K
"3 T079>0
K
"3 A;/,/, T079>0
K
"4 C96;/9
K
14 P07/9 P7;-9
K
"2 M08;+;696,
Equipos Topográi!os"
K
E/9=;0, T0/9+,
K
N;8,+ A5/0-/;=0 6, I,;,70
K
Y 5 =0-+,-,/0 =0-0 0 7;-9 07/9 7;-9$ 9+0,$ T7@06,$ B;06,$ -;79 /007>;=9$ 796;0 07//;+,.
#$rr%&i$'(%s"
A7=0 6, ;,779$ -97/;++0$ =0-0$ ;=0$ +9-9$ =977,/;++9$ 70=9$ ;=,+,$ =076,+,$ 977,/9$ ;=9 6, & &" -. M%($ri%)$s *$ !o's(ru!!i+'"
C,-,/0$ >;,770 6, =0/75==;$ ,0$ =;/9 6, ,57;696$ =+980$ 9+9-
5, +5,0 >5,70 ;-07/960 07 ,+ S0>/97, A5/0=96 L96$ 70=,60, +9 5,7>;=;, TIN$ 979 0/,,7 +9 =5789 6, ;8,+$ +5,0 , 6;50 +0 9+;,9-;,/0 07;<0/9+,$ 8,7/;=9+, 70=,960 6, ,==;0, /798,79+, =0;6,760, +0 ,79+/, 07, 9=0 +9 ,==; /;0 =0=+5;7 =0 +9 0/,=; 6, 7,9 80+-,, 6, =07/, 7,++,0 70;0 6,+ -08;-;,/0 6, /;,779Q =0 ,+ S0>/97, A5/0=96 , =0=+50 ,+ 70=,960 6, 69/0 +9-60, , +90 que proporcionan la ;/,77,/9=; =0-709=; =59+;/9/;89 5, ,7-;/9 5/;>;=97 6, >07-9 7>;=9 +9 0+5=; 960/969. L0 +90 7,+9=;0960 =0 ,+ 6;,?0 ,0-/7;=0 6, =977,/,79 0 K
U;=9=; G,07>;=9 6,+ 70,=/0.
K
P+90 C+98,.
K
S,==;0, /;0.
K
P+9/9 ,7>;+ 6,+ P70,=/0.
K
S,==;0, /798,79+,.
5, /;,, +9 97/;=5+97;696 6, 6,=,6,7 ,+ /,77,0$ =0 59 ,6;,/, =0/9/, 979 ,+ /79-0$ ,+,;69 0 =9+=5+969 7,8;9-,/, , 79< 9 60 97-,/70 7;=;9+, +9 9+/579 07 9+897 +9 ,6;,/, -;-9 70-,6;0 9=,/9+, 979 +9 =977,/,79. ,.1. TOPOGRAF7A Y TRA6ADO
E+ +90 /007>;=0 , +9 7,7,,/9=; 7>;=9 6,+ /,77,0$ 6, 5 9==;6,/,$ 6,+ ;/,-9 ;6707>;=0$ 6, +9 ;/9+9=;0, ,6;>;=9=;0, ,;/,/,. E+ +,89/9-;,/0 /007>;=0 -5,/79 +9 6;/9=;9 07;<0/9+, +9 6;>,7,/, =0/9 0 ,+,89=;0, 6, +0 ,+,-,/0 7,7,,/960 , ,+ +90 -,6;9/, =5789 6, ;8,+$ 9 ,=9+9 =08,;,/, 979 +9 ;/,77,/9=; 6, +0 +90 979 +9 96,=5969 7,7,,/9=; 6, +9 =977,/,79 6, +9 6;8,79 ,/75=/579 5, +0 =0-0,. E +0 7,=00=;-;,/0 , 9 5960 6, 7,>,7,=;9 +9 ,=9+9 , ,+ 790 ,/7, 12""" 11"""" =0 =5789 6, ;8,+$ 9 ;/,789+0 6, 9+/579 6, 1 -. ,
E /060 ,/0 =90$ , 560 6;;/9+;<97 +9 -,6;=;0,$ +9 ,+9079=; 6, +90 ,+ =-5/0 6,+ -08;-;,/0 6, /;,779 -,6;9/, +9 079;<9=; 6, 9, 6, 69/0 +9 6;;/9+;<9=; 6, +0 +90 6,+ 6;,?0. E+ 70,=/0 , 7,9+;< , 9;,/,$ 56;60, ,/56;97 =0 >9=;+;696 +9 9+/,79/;89 6, /79<0 897;9/,. E+ 7,+9/,0 6,+ /79<0 5 -05-,/9=; , 7,9+;< 0/,7;07-,/,$ 979 +0 =59+$ 6579/, +9 ,/99 6,+ +,89/9-;,/0 /007>;=0 , -05-,/0 =08,;,/,-,/, +9 7,>,7,=;9 /,77,/7, 6, +9 7,6 6, 900. ,.,. SISTEMA DE NIDADES
E /060 +0 /7990 /007>;=0 , 9+;= ,+ ;/,-9 -/7;=0 6,=;-9+. L9 -,6;69 95+97, , ,7,9 , 7960$ -;5/0 ,560 ,9,;-9+,. L9 -,6;69 6, +0;/56 , ,7,97 , ;+-,/70 !-.HQ -,/70 -HQ
P979 +;97+0 9+ ;/,-9 UTM 6,+ IGN 6,, /,,7, , =5,/9 5, ,+ 70,=/0 ,/ 5;=960 , +9 <09 1# , +9 B969 ! , +9 6,;9=; UTM. E+ ,+;0;6, 5/;+;<960 , ,+ 07+6 G,06,/;= S/,- 1#*4 GS*4H
Cu%*ro No 01 To)$r%'!i%s p%r% Tr%4%5os *$ L$9%'(%&i$'(os Topográi!os2 R$p)%'($os : Es(%!%*o F%s$ *$ (r%4%5o
To)$r%'!i%s
#ori
Dis(%'!i%s
G,07,>,7,=;9=; 11"" """ P5/0 6, =0/70+ P0+@00 0 /7;5+0H 11" """ P5/0 6,+ ,,$ PCH$ PTH$ 5/0 , 1& """
, W &X , W 12X [ 1" --
$'(r$ ;i(os 4" !-. ".& !-. .
=5789 7,>,7,=;9 O/70 5/0 6,+ ,, A+=9/97;++9$ =5,/9
[ &" -,/75=/579 [ &" --.
[ 1" -[ 2" --
. .
-,07, M570 6, =0/,=; L@-;/, 979 70=, +;-;,<9 E/9=9 6, 5799/, E/9=9 6, 799/,
[ 2" --. [ &"" -[ &" --. [ &" --.
[ 1" --. . [1" -[ 1" --
. . .
