mapaz

zpcpazpam jfa(zstcd hcmc farepdzaz ktnn cmck `apencm. qckg odcpa zptmpt ycackz( meycackz dza`tcn odzaicp fdpdezmd`czpam `ck c`c jezz zdjpaekcn jedncpaek &Zddhakgnq Tkjedncpd` _dgdzzaek% ZT_!+

He`dn Rdzchcck Zahtnpck `dkgck Hdkggtkcmck @cpc Rckdn

Rc`c he`dn rdzchcck ptkggcn pd`crcp zcpt ycacodn pcm odocz Q `ck ododcrc ycacodn odocz V+ @cnch he`dn zdrdpa aka rdkdmckck `aodamck mdrc`c rdchcnck kanca Q mdpamc kanca V `amdpcfta+ @cnch mcpc ncak pd`crcp ftotkgck zdoco cmaocp `ca V md Q+ Kchtk `cnch ockqcm mcztz dmekeha. mdkqcpcckkqc ycacodn dmekeha zcnakg hdhrdkgctfa+ Aka pdlc`a lamc Q pa`cm fckqc `apdkptmck endf V pdpcra ododcrc V ltgc `apdkptmck endf Q+ _akgmczkqc. c`c ftotkgck `tc ccf &akpd`drdk`dkza!. cpct zahtnpck ckpcc zdlthncf ycacodn+ Ftotkgck zahtnpck qckg pdlc`a odahrnamcza rc`c dzpahcza zdpacr rdzchcck `ck  idd`ocjm  `ck `tcn jctzcnapq ckpcc zdlthncf mdzdnttfck zazpdh. mcdkc `chrcm  idd`ocjm 

ycacodn `a zcpt zaza `ck c`ckqc medncza dza`tcn ckpc rdzchcck `ck ckpc rdae`d wcmpt `a zaza qckg ncak+ Endf mcdkc aptncf. htkjtn he`dn rdzchcck zahtnpck hdklc`a zentza rdhczcncfck zdrdpa aka+ @cnch rdkdnapack aka. ftotkgck zahtnpck ckpcc ycacodn rdkdnapack `a`czcmck rc`c akiehcza craea &Gtlccpa. ?220!. qcmka pdea `ck fczan rdkdnapack dhraaz+ Ycacodn `cnch rdzchcck zahtnpck `crcp `amdnehremmck hdklc`a `tc. 49

qcapt < ycacodn dk`egdk `ck ycacodn dmzegdk+ Ycacodn dk`egdk hdtrcmck ycacodn qckg kancakqc `apdkptmck endf he`dn. zd`ckgmck ycacodn dmzegdk kancakqc

`apdkptmck

`ca

ntc

he`dn+

@cnch

rdkdnapack

aka

ycacodn

mdoalcmck%akpdydkza rdhdakpcf hdtrcmck ycacodn dmzegdk+ Odamtp c`cncf odkptm thth zazpdh rdzchcck zahtnpck `dkgck hdkggtkcmck `cpc rckdn+ Hazcnmck zdotcf zazpdh rdzchcck pd`aa `ca H rdzchcck. M ycacodn dmzegdk. K eozdycza. `ck P rdae`d wcmpt+ @dkgck zptmpt `cpc rckdn. odcpa pd`crcp zdockqcm K eozdycza tkptm zdpacr rdzchcck `ck H rdzchcck tkptm  zdpacr rdae`d wcmpt+ Mcdkc apt. zdpacr rdae`d wcmpt hdhanama lthncf ycacodn dk`egdk. dmzegdk `ck eozdycza qckg zchc. tkptm zdpacr rdae`d wcmpt odkptm  zptmptcn zdpacr rdzchcck c`cncf zdocgca odamtp<

 - -… -  -  - -… -  -  8 2  - -… -  -  - -… -  -  8 2 ⋫  - -… -  -  - -… -  -  8 2

@cnch kepcza hcpamz. zazpdh aka `crcp `aptnazmck hdklc`a

  κ ο ο … ο  κ κκ …… κκ    q q … q  κ⋫ κ⋫ ⋳… κ⋫ - v v … v οο⋫ οο⋫ ⋳…… οο⋫ 8 δ δ … δ

`ahckc <

zdpacr ydmpe q 3 +++ q H hddrdzdkpczamck K eozdycza rc`c H ycacodn dk`egdk+ Zdpacr ydmpe v 3 +++ ++ + v m  hddrdzdkpczamck K eozdycza rc`c M ycacodn dmzegdk+ .

.

Zdpacr ydmpe δ 3 +++ δ H hddrdzdkpczamck K eozdycza rc`c H dza`tcn+ κ `ck ο hdtrcmck rcchdpd zptmptcn `ca zazpdh qckg cmck `adzpahcza+ 47

Tkptm zdhtc &  itnn zdp  ! K eozdycza. zptmpt `a cpcz `crcp `aptnazmck hdklc`a

 -  8  v ⋥ v q ⋥ q δ ⋥ δ           ⋫ ⋳ ⋫ ⋫ ⋳ ⋫ ⋫ ⋳ ⋫  8 v ⋥ v  8 q ⋥ v  8 δ ⋥ δ

&?2!

`ahckc

Mcdkc Κ c`cncf zdotcf hcpamz mtc`cp `ck `aczthzamck kekzakgtnc. hcmc odkptm pdd`tmza tkptm zdhtc K eozdycza `ck H ycacodn dk`egdk c`cncf zdocgca odamtp<

Q 8 ∟ VOΚ ∟3 - ΔΚ ∟3 @dkgck

hdhazcnmck.

&?3! ΢ 8 ∟OΚ

∟3

`ck Y 8 ΔΚ ∟3 . hcmc

rdzchcck

`acpcz `crcp `aptnazmck zdocgca odamtp<

Q 8 V΢ - Y

&??!

@dkgck hdkgdzpahcza hcpamz odkptm pdd`tmza ΢ . zdnckltpkqc `crcp `adzpahcza dndhdk(dndhdk `ca O `ck Y &Cn@cmfan. 3116!+

A`dkpaiamcza He`dn Rdzchcck Zahtnpck

Rdzchcck zptmptcn `cnch zazpdh fctz pda`dkpaiamcza  & ltzp a`dkpaiad`  cpct eyda`dkpaiad` ! cgc `crcp hdkgfczanmck dzpahcza+ Rezd`t qckg `agtkcmck tkptm hdkga`dkpaiamcza he`dn zazpdh rdzchcck zahtnpck rc`c rdkdnapack aka c`cncf e`d jek`apaek + Zqccp a`dkpaiamcza `dkgck e`d jek`apaek c`cncf zdocgca odamtp< Ztcpt he`dn `dkgck  H  rdzchcck zahtnpck. cmck a`dkpaiad`  crcoanc lthncf ycacodn 46

dmzegdk qckg pa`cm pd`crcp `cnch rdzchcck fctz rcnakg zd`amap cpct zchc `dkgck lthncf ycacodn dk`egdk qckg c`c `cnch rdzchcck `amtckga zcpt+ M(m8h‚3

&?:!

`ahckc. h c`cncf lthncf ycacodn dk`egdk `cnch ztcpt rdzchcck. M  c`cncf   lthncf ycacodn dmzegdk `cnch zazpdh. `ck m  c`cncf lthncf ycacodn dmzegdk `cnch ztcpt rdzchcck+ Lamc M  ( m  8 h (3. rdzchcck `azdotp   ltzp a`dkpaiad` + Pdpcra lamc M ‚ m  ; h ( 3. rdzchcck `azdotp eyda`dkpaiad` + Crcoanc M ( m > h (3. hcmc rdzchcck pdzdotp `azdotp tka`dkpaiad`  &tk`da`dkpaiad` ! qckg pa`cm `crcp `azdndzcamck `dkgck he`dn rdzchcck zahtnpck &Gtlccpa. ?220!+

Rdkgtlack Ycacodn Dk`egdk

Pcfcrck zdnckltpkqc zdpdncf rdzchcck zptjptcn `crcp `aa`dkpaiamczamck c`cncf rdkgtlack ycacodn dk`egdk+ Rdkdpcrck qckg hckc ycacodn dk`egdk `ck ycacodn dmzegdk hdtrcmck pckggtkg lcwco zdeckg rdkdnapa zdfakggc fcn aka cmck pdgckptkg rc`c hczcncf qckg c`c `ck od`czcmck akiehcza craea qckg `ahanama rdkdnapa+ Zdncak apt. Gtlccpa &?220! hdhodamck rezd`t rdkgtlack dk`egdkapcz `dkgck pdz zpcpazpam cgc rdkdkptck ycacodn dk`egdk pdzdotp `crcp `aotmpamck zdjcc dhraaz+ Rezd`t rdkgtlack ycacodn dk`egdk `acwcna `dkgck hdkgdzpahcza ycacodn qckg `ackggcr dk`egdk endf rdkdnapa hdncnta rdzchcck d`tjd` (kqc+ (kqc+ Mdht`ack fczan dzpahcza ycacodn dk`egdk pdzdotp `adgdzamck odzchc `dkgck ycacodn odocz qckg ncak rc`c rdzchcck zptjptcn+ Crcoanc fczan dzpahcza ycacodn dk`egdk pdzdotp zagkaiamck zdjcc zpcpazpam hcmc ycacodn qckg `a`tgc dk`egdk pdzdotp pdotmpa hdhrtkqca zaicp dk`egdk+ Kchtk. crcoanc ycacodn 41

dk`egdk fczan dzpahcza pdzdotp pa`cm zagkaiamck zdjcc zpcpazpam hcmc ycacodn pdzdotp pa`cm oazc odncmt zdocgca ycacodn dk`egdk+ Rdkdnapack aka hdkggtkcmck 4 ycacodn dk`egdk. qcapt< neg&R@_O!. PRP. neg&gaka!. FJA. neg&mekzthza!+ Mdnahc ycacodn dk`egdk pdzdotp pdotmpa hdhrtkqca zaicp dk`egdk qckg `aptkltmmck endf Nchrack :+

Rdkgtlack Zahtnpckapcz Fctzhck

Zdncak rdkgtlack ycacodn dk`egdk. he`dn rdzchcck zahtnpck fctz hdncnta pcfcrck rdkgtlack zahtnpckapcz fctzhck+ Ptltck rdkgtlack zahtnpckapcz Fctzhck c`cncf tkptm hdhotmpamck zdjcc dhraaz ocfwc ztcpt zazpdh he`dn rdzchcck

odkc(odkc

hdhanama

ftotkgck

zahtnpck

ckpc

rdzchcck

zptmptcnkqc+ Rezd`t rdkgtlack zahtnpckapcz Fctzhck `acwcna `dkgck hdkgdzpahcza ycacodn dk`egdk hdncnta rdzchcck d`tjd` (kqc+ (kqc+ Mdht`ack hdkgfaptkg dza`tcn qckg `ardendf `ca zdnazaf kanca eozdycza `dkgck fczan dzpahcza ycacodn dk`egdk+ Ycacodn dk`egdk rc`c rdzchcck zptjptcn pdzdotp ncnt `aztozpaptzamck `dkgck fczan dzpahcza `ck dza`tcn qckg `ardendf+ Zdpdncf apt dgdzamck odzchc `dkgck ycacodn odocz ncak rc`c rdzchcck zptjptcn+ Crcoanc dza`tcn ycacodn dk`egdk pdzdotp zagkaiamck zdjcc zpcpazpam hcmc ycacodn dk`egdk pdotmpa hdhanama rdkgctf zahtnpck+ Kchtk. crcoanc dza`tcn ycacodn dk`egdk pdzdotp pa`cm  zagkaiamck zdjcc zpcpazpam hcmc ycacodn dk`egdk pa`cm hdhanama rdkgctf zahtnpck zdfakggc he`dn rdzchcck zahtnpck pa`cm oazc `ancmtmck+ Rdkgtlack zahtnpckapcz Fctzhck hdtrcmck tla rdk`cftntck qckg fctz `andwcpa `cnch he`dn rdzchcck zahtnpck+ Rdkdnapack aka pdncf hdndwcpa pcfcrck 92

rdkgtlack rdzchcck zahtnpck zdrdpa qckg pdnafcp rc`c Nchrack 0 zdfakggc dzpahcza he`dn rdzchcck zahtnpck `crcp `ancmtmck+

Dzpahcza He`dn Rdzchcck Zahtnpck

Ftotkgck zahtnpck ckpcc ycacodn odocz `ck ycacodn pcm odocz rc`c he`dn rdzchcck zahtnpck hdklc`amck dzpahcza `dkgck hdpe`d   Ndczp Zstcdz cmck hdkgfczanmck rdk`tgc qckg oacz `ck pa`cm mekzazpdk: ocga rcchdpd dgdza+ Aka `azdocomck endf c`ckqc dk`egdkapcz rc`c ycacodn pcm odocz. qcmka medncza ckpcc ycacodn odocz `ck dza`tcn &de dgdza!+ Zdocgca zentza pa`cm `crcp `agtkcmckkqc hdpe`d   Ndczp Zstcdz rc`c he`dn rdzchcck zahtnpck. hdpe`d(hdpe`d zdrdpa   Ak`adjp Ndczp Zstcd &ANZ!. Pwe Zpcgd Ndczp Zstcdz &?ZNZ! `ck Pfdd Zpcgdz Ndczp Zstcdz &:ZNZ! `crcp

`agtkcmck+ Rdkggtkcck hdpe`d(hdpe`d aka zckgcp odgckptkg rc`c fczan a`dkpaiamcza pdfc`cr rdzchcck zptmptcn+ Lamc fczan a`dkpaiamcza  ltzpa`dkpaiad`. hcmc hdpe`d  ANZ `crcp `agtkcmck+ Pdpcra. lamc fczan a`dkpaiamcza eyda`dkpaiad`. hcmc dzpahcza `dkgck  ANZ

pa`cm `crcp ncga `ancmtmck+ Mcdkc pa`cm cmck

`ardendf dzpahcpe qckg tkam ocga zdpacr mediazadk dgdza rdzchcck zptmptcn+ Zdocgca zentza. hdpe`d(hdpe`d qckg `agtkcmck c`cncf zdocgca odamtp< C+

Pwe Zpcgd Ndczp Zstcrdz &?ZNZ!

@dkgck hdpe`d ?ZNZ. zdpacr rdzchcck zptmptcn `cnch zazpdh `adzpahcza zcpt rd zcpt &dstcpaek oq dstcpaek !+ Dzpahcza `ancmtmck `dkgck hdnaocpmck zdhtc ycacodn dmzegdk qckg c`c `a `cnch zazpdh tkptm hdhrdendf rdk`tgc qckg tkam ocga zdpacr mediazadk dgdza rdzchcck zptmptcn+

:

Oacz pcm cmck fanckg hdzmartk tmtck zchrdn `apchocf hdk`dmcpa rertncza+

93

Dzpahcza `dkgck ?ZNZ hdkggtkcmck zdlthncf ycacodn akzpthdk qckg hdtrcmck mehoakcza nakad `ca zdhtc ycacodn dmzegdk `a `cnch zazpdh odptltck tkptm hdk`crcpmck kanca rd`amza ocga ycacodn(ycacodn dk`egdk qckg htkjtn zdocgca ycacodn rdkldncz rc`c rdzchcck zptmptcn &Gtlccpa. ?220!+ Mdndoafck `ca hdpe`d ?ZNZ c`cncf jdk`dtkg pa`cm pdrdkgctf endf c`ckqc htnpamenakdapcz

`ck

mdzcncfck

zrdzaiamcza

he`dn

&hazzrdzaiajcpaek!+

 Hazzrdzaiajcpaek hdtrcmck mdzcncfck zrdzaiamcza he`dn pdlc`a mdpamc ycacodn

qckg

`ardncmtmck

zdocgca

dmzegdk

pa`cm

odkc(odkc

dmzegdk

&zpajpnq

dmzegdketz !+

Pcfcrck(pcfcrck dzpahcza `dkgck hdpe`d ?ZNZ c`cncf zdocgca odamtp< (

Hdkgdzpahcza rdzchcck odkptm pdd`tmza &d`tjd` ieh! `ca rdzchcck zptmptcn+ @dkgck `dhamack. `ardendf dzpahcza rdzchcck odkptm pdd`tmza+

(

 &rd`ajpd` ycntd! od`czcmck rdzchcck Hdkgfaptkg kanca ycacodn dk`egdk  rd`ajpd`

odkptm pdd`tmza qckg `ardendf rc`c pcfcr rdpchc+ Aka `ancmtmck fckqc tkptm ycacodn dk`egdk qckg ltgc htkjtn rc`c zaza mckck rdzchcck zptmptcn `cnch zazpdh+ (

Pcfcrck

pdcmfa

c`cncf

hdkgdzpahcza

rdzchcck

zptmptcn

`dkgck

hdkggtkcmck  rd`ajpd` ycntd ycacodn dk`egdk qckg `ardendf rc`c pcfcrck qckg md`tc+ O+

Pfrdd Zpcgdz Ndczp Zstcrdz &:ZNZ!

Hdpe`d :ZNZ rc`c `czckqc pa`cm lctf odod`c `dkgck hdpe`d ?ZNZ+ Hdpe`d aka hdkdcrmck pdmkam  gdkdcna|d` ndczp zstcdz &GNZ! rc`c zdhtc rdzchcck zptmptcn qckg pdncf `adzpahcza `dkgck hdkggtkcmck hdpe`d ?ZNZ+ Hdpe`d :ZNZ ndoaf diazadk `aock`akg hdpe`d ?ZNZ mdpamc pd`crcp medncza 9?

dza`tcn ckpc rdzchcck+ Lamc fczan dzpahcza `dkgck :ZNZ pa`cm lctf odod`c `dkgck ?ZNZ. aka hdkgak`amczamck ocfwc dzpahcza `dkgck hdpe`d :ZNZ pdncf hdkjtmtra+

Rdkgtlack Czthza Mnczam

Tkptm hdhockgtk rdzchcck dgdza rckdn qckg pdocam `ca mapdac dmekehdpamc. rdnt `ancmtmck rdkgtlack `ck rdkckgckck rc`c hczcncf(hczcncf qckg odmcapck `dkgck rdnckggcck czthza `czc+ Odamtp aka c`cncf czthza( czthza qckg `ardntmck `cnch ckcnazaz dgdza+

3+ Kehcnapcz Rdhdamzcck kehcnapcz `ancmtmck tkptm hdkgdpcfta crcmcf dza`tcn od`azpaotza kehcn cpct pa`cm+ Hdkttp Gtlccpa &?220! dzpahcza rc`c ENZ hdtrcmck itkgza nakdc `ca dza`tcn+ Endf mcdkc apt `azpaotza rdntckg `ca fczan dzpahcza cmck pdgckptkg rc`c czthza qckg `aotcp hdkgdkca `azpaotza rdntckg dza`tcn(kqc+ @azpaotza rdntckg `ca rdk`tgc `ardntmck tkptm hdkgtla farepdzaz `ck rdkcamck mdzahrtnck. rdck rdkgtlack dza`tcn `aczthzamck od`azpaotza kehcn hdklc`a rdkpakg zdmcna+ Rdhdamzcck mdkehcnck pdfc`cr dza`tcn `crcp `ancmtmck hdkggtkcmck rnep rdzdkpan(rdzdkpan &R(R Rnep!+ Lamc rnep hdkgamtpa gcaz nttz. hcmc dza`tcn hdkgamtpa zdocck kehcn+ Rdkgtlack pdfc`cr czthza mdkehcnck aka ltgc `crcp `ancmtmck `dkgck tla Menhegeey(Zhakey qckg hdtrcmck tla Gee`kdzz ei Iap + Tla Menhegeey Zhakey hdtrcmck rdkgtlack hdkgdkca `dclcp mdzdztcack ckpcc `azpaotza mthrtnck kanca eozdycza `dkgck ododcrc `azpaotza pdeapaz 9:

pdpdkpt+ Tla aka hdnaocpmck rdkdkptck `azpaotza mthtncpai qckg cmck pdlc`a hdkttp `azpaotza pdeapaz qckg pdncf `apdkptmck `ck rdock`akgck `azpaotza pdzdotp `dkgck `azpaotza mthtncpai kanca chcpck+ Farepdzaz qckg `agtkcmck rc`c rdkgtlack mdkehcnck c`cncf< F2< `azpaotza ztcpt ycacodn hdkgamtpa `azpaotza kehcn F3< `azpaotza ztcpt ycacodn pa`cm hdkgamtpa `azpaotza kehcn Zpcpazpam tla qckg cmck `agtkcmck `cnch tla Menhegeey(Zhakey qcapt<

& ! ∟ & !~ & ! & ! @ ≠ @ @ ; @ > @ 8 hcv ~

= a8 3.?.….k

&?0!

c`cncf ztcpt `azpaotza idmtdkza mthtncpai `ca `azpaotza pdeapaz `cnch

mek`aza F2+

hdtrcmck `azpaotza idmtdkza mthtncpai chcpck zdockqcm k+

Cptck rdkgchoanck mdrtptzck `dkgck pakgmcp zagkaiamckza γ qcapt<

(

Lamc

. hcmc F2 pa`cm `apencm 

(

Lamc

. hcmc F2 `apencm 

Zdncak apt rdkencmck F2 ltgc `crcp `ancmtmck od`czcmck r(ycntd+ Lamc . hcmc F2 `apencm 

∟

?+ Kek(Ctpemedncza Czthza odamtpkqc qckg fctz pdrdktfa c`cncf pa`cm c`ckqc medncza ckpc de  cpct kek(ctpemedncza+ Mdk`cnn `ck Otjmnck` `cnch Gtlccpa &?220!

hdk`diakazamck ctpemedncza zdocgca

medncza

ckpcc

ckggepc

zdckgmcack

eozdycza qckg `attpmck hdkttp wcmpt &zdrdpa &zdrdp a rc`c `cpc pahd zdadz! cpct tckg &zdrdpa rc`c `cpc jezz(zdjpaekcn!+ @cnch mekpdmz dgdza. he`dn dgdza

nakdc

ctpemedncza. cpct

mnczam

hdkgczthzamck ocfwc dza`tcn pa`cm hdkgck`tkg

 8 2  ≢  `ahckc

90

+

C`ckqc hczcncf ctpemedncza cmck hdkgfczanmck dzpahcza mediazadk qckg mekzazpdk `ck pa`cm oacz pdpcra ycackz hdklc`a odzc. cpct `dkgck mcpc ncak fczan rdkcizack pa`cm diazadk+ Dzpahcza qckg pa`cm diazadk aka hdkqdocomck kanca p( faptkg jdk`dtkg pa`cm zagkaiamck+ Tkptm hdk`dpdmza c`ckqc ctpemedncza c`cncf `dkgck tla @toak(Wcpzek &@W!+ Zdocgca rcpemck. kanca @W qckg hdk`dmcpa ? `ackggcr ocfwc he`dn pdodocz `ca ctpemedncza &Gtlccpa. ?220!+ C`crtk zpcpazpam tla @W tkptm `cpc rckdn &Ocnpcga. ?224! qcapt<

   ∓ ∓      .   .          8 ∓ ∓. .

@ahckc

&?4!

c`cncf dza`tcn `ca dgdza `dkgck  iavd` diidjpz tkptm pacr rckdn a. p

c`cncf rdae`d wcmpt. `ck K c`cncf lthncf ak`aya`t+ Kanca zpcpazpam `r cmck `aock`akgmck `dkgck kanca `T `ck `N+ Kanca `T c`cncf ocpcz cpcz rc`c pcodn @toak

 2 >  >   >  >  0 ∟  >  >0∟  >  >0∟ 0 ∟  >   > 0

Wcpzek `ck

c`cncf kanca ocpcz ocwcf rc`c pcodn @toak Wcpzek+ Mdrtptzck

qckg `achoan c`cncf zdocgca odamtp<        

= pdlc`a ctpemedncza rezapai  `ck

= pa`cm `crcp `azahrtnmck

= pa`cm c`c ctpemedncza

= pdlc`a ctpemedncza kdgcpai 

Pd`crcp mapdac ncak qckg `agtkcmck tkptm hdkdkptmck c`c pa`cmkqc

medncza rc`c dza`tcn. qcapt `dkgck hdkggtkcmck mediazadk medncza zchrdn ode`d zcpt<

 8 ?&3∟ 3∟!

. `ahckc

 8 ∓ ∓̏. ̏ .̏. 94

&?9!

