Glocalización:tiempo-espacio y homogeneidad heterogeneidad - Roland Robertson

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|`ca~g a`cf|rht xsc ih ps}|h~gt`d`ôf lc ih fgd`ôf lc oigbhi`lhl& Ih `lch lc aglcrf`lhl tso`crc ~gr ig dgaûf sfh mgagocfc`{hd`ôf ocfcrhi lc iht `ft|`|sd`gfct p c}~cr`cfd`ht bèt`dht lc ahfcrh |ca~grhi m`t|ôr`dh& T`f cabhrog mhp sf rcdgfgdà`cf|g drcd`cf|c lc xsc ih aglcrf`lhl tc lcthrrgiiô cf sf dgfksf|g lc èrcht ct~cdáe`dht& \mcrbgrf `lcf|è`dh |rct ~hr|ct ~r`fd`~hict sb`dhd`gfct l`t|`f|ht lc Csrg~h cf lgflc ih aglcrf`lhl tc lcthrrgiiô lc sfh ahfcrh rcih|ùhacf|c hs|ôfgah; ih lci Fscug Asflg cf lgflc ih aglcrf`lhl ~rgt~crô dgag rctsi|hlg lc l`c{ahr igt ~scbigt c}`t|cf|ct: ih lci ct|c Ht`è|`dg lgflc ih aglcrf`lhl brg|h dgag sfh rct~sct|h hi lctheág lc sfh ahfcrh c}|crfh: p ih lc orhf ~hr|c lc Èer`dh lgflc ih aglcrf`lhl esc lsrhf|c ihrog |`ca~g à~sct|h ~gr ih dgigf`{hd`ôf g ci à~cr`hi`tag& Ih ~crt~cd|ùh xsc `fdispc tcackhf|c ’lcdgft|rsdd`ôf lc ih aglcrf`lhl‑ —hi acfgt cf ts lècrcfd`hd`ôf dgfdc~|shi p ca~ár`dh —fgt dgflsdc h sf rcdgfgdà`cf|g lce`f`|ùg lci tòfè`dhlg rcih|ùhacf|c `flc~cfl`cf|c bhkg ih rûbr`dh lc ih oigbhi`{hd`ôf lci ct~hd`g p lc ih ocgorheáh& ^gfcr ci àfeht`t cf ih oigbhi`lhl fgt ~gt`bì`|h cu`|hr ih lcbì`lhl lc cth ~rg~gt`d`ôf cf ih xsc ih oigbhi`{hd`ôf ct tà~icacf|c ci rctsi|hlg lc ih aglcrf`lhl& Ct~cdáe`dhacf|c ih `lch lc ih oigbhi`lhl ct ih dgfl`d`ôf ocfcrhi xsc mh ehdì`|hlg ih lèst`ôf lc sfh ’aglcrf`lhl ocfcrhi`{hlh‑ t`cflg u`t|h ih oigbhi`{hd`ôf cf ct|c dhtg cf |àra`fgt lc `f|cr~cfc|rhd`ôf lc dùì`{hd`gfct lècrcfd`hlht ocgorèe`dhacf|c& Ci hrosacf|g xsc ucr|cbrh |glh ct|h l`tdst`ôf tc dcf|rh ~sct cf ci ~rg~ôt`|g lc |rhtdcflcr ci lcbh|c tgbrc ’mgagocfc`{hd`ôf oigbhi‑ ercf|c h ’mc|crgocfc`{hd`ôf‑& Fg tc |rh|h lc ctdgocr cf|rc ’mgagocfc`{hd`ôf g mc|crgocfc`{hd`ôf‑ t`fg lc igt aglgt cf xsc habht |cflcfd`ht mhf iicohlg h dgft|`|s`r ct|ìgt lc u`lh h ig ihrog lc bscfh ~hr|c lci ûi|àg |rhag lci tòig ]]& P cf |hi ~crt~cd|ùh ci ~rgbicah ~hth h tcr ~creìhr ih ahfcrh lc dôag habht |cflcfd`ht tc à~i`dhf as|shacf|c& Lc mcdmg ct|g dgft|`|spc sf ~rgbicah ca~ár`dg ahpgr lc ig xsc ~sl`crh ~cfthrtc cf ~r`fd`~`g& Cf lùcrtht èrcht lc ih u`lh dgf|ca~grèfch —hiosfht lc iht dshict l`tds|`rcagt cf ih t tòs`cf|ct ~èo`fht! tc ct|èf lhflg tsdctùgt p dhidsihlgt `f|cf|gt lc dgab`fhr mgagocfc`lhl dgf mc|crgocfc`lhl p sfùcrthi`tag dgf ~hr|`dsihr`tag& H ct|c rct~cd|g b`cf ~glcagt mhbihr lc dôag iht l`td`~i`fht hdhlàa`dht mhf t`lg sf rc|rhtg rct~cd|g lc ih ’u`lh rchi‑& Hi a`tag |`ca~g fcdct`|hagt ~gr ts~sct|g hfhi`{hr c `f|cr~rc|hr ct|gt rhtogt lc ih ’rchi`lhl‑ -rcdgfgd`cflg xsc ih l`t|`fd`ôf cf|rc |cgráh p rchi`lhl rctsi|h asp ~rgbicaè|`dh p drcg cf lce`f`|ùh `ftgt|cf`bic)& <


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Tcoûf ci L`dd`gfhr`g G}egrl lc Fscuht ^hihbrht -8008;84<) ci |àra`fg ’oigdhi‑ p ci fgabrc cihbgrhlg ’oigdhi`{hd`ôf‑ tc mhf ’egrahlg cf|rcksf|hflg iht ~hihbrht oigbhi p igdhi ~hrh mhdcr sfh ac{dih‑& Lc hdscrlg |hab`àf dgf ctc l`dd`gfhr`g ct|h `lch mh t`lg ’aglcihlh‑ tcoûf ci kh~gfàt lgdmhjsjh -lcrùhlh lc lgdmhjs  ’ci xsc uùc cf ts ~rg~`h |`crrh‑) p tc |rh|h grò`fhr`hacf|c lci ~r`fd`~`g horhr`g lc hlh~|hr iht |àdf`dht lc ih e`fdh xsc sfg ~gtcc h iht dgfl`d`gfct igdhict ~crg xsc |hab`àf mh t`lg hlg~|hlg cf ci èab`|g kh~gfàt lc igt fcogd`gt ~hrh ih igdhi`{hd`ôf oigbhi  sfh u`t`ôf oigbhi hlg~|hlh h iht dgfl`d`gfct igdhict& Aht ct~cdáe`dhacf|c igt |àra`fgt ’oigdhi‑ p ’oigdhi`{hd`ôf‑ iicohrgf h egrahr ~hr|c lc ih kcroh lc igt fcogd`gt lsrhf|c igt høgt gdmcf|h t` b`cf ci ~r`fd`~hi isohr lc gròcf escrh lc mcdmg Kh~ôf sf ~hát xsc lsrhf|c asdmátàg |`ca~g mh dsi|ùhlg ròsrgthacf|c ci tòfè`dhlg ct~hd`g!dsi|srhi lc ts ~rg~`g ~hát p lgflc igt ht~cd|gt ocfcrhict lc ts rcihd`ôf cf|rc ig ~hr|`dsihr p ig sfùcrthi mhf rcd`b`lg m`t|ôr`dhacf|c sfh h|cfd`ôf dht` gbtctùh -A`pgtm` p Mhrgg|sf`hf 80=0)& Hd|shiacf|c p lc fscug tcoûf iht ~hihbrht lci L`dd`gfhr`g G}egrl lc Fscuht ^hihbrht -8008;84<) tc mhf dgfucr|`lg cf ’sfg lc igt aèt tòfè`dh|ùgt rcdihagt lci ahrjc|`fo h dga`cf{gt lc igt fgucf|h‑& Cf ts tcf|`lg dgacrd`hi ih `lch lc oigdhi`{hd`ôf ct|è áf|àhacf|c rcihd`gfhlh dgf ig xsc cf hiosfgt dgf|c}|gt tc iihah cf |àra`fgt l`rcd|hacf|c cdgfôa`dgt a`drgahrjc|`fo; ih hlh~|hd`ôf p ~rg~hohflh lc iht acrdhfdáht p lc igt tcru`d`gt dgf 3


sfh bhtc oigbhi g dsht`! oigbhi mhd`h acrdhlgt igdhict p ~hr|`dsihrct drcd`cf|cacf|c lècrcfd`hlgt& Lhagt dht` ~gr ts~sct|h ih he`rahd`ôf lc xsc cf ci asflg ih ~rglsdd`ôf dh~`|hi`t|h lct|`fhlh h acrdhlgt drcd`cf|cacf|c oigbhict ih hlh~|hd`ôf h iht dgfl`d`gfct igdhict p ~hr|`dsihrct fg ct tà~icacf|c sf dhtg aèt lc rct~sct|h dgacrd`hi h ih uhr`clhl oigbhi c}`t|cf|c —h dgftsa`lgrct lècrcf|ct cf u`r|sl h dsct|`gfct dùì`{h|gr`ht rco`gfhict tgd`c|hict à|f`dht lc oàfcrg g `fdistg ~gr dshictxs`crh g|rht rh{gfct! dgag t` cth uhr`clhl g mc|crgocfc`lhl c}`t|`crh tà~icacf|c ’~gr tá a`tah‑& ^gr ci dgf|rhr`g cf sfh acl`lh dgft`lcrhbic ci a`drgahrjc|`fo —g cf ts hdc~d`ôf aèt dga~rcftùh ih oigdhi`{hd`ôf! iicuh dgftòg ih dgft|rsdd`ôf lc dgftsa`lgrct drcd`cf|cacf|c lècrcfd`hlgt ih `fucfd`ôf lc ’|rhl`d`gfct lc dgftsa`lgrct‑ -lc iht dshict ci |sr`tag ~gt`bicacf|c ih ahpgr ’`flst|r`h‑ lci asflg hd|shi ct ci ckca~ig aèt dihrhacf|c lci`fchbic)& ^gr lcd`rig lc ih ahfcrh aèt tà~ic ’ih lùcrt`lhl ucflc‑& Lctlc ci ~sf|g lc u`t|h lci dgftsa`lgr ct|h lùcrt`lhl ~sclc tcr sf bhthacf|g tòfè`dh|ùg tgbrc ih xsc tc egrah ts dh~`|hi dsi|srhi -Bgsrl`cs 80=<)& Mcagt lc ~gfcr ci àfeht`t cf xsc |glg ct|g fg ct ts ûf`dh esfd`ôf& Ih ~rgiècrhd`ôf lc ~gr ckca~ig ts~cracrdhlgt ’à|f`dgt‑ cf Dhiègrf`h p cf g|rgt isohrct fg tòfè`dh xsc hbht|c{dhf ih lècrcfd`h ~gr ci tà~ic mcdmg lc ih lècrcfd`h t`fg ~gr htá lcd`rig ~gr ci ~rg~`g hfmcigt lc ig ehaì`hr p'g ~gr lctcgt fgt|èio`dgt& ^gr g|rh ~hr|c |glg ciigt ~sclc hlcaèt dgft|`|s`r sfh bhtc ~hrh ih egrahd`ôf lc dh~`|hi dsi|srhi& Fg ct a` ~rg~ôt`|g hxsá hmgflhr cf sfh dga~hrhd`ôf m`t|ôr`dh lc iht ~rèd|`dht lc igt fcogd`gt dh~`|hi`t|ht& Cf ct|c tcf|`lg ih ~rcd`t`ôf lc ih c|àgigoáh rct~cd|g lc ih ’oigbhi`{hd`ôf‑ xsc fgt gercdc ci L`dd`gfhr`g G}egrl lc iht fscuht ~hihbrht fg ct sf ht~cd|g rcicuhf|c 8& Aèt b`cf xs`crg sthr ih `lch ocfcrhi lc oigdhi`{hd`ôf ~hrh hbgrlhr sfh tcr`c lc ~sf|gt tgbrc ih dsct|`ôf ’oigdhi!igdhi‑& Tc mhiih asp c}|cfl`lh ih |cflcfd`h h cf|cflcr ct|h rcihd`ôf dgag t` à~i`dhrh l`rcd|hacf|c sfh ~gihr`{hd`ôf dsph egrah aèt hoslh tc c}~rcth cf ih ~rc|cft`ôf lc xsc uùàgt cf sf asflg lc he`rahd`gfct igdhict cfercf|hflg h iht |cflcfd`ht oigbhi`{hlgrct sf asflg cf ci xsc ih a`tah `lch lc igdhi`lhl tc |gah hiosfht ucdct dgag egrah lc g~gt`d`ôf g rct`t|cfd`h h ig mcocaôf`dhacf|c oigbhi -g sfg cf lgflc ih he`rahd`ôf lc ’igdhi`lhl‑ g Ocac`ftdmhe| Zdgasf`lhlQ tc dgft`lcrh dgag sfh isdmh cf|rc igt ’sfùcrthict‑ tsbhi|crfgt p ci ’sfùcrthi mcocaôf`dg‑ lc iht dsi|srht p'g iht dihtct lga`fhf|ct& Sfh 8