>;,770 , 5 97/, 5,7;07 , ;6;=9 ,+ -,70 6, 5/0 5, ,7-;/, 7,=00=,7+0. E/0 5/0 ,78;7 6, 9, 979 /060 ,+ /7990 /007>;=0 9 ,++0 ,/97 7,>,7;60 +0 5/0 6, =0/70+ +0 6,+ 7,+9/,0 6, +9 8@9. L0 5/0 6, =0/70+ 07;<0/9+ 8,7/;=9+ 5, 5,69 ,7 9>,=/960 07 +9 079 6,, ,7 7,5;=960 , 7,9 , 5, 0 ,9 6;/57969 07 +9 0,79=;0, =0/75=/;89. S, 6,,7 ,/9+,=,7 +9 =0076,969 ,+,89=;0, 979 +0 5/0 7,5;=960 9/, 5, +0 5/0 ;@=;9+, ,9 6;/57960. 8.,. LE=ANTAMIENTO TOPOGR>FICO DE LA FRANJA DE LA CARRETERA
E+ +,89/9-;,/0 , ,,=5/0 , 59 ,/7,=9 >799 6,+ /,77;/07;0$ 9 +0 +970 6, +9 +0=9+;<9=; 70,=/969 979 6, +9 =977,/,79 5 D,7,=0 6, V@9. S, 9 0/960 07 ,+
,6;-;,/0 6, /79<960 ;6;7,=/0 5, =0;/, ,
S, 9 ;8,+960 +0 5/0 6, 900 979 0/,,7 69/0 - 7,=;0 6,+ +90 8,7/;=9+$ +9 -;-9 5, ;78; 979 ;8,+97 +0 BM 6, A00$ +9 ;8,+9=; , ,>,=/5 6, ;69 85,+/9 6,/,7-;960 +9 6;>,7,=;9 6, 9+/579 ,/7, =969 BM. 8.@. LE=ANTAMIENTO DE LOS CACES E3ISTENTES
L0 =95=, ,+,-,/0 6, 67,9, >5,70 +,89/960 979 =00=,7 +9 =06;=;0, 6,+ /,77,0. S, 9 =0;6,7960 +0 ;5;,/, 1H L,89/9-;,/0 6,+ ,7>;+ 6,+ /,77,0 9 +0 +970 6,+ ,, 6,+ =95=, 6, 67,9, 5, ,7-;/9 97,=;97 ,+ /,77,0 9/579+$ +9 +@,9 6, >+50$ +9 ,==; 6, +9 =977,/,79 ,+ ,+,-,/0 6, 67,9,. A+50 =90 ,;/,/,H 2H S, 9 6,/,7-;960 6,>;;60 +0 5/0 ,=,97;0 979 6,/,7-;97 +9 +0;/56 6, +0 ,+,-,/0 6, 67,9, 6,+ /79/9-;,/0 6, 5 ;7,0
9>,=/960 07 +9 079 0 07 ,+ /7>;=0 8,;=5+97 ,9/09+. L0 5/0 ,/ -05-,/960 , =0=7,/0 , >07-9 =5967969 =0 59 ,/9=9 6, >;,770 , 5 97/, 5,7;07 , ;6;=9 ,+ -,70 6, BM 5, ,7-;/, 7,=00=,7+0. E/0 5/0 ,78;7 6, 9, 979 ,+ =0/70+ 9+/;-/7;=0 =5960 , ,,=5/, +9 079 ,+ 7,+9/,0 6, +9 8@9. L0 5/0 6, =0/70+ 8,7/;=9+ BMH 5, 5,69 ,7 9>,=/960 07 +9 079 6,, ,7 7,5;=960 , 7,9 , 5, 0 ,9 6;/57969 07 +9 0,79=;0, =0/75=/;89. S, 6,,7 ,/9+,=,7 +9 ,+,89=;0, 979 +0 BM 7,5;=960 9/, 5, +0 5/0 ;@=;9+, ,9 6;/57960. 8.. IN=ENTARIO DE OBRAS DE DRENAJE E3ISTENTES.
