INFORME DE PRÁCTICAS: OBSERVACIÓN DE HONGOS EN EL MOHO DEL PAN Y DE LA FRUTA. OBJETIVOS: Observr !"#r$s#%&"#!e'(e ) !#r$s#%&"#!e'(e *e+ !$,$ e' e+ &' ) -r( /e /e + !) !)$r0 $r0 *e es($ es($ss ,$'1 ,$'1$s $s &e* &e*e e #re# #re#er er e' *"-e *"-ere re'( '(es es !e*" !e*"$s $s *es#$!&$'"e'*$ *es#$!&$'"e'*$ ) !+$1r'*$ +1'$s +"!e'($s Obse Observ rvr r *"re *"re#( #(! !e' e'(e (e22 #$' #$' e+ !"#r$ !"#r$s# s#$& $&"$ "$ %&(" %&("#$ #$22 *"-e *"-ere re'( '(es es -$r! -$r!s s ) es(r#(rs *e +$s ,$'1$s2 s0 #$!$ ("+"3r *"-ere'(es ("&$s *e re#("v$s &r ver !e4$r + es(r#(r *e +$s ,$'1$s ) &$*er+$s $bservr+$s #$' *"-ere'(es $b4e("v$s *e 567 ) 867. FUNDAMENTO: L$s ,$'1$s s$' $r1'"s!$s e#r"$(s ) #* '$ ("e'e + !e'$s ' '9#+e$ ) U' !e!br' '#+er ' re(0#+$ e'*$&+s! ("#$2 !"($#$'*r"s ) ' &r($ se#re( se#re($r $r22 !#,$s !#,$s s$' er$b er$b"$s "$s $b+"1 $b+"1*$s *$s $ -#+( -#+(("v ("v$s. $s. S$' /"!"$ /"!"$(r$ (r$-$s -$s se#r se#re( e($r $res es *e e'3" e'3"! !ss /e /e *e1r *e1r* *' ' ' ' !&+ !&+" " vr"e vr"e* ** * *e ss( ss(r r($ ($ss $r1'"#$s e' '(r"e'(es s$+b+es. L$s ,$'1$s + &r$+"-err s!e' *$s -$r!s bs"#s /e s$' + *e +ev*r ) + *e !$,$s. Es( 9+("! -$r! $#rre &$r + &r$*# &r$*##"% #"%' ' *e #$+$'" #$+$'"s s -"+!e -"+!e'($ '($ss ss !+("# !+("#e+ e++r +res es "'(e1r "'(e1r* *ss &$r (9b+$ (9b+$ss #"+0'*r"#$s r!"-"#*$s ++!*$s ,"-s2 #)$ *"!e(r$ vr0 *e ; 56 ! .re#"be e+ '$!bre *e !"#e+"$ + !3 *e ,"-s e'(re!e3#+*s2 #!+* *r'(e + -se *e #re#"!"e'($ #("v$. A+1's ,"-s se *"v"*e' -$r!' #<++s 1r#"s + "'(erve'#"%' *e es(r#(rs #r3*s ++!*s (b"/es $ se&($s. Ls ,"-s bs$rbe' ss '(r"e'(es s$' +s ,"-s ve1e(("vs *"-ere'#" *e +s ,"-s ! !#,s *e e++s se &r$*#e' &$r 1e!#"%'2 ) +1's es&e#"es &r$*#e' )e!s *e !'er #r#(er0s("# '$ se *es&re'*e' ) (er!"'' &$r +r1rse. T$* T$*$s $s +$s ,$'1$s #e'(' #$' ' &re* ese' ese'#" #"+ + r01" r01"* * /e /e es e+ e+e! e+e!e' e'($ ($ /e /e +es +es * s -$r! -$r! .+ .+ &re &re* * es( es( #$!& #$!&e es( s( e' 1r' 1r' !e*" !e*"* * *e #& #&ss *e #rb #rb$, $,"* "*r r($ ($ss ) (!b (!b"< "<' ' *e 1+#$&r$(e0's ) +0&"*$s. De'(r$ *e es(e 1r&$2 +$s 1<'er$s !s "!&$r('(es s$' M#$r2 R,"3$&s ) Pe'" Pe'"##"+" "+"! ! /e /e se +$# +$#+"+"33' s$br s$bre e +"!e +"!e'( '($s $s22 !(er (er" " $r1 $r1' '"# "# e' *es#$!&$s"#"%'2 e(#. E+ &r"!er$ *e e++$s * +1r + ++!*$ !$,$ b+'#$ *e+ &'2 e+ se1'*$ + !$,$ 'e1r$ *e+ &' ) e+ 9+("!$ + !$,$ 3+*$.
