YDS 2017 MINI DENEME 1 1. Although mountainous areas contain little ---- soil in Greece, about one-fourth of the people earn their living by farming and agriculture.
7. Rockets are believed ---- in the medieval China, and then the technology ---- throughout the Old World in the wake of the Mongol invasions of the 13th century.
A) innovative
B) fertile
A) to originate / were spreading
D) original
E) hectic
C) fragile
B) originated / has spread C) having originated / had spread D) to have originated / spread E) was to originate / would spread
2. It may surprise you to learn that chronic sleep ---significantly affects your health, performance, and safety. A) intention
B) defeat
D) perception
E) deprivation
C) achievement
8. The printing press ---- in the Holy Roman Empire by the German goldsmith Johannes Gutenberg, ---existing screw presses. A) was invented / based on B) had invented / basing on
3. Scientists believe that children are born with an inherited ability to learn any language, as every child has a language ---- device encoding grammatical structures into the child’s brain. A) participate
B) purchase
D) impact
E) aspect
C) could be invented / to base on D) invented / based on E) should have invented / having based on
C) acquisition
9. Greece ---- quite popular among tourists from various countries, since it ---- the visitors fabulous ancient wonders as well as modern attractions. 4. One of the most ---- effects of global warming is the reduction in Arctic sea ice, where we saw the smallest amount of Arctic ice cover ever recorded in 2012.
A) has become / must offer B) became / has offered C) could become / offered
A) dramatic
B) extinct
D) excellent
E) efficient
C) constructive
E) had become / had been offered
5. The civil service in Britain has issued a series of warnings that the country is not sufficiently equipped to ---- the extra demands of leaving the EU. A) wipe out
B) set up
D) cope with
E) look up
C) get around
6. All ancient astronomers ---- naked-eye observations, so they could only see large celestial objects like moon, Venus, Jupiter, and visible star-groups. A) sought out
B) broke out
D) went down
E) brought up
D) is becoming / offers
10. The atmosphere of earth protects living organisms ---- genetic damage that may be caused ---- solar radiation, solar winds and cosmic rays. A) from / by
B) of / at
D) up / with
E) away / off
C) on / behind
11. Four cups of coffee a day is considered safe ---healthy adults, but it exposes coffee drinkers ---- side effects like stress and insomnia.
C) relied upon A) on / under
B) from / under
D) in / to
E) into / up
C) for / by
YDS 2017 MINI DENEME 1 12. ---- substantial reforms in economy, small and medium-scale enterprises still find it difficult to raise capital, as banks often grant loans to big companies. A) Once
B) Despite
D) Even if
E) Rather
C) Though
18. ----, infectious disease continued to kill half of all Europeans before they reached the age of twenty. A) Although famines became less common and less widespread in Europe in the eighteenth century B) Unless the total number of urban dwellers across Europe as a whole did not change markedly C) Because improved sanitation and better diet played some role in the rise of Europe’s population in the 1820s
13. In recent years, carbon dioxide has been building up as a result of human activities, ---- the burning of fossil fuels, over-cultivation, and extensive logging. A) in case
B) so that
D) which
E) such as
C) due to
14. Insurance companies usually require a quick assessment of the workplace before preparing policies ---- have a better grasp of the existing circumstances. A) whether
B) as if
D) although
E) given
C) in order to
D) Since Naples went from a population of 300.000 to nearly half a million by the late eighteenth century E) Just as many men and women employed in the textile trade in northern France in the 17th century lived in cities
19. Unless international cooperation is ensured to ban the non-essential use of harmful chemicals, ----. A) ozone measurements exhibit year to year variability, but do not show any increasing or decreasing trend B) the increase of oxygen in the atmosphere led to the formation of the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere C) ozone layer would absorb 90% of the sun's high frequency ultraviolet light
15. The first recorded instance of cancer dates from 1500 BC in Egypt, ---- eight women with breast cancer were treated with fire. A) whom
B) where
D) which
E) by that
B) thus
D) in spite of
E) while
E) the depletion of the ozone layer will continue to pose a serious threat to human health
C) whose
16. Continuous intake of calcium and vitamin D helps maintain a healthy skeleton, ---- several other minerals are needed for muscle function. A) now that
D) the term ozone hole is employed to describe any episode of ozone depletion, no matter how minor
C) hence
20. Often considered to be the king of birds, ----. A) they are ranked at the top of the food chain due to the size and power of many species B) the wings of it are typically heavier than those of most other birds of prey C) the eagle is an exceptionally common symbol used by many countries on their flags
17. ---- his numerous inventions of mechanical devices, Archimedes is also credited with many discoveries in the field of mathematics and physics. A) Instead
B) Besides
D) Even so
E) Even if
C) Unlike
D) hunting techniques of birds differ among the species and genera E) different lifestyle needs among various eagle species result in variable measurements
YDS 2017 MINI DENEME 2 1. The first scientific for the Big Bang was found in 1929, when astronomers discovered that light from distant galaxies is reddened.
8. as a pagan temple in the 2nd century AD, the Pantheon in Rome famous for its dome, one of the largest ones in the world.
A) strike
B) purchase
D) survey
E) tradition
A) Having created / was B) Created / is C) Creating / has been D) To be created / could be E) Creates / should have been
C) evidence
2. As the world’s population has swollen and we have invented fuel hungry cars and homes, global energy have increased dramatically. A) influence
B) resource
D) impact
E) consumption
C) deposit
3. A giant meteor impact could have caused the mass of dinosaurs, as well as many other species, but studies need concrete proof for this theory. A) benefit
B) depression
D) extinction
E) layer
B) permanent
D) secular
E) compulsive
10. Scientific studies show that the amount of activity our brain while we are dreaming is similar the amount when we are awake.
B) looked up
D) grew up
E) looked down
A) in / to
B) on / for
D) under / up
E) for / over
C) at / out
C) subtle 11. Most animals look for food, communicate each other, and have complex patterns of behavior linked finding mates and producing young.
5. A popular British novelist, Charles Dickens in poverty amid the very scenes of his novels, which he later described in David Copperfield. A) called off
A) formed / was pulled B) is forming / pulling C) to have formed / having pulled D) was forming / had pulled E) has formed / must pull
C) settlement
4. Earth’s fossil fuels took hundreds of millions of years to form, but a portion of them has been burned up in just a hundred years. A) significant
9. The Moon as a result of a collision between Earth and a planet 4.5 billion years ago, when the debris together by gravity and became the Moon.
C) got out
A) upon / in D) of / across
B) away / by E) with / to
C) below / at
12. knowledge can be acquired from books and school education, most skills must be learned through practice and experience. A) In case D) Otherwise
B) Whether E) Just as
C) Whereas
6. The Spanish civil war in 1936 as a revolt by right wing Spanish military officers in Morocco and spread to mainland Spain. A) set up
B) broke out
D) turned on
E) switched off
C) came along
7. Humans 40% of the Earth’s surface from its natural state, far greater than the small changes that the last great planetary shift in the ice ages. A) would alter / have triggered B) had altered / trigger C) have altered / triggered D) alter / will trigger E) will alter / had triggered
13. powerful international bodies employ restrictive and drastic measures, it is feared that the world will soon its energy resources. A) Unless D) Despite
B) Thus E) As if
C) As long as
14. Many ancient civilizations observed astronomical bodies, such as the Sun and stars, they could keep track of times, dates, and seasons. A) as for D) so that
B) though E) even so
C) now that
YDS 2017 MINI DENEME 2 15. the World Bank’s latest figures, 131 of 196 countries around the world rely on food imports to feed their citizens.
23. In addition to having two airports, .
A) Besides D) However
B) Rome has grown into a city of three million people
B) Even if E) Given that
C) According to
A) the best times to visit Rome are spring and autumn
C) the most famous landmark in Rome is the Coliseum 16. there is general agreement that the Americas were first settled by Asian peoples, the pattern of migration, its timing, and the origins of the peoples who migrated to the Americas remain unclear. A) As well D) Which
B) Only if E) Although
E) many of Rome’s fountains are the work of the greatest sculptors of the Renaissance
C) Despite
17. There seems to be a link between obesity and type II diabetes, but it is not clear diabetes leads to obesity or obesity leads to diabetes. A) what D) however
D) Rome is also linked to the rest of Europe by road and rail
B) whether E) whereby
24. that it will cut emissions of greenhouse gasses by about million tons per year over the next five years. A) Scientist are engaged in research B) The British government has announced
C) whom
C) A group of scientist at the conference argued D) The Council on Environmental Protection would fear E) The government had objected
Despite the amount of budget (18) to the education system, students and parents are facing increasing problems. There is no stability or standard practice in the system (19) frequent and untimely changes. Seven different education ministers (20) in the cabinet over the last 15 years, and nearly 20 exams and placement methods have been tried (21) a fairer practice, and (22) none has led to a working system.
25. 26. which goes back almost 3,000 years. A) The 2016 Olympics was a major international multisport event held in Brazil as part of an Olympic tradition B) The Olympics brought together men from tribes and states in Greece and its colonies
18. A) enforced
B) exposed
D) convinced
E) objected
C) allocated
C) The ancient Olympics were abolished by the Roman Emperor Theodosius in 393 AD D) The bidding process for the 2016 Olympic Games was officially launched on 16 May 2007
19. A) due to
B) in case
D) thus
E) whom
C) in addition
E) The United States topped the medal table for the fifth time over the past six games
20. A) were serving 27. Ever since psychologists started studying 26.
B) have served
intelligence, .
C) should have served
A) they have relied heavily on psychological tests for their concepts
D) may serve E) would serve
B) it is meant to represent how generally intelligent you are based on your performance 21. A) on
B) at
C) above
D) with
E) for
C) some psychologists come up with a test of mental abilities D) common measuring factors of intelligence include memory, attention and concentration
22. A) unless
B) so
D) yet
E) also
C) then
E) the first and most popular form of intelligence is called the two-factor theory
YDS 2017 MİNİ DENEME 3 1. In most developing countries, agriculture sector receives only 2% of total central government despite its significantly higher contribution to GDP and rural employment. A) diversity
B) requirement
D) dimension
E) influence
C) expenditure
2. The most fruitful research directly with language education in terms of social class differences was conducted by English sociologist Basil Bernstein. A) retiring
B) defying
D) dealing
E) composing
C) disturbing
3. The Earth's ozone layer all life from the sun's harmful radiation, but recent human activities have damaged this shield. A) assumes
B) demands
D) depletes
E) protects
C) causes
4. An essential element for all living organisms, zinc is necessary for humans, and zinc is characterized by growth retardation and impaired immune function. A) disaster
B) assess
D) disease
E) deficiency
C) mistake
5. Life coaching has the potential to help people workrelated stress in several circumstances of the working environment. A) look up
B) cope with
D) set off
E) turn off
C) grow up
7. The British boys band Beatles in Liverpool in 1960, at that time John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Pete Best. A) formed / including B) has been formed / to include C) having been formed / included D) is formed / was including E) forming / having included
8. China’s rapid growth in trade as an advantage for the Southeast Asian nations, because it spur the development across the region. A) see / helping B) was seen / to help C) is seen / helps D) must see / has to help E) used to see / having helped
9. An international research team of several eminent scholars a study into the effects of climate change and global warming on the world. A) consisted / had conducted B) to consist / to be conducted C) is to consist / conducts D) would consist / has to conduct E) consisting / has conducted
10. One of the great advances astronomy the past decade has been the discovery of planets outside our solar system. A) in / over
B) through / at
D) under / by
E) with / on
C) in / to
11. Tobacco was first used Native Americans and began to be cultivated eight thousand years ago in South America. A) at / behind
B) for / with
D) of / across
E) off / from
C) by / about
6. The cost of everything from metals and minerals to commodities such as sugar, tea, and petrol dramatically in the first half of 2012.
12. The mouth is the first part of human digestive system, where food is broken and chewed it can easily be swallowed.
A) went up
B) gave up
A) so that
B) once
D) broke out
E) died out
D) as if
E) in that
C) wiped out
C) so long as
YDS 2017 MİNİ DENEME 3 13. many countries in the world follow the spirit of cooperation, there are still disputes over territory that remain unresolved.
19. Even though Turkey possesses a huge solar power energy potential, . A) Denmark was leading in the world in solar technology
A) Hence
B) When
E) Even so
D) Before
C) Although
B) most of the industrial world is slow to recognize the benefits of wind C) it still produces far less than other European countries
14. Bosporus is an extremely important strait geographical location, economics, and military matters. A) much as
B) now that
D) in case
E) in terms of
D) hydroelectric power is another renewable energy resource E) there must be a drop of 7% in the gas emissions
C) rather than
20. Unless you have a photographic memory, . A) human brain is superior in terms of its ability to create
15. When we think of war films, we often think that they are filmed in Vietnam and Europe, the location for these films is generally United States.
B) it will be impossible to remember every detail you learn, so repetition is vital C) the notion of a photographic memory is a new concept
A) only if
B) as if
D) thus
E) but
C) given that D) most of us do have a kind of photographic memory E) these memories seem to result from innate abilities
16. Power companies install wind turbines in isolated and sparsely populated areas migratory and residential wildlife is least affected. A) where
B) whom
D) for who
E) when
C) by which
21. Women are more attuned to words and sounds, and are good at learning languages, . A) so they perceive pain more intensely than men B) but children generally have better memory than adults C) men have a brain wired for risk-taking D) yet bilingual people have better chance in life E) whereas men tend to have a harder time expressing emotions verbally
17. does geology provide a better understanding of the Earth’s evolution and its present features, but it also serves society in a variety of practical ways. A) Either
B) Since
D) Unless
E) Nor
C) Not only 22. Although there is no standard definition for a smartphone, . A) it is a mobile phone with advanced functions B) the first smartphone had a calendar, a calculator, and fax capabilities
18. the bloody civil war, many airlines are able to maintain an international flight schedule into and out of Congo, a country located in Africa. A) Despite
B) Once
D) While
E) Whereas
C) Although
C) its applications are not often included when you buy it D) whether the smartphone will simply be a computer in the future is not certain E) the number of people using smartphones rises every day
YDS 2017 MİNİ DENEME 4 1. Unless drastic measures are taken to curb our dangerous on fossil fuels, severe disruption of the earth’s climate is inevitable.