S, 9 7,9+;<960 5 ;8,/97;0 6, +0 =95=, ,/75=/579 6, 67,9, ,;/,/, 979 0/,,7 +9 =979=/,7@/;=9 6, +0 -;-0$ ,/0 ,78;7 979 =00=,7 ,+ ,/960 9=/59+ 6, /069 +9 ,/75=/579 6, 67,9, 9+=9/97;++9$ 5,/, 0/0,H
T9-; , =00=, ,+ 9<;-5/ 6, 9-9 /9,/, $ 07 /9/0$ ,+ 5+0 6,+ 9+;,9-;,/0. S, ,+,==;09 ,+ 796;0 6, +9 =5789 =077,06;,/, 9 +9 8,+0=;696 6, 6;,?0 =0-0 -@;-0Q ,70 6, ,7 0;+, 6,, ,7 -907 9 +0 =077,06;,/, 9 ,9 8,+0=;696. E +9 >;579 ;5;,/, , 97,=;9 +0 ;5;,/, ,+,-,/0 6, +9 =5789. E,-+0 5-7;=0 6, =-5/0 6, 59 =5789 979
8..,. so *$ Coor*$'%*%s *$ R$$r$'!i% %) Dis$o
K
L9 =5789 8,7/;=9+
C08,9 0 =7,/9
C=989 0 =0+5-;0
4. L% P$'*i$'($
L9 ,6;,/, 6, 59 =977,/,79 , 5-7;=9-,/, ,+ 89+07 6,+ 9=,0 8,7/;=9+ 07 =969 1"" -,/70 6, 989=, 07;<0/9+$ , ,7,9 , 07=,/9,.
@. CLASIFICACI?N DE CARRETERAS Y TIPOS DE OBRA CONSIDERADOS EN EL MANAL PARA EL DISEÑO DE CARRETERAS PA=IMENTADAS DE BAJO =OLMEN DE TR>NSITO.
P,7-;/, 9 +0 8,@=5+0 ,960 -9/,,7 970;-969-,/, +9 -;-9 8,+0=;696 5, +9 6, +0 8,@=5+0 +;,70. L9 ;=+;9=; /798,79+ 6,+ /,77,0$ 07-9+ 9+ ,, 6, +9 8@9$ , -,07 0 ;59+ 9 1"^. .8., C%rr$($r%s Tipo ,
E +9 =0-;9=; 6, 9+;,9-;,/0 07;<0/9+ 8,7/;=9+ 5, 0+;9 9 +0 8,@=5+0 ,960 9 7,65=;7 5 8,+0=;696, ;;>;=9/;89-,/, 07 6,90 6, +9 8,+0=;696, 6, +0 8,@=5+0 6, 99,70$ ; 0=9;097 5, 95,++0 0,7, 9 8,+0=;696, 0/,;69 , 79-9 07 5 ;/,789+0 6, /;,-0 +970. L9 ;=+;9=; /798,79+ 6,+ /,77,0$ 07-9+ 9+ ,, 6, +9 8@9$ 897@9 ,/7, 1" &"^. .8.8 C%rr$($r%s Tipo 8
E +9 =0-;9=; 6, 9+;,9-;,/0 07;<0/9+ 8,7/;=9+ 5, 0+;9 9 +0 8,@=5+0 ,960 9 7,65=;7 9 8,+0=;696 0/,;69 , 79-9 6579/, 6;/9=;9 =0;6,79+, 0 9 ;/,789+0 >7,=5,/,. L9 ;=+;9=; /798,79+ 6,+ /,77,0$ 07-9+ 9+ ,, 6, +9 8@9$ 897@9 ,/7, &" 1""^.