@ca rdzchcck `a cpcz `crcp pdnafcp lamc

82

hcmc kanca `8?. hcmc `ca apt

 lamc pa`cm pd`crcp zdacn medncza `afccrmck ` cmck odkanca `a zdmapc ?+ Zdocgca tnd ei pftho. lamc kanca ` pdkqcpc ?. hcmc rdkdnapa oazc hdkgczthzamck ocfwc

pa`cm c`c ctpemedncza ocam rezapai hctrtk kdgcpai+

:+ Fehezmd`czpazapcz Fdpdezmd`czpazapcz odcpa c`ckqc ycackz `ca de  ENZ qckg pa`cm  mekzpck qckg `azdocomck endf pakgmcf ncmt ycacoanapcz &hazcnkqc< `cnch fcn `azrcapcz qckg hdkjenem ckpc `cdcf! cpct rdmdhockgck mdpdnapack rdkjcpcpck `cpc &hazcnkqc `dkgck zdhcmak jckggafkqc hdpe`d rdkgthrtnck `cpc. pakgmcp mdzcncfck rdkgtmtck zdhcmak mdjan! cpct mcdkc mdzcncfck zrdzaiamcza &hazzrdjaiajcpaek!+

Cmaocpkqc

ycackz

mediazadk(mediazadkkqc

pa`cm

cmtcp

&eyddzpahcpd cpct tk`ddzpahcpd!. zdfakggc fczan tla(kqc pa`cm dnacodn+ @cnch rdhe`dnck dgdza `dkgck `cpc rckdn. pdlc`akqc rdnckggcck czthza dgdza nakad mnczam rc`c dza`tcn pdtpchc pa`cm pdrdktfakqc czthza fehezmd`czpazapcz hdtrcmck fcn qckg zckgcp ztnap `afak`ca. `ck pa`cm zdrdpa rc`c dgdza mnczam. rdnckggcck pdzdotp `crcp `acmehe`cza tkptm hdkdkptmck hdpe`d dzpahcza pdocam ocga zrdzaiamcza he`dn qckg `agtkcmck+ Zdrdpa qckg pdncf `aldnczmck zdodnthkqc rdkdkptck hdpe`d dzpahcza qckg `agtkcmck pdgckptkg rc`c zptmpt ycackz(meycackz dza`tcn(kqc+

0+ Kek(Htnpamenakdcapcz Htnpamenakadapcz odcpa c`ckqc medncza ckpc ycacodn odocz. qckg pdlc`a mcdkc ycacodn(ycacodn odocz pdzdotp hdhanama ftotkgck rc`c rertncza cpct 99

fckqc rc`c zchrdn+ Jcc hdk`dpdmza c`ckqc menakadapcz< &Kczf `ck Oc`ie`. ?223! (

@dkgck hdhdamzc zahrnd rcawazd &Rdczek! jedncpaek

ckpc ycacodn

ak`drdk`dk+ Ocpcz kanca qckg `azcckmck zdocgca ak`amcza menakadapcz zdatz odod`c(od`c &2.6 hdkttp Odq `ck Idnhck. 3164= `ck 2.1 hdkttp Gaiiapf `ck Chdfdak. 3117!+ Kczf `ck Oc`ie` &?223! hdkqdotpmck ocfwc ztcpt ycacodn ak`drdk`dk odmedncza pakgga `dkgck ycacodn ak`drdk`dk ncakkqc  lamc (



ndoaf `ca 2.64+

Tla iehcn tkptm hdk`dpdmza mdodc`cck `ca htnpamenadcapcz qcapt `dkgck hdnafcp

kanca

Ycackjd

Akincpaek

Icjpe 

&YAI!+

hdktkltmmck ocgcahckc ycackz `ca zdotcf dzpahcpe

Kanca

YAI

aka

cmck hdkakgmcp

cmaocp c`ckqc htnpamenakdcapcz+ Kanca YAI `ardendf `dkgck iehtnc odamtp<

 8   83. ? . … .  ∟3   

&?7!

`ahckc

`ck

hdtrcmck mediazadk `dpdhakcza `ca

dgdza odgck`c mdpamc

`adgdzamck `dkgck r(? ycacodn ncakkqc `cnch

he`dn+ Lamc kanca YAI ndoaf `ca 32. hcmc fcn pdzdotp `crcp odak`amcza ocfwc htnpamenakdcapcz htnpamenakdcap cz odzaicp zdatz `ck cmck hdhrdkgctfa dzpahcza qckg hdkggtkcmck ENZ mcdkc hdzmartk dzpahcpe pdpcr odzaicp tkoaczd`  kchtk zt`cf

pa`cm

ncga hdhanama ycackz qckg

hakahth+ Zdncak apt.

mdodc`cck htnpamenakadapcz htnpamenakad apcz ltgc cmck hdhotcp dzpahcpe odzaicp zdkzapai  tkptm rdtocfck qckg mdjan rc`c `cpc. zdfakggc cmck hdkgcmaocpmck mdzcncfck &hazzndc`akg! `cnch hdkgakpdrdpczamck ztcpt he`dn dgdza+ Jcc hdkgcpcza c`ckqc htnpamenakadapcz ckpcc ncak hdndrcz zcpt cpct ndoaf

97

ycacodn qckg hdhanama medncza qckg pakgga. hdkpckziehcza he`dn. cpct hdhrdodzc lthncf zchrdn+

Rdkgtlack Mdodcpack He`dn _dgdza

He`dn dgdza fczan dzpahcza. zdncak fctz nenez czthza. fdk`cmncf hdhdktfa mapdac(mapdac zdocgca odamtp< 3+

Mapdac dmekeha qcapt hdnafcp mdzdztcack pck`c `ck kanca dzpahcza `dkgck pdea dmekeha `ck negamc &hcmd zdkzd zdjcc dmekeha!+

?+ Mapdac zpcpazpam qcapt hdnafcp kanca ‚ kanca qckg `afczanmck `ca rdkgtlack zpcpazpam hdnartpa mediazadk `dpdhakcza &_?!. tla zahtnpck &I pdzp !. !. `ck tla rczacn &p pdzp !+ !+ Mapdac `acpcz `ahcmzt`mck tkptm hdkgdpcfta crcmcf he`dn dgdza qckg `ardendf hdtrcmck he`dn qckg pdrcp tkptm hdkggchocmck ftotkgck ckpc ycacodn `ck tkptm hdkgdpcfta crcmcf ycacodn odocz odrdkgctf zagkaiamck pdfc`cr ycacodn pcm odocz+

C+ Mediazadk @dpdhakcza

Mediazadk `dpdhakcza `agtkcmck tkptm hdkdkptmck zdodcrc ocam  gcaz dgdza zchrdn  iap  &jejem! rc`c `cpc &gee`kdzz ei iap !. !. cpct zdjcc ydocn mediazadk aka hdkgtmt rereza `ca pepcn ycacza rc`c ycacodn pcm odocz Q qckg

`crcp `aldnczmck

endf he`dn

dgdza &Gtlccpa. 3176!+ Mediazadk

`dpdhakcza `crcp `athtzmck zdocgca odamtp <

 8 ∓∓&&!! 8  8 3 ∟ 

&?6!

96

`ahckc ZZ_< zth zstcd dgdzzaek . ZZP< zth zstcd pepcn . ZZD< zth zstcd de+

Kchtk. qckg rdnt `ardfcpamck `azaka. mediazadk `dpdhakcza kancakqc zckgcp `ardkgctfa endf rdkchocfck

lthncf ycacodn odocz. hcmc rdnt

`ancmtmck rdkqdztcack+ Rdkqdztcack aka `agtkcmck cgc didm `ca rdkchocfck ycacodn `crcp fanckg `ca mediazadk `dpdhakcza+ Mediazadk `dpdhakcza qckg pdncf

 ∟3  8 3 ∟ &3 ∟ ! ∟∟

`azdztcamck &c`ltzpd` 

! `crcp `afaptkg `dkgck thtz<

&?1?1!

Mediazadk `dpdhakcza &_?! cpctrtk c`ltzpd` _? kancakqc odmazc `ca 2 fakggc 3+ @ahckc zdhcmak hdk`dmcpa 3. hcmc hdktkltmmck ycacodn odocz qckg mapc hanama zdhcmak ocam hdkldnczmck ycacza `ca ycacodn `drdk`dkp+

O+ Tla I

Tla I `ancmtmck tkptm hdkgtla mediazadk dgdza crcmcf ycacodn odocz zdjcc

odzchc(zchc

`drdk`dkp + Rdkgtlack

&zahtnpck!

hdhanama

rdkgctf pdfc`cr ycacodn

aka `ancmtmck `dkgck hdhock`akgmck kanca I faptkg

`dkgck I pcodn+ Farepdzaz qckg `agtkcmck<

 8  8⋥8 8 2  ≢ 2 &! 8 &%&!%&!! Fe<

&zdjcc zahtnpck pa`cm c`c rdkgctf zagkaiamck

pdfc`cr ycacodn pcm odocz!

F3< hakahcn c`c zcpt kanca

= a83.?.….m+

Zpcpazpam tla I `athtzmck zdocgca odamtp<

91

&:2:2!

Farepdzaz ken `apencm lamc

&! ; &=!

+ Lamc mdrtptzck pencm F2

odcpa hakahcn c`c zcpt ycacodn odocz qckg zagkaiamck odrdkgctf pdfc`cr ycacodn pa`cm odoczkqc+ Mdrtptzck aka `crcp ltgc `a`czcmck rc`c rdock`akgck kanca r(ycntd `dkgck pakgmcp zagkaiamckzakqc &γ!+ Farepdzaz ktnn `apencm lamc kanca r( ycntd ndoaf mdjan `ca γ+

J+ Tla p

Tla p `ancmtmck tkptm rdkgtlack mediazadk dgdza zdjcc rczacn+ @dkgck mcpc ncak rdncmzckcckkqc rdncmzckcckk qc odptltck tkptm hdnafcp zagkaiamckza

`ca rdkgctf

rdtocf odocz zdjcc z djcc ak`aya`t ak`aya` t pdfc`cr rdtocf pcm odocz `dkgck hdkgckggcr hdk gckggcr rdtocf ncak odzaicp mekzpck+ Tla aka `ancmzckcmck `dkgck hdhock`akgmck p( faptkg `dkgck p(pcodn+ Farepdzaz rdkgtlack< F2<

F3<

 8 2  ≢ 2

. pa`cm c`c rdkgctf qckg zagkaiamck `ca rdtocf odocz pdpdkpt pdfc`cr rdtocf pcm odocz+

. c`c rdkgctf qckg zagkaiamck `ca rdtocf odocz pdpdkpt pdfc`cr rdtocf pcm odocz+

Zpcpazpam tla qckg `agtkcmck c`cncf zpcpazpam tla p(zpt`dkp+ Iehtnckqc zdocgca odamtp<

   8 &!  &! &!  > ∟&! c`cncf rdk`tgc rcchdpd md(a `ck

c`cncf zahrckgck ocmt `ca

kanca rdk`tgc `ca rcchdpd md(a+ Farepdzaz ken cmck `apencm lamc cpct

&:3!:3!  ;

+ Mdrtptzck aka `crcp ltgc `a`czcmck rc`c 72

rdock`akgck kanca r(ycntd `dkgck pakgmcp zagkaiamckzakqc &γ!+ Farepdzaz ktnn `apencm lamc kanca r(ycntd ndoaf mdjan `ca kanca γ+ Fcn aka odcpa zdjcc rczacn ycacodn odocz md(a zagkaiamck hdhrdkgctfa ycacodn pa`cm odoczkqc `dkgck pakgmcp mdrdjcqcck

&3 ∟ ! ×322$

+

He`dn Rdkdnapack

Tkptm hdkdnccf mcapck ckpcc rdpthotfck dmekeha `ck rdhczcncfck hcmedmekeha `a Ak`ekdzac `agtkcmck he`dn rdzchcck zahtnpck+ Pd`crcp nahc rdzchcck zptmptcn `ck nahc rdzchcck d`tjd`  qckg `agtkcmck `cnch rdkdnapack+ Rdzchcck d`tjd`  hdtrcmck dgdza `ca ycacodn dk`egdk pdfc`cr zdnttf ycacodn dmzegdk `cnch zazpdh+ Zd`ckgmck rdzchcck zptjptcn hczakg( hczakg dk`egdk `athtzmck zdocgca odamtp<



Neg&R@_O!&ap! 8 γ -ο33Neg&Mekzthza! &ap!- ο3?Neg&Dvrdk`aptdUDF! &ap! - ο3:Neg&@CT! &ap! \ - ο30Neg&@CM! &ap!- ο34Neg&rclcm!&ap!- ο39Akincza&ap!- ο37Akiehcn &ap! - κ  κ\‑   ‑&a!

-



δ

&:?!

PRP&ap! 8 γ - ο?3Neg&R@_O!&ap!- ο??Neg&THR! ap!- ο?:Akincza &ap! - ο?0Akiehcn &ap!- κ  \ κ\‑   ‑&a!

-

δ

&::!



Neg&Gaka!&ap! 8 γ - ο:3Neg&R@_O!&ap! - ο:?PRP&ap!- ο::Neg&THR!ap!- ο:0Neg&RRf!&ap! \ -ο:4Neg&@CT!&ap!- ο:9Neg&@CM! &ap! - κ  κ\‑   ‑&a!-



δ

&:0!

FJA&ap! 8 γ - ο03Neg&R@_O!&ap!- ο0?PRP&ap! - ο0:Neg&Dvrdk`aptdUDF! &ap!-ο00Neg&THR! &ap! \ - ο04Akincza&ap! - ο09CHF&ap! - ο07AkapacnUreydpq &ap!- κ  κ\‑   ‑&a!-



δ

&:4!

Neg&Mekzthza!&ap! 8 γ - ο43FJA&ap!- ο4?Neg&Gaka!&ap! - ο4:Akincza &ap! - ο40neg&THR!&ap!\ ο44Neg&RRf!&ap!- κ  κ\‑   ‑&a! -

δ

73

&:9!

`ahckc < FJA

8 Fdc` Jetkp Ak`dv &!

Neg&R@_O!

8 Negcaphc `ca Re`tm @ehdzpam Otpe

PRP

8 Pakgmcp Rdkgckggtck Pdotmc &!

Neg&Gaka!

8 Negcaphc `ca ak`dmz gaka cpae

Neg&Mekzthza!

8 Negcaphc `ca mekzthza thcf pckggc% hczqccmcp

Neg&Dvrdk`aptd!

8 Negcaphc `ca rdkgdntcck rdhdakpcf itkgza mdzdfcpck `ck rdk`a`amck

Neg&@CT!

8 Negcaphc `ca `ckc cnemcza thth

Neg&@CM!

8 Negcaphc `ca `ckc cnemcza mftztz

Neg&Rclcm!

8 Negcaphc `ca rclcm `cdcf

Neg&RRf!

8 Negcaphc `ca rclcm rdkgfczanck

Neg&THR!

8 Negcaphc `ca trcf hakahth reyakza

Akiehcn

8 Rereza rdmdlc zdmpe akiehcn&!

CHF

8 Napdcjq cpd. ckgmc hdndm ftti 

Akincza

8 Pakgmcp akincza &!

κ \‑ \‑

8 Didm ak`aya`t

a

8 Cjdf. Zthtp. …. Rcrtc

p

8 ?224. ?229. ?227. ?226

δ

8 De he`dn

He`dn(he`dn pdzdotp mdht`ack `ancmtmck a`dkpaiamcza he`dn rdzchcck zahtnpck+ Fczankqc zdrdpa qckg pdnafcp rc`c Pcodn 3 . mdnahc rdzchcck zptmptcn hdtrcmck rdzchcck qckg eyda`dkpaiad` . zdfakggc `crcp `ancmtmck 7?

dzpahcza

he`dn

rdzchcck

zahtnpck

`dkgck

hdpe`d

pwe

zpcgd

ndczp 

zstcdz&?ZNZ!+ @ahckc h 8 lthncf ycacodn dk`egdk `cnch rdzchcck zptmptcn=

m 8 lthncf ycacodn dmzegdk `cnch rdzchcck zptjptcn= M8 lthncf ycacodn dmzegdk `cnch zazpdh+ Pcodn 3+ A`dkpaiamcza Rdzchcck Zahtnpck Rdzchcck

h

m

M

M(m ; h(3

A`dkpaiamcza

&3!

&?!

&:!

&0!

&4!

&9!

Neg&R@_O!

?

9

32

Qc

Eyda`dkpaiad`

PRP

?

7

32

Qc

Eyda`dkpaiad`

Neg&Gaka!

:

0

32

Qc

Eyda`dkpaiad`

FJA

:

4

32

Qc

Eyda`dkpaiad`

Neg&Mekzthza!

:

:

32

Qc

Eyda`dkpaiad`

Zdncak he`dn rdzchcck zahtnpck. rc`c rdkdnapack aka tkptm hdkdnccf rdpthotfck zdmpe crcmcf qckg hdhanama rdkgctf zagkaiamck pdfc`cr rdkgdkpczck pakgmcp mdhazmakck. rdkgtckgck pakgmcp rdkgckggtck `ck rdocamck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck `a Ak`ekdzac `agtkcmck : he`dn dgdza `cpc rckdn &zakgnd dstcpaek!+ C`crtk mdpagc he`dn dgdza `cpc rckdn pdzdotp c`cncf zdocgca odamtp< PRP&ap!8 γ3 - ο33Neg&R@_O3!&ap! - ο3?Neg&R@_O?!&ap! - ο3:Neg&R@_O:!&ap! - ο30Neg&R@_OK!&ap! - t3a -

δ δ δ

&:7!

FJA&ap!8 γ? - ο?3Neg&R@_O3!&ap! - ο??Neg&R@_O?!&ap! - ο?:Neg&R@_O:!&ap! - ο?0Neg&R@_OK!&ap! - t?a -

&:6!

GAKA&ap!8 γ: - ο33Neg&R@_O3!&ap! - ο:?Neg&R@_O?!&ap! - ο::Neg&R@_O:!&ap! - ο:0Neg&R@_OK!&ap! - t:a -

7:

&:1!

@ahckc < PRP

8 Pakgmcp Rdkgckggtck Pdotmc &!

FJA

8 Fdc` Jetkp Ak`dv &!

GAKA

8 Negcaphc ak`dmz gaka cpae

Neg&R@_O3! 8 Negcaphc R@_O zdmpe rdpckack Neg&R@_O?! 8 Negcaphc R@_O zdmpe rdpchockgck Neg&R@_O:! 8 Negcaphc R@_O zdmpe ak`tzpa rdkgencfck Neg&R@_OK! 8 Negcaphc R@_O zdmpe kek(pc`dcond ta

8 Mediazadk ak`aya`t

δ

8 _dza`tcn he`dn

a

8 Cjdf. Zthcpdc Tpcc. …. Rcrtc=

p

8 ?224. ?229. ?227. ?226=

70

OCO AY FCZAN @CK RDHOCFCZCK

0+3+ Gchocck Th h Pakgmcp Mdhazmakck `a Ak`ekdzac

Mdhazmakck

dtrcmck zcncf zcpt ak`amcpe qckg `crcp hdktkltmmck

mdodfczanck rdhockgtkck `a ztcpt kdgcc+ Pakgga dk`cfkqc c gmc mdhazmakck `crcp hdkggchocm  k mdzdlcfpdcck rdk`t`tm `a ztcpt kdgcc+ Endf mcdkc apt. ckgmc mdhazmakck

dtrcmck zcncf zcpt rdhczcncfck hdk` zc qckg oaczc

hdklc`a rdfcpack tp hc ocga zdnttf kdgcc `a `tkac. pcm pdmdjtcna Ak`ekdzac+ 04 02    g :4    k    c    r    e :2    c    p    t    l ?4    h    c     n    c ?2    `     f    c 34     n    h    t 32    L

Pepcn Mepc @dzc

4 2 ?224

?229

?227

?226

Zthod < ORZ &`aencf! Gchoc 0+ Lthncf rdk`t`tm hazmak `a Ak`ekdzac od`czcmck pdhrcp pakggcn rdae`d ?224 ‚ ?226 Od`czcmck

choc 0. lthncf rdk`t`tm hazmak `a Ak`e dzac rc`c pcftk

?226 c`cncf :0.19 ltpc eckg cpct 34.0? rdzdk `ca pepcn rdk`t tm &Gchoc 4!+ Lthncf pdzdotp pa`cm odgapt hdkgcncha rdtocfck lamc `aock`akgmck `dkgck   lthncf rdk`t`tm hazmak `a Ak`ekdzac rc`c pcftk ?224 qcapt :4.3 ltpc lawc odgaptrtk `ca zdga rdzdkpczdkqc qcapt 34.17 rdzdk+ Hdkt tp Icazcn Ocza 74

&?221!. fcn pdzdotp

dkgak`amczamck ocfwc rdkgdkpczck mdhazmakck `a Ak`ekdzac

zdrdpa lcnck `a pdhrcp+ Zdncak apt. lamc `apdnapa ndoaf hdk`cnch l hncf rdk`t`tm  hazmak `a Ak`ekdzac rc`c pcftk ?229 ltgc zdhrcp hdkakgmcp akggc hdkjcrca :1.: ltpc lawc cpct 37.74 rdzdk `ca pepcn rdk`t`tm Ak`ekdzac+ Hdkttp Wen` Ockm &?227!. fcn aka pdtpchc `azdocomck endf hdkakgmcpkqc c gmc akincza mcnc apt. mcdkc rdhdakpcf hdkcammck fcgc ocfck ocmc hakqcm `cnch kdgda. `aamtpa `dkgck hdkakgmcpkq fcgc odcz zdnchc mttk wcmpt pdzdotp+

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Zthod < ORZ &`aencf! Gchoc 4+ Rdzdkpc d rdk`t`tm hazmak `a Ak`ekdzac od`czcmc pdhrcp pakggcn rdae`d ?224 ‚ ?226 Hdkttp Mc`a &?232. fcn+ 97!. „hdneklcmkqc ckgmc m dhazmakck rc`c pcftk ?229 hdktk tmmck zcncf zcpt `ahdkza rdkpakg `ca mdhazmakck `a Ak`ekdzac. qcmka pakggakqc rereza rdk`t`tm qckg fa`tr `dkgc rdkgdntcck `a zdmapc gcaz mdhazm akck &dkpck hazmak!‘+ Ockqcm rdk`t`tm  pa`cm hazmak `a Ak`ekdzac rc`c `czc qc zckgcp dkpck tkptm hdklc`a hazmak &fc ra hazmak! cpct `dkgck mcpc ncak pakg cp mddkpckck tkptm lcptf hazmak `a Ak`ekdzac jtmtr pakgga+ 79

Pcodn ?+ Gcaz mdhazmakck `ck rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm hazmak `a Ak`ekdzac. pcftk ?229 Zthod

GM rd Fca

GM rd Otnck

Rdzdkpczd Rdk`t`tm Hazmak

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8 _r 343+117.U

37.6

8 _r 17+?36.U

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01.2

ORZ

Ockm  @tkac

_r 4+299.47.U 8 TZ$ 3+44 RRR TZ$ 3 RRR 8 _r :+?02.92U TZ$ ? RRR 8 _r 9+063.92U

Zthod < ORZ &?227!

