Chapter 1 Multiple Choice Questions
1. Mrs. Smith is writing her daily observations of a student and writes, without interpretation, that the student is not completing the class work and is constantly speaking out of turn. Which of the following objectives does she appear to be using? a. prediction b. description c. eplanation d. eploration !. Which of the following is a form of research typically conducted by teachers, counselors, and other professionals to answer "uestions they have and to specifically help them solve local problems? a. action research b. basic research c. predictive research d. orientational research #. $ow much confidence should you place in a single research study? a. you should completely trust a single research study. b. you should trust research findings after different researchers have found the same findings c. neither a nor b d. both a and b %. &he development of a solid foundation of reliable knowledge typically is built from which type of research? a. basic research b. action research c. evaluation research d. orientational research '. Which form of reasoning is the process of drawing a specific conclusion from a set of premises? a. rationalism b. deductive reasoning c. inductive reasoning d. probabilistic (. &he idea that when selecting between two different theories with e"ual eplanatory value, one should select the theory that is the most simple, concise, and succinct is known as )))))))))))). a. criterion of falsifiability b. critical theory c. guide of simplicity d. rule of parsimony *. +esearch that is done to eamine the findings of someone else using the same variables but different people is which of the following? a. eploration b. hypothesis c. replication d. empiricism -. )))))))))))))))) )))))))))))))))) is the idea that knowledge comes from eperience. a. rationalism b. deductive reasoning c. logic d. empiricism
. /ccording to your tet, what are the five key objectives of science? a. prediction, summary, summar y, conclusion, conclusion, eplanation, description b. influence, prediction, "uestions, eploration, answers c. exploration, description, explanation, prediction, influence d. "uestions, answers, prediction, eplanation, summary 10. / researcher designs an eperiment to test how variables interact to influence how well children learn spelling words. n this case, the main purpose of the study was2 a. Explanation b. 3escription c. nfluence d. 4rediction 11. &here is a set of churches in the 5.S. where part of the service involves snake handling. &he researcher wants to find out why the people attending these churches do this and how they feel and think about it. n this case, the primary purpose of the study is2 a. Exploration b. 3escription c. nfluence d. 4rediction 1!. Which of the following following is not a characteristic of a good good theory or eplanation? a. t is parsimonious b. t is testable c. t is general enough to apply to more more than one place, situation, or person d. All of the above are are characteristics characteristics of good theories theories 1#. Which of the following following is not a basic assumption assumption of science? a. Science cannot provide provide answers to all "uestions b. t is possible to distinguish between more and less plausible claims c. +esearchers should follow certain agreed upon norms and practices d. Science is best at solving value value conflicts, such as whether whether abortion is immoral 1%. What general type of research is focused on collecting information to help a researcher advance an ideological or political position? a. 6valuation research b. 7asic research c. /ction research d. Orientational research 1'. Which 8scientific method9 follows these steps2 1: observation;data, !: patterns, #: theory? a. Inductive b. 3eductive c. mductive d. &op down 1(. +ene 3escartes is associated with which of the following approached to knowledge generation? a. 6mpiricism b. Rationalism c. 6pert opinion d.
. /ccording to your tet, what are the five key objectives of science? a. prediction, summary, summar y, conclusion, conclusion, eplanation, description b. influence, prediction, "uestions, eploration, answers c. exploration, description, explanation, prediction, influence d. "uestions, answers, prediction, eplanation, summary 10. / researcher designs an eperiment to test how variables interact to influence how well children learn spelling words. n this case, the main purpose of the study was2 a. Explanation b. 3escription c. nfluence d. 4rediction 11. &here is a set of churches in the 5.S. where part of the service involves snake handling. &he researcher wants to find out why the people attending these churches do this and how they feel and think about it. n this case, the primary purpose of the study is2 a. Exploration b. 3escription c. nfluence d. 4rediction 1!. Which of the following following is not a characteristic of a good good theory or eplanation? a. t is parsimonious b. t is testable c. t is general enough to apply to more more than one place, situation, or person d. All of the above are are characteristics characteristics of good theories theories 1#. Which of the following following is not a basic assumption assumption of science? a. Science cannot provide provide answers to all "uestions b. t is possible to distinguish between more and less plausible claims c. +esearchers should follow certain agreed upon norms and practices d. Science is best at solving value value conflicts, such as whether whether abortion is immoral 1%. What general type of research is focused on collecting information to help a researcher advance an ideological or political position? a. 6valuation research b. 7asic research c. /ction research d. Orientational research 1'. Which 8scientific method9 follows these steps2 1: observation;data, !: patterns, #: theory? a. Inductive b. 3eductive c. mductive d. &op down 1(. +ene 3escartes is associated with which of the following approached to knowledge generation? a. 6mpiricism b. Rationalism c. 6pert opinion d.
1-. Which scientific method is a bottom=up or generative approach to research? a. 3eductive method b. nductive method c. $ypothesis method d. 4attern method 1. Which scientific method focuses on testing hypotheses developed from theories? a. Deductive method b. nductive method c. $ypothesis method d. 4attern method !0. Which scientific method often focuses on generating new hypotheses and theories? a. 3eductive method b. nductive method c. $ypothesis method d. 4attern method !1. Which of the following statements is true of a theory? a. it most simply means 8eplanation9 b. it answers the 8how9 and 8why9 "uestions c. it can be a well developed eplanatory system d. all of the above are correct /nswers2 1. b !. a #. b
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Chapter 2 Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which research paradigm is based on the pragmatic view of reality? a. "uantitative research b. "ualitative research c. mixed research d. none of the above !. Which research paradigm is least concerned about generali>ing its findings? a. "uantitative research b. !ualitative research c. mied research d. none of the above #. Which of the following best describes "uantitative research? a. the collection of nonnumerical data b. an attempt to confirm the researcher"s researcher"s hypotheses c. research that is eploratory d. research that attempts to generate a new theory %. / condition or characteristic that can take on different values or categories is called ))). a. a constant b. a variable c. a cause=and=effect relationship d. a descriptive relationship
1. a !0. b !1. d
'. / variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is called an:2 a. categorical variable b. dependent variable c. independent variable d. intervening variable (. /ll of the following are common characteristics of eperimental research ecept2 a. it relies primarily on the collection of numerical data b. it can produce important knowledge about cause and effect c. it uses the deductive scientific method d. it rarely is conducted in a controlled setting or environment *. @ualitative research is often eploratory and has all of the following characteristics ecept2 a. it is typically used when a great deal is already #nown about the topic of interest b. it relies on the collection of nonnumerical data such as words and pictures c. it is used to generate hypotheses and develop theory about phenomena in the world d. it uses the inductive scientific method -. Which type of research provides the strongest evidence about the eistence of cause=and=effect relationships? a. noneperimental +esearch b. experimental Research . What is the key defining characteristic of eperimental research? a. etraneous variables are never present b. a positive correlation usually eists c. a negative correlation usually eists d. manipulation of the independent variable 10. n ))))), random assignment to groups is never possible and the researcher cannot manipulate the independent variable. a. basic research b. "uantitative research c. eperimental research d. causal$comparative and correlational research 11. What is the defining characteristic of eperimental research? a. resistance to manipulation b. manipulation of the independent variable c. the use of open=ended "uestions d. focuses only on local problems 1!. / positive correlation is present when ))))))). a. two variables move in opposite directions. b. two variables move in the same direction. c. one variable goes up and one goes down d. several variables never change. 1#. +esearch in which the researcher uses the "ualitative paradigm for one phase and the "uantitative paradigm for another phase is known as )))))). a. action research b. basic research c. "uantitative research d. mixed method research e. mied model research
1%. +esearch in which the researcher uses both "ualitative and "uantitative research within a stage or across two of the stages in the research process is known as )))))). a. action research b. basic research c. "uantitative research d. mied method research e. mixed model research 1'. +esearch that is done to understand an event from the past is known as )))))? a. eperimental research b. historical research c. replication d. archival research 1(. )))))) research occurs when the researcher manipulates the independent variable. a. causal=comparative research b. experimental research c. ethnography d. correlational research 1*. Which of the following includes eamples of "uantitative variables? a. age, temperature, income, height b. grade point average, aniety level, reading performance c. gender, religion, ethnic group d. both a and b 1-. What is the opposite of a variable? a. a constant b. an etraneous variable c. a dependent variable d. a data set 1. Which of the following is the type of noneperimental research in which the primary independent variable of interest is categorical? a. causal$comparative research b. eperimental research c. "ualitative research d. mied research !0. Which of the following can best be described as a categorical variable? a. age b. annual income c. grade point average d. religion !1. n research, something that does not vary is called a ))))))))))). a. variable b. method c. constant d. control group !!. When interpreting a correlation coefficient epressing the relationship between two variables, it is very important to avoid ))))))). a. checking the strength of relationship b. %umping to the conclusion of causality c. checking the direction of the relationship d. epressing a relationship with a correlation coefficient
!#. / researcher studies achievement by children in poorly funded elementary schools. She develops a model that posits parent involvement as an important variable. She believes that parent involvement has an impact on children by increasing their motivation to do school work. &hus, in her model, greater parent involvement leads to higher student motivation, which in turn creates higher student achievement. Student motivation is what kind of variable in this study? a. Manipulated variable b. 6traneous variable c. Aonfounding variable d. &ediating or intervening variable !%. &he strongest evidence for causality comes from which of the following research methods? a. Experimental b. Aausal=comparative c. Aorrelational d. 6thnography !'. Which correlation is the strongest? a. B.10 b. =.' c. B.0 d. $'.(( !(. &he correlation between intelligence test scores and grades is2 a. )ositive b.
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!. Chapter 3 #0. Multiple Choice Questions #1.
#!. 1. / good "ualitative problem statement2 ##. a. 3efines the independent and dependent variables *+. b. onveys a sense of emerging design #'. c. Specifies a research hypothesis to be tested #(. d. Specifies the relationship between variables that the researcher epects to find #*.