7. Farming around 11,000 BC when communities in the Fertile Crescent, an area of the Middle East, began and harvest wild rye seeds.
A) diversity
B) requirement
A) begins / sow
D) dimension
E) dependence
C) expenditure
B) has begun / sowing C) to begin / to have sowed D) began / to sow E) beginning / sowed
2. In lessdeveloped world, there are very few modern urban water networks, so people living in these areas do not have to safe drinking water. A) belief
B) access
D) deficit
E) compose
C) remote
8. Without rainforests continually recycling huge quantities of water, droughts more common, potentially to widespread famine and disease. A) would become / leading B) were becoming / leads
3. In 2014, Russia's ruble went into freefall despite the central bank's dramatic decision to interest rates from 10.5% to 17%. A) tend
B) raise
D) bring
E) acquire
C) became / is leading D) should become / was leading E) had become / led
C) involve
4. Forests help all life on Earth by producing oxygen, so preservation of the world’s forests is extremely important for the continuity of life.
9. First human settlement in ancient Lycia is thought during the early Iron Age, when Lukka people to this region from the Central Anatolia. A) occurred / were migrating B) were occurring / had migrated
A) debate
B) consume
D) infect
E) affect
C) sustain
C) to have occurred / migrated D) to occur / has been migrated E) occurring / migrate
5. If the global economic recession continues for a few more years, most investors will considerable losses. A) end up with
B) set out
C) carry out
D) keep up with
E) come up with
6. According to a leading article in one of today’s newspapers, a group of foreign businessmen are planning to a new project in the region. A) break into
B) bring up
D) run out of
E) clear out
10. The hotter a gas, the faster its atoms move ; the faster they move, the more they collide the container, which creates pressure. A) in / over
B) through / at
D) around / with
E) beyond / on
C) in / to
11. the fifth century BC, the Greek city of Athens was home some of history’s most brilliant artists, philosophers, and politicians.
C) set up A) By / from
B) For / with
D) Of / across
E) In / to
C) Between / about
YDS 2017 MİNİ DENEME 4 12. most modern French perfumes rely on artificial and chemical floral essence, inspiration for a perfume generally comes from natural sources. A) Now that
B) Unless
D) Even if
E) Once
C) In case
19. , the global population will increase to 10 billion by 2050. A) Although the governments have encouraged large families through tax reduction and welfare subsidies B) Even though the growth rate has been among the highest of the developed world
13. The French sociologist Emile Durkheim claims that human beings are individuals social beings that exist in society. A) not only / but also
B) other / than
C) so / that
D) as much / also
E) neither / or
C) If the current growth trends continue, and they seem likely to do so D) Since the birthrate has now outgrown the country’s agricultural capacity E) Because stringent measures need to be introduced to reverse population growth
14. People started using animals to work many simple machines and animals, oxen and horses, to carry much heavier loads than people could. A) despite
B) in contrast
D) instead of
E) due to
C) such as 20. Although most babies born in 1900 did not live past age 50, . A) age is the biggest risk factor for common fatal diseases
15. Ancient Egypt was a great civilization, little was known about it until 19th century, namely until hieroglyphics were decoded. A) Although
B) Just as
D) Thus
E) Since
C) Before
B) after E) unless
B) if only
D) but for
E) whereas
C) once
B) but
D) hence
E) despite
21. After securing political and economic stability and overcoming severe flooding, . A) about half of Thailand's workforce is employed in the agriculture sector B) the Thai economy depends mainly on automotive and electronics manufacturing
18. Smallpox was once a feared human disease, it was eradicated worldwide in the 1970s by a widespread vaccination campaigns. A) besides
E) high infant mortality is a huge problem in most of the African states
C) owing to
17. Tropical areas have abundant tree population, temperate or semitropical grassland areas have very little tree growth. A) since
C) these improvements are part of a major transition in human health spreading around the globe D) life expectancy at birth now exceeds 83 years in Japan, and is at least 81 years in several other countries
16. The EU maintains that policies for reducing greenhouse gases will not work individuals share the vision of a lowcarbon society. A) as if D) while
B) an infant born today is not luckier than its grandparents
C) whether
C) Thailand is now becoming attractive to foreign investors with its ability to recover D) the majority of the population in Thailand are ethnic Thais besides a large ethnic Chinese minority E) Thailand also exports processed foods like frozen shrimp and canned pineapple
YDS 2017 MİNİ DENEME 4 22. Galaxies come in many shapes and sizes; some are spirals like our own galaxy .
25. Besides performing domestic services and manual labor,
A) as our sun belongs to a giant galaxy called the 'Milky Way'
A) Rome differed from Greek city-states in allowing freed slaves to become citizens
B) whereas others are fuzzy bails or shapeless clouds
B) slaves in ancient Rome were also employed at highly skilled jobs and professions, such as teaching and accounting
C) in case our galaxy is unimaginably vast D) if the smallest galaxies have just a few million stars
C) a major source of slaves was Roman military expansion during the Republic Period
E) so the stars in a galaxy are held together by gravity D) so that escaped slaves would be hunted down and returned E) there are various estimates for the prevalence of slavery in the Roman Empire
23. Whereas Chinese is the most widely spoken first language in the world, . 26. If galaxies pass near each other or converge, . A) it is divided into seven major dialect groups, whose study is considered a distinct academic discipline in China
A) they would have surely caused a great cosmic collision
B) standard Chinese is the official national spoken language for the mainland and serves as a lingua franca
B) the proximity between them is not always stable due to movements in space
C) language laws of China do not apply to either Hong Kong or Macau
C) the process was usually accompanied by other phenomena
D) English is the most widely used second language used in various fields like business, science and technology
D) they can be reshaped by each other’s gravitational forces
E) many modern forms of spoken Chinese languages have their own distinct writing system using Chinese characters
E) the Milky Way Galaxy has existed for millions of lightyears
24. Although some species survive with virtually no change for hundreds of millions of years, .
27. Ritual and ceremony have been part of our lives ‐‐‐‐.
A) extinction is considered to be the death of the last individual of the species.
A) since they provide powerful ways to symbolize and celebrate our achievements
B) the relationship between animals and their ecological niches has been firmly established.
B) while making up your own ceremony may carry negative message from your past
C) local extinction occurs when species ceases to exist in the chosen area of study.
C) only if we have made peace with who we are and how we become that way
D) a typical species usually becomes extinct within 10 million years of its first appearance.
D) although these exercises leave us at ease with our present and past
E) currently an important aspect of extinction is human attempts to preserve critically endangered species.
E) and extinguishing a candle on your birthday can only help bakeries
YDS 2017 MİNİ DENEME 4 28. People frequently think of science as a relatively modern field; however, in its broadest terms, it is as old as humankind itself. A) İnsanlar, genel olarak en geniş anlamıyla insanlığın kendisi kadar eski bir tarihe sahip olan bilimin nispeten yeni ortaya çıkmış bir alan olduğunu düşünmektedir. B) İnsanlar, genel olarak bilimin nispeten yeni bir alan olduğunu düşünse de bilim insanlığın kendisi kadar eskidir. C) Genelde en geniş anlamıyla insanlığın kendisi kadar eski olan bilimin, yeni bir alan olarak yakın bir zamanda ortaya çıkmış olduğunu düşünen insanlar bulunmaktadır. D) İnsanlar, genelde bilimin nispeten yeni bir alan olduğunu düşünür, ancak en geniş anlamıyla bilim insanlığın kendisi kadar eskidir. E) İnsanlar; genel olarak bilimin, modern bir alan olduğunu düşünmekten ziyade en geniş anlamıyla insanlığın kendisi kadar eski olduğuna inanmaktadır.
31. There are over 100 trillion bacteria in our body, 32. most of which are in the guts, and they support essential functions like digestion, immunity and mental health.
A) Sindirim, bağışıklık ve akıl sağlığı gibi önemli fonksiyonları destekleyen ve vücudumuzda çoğunlukla bağırsaklarda bulunan 100 trilyondan fazla bakteri vardır. B) Vücudumuzdaki 100 trilyondan fazla bakterinin çoğu bağırsaklardadır ve bunlar sindirim, bağışıklık ve akıl sağlığı gibi önemli fonksiyonları desteklemektedir. C) Vücudumuzda bulunan 100 trilyonu aşkın bakterinin çoğu bağırsaklarda yaşar ve sindirim, bağışıklık ve akıl sağlığı gibi önemli fonksiyonları destekler. D) Vücudumuzda çoğu bağırsaklarda olan 100 trilyondan fazla bakteri vardır ve bunlar sindirim, bağışıklık ve akıl sağlığı gibi önemli fonksiyonları desteklemektedir. E) Sindirim, bağışıklık ve akıl sağlığı gibi önemli fonksiyonları destekleyen 100 trilyonu aşkın bakteri, vücudumuzda çoğunlukla bağırsaklarda bulunmaktadır.
29. Anadolu’nun çeşitli yerlerinde yapılan kazılar, 30. Hititlerin MÖ 1350 civarında yüksek bir uygarlık düzeyine ulaştıklarını ortaya koymaktadır.
A) Hittite settlements in Anatolia have been excavated in order to show that there was a high level of civilization before 1350 BC. B) Excavations conducted in certain parts of Anatolia suggest that the Hittite civilization came to its highest point around 1350 BC. C) Excavations carried out in various parts of Anatolia demonstrate that the Hittites achieved a high level of civilization about 1350 BC. D) Excavations suggest that the Hittites of Anatolia only reached a high level of civilization after 1350 BC. E) Various parts of Anatolia are being excavated to confirm that there was a high level of Hittite civilization there around 1350 BC.
30. Sahra Çölü’nün yılda on kilometreye varan bir hızla 31. güneye doğru genişlemekte olduğu bilimsel olarak ispatlanmıştır.
A) Recent scientific investigations have shown that the southerly movement of the Sahara remains at under 10 kilometers per year. B) There is scientific evidence to suggest that the Sahara expands southward at a rate of 10 kilometers a year. C) The rate at which the Sahara is expanding southwards has been scientifically established as not exceeding 10 kilometers a year. D) It has been scientifically proven that the Sahara is expanding southwards at a rate of up to 10 kilometers a year. E) According to recent scientific data, the Sahara is moving to south at a rate just under 10 kilometers a year.
33. 32. 2014 yılında başlayan ekonomik krizden bu yana, Rusya’daki sağlık kurumları önemli bütçe kesintilerine uğradı. A) Health institutions in Russia have suffered considerable budget cuts since the financial crisis that began in 2014. B) The financial crisis that began in Russia in 2014 has caused health institutions to suffer from severe budget cuts. C) The reason why health institutions have been suffering from serious budget cuts is the financial crisis that began in Russia in 2014. D) Substantial budget cuts, which have been experienced by health institutions since the financial crisis that began in Russia in 2014, cause them to suffer. E) Health institutions have been suffering from huge budget cuts caused by the financial crisis that began in Russia in 2014.
33. 34. Paul Fisher, an economist with an interest in
science, left his mark in the business world by designing a better ballpoint pen. A) İş dünyasında iz bırakan iktisatçı Paul Fisher, daha iyi bir tükenmez kalem tasarlamayı, bilime ilgisi sayesinde başarmıştır. B) Bilime ilgisiyle tanınan iktisatçı Paul Fisher, daha iyi bir tükenmez kalem tasarlayarak iş dünyasında adından söz ettirmiştir. C) Daha iyi bir tükenmez kalem tasarlayan iktisatçı Paul Fisher, iş dünyasında fen bilimlerine katkısıyla adını duyurdu. D) Bilime ilgi duyan bir iktisatçı olan Paul Fisher, daha iyi bir tükenmez kalem tasarlayarak iş dünyasında iz bırakmıştır. E) Paul Fisher, bilime ilgi duyan bir iktisatçı olarak daha iyi bir tükenmez kalem tasarlamış ve böylece iş dünyasında adını duyurmuştur.
YDS 2017 MİNİ DENEME 5 1. Oil has provided humanity with many ----, including affordable energy to reduce our workloads and improve our mobility. A) benefits
B) deficits
D) damages
E) famines
C) debates
7. ---- in the sixth century BC, some thinkers known as the pre-Socratics ---- serious questions about the relationship between the natural world, gods, and men. A) Starting / raised B) To have started / raising C) Started / to have raised D) Being started / to raise
2. According to the ---- by experts, water resources will become scarce, climate change will alter our planet in an irreversible way, and habitats will be lost for good in 100 years. A) obstacles
B) invasions
D) consents
E) predictions
C) fluctuations
E) To be started / would raise
8. Foreign investment in Palestine ---- substantially, especially since the economy ---- a ten-percent growth rate in 2010. A) used to grow / recording
3. Home entertainment spending, such as DVD sales and film rentals, has been falling since hitting a peak in 2004, but it remains an important ---- source for the film industry.