5. G<'er$ M#$r S !"#e+"$ es b+'/e#"'$ ) *e s&e#($ +'$s$. C$' + +& se &e*e' ver +s ,"-s b+'#s e'(re#r3*s e'(re +s /e s$bres+e' +1's &r$v"s(s *e es&$r'1"$s e' ss e7(re!$s. Es #r#(er0s("#$ *e es(e 1<'er$ e+ /e2 + r$!&erse +$s es&$r'1"$s2 +s es&$rs s$' rr$4*s *"s('#". A+ !"#r$s#$&"$ se &e*e' &re#"r +s ,"-s &+r"'#+e*s2 /e #re#e' *e (b"/e *e se&r#"%'. ;. G<'er$ R,"3$&s: S$' ,$'1$s 3)1$!"#e($s2 #$!$ +$s '(er"$res. Es($s !$,$s ("e'e' e+ !"#e+"$ 1r"s#e$ ) *e s&e#($ +1$*$'$s$2 !e'$s #$!&#($ /e e+ '(er"$r. S" se !"r #$' +&2 &e*e' verse ,"-s #+rs 4'($ #$' $(rs #$+$re*s2 /e ("e'e' e' ss e7(re!$s es&$r'1"$s 'e1r$s !) ++!("v$s. Es($s es&$r'1"$s se bre' *e -$r! s"!"+r +$s *e+ 1<'er$ M#$r2 &er$ '$ ("e'e' !e#'"s!$s &r rr$4r +s es&$rs *"s('#". S$' #r#(er0s("#s *e es(e 1<'er$ 's ,"-s *e s&e#($ r*"#+r2 /e &e'e(r' e' e+ ss(r($ &r $b(e'er 1 ) '(r"e'(es2 + ve3 /e -"4' + !$,$. C$' e+ !"#r$s#$&"$ se &e*e' ver +s ,"-s2 '$ (b"#*s2 *e 1r' (!?$2 s"e'*$ !s &(e'(es +s &$r(*$rs *e +$s es&$r'1"$s. =. G<'er$ Pe'"#"++"! Es(e 1<'er$ *e ,$'1$s es *e ("&$ s#$!"#e($. Ls ,"-s s$' (b"#*s ) r!"-"#*s. L$s es&$r'1"$s ("e'e' s&e#($ *e #e&"++$2 &rese'(' '$s e's'#,!"e'($s s$bre +$s /e se "'ser('2 #$!$ *e*$s *e ' !'$2 '$s &<'*"#es #$r($s2 ++!*$s es(er"1!s. C* '$ *e e++$s se #$'("'9 e' ' ser"e *e es-er"(s2 *e'$!"'*s #$'"*"$s2 /e s"rve' &r + re&r$*##"%'. MATERIAL DE LABORATORIO: @ M"#r$s#$&"$. @ P$r($b4e($s ) #bre$b4e($s. @ P"'3s ) &+"++$s. @ P+# *e Pe(r". @ Ce'(1$(s. REACTIVOS: @ .O.H 56 @ L1$+ M(er"+ B"$+%1"#$: @ M$,$ &'2 -r(2 #!$(e Gse$s #$' !$,$ MICROORGANISMOS EN EL PAN: E + & ' # $ ' s( " ( ) e & $ r s # $ ' (e ' " * $ s+es !"'er+es ) v"(!"'s2 ' !e*"$ s%+"*$ "*%'e$ &r e+ *esrr$++$ *e '!er$ss es&e#"es !"#r$b"'s. Per$ &$*e! $s *e#"r /e +$s ("&$ s *e +(e r#" $'es