#-. !. &he 8tool9 function of theory is to2 #. a. Summari>e eisting knowledge %0. b. Summari>e eisting hypotheses +'. c. Suggest new relationships and ma#e new predictions
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%%. #. &he statement of purpose in a research study should2 %'. a. dentify the design of the study +-. b. dentify the intent or ob%ective of the study
%*. c. Specify the type of people to be used in the study
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%-. d. 3escribe the study %. '0. %. Why is the statement 8What are the effects of etracurricular activities on cognitive development of school age children9 not a good statement of a "uantitative research "uestion? '1. a. 7ecause there is no connection between etracurricular activities and cognitive '!. development '#. b. 7ecause there are not enough school age children engaged in etracurricular activities '%. to conduct the study ''. c. 7ecause the study would be too difficult to do given all the different etracurricular '(. activities /. d. 0ecause the statement was not specific enough to provide an understanding of the 1. variables being investigated '. (0. '. / "ualitative research "uestion2
(1. a. /sks a "uestion about some process, or phenomenon to be eplored (!. b. s generally an open=ended "uestion -*. c. both a and b are correct
(%. d.
ing current knowledge '. b. Making predictions
(. c. 6plaining 6plaining phenomena phenomena 3/. d. All of the above above are important important functions of theory theory -. . 1!. / review of the literature prior to formulating formulating research "uestions allows the researcher to do which of the following? 100. 100. a. &o beco become me fami famili liar ar with with prio priorr res resea earc rch h on on the the phen phenom omen enon on of inte intere rest st 101. 101. b. &o iden identi tify fy pote potent ntia iall met metho hodo dolo logi gica call pro probl blem emss in in the the res resea earc rch h are areaa 10!. 10!. c. &o deve develo lop p a lis listt of perti pertine nent nt prob problem lemss relati relative ve to the the phen phenom omen enon on of inte interes restt '(*. d. Al A ll of the above 10%. 10'. 10'. 1#. 1#. Some Sometim times es a comp compreh rehen ensi sive ve review review of the the liter literatu ature re prio priorr to data data coll collect ectio ion n is not recommended by grounded theorists. '(-. a. 2rue 10*. b. Calse 10-. 10. 0. 1%. 1%. What What kin kind of idea ideass can canEEt be emp empiric irical ally ly rese resear arch ched ed?? 110. a. 6ffe 6ffect ctiv iven enes esss of diff ifferen erentt meth ethods ods of inst instru ruct ctio ion n 111. b. 3escription of educational practices ''4. c. ssu ssues es of valu values es and and mor moral alit ityy suc such h as as the the corr correc ectn tnes esss of of hav havin ing g pra praye yerr in in sch schoo ools ls 11#. d. Cactors hel help pful in in predictin ting fut future dr drug use 11%. 11'. 11'. 1'. 1'. Which Which of the the fol follo lowi wing ng is not not a data databa base se cont contain ainin ing g inf infor orma matio tion n to to be be used used duri during ng the the literature review? 11(. a. 6+A 11*. b. 4sych
study was conducted on one of the surgical units and the obstetrical;gynecological unit of a #*%=bed community hospital.9 '+'. a. t is a well stated 1%!. b. t is poorly stated 1%#. 1%%. 1%'. 1%'. !0. !0. Whic Which h of of the the foll follow owin ing g "ua "uant ntit itat ativ ivee res resea earc rch h "ue "uest stio ions ns is supe superi rior or?? 1%(. 1%(. a. 8W 8Wha hatt is is the the effe effect ct of parti particip cipat atio ion n in in vari variou ouss et etrac racur urri ricu cular lar activ activit itie iess on on acad academ emic ic performance?9 '+/. '+/. b. 56ha 56hatt eff effec ectt doe doess pla playi ying ng high high scho school ol foot footba ball ll have have on stud studen ents ts"" over overal alll gra grade de poin pointt average during the football season78 1%-. 1%. 1%. !1. !1. / stat statem emen entt of the the "uan "uanti tita tati tive ve rese resear arch ch "ues "uesti tion on shou should ld22 1'0. 1'0. a. 6te 6tend nd the the statem statemen entt of purp purpos osee by spec specify ifying ing eac eactly tly the the "uest "uestio ion ns: s: the the rese researc arche herr will will 1'1. address 1'!. 1'!. b. $elp $elp the the resear research ch in select selectin ing g appr approp opri riat atee part partici icipa pants nts,, resea research rch metho methods ds,, measu measure res, s, and and 1'#. materials 1'%. c. Specify the variables of interest '. d. Al A ll of the above 1'(. 1'*. 1'*. !!. !!. &he &he resea research rch part partici icipa pant ntss are are des descri cribe bed d in in det detail ail in whic which h sect sectio ion n of of the the resea researc rch h pla plan? n? 1'-. a. ntroduction '3. b. ðod 1(0. c. 3ata analysis 1(1. d. 3iscussion 1(!. 1(#. !#. +esearch hypotheses are )))))). 1(%. a. Cormulated ted prior to a review of the lit literatu ature 1('. ('. b. Stat Statem emen ents ts of pre predi dict cted ed rela relati tion onsh ship ipss bet betwe ween en varia ariabl bles es 1((. ((. c. Stat Stated ed such such that that they they can can be conf confir irm med or refu refute ted d '-/. d. b and c 1(-.
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!%. !%. $ypo $ypoth thes eses es in "ual "ualit itat ativ ivee rese resear arch ch stud studie iess usua usuall lly y )))) ))))). ). a. /re /re ver very y spec specif ific ic and and stat stated ed prio priorr to to begi begin nnin ning th the stu study dy b. Are Are ofte often n gene genera rate ted d as the the data data are are coll collec ecte ted, d, inte interp rpre rete ted, d, and and anal analy9 y9ed ed c. /r /re never used d. /re alwa alway ys sta state ted d aft after er the the res resea earc rch h stu study dy has has bee been n comp comple lete ted d
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!'. / research plan ))))). a. Sh S hould be detailed b. Shou Should ld be giv given to other therss for for rev review iew and and comm commen ents ts c. Sets out the rat rationale ale for a rese esearc arch stu study d. Al A ll of the above
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Aontains a sta stateme ement of of th the pu purpo rpose of th the st study Aonc Aonclu lude dess wit with h a sta statem temen entt of of the the resea researc rch h "ue "uesti stion onss and and,, for for "uan "uantit titati ative ve resea research rch,, it it the research hypothesis Al A ll of the above
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!-. !-. /ccordi ccording ng to your your tet, tet, whic which h of of the the foll follow owin ing g is is not not a sou sourc rcee of of res resear earch ch ideas ideas?? a. 6veryday life b. 4ractical issues c. 4ast research d. &heory e. All of the the above bove ARE sour sourcces of rese esearch arch idea ideass
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1#. a 1*. d !1. d !'. d 1%. c 1-. e !!. b !(. e 1'. d 1. a !#. d !*. d 1(. d !0. b !%. b !-. e 205. 206. !0*. Chapter !0-. Multiple Choice Questions !0. 1. 6thi 6thics cs is the the set set of of pri princ ncip iple less and and gui guide deli line ness that that hel help p us us to to uph uphol old d the the thin things gs we valu value. e. a. &rue b. Calse !. Which hich of the the fol follo lowi wing ng is nece necess ssar ary y in in obt obtai aini ning ng info inform rmed ed cons consen ent? t? a. / desc descri ript ptio ion n of the the sta stati tist stic ical al anal analy yses ses that that will will be carr carrie ied d out out b. / descr scription of the purpose of the researc arch c. / desc descri ript ptio ion n of the the rel relia iabi bili lity ty and and vali validi dity ty of test test inst instru rume ment ntss d. / list list of publ public icat atio ions ns that that the the res resea earc rche herr has has had had in in the the last last ten ten yea years rs #. Whic Which h of of the the foll follow owin ing g nee need ds: s: to be obta obtain ined ed when when doin doing g rese researc arch h wit with h chi child ldre ren? n? a. nformed consen sent from the parent or guardian b. /ssent fro from the child if he or she she is capabl able c. nformed consent from the child d. 7o 7oth a and b %. Which hich of the the fol follo lowi wing ng is true true abou aboutt the the use use of of dec decep epti tion on in rese resear arch ch?? a. t should never be used b. t can be used anytime c. f ther theree is is dec decep epti tion on in a stu study dy,, the the par parti tici cipa pant ntss may may need need to be debr debrie iefe fed d d. &he &he use use of dece decept ptio ion n mus mustt be be out outwe weig ighe hed d by by oth other er bene benefi fits ts of the the stu study dy e. 7oth c and d are true
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'. Whic Which h of of the the foll follow owin ing g gen gener erall ally y can canno nott be be done done in in "ua "ualit litati ative ve stu studi dies es con condu duct cted ed in in the the a. G et etting informed consent b. Heeping particip cipant ants from rom physic sical harm arm c. Maintaining consent forms
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d. $aving full anonymity rather than just confidentiality
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(. What is the primary approach that is used by the +7 to assess the ethical acceptability of a
research study? !%0.
a. 5tilitarianism
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b. 3eontology
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c. 6thical skepticism
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d. Aomparativeism
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!%'. *. Which of the following approaches says that ethical issues should be judged on the basis of some universal code? a. 3eontological b. 6thical skepticism c. 5tilitarianism !%(.
!%*. - Which of the following is not an ethical guideline for conducting research with humans? a. Getting informed consent of the participant b. &elling participants they must continue until the study has been completed c. Heeping participantsE identity anonymous !%-. d. &elling participants they are free to withdraw at any time !%.
!'0. . Which of the three ethics approaches says research ethics should be a matter of the individualIs conscience? a. 3eontological approach b. 6thical skepticism c. 5tilitarianism !'1. d. Dntological skepticism !'!.
!'#. 10. )))))))) means that the participantIs identity, although known to the researcher, is not revealed to anyone outside of the researcher and his or her staff. a. /nonymity b. Aonfidentiality !'%.
!''. 11. Which of the following is not true? a. Misrepresenting and creating fraudulent data is dishonest b. Misrepresenting data is very easy to detect c. Misrepresenting data can be difficult to detect !'(. d. 7reaking confidentiality is not a problem !'*.
!'-. 1!. deally, the research participantIs identity is not known to the researcher. &his is called2 a. /nonymity b. Aonfidentiality c. 3eception d. 3esensiti>ing !'.
!(0. 1#. Which of the following approaches taken by people to resolve ethical issues is the primary approach used by the federal government and most professional organi>ations? a. 3eontological approach b. 6thical skepticism c. 5tilitarianism d.
!(!. 1%. What is it called when the participants are not revealed to any one but researcher and staff? a. Aonfidentiality b. /nonymity c. 6thics d. 3iscretion !(#.
!(%. 1'. +esearch participants must give what before they can participate in a study? a. Guidelines b. / commitment c. nformed consent d. 4rivate information !('. !((. 1(. &here are three basic approaches that people tend to adopt when considering ethical issues in research. Which one of the following is not one of the approaches? a. 6thical skepticism b. 3eontology c. Dntology d. 5tilitarianism !(*. 1*. dentify the term that refers to a poststudy interview in which all aspects of the study are revealed, reasons for the use of deception are given, and the participantsE "uestions are answered? a. 3esensiti>ing b. 3ebriefing c. 3ehoaing d. 3eploying !(-. !(. 1-. / set of principles to guide and assist researchers in deciding which goals are most important and in reconciling conflicting values when conducting research is called )))). a. +esearch ethics b. 3eontological approach c. 5tilitarianism d. ing d. /ll of the above should be considered !*%. !*'. !1. &he act of publishing the same data and results in more than one journal or publication refers to which of the following professional issues2 !*(. a. 4artial publication !**. b. 3uplicate publication !*-. c. 3eception !*. d. Cull publication
1. a !. b #. d
!-0. !-1. !!. Aoncerning authorship in educational research, intellectual ownership is predominantly a function of2 !-!. a. 6ffort epended !-#. b. Areative contribution !-%. c. 4rofessional position !-'. d. Fevel of higher education !-(. !-*. !#. Which term refers to publishing several articles from the data collected in one large study? !--. a. 3uplicate publication b. 4artial publication c. &riplicate publication d.
#!#. a. &he test correlates highly with another test of emotional intelligence and is #!%. uncorrelated with self=efficacy #!'. b. &he test correlates with highly with another test of emotional intelligence and is #!(. highly correlated with self=efficacy #!*. c. &he test does not correlate with another test of emotional intelligence, but does #!-. correlate with self=efficacy #!. d. &he test does not correlate with other tests of emotional intelligence nor with self= ##0. efficacy ##1. ##!. (. /n ordinal scale is used to rank order people, objects, or characteristics. a. &rue b. Calse ###. ##%. *. Which scale is the simplest form of measurement? a.