E+ 9=0 -@;-0 6,+ D,7,=0 6, V@9 6,, =0;6,797 +9 =+9;>;=9=; >5=;09+ 6, +9 =977,/,79$ >;60, +9 ;5;,/, 6;-,;0, Cu%*ro No. 0, A'!;o *$) D$r$!;o *$ =% p%r% C%rr$($r%s P%9i&$'(%*%s *$ B%5o =o)u&$' *$ Trá'si(o D$s!rip!i+'
C977,/,79 6, +9 R,6 V;9+ N9=;09+
A'!;o &'i&o A4so)u(o K
1( -
C977,/,79 6, +9 R,6 V;9+ D,97/9-,/9+ 0 R,;09+
1( -
C977,/,79 6, +9 R,6 V;9+ V,=;9+ 0 R579+ *."" - 9 =969 +960 6,+ ,,
1( -
F5,/, M959+ 6, P979 ,+ D;,?0 6, C977,/,79 P98;-,/969 6, B90 V0+5-, 6, T79;/0H
. PAR>METROS B>SICOS CONSIDERADOS PARA EL DISEÑO
P979 9+=9<97 ,+ 0,/;80 5=960$ , ,89+5 ,+,==;0 +0 ;5;,/,
=0-5,/0 07 /79-0 7,=/0 , /9,/,H 07 /79-0 6, =5789 =;7=5+97,Q ;-;+97-,/, 6,+ /79<960 8,7/;=9+ =0 /79-0 , ,6;,/, 7,=/9 =0 ,6;,/, =578;+@,9$ 07-9+-,/, 979+;=9. L9 8,+0=;696 6, 6;,?0 ,/ ;59+-,/, 7,+9=;0969 =0 ,+ 9=0 6, +0 =977;+, 6, =;7=5+9=; $ 07 ,6,$ =0 +9 ,==; /798,79+ 07 960/97,. L9 8,+0=;696 6, 6;,?0 , +9 5, ,/9+,=,7 +9 ,;,=;9 6, 6;/9=;9 6, 8;;;+;696 , +9 =;7=5+9=; $ =0,=5,/,-,/,$ 6, +9 ,57;696 6, +0 5597;0 6, +9 =977,/,79 9 +0 +970 6,+ /79<960. L9 ,+,==; 6, +9 8,+0=;696 6, 6;,?0 ,7 59 =0,=5,=;9 6, 5 9+;; /=;=0 ,=0-;=0 6, 9+/,79/;89 6, /79<960 5, 6,,7 /,,7 , =5,/9 +9 07079>@9 6,+ /,77;/07;0. E /,77;/07;0 +90 ,+ /79<960 5,6, 9=,/97 9+/9 8,+0=;696, 9 90 =0/0 6, =0/75==;$ ,70 , /,77;/07;0 -5 9==;6,/960 ,7 -5 =0/00 -9/,,7 59 8,+0=;696 9+/9 6, 6;,?0$ 075, 97@9 5, 7,9+;<97 079 =0/09 979 -9/,,7 5 /79<0 ,570. E++0 0+0 067@9 5/;>;=97, ; +0 80+-,, 6, +9 6,-969 6, /7;/0 >5,79
E+ 9=0 6, +9 =977,/,79$ , +9 97/, 5,7;07 6, +9 +9/9>07-9 0 =0709$ 067 =0/,,7 96,- 6, +9 =9+<969$ 5 ,9=;0 +9/,79+ 9 =969 +960 979 ,7-9 979 +9 5;=9=; 6, 597698@9$ -570 0 -57,/, 6, ,57;696$ ,?9+, =5,/9 6, 67,9,. L9 ,==; /798,79+ 7,5+/9/, ,7 - 9-+;9 , +0 /,77;/07;0 +90 , =0=0769=;9 =0 +9 -907 8,+0=;696 6,+ 6;,?0. E /,77;/07;0 065+960 9==;6,/960$ /,67 5, 7,/7;;7, +0 -;-0 0;+, 979 ,8;/97 +0 9+/0 =0/0 6, =0/75==;$ 97/;=5+97-,/, , +0 /79<960 9 +0 +970 6, =9?0, >+95,960 07 >979++0, 6, 70=9 0 6, /9+56, ;,/9+,.
.8 EL IMD EL 7NDICE MEDIO DIARIO ANAL DE TR>NSITO IMDAK Y DEMANDA.
E+ Í6;=, M,6;0 D;97;0 A59+ 6, T79;/0 IMDAH 7,7,,/9 ,+ 70-,6;0
9H
C977,/,79 =0 98;-,/0 >+,;+,. 9.1
C0 =99 795+97, 5 9, 9, 67,9/,H 59 5,7>;=;, ;/5-;09 6, ,,07 897;9+, -,07 9 2& --$ =0-0 0 +0 /79/9-;,/0 5,7>;=;9+, ;=99 /7;=99.