B) was growing / has recorded C) has been growing / recorded D) had grown / had recorded E) having grown / to record
A) tendency
B) arrival
D) revenue
E) gossip
C) extinction
4. Astronomers estimate that there are some 200 billion galaxies in the ---- universe, with about 400 billion stars in each of these galaxies.
9. When modern coastal fish-farming ---- 30 years ago, no one ---- things right, either for the environment or the industry’s long-term sustainability. A) must begin / has been doing B) began / was doing
A) voluntary
B) observable
D) infectious
E) attractive
C) sensible
C) having begun / should do D) to begin / has done E) beginning / to do
5. Farmers in the tropics, who cultivate the cacao trees from which cocoa is produced, ---- the sales of cacao seeds to feed themselves and their families. A) cut off
B) bring up
D) catch on
E) break out
C) rely on
6. The UK government has drawn up detailed plans to cut public expenditure in order to ---- Britain's swollen budget deficit. A) pass down
B) deal with
D) look for
E) turn down
10. The degree of age-related wrinkling varies hugely ---- person to person, partly due to the amount of exposure ---- the sun. A) to / among
B) from / to
D) for / between
E) about / by
C) towards / with
11. Galileo attempted to calculate the speed of light ---trying to measure the time required for light to travel a known distance ---- two hilltops.
C) stand up A) up / in
B) for / with
C) by / between
D) of / across
E) among / below
YDS 2017 MİNİ DENEME 5 12. ---- shekel, first attested in c. 2150 BC, was the first form of currency, it was not money as we know and understand it today.
Researchers from Cambridge University’s Department
(18)---of Sociology examine the links (17) ---- the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Ebola outbreak in West
A) Given that
B) Unless
D) Now that
E) Though
C) Thus
Africa. (19)---(18) ---- the researchers, IMF programs over the years have imposed heavy constraints on the development of effective health systems in Liberia and Sierra Leone the cradle of the Ebola (20)---(19) ---- that has killed more than 6,800 since March this year. The researchers say that
13. ---- humans have developed amazing adaptive skills, they are able to survive in almost all land habitats and hostile environments.
economic policy reforms lately advocated by the IMF
(21)---(20) ---- the capacity of health systems in these three nations to cope (22)---(21) ---- infectious disease outbreaks and
A) As
B) Due to
D) Even if
E) Despite
C) Whether
14. The aging population leads to an increase in medical expenditure, ---- the medical care of elderly people costs more than that of other age groups. A) however
B) until
D) although
E) because
D) in spite of
16. Contemporary medicine applies health science, biomedical research, and medical technology ---diagnose and treat injury and disease. B) according to
D) so that
E) in order to
B) behind
D) like
E) between
C) by
19. 18. A) In case of
B) According to
C) As long as
D) As good as
E) On behalf of
C) as well as
E) besides
A) due to
18. 17. A) up
C) nevertheless
15. Eating at home allows you to control the ingredients in your food, so you can use natural organic food items ---- unhealthy processed foods. A) rather than B) in case of
other such emergencies.
C) contrary to
19. 20. A) epidemic
B) sanction
D) insight
E) suspect
20. 21. A) undermined B) would have undermined C) have undermined D) having been undermined E) had undermined
17. Australia’s population is unevenly distributed, as inner parts of the country are sparsely populated, ---the coastal areas are densely populated. A) since
B) if only
D) but for
E) while
C) once
21. 22. A) under
B) at
D) with
E) on
C) of
C) process
YDS 2017 MİNİ DENEME 6 1. Certain frozen areas of Greenland have always melted in summer, but recent research has ---- that the extent of melting in Greenland accelerated hugely. A) demanded
B) influenced
D) revealed
E) obsessed
C) approached
8. Some of the information acquired while reading ---- to long-term memory, but much is remembered for just long enough to enable you ---- the text. A) must be committed / understanding B) had committed / understood C) to have committed / understands
2. If a large asteroid with a diameter of 500 km ---- with Earth, such an impact will result in mass extinction of all life on Earth. A) collides
B) invests
D) concludes
E) yields
D) may be committed / to understand E) should have committed / was understanding
C) suffers 9. Turkish TV soap operas ---- so popular in the Arabic World that the shows ---- a boom in tourism from the Middle East to Turkey.
3. So as to gain expertise in a specific field, scholars tend to continue working in a single area for a ---length of time, perhaps even throughout their lives.
A) have become / are driving B) became / will drive C) had become / have driven
A) compulsive B) ambiguous C) moderate
D) become / had driven
D) qualitative
E) will become / were driving
E) substantial
4. We need a wide range of diligent scientists in order to improve technology and to ---- the sustenance of life on our planet. A) tackle
B) ensure
D) hinder
E) deplete
C) exhaust
10. A vast hydroelectric project has been launched to dam the rivers that flow ---- Hudson Bay, generating electricity ---- use in Canada and the US. A) through / in B) by /with D) at / on
C) along / about
E) into / for
5. A rover is a robotic vehicle built to explore the surface of a planet or moon and designed to find their way around and ---- tasks independently.
11. The growing acceptance that microbes can kill us had once more focused people’s attention ---- a world only visible ---- a microscope.
A) bring up
B) give off
A) on / through
B) to / upon
D) pass away
E) put out
D) against / in
E) of / for
C) carry out
6. Tectonic plates fit together to ---- Earth’s surface; they move constantly, and can change our planet’s features, depending on how they meet. A) give up
B) pull over
D) send for
E) make up
C) fall behind
7. In human history, windmills and water-wheels ---the first machines ---- power that in turn was used to make other machines work. A) becomes / having created B) had become / having been created C) became / to create D) have become / to be created E) becoming / being created
C) by / over
12. Seen from Earth, the Sun is a life-sustaining source of light and warmth that shines steadily on us; closer views, ----, reveal a world of astonishing violence, its surface bursting with vast eruptions. A) because
B) unless
D) now that
E) in case
C) however
13. ---- they appear to be packed with stars, galaxies are mostly empty space, as the distances between them are enormous. A) Despite
B) Even so
D) Even if
E) Besides
C) Because
YDS 2017 MİNİ DENEME 6 14. People used to think of the universe as a giant sphere, ---- we now know that things are not so simple.
21. NASA's Kepler space telescope was launched in 2009 and stopped gathering data in 2013 after a mechanical failure, ----.
A) so that
B) thus
D) whether
E) though
A) whereas no input has been detected from it since it broke down
C) once
B) because during its construction the engineers worked meticulously to maximize its lifespan 15. The basic principles of good diets are ---- simple ---- one can summarize them in just ten words: eat less, move more, eat lots of fruits and vegetables. A) neither / nor C) whether / or E) so / that
B) the more / the less D) such / as
C) so it searched for planets by measuring the levels in a star's brightness D) yet in its relatively short lifetime, it has provided a wealth of discovery E) since it has discovered a group of stars where each star has planets of its own
16. Problems like hunger, malnutrition, and poverty cannot be solved ---- women have rights and power equal to men. A) in spite of
B) unless
D) whereas
E) however
C) in order to
B) so that
D) much as
E) just as
A) we now focus on noise reduction, lighter and stronger materials, and lower fuel consumption B) the race to develop new aircraft technologies is at least as intense now as it was 30 years ago
17. Banks contract for a security interest over the assets of a company ---- they may seize the company’s property directly to satisfy debts. A) as though
22. Whereas the aeroplanes of the future were expected to cross oceans and continents as fast as possible in the 1980s, ----.
C) as if
18. ---- scientific studies have not fully explained how acupuncture works in medicine, it remains a source of controversy.
C) the first heavier-than-air machines to fly were kites, invented by the Chinese in about 1000 BC D) the needs of aircraft travellers are very well-matched with the technological development of airlines E) designers have improved the conditions of both the terminals and the neighbourhoods of airports all over the world
23. A regimen of mineral supplements should be discontinued, ----. A) if it has negative results in terms of one’s health
A) As well as
B) As far as
D) Hence
E) Since
C) Provided
B) now that clinics work with health care practitioners C) whereas symptoms are described in detail D) whether the patient has regular follow-up visits
19. ---- humans are among the most potent of all ecosystem engineers, their environments tend to change rapidly within a single generation. A) In spite of
B) Just as
D) Given that
E) Such as
C) Even so
B) yet
D) hence
E) despite
24. Though the brain accounts for just one-fiftieth of our body weight, ----. A) one of its hemispheres is responsible for instinctive behaviour
20. Smallpox was once a dreaded human disease, ---- it was eradicated worldwide in the 1970s by widespread vaccination. A) besides
E) while a blood test warns about the risks
C) after
B) it consumes about a fifth of our oxygen and glucose supplies C) brain weight doubles during the first year of life D) mental decline is only inevitable with brain disease E) the brain has an organic logic all of its own
YDS 2017 MİNİ DENEME 6 25. Since migratory routes of cranes ignore political boundaries, ----. A) a species bank of captive cranes has been created to guard against extinction B) some cranes depend exclusively upon wetlands for nesting and feeding C) any effort to protect them requires the participation of several countries D) an International effort to ensure safe passage for cranes would have been hardly feasible E) this was simply a means to draw global attention to cranes and their work
26. The building of the irrigation canal in New Valley Project in Egypt was planned with extreme care ----. A) if the inlet starts at a point 8 km north of Lake Nasser B) as the mistakes made in earlier canals proved costly
29. Instead of offering a single view on a certain topic, modern science affords multiple reproducible concepts that can be validated through experimental trials. A) Modern science has been described by scientists in many different ways rather than in just one way, and each of these have their own validity based on the scientific tests. B) Even if science today represents many diverse and particular ideological angles, and from these a valid and unified concept is produced respecting multiple views. C) Contemporary science provides different notions that may be duplicated and confirmed by experimental tests, rather than producing a unified picture about a subject. D) Multiple views on science are the result of experiments being unable to reproduce a unified description by which it might be approved in experiments. E) In addition to offering a single view on a given issue, modern science affords many repeatable views which could be validated by experimental trials.
C) as though the desert could become green D) until the amount of water required was agreed on E) that wealthy investors could easily be found
27. Despite the current turmoil in finance markets, ----. A) IMF expects a sharp drop in oil prices to impair global consumption and growth B) many financial market participants are much more pessimistic about recovery prospects C) Chinese growth is expected to slow from 6.9 percent in 2015 to 6.3 percent in 2016 D) there is a risk that the world could plunge into the third leg of a global financial crisis E) global economic activity remains on a gradually improving trend
30. The study of quality of life is important not only because it addresses threats to well‐being, but also because it sheds light on the factors that keep older adults from excessive reliance on public programs. A) Those who study quality of life think that their work is important not because they help older people find ways to get rid of their excessive reliance on public programs, but because they try to tackle threats to well‐being. B) Addressing problems of well‐being is more important, according to the findings of the study of quality of life, than providing the elderly with an understanding of how to pursue a life without being dependent on public programs. C) What makes the study of quality of life important is that it responds to issues that pose risks to well‐being and it provides us with insight into the factors that help older people avoid becoming too reliant on public programs.
28. ----, but we cannot deny their positive impact. A) Training is also sometimes provided in the use of technology B) There is often an increased availability of products for local consumers C) As a multinational company sets up manufacturing plants D) Employment opportunities are generated for locals in the overseas country E) Multinational companies are often criticized for a number of reasons
D) The reason why elderly people have become more aware of the factors that help them to keep away from extreme reliance on public programs is that the study of quality of life has proved to be important as it is able to address threats to well‐being. E) There are a number of threats to well‐being, but the study of quality of life is an important field that addresses these problems by providing older people with a grasp of how to protect themselves from becoming too reliant on public programs.
YDS 2017 MİNİ DENEME 6 31. Scientists are struggling to understand the strange biology of Rafflesia, one of the world's largest flowers, in case it disappears from the jungle.
33. Specialists in climatology forecast that global temperatures may either rise sharply or fall dramatically.
A) It is a well-known fact that Rafflesia, one of the world's largest flowers, will vanish from the jungle soon, which makes scientists interested in understanding its biology.
A) To some climatologists, whereas in some areas temperatures show a tendency to rise abruptly, in other places dramatic falls will be seen
B) One of the world's largest flowers, Rafflesia has started to disappear from the jungle; therefore, scientists are rushing to study the biology of this large flower.
B) Experts on global temperatures hold the belief that extreme rises and falls are indispensable in the future
C) There is a possibility that one of the world's largest flowers, Rafflesia, may become extinct from the jungle, so scientists are working hard to comprehend its unusual biology. D) Scientists have difficulty in understanding the complex biology of Rafflesia, which is one of the world's largest flowers, as it is about to disappear.
C) The fact that global temperatures not only rise remarkably but also fall below standards has been reminded by experts on climate changes D) It has been predicted by experts in climate affairs that there may be considerable rises or steep decline in global temperatures E) Analysts in climatology warn us that there will be global temperature extremes in the near future.
E) It is strange that although Rafflesia, one of the world's largest flowers, is vanishing from the jungle, scientists are still trying to understand its biology.
32. The notion that we might one day be able to communicate by thought alone has preoccupied scientists and science-fiction writers for decades.
34. Languages worldwide differ from each other in innumerable ways, yet the fact that people speak different tongues does not necessarily mean they think differently.
A) Scientists and science-fiction writers have long been trying to demonstrate that people can actually interact by thought alone.
A) There are countless differences between languages in the world, but it does not essentially follow that speakers of distinct languages adopt different ways of thinking.
B) Scientists and science-fiction writers have long been thinking that one day people will be able to transmit their ideas not only by words, but also by thought.
B) One can argue that speakers of different languages around the globe think differently just by considering the various differences among languages.
C) Not only scientists but also science-fiction writers have long been endeavouring to find an answer to the problem regarding thought communication.