#('. c. Minnesota Multiphasic 4ersonality nventoryMM4: #((. d. Slosson #(*. #(-. 1%. +eliability is most simply known as which of the following? #(. a. A onsistency or stability #*0. b. /ppropriateness of interpretations on the basis of test scores #*1. c. Ways in which people are the same #*!. d. / rank order of participants on some characteristic #*#. #*%. 1'. /n ordinal scale is2 a. &he simplest form of measurement b. / rank=order scale of measurement c. / scale with e"ual intervals between adjacent numbers d. / scale with an absolute >ero point #*'. e. / categorical scale #*(. #**. 1(. Which of the following is not a type of reliability? a. &est=retest b. Split=half c. Aontent #*-. d. nternal consistency 1*. Which of the following statements accurately describes test=retest reliability? #*. a. Measure of consistency of test scores over time #-0. b. Measure of consistency of scores obtained from two e"uivalent halves of the same test #-1. c. Measure of consistency with which a test measures a single construct or concept #-!. d. Measure of degree of agreement between two or more scorers, judges, or raters #-#. #-%. 1-. Which of the following types of reliability refers to the consistency of test scores over time? a. 6"uivalent forms reliability b. Split=half reliability c. &est=retest reliability d. nter=scorer reliability 1. dentify the following term that most closely refers to a judgement of the etent to which scores from a test can be used to infer, or predict, the eamineesI performance in some activity2 a. Aontent reliability b. Cace validity c. Ariterion=related validity d. nference validity #-'. #-(. !0. Which of the following is the correct order of StevensE four levels of measurement? a. Drdinal, nominal, ratio, interval b.
1. !. #. %.
b b d a
#1. b. /re there ways to avoid subjective judgments when measuring something? #!. c. 3oes it give consistent results? ##. d. 3oes it measure multiple constructs? #%. #'. !#. Jalidity of a test designed to measure a construct such as self=esteem is best described by which of the following? #(. a. Scores from the test correlate highly with most intelligence tests #*. b. Scores from the test correlate highly with most tests of different constructs #-. c. Scores from the test are not correlated with anything #. d. Scores from the test have a relatively strong and positive correlation with other tests of the %00. same construct i.e., with other measures of self=esteem: but much lower correlations %01. with tests of different constructs %0!. %0#. !%. Which type of reliability refers to the consistency of a group of individualsI scores on two e"uivalent forms of a test designed to measure the same characteristic? %0%. a. Split=half %0'. b. &est=retest %0(. c. Split=forms %0*. d. 6"uivalent forms %0-. %0. !'. /chievement tests are designed to measure the degree of learning that has taken place after a person has been eposed to a specific learning eperience. %10. a. &rue %11. b. Calse %1!. %1#. !(. ))))))))) refers to how well the particular sample of behaviors used to measure a characteristic reflects the entire domain of behaviors that constitutes that characteristic. a. Aonstruct validity evidence b. Ariterion=related validity evidence c. Aontent validity evidence d. Cace validity evidence %1%. %1'. Answers: '. a . c 1#. c 1*. a !1. a !'. a (. a 10. b 1%. a 1-. c !!. c !(. c *. a 11. b 1'. b 1. c !#. d -. c 1!. a 1(. c !0. b !%. d 2". 28. !. Chapter 6 #0. Multiple Choice Questions #1. #!. 1. /ccording to your tet, how many points should a rating scale have? ##. a. Cive #%. b. Cour #'. c. &en #(. d. Somewhere from % to 11 points #*. #-. !. What is the problems: with this set of response categories to the "uestion 8What is your current age?9 #. 1=' %0. '=10 %1. 10=!0 %!. !0=#0 %#. #0=%0 %%. a. &he categories are not mutually eclusive
%'. b. &he categories are not ehaustive %(. c. 7oth a and b are problems %*. d. &here is no problem with the above set of response categories %-. %. #. ou should mi methods in a way that provides complementary strengths and nonoverlapping weaknesses. &his is known as the fundamental principle of mixed research. '0. a. &rue '1. b. Calse '!. '#. %. /ccording to the tet, "uestionnaires can address events and characteristics taking place when? '%. a. n the past retrospective "uestions: ''. b. n the present current time "uestions: '(. c. n the future prospective "uestions: '*. d. /ll of the above '-. '. '. Which of the following are principles of "uestionnaire construction? (0. a. Aonsider using multiple methods when measuring abstract constructs (1. b. 5se multiple items to measure abstract constructs (!. c. /void double=barreled "uestions (#. d. /ll of the above (%. e. Dnly b and c ('. ((. (. Which of these is not a method of data collection. a. @uestionnaires b. nterviews c. 6periments (*. d. Dbservations (-. (. *. Secondary;eisting data may include which of the following? a. Dfficial documents b. 4ersonal documents *0. c. /rchived research data *1. d. /ll of the above *!. *#. -. /n item that directs participants to different follow=up "uestions depending on their response is called a )))))))))))). *%. a. +esponse set *'. b. 4robe *(. c. Semantic differential **. d. Aontingency "uestion *-. *. . Which of the following terms best describes data that were originally collected at an earlier time by a different person for a different purpose? -0. a. 4rimary data -1. b. Secondary data -!. c. 6perimental data -#. d. Cield notes -%. -'. 10. +esearchers use both open=ended and closed=ended "uestions to collect data. Which of the following statements is true? -(. a. Dpen=ended "uestions directly provide "uantitative data based on the researcherEs predetermined response categories -*. b. Alosed=ended "uestions provide "uantitative data in the participantEs own words --. c. Dpen=ended "uestions provide "ualitative data in the participantEs own words -. d. Alosed=ended "uestions directly provide "ualitative data in the participantsE own words 0. 1. 11. Dpen=ended "uestions provide primarily )))))) data.
!. a. Aonfirmatory data #. b. @ualitative data %. c. 4redictive data '. d. ed open=ended interview 1#!. 1##. 1-. Which one of the following in not a major method of data collection2 1#%. a. @uestionnaires 1#'. b. nterviews 1#(. c. Secondary data 1#*. d. Cocus groups 1#-. e. /ll of the above are methods of data collection 1#. 1%0. 1. / "uestion during an interview such as 8Why do you feel that way?9 is known as a2 1%1. a. 4robe 1%!. b. Cilter "uestion 1%#. c. +esponse 1%%. d. 4ilot
1. !. #. %.
d c a d
1%'. 1%(. !0. / census taker often collects data through which of the following? 1%*. a. Standardi>ed tests 1%-. b. nterviews 1%. c. Secondary data 1'0. d. Dbservations 1'1. 1'!. !1. &he researcher has secretly placed him or herself as a member: in the group that is being studied. &his researcher may be which of the following? 1'#. a. / complete participant 1'%. b. /n observer=as=participant 1''. c. / participant=as=observer 1'(. d. ed open=ended interview 1(1. 1(!. !%. When conducting an interview, asking /nything else?, What do you mean?, Why do you feel that way?, etc, are all forms of2 1(#. a. Aontingency "uestions 1(%. b. 4robes 1('. c. 4rotocols 1((. d. +esponse categories 1(*. 1(-. !'. When constructing a "uestionnaire, there are 1' principles to which you should adhere. Which of the following is not one of those principles? 1(. a. 3o not use leading or loaded "uestions 1*0. b. /void double=barreled "uestions 1*1. c. /void double negatives 1*!. d. /void using multiple items to measure a single construct 1*#. Answers2 1*%. '. d . b 1#. b 1*. a !1. a !'. d (. c 10. c 1%. a 1-. e !!. c *. d 11. b 1'. c 1. a !#. b -. d 1!. c 1(. d !0. b !%. b 1*'. 1"6. 1**. Chapter " Multiple Choice Questions 1*-. 1*. 1-0. 1. When each member of a population has an e"ually likely chance of being selected, this is called2 1-1. a. / nonrandom sampling method 1-!. b. / "uota sample 1-#. c. / snowball sample 1-%. d. /n 6"ual probability selection method
1-'. 1-(. !. Which of the following techni"ues yields a simple random sample? 1-*. a. Ahoosing volunteers from an introductory psychology class to participate 1--. b. Fisting the individuals by ethnic group and choosing a proportion from within 1-. each ethnic group at random. 10. c. e, the greater the sampling error !0#. b. &he more categories or breakdowns you want to make in your data analysis, the larger !0%. the sample needed !0'. c. &he fewer categories or breakdowns you want to make in your data analysis, the larger !0(. the sample needed !0*. d. /s sample si>e decreases, so does the si>e of the confidence interval !0-. !0. '. Which of the following formulae is used to determine how many people to include in the original sampling? !10. a. 3esired sample si>e;3esired sample si>e B 1 !11. b. 4roportion likely to respond;desired sample si>e !1!. c. 4roportion likely to respond;population si>e !1#. d. 3esired sample si>e;4roportion likely to respond !1%. !1'. (. Which of the following sampling techni"ues is an e"ual probability selection method i.e., 64S6M: in which every individual in the population has an e"ual chance of being selected? !1(. a. Simple random sampling !1*. b. Systematic sampling !1-. c. 4roportional stratified sampling !1. d. Aluster sampling using the 44S techni"ue !!0. e. /ll of the above are 64S6M !!1. !!!. *. Which of the following is not a form of nonrandom sampling? !!#. a. Snowball sampling !!%. b. Aonvenience sampling !!'. c. @uota sampling !!(. d. 4urposive sampling !!*. e. &hey are all forms of nonrandom sampling !!-. !!. -. Which of the following will give a more 8accurate9 representation of the population from which a sample has been taken? !#0. a. / large sample based on the convenience sampling techni"ue !#1. b. / small sample based on simple random sampling !#!. c. / large sample based on simple random sampling !##. d. / small cluster sample !#%. !#'. . Sampling in "ualitative research is similar to which type of sampling in "uantitative research? !#(. a. Simple random sampling !#*. b. Systematic sampling
!#-. c. @uota sampling !#. d. 4urposive sampling !%0. !%1. 10. Which of the following would generally re"uire the largest sample si>e? !%!. a. Aluster sampling !%#. b. Simple random sampling !%%. c. Systematic sampling !%'. d. 4roportional stratified sampling !%(. !%*. 11. $ow often does the Aensus 7ureau take a complete population count? !%-. a. 6very year !%. b. 6very five years !'0. c. 6very ten years !'1. d. &wice a year !'!. !'#. 1!. 4eople who are available, volunteer, or can be easily recruited are used in the sampling method called )))))). !'%. a. Simple random sampling !''. b. Aluster sampling !'(. c. Systematic sampling !'*. d. Aonvenience sampling !'-. !'. 1#. Which of the following types of sampling involves the researcher determining the appropriate sample si>es for the groups identified as important, and then taking convenience samples from those groups? !(0. a. 4roportional stratified sampling !(1. b. @uota sampling !(!. c. Dne=stage cluster sampling !(#. d. &wo=stage cluster sampling !(%. !('. 1%. / type of sampling used in "ualitative research that involves selecting cases that disconfirm the researcherIs epectations and generali>ations is referred to as ))))))))))))))). !((. a. 6treme case sampling !(*. b. &ypical=case sampling !(-. c. A ritical=case sampling !(. d.
!-0. 1*. Which of the following is the most efficient random sampling techni"ue discussed in your chapter? !-1. a. Simple random sampling b. 4roportional stratified sampling c. Aluster random sampling d. Systematic sampling
!-!.
!-#. 1-. f we took the '00 people attending a school in
!-'. 1. / number calculated with complete population data and "uantifies a characteristic of the population is called which of the following? a. / datum b. / statistic c. / parameter d. / population !-(. !0. &he type of sampling in which each member of the population selected for the sample is returned to the population before the net member is selected is called ))))))))). a. Sampling without replacement b. Sampling with replacement c. Simple random sampling !-*. d. Systematic sampling !--.
!-. !0. !1. !!. !#. !%.
!1. Which of the following is not a type of nonrandom sampling? a. Aluster sampling b. Aonvenience sampling c. @uota sampling d. 4urposive sampling e. &hey are all type of nonrandom sampling
!'.
