Chapter II Review of Related Literature
In this chapter, the researchers will present the topics that are related to the effects of sleeping patterns on the academic performance of students, mainly focusing on mathematics, based on four indicators; sleeping habits, quality of sleep, sleeping problems and lack of sleep. The research findings by other researchers are also presented and discussed to provide a necessary background of this study. It also presents foreign literature studies from different authors that are relevant to the researchers’ study.
Sleeping Habits
According to arskadon, arskadon, !.A. and "olfson "olfson A.#.’s study that that assesses the relation relation between sleep patterns, sleep quality, and school of performance of adolescents attending middle school, high school, and$or college, that the findings strongly indicate that shortened total sleep time, erratic sleep or wake schedules, late bed and rise times, and poor sleep quality are negatively associated with academic performance for adolescents from middle school through the college years. The study specifically looked at the sleep$wake patterns and usual grades of students, school start time and phase preference in relation to sleep habits and quality and academic performance, and sleep patterns and classroom performance.
According a newspaper newspaper article article written by Tacio, Tacio, %.&. entitled Getting a Good Night’s Sleep, Sleep, states that in many cases, staying up too late is the culprit of reduced morning energy and fatigue. In one e'periment, children were asked to go to bed later than normal for a week, and then were asked to spend no fewer than () hours in bed for another week. &uring the week of later bedtimes, teachers rated these kids as having more academic problems and more attention problems without knowledge of the research. !any parents think their children go to bed early, but even *+)) p.m. could be considered a late bedtime for a child. As kids get older, older, sleepiness leads leads to slipping slipping grades. or e'ample, e'ample, in a study of roughly roughly (,))) children and preadolescents, researchers measured kids- sleep and school performance and found that poor sleepers were significantly more likely to have school
achievement achievement difficulties. In fact, one of the best predictors of school failure in the study was children-s fatigue. In another study of ,))) high school students in /ew 0ngland, those who reported higher grades had significantly more sleep time and earlier bedtimes on school nights than those with lower grades. 1tudents reporting with better grades got (23 minutes more sleep on school nights and went to bed ()34) minutes earlier than students with lesser numerical grades. 1tudents with lower grades also went to bed on average 5. hours later on the weekends than on school nights, compared to students with better, who went to bed (.6 hours later on the weekends. The same relationship has held true for college and high school students as well.
The book written by the author #ichards, 7., entitled 1top 8osing 1leep+ 0stablish %ealthy 1leep 9atterns to improve your %ealth and 0nergy, states that some behaviours or activities are detrimental to normal sleep have been suggested. These :inadequate sleep hygiene: behaviours include irregular sleep schedules, frequent or prolonged daytime naps, and staying on one-s bed f or non3sleep3related non3sleep3related activities. Accordingly, Accordingly, adequate sleep hygiene hygiene is considered considered to be an important aduvant aduvant for treating patients with insomnia or other sleep disturbances. %aving an irregular sleep pattern causes detrimental effects to the human body such as fatigue, which in turn causes daily activities to be performed sluggishly.
According to the author author,, #a
The book, &eveloping a #egular 1leep 9attern, states that sleep doctors recommend a variety of measures to help adults and children achieve adequate sleep to help present mindedness in people. In general, all of these approaches are intended to help with rela'ation as the desired sleep time approaches, to maintain a comfortable sleep environment, and to encourage a healthful balance of nutrition and e'ercise to achieve .
Quality of Sleep
According to an online article written by an anonymous anonymous author from from the website proquest.com entitled Low Math Scores? Try Getting more Sleep, Sleep, Adolescents sleeping for more hours are likely to score higher in mathematics related tests. !eanwhile, those who sleep between si' and ten hours, a regular and adequate sleep, got significantly better scores, as compared to those with a short, around si' hours or less, or long, more than * hours per night, patterned sleep. !oreover, this difference is more prominent in physical education. The aim of the study was to analy
According to ynthia, ynthia, 8., A new study finds a link between a good night-s sleep sleep for schoolage kids and better performance in math and languages3subects that are powerful predictors of later learning and academic success. In the ournal 1leep !edicine, the researchers reported that :sleep efficiency: efficiency: is associated with higher academic performance in those key subects. 1leep efficiency is a gauge of sleep quality that compares the amount of actual sleep time with the total time spent in bed. "hile other studies have pointed to links between sleep and general academic performance, the scientists e'amined the impact of sleep quality on report3card grades in specific subects. "ith greater sleep efficiency, efficiency, results show that the children did better in mathematics and languages.
According to urry urry,, =.’s book nderstanding book nderstanding the !mpact o" !rregular Sleep Pattern# 1ome behaviours or activities are detrimental to normal sleep have been suggested. These :inadequate :inadequate sleep hygiene: behaviours include irregular sleep schedules, frequent or prolonged daytime naps, e'cessive alcohol consumption before bedtime, absent mindedness, slower mental capacity, and staying on one-s bed for non3sleep3related activities. Accordingly, adequate sleep hygiene is considered to be an important aduvant for treating patients with insomnia or other sleep disturbances.%owever, disturbances.%owever, in the case of normal subects, who are unaffected by these pathological conditions, the association between sleep hygiene and sleep itself is surprisingly inconsistent.