A` dgicoh Hj`jg Mhtmàg|g ac `fegrah lc xsc cf sf kh~gfàt xsc fg tch lci asflg lc igt fcogd`gt lgdmhjsjh tc rce`crc h ih `lch lc ’mhdcr hiog fh|ùg‑& ^hrh hiosfgt dgacf|hr`gt ~rgugdh|ùgt tgbrc iht dgfc}`gfct cf|rc asi|`dsi|srhi`tag -ct~cd`hiacf|c cf lcbh|ct tgbrc ci dsrrádsig sfùcrt`|hr`g) ci dgftsa`lgr dsi|srhi p iht |cflcfd`ht hd|shict cf ih ’dgaaglè`dh|`gf ‑ p lùcrtè`dhd`ôf lc ~rglsd|gt lci dh~`|hi`tag dgf|ca~grèfcg uàhtc R`cee -8004)

5


uhr`hf|c tòfè`dh|ùh lc ct|h u`t`ôf ocfcrhi ih |cfcagt cf ih l`t|`fd`ôf h fùci oigbhi xsc tc ct|hbicdc cf Hicahf`h cf|rc dsi|srh p dùì`{hd`ôf; ih u`ckh fgd`ôf lc -’bscfh‑) dsi|srh tc cfercf|h h ih -’ahih‑) fgd`ôf lc dùì`{hd`ôf& Cf ct|h ~crt~cd|ùh |rhl`d`gfhi ocrahfh ih dsi|srh igdhi tc dgfu`cr|c lc mcdmg cf dsi|srh fhd`gfhi a`cf|rht tc lh h ’dùì`{hd`ôf‑ sfh l`t|`fd`ôf oigbhi sf |`f|c asfl`hi& H a` ks`d`g |cfcagt xsc ~rgdclcr dgf ahpgr ts|ìc{h dshflg tc |rh|h lc ih l`fèa`dh lc ih ~rglsdd`ôf p rc~rglsdd`ôf lc lècrcfd`ht p cf tcf|`lg aèt ha~i`g lc ih igdhi`lhl& Rce`r`àflgtc h ih l`t|`fd`ôf ’igdhi!dgtag~gi`|h‑ Mhffcr{ -800>;23>) mh tsbrhphlg xsc cf ig xsc rct~cd|h h ih lùcrt`lhl igdhi ’cth l`t|`fd`ôf ct ih xsc ~cra`|c h |glg ig igdhi ~crt`t|`r cf tst rct~cd|ùht dgflsd|ht‑& Hi a`tag |`ca~g igt dgtag~gi`|ht lc~cflcf cf orhf acl`lh lc ’g|rgt ~scbigt‑ xsc dgft|rspcf ‑f`dmgt ct~cd`hict‑ ~hrh tst dsi|srht& ^gr |hf|g ’fg ~sclc lhrtc ig dgtag~gi`|h t`f ig igdhi‑& Ct|c ~sf|g |`cfc rcihd`ôf dgf ih fh|srhic{h ~hr|`dsihr lci `f|cràt `f|cicd|shi hdcrdh lc ig ’igdhi!oigbhi‑ Htá dgag ih h~rg}àhd`ôf hi a`tag& T`f cabhrog p cf rcihd`ôf hi hrosacf|g ocfcrhi lc Mhffcr{ lcbcagt gbtcruhr xsc cf ci asflg dgf|ca~grèfcg g hi acfgt cf Gdd`lcf|c ih |cflcfd`h dgf|rh!srbhf`t|h hd|shi -Dmha~`gf 80=0) xsc cf bscfh acl`lh tc lcl`dh cf igt CC&SS h ih dgft|rsdd`ôf lc ’dgasf`lhlct egr|hic{h’ rcdsrrc h ih ct|hflhr`{hd`ôf lc ig igdhi aht xsc l`rcd|hacf|c h sf ’~r`fd`~`g lc lècrcfd`h‑ 2& Cf dshixs`cr dhtg |cfcagt xsc tcr dgft`cf|ct cf |àra`fgt dhlh uc{ aèt m`t|ôr`dgt xsc tgf aûi|`~ict igt dha`fgt xsc mh |gahlg ci ~rgbicah ~gtaglcrfg !g cfohøgthacf|c aglcrfg! lc ih rcihd`ôf cf|rc ig oigbhi p ig igdhi ig sfùcrthi p ig ~hr|`dsihr c|d& Lc ct|h egrah fg tc ~sclc dgft`lcrhr dgag asdmgt fgt xscrráhf mhdcr drccr dgag t` msb`crh |cf`lg sfh ûf`dh egrah lsrhf|c ih tcosflh a`|hl lci tòig ]]& Orccfecil -8002) ig mh lckhlg dihrhacf|c c}~sct|g cf sf ct|sl`g rcd`cf|c tgbrc igt gráocfct lci fhd`gfhi`tag cf @foih|crrh Erhfd`h Hicahf`h Rst`h p Haàr`dh& Dgf ih fg|hbic c}dc~d`ôf lci fhd`gfhi`tag `foict lcasct|rh xsc ih cacrocfd`h lc |glht iht `lcf|`lhlct fhd`gfhict —xsc dgft|`|spcf dgag |hict ’ih egrah aèt dgaûf p tgbrcthi`cf|c lc ~hr|`dsihr`tag cf ci asflg aglcrfg‑ -Orccfecil 8002;=)! tc ~rglskg dgag ~hr|c lc sf ’~rgdctg ctcfd`hiacf|c `f|crfhd`gfhi‑ -Orccfecil 8002;8<)&

2

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Lc sfh s g|rh ahfcrh ci ~rgbicah lc ih rcihd`ôf cf|rc ig ’igdhi‑ p ig ’oigbhi‑ mh ucf`lg rcthi|èflgtc drcd`cf|cacf|c cf sfh ha~i`h uhr`clhl lc dgf|c}|gt ~rèd|`dgt c `f|cicd|shict& Ci hiosfgt ht~cd|gt ct|c lcthrrgiig lc~cflc lc xsc dgf ahpgr ercdscfd`h tc rcdgfgdc cf asdmgt dha~gt hdhlàa`dgt p ca~cøgt ~rèd|`dgt ci tòfè`dhlg lci ct~hd`g dgag g~sct|g lci |`ca~g& Ih ahfèct|hd`ôf `f|cicd|shi aèt |hfo`bic lc ct|g ih |cfcagt cf ci `f|cràt ocfcrhi xsc c}`t|c ~ctc h tst ià`|hd`gfct cf ih `lch lc ~gt|aglcrf`lhl& Ih aè}àh aht dgfgd`lh —~rèd|`dhacf|c ph sf ’di`dmà‑! ~rgdihahlh cf ci l`hofôt|`dg lc ih ’dgfl`d`ôf ~gt|aglcrfh‑ p xsc hmgrh fgt cfdgf|rhagt cf sfh d`rdsft|hfd`h cf ih xsc iht fhrrhd`gfct tc asi|`~i`dhf c `fdistg dga~`|cf cf|rc t`& Cf tcackhf|c t`|shd`ôf fg tc ~sclc fg tc ~sclc mhbihr ph lc sf hdscrlg ct|hbic hdcrdh lc sfh |rhftegrahd`ôf lci asflg xsc tc cf|`cflh ~gr lga`fhf|c& Lc g|rh ~hr|c ct|c aglg lc ucr iht dgtht tc mh lcthrrgiihlg ~rcd`thacf|c h ih uc{ xsc dr`t|hi`{h sf drcd`cf|c `f|cràt cf ucr ci asflg dgag t` escrh sf ûf`dg isohr -Rgbb`ft Z8004;8=?Q tc rce`crc h ct|g ~hrh ci dhtg ct~cdè`dg lc igt ocôorhegt)& P ~gr g|rg ihlg h acl`lh xsc tc lcbì`|h ci tcf|`lg lc ih sf`l`rcdd`gfhi`lhl lci |`ca~g tc c}~hfláh ci tcf|`lg ’lc rc~rctcf|hd`ôf‑ lci ct~hd`g lcf|rg lci xsc ~sclcf `ftcr|hrtc |glg |`~g lc fhrrh|ùht& Ct|g ~gr ts~sct|g mh tstd`|hlg cf høgt rcd`cf|ct ci ~rgbicah u`|hi lc t` ci dgih~tg h~hrcf|c —p ih ’lcdgft|rsdd`ôf‑! lc igt rcih|gt tgd`g! cugisd`gf`t|ht tgbrc ih m`t|gr`h lci asflg -à~iád`|h g c}~iád`|h) cf igt xsc lga`fh ci dhrèd|cr mc|crôegbg ct|èf dgflsd`cflg dgf rh~`lc{ h sfh t`|shd`ôf lc dhgt g h g|rh cf ih xsc d`|hflg h O`llcft -800>;5) ’ct ~gt`bic ctdr`b`r sf fsacrg `fe`f`|g lc m`t|gr`ht ~srhacf|c `l`gt`fdrèt`dht ’& O`llcft ~rc|cflc lc mcdmg xsc ~glcagt mhdcr ocfcrhi`{hd`gfct tgbrc ’c~`tgl`gt lce`f`|ùgt lc |rhft`d`ôf m`t|ôr`dh‑& T`f cabhrog p ~sct|g xsc |hab`àf ahf|`cfc xsc ih ’aglcrf`lhl‑ h ctdhih oigbhi mh dgflsd`lg h sfh rs~|srh dgf ~rèd|`dhacf|c |glht iht hf|cr`grct egraht lc u`lh fg fgt ~rgdsrh gr`cf|hd`ôf hiosfh tgbrc dgag ~glcagt lc mcdmg mhdcr m`t|gr`h g m`t|gr`ht& Cf fsacrgtgt rcih|gt dgf|ca~grèfcgt tc dgft`lcrh cf|gfdct iht |cflcfd`ht oigbhi`{hlgrht cf |cft`ôf dgf iht rcù`fl`dhd`gfct lc dsi|srh c `lcf|`lhl ‑igdhict‑& Lc egrah ocfcrhi`{hlh tc ~rgascucf ~hrct lc `lcht |hict dgag ig oigbhi ercf|c h i g igdhi ig oigbhi ercf|c h ig ’|r`bhi‑ ig `f|crfhd`gfhi ercf|c h ig fhd`gfhi p ig sfùcrthi ercf|c h ig ~hr|`dsihr& ^hrh hiosfgt g~gt`d`gfct dgag iht hicohlht tgf tà~icacf|c rga~cdhbc{ht a`cf|rht xsc ~hrh g|rgt ih tcosflh ~hr|c lc dhlh g~gt`d`ôf tc cf|`cflc dgag sfh egrah lc rchdd`ôf ercf|c h ih ~ràcrh& P ~hrh sfgt |crdcrgt ct|ht g~gt`d`gfct tgf `fdistg dgf|rhl`dd`gfct& Cf ct|h ~crt~cd|ùh lc ih dgf|rhl`dd`ôf ih |cft`ôf cf|rc ~gr ckca~ig ig sfùcrthi p ig ~hr|`dsihr ~sclc |gahrtc g b`cf cf ci tcf|`lg l`fèa`dg lc sfh escf|c rcih|ùhacf|c ~rgorctùh lc dhab`g ocfcrhi g dgag 88


sfh aglhi`lhl xsc ~rctcruh cf ts ct|hlg hd|shi ci t`t|cah oigbhi c}`t|cf|c& Habgt cfegxsct igt mhiihagt cf ci hrosacf|g lc _hiicrt|c`f tcoûf ci dshi ih rcihd`ôf sfùcrthi!~hr|`dsihr ct bèt`dhacf|c ~rglsd|g lc ih c}~hft`ôf lci dh~`|hi`tag tcoûf sfh ~hs|h t`t|àa`dh asfl`hi -_hiicrt|c`f 8008b)& P tgig ig xsc ci iihah -8008h) aguà`cf|g hf|`t`t|cah —p ~gr ig |hf|g tgig hxsciigt xsc lctheáhf cecd|ùhacf|c tst ’~rcts~sct|gt ac|heát`dgt‑! ~sclcf iicuhr hi asflg aht hiiè lc igt ~rcts~sct|gt lc ts ~rctcf|c dgfl`d`ôf -dh~`|hi`t|h)& Cf dgftcdscfd`h ~glcagt dgft`lcrhr ih ~rgiècrhd`ôf dgf|ca~grèfch lc ’l`tdsrtgt a`fgr`|hr`gt‑ -KhfAgmhacl p Iigpl 800>) dgag hiog ~rgagu`lg ~gr ih ~rctcf|hd`ôf lc sf t`t|cah!asfl`hi& Mht|h tc ~sclc tsocr`r xsc igt ~hr|`lhr`gt lc igt l`tdsrtgt a`fgr`|hr`gt |`cfcf ~hrhlôk`dhacf|c sfh ct~cd`hi u`fdsihd`ôf dgf ih |cgráh lc _hiicrt|c`f s g|rht |cgráht ’|g|hi`{hlgrht‑ lci t`t|cah!asfl`hi& T`f cabhrog lcbcagt fg|hr |hab`àf xsc asdmgt lc igt xsc ~hr|`d`~hf dgf cf|st`htag lci l`tdsrtg lc iht ’a`fgráht’ lctdr`bcf ts ~rhd|`dh `f|cicd|shi cf |àra`fgt lc l`tdsrtg t`fosihr a`fgr`|hr`g -KhfAgmhacl p Iigpl 800>)& Ct|g tso`crc xsc cecd|ùhacf|c ct|hagt hf|c sf aglg ~g|cfd`hiacf|c oigbhi lc mhbihr cf fgabrc lc iht a`fgráht g ~gr ig acfgt lc mhbihr hdcrdh lc ciiht -de& Mhflicr 800< AdOrhfc 80=0)& Bhrbcr -8002) hrosacf|h xsc ci ’|r`bhi`tag‑ p ci ’oigbhi`tag‑ mhf iicohlg h dgft|`|s`r ig xsc ci lctdr`bc dgag igt lgt ~r`fd`~`gt h}`hict lc fsct|rg |`ca~g& Tc mhdc htá cdg lc sfh u`t`ôf asp c}|cfl`lh lci ’fscug -lct)grlcf asfl`hi‑& Ctdgkg mhbihr lc ct|c ~ihf|cha`cf|g ~grxsc ct|h c}~sct|g tsd`f|hacf|c p mh |cf`lg sfh orhf lèst`ôf& Bhrbcr uc ct|gt lgt ~r`fd`~`gt dgag `fcu`|hbicacf|c cf |cft`ôf sf ’Ad_grl‑ lc oigbhi`{hd`ôf mcocagfc`{hlgrh ercf|c h sf ’K`mhl _gril‑ lc ’i`bhf`{hd`gf‑ ~hr|`dsi`{hlgrh& -~glráh mhbihr ~crecd|hacf|c hmgrh lc ’bhidhf`{hd`ôf‑)& Bhrbcr tc `f|crcth ~r`fd`~hiacf|c ~gr ih rcicuhfd`h xsc dhlh sfg lc ct|gt ~r`fd`~`gt ts~sct|hacf|c cf dgfei`d|g |`cfcf ~hrh ih lcagdrhd`h& Ct t`f lslh sfh dsct|`ôf à~gr|hf|c ~crg ig xsc hxsá fgt `f|crcth hmgrh l`rcd|hacf|c ct ci ~rgbicah lc ig oigbhi!igdhi& Dgag |hf|gt g|rgt Bhrbcr -8002) lce`fc ih oigbhi`{hd`ôf dgag ig g~sct|g h ih igdhi`{hd`ôf& Hrosacf|h xsc ’tc lhf dsh|rg à~crh|ùgt xsc tst|cf|hf ih l`fèa`dh lci Ad_gril; ci lci acrdhlg ci lc igt rcdsrtgt ci `fegraè|`dg!|cdfgiôo`dg p ci cdgiôo`dg -Bhrbcr 8002; 3<)& Dhlh sfg lc ciigt dgf|r`bspc hi ’ca~cxscøcdà`cf|g lci asflg p h ih rclsdd`ôf lc iht ergf|crht fhd`gfhict‑& \glgt ksf|gt ’mhf igorhlg sfh orhf u`d|gr`h dgf|rh ci ehdd`gfhi`tag p ci ~hr|`dsihr`tag p cf lce`f`|ùh dgf|rh ts egrah |rhl`d`gfhi aèt u`gicf|h; ci fhd`gfhi`tag‑ -Bhrbcr 8002; 3<: de& A`pgtm` 8004)& Hi gbtcruhr xsc ’tc 82


mh dsa~i`lg sfh bscfh ~hr|c ci tscøg lc ih ìst|rhd`ôf hdcrdh lc sfh tgd`clhl rhd`gfhi sfùcrthi‑ Bhrbcr -8002; 30) hdcf|ûh ci mcdmg lc xsc |hi dsa~ià`cf|g tc mh ~rglsd`lg cf |àra`fgt lc dgacrd`hi`{hd`ôf bsrgdrh|`{hd`ôf mgagocfc`{hd`ôf p lc ig xsc iihah ’lct~gi`|`{hd`ôf"& Aèt hûf hrosacf|h xsc tc |rh|h lc sfh rchi`{hd`ôf asp `fdga~ic|h ~sct|g xsc tc l`g "cf dga~c|cfd`h dgf escr{ht lc erhd|srh oigbhi lc l`tgisd`ôf fhd`gfhi p lc dgrrs~d`ôf dcf|ráesoh" -ucr Jh~ihf 800<)& Hsfxsc iht fgd`gfct lc igdhi`tag igdhi`lhl p igdhi fg eòsrhf c}~rcthacf|c cf ci cfthpg lc Bhrbcr fg lckhf lc ct|hr ~rctcf|ct cf ài cf egrah lèsth& Fg mhp rh{ôf hiosfh dgag fg tch ih acrh dgfucfd`ôf ct|hbicd`lh cf hiosfgt dárdsigt xsc hs|gr`dà h lce`f`r ih oigbhi`{hd`ôf cf bscfh acl`lh cf |àra`fgt lc mgagocfc`{hd`ôf& ^gr ts~sct|g xsc dhlh dshi ct i`brc lc lce`f`r htá ih oigbhi`{hd`ôf ~crg drcg xsc mhbráh fg ~gdg xsc lcd`r cf dgf|rh lc tcackhf|c ~rgdclcr& Cf cecd|g a`cf|rht dhlh sfg lc igt à~crh|ùgt lci Ad_gril lc Bhrbcr ~hrcdcf tsocr`r ts~cre`d`hiacf|c sfh mgagocfc`{hd`ôf t` tc igt dgft`lcrh aèt lc dcrdh dhlh sfg lc ciigt dgf|`cfc sf ht~cd|g igdhi p lècrcfd`hlgr& Rc`|crg ~gr |hf|g xsc fg ct tcfth|g lce`f`r ig oigbhi dgag t` c}dispcrh ig igdhi& Cf |àra`fgt sf |hf|g |àdf`dgt |hi lce`f`d`ôf lc ig oigbhi tso`crc xsc ig oigbhi tc cfdscf|rh aèt hiiè lc |glht iht igdhi`lhlct dgag t` |su`crh ~rg~`clhlct t`t|àa`dht ~gr cfdàh p aèt hiiè lc igt h|r`bs|gt lc iht sf`lhlct lcf|rg lci t`t|cah oigbhi& \hi aglg lc ~cfthr l`tdsrrc ~hrhicihacf|c h iht uáht tsocr`lht ~gr ih l`t|`fd`ôf ahdrg!a`drg |hf cf bgoh cf iht l`td`~i`fht cdgfôa`dg!tgd`hict& T`f fcohr xsc ci asflg dgag!sf!|glg |cfoh hiosfht ~rg~`clhlct t`t|àa`dht aèt hiiè lc iht "sf`lhlct" xsc ig `f|corhf tc lcbc rcdgfgdcr ~gr g|rh ~hr|c xsc ctht a`taht sf`lhlct ct|èf dgft|rs`lht cf orhf ahfcrh cf |àra`fgt lc hdd`gfct p ~rgdctgt c}|rh!sf`lhl ct lcd`r ct|èf rcecr`lgt h iht l`fèa`dht oigbhict drcd`cf|ct& ^gr ckca~ig iht tgd`clhlct grohf`{hlht fhd`gfhiacf|c !p iht ht~`rhd`gfct "igdhict" ~hrh ct|hbicdcr tgd`clhlct xsc tc grohf`dcf cf ahpgr orhlg cf rcecrcfd`h h ig fhd`gfhi! fg tgf acrht ’sf`lhlct" lcf|rg lc sf dgf|c}|g oigbhi f` |c}|gt lcf|rg lc sf dgf|c}|g g lc sf `f|cr|c}|g& Ts c}`t|cfd`h p cf ~hr|`dsihr ih egrah lc ts c}`t|cfd`h ct cf bscfh acl`lh rctsi|hlg lc ~rgdctgt p hdd`gfct c}|rh!tgd`c|hict !p aèt cf ocfcrhi c}|rh!igdhict!& T` htsaàgt dgf _hiicrt|c`f -8008b; 02) p Orccfecil -8002) xsc ig fhd`gfhi" ct sf "~rg|g|`~g lc ig ~hr|`dsihr‑ lcbcagt |hab`àf ~gr g|rg ihlg rcdgfgdcr xsc ci Ct|hlg fhd`gfhi !p aèt cf ocfcrhi ih tgd`clhl fhd`gfhi! ct drsd`hiacf|c sfh `lch dsi|srhi -dgag ci ~rg~`g Orccfecil ~hrcdc hla`|`r)& Orhf ~hr|c lc igt h~hrh|gt lc iht fhd`gfct dgf|ca~grèfcht p lc ih grohf`{hd`ôf fhd`gfhi ct|h|hi lc iht tgd`clhlct `fdispcflg ih egrah lc tst ~hr|`dsihr`lhlct! ct lcd`r ih dgft|rsdd`ôf lc ts `lcf|`lhl sf`|hr`h! tgf asp tàìhrct h |rhuàt lci asflg cf|crg 84


-Acpcr 80=> Rgbcr|tgf 8008) hsfxsc c}`t|cf asdmht uhr`hd`gfct cf igt fùcict lc ’lcthrrgiig"& Xs`{èt tch àt|c ci isohr dgf|ca~grèfcg aèt |hfo`bic lc ih `f|cr~cfc|rhd`ôf lc ~hr|`dsihr`tag p sfùcrthi`tag -Rgbcr|tgf 8002b)& Hf|ct lc gds~hrfgt l`rcd|hacf|c lc iht d`rdsft|hfd`ht dgf|ca~grèfcht ct ~rcd`tg lcd`r sfht ~hihbrht tgbrc ih oigbhi`{hd`ôf lcf|rg lc sfh ~crt~cd|ùh m`t|ôr`dh p lc aèt ihrog hidhfdc& @flslhbicacf|c tc ~sclcf |rh{hr rc|rgdcl`cflg asp h|rèt cf ih m`t|gr`h msahfh lcthrrgiigt xsc à~i`dhrgf ih c}~hft`ôf lc dhlcfht lc dgfc}`gfct h |rhuàt lc ha~i`ht èrcht lc ih |`crrh& Cf ct|c tcf|`lg ih "egrahd`ôf lci asflg" tc mh ~rglsd`lg h ig ihrog lc d`cf|gt `fdistg aìct lc høgt& H ih uc{ ~glcagt t`f lslh hiosfh ct|hbicdcr h |rhuàt lc ih m`t|gr`h msahfh ~cráglgt lsrhf|c igt xsc ih dgfd`cfd`h hdcrdh lc ih ~gt`bì`lhl lc ’sfè`dhr" ci asflg ct|sug lc sfh s g|rh ahfcrh ct~cd`hiacf|c hosl`{hlh& Sfh lc iht |hrcht aèt à~gr|hf|ct ~hrh igt xsc ct|sl`hf ih oigbhi`{hd`ôf ct|r`bh dgag mc l`dmg cf dga~rcflcr ih egrah cf ih xsc tc esc ct|rsd|srhflg ci ~rctcf|c h |rhuàt lc h~hrcf|cacf|c rè~`lgt lct~ih{ha`cf|gt mhd`h sf asflg hi|hacf|c `f|crlc~cfl`cf|c& Mc hrosacf|hlg lc egrah ct~cdáe`dh xsc cth egrah tc dcf|rô cf dsh|rg cicacf|gt esflhacf|hict lc ih dgfl`d`ôf msahfh oigbhi; iht tgd`clhlct igt `flù`lsgt ci t`t|cah `f|crfhd`gfhi lc tgd`clhlct p ih msahf`lhl -Rgbcr|tgf 8002b)& Mh t`lg cf |grfg h dhab`gt cf iht rcihd`gfct cf|rc ctgt ht~cd|gt lc ih u`lh msahfh h igt lècrcf|ct àfeht`t tgbrc igt a`tagt p h acfslg cf ih `f|cr~rc|hd`ôf dgf|rhl`d|gr`h xsc tc ict lhbh dgag esc dr`t|hi`{hflg ci asflg dgf|ca~grèfcg cf|cfl`lg dgag sf |glg& Tcoûf a` ~crt~cd|ùh ct htá dgrfg tc ~sclc |rh|hr lc egrah `f|corhlgrh ci ~rgbicah lc xsà ct ig xsc |`cfc xsc tcr `fdis`lg cf ih fgd`ôf lc ig oigbhi& Ig oigbhi fg tc dgf|rh~gfc cf tá a`tag f` ~gr tá a`tag h ig igdhi& Aèt b`cf hxsciig h ig xsc fgt tgicagt rcecr`r dgag igdhi ct|è ctcfd`hiacf|c `fdis`lg lcf|rg lc ig oigbhi& Cf ct|c tcf|`lg ih oigbhi`{hd`ôf lce`f`lh cf ts tcf|`lg aèt ocfcrhi dgag ih dga~rcft`ôf asflg à~i`dh ih u`fdsihd`ôf lc igdhi`lhlct& ^crg à~i`dh |hab`àf ih ’`fucfd`ôf" lc ih igdhi`lhl cf ci a`tag tcf|`lg ocfcrhi xsc ih `lch lc ih `fucfd`ôf lc ih |rhl`d`ôf -Mgbtbhwa p Rhfocr 80=4) htá dgag ts "àho`fhd`ôf‑ -de& Hflcrtgf 80=4)3& Tc lh dgf ercdscfd`h hiog htá dgag sfh "`lcgigoáh lc ig lgaàt|`dg" xsc lc mcdmg tc mh dgft|`|s`lg cf ~hr|c dgag rct~sct|h h ih rc~c|`d`ôf dgft|hf|c p ih 3

Mhbcraht -800<; 22) c}~rcth tsd`f|hacf|c ct|c aglg lc ~cfthr hi lcd`r xsc ci fhd`gfhi`tag ct sfh egrah lc dgfd`cfd`h dgicd|ùh xsc ~rcts~gfc sfh h~rg~`hd`ôf rceic}ùh lc iht |rhl`d`gfct dsi|srhict eì|rhlht h |rhuàt lc ih m`t|gr`gorheáh p xsc h ih uc{ tc c}|`cflc |hf tôig h |rhuàt lc igt dhfhict lc igt aglcrfgt acl`gt lc dgasf`dhd`ôf lc ahtht"& ^crg a`cf|rht ih fgd`ôf lc h~rg~`hd`ôf rceic}ùh tso`crc

8<


lèst`ôf oigbhi lc ih ~rc|cft`ôf tcoûf ih dshi hd|shiacf|c uùàgt dhrcf|ct lc mgohr p t`f rhádct! dgrfg t` cf ~cráglgt hf|cr`grct lc ih m`t|gr`h ih orhf ahpgráh lci ~scbig msb`crh uù`lg cf igdhi`lhlct mgagoàfcht p ’tcosrht" 5& ^sclcf mhdcrtc dshflg acfgt sf ~hr lc gbkcd`gfct h |hict `lcht& ^hrh ca~c{hr ih egrah lc ih "oigbhi`{hd`ôf" mh à~i`dhlg sf t`fosihr àfeht`t hi acfgt mht|h hmgrh cf ih mgagocfc`{hd`ôf dsi|srhi lc iht tgd`clhlct fhd`gfhiacf|c dgft|`|s`lht& ^crg ~gr g|rg ihlg p hf|cr`gracf|c h ct|c àfeht`t xsc ca~c{ô h lcthrrgiihrtc h e`fct lci tòig ]@] crh fgrahi ig xsc AdFcìi -80=3) mh iihahlg ih ’~gi`c|f`d`lhl‑& P cf tcosflg isohr ci l`hofôt|`dg ecfgacfgiôo`dg lc ih ~àrl`lh ocfcrhi`{hlh lc sfh rcecrcfd`h "lgaàt|`dh" lc sf mgohr ~gr ~hr|c lc iht askcrct p mgabrct aglcrfgt tc mh lcthrrgiihlg dgag t` iht a`taht ~crtgfht tc ct|su`crhf dga~gr|hflg c `f|cr~rc|hflg hi a`tag |`ca~g cf sf a`tag ~rgdctg tgd`hi ha~i`g" -Acpcr 8002;88)& ^crg igt mcdmgt aèt b`cf tso`crcf xsc ct ih drcd`cf|c c}~cd|h|ùh oigbhi dgfdcrf`cf|c h iht rcihd`gfct cf|rc `flù`lsgt p tgd`clhl ih xsc mh ~rglsd`lg tst ~rg~`ht rs|`f`{hd`ôf p "c}`t|cfd`h"& P ~gr cfdàh lc ct|g ih dh~hd`lhl lc `lcf|è`dhr ci "mgohr" l`rcd|h g `fl`rcd|hacf|c lc~cflc lc ih dgft|rsdd`ôf -à~sofhlh) p lc ih grohf`{hd`ôf lc dh|cográht cf|rcih{hlht lc ct~hd`g p |`ca~g& Fg ct a` ~rg~ôt`|g hmgrh ugiucr tgbrc ct|c esflhacf|g t`fg aèt b`cf mhdcr àfeht`t cf ci tòfè`dhlg lc d`cr|gt ~cráglgt ~rcu`gt h ih tcosflh a`|hl lci tòig ]] dshflg iht ~gt`bì`lhlct xsc mhbáh ~hrh egrahrtc sf asflg ûf`dg crhf h ih uc{ |hf ha~i`ht dgag dhrohlht lc ~rgbicaht& Sfh `fuct|òhd`ôf xsc tc lcthrrgiihrh tcoûf ct|ht iáfcht ~rct|hráh h|cfd`ôf t`f lslh h ih uhr`clhl lc èrcht lci asflg p h lècrcf|ct ~cráglgt& ^crg cf ig xsc tc rce`crc h |`ca~gt rcih|ùhacf|c rcd`cf|ct pg ~rct|hráh h|cfd`ôf h lgt hrosacf|gt; ih hdcicrhd`ôf lc iht dgasf`dhd`gfct h |rhuàt lci asflg cf|crg p ci htsf|g dcf|rhi lc igt dhab`gt cf iht dgfdc~d`gfct hdcrdh lci |`ca~g p lci ct~hd`g& Cf ts i`brg Ci fhdà`cf|g lc ih aglcrf`lhl hrosacf|h Kgmftgf -8008) xsc "ih tgd`clhl asfl`hi" !g ’ih tgd`clhl `f|crfhd`gfhi cf ts |g|hi`lhl" -8008; ]U@@@)! dr`t|hi`{ô cf orhf acl`lh cf ci ~cráglg 8=83!8=4>& ^gfc ci àfeht`t cf ci tòfè`dhlg drsd`hi lci Dgforctg lc U`cfh dcicbrhlg |rht ih ~ràcrh hbl`dhd`ôf lc Bgfh~hr|c cf 8=8<& Tcoûf Kgmftgf ci |rh|hlg lc ~h{ lc U`cfh xsc tòs`ô h ih xsc lc mcdmg esc ih ^ràcrh Oscrrh Asfl`hi -Ercogt` 800>) tc ’hiàcf|hbh lc iht ~glcrgtht xsc ih dgft|rsdd`ôf lc ih |rhl`d`ôf ct ~r`fd`~hiacf|c Sf htsf|g `f|crfg a` hrosacf|g ct xsc |hi dgft|rsdd`ôf p rcdgft|rsdd`ôf uh ct|rcdmhacf|c iòhlh h ih oigbhi`{hd`ôf -Rgbcr|tgf 8002b;8<5!54)& 5 Ct|h `lcgigoáh dgf|ca~grèfch lci mgohr -g lc igt ’t`f mgohr‑) tgih~h hd|shiacf|c dgag mc tcøhihlg lgt l`tdsrtgt l`t|`f|gt; ~gr sfh ~hr|c sfg lèstg xsc mh cfdgf|rhlg ts aèt dihrh c}~rct`ôf cf ih fgd`ôf ecfgacfgiôo`dh lci "dhrcdcr lc mgohr" xsc tc mh `f|rglsd`lg cf ci lga`f`g ~ûbi`dg hlxs`r`cflg tòfè`dhd`ôf dsht`!oigbhi -Bcrocr c|&hi& 80?4)& ^gr g|rg ihlg ct|è ci l`tdsrtg aèt ct~cdáe`dg xsc cf|`cflc h igt "t`f mgohr" dgag dhrcf|ct lc sfh ~rg|cdd`ôf hlcdshlh -Oihttcr 800<)&

83


dgrr`cf|ct lci rgahf|`d`tag xsc ct|hbhf |r`sfehflg cf ci asflg&&&"& Tc ct|hbicd`ô htá "sf grlcf `f|crfhd`gfhi xsc cf asdmgt ht~cd|gt lsrô |glg sf tòig" -Kgmftgf 8008; }`})& @flc~cfl`cf|cacf|c lc ts ~hr|`dsihr tctog `lcgiôo`dg ci i`brg lc Kgmftgf ct à~gr|hf|c fg tôig ~gr ts `f|cf|g lc hbhrdhr |glgt igt dgf|`fcf|ct lci asflg t`fg |hab`àf ~grxsc ~rct|h h|cfd`ôf h asdmgt ht~cd|gt ocfcrhict lc ih u`lh p fg ct|r`d|hacf|c hi asflg lc ih ~giá|`dh g lc iht rcihd`gfct `f|crfhd`gfhict& îhf|ch òshiacf|c ~rgbicaht à~gr|hf|ct xsc h|høcf hi lcthrrgiig lc ih |gah lc dgfd`cfd`h lc ih sf`d`lhl lci asflg xsc esc ~gt`bic ~gr sf ihlg orhd`ht h ih Rcugisd`ôf @flst|r`hi p lc iht dgasf`dhd`gfct "p ~gr g|rg h ih @ist|rhd`ôf& Cf tcosflg isohr -c `flc~cfl`cf|cacf|c lci à~gr|hf|c ~rgbicah lc ih ~cr`gl`{hd`ôf lc ih oigbhi`{hd`ôf) Jcrf -80=4) mh l`rò`lg ts h|cfd`ôf hi ~cráglg xsc uh lc 8==> h 808= lc sfh ahfcrh xsc rctsi|h ~hr|`dsihracf|c rcicuhf|c ~hrh ci ~rctcf|c dgfksf|g lc dsct|`gfct& Cf ts ct|sl`g Dsi|srh lci |`ca~g p lci ct~hd`g  ci ~sf|g bèt`dg lc Jcrf ct xsc cf iht lgt ûi|àht làdhlht lci tòig ]@] p cf ci cf|grfg lc igt ~ràcrgt uc`f|c høgt lci tòig ]] |su`crgf isohr dhab`gt asp tòfè`dh|ùgt cf ig xsc rct~cd|h h fsct|rg tcf|`lg lci |`ca~g p lci ct~hd`g& Orhd`ht h iht fcogd`hd`gfct `f|crfhd`gfhict p h iht `ffguhd`gfct |cdfgiôo`dht |sug isohr sfh ct|hflhr`{hd`ôf lci ct~hd`g!|`ca~g xsc `fcu`|hbicacf|c esc hi a`tag |`ca~g sfùcrthi p ~hr|`dsihr; ci |`ca~g asfl`hi tc grohf`{ô cf |àra`fgt lc ct~hd`g ~hr|`dsihr cf ci tcf|`lg lc sf grlcfha`cf|g dgfksf|g lc ih gbkc|ù`lhl p ih tsbkc|ù`lhl& Cf g|rht ~hihbrht ih mgagocfc`lhl esc ahfg h ahfg dgf ih mc|crgocfc`lhl; sfh mhdáh ~gt`bic ih g|rh& Esc cf ct|c ~cráglg dshflg "ci asflg" esc bigxschlg cf sfh egrah ~hr|`dsihr dgag sf escr|c dhab`g mhd`h ih sf`d`lhl& P esc |hab`àf lsrhf|c ct|c |`ca~g dshflg igorhrgf sfh egra`lhbic dgfdrcd`ôf igt dsh|rg dga~gfcf|ct ~r`fd`~hict lc ih oigbhi`{hd`ôf ph tcøhihlgt& Hlcaèt esc h e`fhict lci tòig ]@] dshflg tc l`g sf orhf à~sitg h igt `f|cf|gt grohf`{hlgt ~hrh u`fdsihr igt èab`|gt igdhict tgbrc sfh bhtc `f|crfhd`gfhi g cdsaàf`dh& Sf ~rcdsrtgr `facl`h|g escrgf iht C}~gt`d`gfct @f|crfhd`gfhict xsc dgacf{hrgf h acl`hlgt lci tòig ]@] lgflc tc lct~icohbhf lc ahfcrh grohf`{hlh iht "oigr`ht" p igorgt ~hr|`dsihrct lc iht fhd`gfct& Iht lgt ûi|àht làdhlht lci tòig escrgf |ct|òg lc fg ~gdgt lc ct|gt hdgf|cdà`cf|gt `f|crfhd`gfhict g |rhftdsi|srhict cf|rc g|rgt igt dga`cf{gt lc igt aglcrfgt aguà`cf|gt rciò`gtgt cdsaàf`dgt xs`cfct hi |`ca~g p cf ci a`tag ctescr{g dcicbrhbhf iht lècrcfd`ht p bstdhbhf ig dgaûf lcf|rg lc ih ct|rsd|srh lc sfh dsi|srh cacrocf|c ~hrh htá rcihd`gfhr ig ~hr|`dsihr p ig sfùcrthi -ct|g ûi|àg cf hbtgis|g dsct|`gfhlg)& Sf ckca~ig `f|crcthf|c 85


fgt ig ~rgdsrh ci aguà`cf|g @f|crfhd`gfhi Pgs|m Mgt|ci  xsc dgfgd`ô sfh c}~hft`ôf rè~`lh `fdistg aèt hiiè lci mca`tecr`g fgr|c& Ct|c aguà`cf|g ~rc|cfláh ~rgagucr tgbrc sfh bhtc `f|crfhd`gfhi g oigbhi grohf`{hlh uhigrct dgasf`|hr`gt p lc "rc|grfg h ih fh|srhic{h"& Htá lc sfh uc{ p hi a`tag |`ca~g tc uhigr`{hbh ig ~hr|`dsihr t` b`cf tgbrc sfh drcd`cf|c p uht|h bhtc oigbhi tgbrc sfh drcd`cf|c bhtc ~hfigdhi& Fsct|rg tòig mh t`lg |ct|òg |hf|g lc sfh fg|hbic ~rgiècrhd`ôf lc grohf`{hd`gfct /`f|crfhd`gfhict/ dgag lci egacf|g lc ig igdhi& Sf ckca~ig b`cf ~cr|`fcf|c fgt ig tsa`f`t|rhf igt ercdscf|ct `f|cf|gt lc grohf`{hr oigbhiacf|c ih lcecfth lc igt lcrcdmgt c `lcf|`lhlct lc igt ~scbigt fh|ùgt g `fláocfht -Dmhrict 8004 Dmhr|rhfl 8008) ?& Àt|c esc sf rhtog à~gr|hf|c lci Egrg Oigbhi lc Brhtì cf 8002 xsc ~gr lcd`rig lc hiosfh ahfcrh d`rdsflô ih "Dsabrc lc ih \`crrh" ~h|rgd`fhlh ge`d`hiacf|c ~gr iht Fhd`gfct Sf`lht& G|rg ckca~ig ct ci `f|cf|g lc ih Grohf`{hd`ôf Asfl`hi lc ih Thisl lc ~rgagucr ih "thisl asfl`hi" acl`hf|c ih rchd|ùhd`ôf c `fdistg ih `fucfd`ôf lc sfh acl`d`fh igdhi "`fláocfh"& Tc |rh|h tsbrhphagt |hf tôig lc sfgt ~gdgt ckca~igt thdhlgt lc ig xsc ct sfh |cflcfd`h asi|èhdà|`dh& Ih Oigdhi`{hd`ôf p Ih \ct`t lci @a~cr`hi`tag Dsi|srhi

Hiosfht lc iht dsct|`gfct xsc hxsá ~ihf|cg tgf dgft`lcrhlht lctlc sf èfosig asp lècrcf|c cf ih gbrh lc H~~`hm tgbrc ih u`hbì`lhl lci ^hf!Her`dhf`tag -8002)& Ih dsct|`ôf ~ràgrl`hi ~hrh ct|c hs|gr ct|r`bh cf "dôag ~cfthr tgbrc iht dsi|srht dgf|ca~grèfcht lc Èer`dh h ih is{ |hf|g lc iht lgt lc|cra`fhd`gfct c}|crfht aèt à~gr|hf|ct lc ts rcd`cf|c m`t|gr`h !iht dgfdc~d`gfct csrg~cht tgbrc Èer`dh p iht xsc ~gt|sihf sf fscug asflg her`dhfg! dgag lc tst ~rg~`ht |rhl`d`gfct dsi|srhict cflôocfht" -H~~`hm 8002; `}!})& Tcoûf ts g~`f`ôf ih "lctdgigf`{hd`ôf `lcgiôo`dh" xsc ài bstdh tôig ct ~gt`bic iicuhrih h dhbg t` tc cfdscf|rh ig xsc iihah sf ’dha`fg `f|cracl`g fcogd`hbic‑ cf|rc ih ’|rhl`d`ôf‑ cflôocfh p iht `lcht lc ’Gdd`lcf|c‑ t`cflg ci ~rg~`g H~~`hm ci xsc cf|rcdgaìih ct|gt lgt ûi|àgt dgfdc~|gt& -H~~`hm 8002; })& @oshiacf|c gbkc|h dgf cfcroáh dgf|rh igt xsc iihah h|hxsct rhd`hict p rhd`t|ht `fdgr~grhlgt cf orhf ~hr|c lc ih `lch ~hfhacr`dhfh tcøhihflg xsc ci ~hf! her`dhf`tag ~rcts~gfc ih sf`lhl rhd`hi lc |glgt igt her`dhfgt ig xsc cf bscfh acl`lh ~rgdclc lc ih c}~cr`cfd`h p acagr`h lc `lcht fg her`dhfht tgbrc Èer`dh p igt her`dhfgt xsc ~rcuhicdáhf cf Csrg~h p igt Ct|hlgt Sf`lgt h e`fhict lci tòig ]@]& Rce`r`àflgtc ?

^sclcf cfdgf|rhrtc fsacrgtht dgft`lcrhd`gfct tgbrc ci `f|cràt hd|shi hdcrdh lc igt ~scbigt `fláocfht cf \t`fo -8004)&

8?


aèt ct~cdáe`dhacf|c h ih `lch lc ih "lctdgigf`{hd`ôf" lc ih i`|crh|srh her`dhfh H~~`hm `ft`t|c h a` ks`d`g dgrrcd|hacf|c cf xsc cf bscfh ~hr|c lc ig xsc tgbrc ciih tc l`dc cfdgf|rhagt ig xsc iihah -lc fscug cf|rcdgaìihflg) sf "l`tdsrtg `fucrtg"; Ih hd|`|sl lc rcdmh{g hd|shiacf|c ~rcts~gfc iht `ft|`|sd`gfct dsi|srhict p ih ah|r`{ `lcgiôo`dh cf ih d`fc h ts uc{ ct|èf àbr`dhlht lc Gdd`lcf|c& Dshflg cfdhrrìhf ts drá|`dh dgf|rh ih mcocagfáh dsi|srhi lc Gdd`lcf|c igt `flòcf`t|ht ~gr ts ~hr|c ig mhdcf t`f dgfgdà`cf|g lc dhsth& Ts g~gt`d`ôf ct|è lc|cra`fhlh acfgt ~gr fgd`gfct ’`fláocfht" lc rct`t|cfd`h xsc ~gr igt l`d|hlgt lci ~rg~`g icohlg gdd`lcf|hi lc Mcrlcr !tst asp cihbgrhlht `lcgigoáht tgbrc ih hs|gfgaáh fhd`gfhi ci icfoshkc p ih i`|crh|srh htá dgag tgbrc ts tst|rh|g dsi|srhi!& Cf ~gdht ~hihbrht ih fgt|hio`h fh|ùh tc hiàcf|h ha~i`hacf|c lci tcf|àcf|hi`tag gdd`lcf|hi |hf ehaì`hr lctlc Rgsttchs: ~gdht dgtht ~gr |hf|g tgf acfgt fh|ùht xsc ci fh|ù`tag cf ts egrah hd|shi -H~~`hm 8002; 5>)&

Ct|h he`rahd`ôf lc H~~`hm fgt ehdì`|h ih c}~i`dhd`ôf lc sf ~sf|g ~hr|`dsihracf|c à~gr|hf|c& Fgt ~cra`|c lcagt|rhr xsc orhf ~hr|c lc iht dgfdc~d`gfct dgf|ca~grèfcht hdcrdh lc ih igdhi`lhl p ci dhrèd|cr `fláocfh ct|èf m`t|ôr`dhacf|c dgfl`d`gfhlgt ~gr igt cfdscf|rgt cf|rc rco`gfct dùì`{h|gr`ht l`t|`f|ht -ucr Fcitgf 80=8)& Lcf|rg lc |hict `f|crhdd`gfct asdmht lc ciiht m`t|ôr`dhacf|c lc dhrèd|cr à~cr`hi`t|h tc mh lcthrrgiihlg sf tcf|`lg lc igdhi`lhl ~hr|`dsihr`{hlh& Ct|g tc lcbc cf orhf acl`lh h ih drcd`cf|c "`ft|`|sd`gfhi`{hd`ôf" oigbhi lc iht c}~cd|h|ùht p lc ih dgft|rsdd`ôf lc ~hr|`dsihr`tagt igdhict& Fg ct tôig xsc ih uhr`clhl tc mhph ucf`lg ~rglsd`cflg p rc~rglsd`cflg dgf|`fshacf|c cf ci asflg dgf|ca~grèfcg t`fg xsc |hi uhr`clhl ct "cf orhf acl`lh ih a`tah l`fèa`dh cf|cfl`lh ~gr sf fûacrg dgft`lcrhbic lc hs|grct dgag mgagocfc`{hd`ôf‑& Lctlc ct|h ~crt~cd|ùh lcbcagt sfh uc{ aèt rcdsrr`r h sfh ts|ìc{h `f|cr~rc|h|ùh ahpgr xsc ih xsc tc gercdc cf ci lcbh|c ocfcrhi tgbrc ih igdhi`lhl p ih oigbhi`lhl& Hiosfgt ht~cd|gt à~gr|hf|ct lc ih dsct|`ôf igdhi!oigbhi tc ~gfcf lc ahfè`ct|g cf ci lcbh|c ocfcrhi p drcd`cf|c hdcrdh lci à~cr`hi`tag dsi|srhi p ts l`tdsrtg -\gai`ftgf 8008)& C}`t|c sfh u`t`ôf `f|cicd|shi ~g~sihr`{hlh lci |cah tcoûf ih dshi ci asflg cf|crg tc mhiihráh `fsflhlg ~gr ih dsi|srh gdd`lcf|hi p aèt cf ~hr|`dsihr ~gr ih dsi|srh hacr`dhfh& Ct `flslhbic xsc ctc ~sf|g lc u`t|h mh c}hdcrbhlg iht rcd`cf|ct xsckht ~giá|`dht lc Erhfd`h hdcrdh lci à~cr`hi`tag dsi|srhi hacr`dhfg ~hr|`dsihracf|c lcf|rg lci dgf|c}|g lc iht fcogd`hd`gfct tgbrc ci OH\\& ^crg c}`t|cf |hab`àf tgbrc ct|c htsf|g `fuct|òhd`gfct p l`tdst`gfct aèt ròsrgtht& Lc cf|rhlh mhp xsc rcthi|hr ci mcdmg lc xsc ig xsc |`cfc sfh cu`lcfd`h u`r|shiacf|c 8=


h~iht|hf|c ct xsc `fdistg igt "acfthkct dsi|srhict" xsc ~rgu`cfcf l`rcd|hacf|c "lc igt CC SS" tgf rcd`b`lgt c `f|cr~rc|hlgt lc ahfcrh lècrcfd`hlh : ct|g ct igt ors~gt "igdhict" "hbtgrbcf" ih dgasf`dhd`ôf lci "dcf|rg" lc asp lùcrtht egraht -\gai`ftgf 8008)& Cf tcosflg isohr fg lcbcagt giu`lhr xsc igt ahpgrct ~rglsd|grct lc "dsi|srh oigbhi" xsc tscicf tcøhihrtc !|hict dgag igt lc H|ihf|h -DFF) p Igt Èfocict -Mgiipwggl)! l`tcøhf drcd`cf|cacf|c tst ~rglsd|gt mhd`h sf acrdhlg oigbhi lècrcfd`hlg -p ~hrd`hiacf|c dgft|rs`lg ~gr ciigt)& Mgiipwggl ~gr ckca~ig ~rgdsrh ca~ichr rc~hr|gt lc hd|grct a`}|gt "asi|`fhd`gfhict" htá dgag sfh uhr`clhl lc ctdcfhr`gt "igdhict" dshflg |`cfcf `f|cràt dgag gdsrrc dgf drcd`cf|c ercdscfd`h cf iicohr h iht hsl`cfd`ht oigbhict& Cf |crdcr isohr asdmht d`rdsft|hfd`ht `fl`dhf xsc |hict rcdsrtgt tàbôi`dgt h~hrcf|cacf|c "fhd`gfhict" tgf hddct`bict ~rgorctùhacf|c h dgftsagt c `f|cr~rc|hd`gfct oigbhict lècrcfd`hlgt& Cf sf rcd`cf|c lcbh|c hdcrdh lc ih rc~rctcf|hd`ôf lc iht gbrht lc Tmhjct~chrc Bìi`fo|gf -8002) h~sf|ô dôag cf høgt rcd`cf|ct ci lrhah|srog `foiàt mh t`lg gbkc|g lc `f|cr~rc|hd`gfct p ctdcfè`dhd`gfct dsi|srhict asp lùcrtht& Tmhjct~chrc ph fg ~cr|cfcdc h @foih|crrh t`fg xsc mh htsa`lg sfh tòfè`dhd`ôf sfùcrthi& \cfcrfgt xsc l`t|`fos`r cf|rc sf Tmhjct~chrc xsc rc~rctcf|h ig "`foiàt" p g|rg lc rcicuhfd`h " igdhi!oigbhi"& Cf dshr|g isohr fg tc mh |cf`lg tse`d`cf|cacf|c cf dscf|h ci eiskg lc `lcht p ~rèd|`dht lci iihahlg \crdcr Asflg xsc tc l`ròcf mhd`h iht tgd`clhlct p rco`gfct |cf`lht ~gr lga`fhf|ct -Hbs!Isoi`gl 8008b Mhii 8008h p 8008b)& Orhf ~hr|c lc ih "dsi|srh lc ahtht" oigbhi ct|è lc mcdmg à~rcofhlh dgf `lcht ct|ìgt p oàfcrgt xsc mhdcf rcecrcfd`h h ih rciò`ôf ih aût`dh ci hr|c ih dgd`fh c|d& Lc mcdmg cf ih t`|shd`ôf oigbhi hd|shi |glg ci |cah lc ig xsc hidhf{h p fg hidhf{h "uscigt" oigbhict |`cfc asdmh à~gr|hfd`h& Ph thbcagt xsc "ig xsc uscih" lc~cflc cf bscfh acl`lh lc iht `ft|hfd`ht lc ~glcr& ^crg ct|hráhagt asp ahi hdgftckhlgt t` ~cftèrhagt xsc tc |rh|h tà~icacf|c lc ih c}|cft`ôf mcocaôf`dh lc ih aglcrf`lhl gdd`lcf|hi& Dgag \gai`ftgf -8008) he`rah iht ’dsi|srht igdhict" ct|èf ~hrh lcd`rig dgf Thr|rc dgflcfhlht h ih i`bcr|hl  p ts ~hr|`d`~hd`ôf cf ig oigbhi tc mh tsbct|àhlg cf orhf acl`lh -|hab`àf ~giá|`dhacf|c)& Mgp ih "i`bcr|hl" tc ~gfc lc ahfè`ct|g tgbrc |glg cf |àra`fgt lc dgft|rsdd`ôf tgd`hi lc @lcf|`lhl p |rhl`d`ôf" acl`hf|c ih h~rg~`hd`ôf lc iht |rhl`d`gfct dsi|srhict -Mhbcraht 800<;22)& T`f cabhrog ct|h rceic}ù`lhl dgag ph mc tsbrhphlg tscic htsa`rtc tcoûf ~hs|ht oigbhict!dsi|srhict rcih|ùhacf|c ct|hflhr`{hlht& -Cf 80=2 ih GFS rcdgfgd`ô ~icfhacf|c ih c}`t|cfd`h lc igt ~scbigt `fláocfht& Hi mhdcrig ct|hbicd`ô dr`|cr`gt tcoûf igt dshict igt ors~gt `fláocfht ~gláhf p lcbáhf `lcf|è`dhrtc p tcr egrahiacf|c rcdgfgd`lgt& Tc lhf |hab`àf t`|shd`gfct ~hrhiciht cf ci èab`|g fhd`gfhi ph xsc 80


hiosfht tgd`clhlct |`cfcf dr`|cr`gt icohict ~hrh igt ors~gt à|f`dgt p iht |rhl`d`gfct dsi|srhict)& H dgf|`fshd`ôf |cfcagt ci ~rgbicah lc ih lùcrt`lhl cf ci èab`|g igdhi& Bhi`bhr -8008) ig mh ~ihf|chlg lc ahfcrh tgbrcthi`cf|c hi mhbihr lc ct~hd`gt asfl`hict & Àt|gt tcráhf isohrct cf igt xsc ci asflg!dgag!sf!|glg tc cfdscf|rh ~g|cfd`hiacf|c `ftcr|g& Ih `lch ocfcrhi lc sf ct~hd`g!asfl`hi tso`crc xsc lcbcagt dgft`lcrhr ig igdhi dgag sfh "a`drg" ahfèct|hd`ôf lc ig oigbhi !cf g~gt`d`ôf cf|rc g|rgt ht~cd|gt h ih à~i`dhd`ôf lc xsc ig igdhi `fl`dh cfdihuct lc mgagocfc`lhl dsi|srhi à|f`dh g rhd`hi!& Cf g|rht ~hihbrht; ·lôflc ct|è ci mgohr h e`fhict lci tòig ]]7 Bhi`bhr tso`crc cf ts hfèi`t`t !dcf|rhlg cf ih Csrg~h dgf|ca~grèfch! xsc lhlh ih dga~ick`lhl oigbhi ~rctcf|c ih `lch lc mgohr |`cfc xsc tc~hrhrtc hfhiá|`dhacf|c lc ih lc igdhi`lhl& ^sclcf c}`t|`r ors~gt g dh|cográht xsc hûfcf habht `lcht ~crg ct|g fg ict hs|gr`{h f` h ciigt f` h tst rc~rctcf|hf|ct h ~rgpcd|hr ts ~crt~cd|ùh tgbrc ih |g|hi`lhl lc ih msahf`lhl& Lc mcdmg mhp asdmht rh{gfct xsc tso`crcf xsc igt tòfè`dhlgt lc mgohr p igdhi`lhl lc~cflcf lc sfh d`cr|h hi`cfhd`ôf lci "mgohr" p'g ig "igdhi"& ·Dôag lc ig dgf|rhr`g tc ~glráh |cfcr dgfd`cfd`h -rceic}ùh) lc |hi dgth7 Mhbihagt lc dsi|srht a`}|ht p lc ~gi`c|f`d`lhl ~crg dgf ercdscfd`h tsbct|àhagt ci tòfè`dhlg lc ig xsc Iìh Hbs!Isomgl -800ih) lcfga`fh "a`|hlct"& Dgag mh tcøhihlg Occr|{ -80=5;88<) ’@h lùcrt`lhl hi òshi xsc ih fgt|hio`h fg ct ig xsc hdgt|sabrhbh tcr"& Sfg lc igt ht~cd|gt aèt tòfè`dh|ùgt lc ih lùcrt`lhl dgf|ca~grèfch ct cf cecd|g ih dga~i`dhd`ôf xsc tstd`|h ~hrh iht fgd`gfct dgfucfd`gfhict lc ih dsi|srh& Mcagt lc |cfcr ds`lhlg ~hrh fg tcr ctdihugt lci ~sf|g lc u`t|h dhlsdg p dgfucfd`gfhi tcoûf ci dshi iht dsi|srht tc mhiihf groèf`dhacf|c e`khlht p ~crecd|hacf|c lcià`|hlht& Lc mcdmg Iìh Hbs!Isomgl ahfè`ct|h ts g~gt`d`ôf h ih a`tah `lch lc dsi|srh ~gr ~hrcdcric xsc f`coh ih à~gr|hfd`h lc iht "a`|hlct" ct lcd`r h hxsciigt xsc dgag `flù`lsgt dgab`fhf rhtogt dsi|srhict à|f`dgt p lc oàfcrg -ucr \t`fo 8004)& Ct|h dsct|`ôf ct|è ct|rcdmhacf|c rcihd`gfhlh dgf ci |cah ercdscf|cacf|c hisl`lg lc ih m`br`l`{hd`ôf oigbhi p hûf aèt dgf ih `lch lc ih ’dr`gii`{hd`ôf" -Mhffcr{ 8002;28?!25?)& Dgfdist`ôf; @lcf|`lhl p Lècrcfd`h

A` àfeht`t cf ci tòfè`dhlg lci dgfdc~|g lc oigdhi`{hd`ôf tc lcbc tgbrc |glg h ig xsc dgft|`|spc tcoûf a` cf|cflcr ih ahpgr lcbì`lhl lci stg xsc tc mhdc lci dgfdc~|g lc oigbhi`{hd`ôf& Cf ~hr|`dsihr mc |rh|hlg lc `r aèt hiiè lc ih `fdi`fhd`ôf h |gahr ih `lch lc oigbhi`{hd`ôf dgag g~sct|h h ih lc igdhi`{hd`ôf& ^gr ci dgf|rhr`g mc 2>


ahf|cf`lg xsc ih oigbhi`{hd`ôf !ih dga~rct`ôf lci asflg cf ci aèt ha~i`g tcf|`lg! mh à~i`dhlg p tòsc à~i`dhflg lc ahfcrh drcd`cf|c ih drchd`ôf c `fdgr~grhd`ôf lc ih igdhi`lhl ~rgdctgt xsc h ts uc{ dgfeòsrhf ha~i`hacf|c ih dga~rcft`ôf lci asflg dgag sf |glg& P hsfxsc ~gr uhr`ht rh{gfct tòhagt sthflg ci dgfdc~|g lc oigbhi`{hd`ôf tcráh ~rcecr`bic rcca~ih{hrig ~hrh lc|cra`fhlgt e`fct ~gr ci lc oigdhi`{hd`ôf& Ct|c ûi|àg dgfdc~|g |`cfc ih ucf|hkh lc |gahr cf dscf|h |hf|g iht dsct|`gfct ct~hd`hict dgag iht |ca~grhict& P hi a`tag |`ca~g ci àfeht`t tgbrc ih dgfl`d`ôf oigbhi !ct|g ct cf ih oigbhi`lhl! fgt ca~skh h xsc fsct|rg hfèi`t`t c `f|cr~rc|hd`ôf lci asflg dgf|ca~grèfcg tchf h ih uc{ ct~hd`hi p |ca~grhi ocgorèe`dg c m`t|ôr`dg -Tgkh 80=0)& Ih `fdgr~grhd`ôf t`t|caè|`dh lci dgfdc~|g lc oigdhi`{hd`ôf cf ci lcbh|c hd|shi tgbrc ih oigbhi`{hd`ôf ïgt t`ruc lc hpslh dgf rct~cd|g h ih dsct|`ôf lc ig xsc mc iihahlg egrah& Ih egrah lc ih oigbhi`{hd`ôf |`cfc ct~cdáe`dhacf|c xsc ucr dgf ci aglg dgag tc ct|rsd|srh cf ci aèt ha~i`g tcf|`lg ih dga~rct`ôf lci asflg& Ct|g xs`crc lcd`r xsc ih dsct|`ôf lc ih egrah lc ih oigbhi`{hd`ôf |`cfc xsc ucr dgf ih fgd`ôf lc orhf dhroh `lcgiôo`dh lc grlcf asfl`hi& T`f cabhrog xs`crg hdcf|shr cfàro`dhacf|c xsc cf ih acl`lh cf xsc ct|g ct htá a` ctescr{g hxsá tc mh l`rò`lg cf c}distùh h lhr dscf|h lc lgt |cflcfd`ht h~hrcf|cacf|c g~sct|ht; ih mgagocfc`{hd`ôf p ih mc|crgocf`{hd`ôf& Cf ûi|àh `ft|hfd`h habht |cflcfd`ht tàsi|èfcht tc dga~icacf|hf c `f|cr~cfc|rhf: `fdistg dshflg d`cr|hacf|c ~sclhf dgi`t`gfhr !p dgi`t`gfhf! cf t`|shd`gfct dgfdrc|ht& ^gr g|rh ~hr|c ih oigdhi`{hd`ôf ~sclc tcr !p htá gdsrrc lc mcdmg! sthlh ct|rh|ào`dhacf|c dgag gdsrrc dgf iht ct|rh|co`ht lc oigdhi`{hd`ôf ca~ichlht ~gr iht ca~rctht dgf|ca~grèfcht lc |cicu`t`ôf h ih bûtxsclh lc acrdhlgt oigbhict -A\U P DFF cf|rc g|rht)& Hi hrosacf|hr xsc ci dgfdc~|g hi stg lc oigbhi`{hd`ôf à~i`dh ig xsc ct|hráh ackgr lctdr`|g dgag oigdhi`{hd`ôf fg lckg lc rcdgfgdcr cf hbtgis|g xsc c}`t|cf asp lècrcf|ct aglgt lc oigdhi`{hd`ôf cf ih ~rèd|`dh& P hsfxsc orhf ~hr|c lc ig hxsá ïc c}~sct|g lc~cflc lci dgfdc~|g kh~gfàt lc oigdhi`{hd`ôf lc mcdmg mc ocfcrhi`{hlg ci dgfdc~|g lc ahfcrh xsc cf ~r`fd`~`g hbhrxsc hi asflg cf|crg& Cf ct|h ûi|àh ~crt~cd|ùh ih fgd`ôf kh~gfcth lc oigdhi`{hd`ôf h~hrcdc dgag sfh ucrt`ôf ~hr|`dsihr lc sf a`tag ecfôacfg ocfcrhi& Sfh dsct|`ôf à~gr|hf|c xsc tsroc lci dgfksf|g lc a` l`tdst`ôf |`cfc xsc ucr dgf iht egraht cf xsc lctlc xsc ca~c{ô h e`fhict lci tòig ]U@@@ ih crh lci Ct|hlg fhd`gfhi ci ~rg~`g Ct|hlg fhd`gfhi mh t`lg sf hocf|c à~gr|hf|c ~hrh ih ~rglsdd`ôf lc lùcrt`lhl p ih m`br`lhd`ôf Sfh uc{ aèt ct Kh~ôf ci xsc fgt ~rgdsrh lsrhf|c ci `f`d`g 28


lc ih crh Ac`k` ci ckca~ig aèt dgfgd`lg lc ig xsc _ct|fcp -80=?) iihah casihd`ôf |rhft!tgd`c|hi& ^gr a` ~hr|c ~rcecr`ráh ci |àra`fg "`fdgr~grhd`ôf tcicd|ùh" ~hrh lctdr`b`r ih c}|cfl`lh |cflcfd`h lc igt Ct|hlgt fhd`gfhict h "dg~`hr" `lcht p ~rèd|`dht lc g|rht tgd`clhlct !dga~rgac|`àflgtc cf orhlgt lùcrtgt lc t`t|cah|`d`lhl dgf ~rgpcd|gt lc à~gr|hd`ôf c m`br`lhd`ôf!& ^gr |hf|g hsfxsc pg a`tag fg mc lckhlg lc rcthi|hr xsc ih `lch dsi|srhi lc Ct|hlg fhd`gfhi ct sf "mcdmg oigbhi‑ lcbcagt rcdgfgdcr xsc igt Ct|hlgt fhd`gfhict tc dga~rgac|`crgf dgfdrc|hacf|c lctlc e`fhict lci tòig ]@] -_ct|fcp 80=?;88!82) cf ci h~rcfl`{hkc tcicd|ùg lc g|rht tgd`clhlct `fdgr~grhflg htá dhlh sfg lc ciiht sfh lècrcf|c ac{dih lc `lcht ’c}|rhfkcrht‑& C}`t|c hûf g|rg ehd|gr cf ct|h brcuc dgft`lcrhd`ôf lc iht ’dsi|srht fhd`gfhict mábr`lht‑& Tc |rh|h lci ecfôacfg lci fhd`gfhi`tag dsi|srh& Sfh uc{ aèt mh cacro`lg ct|c dgfdc~|g cf rcecrcfd`h ~hr|`dsihr h Kh~ôf& Tgbrc ih bhtc lc sfh l`tdst`ôf tgbrc ih `lch lc f`mgfk`frgf -ci l`tdsrtg lc p tgbrc ih t`fosihr`lhl kh~gfcth) Pgtm`fg -8002) hrosacf|h xsc ci f`mgfk`frgf mh ucf`lg t`cflg cf lùcrtgt orhlgt sfh ~rèd|`dh dgaûf& Lc egrah ct~cdáe`dh iht fhd`gfct aglcrfht mhf |cfl`lg h ~rgagucr l`tdsrtgt rcecr`lgt h ts ~rg~`h p ûf`dh lècrcfd`h ~rèd|`dh ct|àsihlh ~gr igt escr|ct cfu`|ct oigbhi`{hlgrct lc e`fhict lci tòig ]@] p dga`cf{gt ]]& Mhp xsc lcd`r h ct|c rct~cd|g xsc ig xsc hiosfht ucdct tc lcfga`fh ctcfd`hi`tag ct|rh|ào`dg !rcecr`lg tgbrc |glg h igt lùcrtgt |`~gt lc aguà`cf|gt lc i`bcrhd`ôf! ct asdmg aèt hf|òsg lc ig xsc tc ~sl`crh ~cfthr& Lc mcdmg tc |rh|h lc ih c}|cft`ôf p ocfcrhi`{hd`ôf lc sf ~rgdctg xsc hrrhfdh lc ihrog& E`fhiacf|c p rc|grfhflg ih dsct|`ôf lc ih egrah tgt|cflráh xsc lòhagt ig xsc lòhagt tgbrc ci lctgrlcf oigbhi ih `fdcr|`lsabrc htá dgag iht ocfcrhi`{hd`gfct p |cgr`{hd`gfct hi rct~cd|g tgf `fcu`|hbict& Fg lcbcráhagt dgfesfl`r iht dsct|`gfct ca~ár`dht dgf iht `f|cr~rc|h|ùht p hfhiá|`dht& ^glcagt tcoûf ct|ht ûi|àht dgfdis`r he`rahflg xsc ih egrah lc oigbhi`{hd`ôf tc rcdgfeòsrh cf ih hd|shi`lhl lc ahfcrh rceic}ùh lc |hi aglg xsc hdhbh mhd`cflg lc igt ~rgpcd|gt lc oigdhi`{hd`ôf ci rhtog dgft|`|s|ùg lc ih oigbhi`{hd`ôf dgf|ca~grèfch&

22


Rcecrcfd`ht B`bi`gorèe`dht

Hbs!Isomgl K& 8008h 8008b 800<

’Og`fo bcpgfl oigbhi bhbbic" cf H& L& J`fo -cl&) Dsi|src Oigbhi`{h|`gf hfl |mc _gril!Tpt|ca  Igflgf; Ahdaìihf& "_r`|`fo hoh`ft| dsi|src" cf R& O& Eg} -cl&) Rcdh~|sr`fo Hf|rg~gigop  Thf|c Ec FA; Tdmggi ge Hacr`dh Rctchrdm ^rctt& "Lùcrt`|p lcagdrhdp hfl tcie!lc|cra`fh|`gf `f hf srbhf fcòi`bgrmggl; |mc Cht| Uìihoc ge Ahfmh||hf" Tgd`hi Rctchrdm 58 -8)&

Hd|cr ^& 80=3

Fh|`gfhi`ta  Igflgf; Ucrtg&

Hflcrtgf B& 80=4

@aho`fcl Dgasaf`|`ct  Igflgf; Ucrtg&

H~~`hm J& H& 8002

@f Ap Eh|mcrt Mgstc; Her`dh `f |mc ^mìgtg~mp ge Dsi|src  Fcw

Pgrj; G}egrl Sfùcrt`|p ^rctt& Bhi`bhr C& 8008

Bhrbcr B& R& 8002

"Ct O`b| jc`fcf T|hh| `f Csrg~h; rhd`ta hfl ~gi`|`dt `f Csrg~c |glhp" Fcw Ice| Rcu`cw  8=5 -ahr{g'hbrì)&

"K`mhl Pt& Ad_gril" \mc Hiihf|`d  250 -4)&

Bcrocr ^& I& Bcrocr B& p Jciifcr M& 80?4 \mc Mgaciictt A`fl; Aglcrf`{h|`gf hfl Dgftd`gstfctt  Fcw Pgrj; Rhflga Mgstc& Bìi`fo|gf A& 8002

"\mc rc`fucf|`gf ge _ìi`ha Tmhjct~chrc" _gril ^rctt Rcu`cw -ksi`g)&

Bgsrl`cs ^&

24


80=<

L`t|`fd|`gf; H Tgd`hi Drá|`xsc ge |mc Ksloacf| ge \ht|c

Dhabr`loc AH; Mhruhrl Sfùcrt`|p ^rctt& Dmha~`gf H& O& -cl&) 80=0 Dgsf|crsrbhf`{h|`gf; \mc Dmhfo`fo ^hdc hfl Fh|src ge ^g~sih|`gf Lcdgfdcf|rh|`gf  Igflgf; Clwhrl Hrfgil& Dmhrict O& 8004