!(. !!. Which of the following would usually re"uire the smallest sample si>e because of its efficiency? !*. a. Dne stage cluster sampling !-. b. Simple random sampling !. c. &wo stage cluster sampling #00. d. @uota sampling #01.
#0!. !#. / techni"ue used when selecting clusters of different si>es is called ))))). #0#. a. Aluster sampling #0%. b. Dne=stage sampling #0'. c. &wo=stage sampling #0(. d. 4robability proportional to si>e or 44S #0*. #0-. !%. &he process of drawing a sample from a population is known as ))))))))). #0. a. Sampling #10. b. Aensus #11. c. Survey research #1!. d. e is of what si>e? #1'. a. '00 or less #1(. b. 100 or less #1*. c. 1000 or less #1-. d. you should always use a sample #1. #!0. !(. Which of the following is not an eample of a nonrandom sampling techni"ue?
1. !. #. %. '.
d c b b d
#!1. a. 4urposive #!!. b. @uota #!#. c. Aonvenience #!%. d. Aluster #!'. #!(. !*. Which of the following sampling methods is the best way to select a group of people for a study if you are interested in making statements about the larger population? #!*. a. Aonvenience sampling #!-. b. @uota sampling #!. c. 4urposive sampling ##0. d. +andom sampling ##1. ##!. !-. ))))))))))) is a set of elements taken from a larger population according to certain rules. ###. a. Sample ##%. b. 4opulation ##'. c. Statistic ##(. d. 6lement ##*. ##-. !. 3etermining the sample interval represented by k:, randomly selecting a number between 1 and k, and including each k th element in your sample are the steps for which form of sampling? ##. a. Simple +andom Sampling #%0. b. Stratified +andom Sampling #%1. c. Systematic Sampling #%!. d. Aluster sampling #%#. #%%. #0. &he nonrandom sampling type that involves selecting a convenience sample from a population with a specific set of characteristics for your research study is called ))))). #%'. a. Aonvenience sampling #%(. b. @uota sampling #%*. c. 4urposive sampling #%-. d. Snowball sampling #%. Answers2 #'0. (. e 11. c 1(. a !1. a !(. d *. e 1!. d 1*. b !!. b !*. d -. c 1#. b 1-. c !#. d !-. a . d 1%. d 1. c !%. a !. c 10. a 1'. d !0. b !'. b #0. c 31. 32. ##. Chapter 8 #%. Multiple Choice Questions #'. #(. 1. When a etraneous variable systematically varies with the independent variable and influences the dependent variable, it is called2 #*. a. /nother dependent variable #-. b. / confounding variable #. c. / moderating variable %0. d. /n unreliable variable %1. %!. !. Which of the following statements is true? %#. a. / statistical relationship is sufficient evidence to infer causality %%. b. &emporal order of the cause and effect is not important in inferring causality %'. c. / statistical relation of L and is insufficient evidence for inferring causality %(. d. &emporal order of cause and effect variables and statistical relation are all that are
%*. needed to infer causality %-. %. #. / school district eamines a program that uses mentors to help very poor readers improve their reading performance. &he children in the program are at the %th percentile at pretest. /t posttest they are around the !0 th percentile. While it is possible that the program made the difference, another reason for the change in scores could be2 '0. a. $istory '1. b. +egression artifact '!. c. Multiple=treatment interference '#. d. 3ifferential selection '%. ''. %. / group of researchers do a study where children from particular classrooms are assigned to treatment or control conditions. /fter the study, the researcher finds out that the students in the control group are higher achievers than those in the eperimental group. $e found no treatment effect. &he failure to find an effect may be due to2 '(. a. / treatment effect '*. b. / testing effect '-. c. / differential selection effect '. d. / maturation effect (0. (1. '. / researcher eamines a program looking at the effects of mentoring on poor readersI reading achievement. $e looks at two different schools. Dne serves as the control and the other the eperimental group. 7oth schools had reading achievement that was around the '0 th percentile. 3uring the time that the mentoring program is in place in the eperimental group, a statewide reading initiative is started in randomly selected schools. &he eperimental, but not the control school is involved in the initiative. /t the end of the year, the eperimental group does better than the control. Crom the information presented above, a likely threat to the internal validity of the study is2 (!. a. Selection by mortality interaction (#. b. Mortality (%. c. Selection=history effect ('. d. Selection=maturation effect ((. (*. (. Which type of validity refers to the degree to which you can infer that the relationship between two variables is causal? (-. a. nternal validity (. b. 4opulation validity *0. c. 6cological validity *1. d. Statistical conclusion validity *!. *#. *. Which type of validity refers to the ability to infer that the independent and dependent variables are related ant that the measured strength of the relationship is accurate? *%. a. nternal validity *'. b. 4opulation validity *(. c. 6cological validity **. d. Statistical conclusion validity *-.
*. -. /n etraneous variable that systematically varies with the independent variable and also influences the dependent variable is known as a ))))))))))))))). -0. a Aonfounding variable b. &hird variable c. Second variable d. 7oth a and b are correct -1.
-!. . &he use of multiple observers to allow cross=checking of observations to make sure that the investigators agree with what took place is known as ))))))). -#. a. nterpretive validity -%. b. +esearcher bias
-'. c. Multiple operationalism -(. d. nvestigator triangulation -*.
--. 10. ))))))))))))) is the lowest inference descriptor of all because it uses the participantEs own words. -. a. 4articipant feedback 0. b. / verbatim 1. c. 3ata triangulation !. d. nvestigator triangulation #.
%. 11. ))))))))))) refers to physical or mental changes that may occur within individuals over time, such as aging, learning, boredom, hunger, and fatigue. '. a. nstrumentation (. b. $istory *. c. Maturation -. d. &esting .
100. 1!. What type of validity refers to the etent to which the results of a study can be generali>ed across time? 101. a. 6cological validity 10!. b. 6ternal validity 10#. c. nternal validity 10%. d. &emporal validity 10'.
10(. 10*. 10-. 10. 110.
1#. Which of the following best describes interpretive validity? a. Cactual accuracy of an account as reported by the researcher b. /ccurately portraying the meanings given by the participants to what is being studied c. 3egree to which a theoretical eplanation fits the data d. /bility to generali>e the study results across settings
111.
11!. 1%. Which of the following terms is a strategy where the researcher actively engages in critical self=reflection about his or her potential biases and predispositions. 11#. a. 6perimenter effect 11%. b. +eactivity 11'. c. nvestigator triangulation 11(. d. +efleivity 11*. 11-. 1'. Which of the following is not considered one of the criteria for inferring causality? 11. a. 6vidence that the independent and dependent variables are related 1!0. b. 6vidence that the relationship between the variables being investigated is not due to a 1!1. confounding etraneous variable 1!!. c. 6vidence that changes in variable / occur before changes in variable 7 1!#. d. &he temporal ordering of the variables being investigated does not matter because a 1!%. relationship is all that is really needed 1!'. 1!(. 1(. &he use of multiple data sources to help understand a phenomenon is one strategy that is used to promote "ualitative research validity. Which of the following terms describes this strategy? 1!*. a. 3ata matching 1!-. b. 4attern matching 1!. c. 3ata triangulation 1#0. d. 3ata feedback 1#1. 1#!. 1*. What may happen when different comparison groups eperience a different history event? 1##. a. $istory effect 1#%. b. Selection=history effect 1#'. c. Selection effect 1#(. d. Group effect
1#*. 1#-. 1-. What is another term that refers to a confounding etraneous variable? 1#. a. Fast variable 1%0. b. Cirst variable 1%1. c. &hird variable 1%!. d. Courth variable 1%#. 1%%. 1. Which of the following refers to any systematic change that occurs over time in the way in which the dependent variable is assessed? 1%'. a. nstrumentation 1%(. b. Maturation 1%*. c. &esting 1%-. d. Selection 1%. 1'0. !0. Which of the following terms describes the ability to generali>e from the sample of individuals on which a study was conducted to the larger target population of individuals and across different subpopulations within the larger target population? 1'1. a. 6ternal validity 1'!. b. 4opulation validity 1'#. c. 6cological validity 1'%. d. &emporal validity 1''. 1'(. !1. Which of the following is not a strategy used to promote "ualitative research validity? 1'*. a. 4eer review 1'-. b. &heory triangulation 1'. c. 6tended fieldwork 1(0. d. +andom assignment 1(1. 1(!. !!. &he use of several measures of a construct is called2 1(#. a. Multiple operationalism 1(%. b. Multiple construct measurement 1('. c. Dperationalism 1((. d. Methods triangulation 1(*. 1(-. !#. / physical or mental change that occurs in participants over time that affects their performance on the dependent variable is called )))))))). 1(. a. nstrumentation 1*0. b. Maturation 1*1. c. +egression 1*!. d. ed to and across populations of persons, 1-(. settings, and times 1-*. c. &he use of effective measurement instruments in the study
1. b !. c #. b
1--. d. &he ability to generali>e the study results to individuals not included in the study 1-. 10. !*. Which strategy used to promote "ualitative research validity uses multiple research methods to 11. study a phenomenon? a. 3ata triangulation b. Methods triangulation c. &heory triangulation d. Member checking 1!. 1#. !-. Which type of validity refers to the factual accuracy of an account as reported by the researcher? 1%. a. 6cological validity 1'. b. &emporal validity 1(. c. 3escriptive validity 1*. d. e the results of a study across settings. !0(. a. &emporal validity !0*. b. nternal validity !0-. c. 6cological validity !0. d. 6ternal validity !10. !11. !1!. !1#. #1. Which is not a direct threat to the internal validity of a research design? !1%. a. $istory !1'. b. &esting !1(. c. Sampling error !1*. d. 3ifferential selection !1-. !1. #!. /lteration in performance due to being aware that one is participating in a study is known as )))))). !!0. a. Dperationalism !!1. b. +eactivity !!!. c. &emporal validity !!#. d. Mortality !!%. !!'. ##. &he idea that the more times a research finding is shown with different sets of people, the more confidence we can place in the finding and in generali>ing beyond the original participants is known as ))))))))))). a. ation b. Methods generali>ation c. 3ata triangulation d. +eplication logic !!(. !!*. Answers: %. c *. d 10. b 1#. b 1(. c 1. a '. c -. d 11. c 1%. d 1*. b !0. b (. a . d 1!. d 1'. d 1-. c !1. d
!!. a !#. b
!%. c !'. a
!(. a !*. b
!-. c !. c
#0. c #1. c
#!. b ##. d
!!-. !!. !#1.
!#0. Chapter ! Multiple Choice Questions !#!.