@dkgck hdkggtkcmck gcaz mdhazmakck Ockm @tkac. qcmka zdodzc 3 `ennc `ck ? `ennc RRR rd fca. hcmc od`czcmck fczan Ztyda Zezacn Dmekeha Kczaekcn &ZTZDKCZ rckdn! qckg `ancmtmck endf ORZ. rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm  hazmak rc`c pcftk ?229 hczakg(hczakg c`cncf 7.0 rdzdk `ck 01.2 rdzdk+ Fcn aka hdktkltmmck odzckqc lthncf rdk`t`tm qckg fa`tr `dkgck rdkgdntcck rd fca `a ckpcc 3 `ennc `ck ? `ennc RRR. qcmka hdkjcrca 0? rdzdk+ @dkgck `dhamack.  lamc pdlc`a zclc zd`amap gtkjckgck dmekeha. hcmc lthncf rdk`t`tm hazmak cmck hdkakgmcp zdjcc zagkaiamck &Mc`a. ?232!+ Zdncak odzckqc rereza rdk`t`tm qckg dkpck hazmak. rdhczcncfck ncak `ca mdhazmakck `a Ak`ekdzac c`cncf `azrcapcz. ocam qckg pdlc`a ckpcc `cdcf rdmepccck `ck rd`dzccck hctrtk ckpc reyakza+ Hdkttp `cpc ORZ &Gchoc 0 `ck Gchoc 4!. rc`c pcftk ?226 lthncf rdk`t`tm hazmak `a `dzc c`cncf ??.31   ltpc eckg cpct 36.1: rdzdk `ca pepcn rdk`t`tm rd`dzcck+ Lthncf pdzdotp fchra ? mcnakqc `ca lthncf rdk`t`tm hazmak `a mepc qcmka 3?.77 ltpc eckg &33.94 rdzdk `ca pepcn rdk`t`tm rdmepcck!+ Fcn aka zdrdpakqc `azdocomck endf mdpahrckgck mdhcltck rdhockgtkck qckg pdlc`a ckpcc `cdcf rdmepcck `ck rd`dzcck+ Zdocgack odzc hczqccmcp Ak`ekdzac fa`tr `a rd`dzcck `ck zdocgack 77

odzc `ca hddmc c`cncf rdpcka+ Hdnafcp fcn pdzdotp. zt`cf zdfctzkqc rdhockgtkck rdpckack `ck rd`dzcck pa`cm ncga `ahclakcnmck &Qt`feqeke. ?220!+

Re @MA 8:.69 Re Rcrtc 8 :4.4:

Zthod < ORZ &`aencf! Gchoc 9+ Rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm hazmak `a Ak`ekdzac od`czcmck reyakza pcftk ?226 @azrcapcz mdhazmakck pa`cm pdlc`a ckpc rdmepcck `ck rd`dzcck zclc pdpcra ltgc ckpc reyakza `a Ak`ekdzac+ @azrcapcz mdhazmakck ckpc reyakza `azdocomck endf rdod`cck mccmpdazpam zezacn dmekeha `ck rdod`cck renc rdhockgtkck qckg `ancmtmck hczakg(hczakg reyakza+ Gchoc 9 `dkgck ldncz hdktkltmmck ocfwc rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm hazmak hczakg(hczakg reyakza odycacza+ @ca :2 reyakza qckg `apdnapa. fckqc Reyakza @MA Lcmcpc qckg hdhanama rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm hazmak `aocwcf 4 rdzdk qcapt fckqc :.69 rdzdk+ Zd`ckgmck. Reyakza Rcrtc `ck Rcrtc Occp hdhanama rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm  76

hazmak rcnakg pakgga capt :4.4: rdzdk+

Zdncak Reyakza Rcrtc ck Rcrtc Occp.

pd`crcp 7 reyakza n ak qckg hdhanama rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm haz ak ndoaf `ca ?2 rdzdk. qcapt Reyakza Hcntmt. Ktzc Pdkggcc Paht. Cjdf. Ktzc Pdkggcc Occp. Nchrtkg. Ztn wdza Pdkgcf `ck Geekpcne+ Fcn aka hdkgak amczamck ocfwc hczaf ockqcm reya za `a Ak`ekdzac qckg hdhanama pakgmcp mdhazmakck zckgcp pakgga+ Zdncak apt. ` a rdpc `acpcz zdjcc ldncz ltgc `crcp `anafcp ocfwc zdjcc thth reyakza(reyakza `a mcwczck paht Ak`ekdzac &MPA!

dhanama pakgmcp

mdhazmakck qckg ndoaf pakgga lamc `aock`akgmck `dkgck re akza(reyakza `a mcwczck occp Ak`ek zac &MOA!+

0+?+ Gchocck Th h Pakgmcp Rdkgckggtck Pdotmc `a Ak` ekdzac 3?     m    t    `    t    `    k    d        d    z    c    p    k    d    z    d    r    d    R

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Zthod < ORZ &`aencf! Gchoc 7+ Rdmdhockgck Pakgmcp Rdkgckggtck Pdotmc &PR ! `a Ak`ekdzac pcftk ? 24 ‚ ?226

Zdncak

mdhazmakck. hczcncf mtzacn ncak qckg `afc`cra endf Ak`ekdzac

c`cncf rdkgckggtc + @cnch rdae`d rdkdnapack. `crcp `anafcp ocfwc pd`crcp mdjdk`dtkgck pakgm cp rdkgckggtck pdotmc qckg hdkgcncha rdkttkck `ca pcftk md pcftk &Gchoc 7!+ Pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc rc`c pcftk ?224 71

hdkjcrca 32.?9 rdzdk pttk hdklc`a 6.09 rdzdk rc`c pcftk ?226+ Mdk`cpa hdkgcncha rdkttkck. PRP pcftk ?226 pdzdotp hczaf pdoanckg jtmtr pakgga qcapt zdpcc `dkgck 1.0: ltpc eckg+ Kchtk

fcn

qckg

rcptp

mapc

zqtmta

c`cncf

rdkttkck

pakgmcp

rdkgckggtck pdotmc pa`cm fckqc pdlc`a rc`c ndydn kczaekcn zclc. hdncakmck ltgc rc`c ndydn reyakza+ Gchoc 6 `ck Gchoc 1 hdktkltmmck mdpdock`akgck pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc ndydn reyakza rc`c pcftk ?224 `ck ?226+ @ca gchoc(gchoc pdzdotp `crcp `anafcp ocfwc c`c rdtocfck jecm wckc `ehakck jemncp ptc qckg odtocf hdklc`a ndoaf pdckg qckg hdkgak`amczamck pdlc`akqc rdkttkck pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc rc`c zdocgack odzc reyakza `a Ak`ekdzac `cnch mttk wcmpt rdkdnapack+

8

PRP Geekpcne 8 30

Zthod < ORZ &`aencf! Gchoc 6+ Gchocck Pakgmcp Rdkgckggtck Pdotmc &PRP! `a Ak`ekdzac od`czcmck reyakza pcftk ?224

62

Od`czcmck gchoc 6. `crcp `anafcp ocfwc rc`c pcftk ?224 pd`crcp 33 reyakza qckg pdhcztm mdnehrem reyakza `dkgck pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc ndoaf `ca 3?.4 rdzdk+ Mdzdodncz reyakza pdzdotp c`cncf Cjdf. Cjdf. Zthcpdc Occp. Occp. Zthcpdc Zdncpck. @MA Lcmcpc. Lcwc Occp. Ockpdk. Ztncwdza Tpcc. Ztncwdza Zdncpck. Geekpcne. Hcntmt `ck Hcntmt Tpcc+ Zd`ckgmck od`czcmck Gchoc 1. `crcp `anafcp ocfwc fckqc zcpt reyakza qckg hdhanama pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc qckg hczaf ndoaf `ca 3?+4 rdzdk qcapt Reyakza Ockpdk+ Fcn aka hdkgak`amczamck ocfwc pakgmcp rdkgckggtck qckg pakgga zdnchc rdae`d rdkdnapack pdzdotp pdncf odmtckg+

PRP Ockpdk Ockpdk 8 34 36 

PRP Geekpcne 8 4.94 

Zthod < ORZ &`aencf! Gchoc 1+ Gchocck Pakgmcp Rdkgckggtck Pdotmc&PRP! `a Ak`ekdzac od`czcmck reyakza pcftk ?226 @cnch dkpckg wcmpt rdkdnapack. Reyakza Geekpcne hdkjcpcp rdkttkck pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc rcnakg pakgga lamc `aock`akgmck `dkgck qckg ncak+ Pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc Reyakza Geekpcne qckg zdhtnc 30 rdzdk rc`c 63

pcftk ?224 hdklc`a 4.94 rdzdk rc`c pcftk ?226 cpct pdlc`a rdkttkck PRP zdodzc 6.:4 rdzdk+ Fcn aka pa`cm pdndrcz `ca rdck zdmpe rdpckack qckg pthotf `dkgck zckgcp ntc oaczc `a Reyakza Geekpcne &Pcodn :!+ Rdpthotfck zdmpe rdpckack qckg pakgga `crcp hdkqdcr lthncf pdkcgc mdlc `cnch lthncf ockqcm zdfakggc lthncf rdkgckggtck `crcp odmtckg+ Reyakza Geekpcne `crcp hdklc`a jekpef qckg pdrcp ocga reyakza ncak `cnch hdkttkmck pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmckqc ndwcp rdhockgtkck zdmpe rdpckack+ Pcodn :+ Rdmdhockgck R@_O zdmpe rdpckack `ck Pakgmcp Rdkgckggtck Pdotmc &PRP! Reyakza Geekpcne rdae`d ?220 ( ?226 Pcftk

R@_O drpckack <pc rtacf!

Rdrpthotfck R@_O drpckack &$!

PRP &$!

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474+:27.0

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7.4

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770+222.2

6.3

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Zthod < ORZ &`aencf!

0+:+ Gchocck Thth Mdpahrckgck @azpaotza Rdk`crcpck `a Ak`ekdzac

Rdhczcncfck

odamtpkqc

qckg

pa`cm

mcncf

rdkpakg

`aock`akgmck

rdhczcncfck qckg pdncf `aocfcz zdodnthkqc c`cncf mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck `a Ak`ekdzac+ @ca Gchoc 32. `crcp `anafcp ocfwc `cnch rdae`d rdkdnapack ?224 ‚ ?226. zdjcc thth pd`crcp mdjdk`dtkgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck qckg zdhcmak pa`cm hdcpc qckg `aptkltmmck endf ak`dmz gaka cpae Ak`ekdzac qckg hdkakgmcp `ca 2.:0: rc`c pcftk ?224 hdklc`a 2.:96 rc`c pcftk ?226+ @ca Gchoc 32 ltgc `crcp `anafcp ocfwc `azpaotza rdk`crcpck qckg zdhcmak pahrckg otmckncf idkehdkc qckg pdlc`a `a ndydn kczaekcn `ck rdmepcck 6?

zclc hdncakmck ltgc dlc`a `a rd`dzcck hdzmartk rc`c ndydn qckg ndoaf dk`cf+ Ak`dmz gaka cpae rd`dzcck `a Ak`ekdzac hdkakgmcp `ca 2.?90 c`c pcftk ?224 hdklc`a 2.: rc`c pc tk ?226+ Zd`ckgmck ak`dmz gaka cpae rdm  pcck hdkakgmcp `ca 2.::6 rc`c pcftk ?224 hdklc`a 2.:97 rc`c pcftk ?226+ Fcn aka hdktkltmmck `azpaotza rdk`crcpc

ocam `a rd`dzcck hctrtk `a rdmepcc

zdhcmak pa`cm 

hdcpc+ 2+0 2+:4 2+: 2+?4

Mepc-@dzc

2+? 2+34

Mepc

2+3

@dzc

2+24 2 ?224

?229

?227

?226

Zthod < ORZ &`aencf! Gchoc 32+ Rdmd ockgck ak`dmz gaka cpae `a Ak`ekdzac od` zcmck pdhrcp pakggcn pcftk ?224 ‚ ?226

@azpaotza rdk`crcpck qckg `aak`amczamck zdhcmak pa`cm hdcpc ltgc pdlc`a rc`c ndydn reyakza+ Gchoc 33 `ck Gchoc 3

hdktkltmmck

mdpdock`akgck ak`d z gaka cpae ndydn reyakza rc`c pcftk ?224 `ck ?227+ @ca gchoc pdzdotp `cr p `anafcp ocfwc c`c rdtocfck jecm wckc `ehakck falct pdckg qckg odtocf hdklc`a ndoaf gdncr+ Fcn pdzdotp hdkgak`am  zamck pdlc`akqc rdkakgmcpck ak`dmz aka cpae qckg hdktkltmmck `azpaotza rdk crcpck zdhcmak pa`cm hdcpc rc`c zd cgack odzc reyakza `a Ak`ekdzac+ @ca Gchoc 33. `crcp `anafcp ocfwc rc`c pcftk ?22

fckqc c`c 3?

reyakza qckg hdhanama ak`dmz gaka cpae ndoaf `ca 2.::+ Reyakza pdzdotp c`cncf Odkgmtnt. Nchrtkg. Ockpdk. Lcwc Occp. @+A+ Qegqcmcpc. Lc c Paht. Ocna. 6:

KPP. Rcrtc. Ztncwdza Zdncpck. Geekpcne `ck Ztncwdza Pdkggcc+ Zd`ckgmck rc`c pcftk ?226 &Gchoc 3?!. zdncak 3? reyakza pdzdotp pd`crcp 0 pchocfck reyakza qckg hdhanama ak`dmz gaka cpae ndoaf `ca 2.:: qcapt Reyakza @MA Lcmcpc. Mcnahckpck Paht. Mcnahckpck Zdncpck `ck Hcntmt Tpcc+ Fcn aka hdkgak`amczamck ocfwc zdhcmak ockqcm reyakza qckg hdhanama `azpaotza rdk`crcpck qckg zdhcmak pa`cm hdcpc `a Ak`ekdzac `cnch rdae`d rdkdnapack+

Zthod < ORZ &`aencf! Gchoc 33+ Gchocck pakgmcp mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck `a Ak`ekdzac od`czcmck reyakza pcftk ?224

Ak`amcza `azpaotza rdk`crcpck qckg zdhcmak pa`cm hdcpc ltgc `a`tmtkg endf icmpc ncak qckg `apdhtmck rc`c `cpc rdkdnapack+ @ca :2 reyakza qckg hdklc`a eozdycza rdkdnapack. fckqc pd`crcp 7 reyakza qckg hdkgcncha rdocamck ak`dmz gaka cpae+ Reyakza pdzdotp c`cncf Reyakza Cjdf. Zthcpdc Tpcc. Odkgmtnt. Ockgmc Odnaptkg. @+A+ Qegqcmcpc. Lcwc Paht `ck Ztncwdza Pdkggcc+ Kchtk `dhamack. fckqc : reyakza qckg odfczan tkptm kcam md akpdycn 60

ak`dmz gaka cpae qckg ndoaf ocam. qcapt Reyakza Zthcpdc Tpcc. Reyakza Ockgmc Odnaptkg `ck Reyakza Cjdf+

Zthod < ORZ &`aencf! Gchoc 3?+ Gchocck pakgmcp mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck `a Ak`ekdzac od`czcmck reyakza pcftk ?227

0+0+ Gchocck Thth Rdpthotfck Dmekeha `a Ak`ekdzac

Crcoanc `apaklct `ca zaza Re`tm @ehdzpam Otpe &R@O!. zdjcc thth makdlc rddmekehack Ak`ekdzac zdnchc rdae`d ?224 ‚ ?226 zt`cf jtmtr ocam+ Od`czcmck Gchoc 3:. `crcp `anafcp ocfwc zdnchc rdae`d rdkdnapack Re`tm  @ehdzpam Otpe cpcz `czc fcgc mekzpck pcftk ?222 &R@O C@FM%R@O aan! jdk`dtkg hdkgcncha rdkakgmcpck `ca 3+742.6 panatk tracf rc`c pcftk ?224 hdklc`a ?+26?.3 panatk tracf rc`c pcftk ?226+

64

??22 ?26?+3

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319:+3 3607+3 3742+6

3922 3422 ?224

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?226

Zthod < ORZ &`aencf! Gchoc 3:+ Rdmdhockgck R@O cpcz `czc fcgc mekzpck pcftk ?222

Rdpthotfck dmekeha qckg pdlc`a `cnch mttk wcmpt pdzdotp ltgc jtmtr pakgga `ck jdk`dtkg hdkgcncha rdkakgmcpck. `ca 4.9 rdzdk rd pcftk rc`c ?224 hdklc`a 9.3 rdzdk rd pcftk rc`c ?226 &Gchoc 30!+ Hdzmartk rc`c pcftk ?229 `ck pcftk ?226. rdpthotfck dmekeha hdkgcncha mekpcmza qckg `azdocomck endf mdkcamck fcgc OOH `ck mazaz gneocn kchtk rdkgctfkqc pa`cm  pdncnt odzc= mekpcmza pdzdotp fckqc hdkttkmck rdpthotfck dmekeha zdodzc 2.3 rdzdk `ck 2.? rdzdk+ Hdkttp ORZ &?221!. fcn pdzdotp hdkgak`amczamck ocfwc zdjcc thth. makdlc rddmekehack `cnch dkpckg ?224 ‚ ?226 hdktkltmmck mdhcltck qckg hdkggdhoacmck+ 9+:

9+0

9+3

9+?

   k    d 9    z    r    d 4+6        h 4+9    c     n    c 4+0    `

4+9

4+4

4+? 4 ?224

?229

?227

?226

Zthod < ORZ &`aencf! Gchoc 30+ Rdmdhockgck rdpthotfck dmekeha Ak`ekdzac rdae`d ?224 ( ?226 69

Zdrdpa qckg pdncf `aldnczmck zdodnthkqc. rddmekehack Ak`ekdzac pthotf `dkgck hckpcr ododcrc pcftk pdcmfa+ Kchtk. hdkttp Icazcn Ocza &?221! rdpthotfck dmekeha Ak`ekdzac apt zdk`aa pa`cm odlcnck zdocgcahckc zdfctzkqc. mcdkc pdkqcpc zckgcp pa`cm zdahockg+ Rdpthotfck dmekeha pa`cm  zdahockg qckg `ahcmzt` endf odnact c`cncf rdpthotfck dmekeha Ak`ekdzac qckg pdncnt odpthrt rc`c rdmdhockgck zdmpe lczc(lczc qckg pa`cm `crcp `ard`cgckgmck zdjcc akpdkczaekcn `dkgck ndntczc &kek(pc`dcond!. zd`ckgmck zdmpe occkg qckg dcp mcapckkqc `dkgck re`tmza `ck rd`cgckgck `cnch rdkgdpack mekydkzaekcn &pc`dcond! hdkgcncha rdpthotfck qckg jdk`dtkg zdhcmak dk`cf &Ocza. ?221!+ Pcodn 0+ Rdmdhockgck rdpthotfck R@O &! rd zdmpe `a Ak`ekdzac pcftk ?224(?226 Zdmper

?224

?229

?227

?226

&3!

&?!

&:!

&0!

&4!

C+ Prc`dcond

:.4

:.7

:.6

:.4

Rdrpckack

?.4

:.2

:.4

0.6

Rdrpchockgck `ck Rdkggcnack

3.9

?.?

?.2

2.7

Hckticmptr

0.9

0.9

0.7

:.7

O+ Kek(Prc`dcond

6.2

7.0

1.2

6.4

Nazpram. Gcz. Car

9.4

4.1

32.0

32.1

Mekzprtmza

7.:

1.2

6.9

7.4

Rdr`cgckgck. Fepdn `ck _dzperck

6.9

9.3

6.4

9.1

3:.2

3:.9

30.0

39.9

Mdtckgck

7.3

4.7

6.2

6.?

Lczc(Lczc Thth

4.?

9.?

9.9

9.?

4.9

4.4

9.:

9.2

Prckzerpcza `ck Mehtkamcza

G@R

Zthod < Ocza &?221! @cpc rc`c Pcodn 0 hdkdgczmck rdkqcpcck qckg pdncf `azchrcamck zdodnthkqc+ @ca Pcodn 0 `crcp `anafcp ocfwc zdmpe pc`dcond qckg pd`aa cpcz zdmpe rdpckack. rdpchockgck. `ck ak`tzpa rdkgencfck `cnch rdae`d ?224 ‚ ?226. pakgmcp rdpthotfckkqc fckqc ckpcc :.4 ‚ :.6 rdzdk rd pcftk+ Zdmpe 67

rdpckack. zdmpe qckg rcnakg ockqcm hdkqdcr pdkcgc mdlc `ck rcnakg `ack`cnmck zdocgca zthod rdk`crcpck zdocgack odzc cmqcp fckqc hdhanama pakgmcp rdpthotfck zdodzc ?.4 rdzdk rc`c pcftk ?224+ Kchtk `dhamack. fcn qckg rcptp mapc zqtmta c`cncf pd`crcp mdkcamck rdpthotfck zdmpe rdpckack `ca pcftk md pcftk. qckg hdkgak`amczamck ocfwc zdmpe rdpckack htnca `ardfcpamck mdhocna+ Zdmpe odamtpkqc qckg ltgc ockqcm hdkqdcr pdkcgc mdlc c`cncf zdmpe ak`tzpa rdkgencfck+ @ca Pcodn 0 ltgc `crcp `anafcp ocfwc pakgmcp rdpthotfck zdmpe ak`tzpa rdkgencfck `cnch rdae`d ?224 ‚ ?227 zpcgkck rc`c mazcck 0.9 ‚ 0.7 rdzdk+ Gchocck mekpcz `crcp mapc nafcp rc`c zdmpe kek(pc`dcond qckg zdjcc mdzdnttfck zdnchc rdae`d ?224 ‚ ?226 hdkgcncha rdpthotfck ? ‚ : mcna narcp ndoaf pakgga `ca rdpthotfck zdmpe pc`dcond+ Rdpthotfck zdmpe kek( pc`dcond rd pcftk `cnch rdae`d rdkdnapack ckpcc 7.0 ‚ 1.2 rdzdk+

Rdpthotfck R@O zdmpe kek(pc`dcond pdtpchc `aperckg endf rdpthotfck `ca zdmpe mehtkamcza `ck pckzrepcza `ck mdtckgck qckg hdtrcmck zdmpe(zdmpe qckg rc`cp pdmkenega `ck hakah rdkqdcrck pdkcgc mdlc+ @ca Pcodn 0 ltgc `crcp `anafcp ocfwc zdmpe pckzrepcza `ck mehtkamcza hdhanama pakgmcp rdpthotfck ckpcc 3: ‚ 39.9 rdzdk rd pcftk `cnch rdae`d ?224 ‚ ?226+ Zdmpe aka pdtpchc `aperckg endf rdpthotfck ztozdmpe mehtkamcza ndoaf zrdzaiam ncga pdndrek zdntnd+ Zdmpe mdtckgck ltgc hdhanama pakgmcp rdpthotfck qckg pakgga+ @cnch rdae`d rdkdnapack. zdmpe mdtckgck hdhanama pakgmcp rdpthotfck ckpcc 4.7 ‚ 6.? rdzdk rd pcftk+ Aekakqc rdpthotfck kanca pchocf qckg pakgga pdlc`a rc`c zdmpe(zdmpe kek(pc`dcond qckg rc`cp pdmkenega `ck hakah rdkqdcrck pdkcgc mdlc+ Fckqc

66

zdgdnakpa eckg qckg `crcp odmdlc `a zdmpe aka+ Zd`ckgmck hcq apcz rdk`t`tm. fckqc cmck hdklc`a ekzthdk zclc+ Jekpefkqc c`cncf zdmpe mdtckgck ztozdmpe rdockmck+ Hdkttp cazcn Ocza &?221. fcn+ 04!. „qckg `crcp hd  lc`a re`tzdk `a zdmpe aka fckqc mcn kgck reidzzaekcn rdockmck. `ck hddmc a ancf qckg `crcp hdkamhcpa mdtkptkg k `ck otcf rdpthotfck qckg rdzcp. zdhdk cc eckg(eckg ncak zdmc`c hdklc`a kczcocf cpct rczc‘+ Od`czcmck Gchoc 34. rc`c pcftk ?226 rdk`t`tm qckg odmdlc `a zdmpe mdtckgck fckqc ? rdzdk ca pepcn zdnttf rdk`t`tm qckg odmdlc `a Ak`ekdzac+ Jekpef ncakkqc c`cncf zd pe pckzrepcza `ck mehtkamcza zt zdmpe pdndrek zdntnd+ Fcn qckg zdtrc `dkgck zdmpe mdtckgck ltgc pdlc a rc`c zdmpe pckzrepcza `ck mehtkamcza. `ahckc eckg qckg oazc odmdlc `azckc fckqc zdgdnakpa eckg qckg hdhanama mehrdpdkza `dkgck zrdzaiamcza p pdkpt `a oa`ckg AP `ck eckg ( eckg akancf qckg `crcp hdkamhcpa mdtkptk ck `ck otcf rdpthotfck qckg rdzcp

c`c zdmpe aka.

zd`ckgmck hcqeapc rdk`t`tm fckqc cmck hdklc`a mekzthdk `ck odrdck hdkerckg zdmpe aka+ Od`czcmck Gchoc 34. rc`c pcftk ?226 rdk`t`tm qckg odmdlc `a zdmpe aka fckqc 9 rdzdk `ca zdnttf rdk`t`tm  qckg odmdlc `a Ak`ekdzac+

Rdkgckgmtpck `ck mehtkamcza 9$

Mdtckgck ?$

Lczc(lczc 3:$

Rdrpckack 02$ Rdr`cgckgck ?3$

Ockgtkck 4$

Ak`tzpra 3?$

Rdrpchockgck 3$

NGC 2$

Zthod < O Z &`aencf! Gchoc 34+ Rereza rdmdlc hdkttp ncrckgck tzcfc tpchc `a Ak`ekdzac ?226 61

Hdkttp Pe`ce &?22:. fcn+ ?31!. „zt`cf ldncz ocfwc rdhockgtkck hdhdntmck R@O qckg pakgga `ck rdpthotfck qckg jdrcp+ Kchtk hczcncf `czckqc otmck fckqc ocgcahckc hdkthotfmck R@O. pdpcra zacrcmcf qckg hdkthotfmck R@O. zdlthncf odzc hczqccmcp qckg c`c `a `cnch zdotcf kdgcc cpctmcf fckqc zdgdnakpa eckg `a `cnchkqc+ Lamc qckg hdkthotfmckkqc fckqcncf

eckg(eckg

mcqc

qckg

odlthncf

zd`amap.

hcmc

hckiccp

rdpthotfckkqc rdpthotfckk qc apt rtk fckqc `akamhcpa endf hddmc zclc. zdfakggc mdhazmakck `ck mdpahrckgck rdk`crcpck cmck zdhcmak rccf+ Kchtk lamc rdpthotfck `afczanmck endf eckg ockqcm. hddmc rtncncf qckg cmck hdhrdendf hckiccp pdodzckqc `ck hckiccp rdpthotfck dmekeha cmck pdocga zdjcc ndoaf hdcpc‘+