!"#r$b"'s !s -re#e'(es e' e+ &' s$' e+ e'!$, e#"!"e '($ 2 # ' * $ + $ s 1 e' ( es ! " # r$ b " ' $s s $ ' ! $ ,$ s H$'1$s2 ) e+ ,"+!"e'($ #'*$ se (r( *e b#(er"s. A (0(+$ *e #r"$s"**2 #$'v"e'e se?+r (!b"<' + e'-er!e** *e+ &' #$'$#"* #$' e+ '$!bre *e &' s'1r'(e2 e'-er!e** /e se &rese'( !) rr!e'(e ) /e se *ebe + *esrr$++$ *e ' b#(er"2 Serr(" !r#es#e's2 /e &r$*#e ' &"1!e'($ PROCEDIMIENTO: I'(r$*#e e' ' (&er ' reb'* $ ' &e*3$ *e &'2 -r( #$r(*2 e(#. ,!e*e#"*$ b'*'(e!e'(e #$' 1 ) *<4+$ e' e+ (&er (&*$ $ e' ' b$+s &+s("# Ps*$ es(e ("e!&$ ve+ve ,!e*e#er+$s #$' 1 ) (& e+ (&er. M'(<' e+ (&er e' re&$s$ (e!&er(r !b"e'(e *r'(e ;6 *0s &r$7"!*!e'(e. A&re#er e+ !$,$ s$bre e+ &'2 -r(2 e(#. C$+$#r s$bre ' &$r($b4e($s ' 1$( *e s$+#"%' *e +1$+ ) OH '$ *e!s"*$ 1r'*e &r ev"(r /e e+ #bre$b4e($s -+$(e ) + &re&r#"%' /e*e *e!s"*$ 1res. T!b"<' se &e*e ser #$' +#($-e'$+. Observr e+ !"#r$s#$&"$ +s -$r!s *e +$s ,$'1$s #$' $b4e("v$ *e 567 ) 867. A&r(e se 1re1% e' ' &$r($b4e($ ' 1$( *e+ se*"!e'($ *e ' !es(r *e $r"' se #br"% #$' e+ &$r( $b4e($ RESULTADOS: Ob(v"!$s e' #* &e*3$ *e &'2 -r(2 #!$(e + -$r!#"%' *e !$,$ /e se &e*e $bservr !#r$s#%&"#!e'(e + &rese'#" *e !$,$ b+'#$ ) 'e1r$. Es(s !es(rs /e $b(v"!$s *e !$,$ '$s s"rv"er$' &r $bservr !"#r$s#%&"#!e'(e +s -$r!s2 es(r#(rs *e +$s ,$'1$s /e s$' #&#es *e -$r!r e+ !$,$. Se $bserv% + es(r#(r *e #$'"*"$s *e r"s$&,s2 ,"-s ) ' #$'4'($ *e ,"-s /e -$r!b' !"#e+"$s e' + -r( /e -e e+ +"!%' se $bserv% es&$r'1"$s&$rs ) es&$rs. E' e+ #!$(e (!b"<' se $bserv% + &rese'#" *e es&$r'1"$s$rs
'e7$s
SEGUNDO INFORME DE PRACTICAS: LEVADURAS PRESENTES EN CHICHA DE JORA Y ORINA
OBJETIVOS • •
Observr ) re#$'$#er +s +ev*rs ("+"3'*$ + #$+$r#"%' Gr!. E'(e'*er /e ,) +1's +ev*rs /e s$' "!&$r('(es &r + -er!e'(#"%' *e + #,"#, ) /e -$r!' &r(e *e+ !b"e'(e2 *e +s -r(s ) *e+ ser ,!'$.