9. 2
C0 =99 795+97, 5 9, 9, 67,9/,H 59 =99 ;/5-;09 6, ,,07 897;9+, -907 9 2& --$ =0-0 0 +9 =97,/9 9>+/;=9 , >7@0 , =9+;,/,.
H
C977,/,79 =0 98;-,/0 7@;60.
. ELEMENTOS DEL DISEÑO GEOMTRICO
L0 ,+,-,/0 5, 6,>;, +9 ,0-,/7@9 6, +9 =977,/,79 0 %K L9 8,+0=;696 6, 6;,?0 ,+,==;0969.
•
L;-;/97 9+ -@;-0 ;6;,9+, ,+ 9=0 6, +9 =977,/,79 979 7,/7;;7 ,+ 7,9 9+/,7969.
•
E8;/97 +9 9+/,79=; 6, +0 9/70, 9/579+, 6, 67,9,.
•
P7007=;097 67,9, 5,7>;=;9+ 96,=5960.
•
P7007=;097 96,=5960 67,9, 6, +9 =99 6,+ 98;-,/0.
•
E8;/97 /,77,0 ,=97960 =0 /9+56, 6, - 6, ("^.
•
E8;/97 70+,-9 /9+, =0-0 <09 ;56969 0 ;,/9+,.
•
M9/,,7 59 6;/9=;9 6, ,979=; 96,=5969 =0 +0 7;9=5,+0 0/;-;<97 ,+ -,70 6, =75=, 6, =570 6, 959.
•
M;;-;<97 ,+ -,70 6, =0/9=/0 ,/7, +9 =977,/,79 +9 =077;,/, 6, 959.
•
D;,?97 +0 =75=, 6, 5,7969 7@0 =0 +9 5>;=;,/, =99=;696 70/,==; 6, +9 -7,, =0/79 +9 ,70; ,7-;/;,60$ 6, ,7 ,+ =90$ ,+ 90 6, ,=, , /069 +9 ,/99 6, 5 8;69.
•
E8;/97 +9 =0/7;==; 6,+ 9=0 9=/;80 6, +0 7;9=5,+0$ 7@0 =570 6, 959 9=0 =0 ,+ =9569+ -;-0H.
L0 69/0 9 =0;6,797 979 ,+ 6;,?0 , 9970 , ,+ M%'u%) p%r% $) Dis$o *$ C%rr$($r%s P%9i&$'(%*%s *$ B%5o =o)u&$' *$ Trá'si(o.
L0 0 ,/;5+960 , ,+ M%'u%) p%r% $) Dis$o *$ C%rr$($r%s P%9i&$'(%*%s *$ B%5o =o)u&$' *$ Trá'si(o$ =0-+,-,/97;9-,/, , 9+;=9 ,+ M%'u%) *$ Dis$o G$o&(ri!o *$ C%rr$($r%s DG,001K *$) MTC. .1 L% =$)o!i*%* *$ Dis$o S$)$!!io'%*%.