!##. 1. /nalysis of covariance is2 !#%. a. / statistical techni"ue that can be used to help e"uate groups on specific variables !#'. b. / statistical techni"ue that can be used to control se"uencing effects !#(. c. / statistical techni"ue that substitutes for random assignment to groups !#*. d. /djusts scores on the independent variable to control for etraneous variables !#-. !#. !. &o determine whether noise affects the ability to solve math problems, a researcher has one group solve math problems in a "uiet room and another group solve math problems in a noisy room. &he group solving problems in the noisy room completes 1' problems in one hour and the group solving problems in the "uiet room completes !! problems in one hour. n this eperiment, the independent variable is )))))))))))) and the dependent variable is ))))))))))))). !%0. a. &he number of problems solvesN the difficulty of the problems !%1. b. &he number of problems solvedN the noise level in the room !%!. c. &he noise level in the roomN the number of problems solved !%#. d. &he noise level in the roomN the difficulty of the problems !%%. !%'. #. &he posttest=only design with none"uivalent groups is likely to control for which of the following threats to internal validity2 !%(. a. $istory !%*. b. 3ifferential selection !%-. c. /dditive and interactive effects !%. d. 3ifferential attrition !'0. !'1. %. When all participants receive all treatment conditions, the study is susceptible to2 !'!. a. Drder effects !'#. b. Aarryover effects !'%. c. / nalysis of covariance !''. d. a and b !'(. !'*. '. / researcher is interested in the effects of a preschool program on later school performance. 7ecause she is concerned that socio=economic=status S6S: is a potential etraneous variable in her study, she picks children to study who are onl y from low S6S homes. &he control techni"ue she used in this study was2 !'-. a. Matching !'. b. +andom assignment !(0. c. $olding the etraneous variable constant !(1. d. Statistically controlling the etraneous variable !(!. !(#. (. Which of the following terms best describes an interaction effect? !(%. a. &he effect of one independent variable on a 3J: depends on the level of another independent !('. variable !((. b. 6liminating any differential influence of etraneous variables !(*. c. Se"uencing effect that occurs from the order in which the treatment conditions are !(-. administered !(. d. &he effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable !*0. !*1. *. Which of the following terms refers to a statistical method that can be used to statistically e"uate groups on a pretest or some other variable? !*!. a. 6perimental control
!*#. b. 3ifferential influence !*%. c. Matching !*'. d. /nalysis of covariance !*(. !**. -. Which of the following is not a way to manipulate an independent variable? a. 4resence techni"ue b. /mount techni"ue c. &ype techni"ue !*-. d. +andom techni"ue !*. !-0. . Which of the following designs permits a comparison of pretest scores to determine the initial e"uivalence of groups on the pretest before the treatment variable is introduced into the research setting. !-1. a. Dne=group pretest=posttest design !-!. b. 4retest=posttest control group design !-#. c. 4osttest=only design with none"uivalent groups !-%. d. 7oth b and c !-'. !-(. 10. Aounterbalancing is ))))))))). !-*. a. 5sually based on random selection of participants !--. b. Dnly used when one pretest variable needs to be controlled !-. c. Ahosen to control for such things as order and carryover effectsO !0. d. /ll of the above !1. !!. 11. &he group that receives the eperimental treatment condition is the ))))). !#. a. 6perimental group !%. b. Aontrol group !'. c. 4articipant group !(. d. ndependent group !*. !-. 1!. Which of the following control techni"ues available to the researcher controls for both known and unknown variables? !. a. 7uilding the etraneous variable into the design #00. b. Matching #01. c. +andom assignment #0!. d. /nalysis of covariance #0#. #0%. 1#. &he group that does not receive the eperimental treatment condition is the )))))))). #0'. a. 6perimental group #0(. b. Aontrol group #0*. c. &reatment group #0-. d. ndependent group #0. #10. 1%. &here are a number of ways in which confounding etraneous variables can be controlled. Which control techni"ue is considered to be the best? #11. a. +andom assignment #1!. b. Matching #1#. c. Aounterbalancing #1%. d. ation program #!0. d. Fet the researcher decide which group will be the best #!1.
#!!. 1(. Which term is not a related to counterbalancing? #!#. a. Aarryover effect #!%. b. Drder effect #!'. c. Se"uencing effects #!(. d. Matching #!*. #!-. 1*. / cell is a combination of two or more )))) in a factorial design. #!. a. +esearch designs ##0. b. +esearch measurements ##1. c. 3ependent variables ##!. d. ndependent variables ###. ##%. 1-. Which of the following designs does an ecellent job of controlling for rival hypotheses that threaten the internal validity of an eperiment? ##'. a. 4osttest=only design with none"uivalent groups ##(. b. 4osttest=only control=group design ##*. c. 4retest=posttest control=group design ##-. d. 7oth b and c are ecellent designs ##. #%0. 1. Manipulating the independent variable by varying the type on the independent variable that is presented to the different comparison groups is known as ))))). a. /mount techni"ue b. /bsence techni"ue c. &ype techni"ue d. 4resence techni"ue #%1. #%!. !0. Which of the following terms is a se"uencing effect that occurs from the order in which the treatment conditions are administered? a. Aarry=over effect b. Drder effect c. Se"uencing effects d.
1. !. #. %.
a c a d
#(%. a. Cactorial design #('. b. +epeated measures design #((. c. +eplicated design #(*. d. 4retest=posttest control=group design #(-. #(. !'. / factorial design is one in which )))). #*0. a. Dnly one independent variable is studied to determine its effect on the dependent variable #*1. b. Dnly two independent variables are simultaneously studied to determine their independent #*!. and interactive effects on the dependent variable #*#. c. &wo or more independent variables are simultaneously studied to determine their independent #*%. and interactive effects on the dependent variable #*'. d. &wo dependent variables are studied to determine their interactive effects #*(. #**. !(. &he design in which one group of research participants is administered a treatment and is then compared, on the dependent variable, with another group of research participants who did not receive the eperimental treatment is )))). #*-. a. Dne=group posttest=only design #*. b. Dne=group pretest=posttest design #-0. c. 4osttest=only design with none"uivalent groups #-1. d. time series design #-!. #-#. !*. ))))) refers to the influence of a single independent variable. #-%. a. nteraction effect #-'. b. +eactive effect #-(. c. Main effect #-*. d. 4roactive effect #--. #-. !-. / se"uencing effect that occurs when performance in one treatment condition is influenced by participation in a prior treatment condition is known as )))). #0. a. Aounterbalancing effect b. Aarryover effect c. &reatment effect d. Drder effect #1. #!. !. Which of the following is possible in a factorial design with two independent variables? ##. a. &here is only one main effect present b. &here are two main effects present #%. c. &here are two main effects and an interaction effect present #'. d. /ll of the above are possible #(. #*. #0. Which of the following is a factorial design where different participants are randomly assigned to the levels of one independent variable but participants take all levels on another independent variable? #-. a. Dne=group pretest=posttest #. b. 4retest=posttest control=group design %00. c. Cactorial design %01. d. Cactorial design based on a mied model %0!. Answers: %0#. '. c . b 1#. b 1*. d !1. d !'. c !. d (. a 10. c 1%. a 1-. d !!. e !(. c #0. d *. d 11. a 1'. c 1. c !#. c !*. c -. d 1!. c 1(. d !0. b !%. b !-. b #1. #!. ##. Chapter 10
#%. Multiple Choice Questions #'. #(. 1. / researcher does a study eamining the effects of a preschool program. $e uses a none"uivalent comparison group design. $e finds that the cognitive growth of his eperimental group is greater than that of his control. 5nfortunately, he later finds that in general children who live in the area where he drew his eperimental group tend to grow faster cognitively than children who were from the area where he drew his control group. When he discovered this problem, he discovered what threat to the internal validity of his study? #*. a. Selection=maturation effect #-. b. $istory effect #. c. Selection=instrumentation effect %0. d. &esting effect %1. %!. !. Cor a treatment to be deemed effective when used in the contet of an /=7=/ single case design, what has to occur? %#. a. 7ehavior should change as the treatment is implemented %%. b. 7ehavior should return to baseline levels when the treatment is removed %'. c. When the treatment is removed, behavior should stay at the level that was created by the %(. treatment rather than revert back to the baseline %*. d. 7oth a and b %-. %. #. n a changing=criterion design, changes in criterion are best done2 '0. a. /s soon as the prior criterion is met '1. b. When the previous criterion is met and the behavior has stabili>ed '!. c. +egardless of the previous criteria '#. d. /fter a fied number of trials '%. ''. %. &he non=e"uivalent comparison group design is a "uasi=eperimental design in which, for reasons of practicality, we cannot insure that the control and eperimental groups are e"uivalent to each other when the eperiment begins. &he major interpretational difficulty imposed by this design is2 '(. a. Measuring whether the two groups are different from each other on the posttest '*. b. 3eciding how much each group has gained '-. c. 3etermining when enough data points are collected '. d. 7eing sure that any differences between groups at the end of the eperiment are (0. due to the independent variableEs influence and not due to preeisting group (1. differences (!. (#. '. / treatment effect is demonstrated in the regression discontinuity design by2 (%. a. / discontinuity in the regression line ('. b. / significant difference in the pretest and posttest scores ((. c. /nalysis of covariance (*. d. &he demonstration of an interaction (-. (. *0. (. Which of the following is a primary threat to the interrupted time=series design? a. $istory effect b. Selection=history *1. c. Selection=maturation *!. d. /ll of the above *. / design consisting of an eperimental and a control group but participants are not randomly assigned to the groups is which of the following? a. nterrupted time=series design b.
*'. -. / form of the none"uivalent comparison=group design is recommended when )))). *(. a. t is not possible to control for a basic history effect **. b. t is not possible to randomly assign participants to groups *-. c. t is not possible to identify two groups *. d. /ll of the above -0. -1. . / threat to internal validity in the none"uivalent comparison=group design is the ))))) effect. -!. a. Selection=maturation effect -#. b. Selection=history effect -%. c. Selection=regression -'. d. /ll of the above are threats -(. -*. 10. / threat to internal validity in the none"uivalent comparison=group design is the ))))) effect. --. a. Maturation effect -. b. Selection=history effect 0. c. Cailure to revert to baseline 1. d. /ll of the above !. #. 11. $ow many variables should be changed at a time when conducting a single=case design? %. /. % '. 7. # (. A. ! *. 3. 1 -. . 1!. n "uasi=eperimental research designs, causal interpretations can be made ))))))). 100. a. Dnly when rival eplanations have been shown to be plausible 101. b. Dnly when rival eplanations have been shown to be implausible 10!. c. Dnly when the participants have been randomly selected 10#. d. Dnly when there is a single participant in the eperiment 10%. 10'. 1#. n single=case research, 8baseline9 refers to )))))))). 10(. a. &he beginning point of the treatment condition 10*. b. &he end point of the treatment condition 10-. c. &he rate of response established prior to the eperimental intervention 10. d. &he time during which a treatment condition is administered 110. 111. 1%. Which type of design can be used when the goal is to create a step=by=step increase or decrease: in the amount, accuracy, or fre"uency of some behavior over a period of time? 11!. a.
1!. 1*. &he most fre"uently used "uasi=eperimental design is the ))))))))) design. 1#0. a.