According to a book book written by arskadon, arskadon, !.A., $dolescent !.A., $dolescent Sleep Sleep Patterns% &iological# Social# and Psychological !n"luences' !n"luences ' Although the prevalence varies, many adolescents and young adults are reported to have an irregular sleep schedule and a tendency to have a delayed sleep phase. A remarkable degree of problems associated with sleeping and poor sleep quality have been observed in university students of many "estern countries. %owever, to the researchers knowledge, the data regarding sleep patterns and habits in Asian countries countries is limited. It is necessary necessary to investigate investigate this issue within within the Asian population population because sleep habits are affected by ethnicity, social factors, and culture. The researchers’ aim was to investigate sleep quality and associated daytime effects in hinese undergraduate undergraduate students. The researchers were particularly interested in determining how bedtime schedule relates to sleep quality and daytime functioning.
According to an article in Time Time !agaetter ?rades written by 8ocker, !. states that a new study shows that a good night’s sleep can translate to improved academic performance. #esearchers at !c?ill @niversity and the &ouglas !ental %ealth @niversity Institute in !ontreal found that children who had a better quality sleep performed better in math and languages.
1pecifically researchers found a link between academic performance and something called sleep efficiency, which is more or less how well you sleep at night. 1leep efficiency is the proportion of the amount of time you slept to the amount of time you were in bed,B says clinical psychologist #eut ?ruber, lead author of the study. 1imply put, you go to bed, you lie down and spend time in bed, but if you’re not able to sleep through the time in bed, that’s not efficient sleep. 1hort or poor sleep is a significant risk factor for poor academic performance that is frequently ignored,B says ?ruber, ?ruber, and while there are other studies out there that linked sleep and academic performance, she wanted to take a slightly different tack. I wanted to look at specific subect areas, not to lump them together, knowing that different skills are needed for different subects.B "hen it comes to math and language skills specifically, ?ruber says, it’s a question of brain anatomy. or math and languages, we need to use the skills that are called Ce'ecutive functions’Dthings like working memory, planning, not being distracted. The hardware that supports those skills is in the pre3frontal corte' of the brain, which is very sensitive to the effects of poor sleep or insufficient insufficient sleep.B ?ruber’s team looked 24 healthy children between the ages of 2 and ((. The children were each given a wristwatch3like device called an actigraphB that is used to evaluate sleep by monitoring their night time activity, averaged the data over five nights and correlated the data with the kids’ report3card grades.
Sleeping Problems
According to a study study performed written written by researchers researchers 0hrman, 8; Eamarian, Eamarian, 8. F Acler . . entitled (acillation o" the !nns)ruc* R+M &ehavior Disorder !nventory# states that #0! G#apid 0ye !ovementH, a phase of deep sleep, is important to a person’s health and getting adequate sleep. According to the researchers’ researchers’ study, study, a diagnosis of definite definite #0! sleep behavior behavior disorder disorder requires both a positive history for #0! sleep behavior disorder and polysomnographic demonstration of #0! sleep without atonia. To improve and facilitate screening for #0! sleep behavior disorder, there is a need for simple clinical tools with sufficient sensitivity and specificity for the identification of subects with probable #0! sleep behavior disorder
According to an online article found in the website website proquest.com entitled Sleep Pro)lems are $ssociated with Poor ,utcomes in Remedial Teaching Programmes written )y >lunden, 1.8. F hervin, #.&., that 9roblematic behaviour and deficient academic performance have been reported in children with sleep problems. "hether sleep problems are common among children presenting with primary behavioural and performance concerns in remedial programmes is not well studied. The researchers studied this possibility in 6) Australian school children aged 3(4 years and then compared (4 of these children from mainstream schools to (4 demographically matched children in behavioural programmes for problematic behaviour and academic difficulties. The results stated B"hen compared with the (4 controls, the (4 inde' children had significantly more sleep problems, in addition to parental concerns about school performance.B In the total sample, poor sleep including symptoms of daytime sleepiness, parasomnias, behavioural sleep problems and combined sleep problems was associated with poor academic performance and daytime behavioural issues.
The researchers reached a conclusion that states that the preliminary study of the research suggests that children in remedial school programmes may have poor sleep compared with those in mainstream schools. 1leep problems were associated with problematic problematic behaviour and poor academic performance. If sleep disturbances worsen daytime behaviour, then diagnosis and treatment of underlying sleep disorders could offer a novel therapeutic opportunity.
According to a newspaper newspaper article article entitled Trou)le 1leep written by 9ualte =. =r. 1tates that many students give up sleep to get good grades, but research shows that students who sleep more get better grades. !embers of the 1tudent %ealth Advisory ouncil G1%AH, ouncil G1%AH, who provide a student perspective to @niversity %ealth 1ervice G@%1H, 1ervice G@%1H, identified sleep as a top focus. They consulted noted sleep researchers and developed recommendations for clinicians about how t o address sleep with student patients. It’s no secret that students tend to skimp on sleep to squeeut this generation is different, and researchers are increasingly focusing on college students because they are one of the most sleep3deprived populations. populations. ollege students go to bed one to two hours later and sleep less per night on average compared to previous generations. As a result, 24K of @3! undergraduates undergraduates do not sleep enough enough to feel rested on five or more days per week, and (*K reported that sleep difficulties had an impact on academic performance in the past year.