C) The way speakers of different languages look at thinks does not have any influence on the numerous differences among languages on earth.
D) Scientists and science-fiction writers have long been considering the idea that one day it will be possible for people to transmit messages via thought only.
D) Speakers of different languages from other countries may think differently, but in fact, it does not account for the countless differences among languages.
E) Scientists have already proven that people can communicate by thought alone, which has also been a popular theme for science-fiction writers for a long time.
E) Given the number of differences among languages, people consider that the speakers of global languages can vary in innumerable ways how they think.
YDS 2017 MINI DENEME 7 1. Some of the most ---- elements in the universe include hydrogen and helium, which together make up 98% of the available matter.
7. In Turkey, women ---- the right to vote in municipal elections in 1930, while women's suffrage ---- for parliamentary elections in 1934.
A) docile
B) acquired
A) were given / was achieved
D) abundant
E) privileged
C) terminal
B) gave / has achieved C) had given / has been achieved D) were giving / could have achieved
2. A team of astronomers from the University of UCLA have ---- nine new dwarf planets orbiting the Milky Way, the largest number ever discovered at once. A) comprised
B) accelerated
D) relieved
C) anticipated
E) identified
E) had to give / was achieving
8. Education ---- a long and arduous process that not only ----- us with basic skills such as literacy and numeracy, but is also essential in shaping our future lives. A) will be / would have provided
3. The human body produces over 2.5 million new blood cells during every second of our adult lives, but how this ---- is controlled remains poorly understood.
B) had been / had provided C) could be / provides D) must be / was provided E) has been / should have provided
A) density
B) conflict
D) process
C) turmoil
E) essence
4. According to a study by the University of Cambridge people who sleep for more than eight hours a day have ---- risk of stroke.
9. Up to recent times, neuroscientific researchers ---that essential differences between the male and female brain ---- by innovative techniques. A) claimed / to be uncovered B) have claimed / might be uncovered
A) valuable
B) consistent
D) vague
C) heightened
E) rigid
C) have been claimed / to uncover D) would claim / are being uncovered E) are claimed / uncovers
5. Young people from unhappy living situations have not had the opportunity to learn constructive ways to ---- fear and grief, as well as life's challenges. A) bring up
B) win over
D) set off
C) cope with
E) look after
10. An essential element ---- all living organisms, zinc is necessary for humans, and its deficiency is characterized ---- growth retardation, and impaired immune function. A) by / with
B) with / at
D) on / over
E) for / by
C) in / across
6. By measuring the loss of dominant species, the researchers found that for every 10% of forest loss, one to two major species are ----.
11. Dental Public Health is the clinical specialty of controlling dental diseases, delivered ---- a target population ---- a regional or national basis.
A) played up
A) with / at
B) up / over
D) out / off
E) from / in
B) wiped out
D) found out
C) kept up with
E) set out
C) to / on
YDS 2017 MINI DENEME 7 12. Most companies will have to lay off at least 30% of all members of staff ---- the current economic stagnation continues. A) despite
B) provided
D) unless
C) even so
E) in case
13. British people enjoy free healthcare ---- the welfare state, a concept where the state plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of citizens. A) even if
B) whether
D) thanks to
Important advances in battery technology have led to electric cars capable of speeds up to 80 km/h and a range of 160 km. Such cars might become popular, (18)---- they can be easily recharged overnight when the power demand on electric stations is low. Mass use of electric vehicles would lower the demand for crude oil. Besides, (19)---- using lightweight steel, aluminum, plastics, and magnesium, car producers (20)---- reduced the size and weight of their models in the early 1980s in an effort to improve fuel efficiency. Front-drive technology, (21)---- allows more passenger and cargo space inside smaller cars, (22)---- by carmakers worldwide, replacing the rear-drive arrangement commonly used since the motor industry's earliest days.
C) when
E) besides 18.
14. The cost of everything from metals and minerals to commodities ---- sugar, tea and petrol, went up dramatically in the first half of 2006. A) both
B) such as
D) more
E) neither
C) than
15. ---- there are considerable cultural differences between the various South Asian nationalities that have come to Britain, there are certain underlying similarities. A) Unless
B) Instead
D) Whereas
A) unlike
B) because
D) just as
E) so as to
C) so that
19. A) with
B) against
D) between
E) under
C) by
20. A) solely
B) reluctantly C) tenderly
D) peacefully
E) drastically
C) Because
E) As far as 21.
16. A shocking survey has revealed that almost 30% of ---- Asian ---- African racial groups living in London are suffering financial hardship.
A) which
B) that
D) whom
E) where
22.
A) both / and
B) either / or
A) should have adopted
C) whether / or
D) neither / nor
B) would be adopted C) to have adopted
E) so / that
D) has been adopted E) had adopted 17. Passenger fares for public transport are heavily subsidized in developed countries, ---- congestion in the city centers has increased dramatically. A) contrary to
B) so that
D) in order to
E) due to
C) since
C) whose
YDS 2017 MINI DENEME 7 A common myth is that animals can sense an imminent earthquake. (23)---- most geophysicists dispute this assertion and claim that there is no way to predict an earthquake, a new hypothesis for predicting earthquakes is (24)---- interest in the scientific community. This hypothesis is based on a well-known principle: Subjecting rocks to extreme pressures causes the rocks to produce electrical currents. (25)----, a leading physicist has claimed that this principle may help predict quakes. Hypothetically speaking, an earthquake (26)---- the San Andreas Fault in California could produce hundreds of thousands of amperes that (27)---- the ionosphere surrounding the earth. By monitoring ionosphere for electrical fluctuations, scientists may be able to predict earthquakes.
23. A) While
B) Whether
D) Rather
E) Since
28. Life on Earth is believed to have evolved about 3.7 billion years ago, ----. A) when there was no protective ozone layer surrounding the planet B) although scientists thought ultraviolet radiation was an obstacle C) even if the earliest life is widely thought to have been based on RNA, the chemical cousin of DNA D) as if scientists are doubtful whether intense ultraviolet light from the sun had spurred on the evolution of life E) just as RNA was actually much more likely than other molecules
C) In spite of
29. ---- if they had not been able to exploit their oil and mineral reserves. A) Indeed, the study was denounced as "deeply flawed"
24. A) stagnating
B) harvesting
D) alleviating
E) hampering
C) generating
B) Waste dumps and worker camps constitute a further threat C) The benefits from oil and mining industries would also be reinforced
25. A) No matter
B) Owing to
D) However
E) Therefore
C) Rather
D) Environmental groups were quick to condemn the conclusions drawn E) Actually, most countries might have lost even more forest land
26. A) among
B) out
D) during
E) behind
C) along
27. A) have disrupted B) would disrupt C) was to disrupt
30. It is expected that the proposal should not be accepted in the parliament ----.
D) must have disrupted
A) since it would be considered a tax increase by many
E) is disrupting
B) unless there are more important matters to consider C) after the parliament resumes the new year’s budget-making D) while federal programs must be paid for by federal funding E) whereas the proposal itself is never discussed by the committee
YDS 2017 MINI DENEME 7 31. We think of our eyes as video cameras that make a flawless recording of the world around us, ----.
34. ----, it is not the only factor to be considered while making specific decisions.
A) whether deleted information is processed unconsciously has not been investigated
A) Whereas most shoppers decline monetary rewards for fear of being overcharged
B) as the distinction between looking and seeing is greater than one can imagine
B) As men and women spend more and more time for their appearance
C) but experiments show how little information we actually take in at a glance
C) Although money plays an important part in economic decision-making
D) however, a recent experiment indicates that this cannot be the entire reason
D) Unless people are encouraged to save and invest more of their income
E) therefore, there is a close relationship between what we think and what we see
E) As if it were possible to entice customers with special offers
35. Individualistic cultures tend to place emphasis on the individual relative to the group, ----. 32. Although the British were also worried about the global recession, ----.
A) thus they are the subject matter of many academic studies by anthropologists
A) its main advantages relative to continental Europe have been overlooked
B) so collectivistic team members do not suffer from a lack of collective efficacy
B) their public finances have moved into deficit and look like remaining there
C) but collectivistic ones also urge the Individual to work for the society
C) the economy cannot continue to grow at around its present trend
D) whereas collectivistic ones try to subordinate the individual to the group
D) a rise of one per cent in British interest rates would be bad for the economy
E) leading to great controversies among academic circles as to the place of the individual
E) they were in fact largely insulated from its negative effects
36. Though the term “human rights” is of recent origin, ----. A) there are certain actions that are never permissible and certain freedoms that should never be invaded 33. Despite enjoying an increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the early and mid 1990s, ----. A) structural reforms would have done little or nothing to reduce the income inequality in Latin America B) Latin America is now facing an economic stagnation C) the political mood in Latin America had shifted sharply to the left D) everybody admitted that the International Monetary Fund (IMP) had been at fault E) the Latin American countries would have followed the advice of analysts and looked to Korea as a role model
B) after 1933 the Western world realized that it was living in an age of totalitarian dictatorship far worse than old monarchic absolutism C) natural rights can be seen in their origins as claims that everyone naturally makes D) some politicians claim that any doctrine of human rights must be in some sense a doctrine of natural rights E) the idea itself can be traced back to the great philosophers of classical antiquity
YDS 2017 MINI DENEME 7 37. If our immune system has been compromised, ----. A) the immune system can be classified into subsystems B) an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens C) it becomes be harder to fight off any bacterial or viral infections D) multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens E) this process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination
39. Almanya'nın başbakanı Angela Merkel tarafından ortaya konan ekonomik reform planları, Sosyal Demokrat Parti'nin kongresinde oybirliği ile onaylandı. A) Angela Merkel, Germany's chancellor, should have made plans for economic reform, and they would have been approved at the Social Democratic Party's congress. B) The plans for economic reform put forward by Germany's chancellor Angela Merkel were unanimously endorsed at the Social Democratic Party's congress. C) At the Social Democratic Party congress, the plans for economic reform suggested by Germany's chancellor, Angela Merkel, met with considerable approval. D) The plans of Angela Merkel, Germany's chancellor, for economic development won the hearts of the entire Social Democratic Party at their congress. E) The plans for economic development by Angela Merkel, Germany's chancellor, were recently wholeheartedly denied at the Social Democratic Party's congress.
38. Tipik bir uydu, her biri 2 dakikada bir milyon sayfalık bir dokümanı iletebilen 20 veya 30 tane radyo vericisine sahiptir. A) A typical satellite has 20 or 30 transponders, each capable of transmitting a one-million-page document in 2 minutes.
40. Mayalar bazı bilimlerde o kadar gelişmişlerdi ki, günümüz insanları genellikle onların mistik güçleri varmış gibi hisseder ve tahminlerini çok ciddiye alırlar.
B) There are 20 to 30 transponders on each of these typical satellites; each of which is capable of transmitting a one-million-page document every 2 minutes.
A) Modern day people regard Mayans as having mystical powers; therefore, they tend to believe what they predicted about science.
C) Each of the 20 or 30 transponders on a typical satellite is capable of transmitting documents of up to one million pages in 2 minutes.
B) The Maya civilization are taken seriously by contemporary people as they were advanced in science a lot and had mystical powers.
D) Since a typical satellite has 20 to 30 transponders, it is able to transmit a one-million-page document every 2 minutes.
C) Because Mayans were ahead in science, modern people have a tendency to take them seriously as though they were mystical people.
E) The 20 to 30 transponders found on a typical satellite enable it to transmit documents of up to one million pages every 2 minutes.
D) As well as being so advanced in some sciences in ancient times, Mayas are also appreciated by modern day people because of having some kind of unexplained powers. E) The Maya were so advanced in some sciences that modern day people often feel as if they had mystical powers and take their predictions very seriously.
YDS 2017 MINI DENEME 7 41. A person’s health history may reveal a disease that interferes with the body’s use of nutrients or that affects the person’s eating habits. A) Kişinin sağlık öyküsü, yemek yemesini engelleyen veya bedeninin besinlerden yararlanma sürecini etkileyen bir hastalığı açığa çıkarmada kullanılabilir. B) Kişinin sağlık öyküsü, bedenin besinlerden yararlanmasını engelleyen veya kişinin yemek yeme alışkanlıklarını etkileyen bir hastalığı açığa çıkarabilir.
43. People who apply for professional assistance in coping with stress and pain are generally individuals whose strategies have proven ineffective in managing their problems. A) Sorunlarını çözmek için geliştirdikleri yöntemler yetersiz kalan bireyler, genellikle stres ve ağrıyla başa çıkma konusunda uzman desteğine başvururlar. B) Bireyler, sorunlarını halletmek için kullandıkları yöntemler yetersiz kaldığında stres ve ağrıyla başa çıkmak için genellikle uzman desteğine başvururlar.
C) İnsanın yemek yemesini engelleyen veya bedenin besinlerden yararlanma sürecini etkileyen hastalıklar, kişinin sağlık öyküsünden yararlanılarak ortaya çıkarılabilir.
C) Stres ve ağrı ile başa çıkmak için uzman desteğine başvuranlar, genellikle sorunlarını çözmek için yetersiz yöntemler geliştiren kişilerden oluşmaktadır.
D) Bir kişinin sağlık öyküsünden, hem onun yemek yeme alışkanlıklarını etkileyen hem de bedenin besinlerden yararlanmasını engelleyen hastalıklar kolaylıkla anlaşılabilir.
D) Bireyler, sorunlarına çare bulma konusunda gereken yöntemleri etkin olarak kullanamadıklarında stres ve ağrıyla başa çıkmak için genellikle uzman desteğine başvururlar.