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1**. !(. Which of the following is not a phase in the /=7=/ design? 1*-. a. 7aseline measurement 1*. b. ntroduction of treatment 1-0. c. ntroduction of a second treatment 1-1. d. +emoval of treatment 1-!. 1-#. !*. +esearchers can attempt to eliminate the threat of bias from the selection=maturation effect in the none"uivalent comparison=group design by matching eperimental and control participants on important variables. 1-%. a. &rue 1-'. b. Calse 1-(. 1-*. !-. Group comparison designs are always superior to single=case designs. 1--. a. &rue 1-. b. Calse 10. Answers: 11. '. a . d 1#. c 1*. a !1. c !'. d (. a 10. b 1%. c 1-. d !!. a !(. c *. b 11. d 1'. d 1. a !#. a !*. a -. b 1!. b 1(. b !0. a !%. c !-. b 1!. 1#. Chapter 11 1%. 1'. Multiple Choice Questions 1(. 1*. 1. &he number of police officers and the number of crimes are positively related. &his relationship is2 1-. a. / causal relationship 1. b. / direct relationship !00. c. / probabilistic causal relation !01. d. / spurious relationship !0!. !0#. !. / research studies the relation between early reading and later school achievement. She decides that a potentially etraneous variable in the relationship is @. n developing her groups for her study, she pairs each child who was an early reader with a child of the same @ level who was not an early reader. &he control techni"ue she used was2 !0%. a. $olding the etraneous variable constant !0'. b. Statistical control !0(. c. Matching !0*. d. +andom assignment !0-. !0. #. 4artial correlation analysis involves2 !10. a. 6amining the relationship between two or more variables controlling for additional !11. variables statistically !1!. b. ncluding only one group in a correlational analysis !1#. c. Matching participants on potential confounding variables !1%. d. Fimiting the sample to individuals at a constant level of an etraneous variable !1'. !1(. %. &he directors of a graduate program in educational research wish to see what types of jobs their graduates take after they finish their program. &hey randomly sample students from the program and have them fill out "uestionnaires with items asking about the types of jobs they have had. &hey also are asked to describe the roles they play in their current positions. &his project is best described as having what kind of objective2 !1*. a. 3escriptive !1-. b. 4redictive
!1. c. 6planatory !!0. !!1. '. When research is done to test hypotheses and theories about how and why phenomena operate as they do, then the primary purpose of such research is2 !!!. a. 3escriptive !!#. b. 4redictive !!%. c. 6planatory !!'. !!(. (. &he variable the researcher matches to eliminate it as an alternative eplanation is called an: ))))))))) variable. !!*. a. Matching !!-. b. ndependent !!. c. 3ependent !#0. d. 4artial !#1. !#!. *. Which of the following is not a longitudinal design? !##. a. 4anel !#%. b. Aross=sectional !#'. c. &rend !#(. d. 7oth a and c are longitudinal designs !#*. !#-. -. &he positive correlation between teachersE salaries and the price of li"uor is ))))))))). !#. a. Spurious !%0. b. 3ue to a third=variable !%1. c.
!*!. 1%. Which one of the following is not a step in noneperimental research? !*#. a. 3etermine research problem and hypotheses !*%. b. /naly>e data !*'. c. nterpret results !*(. d. /ll are steps !**. !*-. 1'. f a research finding is statistically significant, then )))). !*. a. &he observed result is probably not due to chance !-0. b. &he observed result cannot possibly be due to chance !-1. c. &he observed result is probably a chance result !-!. d. &he null hypothesis of 8no relationship9 is probably true !-#. !-%. 1(. Which of the following is;are necessary conditions: for causation? !-'. a. &he relationship condition !-(. b. &he temporal antecedence condition !-*. c. &he lack of alternative eplanation condition !--. d. /ll of the above !-. !0. 1*. Which of the following independent variables cannot be manipulated in a research study? !1. a. Gender !!. b. 6thnicity !#. c. ntelligence and other traits !%. d.
#!'. !#. t is best to use the method of working multiple hypotheses when ))))). a. ou are finished with your research b. ou are planning your research study c. ou are hoping to publish your already obtained resear ch results d. ero as ##. measured by a correlation coefficient: #%0. #%1. !*. Which of the three necessary conditions for cause and effect is almost always problematic in noneperimental research? #%!. a. Aondition 12 Jariable / and Jariable 7 must be related the relationship condition:. #%#. b. Aondition !2 4roper time order must be established the temporal antecedence condition:. #%%. c. Aondition #2 &he relationship between variable / and Jariable 7 must not be due to some #%'. confounding etraneous variable #%(. d.
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#(*. d. ation to the population %0. b. +andom sampling %1. c. 5ni"ue case orientation %!. d. Standardi>ed tests and measures %#. %%. !. 4henomenology has its disciplinary origins in2 %'. a. 4hilosophy %(. b. /nthropology %*. c. Sociology %-. d. Many disciplines %. '0. #. &he primary data analysis approach in ethnography is2 '1. a. Dpen, aial, and selective coding '!. b. $olistic description and search for cultural themes '#. c. Aross=case analysis '%. d. dentifying essences of a phenomenon ''. '(. %. &he term used to describe suspending preconceptions and learned feelings about a phenomenon is called2 '*. a. /ial coding '-. b. 3esign fleibility '. c. 7racketing (0. d. 6thnography (1. (!. '. / researcher studies how students who flunk out of high school eperienced high (#. school. She found that it was common for such students to report that they felt like they had little control of their destiny. $er report that this lack of control was an invariant part of the studentsE eperiences suggests that lack of control is ))))))) of the 8flunking out9 eperience. (%. a. / narrative ('. b. / grounded theory ((. c. /n essence (*. d. / probabilistic cause (-. (. (. &he specific cultural conventions or statements that people who share a culture hold to be true or false are called )))))). *0. a. Shared attitudes
*1. b. Shared beliefs *!. c. Shared values *#. d. ations about population are usually better when based on multiple cases. -'. d. Aost is lower and depth of analysis is easier when you study multiple cases in a -(. single research study -*. --. . ))))) are the standards of a culture about what is good or bad or desirable or undesirable. -. a. Shared attitudes 0. b. Shared beliefs 1. c. Shared values !. d. ed. 10%. a. &heory confirmation 10'. b. Grounded theory 10(. c. &heory deduction 10*. d. /ll of the above 10-. 10. 1#. &he final stage in grounded theory data analysis is called ))))))))))). 110. a. /ial coding 111. b. &heoretical saturation 11!. c. Aonstant comparative method 11#. d. Selective coding 11%. 11'. 1%. Which major characteristic of "ualitative research refers to studying real world situations as they unfold naturally? 11(. a. $olistic perspective 11*. b.
1!1. 1'. n which "ualitative research approach is the primary goal to gain access to individualsE inner worlds of eperience? 1!!. a. 4henomenology 1!#. b. 6thnography 1!%. c. Grounded theory 1!'. d. Aase study 1!(. 1!*. 1(. &he type of "ualitative research that describes the culture of a group of people is called )))). 1!-. a. 4henomenology 1!. b. Grounded theory 1#0. c. 6thnography 1#1. d. Aase study 1#!. 1##. 1*. &he grounded theorist is finished analy>ing data when theoretical saturation occurs. 1#%. a. &rue 1#'. b. Calse 1#(. 1#*. 1-. n which of the following case study designs does the researcher focus her primary interest on understanding something more general than the particular case? 1#-. a. ntrinsic case study 1#. b. nstrumental case study 1%0. c. Aollective case study 1%1. d. t could be b or c 1%!. 1%#. 1. Which of the following phrases best describes ethnocentrism? 1%%. a. Special words or terms used by the people in a group 1%'. b. /n eternal, social scientific view of reality 1%(. c. &he study of the cultural past of a group of people 1%*. d. Pudging people from a different culture according to the standards of your own culture 1%-. 1%. !0. Which of the following is usually not a characteristic of "ualitative research? 1'0. a. 3esign fleibility 1'1. b. 3ynamic systems 1'!. c.
1*%. A. 6tic perspective 1*'. 3. $olism 1*(. 1**. !'. n data analysis of the grounded theory approach, the step which focuses on the main idea, developing the story line, and finali>ing the theory is called )))))))). 1*-. a. Dpen coding 1*. b. /ial coding 1-0. c. Selective coding 1-1. d. &heoretical saturation 1-!. 1-#. !(. Which of the following is not one of the % major approaches to "ualitative research. 1-%. a. 6thnography 1-'. b. 4henomenology 1-(. c. Aase study 1-*. d. Grounded theory 1--. e.
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!!#. !!%. !!'. Chapter 13 Multiple Choice Questions !!(. !!*. !!-. 1. / researcher was interested in studying why the 8new math9 of the 1(0s failed. She interviews several teachers who used the new math during the 1(0s. &hese teachers are considered2 !!. a. 4rimary sources !#0. b. Secondary Sources !#1. c. 6ternal critics !#!. d. nternal critics !##. !#%. !. &he process of dealing with concerns over the authenticity of a source is referred to as2 !#'. a. Sourcing !#(. b. nternal criticism !#*. c. Secondary criticism !#-. d. 6ternal criticism !#. !%0. #. / researcher studying the history of medical education finds a manuscript that purports to be from the 1%th century. 7efore he uses the source, he goes to three other eperts who help him identify whether the manuscript is authentic or not. $is authentification of the object is referred to as2 !%1. a. 4ositive criticism !%!. b. nternal criticism !%#. c. Secondary criticism !%%. d. 6ternal criticism !%'. !%(. %. / historical researcher studying the implementation of the 8new math9 during the 1(0s uses as a source a tet written on the subject by a critic who was a mathematics teacher during that time period. /s she eamines the document, she discovers that the data that the individual based his or her conclusions on was falsified. $ence, the conclusions drawn were erroneous. $er analysis of the document to check its accuracy is referred to as2 !%*. a. 4ositive criticism !%-. b. nternal criticism !%. c. 6ternal criticism !'0. d. Secondary criticism !'1. !'!. '. / researcher is interested in studying approaches to teaching writing in schools during the 1-00s. She discovers a grammar book, but there is no author or copyright date in the book. She eamines the typeface in the book as well as the writing style. /fter investigating further, she finds a reference to the book from a teacherEs diary from the 1-00s. &he diary also mentions an authorEs name. /fter further searching around she is able to identify the author of the book. &he investigator was engaged in what process? !'#. a. Sourcing !'%. b. 4ositive criticism !''. c. 4resentism !'(. d. /ial coding !'*. !'-. (. $istorical research is conducted for which of the following reasons? !'. a. &o identify the relationship that the past has to the present !(0. b. &o evaluate and record accomplishments of individuals or entities !(1. c. &o enhance understanding of the culture in which we live !(!. d. &o uncover the unknown !(#. e. /ll of the above
!(%. !('. *. $istorical research is interpretative. !((. a. &rue !(*. b. Calse !(-. !(. -. &he following is a step in the process of historical research? !*0. a. 4reparing a report or narrative eposition !*1. b. dentifying a research topic and formulation of the research problem or "uestion !*!. c. 3ata synthesis !*#. d. 3ata collection and;or literature review !*%. e. /ll of the above !*'. !*(. . Dral histories can be based on )))))). !**. a. nterviews with people !*-. b. Stories and tales !*. c. Songs !-0. d. /ll of the above !-1. !-!. 10. n historical research, a primary source ))))))))). !-#. a. Aonsists of first hand accounts by witnesses to events !-%. b. Aan consist of sources that include original maps, diaries, transcripts of the minutes of a !-'. meeting, and photographs !-(. c. 7oth a and b !-*. !--. 11. n historical research secondary sources are ))))))))). !-. a. Generally considered more useful that primary sources !0. b. Generally considered less useful than primary sources !1. !!. 1!. n evaluating historical research sources, eternal criticism )))))))). !#. a. Aan involve the use of carbon dating and handwriting eperts !%. b. $elps determine the validity, trustworthiness or authenticity of a source !'. c. Aan involve use of historical linguistsE knowledgeable with the writing style of the period !(. d. /ll of the above !*. !-. 1#. Aontetuali>ation refers to the process of identifying when and where an event took place. !. a. &rue #00. b. Calse #01. #0!. 1%. &he process of determining the reliability or accuracy of the information contained in the sources collected is known as )))))). #0#. a. 6ternal criticism #0%. b. nternal criticism #0'. c. Jagueness #0(. d. 4resentism #0*. #0-. 1'. 4resentism in historical sources )))))))). #0. a. s the presence of the author in a historical source #10. b. s a first=hand accounts of events #11. c. s the assumption that the present=day connotations of terms also eisted in the past #1!. d. s the assumption that the past influences the present #1#. #1%. 1(. 8Aomparing document to each other to determine whether they provide the same information or reach the same conclusion9 is known as )))))))). #1'. a. Aontetuali>ation #1(. b. Sourcing #1*. c. Aorroboration
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d. ation b. Sourcing c. Aorroboration d. ation b. Sourcing, internal criticism, and eternal criticism c. Aorroboration, internal criticism and eternal criticism d. Aontetuali>ation, corroboration and presentism 1. n historical research, data synthesis usually does not include )))))). a. 3efining and interpreting key words, phrases and terms b. Ahronologically ordering events c. 3ifferentiating between how people should behave and how they did behave d. nferring causation based on simple correlation e. Maintaining a distinction between intent and conse"uences !0. When writing their narratives, many historical researchers prefer to use ))))). a. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 1%: b. The Chicago Manual of Style c. The Historical Manual of Style d. The Historian’s Manual of Style Answers: '. a (. e *. a -. e
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!1. !!. !#. Chapter 1 !%. Multiple Choice Questions !'. !(. 1. /ccording to the typology used in your tet, research in which "uantitative and "ualitative techni"ues are mied in a single study is specifically called2 !*. a. Mied research !-. b. Mied method research !. c. Mied model research #0. d. Multimethod research #1. #!. !. /ccording to the typology used in your tet, research in which "uantitative and "ualitative approaches are mied within or across the stages of the research process is specifically called2 ##. a. Mied research #%. b. Mied method research #'. c. Mied model research #(. d. Multimethod research #*. #-. #. /ccording to the typology used in your tet, research in which a "uantitative phase and a "ualitative phase are included in the overall research study is specifically called2 #. a. Mied research %0. b. Mied method research %1. c. Mied model research %!. d. Multimethod research
%#. %%. %. &he use of a "ualitative research objective, collection of "ualitative data, and performance of "uantitative analysis is an eample of2 %'. a. Mied method research %(. b. Within=stage mied model research %*. c. /cross=stage mied model research %-. d. Monomethod research %. '0. '. &he use of a "uantitative research objective, collection of "uantitative data, and the use of "uantitative data analysis is known as2 '1. a. Mied method research '!. b. Within=stage mied model research '#. c. /cross=stage mied model research '%. d. Monomethod research ''. '(. (. Mied researchers typically use the pragmatist philosophy. '*. a. &rue '-. b. Calse '. (0. *. &he pragmatist philosophy is most closely associated with which of the following positions? (1. a. &he incompatibility thesis (!. b. &he compatibility thesis (#. (%. -. Which of the following is a weakness of "uantitative research? ('. a. 4rovides precise, numerical data ((. b. &he researcherEs categories that are used might not reflect local constituenciesE (*. understandings (-. c. &esting hypotheses that are constructed before the data are collected (. d. Aan study a large number of people *0. *1. . Which of the following is a weakness of "ualitative research? *!. a. &he results are more easily influenced by the researcherEs personal idiosyncrasies *#. b. 3ata are based on the participantEs own categories of meaning *%. c. Aan determine idiographic causation *'. d. 5seful for describing comple phenomena *(. **. 10. Which of the following is a weakness of mied research? *-. a. Words, pictures, and narrative can be used to add meaning to numbers *. b. +esearchers can generate and test a grounded theory -0. c.