The amount of sleep that a college student gets is one of the strongest predictors of academic success. 1leep plays a key role in helping students fi' and consolidate memories, plus prevent decay of memories. memories. "ithout sleep, people work work harder and but don’t do as well.
"ith these facts in mind, the 1tudent %ealth Advisory ouncil ouncil made the following recommendations recommendations for @%1 clinicians to consider in their work with students, which may also help you as you talk with your student. 0ncourage students to adust wake3up time, because it is may be easier to adust than bedtime.
A book book written by authors; authors; !arcus, ; aroll, aroll, ; &onelly, &onelly, d; F 8oughlin, ?.entitled ?.entitled Sleep in -hildren% Developmental -hanges in Sleep Patterns states that as people age, the likelihood of sleep disorders increases. The American American Academy of amily 9hysicians reports over 4) percent of people 4 years old and older live with the effects of sleep disorders that effects sleep patterns, such as sleep deprivation symptoms, sleep apnea and periodic limb movement disorder that can cause decreased performance in students. In older adults, sleep disorders can lead to serious health consequences. %ypertension and sleep apnea are linked, for e'ample, and problems with breathing during sleep can contribute to heart problems. Llder adults who take sleep medications or e'perience sleep deprivation symptoms may also be at an increased risk of falls or accidents and reduced mental activity.
Lack of Sleep
According to an online article written by authors urcio, ?., errara, !., F ?ennaro, 8.&. entitled Sleep Loss# Learning -apacity and $cademic Per"ormance# At Per"ormance# At a time when several studies have highlighted the relationship between sleep, learning and memory processes, an in3depth analysis of the effects of sleep deprivation on student learning ability and academic performance would appear to be essential.
!ost studies have been naturalistic correlative investigations, where sleep schedules were correlated with school and academic achievement. 1ome authors were able to actively manipulate sleep in order to t o observe neurocognitive and behavioral consequences, such as learning, memory capacity and school performance. The findings strongly suggest that students of different different education are chronically sleep deprived or suffer from poor sleep quality and consequent daytime sleepiness; sleepiness; sleep quality and quantity are closely related to student learning capacity and academic performance; performance; sleep loss is frequently associated with poor declarative and procedural learning in students; studies in which sleep was actively restricted or optimi
According to a book book entitle Sleep written Sleep written by 8ittlehales, /. 1leep plays a crucial role in cognitive and emotional functioning, especially during the period of adolescence when the biological sleep3wake cycle changes rapidly.
8ifestyle changes during adolescence also may be accompanied by profound alterations in the timing and duration of sleep. These days, many adolescents do not get enough sleep and may suffer adverse effects of insufficient insufficient sleep. The academic performance of adolescents adolescents is important for their psychosocial psychosocial development and to prepare them for adulthood. adulthood.
The learning capacity and academic performance of adolescents may be affected by sleep quality or quantity because sleep plays important roles in attention and memory. memory. 1everal studies have reported an association between academic performance and sleep duration in adolescence. %owever, others have found no significant association between academic performances and sleep duration in adolescents or in medical college students. This discrepancy may be e'plained by the fact that t hat sleep duration cannot e'actly represent the unmet sleep need f or each individual.
A book book written by 7ushida, 7ushida, .A. entitled Sleep Deprivation% &asic Science# Physiology# and &ehavior states that although a lthough many students have a nocturnal preference, this preference can progress to delayed sleep3phase disorder G&19&H, a circadian rhythm disorder characteri
According to a study study which tackles tackles effects of irregular irregular sleeping patterns patterns , entitled The +""ects o" Sleep on $cademic Per"ormance and .o) Per"ormance# written by authors Arendt, 1.".; hiang, N..; 7athy A. F Eheng, T.%. states that students sleeping eight or nine hours do worse than those getting nine to eleven hours of sleep.
8ack of sleep and other bad habits negatively affect more general communication, methodological methodological and cross3curricular cross3curricular skills.
"ith regard to more specific skills related to cognitive aspects such as memory, learning and motivation, effects are less noticeable and alterations are caused mainly by irregular sleep patterns.
1leep and wakefulness are intimately related states, with mutual influences G#amos 9latOn, (**H. The present work focuses on the effects of sleep over wakefulness. #egarding the question about sleep functions, or why do we sleep, there is still not a definitive answer.
Among others, sleep sleep is important important for cognitive restitution. restitution. It influences influences information processing, learning and memory consolidation. consolidation. Therefore a certain amount of of sleep is needed to adequate wakefulness. 1leep deprivation seems to impair particularly cognitive functions related to the prefrontal corte', such as fle'ible and divergent thinking; dealing with novelty and une'pected; verbal fluency; novel responses and suppression of routine answers.