E) Bedenin besinlerden yararlanma sürecini etkileyen veya kişinin yemek yemesini engelleyen hastalıkların çoğu, kişinin sağlık öyküsünden anlaşılmaktadır.
E) Stres ve ağrıyla başa çıkmada uzman desteğine başvuran kişiler, genellikle sorunlarını çözmek için kullandıkları stratejiler etkisiz kalan bireylerdir.
42. Today thousands of meteorological observation stations are in operation all over the world and supply us with estimates of various atmospheric situations. A) Bugün binlerce hava gözlem istasyonu tüm dünya üzerinde faaliyet göstermekte ve bize çeşitli atmosfer durumları ile ilgili tahminleri sağlamaktır B) Bugün dünya üzerinde binlerce hava gözlem istasyonu atmosfer durumları ile ilgili bilgileri bize eksiksiz olarak aktarmaktadır. C) Dünya üzerinde binlerce hava gözlem istasyonundan atmosfer durumları ile ilgili günlük tahminleri elde edebilirsiniz. D) Günümüzde atmosfer olayları ile ilgili tüm gelişmeler, yeryüzünde faaliyet gösteren binlerce hava gözlem istasyonu tarafından takip edilmektedir. E) Günümüzde, atmosferde yer alan pek çok olayı yeryüzünde faaliyet gösteren binlerce hava gözlem istasyonunun çalışmaları sayesinde öğreniyoruz.
44. ----. His principal equipment is a leather sofa for patients to lie on and a cabinet of mysterious drugs of one kind or another to send them off to sleep. He is particularly interested in the dreams of his clients and may use some form of hypnosis to study their repressed thoughts and secret emotions. A) More and more large firms are realizing the advantages offered by psychiatry B) No one may prescribe drugs or surgery in treating mentally sick individuals unless he is medically qualified C) It is important to realize that psychologists are first and foremost trained as scientists rather than as medical experts. D) Psychologists are primarily concerned with behavior and its abnormalities. E) The popular image of a psychiatrist is a fairly well defined one
YDS 2017 MINI DENEME 7 45. Italy is the great country of fountains, and the fountains of Rome are world famous. ----. It was built in the time of Pope Clement XII about the middle of the eighteenth century. The fountain and the palace behind it are a good examples of the baroque style of architecture, which gives a feeling of magnificence, movement and excitement. A) The fountain of Trevi, in Rome, is one of the most magnificent in the city. B) This style is especially effective for fountains because of the moving water.
47. Some obese people who lose weight voluntarily benefit from their weight loss. Research on obese people who lost weight indicates that a 10% loss is sufficient to produce significant decreases in lifetime health risks and personal health-related expenditures. ----. A) Dieting is a good choice for some people but not for others B) Therefore, even modest weight loss can be important for those who are obese
C) The water is brought underground from a spring many miles outside the city.
C) The eating disorders that have received the most attention, both in the popular media and in the scientific literature, are anorexia nervosa and bulimia
D) A statue of Neptune in the fountain is surrounded by numerous other figures.
D) On the contrary, the factors that influence obesity in adolescents are the same as those in adults
E) The city of Rome has been the capital of Italy ever since it was founded thousands of years ago.
E) Behavior modification programs with obese children have greater success in promoting permanent weight loss than similar programs with adults
46. Mercury, which is the smallest of the planets, is the closest to the sun at a little more than one-third of the Earth's distance. ----. It was first visited In March 1974 by the spacecraft Mariner 10 which passed within a few hundred kilometers of it. The craft relayed pictures on the two following passes in September 1974 and March 1975. It still continues to revisit Mercury every 176 days. A) The relayed picture showed that the planets have an approximately 59-day rotation period B) It is only recently that we have been able to gain any accurate information about it C) Mariner 10 measured a small magnetic field at the surface D) Today we are in possession of vast amounts of information about the planets E) Obviously it will take many thousands of years to reach even the nearest stars
48. When a mammal is young, it looks much like a smaller form of an adult. However, animals that undergo metamorphosis develop quite differently from mammals. The young of these animals, which are called larvae, look very little like the mature forms and have a different way of life. Take the example of butterflies and caterpillars, which are the larval form of butterflies. ---- Caterpillars, on the other hand, are wingless and have more than six legs. They move by crawling and feed on leaves. To become adults, the larvae must radically change their forms. To achieve this change, a larva must go through the process of metamorphosis. A) The migration of the monarch butterflies is so incredible that they successfully migrate to places that they have never even seen. B) It does this in the second stage of life, called the pupa stage. C) Butterflies have two pairs of wings and six legs and feed on the nectar of flowers. D) When they are ready to pupate, caterpillars settle in sheltered positions. E) The wing buds, which are under the caterpillar’s skin, grow into wings.
YDS 2017 MINI DENEME 7 49. (I) Whisky began to be marketed commercially in the middle of the nineteenth century. (II) By enlarging and modernizing its distilleries, Scotland has been able to dominate the market in Europe and America. (III) Up until then, production had been divided between a few official distilleries and many much smaller, illicit ones, whose produce was almost exclusively for local consumption. (IV) The development of reliable transport systems particularly trains - during the Industrial Revolution meant whisky could travel further afield. (V) And a few Scottish-and Irish traders seized this opportunity to begin exporting their output. A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
50. (I) Our bodies are often exposed to thousands of bacteria and viruses, which could potentially cause infection. (II) Our immune system protects us against the vast majority of them. (Ill) As people age, the immune system becomes less effective, which contributes to the greater susceptibility of people to some infections. (IV) It is easy to take our immune system for granted, but if you catch cold very often, you need to be more proactive about taking care of yourself. (V) Adopting healthy eating habits, for example, can boost your immune system. A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
52. (I) People say it is easier to learn a foreign language when one is young. (II) After all, we all learn a language In our infancy without even being aware of it. (III) With this in mind, a lot of kindergartens try to Introduce the children to a foreign language. (IV) One should not forget that some people learn a foreign language easily while others don’t. (V) In theory this is an excellent plan, but the results have not been as successful as one might have hoped. A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
A) In order to differentiate himself from previous people, Copernicus justified his observations using experiments based on his theories. B) Copernicus was unique among previous scientists and his theories were based on experiments and confirmed by his observations. C) As Copernicus used his observations as a basis for his theories and verified them through experiments, he was unlike many of those preceding him. D) What made Copernicus different from most of his predecessors was that his theories agreed with observations and experiments. E) Because Copernicus formulated his theories using observations rather than experiments, he hardly resembles his ancestors.
E) V
51. (I) There is nothing unusual about a single language dying. (II) Communities have come and gone throughout history, and with them their languages. (III) The Hittite language, for example, died out when its civilization disappeared. (IV) Small communities in isolated areas can easily be wiped out by earthquake, hurricanes and other disasters. (V). Yet, in comparison with what happened in the past, what is happening today is extra ordinary, for the cultural and linguistic diversify of the world is everywhere under the art. A) I
53. Copernicus was distinct from most of his predecessors in that he based his theories on his observations and validated them using experiments.
E) V
54. Historians emphasize Byzantine trade and industry, because these provided most of the surplus wealth that supported the state. A) There is a general consensus among historians that the economic importance of trade and industry in the Byzantine empire cannot be ignored. B) According to historians, in the Byzantine empire, trade and industry played a relatively important role in the economy. C) As far as historians are concerned, the economic prosperity of the Byzantine state depended, to some extent, on commercial and industrial activities. D) It is commonly recognized by historians that the Byzantine state could not have survived without the economic contributions of trade and industry. E) As the Byzantine state largely depended on the revenues generated by trade and industry, historians attach much importance to them.
YDS 2017 MİNİ DENEME 8 1. An increase in the share of youth in the working age population of the UK causes a sharp ---- in the unemployment rate and a modest increase in its labour force participation rate. A) diversity
B) disrupt
D) evidence
E) decline
8. Data from archaeological studies that ---- in recent years now makes it clear that first agricultural activities ---- in a much larger area than was once thought.
C) yield A) have been generated / began B) were generated / had begun C) are generated / begins
2. Cambridge University is ---- to developing and maintaining an environment that improves human health and a transition towards sustainability. A) susceptible
B) addicted
D) vulnerable
E) surrounded
D) to have generated / beginning E) might be generated / has begun
C) committed 9. Small objects still ---- Earth with no devastating effect, but a large asteroid impact some 65 million years ago appears ---- mass extinction of species.
3. An international research team ---- of several eminent scholars has conducted a study examining the effects of global warming.
A) collided with / caused B) have collided with / to cause C) had collided with / causing
A) coping
B) confronting
D) consisting
E) hindering
C) responding
D) collide with / to have caused E) to collide with / having caused
4. Human Rights Watch is a support organization that ---- violations of what it considers basic human rights and defends democracy, freedom, and human rights.
10. Psychology focuses on the consistency in human behaviour ---- time and the traits that distinguish one person ---- another.
A) initiates
B) ensures
A) at / for
B) over / from
D) complies
E) depletes
D) within / by
E) around / to
C) opposes
5. A meta-analysis ---- by researchers from Cambridge University has conclusively proven that diabetes is associated with obesity and sedentary life style. A) brought up
B) set out
D) carried out
E) called for
C) ended up
6. The main reason for Egyptians to build pyramids so hugely was to ---- their growing wealth, prestige, stability, and loyalty to their deities. A) turn over D) call off
B) drop out E) show off
C) take up
7. ---- in 1957, the organization known as the European Union originally ---- only six members: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. A) Founding / having comprised B) Founded / comprised C) To have founded / comprise D) Founds / to comprise E) Having founded / comprising
C) in / of
11. Modern cell biology incorporates a wide range of approaches aimed ---- gaining insight ---- the cells, the fundamental units of life. A) on / off
B) to / upon
D) at / into
E) of / for
C) by / over
12. In conventional agricultural, the amount of time to produce a crop is decreased to gain a larger profit, ---in sustainable practices,focus health andon continued soil sustainable agriculture more continued health of important the soil. aspects. fertilityand are fertility the most A) because
B) since
D) despite
E) just as
C) whereas
13. ---- current data point to a relationship between stress and illness, claims that stressful life events cause serious diseases are still premature. A) Once
B) Now that
D) Thus
E) Even if
C) Unless
YDS 2017 MİNİ DENEME 8 14. Obtaining nutrients is of ---- vital importance ---both individual organisms and ecosystems are structured around the central theme of nutrition. A) more / than
B) such / that
D) much / like
E) either / or
C) so / as
B) Due to
D) Although
E) Thanks to
A) Significant market barriers and failures may severely restrict the development of renewable energy B) Renewable energy technologies have an enormous potential in the United States
15. ---- regulate the life of a society, general and legal rules are set down in written form by the highest legislative authority of a country. A) In order to
21. ---- unless special policy measures are taken to encourage this development.
C) Market research shows that many customers would purchase renewable power D) Companies must explain the benefits of renewable energy to customers
C) According to E) Conventional energy technologies are generally well understood
16. The Independent t-test compares two independent groups to determine ---- the associated population means are significantly different or not. A) unless
B) provided
D) in case
E) whether
C) in spite of
22. Wearable technologies like smart watches devices have become so commonplace that ----. A) fashion electronics are smart electronic devices that can be worn on the body
17. ---- the Moon appears to be a luminous body, the fact is that it only reflects light received from the Sun.
B) wearable devices such as activity trackers are a good example of the Internet of Things
A) Because
B) Though
C) they are now considered an indispensable part of modern life
D) But
E) Rather
C) As if
D) Sony teamed up with the London College of Fashion for a contest to design digital clothing 18. ---- extensive research, the causes of Parkinson's disease remain largely unknown today, and the available evidence remains far from conclusive. A) Although
B) Just like
D) So as to
E) As much
C) Despite
19. The European Union is home to more than 20 million immigrants, ---- represent about 4% of the total population and make contributions to society. A) who
B) which
D) whose
E) what
E) Google started developing prototypes of Google Glass
C) where
23. Measurements are important because they help people agree on things, and without accurate measurements, ----. A) ancient measurements were often based on body parts B) the metric system is more suited to scientific work and is widely used in Europe C) there would be no world records, cooking would be guesswork, and it would be hard to find clothes that fit
20. ---- more bacteria species are becoming resistant to the available antibiotics, scientists are desperately searching for new ways to fight against infection. A) Besides
B) Now that
D) So many
E) Even though
C) Prior to
D) however, everyone’s body is a different size, so now we use more standard measures E) which is why we still measure in units such as feet today
YDS 2017 MİNİ DENEME 8 24. ----, the average life expectancy is currently 75 years, which is about double how long we typically lived 200 years ago. A) Thanks to the improvements in medical science, better child care, diet, and sanitation B) Although the wealth distribution across nations still varies greatly C) If a major shift is occurring in the causes and ages of death all around the world D) Infecting someone with a disease in order to prevent them from getting sick is a pretty bold idea E) Even if our maximum life spans are not set in stone but can be extended far beyond what nature intended
27. The human heart was once thought to be the centre of thought and emotion, ----. A) in spite of the fact that the heart works non-stop unlike other muscles in the body B) and thus it beats 70 times a minute, 100,000 times a day, and 40 million times a year C) even though it has certain structures that make sure the blood flows one way only D) since the heart pumps blood through its own muscular wall as well as pumping blood to the body E) but now it turns out that it is just a muscular pump that beats tirelessly to keep blood flowing
28. ----, though their positive impact cannot be denied. A) Training is also sometimes provided in the use of technology 25. As migratory routes of cranes ignore political boundaries, ----. A) a species bank of captive cranes has been created to guard against extinction B) some cranes depend exclusively upon wetlands for nesting and feeding C) any effort to protect them requires the participation of several countries
B) There is often an increased availability of products for local consumers C) As a multinational company sets up manufacturing plants D) Employment opportunities are generated for locals in the overseas country E) Multinational companies are often criticized for a number of reasons
D) an International effort to ensure safe passage for cranes would have been hardly feasible E) this was simply a means to draw global attention to cranes and their work
29. Apart from the difficulty of getting to Mars and establishing the first human colony there, ----. A) there is a face-like geographical formation on the planet, which has caused a great deal of interest B) no other planet’s surface is so open to inspection due to the issue of distances within the Solar System
26. A common feature of all known human societies, ceremonies and rituals have been a significant part of our lives, ‐‐‐‐. A) only if we have made peace with who we are and how we become that way B) while making up your own ceremony may carry negative message from your past C) because they offer effective means to celebrate our achievements and memorable events D) although these exercises leave us at ease with our present and past E) and extinguishing a candle on your birthday can only help bakeries
C) it is likely that the planet will offer a great deal of precious metals and other valuable substances D) Mars is believed to have a past and to be a wetter and warmer planet E) humans also have to solve other problems such as how to sustain a culture so remote from its origins
30. Slightly bigger than a typical star, ----. A) the Sun is large enough by volume to swallow 1.3 million Earths B) so it contains 99.8 percent of all the matter in the solar system C) the force of gravity generated by this enormous mass keeps the planets trapped in orbit around it D) closer views, however, reveal a world of astonishing violence E) its seething surface bursting with vast eruptions that hurl fiery gases into space
YDS 2017 MİNİ DENEME 8 31. Illiteracy, or ignorance, is an important factor that contributes to overpopulation. Therefore, those lacking education fail to understand the need to curb population growth. Modern methods of birth control and family planning do not reach those ignorant sections of society. ----. However, the educated class can make more responsible decisions about marriage and childbirth. Thus, education is an effective tool to curb overpopulation. A) Furthermore, due to lack of awareness, they show resistance to adopting such methods. B) The literate are quickly able to understand what impact overpopulation can have. C) Thus educating the unlettered people will surely increase the awareness about overpopulation. D) Marrying at a certain age or having a certain number of children is considered to be ideal. E) This indirectly forces couples to produce children till a child of the preferred gender is conceived.