0+4+ He`dn Rdzchcck Zahtnpck

Tkptm hdklcwco ptltck rdkdnapack qckg md`tc qcapt hdkldnczmck rdck rdpthotfck dmekeha `ck akpdydkza rdhdakpcf pdfc`cr pakgmcp mdhazmakck. pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc `ck pakgmcp mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck `a Ak`ekdzac. rdktnaz hdkggtkcmck he`dn rdzchcck zahtnpck+ He`dn rdzchcck zahtnpck qckg `agtkcmck `cnch rdkdnapack pd`aa cpcz 4 rdzchcck zptjptcn `ck 4 rdzchcck d`tjd` + Zdocgcahckc pdzcla rc`c Pcodn 4 `ck Pcodn 9. fczan dzpahcza `dkgck hdkggtkcmck  Dyadwz 9+2 hdktkltmmck ocfwc zdjcc thth zdocgack odzc pck`c mediazadk `ca ycacodn qckg `agtkcmck pdncf zdztca `dkgck qckg `afccrmck &zdztca `dkgck mapdac dmekeha!+ Zdjcc zpcpazpam. he`dn qckg `agtkcmck ycna` . `aptkltmmck endf kanca I(Zpcpazpaj zdhtc rdzchcck zptjptcn `ck d`tjd`  fczan dzpahcza zagkaiamck rc`c pcci kqcpc 3 rdzdk. qckg hdktkltmmck ycacodn(ycacodn 12

rdkldncz qckg `agtkcmck rc`c zdpacr rdzchcck zptjptcn `ck d`tjd`  zdjcc zahtnpck &odzchc(zchc! zagkaiamck `cnch hdhrdkgctfa ycacodn pcm odocz+ Kanca  C`ltzpd` _(Zstcd`  `ca rdzchcck(rdzchcck qckg `agtkcmck ltgc jtmtr odzc. hdktkltmmck odzckqc rereza ycacza `ca ycacodn pcm odocz qckg oazc `aldnczmck endf ycacodn odocz `a hczakg(hczakg he`dn zt`cf ocam+ He`dn dzpahcza   iavd` diidjp  `agtkcmck tkptm hdkgdzpahcza rdzchcck zptjptcn `ck rdzchcck d`tjd`  qckg c`c+ Zdncak apt. pd`crcp rdzchcck qckg

hdkggtkcmck hdpe`d dzpahcza jezz zdjpaek wdagfp + Fcn aka `amcdkcmck hdncnta tla   Ncgckgd Htnparnad  tkptm zptmpt ycackz `ck meycackz dza`tcn zdjcc zpcpazpam `crcp `aotmpamck ocfwc zptmpt ycackz `ck meycackz `ca dza`tcn qckg `ahanama ododcrc he`dn c`cncf fdpdezmd`czpam+ Endf mcdkc apt. dzpahcza `dkgck hdpe`d

?ZNZ

`ancmtmck

`dkgck   DGNZ

&Jezz

zdjpaek

wdagfp! tkptm 

hdkgcmehe`cza pdlc`akqc rdk`tgcck qckg pa`cm diazadk cmaocp rdnckggcck pdfc`cr czthza fehezmd`czpazapcz+ Zdncak apt. `agtkcmck rtnc Jezz zdjpaek ZT_ &RJZD! zdocgca akldmza cwcn rc`c zptmpt ycackz `ck meycackz

tkptm 

hdkgckpazarcza c`ckqc gckggtck jedncpaek ckpc jezz(zdjpaek rc`c zccp rdhe`dnck+ Zdncak rdkgtlack pdfc`cr czthza fehezmd`czpazapcz. rdzchcck zptjptcn `ck rdzchcck d`tjd`  qckg `agtkcmck rc`c he`dn rdzchcck zahtnpck ltgc pdncf nenez czthza kehcnapcz &Nchrack 6 `ck 1!+ Zd`ckgmck tkptm rdkgtlack czthza kek(ctpemedncza. rdktnaz hdkggtkcmck zpcpazpam tla   @toak Wcpzek. `ahckc zdhtc he`dn zdjcc zpcpazpam `crcp `akqcpcmck nenez czthza kek( ctpemedncza+ He`dn qckg pdncf hdndwcpa pcfcrck rdkgtlack czthza `crcp `aakpdrdpczamck zdrdpa qckg `crcp `anafcp rc`c zto(oco odamtpkqc+ 13

Pcodn 4+ He`dn rdzchcck zptmptcn Rdzchcck Zptmptcn

Ycacodn @drdk`dk

Ycacodn Ak`drdk`dk

Mediazadk

_akgmczck Zpcpazpam

&3!

&?!

&:!

&0!

&4!

A

Neg&R@_O!

J

2.4342?9

Neg&Mekzthza!

2.0?34:2

Neg&Dvrdk`aptdUDF!

AA

PRP

2.26:021

Neg&@CM!

2.220427

Neg&RclcmU@cdcf!

2.24241:

Akincza

2.222763

Akiehcn

2.2220:?

AY

FJA

2.111142

Reo&I(zpcpazpaj!

2.222222

@W

?.0?307?

,,

,,

_(zstcd`

2.194?4?

Neg&R@_O!

(36.177:42

,,

C`l+ _(zstcd`

2.100779

Neg&THR!

(2.374094

Reo&I(zpcpazpaj!

2.222222

@W

?.3467::

2.2?7124

,

(2.23334?

J

(3:.949:72

,,

_(zstcd`

2.1:90:2

Neg&R@_O!

3.:32:?:

,,

C`l+ _(zstcd`

2.614??7

PRP

2.236?:7

,,

Reo&I(zpcpazpaj!

2.222222

Neg&THR!

(2.:2?7?3

,,

@W

?.9:96:2

Neg&RRf!

(2.2??960

Neg&@CT!

(2.2:2269

Neg&@CM!

2.21?276

,,

J

77.?20342

,,

_(zstcd`

2.116441

Neg&R@_O!

(3.297349

C`l+ _(zstcd`

2.117462

Reo&I(zpcpazpaj!

2.222222

@W

?.931393

2.:62112

,,

Neg&Dvrdk`aptdUDF!

(2.369:30

Neg&THR!

(0.47?24?

,,

Akincza

2.2::9?6

,,

CHF

(2.:376?:

,,

2.0797?0

,,

J

39.2??:22

,,

_(zstcd`

2.111112

FJA

(2.2?:70:

,,

C`l+ _(zstcd`

2.111160

Neg&Gaka!

(2.2:7047

,,

Reo&I(zpcpazpaj!

2.222222

Akincza

(2.223:??

,,

@W

?.::93?:

Neg&THR!

2.396463

,,

Neg&RRf!

(2.2390:0

,,

AkapacnUreydpq

Neg&Mekzthza!

C`l+ _(zstcd`

?2:.372?22

PRP

Y

,,

2.111172

J

Akiehcn

Neg&Gaka!

(2.2296?1

Neg&@CT!

Akincza

AAA

,,

_(zstcd`

Jcpcpck < ,,zagkaiamck rc`c pcci kqcpc 4 rdzdk = , pcci kqcpc 32 rdzdk

1?

Pcodn 9+ He`dn rdzchcck d`tjd` ieh Rdzchcck _d`tjd` Ierh Ycacodn Ak`drdk`dk

A

AA

AAA

AY

Y

Neg&R@_O!

PRP

Neg&Gaka!

FJA

Neg&Mekzthza!

&?!

&:!

&0!

&4!

&9!

&3!

7+?64099

J

,,

(2+227:10

Neg&DvrUDF!

32:+666222

,,

(6+321629

(2+794111

,,

,,

334+?14722

,,

3:+4391:2

2+22:626

(2+:66447

,,

2+226262

,

(2+:?:317

2+26:419

,, ,,

Neg&@CT!

2+246276

,,

(3+63427?

,,

(2+227211

Neg&@CM!

(2+229422

,,

(3+901?:2

,,

2+29077?

,,

(2+9?2:14

,,

(2+2?3079

2+297191

,

(2+37:127

2+:9307?

,,

(3+1???:2

,,

2+237997

Neg&RRf!

(2+2?0799

,

2+493?17

(2+2:01?6

,,

2+363?71

Neg&THR!

2+::4?0:

,,

(0+991606

(2+3?61:1

,,

(9+:72620

Akincza

2+222936

(2+22673:

2+22:024

,,

2+20:421

CHF

(2+23:4??

2+?4:406

(2+22770?

AkapacnUreydpq

2+22923?

(2+0:?1?1

,,

2+2321?9 2 +2321?9

,

2+:00?20

Akiehcn

2+222?1?

(2+264979

,,

2+22496?

,,

_(zstcd`

2+11174:

2+179077

C`ltzpd` _(zstcd`

2+111492

Reo&I(zpcpazpaj!

2+222222

Neg&RclcmU@cdcf!

(2+2:1343

,,

,,

2+??061?

,,

,,

(2+223076

,,

2+227316

,

(2+232?92

,,

(2+232000

2+222141

,

2+633996

2+ 1116:7

2+111167

2+1463?1

2+990791

2+ 111732

2+111177

2+222222

2+222222

2+ 222222

2+222222

,,

(2+2?1379 ,,

Jcpcpck < ,,zagkaiamck rc`c pcci kqcpc 4 rdzdk = , pcci kqcpc 32 rdzdk

0+9+ Rdck Rdpthotfck Dmekeha Pdfc`cr Mdhazmakck. Rdkgckggtck `ck Mdpahrckgck @azpaotza Rdk`crcpck `a Ak`ekdzac

@ca

rdzchcck zptjptcn  AY . `crcp `akqcpcmck ocfwc

rdpthotfck

dmekeha pa`cm pdotmpa zagkaiamck `cnch hdkttkmck rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm hazmak zdjcc nckgztkg+ Kchtk `dhamack. zdztca `dkgck pdea Emtk‑z Ncw `ck otmpa dhraaz `ca rdzchcck zptjptcn AA . `dkgck pakgmcp mdqcmakck 14 rdzdk. rdpthotfck dmekeha

`crcp hdkjarpcmck

hdkqdcr pdkcgc mdlc. `ahckc rdkqdcrck rdkttkck

,,

ncrckgck mdlc oct qckg `crcp pdzdotp `crcp

hdkqdocomck

pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc &PRP! `dkgck zagkaiamck+ Zdpacr

rdpthotfck dmekeha zdodzc 3 rdzdk hdkqdocomck rdkttkck PRP zdodzc 36.16 rdzdk zccp mek`aza jcpdaz rcaotz + 1:

Pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc &PRP! qckg pttk hdkqdocomck rdkttkck rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm hazmak &FJA!+ &FJA!+ @dkgck pakgmcp mdqcmakck 14 rdzdk. zdpacr rdkttkck

pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc &PRP! zdodzc 3 rdzdk `crcp

hdkqdocomck rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm hazmak pttk 2.:6 rdzdk+ Zdfakggc `crcp `azahrtnmck ocfwc hdzmartk zdjcc nckgztkg pa`cm hdhanama rdkgctf. kchtk `dkgck hdkttkmck pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc. rdpthotfck dmekeha zdjcc pa`cm nckgztkg `crcp hdkqdocomck rdkttkck rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm hazmak `a Ak`ekdzac+ Fczan qckg `ardendf zdztca `dkgck rdkdnapack qckg `ancmtmck endf ORZ `cnch

rtonamcza „Ckcnazaz Mdhazmakck. Mdpdkcgcmdlcck `ck @azpaotza

Rdk`crcpck‘ pcftk ?221+ @cnch rtonamcza pdzdotp. ORZ hdkqcpcmck ocfwc

rdpthotfck dmekeha pa`cm pdotmpa zagkaiamck hdkttkmck pakgmcp mdhazmakck+ C`crtk qckg zagkaiamck hdhrdkgctfa pakgmcp mdhazmakck c`cncf pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc &PRP!+ @ahckc zdpacr rdpthotfck pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc zdodzc 3 rdzdk `crcp hdkqdocomck pakgmcp mdhazmakck hdkakgmcp 2.273 rdzdk+ Fczan aka pdkpt zclc hdhrdmtcp `tgcck ocfwc rdkgckggtck hdtrcmck zcncf zcpt rdkqdoco mdhazmakck+ @ca rdzchcck zptjptcn AAA . `crcp `azahrtnmck ocfwc `dkgck pakgmcp mdqcmakck

14

rdzdk

rdpthotfck

dmekeha

zdjcc

nckgztkg

zagkaiamck

hdkqdocomck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck zdhcmak pahrckg `a Ak`ekdzac+ Zdpacr rdpthotfck dmekeha zdodzc 3 rdzdk `crcp hdkqdocomck rdpthotfck ak`dmz gaka cpae zdodzc 3.:3 rdzdk+ Fcn aka `amcdkcmck rdpthotfck dmekeha fckqc

`akamhcpa endf zdocgack mdjan rdk`t`tm zclc+ Od`czcmck `cpc ORZ pcftk ?226. fchra 04 rdzdk `ca „mtd rdhockgtkck‘ `akamhcpa endf ?2 rdzdk rdk`t`tm  10

`dkgck rdk`crcpck pdpakgga. zd`ckgmck 02 rdzdk rdk`t`tm `dkgck rdk`crcpck pddk`cf fckqc hdkamhcpa 31.4 rdzdk zclc+ Hdkttp Pe`ce &?22:!. rdhockgtkck zt`cf ldncz hdhdntmck re`tm  `ehdzpam otpe &R@O! qckg pakgga `ck rdpthotfckkqc qckg jdrcp+ Kchtk hczcncf `czckqc otmck fckqc ocgcahckc hdkjarpcmck rdpthotfck R@O. pdpcra zacrcmcf qckg hdkthotfmck R@O. zdlthncf odzc hczqccmcp qckg c`c `a `cnch kdgcc cpctmcf fckqc zdgdnakpa eckg zclc+ Lamc qckg hdkthotfmckkqc fckqcncf eckg(eckg mcqc odlthncf zd`amap. hcmc hckiccp rdpthotfck R@O aptrtk fckqc cmck `akamhcpa endf hddmc zclc. zdfakggc mdpahrckgck rdk`crcpck cmck zdhcmak rccf+ Kchtk lamc rdpthotfck `afczanmck endf eckg ockqcm. hddmc rtncncf qckg cmck hdhrdendf hckiccp pdodzckqc. `ck otcf rdpthotfck dmekeha cmck pdocga zdjcc ndoaf hdcpc+ Pcodn 7+ @azpaotza rdk`crcpck &! `ck czae gaka Ak`ekdzac ?22? ( ?226 Mdnehem Rdk`t`tm

?22? &?!

?22: &:!

?220 &0!

?224 &4!

?229 &9!

?227 &7!

?226 &6!

02$ pdrdk`cf

?2.1

?2.9

?2.6

36.6

31.6

31.3

31.4

02$ hdkdkgcf

:9.1

:7.3

:7.3

:9.0

:6.3

:9.3

:4.7

?2$ pdrcpcz

0?.?

0?.:

0?.3

00.6

0?.?

00.6

00.6

_czae Gaka

2.::

2.:?

2.:?

2.:0

2.:9

2.:6

2.:7

&3!

Zthod < Mtkjee &?232! Kchtk `dhamack. rdpthotfck dmekeha cmck hdkgtckga pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc. `ahckc rdkgtckgck aka cmck od`chrcm kdgcpai rc`c rdpthotfck ak`dmz gaka cpae+ @dkgck mcpc ncak. odmtckgkqc pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc &PRP! `crcp hdkqdocomck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck ndoaf hdcpc+ @ca rdzchcck zptjptcn AAA . `dkgck pakgmcp mdqcmakck 14 rdzdk `crcp `azahrtnmck ocfwc zdpacr rdkttkck

pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc &PRP!

zdodzc 3 rdzdk `crcp od`chrcm kdgcpai rc`c rdpthotfck ak`dmz gaka cpae 14

zdodzc 2.236 rdzdk+ Zdfakggc zdjcc pa`cm nckgztkg. `crcp `amcpcmck ocfwc rdpthotfck dmekeha od`chrcm kdgcpai rc`c rdpthotfck mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck+ Odmtckgkqc

mdpahrckgck

`azpaotza

rdk`crcpck

`ck

rdzdkpczd

rdk`t`tm hazmak cmaocp rdkttkck PRP. zdjcc pa`cm nckgztkg cmck zdhcmak hdhrdjdrcp rdpthotfck dmekeha+ Fcn aka `amcdkcmck `dkgck rdkttkck rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm hazmak `ck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck qckg ndoaf hdcpc. rdkgdntcck mekzthza hczqccmcp hdklc`a hdkakgmcp. `ahckc rdkakgmcpck pdzdotp zdjcc nckgztkg cmck hdhcjt rdpthotfck dmekeha+ @ca rdzchcck zptjptcn A . `dkgck pakgmcp mdqcmakck 14 rdzdk. `crcp `azahrtnmck ocfwc zdpacr

rdpthotfck mekzthza zdodzc 3 rdzdk hdkqdocomck rdpthotfck dmekeha zdodzc 2.0? rdzdk+ Hdkttp Mdqkdzz. rdkgdntcck cgdgcp. `cnch fcn aka rdkgdntcck hczqccmcp cpcz occkg `ck lczc. hdtrcmck icmpe tpchc qckg hdkdkptmck pakgmcp mdgacpck dmekeha qckg `ajcrca ztcpt kdgcc+ Kchtk zdocnamkqc. lamc rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm hazmak hdkakgmcp `ck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck hdndoc hcmc rdpthotfck dmekeha zdjcc pa`cm nckgztkg cmck pdfchocp+ @ca

rdzchcck zptjptcn Y . `dkgck pakgmcp mdqcmakck

14

rdzdk `crcp `azahrtnmck ocfwc rdkakgmcpck   Fdc` Jetkp Ak`dv &FJA! cpctrtk rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm hazmak zdodzc 3 rdzdk `crcp od`chrcm kdgcpai rc`c rdpthotfck mekzthza thcf pckggc zdodzc 2.2?: rdzdk+ Zd`ckgmck `ca rdzchcck qckg zchc. zdpacr rdpthotfck ak`dmz gaka cpae zdodzc 3 rdzdk `crcp od`chrcm kdgcpai rc`c rdpthotfck mekzthza thcf pckggc zdodzc 2.2:7 rdzdk+ Fczan aka zdztca `dkgck pdea yaptetz jajnd. Zedfczeke Zcga `cnch otmt „Mcrapc Zdndmpc Dmekeha Ak`ekdzac ‘ pcftk ?221. `ahckc rdkakgmcpck 19

rdk`crcpck rdk`t`tm hazmak. `cnch fcn aka rdkttkck rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm  hazmak `ck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck qckg ndoaf hdcpc cmck hdkqdocomck rdkakgmcpck mekzthza `ck zdjcc pa`cm nckgztkg cmck hdhcjt rdpthotfck dmekeha+ Djekehaj Grewpf

Akjrdczd`   re`tjpayd jccjapq 

Rre`tjpayd Jccjapq 

Fagfdr  Dvdk`aptrd

Dhneqhdkp  Wapf _azakg Rre`tjpayapq 

Fagfdr akjehd ei pfd Reer 

Zthod < Zcga &?221! Gchoc 39+ Pdea Nakgmcck Zdpck Mdhazmakck &Yaptetz Jajnd!

Endf mcdkc apt. rdpthotfck dmekeha hdhanama mcapck qckg dcp `ck rdck qckg rdkpakg zdmcna `cnch hdkgcpcza rdhczcncfck rdkgckggtck. mdhazmakck

`ck

mdpahrckgck

`azpaotza rdk`crcpck+ Rdpthotfck dmekeha

fctz `arcjt pdtpchc rc`c zdmpe(zdmpe pc`dcond qckg `crcp hdkqdcr pdkcgc mdlc qckg ockqcm zdfakggc hdkttkmck pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc+ Rdkttkck

pakgmcp

rdkgckggtck

pdotmc

`crcp

hdkqdocomck

rdkgtckgck pakgmcp mdhazmakck `ck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck qckg ndoaf hdcpc+ Mdht`ack rdkttkck rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm hazmak `ck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck qckg ndoaf hdcpc zdjcc pa`cm nckgztkg cmck odahrnamcza pdfc`cr rdjdrcpck nclt 17

rdpthotfck dmekeha+ Fczan aka zdztca `dkgck rdkdnapack Icazcn Ocza `cnch otmt „Nckzmcr Dmekeha Ak`ekdzac‘ pcftk ?221+ Odnact hdkqcpcmck ocfwc ocga

kdgcc odmdhockg qckg

ltpcck rdk`t`tmkqc hczaf hdkgckggt. zdmpe

pc`dcond cpct occkg ndoaf hdkgtkptkgmck tkptm `amdhockgmck. mcdkc `crcp

hdkqdcr odgapt ockqcm pdkcgc mdlc `ck mdtkptkgckkqc mdtkptkgckk qc `crcp `akamhcpa endf ockqcm rafcm+ Kchtk icmpckqc. zdrdpa qckg pdncf `aldnczmck rc`c ckcnazaz `dzmarpai. zdmpe pc`dcond ltzpt zdhcmak pdpdmck `a Ak`ekdzac+ Zdmpe pc`dcond pthotf :( 0 rdzdk rd pcftk. zd`ckgmck rdpthotfck zdmpe kek(pc`dcond ltzpt odmazc ckpcc 6 ‚ 1 rdzdk rd pcftk+ Hdkttp Icazcn Ocza. rdpthotfck dmekeha qckg pahrckg akancf qckg hdklc`a zcncf zcpt rdkqdoco tpchc. hdkgcrc rdkgckggtck `ck mdhazmakck ztnap pdcpcza zdpc mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck zdhcmak hdndoc rc`cfcn rdpthotfck dmekeha Ak`ekdzac odmazc ckpcc 4(9 rdzdk rd pcftk+ Rdkldnczck ndoaf nckltp hdkgdkca rdpthotfck R@O zdmpe crc qckg fctz `amdhockgmck cmck `aldnczmck rc`c zto oco pdcmfa rc`c oco aka+

0+7+ Rdck Akpdydkza Rdhdakpcf Pdfc`cr Mdhazmakck. Rdkgckggtck `ck Mdpahrckgck `azpaotza Rdk`crcpck Rdkgdntcck rdhdakpcf hdkttp itkgza mdzdfcpck `ck rdk`a`amck

@ca rdzchcck zptjptcn  A  `ck d`tjd` A. zdjcc zpcpazpam pa`cm `crcp `aotmpamck ocfwc rdkgdntcck rdhdakpcf tkptm mdzdfcpck `ck rdk`a`amck odrdkgctf pdfc`cr rdpthotfck dmekeha+ Rc`c `czckqc. rdkgdntcck rdhdakpcf hdtrcmck zcncf zcpt akzpthdk rdkpakg ocga rdhdakpcf tkptm  hdkgdk`cnamck

pakgmcp

rdpthotfck 16

dmekeha+

Rdkakgmcpck

rdkgdntcck

rdhdakpcf hdtrcmck mdoalcmck iazmcn dmzrckza `cnch trcqc hdkakgmcpmck rdpthotfck dmekeha+ Zd`ckgmck rdkttkck rdkgdntcck rdhdakpcf hdtrcmck mdoalcmck iazmcn mekpcmza. zdocgca trcqc hdkttkmck pakgmcp rdpthotfck dmekeha+ Kchtk. rdkgdntcck mdzdfcpck `ck rdk`a`amck odod`c mcdkc pa`cm  zagkaiamck hdhrdkgctfa rdpthotfck dmekeha+ Hdkttp Pe`ce &?22:!. rdkgdntcck tkptm mdzdfcpck `ck rdk`a`amck hdtrcmck akydzpcza he`cn hcktzac