*. -. 1%. What would this mied method design be called2 @ual==Q@5/< . a. 3ominant=status se"uential design 100. b. 6"ual=status se"uential design 101. c. 3ominant=status concurrent design 10!. d. 6"ual=status concurrent design 10#. 10%. 1'. What would this mied method design be called2 @5/F==Q@5/< 10'. a. 3ominant=status se"uential design 10(. b. 6"ual=status se"uential design 10*. c. 3ominant=status concurrent design 10-. d. 6"ual=status concurrent design 10. 110. 1(. What would this mied method design be called2 @ual B @5/< 111. a. 3ominant=status se"uential design 11!. b. 6"ual=status se"uential design 11#. c. 3ominant=status concurrent design 11%. d. 6"ual=status concurrent design 11'. 11(. 1*. What would this mied method design be called2 @5/F B @5/< 11*. a. 3ominant=status se"uential design 11-. b. 6"ual=status se"uential design 11. c. 3ominant=status concurrent design 1!0. d. 6"ual=status concurrent design 1!1. 1!!. 1-. Which of the following cannot be a purpose or rationale for a mied research design? 1!#. a. &riangulation 1!%. b. Aomplementarity 1!'. c. 3evelopment 1!(. d. nitiation 1!*. e. 6pansion 1!-. f. /ll of the above can be purposes 1!. 1#0. 1. Which of the following mied research rationales seeks elaboration, enhancement, illustration, clarification of the results from one method with the results from the other method? 1#1. a. &riangulation 1#!. b. Aomplementarity 1##. c. 3evelopment 1#%. d. /ll of the above 1#'. 1#(. !0. What two "uestions must be answered in order to select one of the specific mied method designs provided in the tetbook? 1#*. a. s the "ualitative or "uantitative paradigm going to be given priority, or will they be 1#-. given e"ual status in your study? 1#. b. Should the "ualitative and "uantitative components be carried out concurrently or 1%0. se"uentially 1%1. c. Should the study be theory driven or data driven? 1%!. d. a and c 1%#. e. a and b 1%%. 1%'. !1. / researcher wants to understand why people are willing to handle snakes as a part of their church activities in several rural churches in &ennessee, /labama, and Georgia. $e makes "ualitative observations at several churches but also hands out fairly lengthy instruments that "uantitatively measure several constructs @, religiousity, self=esteem, and a political attitudes:. $e keeps the "ualitative and "uantitative data separate during analysis. $e does some miing during the discussion of his report about the "ualitative and "uantitative insights are related. Which design is this?
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1'!. 1'#. Chapter 15 1'%. Multiple Choice Questions 1''. 1'(. 1. What is the median of the following set of scores? 1-, (, 1!, 10, 1% ? a. 10 b. 1% c. 1d. 1!
1'*. 1'-. 1'. 1(0. 1(1. 1(!. 1(#. 1(%. !. /pproimately what percentage of scores fall within one standard deviation of the mean in a normal distribution? 1('. a. #%R 1((. b. 'R 1(*. c. R 1(-. d. (-R 1(. 1*0. #. &he denominator bottom: of the >=score formula is 1*1. a. &he standard deviation 1*!. b. &he difference between a score and the mean 1*#. c. &he range 1*%. d. &he mean 1*'. 1*(. %. FetIs suppose we are predicting score on a training posttest from number of years 1**. of education and the score on an aptitude test given before training. $ere is the regression 1*-. e"uation !' B .'L 1 B10L!, 1*. where L1 years of education and L ! aptitude test score. 1-0. What is the 1-1. predicted score for someone with 10 years of education and a aptitude test score of '? 1-!. a. !' 1-#. b. '0 1-%. c. #' 1-'. d. -0 1-(. 1-*. '. &he standard deviation is2 1--. a. &he s"uare root of the variance 1-. b. / measure of variability 10. c. /n approimate indicator of how numbers vary from the mean 11. d. /ll of the above 1!. 1#. (. $ypothesis testing and estimation are both types of descriptive statistics. 1%. a. &rue
1'. b. Calse 1(. 1*. *. / set of data organi>ed in a participantsrows:=by=variablescolumns: format is known as a 8data set.9 1-. a. &rue 1. b. Calse !00. !01. -. / graph that uses vertical bars to represent data is called a )))). !0!. a. Fine graph !0#. b. 7ar graph !0%. c. Scatterplot !0'. d. Jertical graph !0(. !0*. . &he goal of ))))))))))) is to focus on summari>ing and eplaining a specific set of data. !0-. a. nferential statistics !0. b. 3escriptive statistics !10. c.
!%#. 1'. &he )))))) is the value you calculate when you want the arithmetic average. !%%. a. Mean !%'. b. Median !%(. c. Mode !%*. d. /ll of the above !%-. !%. 1(. ))))))))))) are used when you want to visually eamine the relationship between two "uantitative variables. !'0. a. 7ar graphs !'1. b. 4ie graphs !'!. c. Fine graphs !'#. d. Scatterplots !'%. !''. 1*. &he ))))))) is often the preferred measure of central tendency if the data are severely skewed. !'(. a. Mean !'*. b. Median !'-. c. Mode !'. d. +ange !(0. !(1. 1-. Which of the following is the formula for range? !(!. a. $ B F !(#. b. F $ !(%. c. F = $ !('. d. $ K F !((. !(*. 1. Which is a raw score that has been transformed into standard deviation units? !(-. a. > score !(. b. S35 score !*0. c. t score !*1. d. e score !*!. !*#. !0. Which of the following is
!#. b. %00,00'.! !%. c. * !'. d. % !(. !*. !%. Which of the following is interpreted as the percentage of scores in a reference group that falls below a particular raw score? !-. a. Standard scores !. b. 4ercentile rank #00. c. +eference group #01. d.
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''. d. /ll of the above statements are true '(. '*. %. What would happen other things e"ual: to a confidence interval if you calculated a percent confidence interval rather than a ' percent confidence interval? '-. a. t will be narrower '. b. t will not change (0. c. &he sample si>e will increase (1. d. t will become wider (!. (#. '. Which of the following statements sounds like a null hypothesis? (%. a. &he coin is not fair ('. b. &here is a correlation in the population ((. c. &here is no difference between male and female incomes in the population (*. d. &he defendant is guilty (-. (. (. &he analysis of variance is a statistical test that is used to compare how many group means? *0. a. &hree or more *1. b. &wo or more *!. *#. *. What is the standard deviation of a sampling distribution called? *%. a. Sampling error *'. b. Sample error *(. c. Standard error **. d. Simple error *-. *. -. $ypothesis testing and estimation are the two key branches of the field of inferential statistics? -0. a. &rue -1. b. Calse -!. -#. . / )))))) is a subset of a ))))))))). -%. a. Sample, population -'. b. 4opulation, sample -(. c. Statistic, parameter -*. d. 4arameter, statistic --. -. 10. / ))))))) is a numerical characteristic of a sample and a )))))) is a numerical characteristic of a population. 0. a. Sample, population 1. b. 4opulation, sample !. c. Statistic, parameter #. d. 4arameter, statistic %. '. 11. / sampling distribution might be based on which of the following? (. a. Sample means *. b. Sample correlations -. c. Sample proportions . d. /ll of the above 100. 101. 1!. /s a general rule, researchers tend to use )))) percent confidence intervals. 10!. a. R 10#. b. 'R 10%. c. '0R 10'. d. none of the above 10(. 10*. 1#. Which of the following is the researcher usually interested in supporting when he or she is engaging in hypothesis testing? 10-. a. &he alternative hypothesis
10. b. &he null hypothesis 110. c. 7oth the alternative and null hypothesis 111. d.
1(0. d. Meta error 1(1. 1(!. !#. /n effect si>e indicator is a statistical measure of the strength of a relationship. 1(#. a. &rue 1(%. b. Calse 1('. 1((. !%. Which of the following can be viewed as an effect si>e indicator? 1(*. a. r=s"uared 1(-. b. r 1(. c. 6ta=s"uared 1*0. d. Dmega=s"uared 1*1. e. /ll of the above 1*!. 1*#. !'. When the researcher rejects a true null hypothesis, a )))) error occurs. 1*%. a. &ype 1*'. b. &ype / 1*(. c. &ype 1**. d. &ype 7 1*-. 1*. !(. / post hoc test is ))). 1-0. a. / test to compare two or more means in one overall test 1-1. b. / test to determine regression to the mean 1-!. c. / follow=up test to the analysis of variance when there are three or more groups 1-#. d. / follow=up test to the independent t=test 1-%. 1-'. !*. &he use of the laws of probability to make inferences and draw statistical conclusions about populations based on sample data is referred to as ))))))))))). 1-(. a. 3 escriptive statistics 1-*. b. nferential statistics 1--. c. Sample statistics 1-. d. 4opulation statistics 10. 11. !-. / statistical test used to compare ! or more group means is known as ))))). 1!. a. Dne=way analysis of variance 1#. b. 4ost hoc test 1%. c. t=test for correlation coefficients 1'. d. Simple regression 1(. 1*. !. / statistical test used to determine whether a correlation coefficient is statistically significant is called the ))))))))))). 1-. a. Dne=way analysis of variance 1. b. t=test for independent samples !00. c. Ahi=s"uare test for contingency tables !01. d. t=test for correlation coefficients !0!. !0#. #0. &he cutoff the researcher uses to decide whether to reject the null hypothesis is called the2 !0%. a. Significance level !0'. b. /lpha level !0(. c. 4robability value !0*. d. 7oth a and b are correct !0-. !0. #1. Which )))) percent confidence interval will be the widest i.e., the least precise: for a particular data set that includes eactly '00 cases? !10. a. R !11. b. 'R !1!. c. 0R !1#. d.