33. At the end of the 18th century, France was nearly bankrupt after a series of costly wars. ----. While the country faced starvation, King Louis XVI and the nobility lived in luxury, and rumours spread that they were storing grain that the poor desperately needed. The French people had heard how the Americans overthrew the rule of the British king in 1776, and as the poor grew more dissatisfied, they demanded change. In 1789, a sharp rise in the price of bread and heavy taxes caused people to take action and the French Revolution began. A) French society was basically divided into three classes before the Revolution. B) Agricultural techniques used in France in the 18th century were comparable to that of other countries. C) Britain also had a ready supply of resources and raw materials as well as plentiful food reserves. D) To make matters worse, a bad harvest in 1788 left much of the population short of food. E) The new National Assembly promised to give power to the common people.
32. Egyptian hieroglyphics were a pictographic script, primarily used on monuments and for religious texts. The Egyptians continued to use simplified forms of hieroglyphics in their daily lives until the time of the early Christians, when they switched to writing the Egyptian language with the Greek alphabet. ----. Then, in 1799, a French military officer, who had come to Egypt as part of Napoleon's expedition, discovered the Rosetta Stone. On this monument from the 2nd century BC, he found a text written in both hieroglyphics and Greek. With this new evidence, philologists finally deciphered hieroglyphics in 1822.
34. Professional astronomers investigate not only stars but everything to do with space - from the meteors that burn up spectacularly as shooting stars in Earth’s atmosphere and the planets of the Solar System to distant galaxies billions of light years away. Astronomy makes a rewarding hobby too, and many amateur stargazers enjoy observing the night sky with backyard telescopes or binoculars. ----. This is because light takes such a long time to reach us from distant objects in space. We see the Moon as it was one and a quarter seconds ago and the stars as they were hundreds of years ago.
A) Hieroglyphics were both a means of communication and a system for classifying the world.
A) Whenever astronomers observe the sky, they are looking back in time.
B) The earliest hieroglyphics were on labels recording tax payments and royal possessions.
B) Many ancient cultures followed the Sun and stars in order to keep track of the time of the year.
C) A single hieroglyph was sometimes used as an ideogram to represent a whole word.
C) Astronomers divide the sky into 88 segments, each named after the constellation within it.
D) Over the centuries, the understanding of ancient hieroglyphics was lost.
D) Today, space telescopes like Hubble give us breathtaking views of distant objects in space.
E) Royal names were among the first words written in hieroglyphs to be deciphered
E) People have been looking up at the night sky for many years.
YDS 2017 MİNİ DENEME 8 35. (I) The human race is facing a sort of problem it has never been up against before. (II) Not only are the implications of climate change enormous, but the public also seems unwilling to look the problem in the eye. (III) Drastic action should be taken at some point in the future, but without public support, governments will have a hard time being able to do anything significant. (IV) Rich countries are both responsible for the warming caused by climate change and in far better position to cope with it due to strong economies and comfortable lifestyles. (V) It is a whole lot easier to take action if everyone agrees there is actually something to take action about. A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
39. (I) Ancient seafarers found their way by observing landmarks, such as large rocks or trees, along rivers and coastlines. (II) When out of sight of land, they derived clues about their location by measuring water depth, monitoring wind patterns and waves, and observing the positions of the Sun and stars. (III) Later, navigators developed tools to measure a ship's position and progress more precisely. (IV) These navigators used a magnetic compass to determine direction, measured the height of the Sun or stars on the horizon to fix their position, and plotted their routes on maps. (V) People can choose from a great variety of high-tech tools to determine their position on Earth and find their way from one place to another. A) I
36. (I) Life first stirred on this planet about three and a half billion years ago. (II) At first, it was comprised only of the simplest single-celled organisms. (III) Powered by sunlight, these early life forms took carbon dioxide gas and water from their environment and used these materials to make carbohydrates as a means to produce energy. (IV) Carbohydrates are essential elements for carbon-based organisms to produce necessary energy to continue their existence. (V) As a by-product they released oxygen and therefore changed the atmosphere over billions of years. A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
C) III
D) IV
E) V
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
E) V
38. (I) The global climate is changing as it always has; species will go extinct as they always have; other species will prosper. (II) Humans may be influencing this change, but they did not create the change. (III) Of course it is important to monitor which changes are being influenced by humans, but it must be remembered that change is natural, and Earth will continue to change no matter what humans may or may not do. (IV) Humans as a species must accept this, and figure out how best to adapt to the change, not how to control it. (V) Global warming is as dynamic as many other earthly processes. B) II
D) IV
41. (I) Science and technology are interdependent, but their basic goals differ. (II) The goal of science is to understand natural phenomena, while the goal of technology is generally to apply scientific knowledge for some specific purpose. (III) Scientists often speak of discoveries, whereas engineers and other technologists more often speak of inventions. (IV) Moreover, the discovery of the structure of DNA more than 50 years ago and subsequent achievements in DNA science led to various technologies of DNA engineering. (V) The ones deriving benefits from those inventions also include scientists putting new technology to work in their research. A) I
A) I
C) III
40. (I) Obesity, diabetes, cancer, and heart failure seem to be the curse of the world today. (II) It is easy to take good health for granted, but if you do not take care of yourself you will not be able to take care of anyone else. (III) Doctors refer to these diseases as multi-factorial, which simply means that many different things can put us at risk of developing them. (IV) Some, like genetics, we cannot do much about, but most of the risk factors for these and many other conditions are entirely in our own hands. (V) How we live our lives, what we eat and drink, and how we handle stress all play a part in how healthy we are, and even how we will live. A) I
37. (I) When a person eats too much, metabolism favours fat formation. (II) The human body can digest a wide variety of plant and animal tissues, converting these foods into usable proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. (III) The digestive system takes in food, processes it into particles that can be absorbed, and excretes the undigested wastes. (IV) The particles absorbed through the digestive system are transported through the bloodstream so as to be available to the whole body. (V) This provides the energy for activity as well as the materials for body growth, maintenance and repair.
B) II
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
42. (I) Many people choose to take a daily multivitamin as a form of nutritional health insurance, because today's refined and processed foods often lack nutritional value. (II) In these situations, a multivitamin can initially make up for any possible shortfall in your diet. (III) Multivitamin intake may also help boost the immune system against infections and other minor illnesses. (IV) For instance, a recent study showed that a regular multivitamin and mineral supplement improved the immune system and reduced the risk of infections in a group of elderly people. (V) The vitamin A is usually synthesized from vegetable sources and therefore is suitable for vegetarians.
E) V A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
YDS 2017 MİNİ DENEME 8 Today, the world faces a growing crisis over the management of its great rivers. In recent years, most of the great rivers in the world, such as the Yellow River in China, the Indus, the Colorado, and the Nile, have all periodically run empty because mankind has used their every last drop. Indeed, there is a tremendous unmet demand in the world for water. More than a billion people lack access to clean drinking water, and while it is hoped that this figure will be halved by 2020, nobody is sure where the water will come from. With today’s trends, almost one-third of the world population will be seriously short of water by 2050. Politicians in China, India, Pakistan, Egypt and other water stressed countries want their water engineers to find solutions – and immediately.
45. The attitude of the author is ----. A) appreciative
B) sarcastic
D) pessimistic
E) ironic
C) neutral
46. One concludes from the passage that efficient management of the water resources of the world is essential ----. A) if the growing worldwide demand for water is to be met adequately 43. In the passage, there is a clear warning that, ----. A) sooner or later, water shortages could lead to serious political crises in China and other countries B) despite the solutions proposed by water engineers, the people of China, India, Pakistan, and Egypt will soon face a serious shortage of water C) unless more precautions are taken, more than a billion people will have almost no access to water in the near future
B) and the waters of the Nile and the Indus, in particular, must not be used so wastefully C) since China and India, with their large populations, are heading for a serious shortage of water well before 2020 D) as one-third of the population in China is unable to get clean drinking water E) in order to maintain political stability in the countries most affected by an acute shortage of drinking water
D) so long as politicians remain indifferent to the growing water crisis in the world, most countries will be unable to provide clean drinking water for their people E) by the end of the first half of this century, there will be a severe water shortage affecting nearly 30% of the world population
47. The underlined word “tremendous” is closest in meaning to ----. A) accurate
B) eventual
D) massive
E) inferior
C) minute
44. According to the passage, the fresh water resources of the world ----. A) are largely confined to the Indus and the Nile B) have been increased through the solutions proposed by water engineers, and so the need for clean drinking water will be met well before 2020 C) are so limited that it is doubtful whether the number of people with no access to clean drinking water can be halved, as hoped, by 2020 D) have become a major concern among politicians in many countries and, therefore, new policies have been proposed for an efficient management of the great rivers E) need to be upgraded by 2050 in order to catch up with the growth rate of the world population
48. The underlined word “seriously” is closest in meaning to ----. A) amazingly
B) accidentally
D) loosely
E) severely
C) slightly
YDS 2017 MİNİ DENEME 9 1. The nervous systems of all animals have a number of basic functions in common, ---- the control of movement and the analysis of sensation.
8. ---- the application of radioactive decay to dating rocks, British geologist Arthur Holmes---- throughout the 1920s on trying to understand the Earth's interior.
A) particularly B) promptly
A) To have pioneered / had worked
D) deniably
C) approximately
E) fairly
B) Having pioneered / worked C) Pioneering / could work
2. Wangari Maathai, the founder of Green Movement, received the 2004 Nobel Peace Prize in ---- of her innumerable contributions to world peace, human society and environment. A) access
B) division
D) estimation
E) injury
D) Being pioneered / would have worked E) Pioneered / had been working
C) recognition 9. In theory, same gender siblings ---- with the same selection of chromosomes, but the odds of this happening ---- about one in 125 trillion.
3. In a recent convention, United Nations has expressed its commitment to work towards the ---- of all forms of racism, racial discrimination, and intolerance faced by people of African descent.
A) could be created / would be
A) attempt
B) distinction
D) were created / should be
D) legislation
E) eradication
C) expenditure
B) severely
D) publicly
E) willingly
C) had been created / may be
E) have to be created / must be
4. The prevalence of allergies, which ---- impair a person’s quality of life, has increased dramatically in Europe and North America over the last decades. A) diligently
B) are created / had to be
C) sparsely
10. In mammals, if the body becomes too warm, the hypothalamus in the brain signals the sweat glands ---- it by ---- sweat. A) cooling / to release B) to cool / releasing C) to be cooled / being released
5. The earliest music for movies was played live in the cinema to ---- the silent image and enhance its mood. A) receive
B) diminish
D) accompany
E) verify
B) broke out
D) set up
E) put out
E) being cooled / to be released
C) eradicate
6. When the Great Recession severely hit economies in the early 21st century, many companies “restructured” and ---- thousands of workers around the world. A) pulled off
D) having cooled / to be releasing
C) laid offC) laid off
11. On 25 August 2012, data ---- Voyager 1 indicated that it became the first human-made object to enter interstellar space, traveling further ---- anyone, or anything, in history. A) off / about
B) by / toward
C) from / than
D) to / beyond
E) for / through
7. Floods occur when heavy rain falls, ---- so much water that it cannot seep into the soil or flow away into rivers and lakes or run into drains.
12. Tea reached France at the same time ---- other European countries, in the early 17th century, but its consumption was initially confined ---- Paris.