P979 ,+ ,/56;0 6, +9 C977,/,79 , ,/ =0;6,7960 897;9 8,+0=;696, 6, 6;,?0 /,;,60 , =5,/9 +9 07079>@9 6,+ /,77,0. E /,77,0 +90 +9 8,+0=;696 -;-9 , 6, 0&Q;.$ , /,77,0 -5 9==;6,/960 +9 8,+0=;696 -;-9 , 6, 80 /&Q;. =0;6,7960 ,+ -959+ ,/0=, , 9/579+$ , =0,=5,=;9$ 5, ,+ 6;,?0 , 969/, , +0 0;+, 9 +9 ;>+,;0, 6,+ /,77;/07;0 97/;=5+97-,/, +9 8,+0=;696 6, 6;,?0 6,,7 ,7 9/9/, 99 =5960 , /79/, 6, ,=/07, 0 /79-0 6, 07079>@9 - 9==;6,/969Q , =0,=5,=;9$ +9 V,+0=;696, 960/969 0 +9 ;5;,/,
AP A5/0;/9 MC C977,/,79 M5+/;=977;+ 0 D59+ 60 =9+<969H DC C977,/,79 D, D0 C977;+, F5,/, M959+ 6, D;,?0 G,0-/7;=0 6, C977,/,79 DG2""1H
.1.1 =%ri%!io'$s *$ )% =$)o!i*%* Dir$!(ri<
L0 =9-;0 7,,/;0 , +9 8,+0=;696 6, 6;,?0 9 +0 +970 6, 59
D;/9=;9 6, 8;;;+;696 6, 97969 , +9 +0;/56 -@;-9 7,5,7;69 979 5, , 6,/,9 5 8,@=5+0 5, 8;99 9 +9 8,+0=;696 6;7,=/7;<$ 9/, 6, 5, 9+=9=, 5 0,/0 5, , ,=5,/79 , 5 /79,=/07;9. P979 ,>,=/0 6, +9 6,/,7-;9=; 6, +9 8;;;+;696 6, 97969 , =0;6,79 5, ,+ 0,/;80 ;-8;+ /,9 59 9+/579 6, ".(" - 5, +0 00 6,+ =065=/07 , 5;5, 9 1.1" - 07 ,=;-9 6, +9 799/, 6, +9 =977,/,79. P979 ,+ P70,=/0 =0;6,79-0 +0 89+07, 979 +9 8,+0=;696 6;7,=/7;< 6, (" !-].
;59+, 0 -907, 9 (^ 979 8,+0=;696, 6;7,=/7;=, -907, 6, )" !-. ]079. .,., =isi4i)i*%* *$ A*$)%'(%&i$'(o
D;/9=;9 6, V;;;+;696 6, A6,+9/9-;,/0 P90H , +9 -@;-9 6;/9=;9 5, 6,, ,7 8;;+, 9 >; 6, >9=5+/97 9+ =065=/07 6,+ 8,@=5+0 9 07,997 9 0/70 8,@=5+0 5, 8;99 9 8,+0=;696 1& !-.] -,07$ =0 =0-06;696 ,57;696$ ; =9597 9+/,79=; , +9 8,+0=;696 6, 5 /,7=,7 8,@=5+0 5, 8;99 , ,/;60 =0/797;0 9 +9 8,+0=;696 6;7,=/7;<$ 5, , 9=, 8;;+, =5960 , 9 ;;=;960 +9 -9;079 6, 07,90. P979 ,>,=/0 6, +9 6,/,7-;9=; 6, +9 6;/9=;9 6, 8;;;+;696 6, 96,+9/9-;,/0 , =0;6,79 5, +9 9+/579 6,+ 8,@=5+0 5, 8;99 , ,/;60 =0/797;0 , 6, 1.2" - 5, +9 6,+ 00 6,+ =065=/07 6,+ 8,@=5+0 5, 7,9+;<9 +9 -9;079 6, 96,+9/9-;,/0 , 1.1" -. L9 8;;;+;696 6, 96,+9/9-;,/0 6,
+9
F5,/, M959+ 6, P979 ,+ D;,?0 6, C977,/,79 P98;-,/969 6, B90 V0+5-, 6, T79;/0H