&fthck jcrapcn akydzphdkp ! `ahckc

`chrcmkqc pdfc`cr rdpthotfck dmekeha pa`cm `crcp `aczcmck rc`c pcftk pdzdotp kchtk rc`c pcftk(pcftk qckg cmck `cpckg+ Pe`ce hdncmtmck antzpcza zd`dfckc tkptm hdkldnczmck ftotkgck ckpcc rdkgdntcck tkptm mdzdfcpck `ck rdk`a`amck pdfc`cr rdk`crcpck+ Pe`ce hdkgchoan jekpef rdkgchoanck mdrtptzck zdzdeckg tkptm hdnckltpmck zdmencf+ Zmdhc Pe`ce hdkgczthzamck ocfwc zdzdeckg odmdlc zccp ntntz zdmencf fakggc hdkakggcn `a tzac 99 pcftk. qckg hdtrcmck tzac fccrck fa`tr rdk`t`tm `tkac zccp apt+ Ntntzck zdmencf `czc `ck zdmencf pakgmcp cpcz `aczthzamck hczakg(hczakg htnca odmdlc rc`c tzac 3: `ck 37 pcftk+ @ca Gchoc 37 `crcp `azahrtnmck ocfwc ocga zdzdeckg qckg hdhtptzmck tkptm hdnckltpmck zdmencf md pakgmcp cpcz cmck hdkgeockmck 0 pcftk rdk`crcpck qckg `ardendfkqc mcnct odmdlc mcdkc hdhanaf tkptm  odzdmencf+ Fcn aka hdtrcmck oacqc pa`cm nckgztkg. `a zchrakg apt pd`crcp oacqc nckgztkg odtrc tckg zdmencf. otmt(otmt `ck ncak(ncak+ Kchtk zdnchc zazc fa`trkqc. `ac cmck hdhrdendf rdkgfczanck qckg ndoaf odzc zdpacr pcftkkqc `carc`c lamc ac odmdlc `dkgck ododmcn alc|cf Z@ zclc+

11

Rdk`ccpck Ntntzck

Oacqc Pa`cm Nckgztkg

Zdmencf Cpcz

Hckiccp Ntntzck Zdmencf @czcr

3:

37 Oacqc Nckgztkg

99

Thtr

Zthod < Pe`ce &?22:! Gchoc 37+ Pc`d(eii  iakckzacn `cnch rdkgchoanck mdrtptzck tkptm hdnckltpmck Zdmencf Fcn pdzdotp lamc mapc ckcnegamck `dkgck rdhczcncfck qckg c`c `crcp hdkldnczmck ftotkgck qckg jtmtr tkam ckpcc rdkgdntcck tkptm mdzdfcpck `ck rdk`a`amck `dkgck rdpthotfck dmekeha+ @cnch lckgmc rdk`dm &zfep pdh!. rdkgdntcck rdhdakpcf tkptm mdzdfcpck `ck rdk`a`amck cmck pdczc zdrdpa oacqc „rdhoeezck‘ . zdfakggc `crcp hdkgfchocp rdpthotfck dmekeha+ Kchtk

`cnch lckgmc rcklckg &nekg pdh!. rdkgdntcck rdhdakpcf tkptm mdzdfcpck `ck rdk`a`amck zdmcckg cmck hdkgfczanmck zthod `cqc hcktzac Ak`ekdzac qckg ndoaf odmtcnapcz. ndoaf pdchran `ck ndoaf re`tmpai rc`c hczc qckg cmck `cpckg. zdfakggc cmck hdhcjt rdpthotfck dmekeha. zdrdpa qckg `aldnczmck `cnch antzpcza zd`dfckc `ca Pe`ce pdzdotp+ Rdkgdntcck

rdhdakpcf

tkptm

mdzdfcpck

`ck

rdk`a`amck

rdkpakg

mdodc`cckkqc ocga zdocgack odzc rdk`t`tm. pdtpchc rdk`t`tm hazmak `a Ak`ekdzac+ Rdkgdntcck rdhdakpcf tkptm mdzdfcpck `ck rdk`a`amck zdjcc nckgztkg hdhckg pdotmpa pa`cm zagkaiamck hdkttkmck rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm  322

hazmak zdrdpa qckg pdnafcp `a rdzchcck zptjptcn  AY + Kchtk rdkgdntcck rdhdakpcf tkptm mdzdfcpck `ck rdk`a`amck ocgcahckcrtk pdpcr `ardntmck `ck zckgcp hdhockpt mcth hdkdkgcf md ocwcf pdzdotp+ @dkgck rdkgdntcck rdhdakpcf tkptm mdzdfcpck `ck rdk`a`amck `crcp odtrc ztoza`a cpctrtk ockptck nckgztkg.

rdk`crcpck qckg zdfctzkqc `agtkcmck rdk`t`tm tkptm oacqc

mdzdfcpck `ck rdk`a`amck `crcp hddmc zahrck cpctrtk

hddmc hckiccpmck

tkptm hdhotmc tzcfc qckg re`tmpai+ Fcn aka `aotmpamck endf rdzchcck d`tjd`   AA . `ahckc `dkgck pakgmcp mdqcmakck

14 rdzdk `crcp `azahrtnmck

ocfwc rdkgdntcck rdhdakpcf tkptm mdzdfcpck `ck rdk`a`amck zagkaiamck hdkttkmck

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Rclcm @cdcf

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Pcodn 1+ Rereza rdk`crcpck reyakza `a zdnttf Ak`ekdzac pcftk ?224 ‚ ?226 ?224 Ke

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Zthod < ORZ &`aencf!

Zdjcc thth. rclcm `cdcf hdhodamck mekpaotza pdodzc pdfc`cr rdk`crcpck czna `cdcf &RC@!+ Rereza rclcm `cdcf pdfc`cr rdk`crcpck czna `cdcf ckpcc 96 zchrca 74 rdzdk zdrdpa qckg pdnafcp rc`c Gchoc 31+ Kchtk   lamc `aock`akgmck `dkgck pepcn rdk`crcpck reyakza zdnttf Ak`ekdzac. rclcm  `cdcf fckqc hdkqthockg mtckg `ca 34 rdzdk+ @dkgck mcpc ncak reza rclcm  `cdcf pdfc`cr pepcn rdk`crcpck reyakza zdnttf Ak`ekdzac hczaf dncpai mdjan dncpai  mdjan zdrdpa `aptkltmmck endf Pcodn 1+ 324

Zthod < ORZ &`aenc ! Gchoc 31+ Rereza Rdk`crcpck Czna @cdcf &RC@! zdnttf reyakza `a Ak`ekdzac rdae`d ?224 ( ?226

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ekpef qcapt `amdkcmckkqc rclcm qckg pakgga pdfc`cr

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Rdkgctf @CT `ck @CM

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326

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@CM

Zthod < ORZ &`aencf! Gchoc ?2+ Rereza `ckc rdahockgck zdnttf reyakza `a Ak`ek zac rdae`d ?224 ‚ ?226

@CT `acnemc amck `dkgck ptltck rdhdcpcck mdhchrtc mdtckgck ckpc `cdcf &hdkgcpcza

ea|ekpcn ahocnckjd!. `ahckc rdkggtkcc kqc `apdpcrmck

zdrdktfkqc endf `c cf+ Rdkgcnemczack @CT `a`czcmck cpcz iehtnc `dkgck mekzdr mdzdklckgck iazmcn cpct jdncf iazmcn &  iazjcn gcr!. qcapt zdnazaf ckpcc mdotptfck iazmcn `dk ck mcrczapcz iazmcn+ @ca rdzch ck zptjptcn A  `crcp `azahrtnmck ocfwc `dkgck pakgmcp mdqcmakck 14 rdz k. @CT hdhanama rdkgctf zagkaiamck `cnch hdhcjt rdpthotfck dmekeha+ Zdpacr rdpthotfck @CT zdodzc 3 rdzdk `crcp hdkqdocomck rdpt otfck dmekeha zdodzc 2.26 rdzdk+ Rd thotfck @CT cmck

hdkqdocomck

rdhdakpcf `cdcf

rdkakgmcpck

zagkaiamck

rc`c

mdhch tck

mdtckgck

cnch hdkakgmcpmck rdhoacqcck rdkgdnt ck(rdkgdntcck

rdhdakpcf tkptm rdhockgtkck+ Fczan aka zdztca `dkgck pdea mdoalcmck iazmcn dmzrckza.

`ahckc

rdkakgmcpck

rdkgdntcck

rdhdakpcf

cmck

hdhcjt

rdpthotfck dmeke a+ Fcn aka `amcdkcmck mekpaotza @CT qck odzc pdfc`cr pepcn rdk`crcpck `cd cf `ck ltgc rdck @CT `cnch hdktptra md dklckgck iazmcn. 321

zdfakggc rdpthotfck `ca @CT cmck zckgcp zdkzapai zdmcna hdhrdkgctfa rdpthotfck dmekeha ztcpt `cdcf+ Rdpthotfck dmekeha `crcp hdkgtckga pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc `dkgck zagkaiamck &pdea Emtk‑z Ncw `ck rdzchccck zptjptcn AA !+ !+ Zdfakggc. zdjcc pa`cm nckgztkg rdpthotfck @CT hdhrdkgctfa pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc `dkgck zagkaiamck+ Fcn aka `aptkltmmck endf rdzchcck d`tjd` AA+ @dkgck pakgmcp mdqcmakck 14 rdzdk. `crcp `azahrtnmck ocfwc zdpacr rdpthotfck @CT zdodzc 3 rdzdk hdkqdocomck pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc pttk zdodzc 3.6 rdzdk+ Zdncak @CT. rdhdakpcf `cdcf hdkdahc pckzid `ckc `ca rdhdakpcf rtzcp odtrc `ckc cnemcza mftztz &@CM!+ Odod`c `dkgck @CT. @CM `azd`acmck mdrc`c `cdcf tkptm hdhdktfa mdotptfck mftztz qckg odzaicp zrdzaiam tkptm  ptltck(ptltck qckg zt`cf `agcazmck+ Od`czcmck ptltckkqc. @CM `crcp `acnemczamck hdklc`a @CM doeazcza `ck @CM kek doeazcza+ Mdgacpck doeazcza cpctrtk kek doeazcza cmck hdkqdcr pdkcgc mdlc. `dkgck mcpc ncak hdkqdocomck rdkgckggtck odmtckg+ @ca rdzchcck d`tjd` AA . `crcp `azahrtnmck ocfwc `dkgck pakgmcp mdqcmakck 14 rdzdk @CM odrdkgctf zagkaiamck pdfc`cr pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc+ Zdpacr rdpthotfck @CM zdodzc 3 rdzdk `crcp hdkqdocomck pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc pttk zdodzc 3.94 rdzdk+ Odmtckgkqc pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc `crcp hdkqdocomck pakgmcp mdhazmakck pttk+ Zdfakggc. zdjcc pa`cm nckgztkg `crcp `aqcmaka ocfwc @CM odrdkgctf zagkaiamck pdfc`cr rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm hazmak+ Fczan aka `aptkltmmck endf rdzchcck d`tjd` AY + @dkgck pakgmcp mdqcmakck 14 rdzdk

332

`crcp `azahrtnmck ocfwc zdpacr rdpthotfck @CM zdodzc 3 rdzdk zdjcc pa`cm  nckgztkg `crcp hdkqdocomck Fdc` Jetkp Ak`dv &FJA! pttk 2.9? rdzdk+ Kchtk `dhamack. mcdkc zaicpkqc qckg zrdzaiam `ck ptltckkqc qckg odzaicp mftztz. `ckc cnemcza mftztz &@CM! pa`cm `crcp `akamhcpa endf zdocgack odzc rdk`t`tm Ak`ekdzac+ Fcn aka hdkqdocomck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck zdhcmak pa`cm hdcpc zdrdpa qckg `aptkltmmck endf rdzchcck d`tjd` AAA + @dkgck pakgmcp mdqcmakck 14 rdzdk. `crcp `azahrtnmck ocfwc rdpthotfck @CM zdodzc 3 rdzdk `crcp hdkqdocomck rdpthotfck ak`dmz gaka cpae zdodzc 2.294 rdzdk+ Zdncak apt. mcdkc hdhckg tkptm ptltck qckg mftztz `ck zt`cf `agcazmck. zdrdpa mdgacpck doeazcza `ck kek(doeazcza. rdkgctfkqc pdfc`cr rdpthotfck dmekeha pa`cm zagkaiamck &rdzchcck zptjptcn A !+ !+ Mdgacpck doeazcza pdzdotp hazcnkqc+ Rdkgcnemczack @CM tkptm doeazcza pdkpt zclc pdmdzck zdrdpa „rdhoeezck‘. mcdkc rdkgctfkqc pa`cm `crcp mapc czcmck zccp apt ltgc &zfep pdh!+ Cmaocpkqc. zdjcc pepcn @CM hdkqdocomck rdkttkck pakgmcp rdpthotfck dmekeha+ Pdpcra. rdkgctf `ca rdkgcnemczack @CM tkptm  doeazcza `crcp `aczcmck kckpa &nekg pdh!. mdpamc oala qckg mapc pckch rc`c zccp doeazcza pdncf hdkgfczanmck refek qckg mtcp qckg od`chrcm rc`c nakgmtkgck qckg ndoaf odzaf `ck kqchck tkptm `apakggcna+ Rdhdakpcf `cdcf zdocamkqc hdkakgmcpmck rdkgdntcck tkptm mdzdfcpck `ck rdk`a`amck ztrcqc hdkgfczanmck Z@H qckg ndoaf odmtcnapcz zdfakggc rdhockgtkck hczc qckg cmck `cpckg &nekg pdh! lctf ndoaf ocam+ Mekzdmtdkza `ca rdkakgmcpck rdkgdntcck rdhdakpcf c`cncf rdkakgmcpck zthod rdk`crcpck+ Zdrdpa qckg pdncf `akqcpcmck zdodnthkqc. RC@ `cnch fcn aka `awcmana endf rclcm  `cdcf. mekpaotzakqc hczaf dncpai mdjan pdfc`cr pepcn rdk`crcpck+ @ckc 333

rdahockgck. qckg `cnch rdkdnapack aka `awcmana endf @CT `ck @CM. pdncnt `ehakck `cnch hdhcjt rdpthotfck dmekeha `ck hdkgtckga rdkgckggtck mcdkc mekpaotzakqc qckg odzc pdfc`cr pepcn rdk`crcpck `cdcf+ Fcn aka hdkgak`amczamck mdhck`aack iazmcn qckg dk`cf `ca rdhdakpcf `cdcf+ Hdkttp Zhapf `ck Trrcn `cnch Pckgmanazck &?224!. pakgmcp mdhck`aack iazmcn `crcp `anafcp `ca `dclcp `dzdkpcnazcza iazmcn ztcpt `cdcf+ @dclcp `dzdkpcnazcza iazmcn `crcp `atmt zcncf zcptkqc `ca czae RC@ pdfc`cr pepcn rdk`crcpck `cdcf+ Hdkttp fczan rdkdnapack pah Iazaren TGH `dclcp `dzdkpcnazcza iazmcn `dkgck hdkggtkcmck zmcnc akpdycn `crcp `aptkltmmck endf pcodn odamtp< Pcodn 32+ Zmcnc akpdycn `dclcp `dzdkpcnazcza iazmcn RC@%PR@ &$!

Mdhchtck Mdtckgck @cdrcf

&3!

&?!

2 ( 32.22

Zckgcp Mtrckg

32.23 ( ?2.22

Mtrckg

?2.23 ( :2.22

Jtmt

:2.23 ( 02.22

Zd`ckg

02.23 ( 42.22

Ocam

; 42.22

Zckgcp ocam

Zthod < Pckgmanazck &?224!

Od`czcmck `cpc ORZ pcftk ?226. `crcp `aptkltmmck ocfwc zdocgack odzc `cdcf `a Ak`ekdzac hdhanama mdhck`aack iazmcn `cdcf

qckg pdhcztm 

mcpdgea mtckg `ck zckgcp mtckg. qcapt czae RC@ pdfc`cr pepcn rdk`crcpck `cdcf mtckg `ca ?2 rdzdk+ Reyakza @MA Lcmcpc hdtrcmck reyakza qckg hdhanama czae RC@%PR@ rcnakg odzc `ck hdktkltmmck mdhchrtck mdtckgck `cdcf zckgcp ocam+

Reyakza Ocna Ocna odc`c rc`c mcpdgea mdhchrtck mdtckgck

`cdcf zd`ckg+ Zd`ckgmck Reyakza Ockpdk. Lcwc Occp. @+A+ Qegqcmcpc `ck Lcwc

33?

paht pdhcztm reyakza qckg hdhanama mcpdgea mdhchrtck mdtckgck `cdcf jtmtr+ _akjack mdhck`aack hczakg(hczakg reyakza `crcp `anafcp rc`c Pcodn 33+ Pcodn 33+ Mdhck`aack iazmcn `cdcf hdkttp reyakza pcftk ?226

Reyakza

RC@ &hanac _r!

@ckc Rdahockgck &hanac _r!

Rdk`crcpck Ncak &hanac _r!

Pepcn Rdk`crcpck &hanac _r!

Rereza RC@%Pepcn Rdk`crcpck &!

Mcpdgea

&3!

&?!

&:!

&0!

&4!

&9!

&7!

@MA Lcmcpc

32+049

6+72:

9:

31+???

40.:1

Zckgcp Ocam 

Ocna

?+::7

0+422

702

7+477

:2.60

Zd`ckg

Ockpdk

?+4:2

4+?31

6::

6+46?

?1.06

Jtmtr

Lcwc Occp

7+109

??+:40

:+:36

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?:.90

Jtmtr

Lcwc Paht

6+212

?4+64?

?+399

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Jtmtr

@+A+Qegqcmcpc

3+243

:+404

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Lcwc Pdkgcf

9+240

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?+420

:3+314

31.03

Mtckg

Mdr+ _act

3+2::

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?67

4+493

36.46

Mtckg

Mcnahckpck Zdncpck

3+0:6

9+309

932

6+310

37.44

Mtckg

Zthcpdc Tpcc

:+276

3:+?09

3+069

37+632

37.?6

Mtckg

_act

?+636

30+77:

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36+3:0

34.40

Mtckg

Ztncwdza Zdncpck

3+1?1

32+0?0

3+?:6

3:+41?

30.31

Mtckg

Lchoa

13?

4+21:

424

9+433

30.23

Mtckg

Mdr+ Ockgmc Odnaptkg

4?2

:+2:6

369

:+700

3:.66

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Nchrtkg

3+3:3

9+90?

44?

6+:?9

3:.41

Mtckg

Zthcpdc Occp

3+:2:

7+127

714

32+224

3:.2?

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Zthcpdc Zdncpck

3+461

32+:62

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3?.73

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Mcnahckpck Paht

:+2:4

31+097

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KPO

909

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4+70:

33.?4

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Mcnahckpck Occp

644

9+169

0:4

6+?79

32.::

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Ztncwdza Tpcc

069

:+104

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32.31

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Odkgmtnt

02:

:+496

479

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6.69

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Ztncwdza Pdkggcc

06:

0+704

:99

4+41:

6.9:

Zckgcp Mtckg

Mcnahckpck Pdkgcf

900

9+170

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7+190

6.26

Zckgcp Mtckg

Ztncwdza Pdkgcf

007

4+23?

042

4+121

7.49

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Geekpcne

31?

?+322

?61

?+463

7.00

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KPP

402

9+067

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7+?12

7.03

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3+309

32+613

0+312

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Hcntmt Tpcc

?09

:+:?3

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:+602

9.02

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Hcntmt

?47

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4.60

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331

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Rcrtc

4?9

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01:

33+37?

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Cjdf

Zthod < ORZ &`aencf! 33:

Zdjcc thth. Icazcn Ocza &?221! hdkqcpcmck ocfwc rdk`crcpck rclcm  Ak`ekdzac fctz `apakgmcpmck. cgc pdzd`ac `ckc ndoaf ockqcm gtkc hdhrdodzc mcrcoanapcz kdgcc `cnch hdkgcpcza odocgca rdzecnck ockgzc qckg hdhckg zt`cf zdlcm nchc pdczc hdk`dzcm+ Rtonamcza AHI pcftk ?224 hdktkltmmck ocfwc czae rclcm pdfc`cr R@O Ak`ekdzac dncpai ndoaf mdjan lamc `aock`akgmck `dkgck kdgcc ncakkqc+ Pcodn 3? hdktkltmmck ocfwc kdgcc hclt `dkgck kanca R@O qckg pakgga oaczckqc hdhanama czae rclcm qckg pakgga ltgc+ Pcodn 3?+ _czae rclcm pdfc`cr R@O ododcrc kdgcc pcftk ?224 Ke

Kdgcrc

_czae

Ke

Kdgcrc

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Zwd`ac

43.:

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04.4

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:2.1

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:2.1

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Apcnac

02.9

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:2.6

32

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02.4

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33

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:6.6

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:6.4

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?1.:

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:6.?

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30

Odnck`c

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?7.0

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:7.0

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?7.:

39

Akggraz

:7.2

:9

Chdramc Zdramcp

?7.:

37

Zdnck`ac Ocrt

:9.9

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Merdc Zdncpck

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31

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:4.9 02 AK@EKDZAC 3:.? Otngcrac Zthod < Ocza &?221! `ck AHI Wemakg Rcrd WR%26%3?1. Hda ?226

Hdkttp Icazcn Ocza. ododcrc rdhczcncfck rclcm `ackpcckqc < 3+ Mdzc`cck rclcm qckg dk`cf `a mcnckgck hczqccmcp. qckg `ardottm  endf hakahkqc trcqc rdkgdkcnck rclcm+ 330

?+ Hczaf pakggakqc mdztnapck aan hctrtk rdzdrza rdkgttzck rclcm. qckg `ardottm endf mtcnapcz rdncqckck rclcm qckg dk`cf+ :+ Mdpac`cck

rdkggcnack repdkza rclcm zdjcc erpahcn. pdtpchc cmaocp

mdndhcfck makdlc `ck dpez mdlc crccp rdncmzckc rdhtkgtpck rclcm+ 0+ Renapazcza `ck metrza rclcm+ @dkgck hdkgcpcza rdhczcncfck pdzdotp. `afccrmck rclcm `crcp hdkakgmcp zdfakggc kdgcc `crcp hdhoacqca mdotptfck(mdotptfck qckg `ardntmck zcncf zcpt jekpefkqc rdkgdntcck tkptm mdzdfcpck `ck rdk`a`amck+

Rdkgctf Rclcm Rdkgfczannck &RRf!

Ocga cmqcp zdocgca rdhocqc rclcm. rc`c fcmamcpkqc rclcm otmckncf odock hdncakmck pckggtkg lcwco cnchacf zdnttf wcgc kdgcc+ Zdrdpa qckg pdncf `azchrcamck zdodnthkqc. rclcm oditkgza zdocgca zthod rdk`crcpck qckg `crcp `agtkcmck tkptm hdhoacqca rdkgdntcck(rdkgdntcck rdhdakpcf &itkgza !+ ot`gdpca !+

Rclcm rdkgfczanck &RRf! hdtrcmck rclcm qckg wdwdkckg

rdhtkgtpckkqc odc`c `a pckgck rdhdakpcf rtzcp+ Zdncak itkgza ot`gdpca . RRf oditkgza zdocgca cncp tkptm hdkgcpt mdfa`trck zezacn dmekeha hczqccmcp &itkgza dgtnddk` ! pdtpchc odmcapck `dkgck rdkgfczanck+ Itkgza RRf pdzdotp zdztca `dkgck rdck `azpaotpai rdhdakpcf `ca zaza rdkdahcck. qcmka rdhdakpcf hdkgdkcmck rclcm `ck hdhtkgtp zthod(zthod rdk`crcpck tkptm mdht`ack `ad`azpaotzamckkqc zdjcc c`an `ck rerezaekcn+ @ca rdzchcck d`tjd` AAA . `dkgck pakgmcp mdqcmakck 14 rdzdk `crcp `azahrtnmck

ocfwc

rclcm

rdkgfczanck

pdotmpa

zagkaiamck

hdkttkmck

mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck+ Zdpacr rdpthotfck rclcm rdkgfczanck &RRf! 334

zdodzc 3 rdzdk odahrnamcza kdgcpai pdfc`cr rdpthotfck ak`dmz gaka cpae zdodzc 2.2:4 rdzdk+ Fczan rdkdnapack qckg `ardendf zdztca `dkgck zczcck tpchc `ca rclcm rdkgfczanck qcapt hdkjarpcmck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck qckg ndoaf hdcpc+ Kchtk `a zaza ncak. rclcm rdkgfczanck cmck hdkgtckga rdk`crcpck qckg oazc `amekzthza endf hczqccmcp &`azrezcond akjehd!+ Odmtckgkqc `azrezcond akjehd hdkqdocomck mekzthza thcf pckggc odmtckg+ @ca rdzchcck zptjptcn Y . `dkgck pakgmcp mdqcmakck 14 rdzdk `crcp `azahrtnmck ocfwc rclcm 

rdkgfczanck odrdkgctf pdfc`cr mekzthza thcf pckggc+ Zdpacr rdpthotfck rclcm rdkgfczanck zdodzc 3 rdzdk hdkqdocomck rdpthotfck mekzthza thcf pckggc odmtckg zdodzc 2.239 rdzdk+ Od`czcmck rdhcrcck zdodnthkqc. odmtckgkqc mekzthza thcf pckggc hdkqdocomck rdpthotfck dmekeha odmtckg+ Zdfakggc zdjcc pa`cm nckgztkg. rclcm rdkgfczanck odrdkgctf kdgcpai  pdfc`cr rdpthotfck dmekeha+ @ca rdzchcck d`tjd` A. `dkgck pakgmcp mdqcmakck 14 rdzdk `crcp `azahrtnmck ocfwc rclcm rdkgfczanck &RRf! pdotmpa zagkaiamck hdhrdkgctfa rdpthotfck dmekeha+ Zdpacr rdpthotfck rclcm rdkgfczanck &RRf! zdodzc 3 rdzdk hdkqdocomck rdpthotfck dmekeha odmtckg 2.2?4 rdzdk+

Rdkgctf Trcf Hakahth Reyakza &THR!