A) coping with
B) putting off
A) as / to
B) at / off
D) emerging from
E) switching to
D) on / in
E) for / out
C) resulting in
C) to / for
YDS 2017 MİNİ DENEME 9 13. Authorities warn that ---- adequate aid is provided for interventions that work, the health, education and livelihoods of refugees will continue to deteriorate. A) but
B) so that
D) because
E) even so
C) unless
14. ---- the current and projected rate of climate change, conservation efforts need to focus on promoting resistance and enhancing resilience of ecosystems. A) Even if
B) Thus
D) Given
E) Despite
C) Whereas 18.
15. ---- male and female roles have become less sharply differentiated in most societies than they were in the past, we are today one step closer to achieve complete gender equality. A) Unless
B) While
D) Because
E) Until
Although it could be argued that France has lost its position of unrivalled power in the fashion history to Italy, the same cannot be said about French perfume. (18) a 300year history of making perfumes, French is still home to many of the world’s bestselling perfumes. The French perfumes are (19) developed in the town of Grasse located in the south of France. Grasse has a long history of perfume production, and until now, the perfume industry (20) hundreds of people in the town. The success of Grasse as a perfume manufacturer is (21) its Mediterranean climate in the south that enables the cultivation of many different types of flowers used to extract the perfume essence. (22) most modern French perfumes rely more on chemical than floral essence, inspiration for a perfume often comes from a natural source such as rose or vanilla.
C) Whenever
A) At
B) Into
D) From
E) By
C) With
19. A) immensely
B) abruptly
D) adversely
E) vaguely
C) concisely
20.
16. ---- providing calcium and protein, consuming too much milk does not provide a net health benefit and may even hinder their long-term survival prospects. A) Besides
B) Though
D) Thanks to
E) Despite
C) Due to
A) was employing B) is employing C) employs D) has employed E) had employed
21.
17. The study of quality of life is important ---- because it addresses threats to well‐being, ---- because it sheds light on the factors that keep older adults from excessive reliance on public programs. A) whether / or
B) such / as C) not only / but also
D) so / that
E) much / than
A) in comparison with
B) due to
D) rather than
E) in spite of
C) as well as
22. A) Whenever
B) Unless
D) Even though
E) Once
C) In case
YDS 2017 MİNİ DENEME 9 23. Even though nearly all people are equipped with the biological hardware to produce a wide range of notes, ----. A) many neurobiologists have investigated musical ability B) most people are quite good at timing and note memory C) the relationship between song and language needs to be studied D) musical talent, especially singing, varies between human beings
26. Known as the oldest existing, and continually operating educational institution in the world, ----. A) it was incorporated into Morocco's modern state university system in 1963 B) the claim of the university being the oldest in the world are subject to discussions as other institutions C) teaching is still delivered in the traditional method, in which students are seated in a semicircle D) in some sources, the medieval madrasa is described as a university
E) some people with musical aptitude carry a tune easily E) the University of Karueein, founded in 859 AD, was one of the leading spiritual and educational centers of the time
24. As bacterial diseases are highly infectious upon close contact, ----. A) epidemics such as the swine flu and the avian flu had been taken under control B) most governments warn people to avoid public areas like shopping malls and other places C) it will take a century to make people know about the possible dangers of the epidemic D) deliberate contamination may be another reason why they spread easily E) the diversity of such infections is actually seen in underdeveloped regions
27. ---- so long as fierce political controversies remain in the region that retard growth and efficiency. A) The entire continents seem doomed by political struggle and a variety of social unrest B) Southern states in Africa may never enjoy economical prosperity and social reforms C) A great deal of work has to be performed to rehabilitate fundamental services D) Most are still hindered by heavy working conditions and social inequity in Africa E) Affairs such as terrorism and apartheid have been out of question for a long time in the region
25. ----, other changes such as habitat destruction and hunting threaten individual species.
28. Whenever we pick up a newspaper or turn on the TV, ---- .
A) While global warming, acid rain and holes in the ozone layer can affect the entire life on the planet
A) there are, of course, numerous noneconomic forces that determine and mould our decisionmaking process
B) Because life first appeared on the Earth more than 3,5 billion years ago
B) there are clear lines between economics and politics
C) Although volcanoes erupt and meteorites hit the Earth
C) it is natural that economics constitutes a significant percentage of our media coverage
D) As soon as atmospheric gases become part of the water cycle and are carried by the wind
D) generally politics is defined as the art of government and, as such, is seriously concerned with economics
E) Though it is difficult to adapt to the harmful materials released into the environment
E) we are likely to be bombarded with facts and figures on such subjects as pollution, unemployment and inflation
YDS 2017 MİNİ DENEME 9 29. Whales and dolphins produce complex underwater sounds to communicate with each other, but scientists have yet to unravel their meanings.
31. Whether somewhere is hot or cold is mainly to do with how close it is to the equator, but other factors such as ocean currents and altitude are also important.
A) Balinalar ve yunuslar birbirleriyle iletişim kurmak için karmaşık sualtı sesleri üretirler, ancak bilim insanları bu seslerin anlamını henüz çözemediler.
A) Bir yerin sıcak veya soğuk olması özellikle o yerin ekvatora ne kadar yakın olduğuyla ilgilidir, fakat okyanus dalgaları ve deniz seviyesinden yükseklik gibi başka unsurlar da önemlidir.
B) Balinaların ve yunusların birbirleriyle iletişim kurmak amacıyla geliştirdikleri karmaşık sualtı seslerinin anlamları bilim insanları tarafından hâlâ çözülemedi. C) Bilim insanları hâlâ balinaların ve yunusların birbiriyle iletişim kurmak amacıyla ürettikleri karmaşık sualtı seslerinin anlamlarını çözmeye çalışıyorlar. D) Balinalar ve yunuslar tarafından birbirleriyle iletişim kurmak amacıyla geliştirilen karmaşık sualtı seslerinin anlamları bilim insanları tarafından hâlâ çözülmeye çalışılıyor.
B) Bir yerin ekvatora yakınlığı özellikle o yerin sıcak ve soğuk olması konusunda etkilidir, fakat okyanus dalgaları ve deniz seviyesinden yükseklik de önemli unsurlardandır. C) Bir yerin sıcak veya soğuk olması o yerin ekvatora olan yakınlığıyla doğrudan ilişkilidir, fakat okyanus dalgaları ve deniz seviyesinden yükseklik de bu konuda önemli unsurlar arasındadır. D) Bir yerin sıcak ve soğuk olması o yerin ekvatora olan yakınlığına bağlıdır, fakat okyanus dalgaları ve deniz seviyesinden yükseklik de diğer önemli unsurlar arasındadır
E) Bilim insanlarının hâlâ anlamını çözmek için uğraştıkları konuların başında, balinaların ve yunusların birbirleriyle iletişim kurmak amacıyla ürettikleri karmaşık sualtı sesleri gelmektedir.
E) Bir yerin sıcak veya soğuk olması o yerin ekvatora yakın veya uzak olmasının yanı sıra okyanus dalgaları ve deniz seviyesinden yükseklik gibi başka unsurlarla da ilişkilidir.
30. Getting regular exercise might be beneficial for reducing the risk, or delaying the onset, of Alzheimer, because neurons in the brain regenerate throughout life.
32. Kablo ve uydu endüstrisi, filmlerin yüksek kapasiteli sunuculara yerleştirileceği ve müşterilerin istedikleri zaman bu filmleri sipariş edebilecekleri dijital bir gelecek öngörmektedir.
A) Beyindeki sinir hücreleri yaşam boyu yenilenebildikleri için Alzheimer riskini azaltmak veya başlangıcını ertelemek için düzenli egzersize başlamak yararınıza olabilir. B) Düzenli egzersiz yapmak Alzheimer riskini azaltmak veya başlangıcını ertelemek için yararlı olabilir, çünkü beyindeki sinir hücreleri yaşam boyunca yenilenirler. C) Alzheimer riskini azaltmak veya başlangıcını geciktirmek istiyorsanız düzenli egzersiz yapmalı ve beyindeki sinir hücrelerinin yaşam boyu kendini yenileme özelliğinden yararlanmalısınız. D) Beyindeki sinir hücreleri yaşam boyunca kendini yenilediğinden düzenli egzersiz yapmak hem Alzheimer riskini azaltma hem de başlangıcını geciktirme konusunda fayda sağlar. E) Düzenli egzersiz yapmak Alzheimer riskini azaltma ve başlangıcını geciktirmede faydalı olduğu gibi beyindeki sinir hücrelerinin yaşam boyu kendini yenilemesini de sağlar.
A) According to the predictions made by the cable and satellite industry, films will be placed on high capacity servers, and customers will be able to order those films when they want. B) It is predicted that thanks to the cable and satellite industry in the digital future, customers will be able to order films when they want if those films are placed on high capacity servers. C) The cable and satellite industry envisions a digital future in which films will be placed on high capacity servers and customers will be able to order those films when they want. D) In the digital future that the cable and satellite industry will create, customers will be able to order films when those films are placed on high capacity servers. E) High capacity servers with films placed on them are predicted by the cable and satellite industry to create a digital future where customers will be able to order films when they want.
YDS 2017 MİNİ DENEME 9 33. Etkileşimcilik, bir bütün olarak toplum yerine küçük ölçekli etkileşim üzerinde yoğunlaşması bakımından işlevselcilik, Marksizm ve birçok feminist teoriden farklıdır. A) What makes interactionism different from functionalism, Marxism and most feminist theories is that it centres around smallscale interaction instead of society as a whole. B) The main difference between interactionism and functionalism, Marxism and most feminist theories is that it focuses more on smallscale interaction than society as a whole. C) Interactionism differs from functionalism, Marxism and most feminist theories in that it focuses on smallscale interaction rather than society as a whole. D) If interactionism centred around society as a whole instead of smallscale interaction, it would be different from functionalism, Marxism and most feminist theories. E) Functionalism, Marxism and most feminist theories are different from interactionism as they study society as a whole rather than smallscale interaction.
35. Jim: - I have been reading an article about Barbarossa these days. Nancy: - Barbarossa? The notorious raider and the merciless sailor of the Ottoman? Jim: Nancy: - Alright, it seems I have been misinformed about him. A) Never. He actually led many naval campaigns mostly under the rule of Suleiman the magnificent. B) On the contrary. Barbarossa was the invincible admiral of the Ottoman Navy and became one of viziers of the empire. C) I think you have a point there. He seems to have been of European origin and then converted to Islam. D) Yes and that is why I have been reading about him lately. Would you also be interested in it? E) I think that took a little more time than we know since fame does not merely come with such victories.
34. Jeolojik kanıtlar iklim değişikliği sırasında yükselen deniz seviyelerinin erozyona sebep olmuş olabileceğini ve bu erozyonun okyanuslardaki kalsiyum ve potasyum gibi maddelerin seviyelerini arttırdığını gösteriyor. A) Geological evidence suggests that rising sea levels during the climate change must have caused erosion, increasing the levels of substances such as calcium and potassium in the oceans. B) According to geological evidence, rising sea levels during the climate change may have caused erosion that led to an increase in the amount of substances like calcium and potassium in the oceans. C) Geological evidence shows that rising sea levels triggered by the climate change might have caused erosion that increased the amount of substances like calcium and potassium in the oceans.
36. Mother: – I've seen a very interesting advertisement about a color-boosting detergent. Daughter: – I also saw that ad. Do you think it can actually make the colors of your clothes brighter? Mother: --------Daughter: – I doubt that. I think it's just a marketing tactic to deceive people and make more profit. A) Perhaps they just want to show off their product. B) Actually, I've no idea about how it works.
D) Geological evidence shows that rising sea levels during the climate change could have caused erosion, and this erosion boosted the levels of substances such as calcium and potassium in the oceans. E) It has been shown by geological evidence that rising sea levels during the climate change could have caused erosion that increased the levels of substances like calcium and potassium in the oceans.
C) It's just another way of cheating customers. D) Well, they say it has additional chemicals that make the colors more intense. E) There is no difference between this type of detergents and ordinary ones.
YDS 2017 MİNİ DENEME 9 37. Second language learners can memorize new vocabulary much more readily when they learn them through pictures or mental imagery.
40. The efficiency of renewable energy alternatives is currently nowhere near as high as experts and general public might expect it to be.
A) While learning languages, repeating new words rather than creating mental images helps students to remember new words with less effort.
A) Experts and normal people tend to think that the efficiency and productivity of renewable energy sources will never be higher than current figures.
B) Learning new words by means of images and pictures in the mind enables students of foreign language to remember them far more easily.
B) Much as renewable energy experts and public claim that effectiveness of such sources are somewhat higher than expected, this is not the case today.
C) If second language learners memorize new skill much better, they will be able to create mental imagery and pictures.
C) Unless general public and those specialized in renewable energy expect high efficiency, these power alternatives can never more efficient than now.
D) Visualizing, which is creating mental pictures, help improve vocabulary skills of those who desire to learn another language better.
D) The efficiency of renewable power alternatives is at the highest level in history, which was not expected either by experts or general public.
E) Once students learn and memorize new words, then they can effortlessly create images and pictures of their mind.
E) Today, renewable power resources have an efficiency level much lower than the expectations of specialists and common people.
38. For a glimpse of what Earth might be like without its protective magnetic shield, we just have to look at the lifeless surface of a world like Venus. A) We can never fully understand what Earth will look like without its protective magnetic shield unless we look at the surface of a dead world like Venus. B) If we want to see the future effect of a lack of protective magnetic shield on Earth, we can look at the other examples of worlds which have a dead surface, such as Venus. C) To see how Earth is protected without a protective magnetic shield, the only thing to do is to analyze the dead surface of a world, such as Venus. D) In order to have an idea of what Earth may be like without its protective magnetic shield, we just have to observe the dead surface of other worlds, such as Venus. E) Venus is the best example with its lifeless surface to help us look at what Earth might be like without the magnetic shield which protects it.