FUNDAMENTO: Ls +ev*rs s$' ,$'1$s !) *"-'*"*$s e' + '(r+e3. Pe*e' ,++rse s$bre +s -r(s. Ls -+$res2 +$s 1r'$s2 e' e+ se+$2 e' e+ "'(es("'$ *e +$s '"!+es2 e(#. L "!&$r('#" e#$'%!"# *e +s +ev*rs es 1r'*e ) *e!s *e +s #+s"#s ("+"3#"$'es &r + -br"##"%' *e &' ) + -er!e'(#"%' *e 3!$s *e -r(s. E' + #(+"** s$' &r$ve#,*s &r s"'(e("3r +1's v"(!"'s2 1rss ) &r$(e0's &r("r *e 39#res se'#"++$s ) '"(r%1e'$ !$'"#+. L re&r$*##"%' &e*e ser se7+ &$r 1e!#"%' ) -"s"%' ) se7+ &$r s#$s&$rs. N$ ($*s +s +ev*rs ("e'e' ' #"#+$ *e re&r$*##"%' se7+2 +1's es&e#"es #$!$ C'*"* +b"#'s se re&r$*#e' s%+$ ve1e(("v!e'(e. A'/e + !)$r0 *e +s +ev*rs s$' be'e-"#"$ss. Ls ,) &er4*"#"+es ('($ &r ve1e(+es #$!$ &r '"!+es. C'*"* +b"#'s es + #s'(e !s -re#e'(e *e e'-er!e**es &$r +ev*rs e' e+ ,$!bre. Pr$*#e "'-e##"$'es e' &"e+2 ?s ) !#$ss. Se #$!b(e #$' '("b"%("#$s #$!$ + '"s(("' ) + '-$(er"#"' O. Es(e 9+("!$ es !) (%7"#$ ) rrs ve#es e+ &#"e'(e2 e' ' (r(!"e'($ &r$+$'1*$2 /e* s+v$ *e e-e#($s se#'*r"$s #$!$ -"ebre2 !+es(r 1e'er+2 (rs($r'$s *e + -'#"%' re'+ ) (r$!b$-+eb"("s. MATERIALES: • • • • •
Cbre$b4e($s P$r($b4e($s As b#(er"' Me#,er$ G'(es
REACTIVOS: •
o o o o •
COLORACIÓN GRAM: #r"s(+ v"$+e( L1$+ A+#$,$+ #e($' s-r'"' A#e"(e *e "'!ers"%'
MUESTRA: • • •
C$'#,$ *e #,"#, *e 4$r Se*"!e'($ *e $r"' C$+$r#"%' Gr!:
OBJETIVOS •
•
•
#$ ! & r e ' * e r + $ s & s $ s ' e # e s r " $ s & r r e + " 3 r + ( " ' # " % ' *e Gr! Re#$'$#er +$s !"#r$$r1'"s!$s Gr! &$s"("v$s ) 'e1("v$s2 + "1+ *e + &+"#b"+"** #+0'"# *e + ("'#"%' Re#$'$#er +$s *"s("'($s !$*e+$s *e &re* b#(er"'.
INTRODUCCIÓN De 1r' "!&$r('#" e' M"#r$b"$+$10 &$r/e &er!"(e *"-ere'#"r *$s 1r'*es 1r&$s *e b#(er"s Gr! ) Gr!2 se19' se #$!&$r(e' '(e es( ("'#"%'. E+ -'*!e'($ r*"# e' + *"-ere'(e es(r#(r *e + &re* #e++r *e !b$s 1r&$s: +s b#(er"s Gr! ("e'e' ' 1res #& *e &e&("*$1+"#'$ e' s &re*2 !"e'(rs /e +s b#(er"s Gr! ("e'e' ' #& *e &e&("*$1+"#'$ !s -"' ) ' #& +"&$&$+"s#r0*"# e7(er'. Trs + ("'#"%' #$' e+ &r"!er #$+$r'(e Cr"s(+ v"$+e( se e-e#(9 ' +v*$ #$' +#$,$+ #e($' /e rrs(rr + #$+$r'(e s%+$ e' +s Gr! 2 !"e'(rs /e e' +s Gr! e+ #$+$r'(e /e* re(e'"*$ ) +s #<++s &er!'e#er' 3+es. Ls #<++s Gr! se (e?"r' *es&
Se# +s &re&r#"$'es s$bre &&e+ *e -"+(r$ ) $bs
A'e7$s:
