BUKU
AJAR
DASAR HORTIKULTURA
Oleh:
Ir. Pratignja Sunu, MP
NIP. 130814565
Ir. Wartoyo SP., MS.
NIP. 130786659
JURUSAN/PROGRAM STUDI AGRONOMI FAKULTAS PERTANIAN UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET SURAKARTA 2006
KATA PENGANTAR
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Buku Dasar Hortikultura ini disusun dalam rangka mengembangkan Buku Ajar di Fakultas Pertanian khususnya Jurusan/Program Studi Agronomi untuk membantu mahasiswa dalam mengikuti kuliah agar lebih mudah dalam memahami materi yang diberikan dalam tatap muka dikelas. Dengan penyediaan buku ajar ini diharapkan selama tatap muka mahasiswa telah mempunyai bekal materi yang akan dibicarakan sehingga dalam kelas akan lebih banyak diskusi atau tanya jawab. Buku Ajar mata kuliah Dasar Hortikultura ini dapat tersusun atas biaya dari Program Hibah Kompetisi A3, Jurusan Agronomi, Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta pada Tahun Anggaran 2006. Mata kuliah Dasar Hortikultura diberikan pada mahasiswa Jurusan/Program Studi Agronomi Fakultas Pertanian UNS sebagai mata kuliah wajib dengan bobot sks: 2-1, juga kepada jurusan/program studi lain yang mengambilnya sebagai mata kuliah pilihan. Agar mahasiswa lebih mudah memahami materi kuliah ini, maka mahasiswa perlu mengambil mata kuliah Dasar Agronomi, Fisiologi Tanaman dan Ekologi terlebih dahulu., sedangkan untuk memperluas pengetahuannya mahasiswa perlu menelusuri buku/jurnal yang ditunjuk atau mengakses dari internet. Setelah mempelajari buku ini diharapkan mahsiswa akan dapat memecahkan masalah umum yang terkait dengan budidaya tanaman hortikultura sejak penyiapan lahan, bahan tanaman, panen sampai ke pengelolaan hasil hortikultura, agar dapat sampai kekonsumen tetap pada kondisi yang prima. Walau disadari bahwa buku ini masih jauh dari yang diharapkan karena keterbatasan penyusun, tetapi diharapkan buku ini ada manfaatnya bagi yang membutuhkannya, dan tidak lupa kritik yang bersifat membangun sangat diharapkan demi penyempurnaan buku ini. Surakarta, Agustus 2006
Penulis
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Halaman Judul
.......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ........................................... .....................
i
Kata Pengantar ............................................... ..................................................................... ............................................ ..................................... ...............
ii
Daftar Isi ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ............................................ ............................ ......
iii
Bab I
Pendahuluan ............................................... .................................................................... ........................................... ..................... A. Peranan Pembangunan Pertanian di Indonesia ................................... B. Kebijakan Pembangunan Pertanian ...................................................
1 1 2
Bab II
Definisi dan Prospek Hortikultura .......................................... ............................................................. ................... A. Definisi dan Pengertian Hortikultura .................................................. B. Tantangan dan Peluang ............................................... ..................................................................... ...................... C. Pengelolaan Hortikultura yang berkelanjutan .................................... D. Peran Perguruan Tinggi dalam Pengembangan Hortikultura ..............
4 4 5 7 10
Bab III
Faktor Lingkungan pada Tanaman Hortikultura ........................................ A. Radiasi Matahari ............................................ ................................................................... ................................... ............ B. Suhu ........................................ ............................................................... ............................................. ................................. ........... C. Tanah ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ............................ ...... D. Peran Unsur Hara bagi tanaman Hortikultura .....................................
14 15 20 25 30
Bab IV
Kemasakan dan Grading Buah dan Sayuran Sa yuran .............................................. A. Grade ......................................... ................................................................ ............................................. .............................. ........ B. Kemasakan .......................................... ................................................................ ........................................... .....................
38 39 41
Bab V
Pekarangan ................................................ ...................................................................... ............................................ ........................ .. A. Pengertian Pekarangan .......................................... ............................................................... ............................ ...... B. Fungsi Pekarangan ............................................... ..................................................................... ............................ ...... C. Faktor yang mempengaruhi bentuk, luas dan intensitas pekarangan ..
43 44 44 46 50 51
D. Kemungkinan Pengembangan Pekarangan ...................................... E. Rangkuman .......................................... ................................................................ ........................................... ..................... Bab VI
Proses Pasca Panen .............................................. .................................................................... .................................. ............ A. Perubahan Fisiologi produk Hortikultura setelah Panen ...................... B. Respirasi ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ........................... ..... C. Pengukuran Respirasi ............................................. .................................................................. ........................... ..... D. Faktor yang mempengaruhi laju Respirasi .........................................
55 56 57 59 60
Bab VII
Kerusakan pada Produk Hortikultura ....................................................... A. Pendahuluan ............................................. ................................................................... ....................................... ................. B. Jenis Kerusakan pada Produk Hortikultura ........................................ C. Faktor yang mempengaruhi Kerusakan Produk ................................. D. Usaha untuk mengurangi kerusakan Produk Hortikultura dalam Simpanan ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ........................
66 66 67 68 70
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A. PERANAN PEMBANGUNAN PERTANIAN DI INDONESIA
Akibat krisis ekonomi sejak pertengahan tahun 1997, jerih payah yang telah dibangun dalam pembangunan nasional selama lebih 30 tahun telah tersapu, sehingga memerosotkan kehidupan ekonomi. Hal ini telah menimbulkan permasalahan ekonomi yang berlarut-larut dan keresahan sosial yang berlanjut, seakan-akan menempatkan Indonesia ke awal pembangunan. Harapan untuk pulihnya perekonomian nasional di masa mendatang masih terbuka lebar, karena Indonesia masih memiliki berbagai kekuatan fundamen ekonomi seperti sumberdaya alam, manusia, infrastruktur, kelembagaan yang ada, pengalaman mengatasi kesulitan, akan menjadi modal awal untuk membangun kembali perekonomian nasional. Salah satu strategi pembangunan ekonomi yang diyakini dapat diandalkan adalah melalui pembangunan pertanian / agribisnis (Bungaran Saragih, 1999). Pembangunan Pertanian merupakan bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dari Pembangunan Nasional, yang dalam pelaksanaannya perlu adanya penyempurnaan atau reorientasi demi terwujudnya kemakmuran yang adil dan beradab. Oleh karena merupakan sektor yang keragaannya sangat mempengaruhi peri kehidupan penduduk Indonesia secara umum dan penduduk pedesaan secara khusus, maka reformasi di sektor pertanian harus dilakukan secara bertahap namun berkelanjutan, sehingga dampaknya tidak terjadi secara mendadak dan dalam skala besar yang justru dapat semakin memperburuk krisis krisis ekonomi saat ini (Soleh Solahuddin, Solahuddin, 1999). Reorientasi arah pembangunan pertanian tersebut pada dasarnya adalah keinginan untuk dapat menjawab tantangan-tantangan masa depan, yang pada hakekatnya dilandasi pada keinginan untuk menangkap signal-signal positif dari adanya perubahan-perubahan dalam lingkungan strategis baik berupa globalisasi (informasi, teknologi) maupun kondisi-kondisi sumberdaya Nusantara, terutama di sektor pertanian (Dudung Abdul Adjid, 1994). Perekonomian Indonesia tidak terlepas dari gejolak lingkungan strategis yang terus berkembang secara dinamis. Awal dari PJPT II ini ditandai dengan terjadinya arus Globalisasi yang yang mengakibatkan Pembangunan Nasional semakin terkait dengan perkembangnan dunia internasional antara lain dengan adanya persetujuan GATT (General Agreement on Tarrif and Trade) pada putaran Uruguay di Marakesh, bulan April 1994 yang bertujuan lebih meliberalisasikan perdagangan internasional dan pembentukan
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Akibat pengaruh globalisasi yang tidak mungkin dihindari ini makin lama produk pertanian khususnya produk hortikultura yang masuk ke Indonesia akan semakin beragam jenisnya dan volumenya akan semakin banyak. Menghadapi realitas ini mau tidak mau produk Hortikultura harus mampu bersaing dengan produk Hortikultura Hortikultura dari negara lain. B. KEBIJAKAN PEMBANGUNAN PEMBANGUNAN PERTANIAN PERTANIAN DALAM ERA REFORMASI
Pada era reformasi ini paradigma pembangunan pertanian harus semakin nyata berorientasi pada manusia, dimana petani diletakkan sebagai subyek, bukan semata-mata sebagai peserta dalam mencapai tujuan nasional. Karena itu pengembangan kapasitas masyarakat guna mempercepat upaya memberdayakan ekonomi petani, merupakan inti dari upaya pembangunan pertanian/pedesaan. Upaya tersebut dilakukan untuk mempersiapkan masyarakat pertanian menjadi mandiri dan mampu memperbaiki kehidupannya sendiri. Peran Pemerintah adalah sebagai stimulator dan fasilitator, sehingga kegiatan sosial ekonomi masyarakat petani dapat berjalan dengan sebaik-baiknya. Berdasarkan pada paradigma tersebut maka visi pertanian memasuki abad 21 adalah pertanian modern, tangguh dan efisien. Selanjutnya dikemukakan oleh Soleh Solahudin (1999), bahwa untuk mewujudkan visi pertanian tersebut, misi pembangunan pertanian adalah memberdayakan petani menuju suatu masyarakat tani yang mandiri, maju, sejahtera dan berkeadilan. Hal ini akan dapat dicapai melalui pembangunan pertanian dengan dengan strategi a)
Optimasi pemanfaatan sumber daya domestik (lahan, air, plasma nutfah, tenaga kerja, modal dan teknologi)
b)
Perluasan spektrum pembangunan pertanian melalui diversifikasi teknologi, sumber daya, produksi dan konsumsi
c) Penerapan rekayasa teknologi pertanian spesifik lokasi secara dinamis, dan d) Peningkatan efisiensi sistem agribisnis untuk meningkatkan produksi pertanian dengan kandungan IPTEK dan berdaya saing tinggi, sehingga memberikan peningkatan kesejahteraan bagi petani dan masyarakat secara berimbang. Salah satu langkah operasional strategis yang dilakukan dalam rangka mencapai sasaran tersebut di atas adalah Gerakan Mandiri (Gema) yang merupakan konsep langkah-langkah operasional
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Gerakan Mandiri Hortikultura Tropika Nusantara menuju ketahanan hortikultura ( Gema Hortina), dilaksanakan untuk mendorong laju peningkatan produksi hortikultura. Melalui gerakan ini
komoditas hortikultura yang dikembangkan adalah sayuran, buah-buahan, tanaman hias dan tanaman obat unggulan.
Komoditas yang diutamakan adalah yang bernilai ekonomi tinggi, mempunyai peluang pasar besar dan mempunyai potensi produksi tinggi serta mempunyai peluang pengembangan teknologi. Adapun upaya yang dilaksanakan untuk mendorong tumbuh dan berkembangnya hortikultura unggulan tersebut meliputi penumbuhan sentra agribisnis hortikultura dan pemantapan sentra hortikultura yang sudah ada (Soleh Solahuddin, 1999). Komoditas unggulan yang mendapat prioritas adalah :
Sayuran : kentang, cabe merah, kubis, bawang merah, tomat dan jamur
Buah-buahan : pisang, mangga, jeruk, nenas dan manggis
Tanaman hias : anggrek
Tanaman obat : jahe dan kunyit.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Bungaran Saragih, 1999. Sektor Agribisnis sebagai Tulang punggung punggung Pembangunan Pembangunan Ekonomi Indonesia. Gerakan Terpadu Peduli Pertanian, Undip Semarang. 14 pp. pp. Dudung Abdul Adjid, 1993. Kebijaksanaan Pengembangan Hortikultura di Indonesia dalam Pelita 13 pp. VI. Seminar dan Konggres PERHORTI. Malang 20-21 Nopember 1993. -------------------------, 1994. Pengembangan Agribisnis Hortikultura . Proc. Simp. Hort. Malang. p. 11 – 11 – 21. 21.
Nas.,
Strategi dan Kebijakan Pembangunan Pertanian Dalam Rangka Soleh Solahuddin, 1999. Penajaman Strategi Pertanian, Undip Semarang. Memperkokoh Sistem Pertanian Nasional . Gerakan Terpadu Peduli 21 pp.
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A.
DEFINISI DAN PENGERTIAN HORTIKULTURA
Hortikultura berasal dari kata “hortus” (= garden atau kebun) dan “colere” (= to cultivate atau budidaya). Secara harfiah istilah Hortikultura diartikan sebagai usaha membudidayakan tanaman buah buahan, sayuran dan tanaman hias (Janick, 1972 ; Edmond Edmond et al ., ., 1975). Sehingga Hortikultura merupakan suatu cabang dari ilmu pertanian yang mempelajari budidaya buah-buahan, sayuran dan tanaman hias. Sedangkan dalam GBHN 1993-1998 selain buah-buahan, sayuran dan tanaman hias, yang termasuk dalam kelompok hortikultura adalah tanaman obat-obatan. Ditinjau dari fungsinya tanaman hortikultura dapat memenuhi kebutuhan jasmani sebagai sumber vitamin, mineral dan protein (dari buah dan sayur), serta memenuhi kebutuhan rohani karena dapat memberikan rasa tenteram, ketenangan hidup dan estetika (dari tanaman hias/bunga). Peranan hortikultura adalah : a). Memperbaiki gizi masyarakat, b) memperbesar devisa negara, c) memperluas kesempatan kerja, d) d) meningkatkan pendapatan pendapatan petani, dan e)pemenuhan kebutuhan kebutuhan keindahan dan kelestarian lingkungan. Namun dalam kita membahas masalah hortikultura perlu diperhatikan pula mengenai sifat khas dari hasil hortikultura, yaitu : a). Tidak dpat disimpan lama, b) perlu tempat lapang (voluminous), c) mudah rusak (perishable) dalam pengangkutan, d) melimpah/meruah pada suatu musim dan langka pada musim yang lain, dan e) fluktuasi harganya tajam (Notodimedjo, 1997). Dengan mengetahui manfaat serta sifat-sifatnya yang khas, dalam pengembangan hortikultura agar dapat berhasil dengan baik maka diperlukan pengetahuan yang lebih mendalam terhadap permasalahan hortikultura tersebut. Hortikultura adalah komoditas yang akan memiliki masa depan sangat cerah menilik dari keunggulan komparatif dan kompetitif yang dimilikinya dalam pemulihan perekonomian Indonesia waktu mendatang. Oleh karenanya kita harus berani untuk memulai mengembangkannya pada saat ini.
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3,3 ton/ha menjadi 7,7 7,7 ton/ha, dan buah-buahan dari 7,5 7,5 ton/ha menjadi 9,9 ton/ha ton/ha (Amrin Kahar, 1994). Terjadinya peningkatan tersebut dapat dikatakan bahwa petani hortikultura merupakan petani yang responsif terhadap inovasi teknologi berupa : penerapan teknologi budidaya, penggunaan sarana produksi dan pemakaian benih/bibit yang bermutu. Tampak disini bahwa komoditas hortikultura memiliki potensi untuk menjadi salah satu pertumbuhan baru di sektor pertanian. Oleh karena itu dimasa mendatang perlu ditingkatkan lagi penanganannya terutama dalam menyongsong pasar bebas abad 21. B.
TANTANGAN DAN PELUANG
Indonesia adalah negara tropis dengan wilayah cukup luas, dengan variasi agroklimat yang tinggi, merupakan daerah yang potensial bagi pengembangan Hortikultura baik untuk tanaman dataran dataran rendah maupun dataran tinggi. Variasi agroklimat ini juga menguntungkan bagi Indonesia, karena musim buah, sayur dan bunga dapat berlangsung berl angsung sepanjang tahun. Peluang pasar dalam negeri bagi komoditas hortikultura diharapkan akan semakin meningkat dengan semakin meningkatnya jumlah penduduk dan pendapatan masyarakat, serta timbulnya kesadaran akan gizi di kalangan masyarakat. Peningkatan kebutuhan komoditas hortikultura ini juga ditunjang oleh perkembangan sektor industri pariwisata dan peningkatan ekspor. Apabila dilihat terhadap kebutuhan konsumsi buah dan sayuran, nampak bahwa kebutuhan masing-mas ing adalah 32,6 kg/kapita/tahun dan 32 kg/kapita/tahun, ternyata baru tercapai sekitar 21,1 kg/kapita/tahun dan 14 kg/kapita/tahun (Sunaryono, 1987, dalam Notodimedjo, 1997). Dari kenyataan tersebut tercermin adanya peluang dan tantangan yang harus kita hadapi. Di era globalisasi ini, kita dihadapkan pada persaingan yang semakin ketat, oleh karena itu kita harus mampu memanfaatkan keunggulan yang kita miliki, baik keunggulan komparatif maupun
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memiliki daya hidup dan berkembang secara mandiri serta mengakar pada struktur ekonomi dan struktur masyarakat Indonesia. Kita perlu menyadari bahwa kita dikelilingi oleh negara-negara yang memiliki daya saing yang kuat, apabila kita tidak meningkatkan daya saing maka tidak akan mampu bersaing, bukan hanya di pasar luar negeri, tetapi juga di pasar dalam negeri sendiri, yang telah nampak pada kasus sekarang ini, seperti : beras, gula, buah-buahan dan lainnya. Rendahnya daya saing sektor pertanian kita disebabkan oleh : sempitnya penguasaan lahan, tidak efisiennya usahatani, dan iklim usaha yang kurang kondusif serta ketergantungan pada alam masih tinggi. Untuk meningkatkan daya daya saing sektor pertanian ini tidak ada jalan lain, selain kerja keras masyarakat dan pemerintah untuk meningkatkan kualitas sumberdaya manusia pertanian, membuka areal pertanian baru yang dibagikan kepada petani-petani gurem/buruh tani, memperluas pengusahaan lahan oleh setiap keluarga tani dan menggunakan teknologi maju untuk meningkatkan produktivitas dan produksi pertanian (Siswono ( Siswono Yudohusodo, 1999). Dengan adanya arus globalisasi, tidak mungkin dihindari semakin lama produk hortikultura yang masuk ke Indonesia dari negara-negara lain akan semakin beragam jenisnya dan volumenya semakin banyak. Menghadapi realitas ini mau tidak mau produk hortikultura harus bersaing dengan produk dari negara lain. Dalam upaya pencapaian tujuan tersebut dengan tanpa mengesampingkan keberhasilankeberhasilan yang telah dicapai tentunya perlu dikaji berbagai permasalahan yang ada sehingga upaya pencapaian tujuan di atas dapat terlaksana dengan baik. Permasalahan yang menonjol dalam upaya pengembangan hortikultura ialah produktivitas yang masih tergolong rendah, hal ini merupakan refleksi dari rangkaian berbagai faktor yang ada, antara lain : pola usahatani yang kecil, mutu bibit yang rendah yang ditunjang oleh keragaman jenis/varietas, serta rendahnya penerapan teknologi budidaya (Dudung Abdul Abdul Adjid, 1993).
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produksi, tetapi lebih menitik beratkan pada pengembangan komoditi yang berorientasi pasar (agribisnis). C.
PENGELOLAAN HORTIKULTURA YANG BERKELANJUTAN
Komoditas hortikultura selain menjadi salah satu komoditas andalan ekspor non migas, tanaman dan produk yang dihasilkannya banyak memberikan keuntungan bagi manusia dan lingkungan hidup. Buah-buahan dan sayuran yang dikonsumsi bermanfaat bagi kesehatan tubuh manusia; pohon buah buahan, sayuran dan tanaman hias dapat berfungsi sebagai penyejuk, penyerap air hujan, peneduh dan penyerap CO 2 atau pencemar udara lainnya; limbah tanamannya serta limbah buah atau sayuran dapat dipergunakan sebagai pupuk organik atau kompos yang dapat menyuburkan tanah, sedang keindahannya dapat dinikmati dan berpengaruh baik bagi kesehatan jiwa. Tetapi keuntungankeuntungan tersebut menjadi berkurang manakala teknik budidaya yang dilaksanakan malah menimbulkan pencemaran, baik baik terhadap lingkungan hidup maupun terhadap kesehatan manusia. Dalam GBHN 1993 pembangunan pertanian hortikultura yang meliputi tanaman sayuran, buah buahan dan tanaman hias ditumbuh kembangkan menjadi agribisnis dalam rangka memanfaatkan peluang dan keunggulan komparatif berupa : iklim yang bervariasi, tanah yang subur, tenaga kerja yang banyak serta lahan yang tersedia. Produksi hortikultura diarahkan agar mampu mencukupi kebutuhan pasar dalam negeri termasuk agroindustri serta memenuhi kebutuhan pasar luar negeri. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut perlu penerapan sistem budidaya hortikultura yang lebih baik serta penggunaan teknologi yang tepat dan berwawasan lingkungan, yang sering dikenal dengan sistem GAP (Good Agricultural Practice). Sebagaimana kita ketahui sektor hortikultura baru mendapat perhatian setelah usaha swasembada beras tercapai, sehingga hasil-hasil penelitian yang dapat diterapkan untuk pengembangan hortikultura hortikultura di Indonesia masih terbatas. Teknologi yang saat ini diterapkan merupakan teknologi yang berorientasi pada pencapaian
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Penggunaan pestisida yang berlebihan akan mengakibatkan resistensi, resurjensi hama, timbulnya hama sekunder, terbunuhnya binatang bukan sasaran dan residu racun pada buah dan sayuran serta lingkungan.
Selain itu kegiatan pertanian secara intensif juga berperan dalam proses pemanasan bumi atau efek rumah kaca dan penipisan lapisan ozon antara lain melalui emisi gas metan dan N 2O akibat penggunaan pupuk pupuk buatan ( Kasumbogo Untung, Untung, 1994). Dengan demikian usaha pencapaian sasaran produksi untuk memenuhi permintaan dan target
dikhawatirkan akan semakin mengurangi sumber daya alam, mengurangi keaneka ragaman hayati dan meningkatkan pencemaran lingkungan. Dewasa ini lingkungan yang dikaitkan dengan produk pertanian sedemikian kuatnya diluncurkan terutama di negara-negara maju, sehingga penduduknya menuntut agar produk pertanian bebas dari cemaran bahan kimia, dan mereka mulai lebih suka mengkonsumsi mengkonsumsi produk yang dihasilkan melalui proses alami yang dikenal dengan pertanian organik organik (“organic farming”). Pertanian organik merupakan salah satu alternatif budidaya pertanian yang berwawasan lingkungan dan berkelanjutan yang bebas dari segala bentuk bahan inorganik seperti pupuk buatan, pestisida dan zat pengatur tumbuh. Pertanian organik memadukan berbagai cara seperti pergiliran tanaman, tumpangsari, penggunaan sisa bahan organik sebagai pupuk, serta pengendalian hama secara terpadu dengan mengoptimalkan cara biologis (Kasumbogo Untung, 1994). Kecenderungan seperti ini membuka suatu peluang baru dalam bisnis di bidang pertanian terutama tanaman hortikultura yang produknya sering dikonsumsi dikonsumsi secara langsung atau dalam keadaan segar. Selain itu ada alasan-alasan yang mendorong berkembangnya teknik bertani yang berwawasan lingkungan yaitu ratifikasi hasil KTT Bumi di Rio de Janeiro pada tahun 1992 yang dicantumkan dalam agenda 21, chapter 14, yang meminta agar setiap negara meninjau kembali berbagai
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D.
PERAN PERGURUAN TINGGI DALAM PENGEMBANGAN PENGEMBANGAN HORTIKULTURA
Peran Perguruan Tinggi untuk ikut mensukseskan pengembangan Hortikultura perlu ditingkatkan melalui Tri Dharma Perguruan Tinggi, yaitu : Pendidikan, Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat. Dalam pendidikan manusia yang bermutu, untuk memiliki sumber daya manusia yang berwatak membangun, bukan hanya pengetahuan semata yang perlu diajarkan, tetapi juga sikap hidup yang baik. Pendukung pembangunan pembangunan masa depan dengan makin majunya pengetahuan pengetahuan dan teknologi (industri), namun makin padatnya manusia Indonesia dan makin menciutnya sumber daya alam, menuntut kita makin peduli lingkungan, berarti harus lebih beradab dan santun, serta akrab dengan lingkungan. Bukannya angka produksi semata yang perlu kita raih, namun juga perlu diperhatikan mutu produknya. Untuk mencapai hal hal tersebut, masyarakat Hortikultura dituntut untuk peduli pada kehidupan kehidupan subsisten di berbagai pelosok marginal, namun juga menyiapkan perkembangan ekonomi global yang menuntut sistem produksi hortikultura yang canggih dan efisien untuk meraih devisa yang memiliki daya saing internal maupun internasional. Untuk menjadi hortikulturis modern, pendidikan dasar secara konvensional dalam hal teknik bercocok tanam intensif masih perlu diketahui, tetapi inovasi teknologi (bioteknologi dalam penciptaan varietas, sistem hidroponik maupun organic farming dalam produksi, atmosfir terkendali dalam penanganan segar, cara-cara prosesing canggih) perlu diajarkan (Sri Setyati, 1994).
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Penyampaian teknologi yaitu menyampaikan dan mengembangkan teknologi yang dihasilkan peneliti melalui para penyuluh kepada para pengguna pengguna
Penggunaan teknologi, yaitu penerimaan dan adopsi teknologi oleh para petani. Dari uraian di atas nampak jelas bahwa salah satu kunci keberhasilan dalam pengembangan
hortikultura ialah kualitas sumber daya manusia dari pelaku-pelaku yang berperan dalam pengembangan tersebut, yang erat kaitannya dengan tingkat pendidikannya. Oleh karena itu it u salah satu faktor penting dalam upaya pengembangan hortikultura adalah meningkatkan kualitas sumber daya manusia. Petani sebagai mata rantai akhir dari suatu proses alih teknologi dan sebagai pengguna teknologi tentunya kualitasnya perlu ditingkatkan pula, sehingga mereka dapat responsif terhadap terhadap informasi teknologi yang disampaikan. Mengingat keragaman karakteristik budaya, wilayah, sosial ekonomi dan komoditas yang dikembangkan petani, maka pola peningkatan kualitasnya perlu mempertimbangkan kondisi-kondisi tersebut. Pola pendidikan yang dianggap sesuai untuk diterapkan di tingkat petani adalah dalam bentuk Sekolah Lapang dengan sasaran para kelompok tani. Dengan porsi lapangan lebih besar dari pada teori dan sebagai obyek pembahasan adalah kondisi di wilayah wila yah mereka, maka pola ini dinilai sangat efektif dalam penyampaian informasi teknologi kepada petani (Amrin Kahar, 1994). Puslitbang Hortikultura menekankan kegiatan dari program penelitian hortikultura dewasa ini mencakup beberapa bidang (Adhi Santika , 1994), yaitu :
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b)
Penggunaan pestisida secara bijaksana dalam pengendalian hama penyakit tanaman hortikultura.
c) Konservasi, karakteristik, evaluasi dan pemanfaatan plasma nutfah. 4.
Bidang Penelitian Sunber Daya Manusia, meliputi : Pengkajian perilaku dan kinerja petani serta pedagang dalam menyelenggarakan menyelenggarakan usahatani hortikultura.
5.
Bidang Penelitian Kebijaksanaan dan Kelembagaan, meliputi : a) Pengkajian sistem insentif, investasi usahatani hortikultura b) Pengkajian masalah paten produk penelitian hortikultura c) Pengkajian pembinaan, pengawasan dan sertifikasi benih dan bibit hortikultura. Adapun hasil-hasil penelitian dari Perguruan Tinggi yang telah dilaksanakan baik oleh
mahasiswa maupun Staf Pengajarnya, dapat diterapkan pada petani hortikultura hortikultura di daerah sekitarnya sesuai dengan sumberdaya dan fasilitas yang dimiliki daerah tersebut untuk dikembangkan, sehingga nantinya mampu memberdayakan masyarakat tani hortikultura menjadi mandiri, maju, sejahtera dan berkeadilan secara berkelanjutan.
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Sri Setyati Haryadi, 1994. Perbaikan Pendidikan di Bidang Hortikultura. Proc. Simp. Hort. Nas., Malang. P 27 – 27 – 29. 29.
BAB III FAKTOR LINGKUNGAN PADA TANAMAN HORTIKULTURA
Dalam budidaya tanaman hortikultura agar diperoleh hasil panenan yang memuaskan maka perlu memperhatikan faktor lingkungan lingkungan tumbuh tanaman. Hal ini identik dengan faktor luar dan faktor di sekitar tanaman, dimana faktor dalam tanaman mempunyai peranan juga dalam produktivitas tanaman hortikultura. Faktor dalam pada tanaman yang dikendalikan oleh gen (DNA) disebut sebagai faktor keturunan (genetik). Sifat yang menyusun tanaman yang diturunkan dikenal sebagai genotype, genotype, sedangkan phenotype sedangkan phenotype merupakan merupakan sifat atau perilaku dari kenampakan total luar pada tanaman, dan biasanya diukur sebagai suatu hasil secara kuantitatif. Contohnya varietas kobis kobis yang tidak tahan terhadap udara panas krop-nya krop-nya tidak dapat berkembang apabila ditanam di dataran data ran rendah, sedangkan varietas varieta s kobis yang tahan panas seperti sepe rti KK dan da n KY Cross baik di dataran rendah maupun dataran tinggi, krop-nya dapat berkembang.
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A.
Radiasi Matahari.
Radiasi matahari merupakan faktor utama diantara faktor iklim yang lain, tidak hanya sebagai sumber energi primer tetapi karena pengaruhnya terhadap keadaan faktor-faktor yang lain seperti : suhu, kelembaban dan angin. Respon tanaman terhadap radiasi matahari pada dasarnya dapat dibagi menjadi tiga aspek, yaitu : intensitas, kualitas dan fotoperiodisitas. fotoperiodisitas. Ketiga aspek ini mempunyai mempunyai pengaruh yang berbeda satu dengan yang lainnya, demikian juga keadaannya di alam, sehingga untuk jelasnya akan diuraikan secara terpisah. 1. Intensitas Cahaya.
Intensitas cahaya adalah banyaknya energi yang diterima oleh suatu tanaman per satuan luas dan per satuan waktu (kal/cm2/hari). Pengertian intensitas disini sudah termasuk didalamnya lama penyinaran, yaitu lama matahari bersinar dalam satu hari, karena satuan waktunya menggunakan hari. Besarnya intensitas cahaya yang diterima oleh tanaman tidak sama utuk setiap tempat dan dan waktu, karena tergantung : a.
Jarak antara matahari dan bumi, misalnya pada pagi pagi dan dan sore hari intensitasnya lebih rendah
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Pengaruh intensitas cahaya terhadap pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman sejauh mana berhubungan erat dengan proses fotosintesis. Dalam proses ini energi cahaya diperlukan untuk berlangsungnya penyatuan CO2 dan air untuk membentuk karbohidrat. Semakin besar juml;ah energi yang tersedia akan memperbesar jumlah hasil fotosintesis sampai dengan optimum (maksimum). Untuk menghasilkan berat kering yang maksimal, tanaman memerlukan intensitas cahaya penuh. Namun demikian intensitas cahaya cahaya yang sampai pada pada permukaan kanopi kanopi tanaman sangat bervariasi, hal ini merupakan salah satu sebab potensi produksi tanaman aktual belum diketahui. Besarnya kuat cahaya yang mengenai bidang sasaran ada yang menyatakan dengan satuan foot candle (ft-c) dari Inggris. Ft-c menggambarkan kuat penyinaran yang dipancarkan oleh satu lilin standar yang mengenai permukaan bidang sasaran seluas 1 square foot (= 928,088 cm2) pada radius penyinaran 12 inchi (= 30,48 cm). Dalam praktik sehari-hari cahaya bulan diperkirakan mempunyai kuat cahaya 0,05 ft-c, sinar untuk membaca besarnya 20 ft-c, sedangkan untuk proses fotosintesis minimal antara 100-200 ft-c. Penelitian pada tanaman tomat di Michigan, USA menunjukkan bahwa persentase berat
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Gambar 2. Panjang gelombang gelombang radiasi matahari
Cahaya matahari yang sampai ke bumi hanya sebagian saja, selebihnya cahaya tersebut
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per harinya, semakin jauh dari equator panjang hari dapat lebih atau kurang sesuai dengan pergerakan matahari. Secara umum dapat dikatakan bahwa semakin lama tanaman mendapatkan pencahayaan matahari, semakin intensif proses fotosintesis, sehingga hasil akan tinggi. Akan tetapi fenomena ini tidak sepenuhnya benar karena beberapa tanaman memerlukan lama penyinaran yang berbeda untuk mendorong fase pembungaan. Fotoperiodisitas tidak hanya berpengaruh terhadap jumlah makanan yang dihasilkan oleh suatu tanaman, tetapi juga menentukan waktu pembungaan pada banyak tanaman. Berdasarkan respon tanaman terhadap panjang hari (fotoperiodisme) maka tanaman dapat digolongkan menjadi tiga kelompok : a) Golongan tanaman hari panjang ( long day plants), plants ), b) Tanaman hari pendek ( short day plants) plants) dan c). Tanaman hari netral (neutral (neutral day plants). plants ). Disamping itu dikenal pula panjang hari kritis yaitu panjang hari maksimum (untuk tanaman hari pendek) dan minimum (untuk tanaman hari panjang) dimana inisiasi pembungaan masih terjadi. Panjang hari kritis berbeda-beda menurut jenis tanaman dan bahkan varietas.