Trcf Hakahth Reyakza &THR! `apdpcrmck endf Gtodkt `dkgck hdhrdfcpamck dmehdk`cza `ca `dwck rdkgtrcfck reyakza. hctrtk Otrcpa `ck Wcnamepc+ Mdzdrcmcpck odzchc hdkdkptmck lthncf trcf hakahth odptltck cgc ottf `crcp hdkdahc trcf qckg `ackggcr ncqcm tkptm hdhdktfa mdotptfck fa`tr+ @cnch TT Ke+ 3:%?22:. rdhdakpcf hdkdpcrmck trcf 339

hakahth od`czcmck kanca mdotptfck fa`tr ncqcm &MFN!+ MFN cpakqc rdkgfaptkgck fcgc ocfck(ocfck mdrdntck fa`tr qckg htpncm `ardntmck ocga zdeckg ottf tkptm odpcfck fa`tr zdmd`ckqc+ @ca rdzchcck zptjptcn AAA . `dkgck pakgmcp mdqcmakck 14 rdzdk `crcp `azahrtnmck ocfwc THR zagkaiamck hdhrdkgctfa `azpaotza rdk`crcpck zdjcc nckgztkg+ Zdpacr rdpthotfck THR zdodzc 3 rdzdk `crcp hdkqdocomck rdpthotfck kdgcpai ak`dmz gaka cpae zdodzc 2.: rdzdk+ Zdncak apt THR ltgc zagkaiamck `cnch hdhrdkgctfa pakgmcp mdhazmakck+ @ca rdzchcck zptjptcn  AY . `dkgck pakgmcp mdqcmakck 14 rdzdk `crcp `azahrtnmck ocfwc rdpthotfck

THR zdodzc 3 rdzdk `crcp hdkqdocomck FJA pttk 0.9 rdzdk+ Fczan aka zdztca `dkgck rdck `azpaotza `ca rdhdakpcf `ck ptltck `ca rdkdpcrck THR qcapt cgc ottf `crcp hdkdahc trcf qckg ncqcm tkptm hdhdktfa mdotptfckkqc+ Rdkakgmcpck rdk`crcpck qckg `apdahc endf ottf cmaocp rdkdpcrck THR zagkaiamck hdkakgmcpmck mekzthza+ @ca rdzchcck zptjptcn Y . `dkgck pakgmcp mdqcmakck 14 rdzdk `crcp `azahrtnmck ocfwc zdpacr rdpthotfck THR zdodzc 3 rdzdk hdkqdocomck rdpthotfck mekzthza thcf pckggc zdodzc 2.37 rdzdk+ Zdrdpa qckg `atkgmcrmck `cnch otmtkqc qckg zckgcp pdmdkcn qcmka „Pfd Gdkdcn Pfdeq ei Dhrneqhdkp. Akpddzp ck` Hekdq‘. Mdqkdzz hdkldnczmck

ocfwc lthncf mekzthza qckg `ancmtmck endf thcf pckggc odftotkgck nckgztkg `dkgck rdk`crcpck qckg `apdahckqc+ Ftotkgck ckpcc md`tckqc `akchcmck itkgza mekzthza+ Itkgza mekzthza hdkggchocmck pakgmcp mekzthza rc`c hczakg(hczakg pakgmcp rdk`crcpck zdmpe thcf pckggc+ @ca Gchoc ?3 mapc `crcp hdnafcp ododcrc mccmpdazpam `ca mtyc mekzthza< 337

3+ Mtyc Mekzthza hdhanama znerd qckg rezapai. cpakqc oanc rdk`crcpck &Q! kcam hcmc mekzthzakqc &J! kcam+ ?+ Mtyc mekzthza hdhepekg zthot J `a cpcz ken. mekzthzakqc rezapai+ Zdocgca jekpef rcc rdkgckggtck. ckcm(ckcm. eckg qckg zt`cf ptc `ck pa`cm odrdk`crcpck pdpcr hdncmtmck mekzthza wcnctrtk pa`cm  hdhanama rdk`crcpck+ J J8i&Q!

Gchoc ?3+ Pdea itkgza mekzthza Zdrdpa qckg pdncf `aldnczmck zdodnthkqc. rdkakgmcpck mekzthza cmck hdhcjt

rdpthotfck

dmekeha.

zdocnamkqc

rdkttkck

mekzthza

cmck

hdkgfchocp rdpthotfck dmekeha+ Zdfakggc zdjcc pa`cm nckgztkg rdkdpcrck THR cmck hdhrdkgctfa rdpthotfck dmekeha+ @ca rdzchcck d`tjd` A . `dkgck pakgmcp mdqcmakck 14 rdzdk. `crcp `azahrtnmck ocfwc zdpacr rdpthotfck THR zdodzc 3 rdzdk hdkqdocomck rdpthotfck dmekeha zdodzc 2.::4 rdzdk+ Rdpthotfck

dmekeha

hdkqdocomck

pdjarpckqc

ockqcm

ncrckgck

rdmdlcck zdfakggc hdkqdcr ockqcm pdkcgc mdlc `ck hdkgtckga pakgmcp rdkgckggtck

pdotmc+ Zdfakggc zdjcc pa`cm nckgztkg. THR hdhrdkgctfa

pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc+ @ca rdzchcck d`tjd` AA . `dkgck pakgmcp mdqcmakck 14 rdzdk `crcp `azahrtnmck ocfwc zdpacr rdpthotfck THR zdodzc 3 rdzdk cmck hdkqdocomck PRP odmtckg 0.7 rdzdk+ Rcjeqe &?227! 336

hdkqcpcmck. „zdck`cakqc `cnch rddmekehack pdlc`a rdkttkck pakgmcp mekzthza hczqccmcp qckg `azdocomck endf rdkttkck rdk`crcpck hcmc re`tzdk cmck hdkqamcra fcn pdzdotp `dkgck jcc hdkgtckga mdgacpck re`tmza+ Crcoanc mdgacpck re`tmza pttk hcmc cmck hdkgtckga lthncf pdkcgc mdlc `ck pdjarpcncf rdkgckggtck‘ &fcn+ 3:!+ Zdocnamkqc lamc mekzthza hczqccmcp hdkakgmcp cmaocp rdkakgmcpck rdk`crcpck hcmc re`tzdk cmck hdkqamcra fcn pdzdotp `dkgck jcc hdkchocf mdgacpck re`tmza+ Rdkakgmcpck mdgacpck re`tmza cmck hdkchocf lthncf pdkcgc mdlc `ck hdkgtckga rdkgckggtck+ Zdrdpa qckg pdncf `azchrcamck zdodnthkqc. odmtckgkqc pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc hdkqdocomck odmtckgkqc mdhazmakck `ck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck+ Zdfakggc zdncak rdkgctf zdjcc nckgztkg &rdzchcck zptjptcn AY  `ck zptjptcn AAA !. !. THR ltgc hdhrdkgctfa mdhazmakck `ck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck zdjcc pa`cm nckgztkg+ @ca rdzchcck d`tjd` AY . `dkgck pakgmcp mdqcmakck 14 rdzdk `crcp `azahrtnmck ocfwc rdkgctf pepcn `ca zdpacr rdpthotfck THR zdodzc 3 rdzdk hdkqdocomck rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm hazmak &FJA! pttk 9.:7 rdzdk+ Zd`ckgmck `ca rdzchcck d`tjd` AAA . `dkgck pakgmcp mdqcmakck 14 rdzdk `crcp `azahrtnmck ocfwc rdkgctf pepcn `ca zdpacr rdpthotfck THR zdodzc 3 rdzdk `crcp hdkqdocomck rdpthotfck kdgcpai  ak`dmz gaka cpae zdodzc 2.3: rdzdk+ @ca rdhcrcck `acpcz `crcp `azahrtnmck ocfwc THR hdhanama rdck zpcpdgaz `cnch hdkgcpcza hczcncf rdkgckggtck. mdhazmakck `ck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck

`a

Ak`ekdzac+

Rdkakgmcpck

THR

`crcp

hdkgtckga

pakgmcp

mdhazmakck. hdkjarpcmck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck qckg ndoaf hdcpc. hdhcjt rdpthotfck dmekeha `ck hdkchocf rdkqdcrck pdkcgc mdlc `cnch fcn aka 331

odcpa hdkgtckga pakgmcp rdkgckggtck+ Endf mcdkc apt lthncf trcf hakahth reyakza fdk`cmkqc ndoaf `apakgmcpmck `ck `azdztcamck `dkgck kanca mdotptfck fa`tr ncqcm+ Od`czcmck `ca `cpc @drkcmdpckz &?221!. fchra `a zdnttf reyakza. lthncf THR qckg `apdpcrmck hczaf `aocwcf MFN(kqc+ Pcodn 3:+ Trcf Hakahth Reyakza &THR! `ck Kanca Mdotptfck Fa`tr Ncqcm  &MFN! pcftk ?227 ‚ ?226 THR &raot rtacf!

MFN &raot rtacf!

?227

?226

?227

?226

&:!

&0!

&4!

&9!

Ke

Rreyakza

&3!

&?!

3

K+C+ @crtzzcnch

642

3+222

1?2

3+322

?

Zthcpdrc Tpcrc

793

6??

730

76:

:

Zthcpdrc Ocrcp

7?4

622

792

673

0

_act

732

622

770

639

4

Lchoa

946

7?0

91:

7:0

9

Zthcpdrc Zdncpck

99?

70:

74:

3+322

7

Odkgmtnt

900

960

900

734

6

Nchtkg

444

937

412

(

1

Ockgmc Odnaptkg

7?2

63:

6:2

171

32

@MA Lcmcrpc

123

17:

11?

3+244

33

Lcwc Ocrcp

437

496

927

930

3?

Lcwc Pdkgcf

422

407

469

93?

3:

@+A+ Qegqcmcrpc

422

469

947

967

30

Lcwc Pahtr

006

422

041

400

34

Ockpdk

709

6:7

790

643

39

Ocna

9??

96:

720

733

37

Ktzc Pdkggcrc Ocrcp

904

7:2

904

7:2

36

Ktzc Pdkggcrc Pahtr

922

942

7:4

76:

31

Mcnahckpck Ocrcp

492

904

7??

777

?2

Mcnahckpck Pdkgcf

999

799

74:

6?4

?3

Mcnahckpck Zdncpck

704

6?4

796

712

??

Mcnahckpck Pahtr

799

634

66:

1:4

?:

Ztncwdza Tpcrc

742

604 6 04

724

62? 6 2?

?0

Ztncwdza Pdkgcf

934

972

9:4

7::

?4

Ztncwdza Zdncpck

97:

702

977

744

?9

Ztncwdza Pdkggcrc

902

722

94:

902

?7

Gerekpcne

492

792

922

711

?6

Hcntmt

9:4

722

3+213

3+36:

?1

Hcntmt Tpcrc

992

722

3+074

3+212

:2

Rctc

167

3+329

103

3+9:1

Zthod < Mtkjee &?232! 3?2

Od`czcmck Pcodn 3:. `ca :2 reyakza qckg `achcpa rc`c rdkdnapack aka. fckqc 0 reyakza zclc qckg lthncf THR kqc `acpcz kanca MFN+ Reyakza pdzdotp c`cncf Reyakza Zthcpdc Tpcc. Mcnahckpck Zdncpck. Ztncwdza Tpcc `ck Ztncwdza Pdkggcc+ Zd`ckgmck reyakza ncakkqc hdhanama THR qckg mtckg `ca cpct zchc `dkgck MFN+

Rdkgctf Akincza

Zpcoanapcz dmekeha `apck`ca endf dk`cfkqc pakgmcp akincza+ Pakgmcp akincza   ltgc hdtrcmck zcncf zcpt icmpe qckg fctz `ardfcpamck `cnch hdwtlt`mck mdzdlcfpdcck

hczqccmcp

zdocgca

ptltck

cmfa

rdhockgtkck

dmekeha+

Rdkakgmcpck rdk`crcpck rd mcrapc `crcp hdklc`a zac(zac lamc pa`cm `aocdkga `dkgck trcqc rdkgdk`cnack akincza+ Tkptm apt `cnch rdckckkqc zdocgca zpcoanazcpe. rdhdakpcf fctz hdkgdk`cnamck pakgmcp akincza+ @ca rdzchcck zptjptcn AY . `dkgck pakgmcp mdqcmakck 14 rdzdk `crcp `azahrtnmck ocfwc akincza hdhrdkgctfa pakgmcp mdhazmakck `dkgck zagkaiamck+ Zdpacr rdkakgmcpck akincza zdodzc 3 rdzdk cmck hdkqdocomck rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm hazmak hdkakgmcp zdodzc 2.2:0 rdzdk+ Fczan aka zdztca `dkgck rdkdnapack Qtzti &?232! qckg hdhotmpamck ocfwc pakggakqc pakgmcp akincza cmck hdkqdocomck rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm hazmak hdkakgmcp+ @cnch rdkdnapackkqc. Qtzti &?232! hdkqcpcmck ocfwc zdpacr mdkcamck akincza zdodzc 3 rdzdk. `crcp hdkakgmcpmck rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm hazmak 2.3 rdzdk+ @ca rdzchcck d`tjd` AAA . `dkgck pakgmcp mdqcmakck 14 rdzdk `crcp `aotmpamck ocfwc akincza hdhrdkgctfa `azpaotza rdk`crcpck+ Zdpacr mdkcamck akincza zdodzc 3 rdzdk `crcp hdkqdocomck rdpthotfck ak`dmz gaka cpae 3?3

zdodzc 2.22: rdzdk+ Fczan aka zdztca `dkgck rdkdnapack Zthcnak &311?! `cnch Mehcnczca &311?! qckg hdkqcpcmck ocfwc akincza cmck hdhodamck odock ocga hczqccmcp pdtpchc qckg odrdk`crcpck pdpcr &trcf `ck gcla!. gcla!. mcdkc trcf `ck gcla dncpai pa`cm ht`cf `azdztcamck `dkgck pakgmcp akincza+ Zdhdkpcc rdk`crcpck mdnehrem ncak &otmck rdkdahc trcf `ck gcla zdrdpa rd`cgckg. rdkgtzcfc. rdhanam he`cn!. dncpai `crcp `azdztcamck `dkgck pakgmcp akincza+ @dkgck `dhamack. mdzdklckgck rdk`crcpck ckpcc mdnehrem rdkdahc trcf `ck gcla `dkgck mdnehrem otmck rdkdahc trcf `ck gcla zdhcmak odzc. qckg odcpa `azpaotza rdk`crcpck zdhcmak pa`cm hdcpc+ Mdkcamck akincza ldncz hdklc`a odock ocga hczqccmcp Ak`ekdzac+ Kcamkqc fcgc zdlthncf occkg `crcp hdkqdocomck rdkttkck rdk`crcpck aan hczqccmcp. qckg odcpa cmck hdkttkmck `cqc odna hczqccmcp+ Rdkttkck `cqc odna hczqccmcp cmck hdkgtckga mekzthza thcf pckggc+ @ca rdzchcck zptjptcn Y . `dkgck pakgmcp mdqcmakck 14 rdzdk `crcp `azahrtnmck ocfwc akincza

hdhrdkgctfa mekzthza thcf pckggc+ Zdpacr mdkcamck akincza zdodzc 3 rdzdk `crcp hdkqdocomck rdpthotfck mekzthza thcf pckggc odmtckg 2.223 rdzdk+ Fczan aka zdztca `dkgck rdkdnapack Dyckz &3191! `cnch @thcaq &3111! qckg hdhotmpamck ocfwc akincza hdhanama rdkgctf kdgcpai qckg zagkaiamck pdfc`cr mekzthza thcf pckggc+ Akincza hdtrcmck ak`amcpe mdkcamck zdlthncf fcgc occkg `a rczcck+ @ca zaza rdkcwcck. mdkcamck fcgc cmck hdhcjt re`tzdk hdkakgmcpmck re`tmzakqc+ Zd`ckgmck `ca zaza rdhakpcck. mdkcamck fcgc ltzpt hdkqdocomck mekzthdk hdkgtckga mekzthzakqc+ Choagtapcz `ca cmaocp akincza aka hdkqdocomck rdkgctf `ca akincza pdfc`cr rdpthotfck dmekeha pa`cm  3??

zagkaiamck+ Fczan aka `aptkltmmck endf rdzchcck zptjptcn A  `ck rdzchcck d`tjd` A+

Zdncak apt. mdkcamck akincza cmck hdkqdocomck rdkgckggtck hdkakgmcp+ Ht`clc` Mtkjee &?221! hdkqcpcmck ocfwc c`c ftotkgck rezapai ckpcc akincza `dkgck rdkgckggtck `a Ak`ekdzac qckg pa`cm zdztca `dkgck pdea mtyc Rfannarz+ Pdea Wannach Rfannarz &3146! hdktkltmmck ocfwc c`c ftotkgck kdgcpai ckpcc akincza `ck rdkgckggtck+ Crcoanc akincza pakgga hcmc rdkgckggtck dk`cf `ck zdocnamkqc+ Tkptm mcztz Ak`ekdzac. akincza qckg pakgga ltzpt cmck hdkqdocomck gckggtck `a zaza `dhck`  qckg hdkqdocomck rdpthotfck dmekeha mekpcmza. qckg rc`c ganackkqc hdkqdocomck rdkgckggtck hdkakgmcp+ @ca rdzchcck zptjptcn AA . `dkgck pakgmcp mdqcmakck 12 rdzdk `crcp `azahrtnmck ocfwc zdpacr

mdkcamck akincza zdodzc 3 rdzdk hdkqdocomck rdzdkpczd rdkgckggtck hdkakgmcp 2.2?6 rdzdk+

Rdkgctf Ckgmc Hdndm Ftti &CHF!

@cnch rdkdnapack aka. `ca rdzchcck d`tjd` A . d`tjd` AA. `ck d`tjd`   AAA  `dkgck pakgmcp mdqcmakck 14 rdzdk pa`cm `crcp `aotmpamck ocfwc CHF

odrdkgctf pdfc`cr rdpthotfck dmekeha. pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc `ck pakgmcp mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck+ @ca rdzchcck zptjptcn AY . `crcp `azahrtnmck ocfwc CHF &napdcjq cpd! zdjcc nckgztkg hdhrdkgctfa pakgmcp mdhazmakck+ Zdpacr mdkcamck ckgmc hdndm ftti zdodzc 3 zcptck hdkqdocomck rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm hazmak odmtckg 2.:? rdzdk+ Kchtk `dhamack. mcdkc pa`cm

zagkaiamck

hdhcjt

rdpthotfck

dmekeha.

hdkttkmck

pakgmcp

rdkgckggtck `ck pakgmcp mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck. rdkgctf pepcn `ca 3?:

CHF pdfc`cr pakgmcp mdhazmakck hdklc`a pa`cm zagkaiamck &rdzchcck d`tjd`  !+ Fcn pdzdotp `a`tgc mcdkc CHF hdtrcmck ycacodn zezacn qckg  AY !+ rdgdcmckkqc pa`cm pdncnt odintmptcpai `ck jdk`dtkg mekzpck `cnch rdae`d rdkdnapack zdfakggc pa`cm hchrt hdkldnczmck rdgdcmck `ca mdhazmakck. rdkgckggtck `ck mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck+

Rdkgctf Zdmpe Akiehcn qckg Zdhcmak Hdklc`a Ck`cnck

Rc`c hczc mazaz hekdpd pcftk 3116. wclc czckqc crcoanc ltpcck eckg qckg mdfanckgck rdmdlcckkqc `a zdmpe iehcn odcnaf mdrc`c zdmpe akiehcn tkptm hdkqchotkg fa`tr+ Ockqcm rdmdlc mckpeck qckg odcnaf reidza hdklc`a ptmckg eldm. hdhotmc wctkg. hekpa. ptmckg zcqt `ck hdkjca eoldmck zckc zaka &Ocza. ?221!+ Zdmpe akiehcn hdtrcmck zdmpe qckg pdotmpa odpcfck mdpamc oc`ca mazaz hekdpd hdnck`c kdgcc Ak`ekdzac+ Kchtk ztkggtf `azcqckgmck mcnct pdkqcpc zchrca zccp aka hczaf ockqcm eckg Ak`ekdzac Ak`ekdzac qckg fctz odmdlc zdrdpa apt+ Od`czcmck `cpc ORZ. rc`c pcftk ?229 lthncf eckg qckg odmdlc `a zdmpe akiehcn c`cncf 94.76 ltpc eckg cpct 96.1 rdzdk `ca   lthncf eckg qckg odmdlc+ Rc`c pcftk ?227. rereza eckg qckg odmdlc `a zdmpe akiehcn `aock`akgmck lthncf eckg qckg odmdlc hdkakgmcp hdklc`a 91.24 rdzdk cpct 91 ltpc eckg &Pcodn 30!+ @ca rdzchcck d`tjd` AA . `dkgck pakgmcp mdqcmakck 14 rdzdk `crcp `azahrtnmck ocfwc rdmdhockgck zdmpe akiehcn odrdkgctf pdfc`cr pakgmcp rdkgckggtck+ Zdpacr rdkakgmcpck rereza rdmdlc zdmpe akiehcn zdodzc 3 rdzdk cmck hdkgtckga pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc zdodzc 2.269 rdzdk+ Ocga rdk`t`tm qckg pa`cm hdhanama rdmdlcck cpctrtk ocga qckg oct zclc mdfanckgck 3?0

rdmdlcck `a zdmpe iehcn. odcnaf reidza hdklc`a rdmdlc zdmpe akiehcn pdkpt hdklc`a zcncf zcpt zentza ocga hddmc+ Hddmc cmck hdkgtzcfcmck crc zclc gtkc hdkjca zd`amap mdtkptkgck cpctrtk ahocnck zdmd`c tkptm hdkqchotkg fa`tr+ Pcodn 30+ Rdkgdnehremmck rdmdlc `a Ak`ekdzac hdkttp zpcptz mdpdkcgcmdlcck pcftk ?229 `ck ?227 Zpcptz Mdpdkcgcmdlcck &3! Zdmpe Iehcn

Lthncf Rdk`t`tm  Ak`ekdzac &Ltpc Lawc! ?229 &?!

?227 &:!

Rdzdkpczd Rdmdlc `a Ak`ekdzac &! ?229 &0!

?227 &4!

?1.97

:2.1?

:3.26

:2.10

?.64

?.66

?.11

?.66

?9.6?

?6.20

?6.32

?6.29

94.76

91.22

96.13

91.24

Odmdlc Zdk`aa

31.42

?2.:?

?2.0:

?2.::

Odmdlc Zdk`aa Rntz Czazpdk Pa`cm Pdpcr

31.14

?3.2?

?2.12

?3.2:

Ottf Htzahck Rdpckack

4.40

4.1?

4.62

4.1?

Ottf Htzahck Kek(rdpckack

0.9?

0.09

0.60

0.09

39.37

37.?6

39.10

37.?1

14.09

11.1:

322.22

322.22

Hclamck Rdgcwca Pdpcr Zdmpe Akiehcn

Rdmdlc Pckrc Trcf Pdpcr Pepcn

Zthod < Mtkjee &?232! Kchtk. `ca rdzchcck d`tjd` AY . `crcp `azahrtnmck ocfwc hdzmartk hdhanama mediazadk kdgcpai qckg hdktkltmmck rdmdhockgck zdmpe akiehcn hdkttkmck mdhazmakck. kchtk rdkgctfkqc pa`cm zagkaiamck+ Hdhckg c`c ododcrc mazcf ztmzdz `ca eckg qckg odmdlc `a zdmpe akiehcn mdht`ack `crcp hdndrczmck `aa `ca ldcp mdhazmakck+ Pdpcra. lthncfkqc pa`cm ockqcm+ Zdocgack odzc `ca rdmdlc zdmpe akiehcn ltzpt hdkdahc ahocnck zckgcp dk`cf. zchrca(zchrca pa`cm hdkjtmtra tkptm hdhdktfa mdotptfck rcnakg hdk`czc+ @ca Pcodn 34 `crcp `anafcp ocfwc trcf cpc(cpc rdmdlc `a zdmpe akiehcn zd`dhamack dk`cfkqc+ Zdncak apt mdkqcpcck ncak qckg ndoaf hdkgaaz c`cncf rdk`crcpck aan cpc(cpc rdmdlc zdmpe akiehcn mack hdezep+ Jekpefkqc rdhockpt thcf pckggc. zdjcc kehakcn gclakqc hdhckg kcam pacr pcftk. kchtk mdkcamck apt pa`cm zdock`akg `dkgck mdkcamck fcgc(fcgc zdfakggc mdkqcpcckkqc 3?4

kanca occkg `ck lczc qckg `aodna `dkgck rdk`crcpck apt `ca pcftk md pcftk zdhcmak zd`amap &Ocza. ?221!+ Pcodn 34+ Rdmdhockgck trcf zdmpe akiehcn `a Ak`ekdzac pcftk ?220 ‚ ?226 Trcf Kehakcn _cpc(cpc &_r!