E ,,79+$ ,+ 7,+;,8, 6,+ /,77,0 , ,+ ,+,-,/0 6, =0/70+ 6,+ 796;0 6, +9 =5789 07;<0/9+, ,+ 6, +9 8,+0=;696 6;7,=/7;<. L9 8,+0=;696 6;7,=/7;<$ 9 5 8,<$ =0/70+9 +9 6;/9=;9 6, 8;;;+;696. L0 796;0 -@;-0$ =9+=5+960 90 ,+ =7;/,7;0 6, ,57;696 9/, ,+ 6,+;<9-;,/0 /798,79+ 6,+ 8,@=5+0 ,/$ 6960 , >5=; 9 +9 8,+0=;696 6;7,=/7;<$ 9 +9 >7;==; /798,79+$ 9+ ,79+/, -;-0 9=,/9+, 9+ 8,@=5+0 6, 6;,?0. E ,+ 9+;,9-;,/0 07;<0/9+ 6,9770++960 979 59 8,+0=;696 6;7,=/7;< 6,/,7-;969$ 6,, ,8;/97, ,+ ,-+,0 6, =5789 =0 796;0 -@;-0. E ,,79+$ , 6,,7 /79/97 6, 597 =5789 6, 796;0 9-+;0$ 7,,7860, ,+ ,-+,0 6, 796;0 -@;-0 979 +9 =06;=;0, - =7@/;=9. D,,7 5=97, 5 9+;,9-;,/0 07;<0/9+ 0-0,0$ , ,+ =59+ /9,/, =5789 , 5=,6, 97-;=9-,/,. S, 7,/7;;7 , +0 0;+, ,+ ,-+,0 6, /9,/, ,=,;89-,/, +979 =0 ,+ >; 6, ,8;/97 ,+ ,=96;+9-;,/0 0=/570 70+0960 +9 >9/;9 6, +0 =065=/07, 6579/,
Cu%*ro No. 0 >'gu)os *$ D$)$i+' Mái&os p%r% )os qu$ 'o s$ r$qui$r$ Cur9% #ori
F5,/, M959+ 6, P979 ,+ D;,?0 6, C977,/,79 P98;-,/969 6, B90 V0+5-, 6, T79;/0H
.8.1. Cur9%s #ori
E+ -@;-0 796;0 6, =5789/579 , 5 89+07 +@-;/, 5, ,/ 6960 ,
L9 Figur% No. 01 ;+5/79 5 =90 ,,79+ , 5, +9 9+;,9=;0, 6, ,/7969 9+;69 6, +9 =5789 6, 85,+/9 7,,/9 59 =0>;579=; =0-+,9. E +9 7=/;=9$ 9-9 79-9 5,6, ,7 9+;,9=;0, 7,=/9 =0 +0 59 =5789 6, ,+9=, ;/,7-,6;9. S, ,9 ,+ 6,9770++0 6, +9 =5789 6, 85,+/9 70;9-,/, /9+$ ,/9 9+;,9=;0, 067 ,7 979+,+9 ,/7, @$ 6;8,7,/,$ ,/=. L9 =5789 6, 85,+/9 70;9-,/, /9+ 5,697 6,>;;69 07 60 97=0 =;7=5+97, =077,06;,/, 9+ 796;0 ;/,7;07 _R ;_ ,/,7;07 _R ,_. L0 89+07, 0;+, 979 R; R,. S, +0 8,@=5+0 /;0 5, , 7,8,9$ , ;6;=9 , ,+ C59670 N0. "*.
E+ ,79+/, -;-0 /,67 =0-0 89+07 -;-0 07-9+ *^ 979 8,+0=;696, 6;7,=/7;=, ;59+, 0 -907, 9 4" !-.] =0-0 89+07 ,=,=;09+ 1"^. E =90 ,/7,-0 067@9 5/;>;=97, 5 ,79+/, -;-0 9+7,6,607 6, 12^ , =50 =90 6,,7 =0;6,797, 5 ;=7,-,/0 , ,+ 9=0 6, =969 =977;+ 979 ,8;/97 5, +0 =9-;0, 5, =;7=5+9 , 5 ,/;60 ;8969 ,+ =977;+ 6, ,/;60 =0/797;0. Figur% No. 0, R$)%!i+' *$) P$r%)($2 R%*io : =$)o!i*%* Esp$!i!% *$ )%s Nor&%s DG ,001 !o'si*$r%*% p%r% $) *is$o