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Buah Bunga
Strawberry chrysanthemum, Cosmos bouvardia, Stevia poinsetia
China aster, gardenia, delphinium
strawberry Carnation, dianthus, Violet cyclamon
Di Indonesia panjang hari tidak banyak berbeda dari bulan ke bulan selama satu tahun, perbedaan hari terpanjang dan terpendek hanya 50 menit. Semakin jauh dari equator perbedaan panjang hari akan semakin besar. Dengan demikian pengaruh panjang hari terhadap tanaman juga jarang ditemui di daerah tropika. Pengetahuan tentang panjang hari ini sangant penting bila akan mengadakan introduksi suatu varietas baru dari luar negeri, atau pemilihan varietas yang cocok untuk suatu daerah, dan bagi pemulia tanaman dalam upaya mendapatklan varietas baru yang tahan terhadap panjang hari (tanaman hari netral).
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radiasi matahri semakin besar atau jarak antara matahari dan permukaan permukaan bumi semakin jauh. jauh. Akan tetapi insolasi total untuk satu musim pertumbuhan tanaman hampir sama karena panjang hari yang lebih lama; b) Altitude (tinggi tempat dari permukaan laut) : semakin tinggi altitude insolasi semakin rendah, setiap naik 100 m suhu turun 0,6 0C ; c). Musim berpengaruh berpengaruh terhadap insolasi dalam kaitannya dengan kelembaban kelembaban udara dan keadaan awan; d). Angin juga sering berpengaruh terhadap insolasi, apalagi bila angin tersebut membawa uap panas. Selain keragaman atar daerah, suhu juga bervariasi berdasarkan waktu, baik suhu udara maupun suhu tanah (pagi-siang-sore).
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Tanaman Buah-buahan Apel, pear, cherry, plum, strawberry, grape, blackberry, raspberry
Tanaman Sayuran Asparagus, spinach, lectuce, kobis, beet, wortel, arcis (pea), kentang
Tanaman Bunga & Hias Carnation, geranium, petunia, zennia, pansy
Tanaman Tanaman musim musim panas panas (Optimum (Optimum suhu suhu : 60 60 - 75 F) Peach, apricot, citrus, olive, Tomat, lombok, terong, Rose, poinsettia, gardenia, fig, persimon, grape ketimun, semangka, waluh, euphorbia, amaryllis, orchid cantaloupe, beans (kacangkacangan)
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b.
Desikasi (desiccation ) : disebut dengan istilah kekeringan fisiologis, bukan karena tidak ada
air dalam tanah melainkan absorpsi air oleh akar terhambat karena berkurangnya permeabilitas selaput akar atau karena naiknya viskositas air dal am tanah dan bahkan membeku. c.
Heaving : : adalah kerusakan tanaman karena hubungan akar dan bagian atas tanaman terputus
disebabkan adanya kristal es pada permukaan tanah. d.
0
akibat suhu rendah di atas titik beku beku ( 4 C). Gejalanya : garisChilli ng : adalah kerusakan akibat garis khlorosis pada daun.
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kaitannya dengan panjang hari akan berpengaruh pada inisiasi pembungaan yang pada akhirnya mempengaruhi umur panen. Suhu udara dan atau suhu tanah berpengaruh terhadap tanaman melalui proses metabolisme dalam tubuh tanaman, tanaman, yang tercermin dalam berbagai karakter seperti : laju pertumbuhan, dormansi dormansi benih dan kuncup serta perkecambahannya, pembungan, pertumbuhan buah dan pendewasaa n/pematangan jaringan atau organ tanaman. Respon tanaman terhadap suhu dan suhu optimum tanaman berbeda-beda tergantung kepada :
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b)
Keadaan kapasitas lapang, bila air telah mencapai keadaan maksimum selama beberapa waktu terjadi pergerakan air ke bawah sampai akhirnya gerakan terhenti, keadaan demikian disebut kapasitas lapang ( ( Field capasity). capasity). Disini pori makro sebagian diisi udara, sedang pori mikro penuh dengan air.
c)
Keadaan titik layu, yaitu keadaan air tanah sudah sangat berkurang, dimana ruang pori makro dan mikro tidak berisi air, dan
d)
Keadaan air higroskopis, yaitu air sudah habis sama sekali, kecuali pada permukaan partikel-
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sistem perakaran yang dalam dan rapat dapat bertahan kekeringan pada tingkat yang lebih besar daripada tanaman yang sistem perakarannya dangkal dan tidak rapat. Pada umumnya akar-akar
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c.
Konsentrasi dari larutan tanah Makin besar jumlah partikel-partikel yang terlarut pada suatu volume larutan, penghambatan
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terlarut dengan air dalam rambut-rambut akar dan biasanya dengan air di tana. Disebabkan kadar air yang lebih rendah di rambut akar, air meresap masuk dari tanah ke akar. Lebih rendahnya konsentrasi air di
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D.
PERANAN UNSUR HARA BAGI TANAMAN
Unsur hara atau nutrisi merupakan faktor penting bagi pertumbuhan tanaman yang dapat
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Tanaman legume mampu mengambil N2 dari atmosfir dengan bantuan Rhizobia sp. Hanya sedikit N tanah yang digunakan oleh tanaman legume.
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