Rdae`d

Rdpthotfck Kehakcn Pcftkck &!

Rdpthotfck _aan Pcftkck &!

OO,

RR_,

R_P,,

OO

RR_

R_P

OO

RR_

R_P

&?!

&:!

&0!

&4!

&9!

&7!

&6!

&1!

&32!

Lck(Ltk ?220

?9+:99

9+:43

3:1+936

Lck(Ltk ?224

?1+10:

9+694

343+20:

3:.9

6.3

6.?

4.4

2.:

2.4

Lck(Ltk ?229

::+6:3

7+9?7

392+:19

3:.2

33.3

9.?

(?.6

(0.0

(6.9

Lck(Ltk ?227

:4+044

7+127

391+900

0.6

:.7

4.6

(3.:

(?.0

(2.0

Hda ?227

:4+926

7+1?7

372+9?0

Hda ?226

:6+3?7

6+304

371+939

7.3

?.6

4.:

(:.2

(9.1

(0.9

,

8 _cpc(_cpc trcf kehakcn rd fca

,,

8 _cpc(_cpc trcf kehakcn rd otnck

OO

8 Ottf Ockgtkck

RR_

8 Rddhrtck Rdkcpc _chotp

R_P

8 Rdhockpt _thcf Pckggc

&3!

Mdpdckgck

Zthod

<

<

Ocza &?221!

@dkgck trcf cpc(cpc rcc rdmdlc zdmpe akiehcn qckg dk`cf. rdmdhockgck zdmpe akiehcn zdncak pa`cm zagkaiamck hdkttkmck mdhazmakck hdkqdocomck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck zdhcmak pahrckg+ @ca rdzchcck d`tjd`   AAA . `dkgck pakgmcp mdqcmakck 14 rdzdk `crcp `azahrtnmck ocfwc rdmdhockgck

zdmpe akiehcn zagkaiamck hdhrdkgctfa mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck+ Rdkakgmcpck rereza rdmdlc zdmpe akiehcn zdodzc 3 rdzdk hdkqdocomck rdpthotfck ak`dmz gaka cpae zdodzc 2.229 rdzdk+ Zdncak apt. rdkgctf rdmdhockgck zdmpe akiehcn pdfc`cr rdpthotfck dmekeha dncpai pa`cm zagkaiamck zdrdpa qckg `aptkltmmck endf rdzchcck d`tjd`   A + Icmpc ocfwc zccp aka fchra 72 rdzdk rdk`t`tm odmdlc `a zdmpe akiehcn

  ldncz otmck hdtrcmck mdkqcpcck zezacn `ck dmekeha qckg hdkggdhoacmck+ 3?9

Hdkttp Icazcn Ocza pcftk ?221. „zdhcmak mdjan zdmpe akiehcn `cnch rddmekehack. `ck zdhcmak odzc zdmpe iehcnkqc. hcmc cmck zdhcmak ocam  rddmekehack qckg odzckgmtpck‘ &fcn+ 97!+ Zdrdpa qckg pdncf `aldnczmck zdodnthkqc. rdmdhockgck zdmpe akiehcn hdhckg

zagkaiamck

hdkttkmck

pakgmcp

rdkgckggtck

pdotmc+

Kchtk.

rdmdhockgck zdmpe akiehcn hdhanama zthockgzaf qckg mdjan pdfc`cr rddmekehack+ Zdncak apt. rdmdhockgck zdmpe akiehcn pa`cm zagkaiamck `cnch hdkttkmck mdhazmakck `ck ltzpt hdkqdocomck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck zdhcmak pa`cm hdcpc+ Hdkttp Icazcn Ocza. ockqcm cnczck tkptm hdhrdmdjan rereza eckg qckg odmdlc `a zdmpe akiehcn. `ackpcckqc ahocnck ocga rcc rdmdlc zdmpe akiehcn zckgcp dk`cf `ck rdmdlc zdmpe akiehcn pa`cm `anak`tkga endf  lchakck zezacn crc rtk+ @a zakancf rdkpakgkqc rdhdakpcf pttk pckgck hdkgtckga rereza eckg qckg odmdlc `a zdmpe akiehcn+ Rdkgtckgck qckg `ahcmzt` `azaka otmckncf `dkgck jcc hdncckg cpctrtk hdkak`cz rdncmtkqc. hdncakmck `dkgck odtzcfc zdgdc hdkgdhockgmck zdmpe akiehcn hdklc`a zdmpe iehcn+ Zdncak cnczck qckg pdncf `azdotpmck. rdhdakpcf zdk`aa hdhanama mdrdkpakgck tkptm odrdck cmpai  `cnch hdkgdhockgmck zdmpe akiehcn hdklc`a zdmpe iehcn. qcmka tkptm  hdhrdodzc oczaz rclcm `dha mdzakchotkgck rdk`crcpck kdgcc `a hczc qckg cmck `cpckg+ Icazcn Ocza hdkqcpcmck ocfwc zdodzc crcrtk zdmpe akiehcn. zthockgckkqc ocga rdk`crcpck kdgcc pa`cm oazc `afccrmck mcdkc hddmc pa`cm  hdhocqc rclcm+ Mcnct zclc zdmpe akiehcn oazc `aodkcfa. hcmc rddmekehack kczaekcn cmck hdhrdendf zthod rdk`crcpck qckg odzc mcdkc ocgcahckcrtk zdocgack odzc rdmdlc `a Ak`ekdzac odmdlc `a zdmpe akiehcn+ 3?7

0+6+ Rdck R@_O rd Zdmpe Pdfc`cr Mdhazmakck. Rdkgckggtck `ck Mdpahrckgck @azpaotza Rdk`crcpck `a Ak`ekdzac

Zdrdpa qckg pdncf `azchrcamck zdodnthkqc. rdpthotfck dmekeha odmcapck dcp `ck hdhanama rdckck rdkpakg pdfc`cr rdkgtckgck rdkgckggtck. mdhazmakck `ck mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck+ Fcn pdzdotp hdhotcp rdktnaz odmdrdkpakgck tkptm hdkgmcla ndoaf `cnch ncga rdpthotfck R@_O zdmpe crcmcf qckg fctz `araeapczmck tkptm `amdhockgmck `cnch trcqc hdkgcpcza rdhczcncfck rdkgckggtck. mdhazmakck `ck mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck+ Tkptm hdklcwco ptltck pdcmfa rdkdnapack qcapt hdkgdpcfta rdpthotfck R@_O zdmpe crc qckg fctz `agacpmck tkptm hdkgtckga rdkgckggtck. pa`cm  hdhrdndoc mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck `ck hdkgdkpczmck mdhazmakck `a Ak`ekdzac. rdktnaz hdkggtkcmck : rdzchcck ptkggcn &zakgnd dstcpaek! qcapt rdzchcck PRP. rdzchcck GAKA `ck rdzchcck FJA+ Rdzchcck PRP hdkggtkcmck hdpe`d dzpahcza Iavd` diidjp ke wdagfp . zd`ckgmck md`tc he`dn ncakkqc hdkggtkcmck hdpe`d dzpahcza Iavd` diidjp jezz zdjpaek wdagfp + Fcn aka `amcdkcmck hdncnta tla ncgckgd htnparnad  tkptm zptmpt ycackz `ck meycackz dza`tcn zdjcc zpcpazpam `crcp `aotmpamck ocfwc zptmpt ycackz `ck meycackz `ca rdzchcck GAKA `ck rdzchcck FJA c`cncf fdpdezmd`czpam+ Mcdkc apt. dzpahcza md`tckqc `ancmtmck `dkgck   DGNZ &Jezz zdjpaek wdagfp! tkptm  hdkgcmehe`cza pdlc`akqc rdk`tgcck qckg pa`cm diazadk cmaocp rdnckggcck pdfc`cr czthza fehezmd`czpam+ Zdncak apt. `agtkcmck rtnc Jezz zdjpaek ZT_ &RJZD! zdocgca akldmza cwcn rc`c zptmpt ycackz `ck meycackz tkptm 

hdkgckpazarcza c`ckqc gckggtck jedncpaek ckpc jezz(zdjpaek rc`c zccp rdhe`dnck+ 3?6

Pcodn 39+ Rdzchcck rdpthotfck R@_O rd zdmpe pdfc`cr rdkgckggtck. mdhazmakck `ck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck `a Ak`ekdzac Ycacodn @drdk`dk

Ycacodn Ak`drdk`dk &3!

PRP

GAKA

FJA

&?!

&:!

&0!

,,

Neg&R@_O3!

(3?.944?32

Neg&R@_O?!

(2.0:932:

Neg&R@_O:!

(7.?3:223

,,

Neg&R@_OK!

(4.740406

,,

Akapacn Reydpq

(2.?:2137

,

(39.021662

,,

2.3?2?9:

,,

3.1:762?

,,

2.244041

(3.977?72

,

2.336440

(7.791204

,,

(

2.??4?63

,,

(

(

Akapacn Tkdhrneqhdkp Mekzpckpc Iavd` Diidjp &Jezz!

(2.3669?:

,,

(

034.?37722

,,

(3.176:17

,,

:1?.166322

Nchrack

Nchrack

Nchrack

_(Zstcd`

2.17791:

2.603061

2.11730:

C`ltzpd` _(Zstcd`

2.19:12?

2.762994

2.114:77

2.222222 2.222222 Jcpcpck < ,,zagkaiamck rc`c pcci kqcpc 4 rdzdk = , pcci kqcpc 32 rdzdk R@_O3 8 R@_O zdmpe rdpckack R@_O? 8 R@_O zdmpe rdpchockgck R@_O: 8 R@_O zdmpe ak`tzpa rdkgencfck R@_OK 8 R@_O zdmpe kek(pc`dcond

2.222222

,,

_akgmczck Zpcpazpam

Reo&I(Zpcp!

Zdncak

rdkgtlack

pdfc`cr

zptmpt

ycackz

`ck

meycackz

tkptm 

rdkgdjdmck czthza fehezmd`czpazapcz. mdpagc rdzchcck ltgc pdncf hdndwcpa rdkgtlack czthza kehcnapcz &Nchrack 32!+ Zd`ckgmck tkptm rdkgtlack czthza kek(ctpemedncza. rdktnaz hdkggtkcmck zpcpazpam tla @toak Wcpzek. `ahckc zdhtc he`dn zdjcc zpcpazpam `crcp `akqcpcmck nenez czthza kek(ctpemedncza+ Zdncak pdncf ntntz tla czthza. mdpagc he`dn ycna`  `agtkcmck mcdkc hdhanama reocoanapcz &I(Zpcp ! qckg mtckg `ca 2.23 hdktkltmmck hczakg(hczakg he`dn hdhanama ycacodn odocz qckg zdjcc odzchc(zchc `crcp hdhrdkgctfa ycacodn pcm odoczkqc+ Zdncak apt kanca c`ltzpd` _(zstcd`  `ca rdzchcck PRP. GAKA `ck FJA qckg hczakg(hczakg c`cncf 19 . 76  `ck 11 . hdktkltmmck ocfwc ycacodn odocz qckg `agtkcmck pdncf `crcp hdkldnczmck ycacza `ca hczakg(

3?1

hczakg ycacodn pcm odocz `dkgck zckgcp ocam+ Endf mcdkc apt. mdpagc he`dn zdnckltpkqc `crcp `aakpdrdpczamck tkptm hdklcwco ptltck pdcmfa rdkdnapack aka+ @ca rdzchcck PRP. `dkgck pakgmcp mdqcmakck 14 rdzdk `crcp `azhrtnmck ocfwc rdpthotfck R@_O zdmpe rdpckack. ak`tzpa rdkgencfck `ck zdmpe kek(pc`dcond zagkaiamck hdkttkmck pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc+ Zd`ckgmck. rdpthotfck R@_O zdmpe rdpchockgck pa`cm `crcp `aotmpamck zdjcc zpcpazpam zagkaiamck hdkttkmck pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc+ Fcn aka `amcdkcmck zdmpe rdpchockgck pa`cm hdkqdcr lthncf pdkcgc mdlc qckg ockqcm+ Od`czcmck `cpc ORZ pcftk ?226. eckg qckg odmdlc `a zdmpe rdpchockgck fckqc 3 rdzdk `ca pepcn rdmdlc `a Ak`ekdzac &Gchoc 34!+ Zdmpe rdpckack odmekpaotza pdodzc `cnch rdkgtckgck rdkgckggtck+ Zdpacr rdpthotfck R@_O zdmpe rdpckack zdodzc 3 rdzdk `crcp hdkgtckga pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc zdodzc 3?.7 rdzdk `cnch mek`aza qckg ncak jcpdaz  rcaotz+ Zdmpe rdpckack hdtrcmck ncrckgck rdmdlcck tpchc `a kdgcc

Ak`ekdzac `ahckc ndoaf `ca 02 rdzdk rdk`t`tmkqc odmdlc `a zdmpe aka+ Zdmpe odamtpkqc qckg odmekpaotza pdodzc `cnch rdkgtckgck pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc &PRP! c`cncf zdmpe ak`tzpa rdkgencfck+ Zdpacr rdpthotfck R@_O zdmpe ak`tzpa rdkgencfck zdodzc zcpt rdzdk

`crcp hdkgtckga pakgmcp

rdkgckggtck pdotmc zdodzc 7.?3 rdzdk `cnch mek`aza qckg ncak jcpdaz  rcaotz+ Pdcmfa. zdmpe qckg odmekpaotza `cnch rdkgtckgck pakgmcp

rdkgckggtck pdotmc c`cncf zdmpe kek(pc`dcond+ Zdpacr rdpthotfck R@_O zdmpe kek(pc`dcond zdodzc 3 rdzdk `crcp hdkgtckga pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc pttk zdodzc 4.6 rdzdk `cnch mek`aza qckg ncak jcpdaz rcaotz +

3:2

Zdncak odmekpaotza pdfc`cr rdkgtckgck pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc. zdmpe rdpckack. ak`tzpa rdkgencfck `ck kek(pc`dcond ltgc odrdck `cnch hdhrdkgctfa pakgmcp mdhazmakck &FJA!+ @ca rdzchcck FJA. `dkgck pakgmcp mdqcmakck 14 rdzdk `crcp `azahrtnmck ocfwc zdmpe rdpckack zagkaiamck `cnch hdkttkmck pakgmcp mdhazmakck &FJA!+ Zdmpe rdpckack odmekpaotza rcnakg odzc pdfc`cr rdkttkck pakgmcp mdhazmakck+ Zdpacr rdpthotfck R@_O zdmpe rdpckack zdodzc 3 rdzdk `crcp hdkqdocomck pakgmcp mdhazmakck odmtckg zdodzc 39.0 rdzdk `cnch mek`aza qckg ncak jcpdaz rcaotz + Pdhtck aka dndyck `dkgck odocgca fczan rdkdnapack ncak qckg ltgc hdkdnccf rdck rdpthotfck etrtp cpct rdk`crcpck `a zdmpe rdpckack pdfc`cr rdkgtckgck mdhazmakck `a rd`dzcck hctrtk zdjcc mdzdnttfck+ Fczan rdkdnapack Zthcpe `ck Ztqcfc`a &?22:! hdktkltmmck rdpthotfck R@_O zdmpe rdpckack zagkaiamck `cnch hdkttkmck   reydpq fdc`jetkp `a wancqcf rd`dzcck Ak`ekdzac. odgaptrtnc `dkgck fczan rdkdnapack _cycnnaek `ck @cpp &3119! `cnch Pchotkck &?221! qckg hdktkltmmck ocfwc rdpthotfck R@O `a zdmpe rahd. mftztzkqc rdpckack. lctf ndoaf didmpai pdfc`cr rdkttkck mdhazmakck `aock`akgmck zdmpe ncakkqc+ Ocfmck fcn aka `akqcpcmck `dkgck ldncz endf Hdnne &?222! zdocgca odamtp< Pfdd fcz oddk c pdk`dkjq pe gdkdcna|d pfcp djekehaj gewpf d`tjdz reydpq wfdk ak icjp ap az pfd `adjp ck` ak`adjp diidjp e  cgajtptcn gewpf pfcp cjjetkpz ie yaptcnnq cnn pfd reydpq `djnakd &fcn+ :!+

Hdzmartk pa`cm zddidmpai zdmpe rdpckack. rdpthotfck R@_O zdmpe ak`tzpa rdkgencfck `ck kek(pc`dcond ltgc pdotmpa zagkaiamck `cnch hdkttkmck pakgmcp mdhazmakck+ @ca rdzchcck FJA. zdpacr rdpthotfck R@_O zdmpe ak`tzpa rdkgencfck `ck kek(pc`dcond hczakg(hczakg odmekpaotza pdfc`cr 3:3

rdkttkck mdhazmakck zdodzc 3.7 rdzdk `ck 7.6 rdzdk+ Odzckqc mekpaotza zdmpe kek(pc`dcond `cnch hdkttkmck mdhazmakck `a`tgc `azdocomck odzckqc mekpaotza lczc(lczc pdtpchc `ca zdmpe akiehcn+ Fczan rdkdnapack aka dndyck `dkgck rdkdnapack Fczck `ck Staoac &?22?! `cnch Pchotkck &?221! `ck C@O &3117! qckg hdktkltmmck ocfwc rdpthotfck R@O `a zdmpe ak`tzpa rdkgencfck hdhrtkqca `chrcm rezapai qckg zckgcp odzc pdfc`cr rdkakgmcpck mdzdhrcpck mdlc `ck rdkttkck mdhazmakck+ @ca rdzchcck FJA. `dkgck pakgmcp mdqcmakck 14 rdzdk `crcp `azahrtnmck ocfwc rdpthotfck R@_O zdmpe rdpchockgck ltzpt `crcp hdkqdocomck rdkakgmcpck rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm hazmak+ Zdpacr rdpthotfck R@_O zdmpe rdpchockgck zdodzc 3 rdzdk hdkqdocomck rdkakgmcpck rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm hazmak zdodzc 3.1 rdzdk `cnch mek`aza qckg ncak jcpdaz  rcaotz+

@ca rdzchcck GAKA. `dkgck pakgmcp mdqcmakck 14 rdzdk `crcp `azahrtnmck ocfwc c`c `tc zdmpe qckg odrdkgctf zagkaiamck pdfc`cr ak`dmz gaka cpae qcapt zdmpe rdpckack `ck zdmpe rdpchockgck+ Zd`ckgmck zdmpe

ak`tzpa rdkgencfck `ck kek(pc`dcond zdjcc zpcpazpam pa`cm pdotmpa zagkaiamck `cnch hdhrdkgctfa ak`dmz gaka cpae+ @ca rdzchcck pdzdotp. `crcp `akqcpcmck ocfwc zdpacr rdpthotfck R@_O zdmpe rdpckack zdodzc 3 rdzdk `crcp hdkttkmck rdpthotfck ak`dmz gaka cpae zdodzc 2.?: rdzdk+ Zd`ckgmck rdpthotfck R@_O zdmpe rdpchockgck ltzpt `crcp hdkqdocomck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck

zdhcmak

pa`cm

hdcpc+

Zdpacr

rdpthotfck

R@_O

zdmpe

rdpchockgck zdodzc 3 rdzdk hdkqdocomck rdpthotfck ak`dmz gaka cpae zdodzc 2.3? rdzdk+ 3:?

Zdpdncf mapc hdkgmcla rdck rdpthotfck R@_O hczakg(hczakg zdmpe pdfc`cr mdhazmakck. rdkgckggtck `ck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck. mapc `crcp hdhrdendf ododcrc mdzahrtnck qckg hdkcam+ Rdpthotfck R@_O zdmpe rdpchockgck zdjcc zpcpazpam pa`cm zagkaiamck `cnch hdkttkmck pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc `ck ltzpt hdkqdocomck rdkakgmcpck rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm  hazmak `ck rdpthotfck ak`dmz gaka cpae qckg hdkgak`amczamck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck zdhcmak pahrckg &jcpdaz rcaotz !+ Rdpthotfck R@_O zdmpe ak`tzpa rdkgencfck `ck kek(pc`dcond hdzmartk zagkaiamck `cnch hdkttkmck pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc `ck pakgmcp mdhazmakck pdpcra pa`cm zagkaiamck `cnch hdkgtckga mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck+ Zd`ckgmck. Rdpthotfck R@_O zdmpe rdpckack hdtrcmck zcpt(zcptkqc rdpthotfck R@_O zdmpecn qckg zdjcc zpcpazpam `crcp hdkttkmck pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc. pakgmcp mdhazmakck zdmcnagtz ak`dmz gaka cpae+ Zdmpe rdpckack hdtrcmck zthod rdk`crcpck ocga zdocgack odzc thcf pckggc odrdk`crcpck dk`cf+ @dkgck `dhamack trcqc rdkgtckgck rdkgckggtck. mdhazmakck `ck mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck `crcp zdjcc didmpai `ancmtmck hdncnta rdhockgtkck rdpckack+ Fczan zahrtnck aka dndyck `dkgck rdkdnapack Qt`feqeke &?220! qckg hdkqcpcmck ocfwc rdpthotfck R@_O rdpckack ndoaf didmpai `cnch rdkgtckgck rdkgckggtck `ck mdhazmakck+ Rdpthotfck R@_O rdpckack `crcp hdk`eekg rdpthotfck R@_O pepcn+ Rdpthotfck R@_O pepcn aka hdkgcmaocpmck rdkttkck rdzdkpczd rdkgckggtck `ck mdhazmakck+ @ca rdhcrcck zdodnthkqc. ldnczncf zt`cf ocfwc rdpthotfck R@_O qckg pdtpchc fctz `amdhockgmck c`cncf rdpthotfck R@_O zdmpe rdpckack+ 3::

Fcn aka zdztca `dkgck ra`cpe Otkg Fcppc. ietk`akg icpfd  ockgzc Ak`ekdzac rc`c Idotca 3109 pdkpckg Dmekeha Ak`ekdzac `a Hczc @drck+ Otkg Fcppc hdkqdotpmck

ocfwc

Ak`ekdzac

c`cncf

kdgcc

cgcaz

hcmc

nck`czck

rdhockgtkck fctz `ahtnca `ca rdhockgtkck rdpckack &Wackpe. ?221!+ Trcqc(trcqc kqcpc `ca rdhdakpcf rdnt `ancmtmck tkptm rdhockgtkck rdpckack+ Hdkttp Wackpe &?221!. trcqc(trcqc rdhdakpcf pdzdotp `ackpcckqc c`cncf hdkqd`acmck `ck hdhrdocama akiczptmpt `czc qckg `ardntmck `cnch rdhockgtkck rdpckack. hazcnkqc< rdkgc`cck lcnck. ldhocpck. zazpdh aagcza. rdkdnapack `ck rdkgdhockgck zdpc rdkqtntfck+ Fcn qckg pa`cm mcncf rdkpakgkqc c`cncf hdhrdmtcp rczc zdocgca hd`ac qckg cmck hdhrdpdhtmck pckzcmza ckpcc zdmpe ftnt `ck fana rdpckack+ @ck qckg pdcmfa c`cncf hdkggck`dkg rdncmt dmekeha zwczpc & raycpd  raycpd zdjpe ! tkptm hdkgdmzdmtza mdgacpck nckltpck `a zdmpe rdpckack. mftztzkqc rdhczcck `ck rdkgencfck mehe`apcz rdpckack zdfakggc hdhanama mdpdmcapck `dkgck zdmpe kek(rdpckack+ Rdpthotfck R@_O zdmpe rdpckack hdhckg fctz ndoaf `apakgmcpmck+ Rdpthotfck zdmpe rdpckack cmck hdhcjt rdpthotfck zdmpe kek(rdpckack &Qt`feqeke. ?220!+ Rdhdakpcf hdktkltmmck mdzc`cck cpcz rdkpakgkqc fcn pdzdotp `dkgck hdncmzckcmck mdoalcmck dyapcnazcza rdpckack+ _dyapcnazcza zdk`aa odcpa hdkgfa`trmck mdhocna+ Ahrnamcza `ca mdoalcmck dyapcnazcza rdpckack c`cncf mdjdk`dtkgck rdpthotfck R@O zdmpe rdpckack qckg hdkakgmcp `ca ?.4 rdzdk rd pcftk rc`c ?224 hdklc`a 0.6 rdzdk rd pcftk rc`c ?226+ Hdkttp Ocza &?221!. `dkgck mtcnapcz rdpthotfck qckg ndoaf ocam &ndoaf zdahockg!. mapc `crcp hdd`ch rdhczcncfck rdkgckggtck `ck rc`c ganackkqc ltgc hdkgcpcza hczcncf mdhazmakck `ck mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck+ 3:0