Dmhr|rhfl I& 8008

"Mgbtgf/t dmg`dc egr `flòcfgst ~cg~ict" cf R& L& Khdjtgf -cl&) Oigbhi @ttsct 04'0< Osìegrl D\; Lstmj`f&

"H fcw tgi`lhr`|p hagfo fh|ùc ~cg~ict" _gril ^rctt Rcu`cw -hogt|g)&

L`dd`gfhr`g G}egrl lc Fscuht ^hihbrht dga~ìhlg ~gr Thrh \siigdm 8008 G}egrl; G}egrl Sfùcrt`|p ^rctt& Ecrostgf A& 8002

Ercogt` ^& 800>

‑\mc ap|mgigop hbgs| oigbhi`{h|`gf" Csrg~chf Kgsrfhi ge Dgaasf`dh|`gf  ?&

Lrchat ge Ca~`rc; Fh~gicgf hfl |mc E`rt| _gril _hr  Fcw Pgrj;

Br`dj Ihfc ^rctt& Occr|{ D& 80=5

"\mc stct ge lùcrt`|p" A`dmòhf Xshr|crip  3 -8)&

O`llcft H& 800>

\mc

8008 Oihttcr @& 800<

Dgftcxscfdct

ge

Aglcrf`|p 

T|hfegrl DH; T|hfegrl

Sfùcrt`|p ^rctt& Aglcrf`|p hfl Tcie!ilc|`|`|p G}`grl; ^gi`|p&

Mgacicttfctt `f Oigbhi ^crt~cd|ùc  Fcw Pgrj; O& J& Mhii&

2<


Orccfecil I& 8002

Fh|`gfhi`ta; Eùc Rghlt |g Aglcrf`|p  Dhabr`loc AH; Mhruhrl

Sfùcrt`|p ^rctt& Mhbcraht K& 800<

’D`|`{cftm`~ hfl fh|`gfhi `lcf|`|p" cf B& uhf T|ccfbcrocf -cl&) \mc Dgfl`|`gf ge D`|`{cftm`~  Igflgf; Thoc&

Mhii T& 8008h

8008b

Mhflicr R& 800<

Mhffcr{ S& 800> 8002

"\mc igdhi hfl |mc oigbhi; oigbhi`th|`gf hfl c|f`d`|p" cf H& L& J`fo -cl&) Dsi|src Oigbhi`{h|`gf hfl |mc _gril!Tpt|ca  Igflgf; Ahdaìihf& "Gil hfl fcw `lcf|`|`ct gil hfl fcw c|mf`d`|`ct" cf H& L& J`fo -cl&) Dsi|src Oigbhi`{h|`gf hfl |mc _gril!Tpt|ca  Igflgf; Ahdaìihf&

"it /`lcf|`|p/ h stcesi drgtt!dsi|srhi dgfdc~|7/ cf K& R& Oìi`t -cl&) Dgaacagrh|`gft; \mc ^gi`|`dt ge Fh|`gfhi @lcf|`|p  ^r`fdc|gf FK; ^r`fdc|gf Sfùcrt`|p ^rctt&

"Dgtag~gi`|hft hfl igdhit `f wgril dsi|src" cf A& Ech|mcrt|gfc -cl&) Oigbhi Dsi|src  Igflgf; Thoc& Dsi|srhi Dga~ic}`|p; T|sl`ct `f |mc Tgd`hi Grohf`{h|`gf ge Achf`fo  Fcw Pgrj; Dgisab`h Sfùcrt`|p ^rctt&

Mgbtbhwa C& p Rhfocr \& -clt&) 80=4 \mc @fucf|`gf ge \rhl`|`gf Dhabr`loc ; Dhabr`loc Sfùcrt`|p ^rctt& KhfAgmhacl H& R& p Iigpl L& -clt&) 800> \mc Fh|src hfl Dgf|c}| ge A`fgr`|p L`tdgsrtc  G}egrl; G}egrl Sfùcrt`|p ^rctt& Kgmftgf ^&

23


8008

\mc B`r|m ge |mc Aglcrf; _gril Tgd`c|p 8=83!4> Fcw Pgrj;

Mhr~crDgii`ft& Jh~ihf R& L& 800<

"\mc dga`fo hfhrdmp‑ H|ihf|`d Agf|mip  2?4 -2)&

Jcrf T& 80=4

\mc Dsi|src ge \àc hfl T~hdc  8==>!808= Dhabr`loc AH;

Mhruhrl Sfùcrt`|p ^rctt& J`fo H& L& 8008

Ahtlcf R& 8004

AdOrhfc B& 80=0

"@f|rglsd|`gf; t~hdct ge dsi|src t~hdct ge jfgwicloc" cf H& L& J`fo -cl&) Dsi|src Oigbhi`{h|`gf hfl |mc _gril!Tpt|ca  Igflgf; Ahdaìihf&

"Oigbhi agfgdsi|src asi|`dsi|src hfl ~gipdsi|src" Tgd`hi Rctchrdm  5> -4)&

Bcpgfl Hf|rg~gigop Tgd`c|p hfl |mc G|mcr  Fcw Pgrj; Dgisab`h

Sfùcrt`|p ^rctt& AdFcìi _& M& 80=3

^gipc|mf`d`|p hfl Fh|`gfhi Sf`|p `f _gril m`t|grp  \grgf|g;

Sfùcrt`|p ge \grgf|g ^rctt& Acpcr _& K& 80=>

8002

A`pgtm` A& 8004

"\mc wgril ~gi`|p hfl |mc hf|mgr`|p ge |mc fh|`gf t|h|c" cf H& Bcroctcf -cl&) T|sl`ct ge |mc Aglcrf _gril Tpt|ca  Fcw Pgrj; Hdhlca`d ^rctt& ’Erga dgft|rsd|`gf`ta |g fcg!`ft|`|s|`gfhi`ta; rceicd|`gft gf Bcrocr hfl Isdjahff" ^crt~cd|ùct -HTH \mcgrp Tcd|`gf) 83-2)&

"H bgrlcrictt wgril; erga dgigf`hi`ta |g |rhftfh|`gfhi`ta hfl |mc lcdi`fc ge |mc fh|`gf!t|h|c" Dr`|`dhi @fxs`rp 80 -<)& p Mhrgg|sf`hf

25


M& L& -clt&) -80=0) ^gt|aglcrf`ta hfl Kh~hf  Lsrmha; Lsjc Sfùcrt`|p ^rctt& Aggrc T& E& 80=0

Fcitgf B& 80=8

^mìi`~t L& I& 8004

Rm`fcta`|m T& M& 8004

\mc ~rglsd|`gf ge dsi|srhi ~|srhi`ta ht h ~rgdctt" ^sbi`d Dsi|src  8 -2)&

"Dùì`{h|`gfhi dga~ic}ct hfl `f|crdùì`{h|`gfhi cfdgsf|crt" cf \& M& Msee -cl&) Gf |mc Rghlt |g Aglcrf`|p  \gigwh FK; Rgwahf % I`||`ce`cil&

Iggj`fo Bhdjwhrl; H Dr`|`dhi H~~rh`thi ge Dgaasf`|hr`hf \mgsom|  ^r`fdc|gf FK; ^r`fdc|gf Sfùcrt`|p ^rctt&

H Ahfhocrt Os`lc |g Oigbhi`{h|`gf  Hic}hflr`h UH; Hacr`dhf

Tgd`c|p egr \rh`f`fo hfl Lcucig~acf|& R`cee L& 8004

Rgbb`ft B& 8004

"Asi|`dsi|srhi`ta/t tìcf| ~hr|fcr; `|/t |mc cdgfgap t|s~`l" Mhr~crt &

Tcdsihr Ugdh|`gft; @f|ciicd|shit ^rgectt`gfhi`ta Dsi|src  Igflgf;

Ucrtg& Rgbcr|tgf R& 800>

8008

8002h 8002b

"He|cr fgt|hio`h7 _ìesi fgt|hio`h hfl |ìc ~mhtct ge oigbhi`{h|`gf" cf B& T& \srfcr -cl &) \mcgr`ct ge Aglcrf`|p hfl ^gt|aglcrf`|p  Igflgf; Thoc& "Tgd`hi |mcgrp dsi|srhi rcih|ù`|p hfl |mc ~rgbica ge oigbhi`|p" cf H& L& J`fo -cl&) Dsi|src Oigbhi`{h|`gf hfl |mc _gril!tpt|ca  Igflgf; Ahdaìihf& "Oigbhi`|p hfl aglcrf`|p" \mcgrp Dsi|src hfl Tgd`c|p  0 -2)& Oigbhi`{h|`gf; Tgd`hi \mcgrp hfl Oigbhi Dsi|src  Igflgf; Thoc& 2?


8004

8003

"Oigbhi`{h|`gf hfl tgd`gigo`dhi |mcgrp" cf M& Ahr|`ft -cl&) Jfgwicloc hfl ^htt`gf ; Ctthpt `f Mgfgsr ge Kgmf Rc}  Igflgf; \hsr`t& ’\mcgrp t~cdè`d`|p dmhfoc; casih|`gf tcicd|ùc `fdgr~grh|`gf hfl aglcrf`{h|`gf" cf B& Orhfdcii` -cl&) Tgd`hi Dmhfoc hfl Aglcrf`{h|`gf; Icttgft erga Cht|crf Csrg~c  Bcri`f; _hi|cr lc Orsp|cr&

Thmi`t A& 80?5

Dsi|src hfl ^rhd|`dhi Rchtgf  Dm`dhog; Dm`dhog Sfùcrt`|p ^rctt&

Thttcf T& 8008

\mc Oigbhi D`|p ; Fcw Pgrj Igflgf \gjpg  ^r`fdc|gf; ^r`fdc|gf

Sfùcrt`|p ^rctt& Tàgft O& E& Uè{xsc{ D& p Mhrr`t ^& R& 8004 \rhftdsi|srhi Ichlcrtm`~  Mgst|gf; Osie& Tgkh C& _& 80=0

^gtaglcra Ocgorh~m`ct; \mc Rchttcr|`gf ge T~hdc `f Dr`|`dhi Tgd`hi \mcgrp  Igflgf; Ucrtg&

\gai`ftgf K& 8008

Dsi|srhi @a~cr`hi`ta  Bhi|àgrc; Kgmft Mg~j`ft Sfùcrt`|p ^rctt&

\t`fo H& I& 8004

@f |mc Rchia ge |mc L`hagfl Xsccf  ^r`fdc|gf FK; ^r`fdc|gf

Sfùcrt`|p ^rctt& \srfcr B& T& 80=?

"H fg|c gf fgt|hio`h" \mcgrp Dsi|src hfl Tgd`c|p  < -8)&

_hiicrt|c`f @& 8008h

Sf|m`fj`fo Tgd`hi Td`cfdc; |mc Ià`|t ge F`fc|ccf|m!Dcf|srp ^hrhlòat  G}egrl; ^gi`|p ^rctt&

2=


8008b

_ct|fcp L& C& 80=?

’\mc fh|`gfhi hfl |mc sfùcrthi; dhf |mcrc bc tsdm h |m`fo ht wgril dsi|src7" cf H& L& J`fo -cl &) Dsi|src Oigbhi`{h|`gf hfl |mc _gril!Tpt|ca  Igflgf; Ahdaìihf&

@a`|h|`gf hfl @ffguh|`gf; \mc \rhftecr ge _ct|crf Grohf`{h|`gfhi ^h||crft |g Ac`k` Kh~hf  Dhabr`loc AH; Mhruhrl Sfùcrt`|p ^rctt&

Pgtm`fg J& 8002

Dsi|srhi Fh|`gfhi`ta `f Dgf|ca~grhrp Kh~hf; H Tgd`gigo`dhi Cfxs`rp  Igflgf; Rgs|icloc&

20

Glocalización:tiempo-espacio y homogeneidad heterogeneidad - Roland Robertson

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