!1%. !1'. #!. /s sample si>e goes up, what tends to happen to 'R confidence intervals? !1(. a. &hey become more precise !1*. b. &hey become more narrow !1-. c. &hey become wider !1. d. 7oth a and b !!0. !!1. ##. )))))))))) is the failure to reject a false null hypothesis. !!!. a. &ype error !!#. b. &ype error !!%. c. &ype / error !!'. d. &ype 7 error !!(. !!*. #%. Which of the following statements is;are true according to the logic of hypothesis testing? !!-. a. When the null hypothesis is true, it should be rejected !!. b. When the null hypothesis is true, it should not be rejected !#0. c. When the null hypothesis is false, it should be rejected !#1. d. When the null hypothesis is false, it should not be rejected !#!. e. 7oth b and c are true !##. !#%. #'. What is the key "uestion in the field of statistical estimation? !#'. a. 7ased on my random sample, what is my estimate of the population parameter? !#(. b. 7ased on my random sample, what is my estimate of normal distribution? !#*. c. s the value of my sample statistic unlikely enough for me to reject the null hypothesis? !#-. d. &here is no key "uestion in statistical estimation !#. !%0. #(. /ssuming innocence until 8proven9 guilty, a &ype error occurs when an innocent person is found guilty. !%1. a. &rue !%!. b. Calse !%#. !%%. #*. &his is the difference between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter. !%'. a. Standard error !%(. b. Sampling error !%*. c. 3ifference error !%-. d.
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!(*. %1. f a finding is statistically significant one must also interpret the data, calculate an effect si>e indicator, and make an assessment of practical significance. !(-. a. &rue !(. b. Calse !*0. !*1. %!. &he p=value used in statistical significance testing should be used to assess how strong a relationship is. Cor eample, if relationship / has a p.0% and relationship 7 has a p.0# then you can conclude that relationship 7 is stronger than relationship /. !*!. a. &rue !*#. b. Calse !*%. !*'. /nswers2 *. c 1#. a 1. a !'. a #1. a #*. b -. a 1%. a !0. c !(. c #!. d #-. a . a 1'. b !1. c !*. b ##. b #. a 10. c 1(. b !!. a !-. a #%. e %0. b 11. d 1*. b !#. a !. d #'. a %1. a 1!. b 1-. c !%. e #0. d #(. a %!. b !*(. !**. Chapter 1" !*-. Multiple Choice Questions !*. !-0. !-1. 1. / researcher does a study of studentsI phenomenological feelings about problem solving. Dne of her categories of codes involves positive affect. &wo subcategories of that category of positive affect are smiles when solves the problem, and shouts hooray when finished. &he relation between these subcategories and the overall category of positive affect is2 !-!. a. Spatial !-#. b. Se"uence !-%. c. Strict inclusion !-'. d. Cunction !-(. !-*. !. n looking at the relationships between coding categories, the relation, L is a place in N L is part of in SpradleyIs taonomy of semantic relations is labeled2 !--.
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!1. d. Strict inclusion !!. !#. #. n looking at the relationships between coding categories, the relation L is a kind of in SpradleyIs taonomy of semantic relations is labeled2 !%. a. Spatial !'. b. +ationale !(. c. Means=end !*. d. Strict inclusion !-. !. %. / researcher is doing a study of peer groups in middle school. She interviews ' girls and ' boys. She is doing a grounded theory studyN hence, she decides to generate her codes as she scans through her transcriptions of her data. &hese codes are labeled2 #00. a. / priori codes
#01. b. 4ost hoc codes #0!. c. nductive codes #0#. d. Master list codes #0%. #0'. '. Sarah is a "ualitative researcher studying how children and parents interact in $ead Start Aenters. /s she eamines her data videotapes and transcripts:, she jots down notes concerning the interactions, generating hypotheses, suggesting relationships among categories of information she is eamining and so on. &his process of jotting notes as she eamines the data is called2 #0(. a. Memoing #0*. b. &ranscription #0-. c. Cacesheet coding #0. d. 3rawing diagrams #10. #11. (. @ualitative data analysis is still a relatively new and rapidly developing branch of research methodology. #1!. a. &rue #1#. b. Calse #1%. #1'. *. &he process of marking segments of data with symbols, descriptive words, or category names is known as ))))))). #1(. a. Aoncurring #1*. b. Aoding #1-. c. Aoloring #1. d. Segmenting #!0. #!1. -. What is the cyclical process of collecting and analy>ing data during a single research study called? #!!. a. nterim analysis #!#. b. nter analysis #!%. c. nter=item analysis #!'. d. Aonstant analysis #!(. #!*. . What is the recording of reflective notes about what you are learning from your data during data analysis called? #!-. a. Aoding #!. b. Segmenting ##0. c. Memoing ##1. d. +eflecting ##!. ###. 10. Which of the following is one of SpradleyEs types of relationships? ##%. a. Strict inclusion ##'. b. Se"uence ##(. c. Aause=effect ##*. d. /ll of the above ##-. ##. 11. Which of the following is not one of SpradleyEs types of relationships? #%0. a. Strict inclusion #%1. b. Se"uence #%!. c. Aause=effect #%#. d. Aorrelational #%%. #%'. 1!. Aodes that apply to a complete document or case are called )))))))).
#%(. a. Aover codes #%*. b. Calse sheet codes #%-. c. Cactual codes #%. d. Cacesheet codes #'0. #'1. 1#. / classification system generally used in the social sciences that breaks something down into different types or levels is called a )))))))). #'!. a. 3iagram #'#. b. Clow chart #'%. c. $ierarchical category system #''. d. Aategory #'(. #'*. 1%. When you have high consistency among different coders about the appropriate codes for a set of data, you have )))). #'-. a. $igh intercoder reliability #'. b. $igh intracoder reliability #(0. #(1. 1'. Aodes developed before eamining the current data being coded are called )))))). #(!. a. Ao=occuring codes #(#. b. nductive codes #(%. c. / priori codes #('. d. Cacesheet codes #((. #(*. 1(. &he process of "uantifying data is referred to as ))))))))). #(-. a. &ypology #(. b. 3iagramming #*0. c. 6numeration #*1. d. Aoding #*!. #*#. 1*. Which of the following refers to the cyclical process of collecting and analy>ing data during a single research study? #*%. a. Memoing #*'. b. Segmenting #*(. c. Aoding #**. d. nterim analysis #*-. #*. 1-. /n advantage of using computer programs for "ualitative data is that they ))))))). #-0. a. Aan reduce time re"uired to analy>e data i.e., after the data are transcribed: #-1. b. $elp in storing and organi>ing data #-!. c. Make many procedures available that are rarely done by hand due to time constraints #-#. d. /ll of the above #-%. #-'. 1. ))))))))) are codes that are developed during the process of coding. #-(. a. nductive codes #-*. b. / priori codes #--. c. Ao=occurring codes #-. d. Cacesheet codes #0. #1. !0. 7oolean operators are words that are used to create logical combinations. #!. a. &rue ##. b. Calse #%.
1. !. #. %. '.
c a d c a
#'. !1. )))))))))) are the basic building blocks of "ualitative data. #(. a. Aategories #*. b. 5nits #-. c. ndividuals #. d.
%'. b. sec. for second %(. c. yr. for year %*. d. mo. for month %-. %. %. 6ditorial style specifies that )))))) should be used infre"uently or sparingly. '0. a. talics '1. b. /bbreviations '!. c. $eadings '#. d. 7oth a and b '%. ''. '. &he factor that should determine whether you decide to prepare a research report of you study for a conference or for publication is '(. a. Whether the study is free from flaws '*. b. Whether the study is important enough to justify presentation or publication '-. c. Whether others would be interested in the work '. d. /ll of the above (0. (1. (. Which of the following is not true about the use of language in research reports? (!. a. ou should choose accurate and clear words that are free from bias. (#. b. ou should avoid labeling people whenever possible (%. c. ou should avoid using the term 8subjects9 whenever possible ('. d. /ll of the above are true according to the /4/ Guidelines ((. (*. *. +egarding disabilities, writers should 8avoid e"uating people with their disabilities9 such as in mentally retarded people. (-. a. &rue (. b. Calse *0. *1. -. ou should avoid the use of seist language in research reports. *!. a. &rue *#. b. Calse *%. *'. . Which is more appropriate when referring to someone with a disability? *(. a. / stroke victim **. b. / person who has had a stroke *-. *. 10. ou should try to use italics fre"uently when writing a report. -0. a. &rue -1. b. Calse -!. -#. 11. ou should try to use abbreviations sparingly. -%. a. &rue -'. b. Calse -(. -*. 1!. 5se words for numbers that begin a sentence and for numbers that are below ten. --. a. &rue -. b. Calse 0. 1. 1#. ou should double space all material in the manuscript. !. a. &rue #. b. Calse %. '. 1%. Which of the following is not one of the seven major parts to the research report? (. a. +esults *. b. /bstract -. c. Method . d. Cootnotes
100. 101. 1'. &he ntroduction section should not be labeled. 10!. a. &rue 10#. b. Calse 10%. 10'. 1(. &he abstract should be about how many words? 10(. a. '0 10*. b. *' 10-. c. 1!0 10. d. #00 110. 111. 1*. &he Method section should start on a separate page in a manuscript. 11!. a. &rue 11#. b. Calse 11%. 11'. 1-. t is in this section that you fully interpret and evaluate your results. 11(. a. ntroduction 11*. b. Method 11-. c. +esults 11. d. 3iscussion 1!0. 1!1. 1. Where do you provide a step=by=step account of what the researcher and participants did during the research study? 1!!. a. ntroduction 1!#. b. /bstract 1!%. c. 4rocedure 1!'. d. 3esign 1!(. 1!*. !0. +eferences should be single spaced. 1!-. a. &rue 1!. b. Calse 1#0. 1#1. !1. @ualitative research reports do not need a Method section. 1#!. a. &rue 1##. b. Calse 1#%. 1#'. !!. When writing the "ualitative results section, an overriding concern should be to provide sufficient and convincing evidence to back up your assertions. 1#(. a. &rue 1#*. b. Calse 1#-. 1#. !#. When writing the "ualitative results section, you will need to find an appropriate balance between description and interpretation. 1%0. a. &rue 1%1. b. Calse 1%!. 1%#. !%. 3iagrams, matrices, tables, and figures should never be used in "ualitative research reports. 1%%. a. &rue 1%'. b. Calse 1%(. 1%*. !'. our tetbook authors argued that in "ualitative research it is important to fit the research findings back into the relevant research literature even if the study is eploratory. 1%-. a. &rue 1%. b. Calse 1'0. 1'1. /nswers2
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