3:4

OCO Y MDZAHRTNCK @CK ZC_CK

4+3

Mdzahrtnck

Ododcrc mdzahrtnck qckg `crcp `amdhtmcmck od`czcmck fczan `ck rdhocfczck qcapt< 3+ @cnch rdae`d rdkdnapack. pa`cm pdlc`a rdkttkck qckg odcpa ocam `ca zdga   lthncf hctrtk rdzdkpczd rdk`t`tm hazmak+ Rc`c pcftk ?229. pdlc`a rdkakgmcpck rdk`t`tm hazmak qckg hdktkltmmck zcncf zcpt `ahdkza rdkpakg `ca mdhazmakck qcapt pakggakqc pakgmcp dkpck hazmak `a Ak`ekdzac+ Zdncak apt. rdhczcncfck ncak `ca mdhazmakck c`cncf `azrcapcz. ocam qckg pdlc`a ckpc rdmepcck `dkgck rd`dzcck `ck ckpc reyakza+ ?+ @cnch rdae`d rdkdnapack. pd`crcp mdjdk`dtkgck rdkttkck pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc &PRP!. zd`ckgmck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck `aak`amczamck zdhcmak pa`cm hdcpc ocam rc`c ndydn kczaekcn hctrtk ndydn reyakza+ :+ Crcoanc `apaklct `ca R@O cgdgcp. makdlc rddmekehack Ak`ekdzac hdhckg pthotf `dkgck hckpcr `cnch rdae`d rdkdnapack+ Kchtk. rdpthotfck pdzdotp pa`cm zdahockg rc`c odocgca zdmpe+ Rdpthotfck R@O qckg pakgga aekazkqc pdlc`a rc`c zdmpe kek(pc`dcond qckg rc`cp pdmkenega `ck hakah pdkcgc mdlc. zdrdpa zdmpe< mdtckgck `dkgck mehtkamcza `ck pckzrepcza+ Fcn pdzdotp hdtrcmck zcncf zcpt rdkqdoco mdhazmakck ztnap pdcpcza `ck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck zdhcmak pa`cm hdcpc `a Ak`ekdzac+ 0+ Rdpthotfck dmekeha hdhckg pa`cm zagkaiamck hdkttkmck pakgmcp mdhazmakck &FJA! zdjcc nckgztkg+ Kchtk `dhamack. `dkgck hdkttkmck pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc &PRP!. rdpthotfck dmekeha zdjcc pa`cm  3:9

nckgztkg hdhanama rdck rdkpakg `cnch hdkttkmck pakgmcp mdhazmakck+ Fcn pdzdotp `amcdkcmck rdkttkck PRP hdkqdocomck FJA odmtckg+ 4+ @dkgck hdkttkmck PRP. rdpthotfck dmekeha zdjcc pa`cm nckgztkg ltgc odrdck `cnch hdkjarpcmck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck qckg ndoaf hdcpc+ Kchtk `cnch rdae`d rdkdnapack. zdmpe qckg pthotf rdzcp c`cncf zdmpe kek( pc`dcond qckg rc`cp pdmkenega `ck hakah pdkcgc mdlc+ Mek`aza pdzdotp

hdkqdocomck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck zdhcmak pa`cm hdcpc `a Ak`ekdzac+ 9+ Rdpthotfck dmekeha hdhanama rdck `ck mdpdmcapck pdfc`cr mdhazmakck. rdkgckggtck `ck mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck+ Lamc mapc mcla hczakg( hczakg zdmpe pdkqcpc rdpthotfck R@_O zdmpe rdpchockgck pa`cm  zagkaiamck hdkttkmck PRP+ Cmaocpkqc. mdhazmakck ztnap pdcpcza `ck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck zdhcmak pa`cm hdcpc+ Rdpthotfck R@_O zdmpe ak`tzpa

rdkgencfck

`ck

kek(pc`dcond

hdzmartk

zagkaiamck

`cnch

hdkttkmck PRP `ck FJA. pdpcra pa`cm zagkaiamck `cnch hdkgtckga mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck+ Zd`ckgmck rdpthotfck R@_O rdpckack hdtrcmck zcpt(zcptkqc rdpthotfck R@_O zdmpecn qckg zdjcc zpcpazpam  `crcp hdkttkmck PRP. FJA `ck mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck zdjcc zdmcnagtz+ 7+ Akpdydkza rdhdakpcf ltgc odrdck `cnch hdkgcpcza rdhczcncfck FJA. PRP `ck mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck+ Rdkgctf rdkgdntcck rdhdakpcf tkptm

mdzdfcpck

`ck

rdk`a`amck

hdhckg

pa`cm

zagkaiamck

pdfc`cr

rdpthotfck dmekeha &zfep pdh!+ Kchtk. rdkgdntcck rdhdakpcf tkptm  mdzdfcpck `ck rdk`a`amck zagkaiamck hdkttkmck PRP `ck FJA+

3:7

6+ Rclcm

`cdcf

zagkaiamck

`cnch

hdhcjt

rdpthotfck

dmekeha

`ck

hdkttkmck pakgmcp mdhazmakck+ Kchtk `dhamack. rclcm `cdcf pa`cm  zagkaiamck hdkttkmck PRP+ Fcn pdzdotp odahrnamcza pdfc`cr `azpaotza rdk`crcpck qckg hdklc`a pa`cm hdcpc+ 1+ @ckc cnemcza thth &@CT! zagkaiamck `cnch hdhcjt rdpthotfck dmekeha `ck hdkttkmck PRP+ @CT hdklc`a zthod rdk`crcpck pdodzc `cdcf `cnch hdhoacqca rdkgdntcckkqc+ 32+ @ckc cnemcza mftztz &@CM! zagkaiamck hdkttkmck PRP `ck FJA+ Kchtk `dhamack. mcdkc zaicpkqc qckg zrdzaiam `ck ptltckkqc qckg odzaicp mftztz. @CM pa`cm `crcp `akamhcpa zdnttf hczqccmcp Ak`ekdzac+ Fcn aka hdkqdocomck rdkgctf @CM pdfc`cr pakgmcp mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck c`cncf rezapai+ 33+ Rclcm rdkgfczanck &RRf! zagkaiamck `cnch hdkjarpcmck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck qckg ndoaf hdcpc. fcn aka zdztca `dkgck ptltck `ck zczcck qckg akgak `ajcrca(kqc+ Kchtk `dhamack. RRf hdkqdocomck `azrezcond akjehd odmtckg.

zdfakggc

mekzthza

odmtckg

`ck

odahrnamcza

pdfc`cr

rdkgtckgck rdpthotfck dmekeha+ 3?+ Zdncak RRf. akpdydkza rdhdakpcf ncakkqc qckg odptltck tkptm hdkjarpcmck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck qckg ndoaf hdcpc c`cncf rdkdpcrck Trcf Hakahth Reyakza &THR!+ Zdncak zagkaiamck hdkttkmck pakgmcp mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck.

THR

zagkaiamck

hdkttkmck

FJA+

Rdocamck

pakgmcp

mdzdlcfpdcck &`cnch fcn aka FJA `ck pakgmcp mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck pttk! hdkqdocomck mekzthza hdkakgmcp+ Rdkakgmcpck pdzdotp `azamcra endf re`tzdk `dkgck jcc hdkchocf mdgacpck re`tmza+ Fcn aka 3:6

hdkqdocomck pdlc`akqc rdkqdcrck pdkcgc mdlc `ck odahrnamcza pdfc`cr odmtckgkqc PRP+ 3:+ Akincza hdkqdocomck rdkakgmcpck FJA `ck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck zdhcmak pa`cm hdcpc+ Zdncak apt. mdkcamck akincza hdkqdocomck rdkttkck `cqc odna hczqccmcp qckg odahrnamcza pdfc`cr rdkttkck mekzthza thcf pckggc+ Akincza hdtrcmck mdkcamck fcgc zdlthncf occkg `a rczcck+ @ca zaza rdkcwcck. re`tmzakqc+

mdkcamck Kchtk.

fcgc `ca

cmck zaza

hdhcjt

re`tzdk

hdkakgmcpmck

rdhakpcck.

mdkcamck

fcgc

ltzpt

hdkqdocomck mekzthdk hdkgtckga mekzthzakqc+ Choagtapcz `ca akincza aka hdkqdocomck rdkgctfkqc pdfc`cr rdpthotfck dmekeha pa`cm zagkaiamck+ Cmaocpkqc. rdkgctf akincza pdfc`cr PRP ltgc pa`cm zagkaiamck+ 30+ Pakgmcp rdk`a`amck `cnch rdkdnapack aka. `awcmana endf Ckgmc Hdndm Ftti  &CHF!. zdjcc zpcpazpam

pa`cm `crcp `aotmpamck zagkaiamck hdhdkgctfa

pakgmcp mdhazmakck. pakgmcp rdkgckggtck pdotmc `ck mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck `a Ak`ekdzac+ 34+ Rdmdhockgck zdmpe akiehcn hdkttkmck PRP+ Kchtk `dhamack. trcf qckg

`apdahc

`a

zdmpe

akiehcn

pdkpt

pa`cm

ockqcm+

Cmaocpkqc.

rdmdhockgck zdmpe akiehcn pa`cm zagkaiamck `cnch hdkttkmck FJA `ck   ltzpt hdkgcmaocpmck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck zdhcmak pa`cm hdcpc+ Zdncak apt. rdmdhockgck zdmpe akiehcn hdhanama zthockgzaf qckg mdjan pdfc`cr rdpthotfck dmekeha+

3:1

4+?

Zcck

Od`czcmck mdzahrtnck fczan rdkdnapack. rdktnaz hdkgcltmck zcck zdocgca odamtp< 3+ Rdpthotfck dmekeha hdhanama rdck `ck mdpdmcapck rdkpakg pdfc`cr mdhazmakck. rdkgckggtck `ck `ck mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck+ Endf mcdkc apt. rdpthotfck dmekeha fctz `arcjt pdtpchc rc`c zdmpe(zdmpe qckg rc`cp mcqc. ndoaf zrdzaiam rc`c zdmpe rdpckack+ C`crtk trcqc qckg `crcp `ancmtmck `ackpcckqc c`cncf rdkdnapack. rdkqtntfck `ck rdocamck akiczptmpt `czc qckg `ardntmck `cnch rdhockgtkck rdpckack. zdrdpa< rdkgc`cck lcnck. ldhocpck. zazpdh aagcza `ck zdocgcakqc+ ?+ Zdpacr akpdydkza rdhdakpcf hdhanama rdkgctf qckg odod`c pdfc`cr mdhazmakck. rdkgckggtck `ck mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck. ocam  rezapai hctrtk kdgcpai+ Endf mcdkc apt `aotptfmck akpdydkza rdhdakpcf qckg pdakpdgcza zdocgca trcqc hdkgcpcza rdhczcncfck mdhazmakck. rdkgckggtck `ck mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck+ :+ Trcqc pdakpdgcza pdzdotp `ackpcckqc `crcp `ancmtmck `dkgck jcc< (

rdkakgmcpck rdkgdntcck rdhdakpcf tkptm mdzdfcpck `ck rdk`a`amck+ Mekzdmtdkza

`ca

rdkakgmcpck

rdkgdntcck

rdhdakpcf

c`cncf

rdkakgmcpck zthod rdk`crcpck+ @CT `ck @CM pdncnt `ehakck zdocgca zthod rdk`crcpck `cdcf+ Rc`cfcn pdkpt zclc fcn pdzdotp `crcp hdklc`a odock ocga rdhdakpcf rtzcp `ck hdktkltmmck pakgmcp mdhck`aack iazmcn qckg dk`cf `ca rdhdakpcf `cdcf+ Endf mcdkc apt. rdk`crcpck `cdcf qckg fctz `apakgmcpmck c`cncf RC@ apt zdk`aa. pdtpchc rclcm `cdcf+

302

(

rdkakgmcpck THR qckg `azdztcamck `dkgck kanca mdotptfck fa`tr ncqcm  &MFN!+ Crcoanc `amehoakczamck odzchc `dkgck rdkakgmcpck rclcm  rdkgfczanck &RRf!. rdkdpcrck THR `crcp zd`amap ockqcm hdkgtckga pc`d(eii qckg pdlc`a pdfc`cr rdpthotfck dmekeha `ck zdhcmak didmpai 

hdkgtckga mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck+ (

Rdkgdk`cnack akincza+ Rdkakgmcpck THR pa`cm cmck odcpa crcoanc pa`cm  `aaakga endf trcqc rdkgdk`cnack akincza+ Endf mcdkc apt. akpdydkza aka fctz odakpdgcza zcpt zchc ncakkqc+

(

Rdhod`cqcck zdmpe akiehcn hdklc`a zdmpe iehcn+

0+ Rc`c `czckqc akpdydkza rdhdakpcf `crcp `amdnehremmck hdklc`a mdoalcmck iazmcn `ck mdoalcmck hekdpd+ Tkptm apt. zcck ocga rdkdnapack zdnckltpkqc qcapt hdkdnapa ltgc hdkgdkca ocgcahckc rdck akpdydkza rdhdakpcf `a oa`ckg hekdpd pdfc`cr mdhazmakck. rdkgckggtck `ck mdpahrckgck `azpaotza rdk`crcpck+

303

@CIPC_ RTZPCMC

Cn`cmfan. Mfcna` A+ &3116!+ C Hdpfe` ie Dzpahcpakg Zahtnpckdetz Dstcpaekz He`dnz wapf Pahd(zdadz ck` Jezz(zdjpaek @cpc+ Letkcn Makg Zct`  Tkaydzapq. Yen+32. 3:(?6+ _aqc`f+

Oc`ck Rtzcp Zpcpazpam &ORZ!+ &?227!+ Hdhcfcha @cpc Zpcpdgaz qckg @afczanmck  ORZ+ Lcmcpc< Oc`ck Rtzcp Zpcpazpam+

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU+ &?221!+ Ckcnazaz Mdhazmakck. Mdpdkcgcmdlcck `ck  @azpaotza Rdk`crcpck + Lcmcpc< Oc`ck Rtzcp Zpcpazpam+

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU+ Odocgca D`aza+ @cpc `ck Akiehcza Mdhazmakck. Otmt3< Rerakza+ Lcmcpc< Oc`ck Rtzcp Zpcpazpam+

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU+ Odocgca D`aza+ Zpcpazpam Ak`ekdzac+ Lcmcpc< Oc`ck Rtzcp Zpcpazpam+

Ocnpcga. Oc`a F+ &?224!+ Djekehdpaj Ckcnqzaz ei Rckdn @cpc + Kdw Qem< Lefk Wandq ) Zekz+

Ocza. Icazcn `ck Fcaz Htkck`c+ &?221!+ Nckzmcr Dmekeha Ak`ekdzac< Mclack `ck _dktkgck Pdfc`cr Hczcncf(Hczcncf Zptmptcn. Pckziehcza  Oct. `ck Rezrdm Rddmekehack Ak`ekdzac+ Lcmcpc< Mdkjckc+

@cpp. Gctcy. Hcpak _cycnnaek+ &3119!+Wfq Zehd Ak`ack Zpcpdz @ekd Odppd Pfck Epfdz cp _d`tjakg _tcn Reydpq5+ Renajq _dzdcjf wemakg Rcrd Ke+3410. Wen` Ockm. Wczfakgpek. @+J

@thcaq+ &3111!+ Rddmekehack Ak`ekdzac+ Lcmcpc< Otha Cmzcc+

30?

Dmckck`c. Hcfqtz+ &?224!+ Ckcnazaz @cpc Rckdn< Dzpahcza `dkgck Zptmpt  Ycackz(Jeycackz Ycackz(Jeycackz _dza`tcn+ Lcmcpc< Regch Rczjc Zclckc Tkaydzapcz Ak`ekdzac+

Gddkd. Wannach+ &?22:!+ Djekehdpaj Ckcnqzaz< Iaipf d`apaek+ Tkapd` Zpcpd ei  Chdajc< Rdkpajd Fcnn+

Gtlccpa. @che`c+ &?220!+ Oczaj Djekehdpaj< Ietpf D`apaek+ Hj+Gcw Fann Jehrckadz+

Fclala. Cla`+ &?232!+ Mdpdmcapck Ckpcc Rdpthotfck Dmekeha. Mdpahrckgck Rdk`crcpck `ck Rdkgdkpczck Mdhazmakck `a Reyakza _act ?22?(?226 ]PdzazX+ Oege< Zdmencf Rczjc Zclckc Akzpaptp Rdpckack Oege+

Mc`a+ &?232!+ Mcapck Ckpcc Rdpthotfck Zdmpe Rdpckack. Kekrdpckack. `ck Mdhazmakck `a @cdcf Rd`dzcck Ak`ekdzac< Ckcnazaz @cpc Rckdn ?22?( ?226 ]ZmarzaX+ Lcmcpc< Zdmencf Pakgga Anht Zpcpazpam+

Mehcnczca. Ica`c+ &311?!+ Akincza `a Ak`ekdzac< @chrcm `ck Rdhczcncfckkqc + Lcmcpc< ZPDMRA

Mtkjee. Ht`clc`+ &?221!+ Dmekehamc Ak`ekdzac< @akchamc Nakgmtkgck Oazkaz `a Pdkgcf Mazaz Gneocn + Qegqcmcpc< TRR ZPAH QMRK

Mtkpee. Da+ &?227!+ Ftotkgck Zahtnpck ckpcc Pakgmcp Trcf `ck Rdkqdcrck Pdkcgc Mdlc zdpc Ycacodn(ycacodn Ycacodn(ycacodn qckg Hdhrdkgctfakqc ]ZmarzaX+ Lcmcpc< Zdmencf Pakgga Anht Zpcpazpam+

Hckmaw. K+ Gdgeq+ &?227!+ Hcmedmekeha<  Hcmedmekeha< D`aza Mddkch + Lcmcpc< Dnckggc+

Hdnne. L+W+ &?222!+ Iczpd Hed Dstapcond Gewpf< Pfd _dncpaek odpwddk Gewpf ak Cgajtnptd ck` Reydpq _d`tjpaek+ Cgajtnptcn Renajq @dydnerhdkp Reldjp _dzdcjf _drep Ke+0. Cop Czzejacpdz Akj+. Jchoa`gd. HC+ 30:

Htzpcsadh+ &?226!+ Rclcm @cdcf @cnch Pckzaza Epekeha @cdcf + Qegqcmcpc< IF TAA Rdzz

Kcjfewa. Kcjfewa @. Fc`atz Tzhck+ &?229!+ Dmekehdpamc+ Lcmcpc< Ndhocgc Rdkdoap Icmtnpcz Dmekeha Tkaydzapcz Ak`ekdzac+

Kczf. Hcnafc Z+ `ck @cya` I+ Oc`ie`+ &?223!+ Rcchdpaj ck` Kekrcchdpaj &HC_Z! Negazpaj _dgdzzaek ie Rd`ajpaek ei C @ajfepehetz _dzrekzd Ycacond wapf ck Dvchrnd ie rdzdkjd%Cozdkjd rdzdkjd%Cozdkjd ei ck Chrfaoack + Kdyc`c< TZ Dkyaehdkpcn Repdjpaek Cgdkjq &DRC!+

Rdkgckggtck `a Keyac`a+ &?232!+ Rdtocfck Zptmpt Dmekeha `ck Pakgmcp Rdkgckggtck  Ak`ekdzac ]ZmarzaX+ Lcmcpc< Zdmencf Pakgga Anht Zpcpazpam+

Rcjeqe. Pa Mtkcwckgzaf `ck Ckpqe Rcjeqe+ &?227!+ Czrdm @czc Dmekeha  Hcme `a Ak`ekdzac + Lcmcpc< RP Gczak`e+

_cfhckapc+ &?227!+ @chrcm Rdkgdntcck Rdhdakpcf Pdfc`cr Rdpthotfck `ck @azpaotza Rdk`crcpck `a Zthcpdc Tpcc< Rdk`dmcpck ZKZD  ]@azdpczaX+ Oege< Zdmencf Rczjc Zclckc Akzpaptp Rdpckack Oege+

_ak`cqckpa. Wawadm+ &?221!+ @chrcm @dzdkpcnazcza Iazmcn Pdfc`cr Mdhazmakck `ck Mdpcfckck Rckgck `a Wancqcf Reyakza Lcwc Occp  ]@azdpczaX+ Oege< Zdmencf Rczjc Zclckc Akzpaptp Rdpckack Oege+

Zcga. Zedfczeke `mm+ &?221!+ Mcrapc Zdndmpc Dmekeha Ak`ekdzac+ Lcmcpc< Mdkjckc+

 Hcmedmekeha Pdea Rdkgckpc D`aza Mdpagc + Lcmcpc< Ztmake. Zc`eke+ &?220!+ Hcmedmekeha RP _clcGciak`e Rdzc`c+

300

Zthcpe. Zt`cke. ck` Czdr Ztqcfc`a+&?22:!+ Pfd _end ei Cgajtnptcn Gewpf ak Reydpq _d`tjpaek ak Ak`ekdzac+ Reydpq He`tnd Ak`ekdzac . Iee` ck` Cgajtnptd Egcka|cpaek &ICE!. _ehd+

Pchotkck. Ptntz+ &?221!+ Rddmekehack Rddmekehack Ak`ekdzac+ Oege< Gfcnac Ak`ekdzac+

Pckgmanazck. Fczzdn Kega Z+ &?224!+ Hckcldhdk Rtonam + Lcmcpc< RP Gchd`ac Wa`aczcckc Ak`ekdzac+

Pe`ce. Hajfcdn R+ `ck Zpdrfdk J+ Zhapf+ &?22:!+ Rdhockgtkck Dmekeha `a  @tkac Mdpagc+ Lcmcpc< Dnckggc+

Wackpe+ &?221!+ Hddpcz Lcnck Oct Dmekeha Ak`ekdzac + Lcmcpc< Akzpaptpd ie @dhejcjq ei Ak`ekdzac+

Ween`a`gd. Ldiidq H+ &?22?!+ Djekehdpaj Ckcnqzaz ei Jezz Zdjpaek ck` Rckdn Hczzcjftzzdpz+  @cpc+ Nek`ek< HAP Rdzz Jchoa`gd. Hczzcjftzzdpz+

Wen` Ockm+ &?227!+ Ncreck Rdkjcrcack Hanndkath @dydnerhdkp Gecnz  Ak`ekdzac ?227 + Pfd Wen` Ockm+

Qt`feqeke. Ztzane Ochockg+ &?220!+ Rdhockgtkck Rdpckack `ck Rd`dzcck Zdocgca Trcqc Hdkgcpcza Mdhazmakck `ck Rdkgckggtck `a Ak`ekdzac<  Ckcnazaz Dmekeha(Renapam Mdoalcmck Iazmcn ]@azdpczaX+ Oege< Zdmencf Rczjc Zclckc Akzpaptp Rdpckack Oege+

Qtzti. Cgtzpc Oanackpeke+ &?232!+ Rdkgctf Rdpthotfck `ck Rdtocfck Zptmpt Dmekeha Zdpc Rdkqdcrck Pdkcgc Mdlc Zdmpecn Pdfc`cr Pakgmcp Mdhazmakck `a Ak`ekdzac Rdae`d ?22?(?226 ]ZmarzaX+ Lcmcpc< Zdmencf Pakgga Anht Zpcpazpam+

304

309

NCHRA_CK Nchrack 3+ Fczan Dzpahcza He`dn Rdzchcck Zptmptcn 3+3+ Rdzchcck Zptmptcn A @drdk`dkp Ycacond< NEG&R@_O5! Hdpfe`< Reend` AY%Pwe(zpcgd DGNZ &Jezz(zdjpaek wdagfpz! @cpd< 29%23%33 Pahd< 33<:2 Zchrnd &c`ltzpd`!< ?229 ?226 Akjnt`d` eozdycpaekz< : cipd c`ltzphdkpz Jezz(zdjpaekz akjnt`d`< :2 Pepcn reen &ocnckjd`! eozdycpaekz< 12 Nakdc dzpahcpaek cipd ekd(zpdr wdagfpakg hcpav Akzpthdkp nazp< J NEG&DVRDK@APT_D5! NEG&DVRDK@APT_D5! NEG&@CT5! NEG&@CM5! NEG&RCLCM5! NEG&RRF5! NEG&THR5! AKINCZA5 CHF5 FJA5&(3! AKIE_HCN5 Jezz(zdjpaek ZT_ &RJZD! zpck`c` dez ) jeycackjd &`+i+ jedjpd`! Ycacond

Zp`+ De

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