39. Most people are discouraged by setbacks, and this is why they fail to achieve their goals. A) Even though most people are dispirited by hardships, they still struggle to reach their aims. B) As they become disappointed by problems, many people either meet their goals or do not succeed.
41. More than 99% of all species that have ever lived on Earth are now extinct. ---- For the rest, something more dramatic happened. They perished during relatively short-term mass extinction events that killed off large numbers of species worldwide. However, a tiny creature called tardigrade, also known as water bear, is widely accepted as master of survival. They are tiny, measuring about 1 mm long, and they can be found anywhere from the depths of the ocean to your backyard. They can survive in the most extreme conditions, including the cosmic radiation of space, 10 years without water, and intense volcanic heat. Tardigrades have been living on this planet a lot longer than we have -about 500 million years, and that they have survived all five of the recent mass extinctions on this planet. A) This is the form that a tardigrade undergoes when there is a severe lack of oxygen B) Under some circumstances, the tardigrade's metabolic rate sinks to a hundredth of a percent of its normal rate C) Most were viable upon return, including some with unshielded exposure to solar radiation.
C) The reason why most people do not attain their objectives is that they are disheartened by difficulties.
D) The vast majority of these died out, because they could not compete successfully or they failed to adapt to changes in their environment.
D) Whether or not they get discouraged by setbacks, most people fail to achieve their goals.
E) In 2007 NASA experiment, dormant tardigrades were exposed to vacuum and cold of open space for 10 days.
E) For many people, being demoralized by setbacks does not mean that they will not reach their goals.
YDS 2017 MİNİ DENEME 9 42. Little was known in the past about the economic life of Hittite Anatolia. ---- For instance, we now know that the mining of such metals as copper, lead and silver, and that the metallurgical techniques used were relatively well advanced. Among agricultural activities, sheep farming was the most common, while in some districts horses were bred. In daily life, bread and beer were the staple foods in addition to dairy products.
A) On the other hand, the Hittites had a considerable reverence for the law. B) However, some facts about the Hittite economy have been established in recent decades. C) In fact, every Hittite subject, except the members of the privileged class, was forced to assist in such public works as the upkeep of roads and temples. D) The Hittites first occupied central Anatolia, making their capital at Hattusha. E) Evidently, regulations in the Hittite civil code protected farmers, and some prices were fixed.
44. Mona Lisa is a 16th century portrait painted in oil on a popular panel by Leonardo da Vinci during the Italian Renaissance. The work is owned by the Government of France and is on the wall in the Louvre in Paris. It is perhaps the most famous and iconic painting in the world. ----. The ambiguity of the sitter's expression, the monumentality of the half-figure composition, and the subtle modeling of forms and atmospheric illusionism are qualities that have contributed to the painting's continuing fascination. A) Da Vinci began painting the Mona Lisa in 1503, during the Italian Renaissance and, according to Vasari. B) The painting is a halflength portrait and depicts a woman whose expression is often described as enigmatic C) Mona Lisa was not well known until the mid19th century when artists of the emerging Symbolist movement began to appreciate it. D) These illustrations stem from a description by Giorgio Vasari in his biography of Da Vinci published in 1550, 31 years after the artist's death E) At his death in 1525, da Vinci's assistant Salai owned the portrait named in his personal papers la Gioconda, which had been transferred to him by the artist.
43. In ancient times, the most commonly used building style was the post and lintel. This way of building was of course limited in the weight it could carry and therefore the span between the supports. ----. With these methods, the Romans were able to construct bigger temples and buildings than ever before. Roman architects used three types of columns throughout their long history. The first and most basic type was called the Doric Style. A) Arches were used not just for their immense support capabilities but as well for their power to amaze and glorify B) The Roman Architecture changed all of it and advanced this by introducing new methods of architecture; “The Columns” and “The Arches”
45. ----. Various gods, myths, and superstitions are just a few examples that our ancestors believed in. Ancient man probably had many reasons to account for such phenomena. Moreover, despite the contemporary scientific gadgets and data, we are actually no different from them whatsoever. Ghosts, fairy tales and several creatures were believed to exist until recent years. Aliens from outer galaxies and UFOs are just recent examples of today’s supernatural beliefs. A) Religions and particular beliefs were dominant in ancient civilizations until the rise of modern sciences. B) How the unknown or paranormal occurrences should be defined is a controversy
C) Early engineering and construction methods were limited and thus only simple sized constructions could be erected
C) The unknown, or the undefined, has always been charming for people from the early man to the modern one
D) Romans were notable for not only their military skills, but also for their knowledge in engineering
D) The more one believes in superstitions, the more he will be involved in undefined phenomena
E) The superiority of Romans in fine arts actually dependent on several distinct artistic methods.
E) Mythology and legends are now by no means any appeal to people
YDS 2017 MİNİ DENEME 9 46. (I) Materials that are to be used for teaching young learners should be associated with their overall development level. (II) With standardized test scores in the US dropping in recent years, some administrators believe students need to spend more time in the classroom instead of on playground. (III) However, findings show that exercise and academics may not be mutually left aside. (IV) Physical activity can improve blood flow to the brain, memory, attention and creativity, which are essential to learning. (V) So, while it may seem as if children are just exercising their bodies when they are running around, they may actually be exercising their brains as well. A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
50. (I) Ancient seafarers found their way by observing landmarks, such as large rocks or trees, along rivers and coastlines. (II) When out of sight of land, they derived clues about their location by measuring water depth, monitoring wind patterns and waves, and observing the positions of the Sun and stars. (III) Later, navigators developed tools to measure a ship's position and progress more precisely. (IV) These navigators used a magnetic compass to determine direction, measured the height of the Sun or stars on the horizon to fix their position, and plotted their routes on maps. (V) People can choose from a great variety of hightech tools to determine their position on Earth and find their way from one place to another.
A) I
47. (I) The 1990s represented an economic boom provided by the socalled Asian Tigers, South Korea, Malaysia and Taiwan. (II) China and Venezuela became dominant in international politics. (III) Low costs of labor and low taxes made those Asian countries undeniable for international producers. (IV) Moreover, local governments provided these producers many privileges that they cannot enjoy anywhere else. (V) Today, the rate of their economic prosperity seems far above than it used to be by 1990s. A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
C) III
D) IV
D) IV
E) V
E) V
48. (I) Nowadays, a tide of new technologies such as PCs, tablets and smart phones has brought a great change in society. (II) These devices have increased the amount of information available and improved access to information. (III) What had once been accessible only to the powerful became accessible to all. (IV) Many people have difficulty in keeping up with the complexity and control of these new devices. (V) They make it easier for people to exchange information and people became more aware of what is happening around. B) II
C) III
51. (I) Many people claim that they can remember being in the womb or their first two years of life, but it is doubtful that these are genuine memories. (II) At five months old, the human fetus weighs under 500g but has fully developed lips, eyes, fingers, and toes. (III) Claims may be based on children feeling as if they were at the age of one or two years. (IV) Most adults can remember events only as far back as the age of 3 or 4 years. (V) Young children often remember further back, but these early memories generally fade away as they grow older.
A) I
A) I
B) II
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
52. (I) Climate is an average weather pattern that occurs in a set area over many years. (II) Communities of plants and animals are different as a result of the climate they develop in. (III) There are five main groups of such communities, or biomes: water, deserts, forests, grasslands, and tundra. (IV) Most of these biomes can be broken down further: for example, there are coniferous forests, deciduous forests, and tropical rainforests. (V) The size and location of Earth’s biomes has changed very slowly over geological time.
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
E) V
49. (I) With the Renaissance, came a revival of interest in the art of cooking. (II) One of the reasons for this was the invention of the fork, which made sophisticated dishes, unsuited for eating by hand, possible. (III) In the Dark Ages, the art of cooking had declined in Europe. (IV) However, people in Elizabethan England scorned the fork, preferring to continue using their hands. (V) Thus, the developments in the culinary arts only took effect in England at a later date.
53. (I) The length of each lunar cycle varies slightly from the average value. (II) The earliest complete calendars were mostly based on lunar observations. (III) However, lunar years were not convenient for agricultural purposes. (IV) Thus, to keep in step with the Sun, lunarsolar calendars were formed by adding an additional "leap" month when the observation of crops made it seem necessary. (V) Eventually, solar calendar calculated without reference to the Moon became the most popular method of measuring years.
A) I
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
YDS 2017 MİNİ DENEME 10 1. For the first time, a robot has successfully operated on live soft tissue without human ----. A) abduction
B) disruption
D) intervention
E) revelation
C) liberation
2. The use of seat belts is ---- in many developed countries, so failure to wear them while driving may result in serious monetary penalties. A) impolite
B) merciless
D) sensible
E) invasive
8. Designed to provide aerial surveys for farmers, a new solar drone ---- like a helicopter and transforms into a plane in mid-air to fly all day on solar power. A) breaks up
B) signs out
D) takes off
E) pulls through
9. University of Technology in the Netherlands have ---an augmented reality app intended to reduce aggressive behaviour in traffic by improving communication between drivers.
C) compulsory A) laid off
B) debatable
D) ordinary
E) addictive
C) tangible
4. An automated teller machine (ATM) is an electronic device that enables people to perform transactions, such as cash ---- and money transfer, without the need for a human cashier or bank teller. A) hiring
B) ponder
D) judgment
E) withdrawal
B) caught on
C) got away
D) dropped out E) come up with
3. An abstract is a ---- form of an academic article, and journals publish abstracts so that readers can decide if it is worthwhile to read the full version of the article. A) concise
C) logs in
C) complete
10. Bees’ cognitive abilities are of interest to artificial intelligence researchers, some of whom ---- computer models of insects’ brains to help learn how nature creates complex behaviour. A) give away
B) wipe out
D) pass out
E) take after
C) set up
11. Most immigrants aim ---- their economic situation, which involves ---- employment in their new destination country. A) improving / to find B) to be improving / having found C) to have improved / to be finding D) to improve / finding E) having improved / to have found
5. Scientists think that there is a possibility that cigarette smoking and caffeine ---- are linked through habit – that smokers tend to pair the two. A) symptom
B) consumption
D) delusion
E) quarrel
12. Despite ---- extinct for 40,000 years, genetic legacy of Neanderthals still ---- what illnesses some people develop and how their immune systems work.
C) equation A) are / had affected B) being / affects C) to have been / must affect
6. Created by researchers at Microsoft and Cambridge University, a machine learning system has gained the ---- to write its own code. A) ability
B) routine
D) descend
E) piece
C) fracture
7. As part of planetary defense against asteroids, telescopes can ---- huge ones, so we can avoid an asteroid impact if we see it coming. A) invent
B) cease
D) reside
E) faint
C) detect
D) is / would affect E) to be / to affect
13. Research shows that making all cigarette packets look the same ---- the positive feelings smokers associate with specific brands and ---- quitting. A) reduces / encourages B) to reduce / to encourage C) having reduced / encouraging D) were reduced / had encouraged E) should have reduced / encouraged
YDS 2017 MİNİ DENEME 10 14. It might not be practical to use a different password for every website that you log ----, but it is definitely worth having more than one ---- security reasons A) to / among
B) from / to
D) for / between
E) into / for
C) towards / with
15. The Amazon Rainforest is famous ---- its stunning diversity of plants along ---- its considerable number of animal species. A) in / off
B) for / with
D) of / on
E) among / at
C) by / amid
16. Researchers have been closely monitoring turtles to gather information about reproduction patterns of this endangered species ---- it becomes extinct in the wild. A) provided
B) thanks to
D) in case
E) except for
Artificial intelligence has a new job: setting a good example for your kids. It seems that children’s behaviour (21)---- by the personality of a robot companion. Playing with an enthusiastic or attentive robot, (22)----, made them engage more and work harder. Researchers ran a series of (23)---with Tega, a companion robot that looks like a cross (24)---a Furby and a Teletubby. To test how the robot’s personality could affect the children’s behaviour, they programmed the robot with different responses. Their goal was to create a companion that has all of good behaviours (25)---- they could instill and promote desired traits in the child.
C) besides
21. A) had to influence B) used to influence C) can be influenced D) would be influenced E) should have influenced
17. Lions and tigers are strikingly similar large cats looking ---- they belonged to the same species, but they are actually considered different species as they do not breed naturally to produce fertile offspring. A) so that
B) as if
D) now that
E) despite
C) even though
B) Until
D) Although
E) Because
B) Since
D) In spite of
E) Now that
B) of which
D) where
E) who
D) however
23. A) indulgences
B) sanctions
D) resentments
E) resignations
C) experiments
24. A) across
B) through
D) between
E) without
25. A) in that
B) now that
D) such that
E) so that
C) along
C) Prior to
20. Matriarchy is a form of social organization ---- the mother or oldest female is the head of the family, and descent and relationship are reckoned through the female line. A) whose
C) as long as
C) No matter
19. ---- ancient sites and artifacts can be analysed to learn about ancient human behavior, today’s personal possessions can be studied to learn about recent human behavior. A) Just as
B) according to
E) on behalf of
18. ---- how good the food we eat is, if it is not well digested, absorbed into the blood and assimilated into the cells, we can develop nutritional deficiency. A) However
22. A) for instance
C) whom
C) given that
YDS 2017 MİNİ DENEME 10 26. Although almost every type of packaged food today features calorie counts on the labeling, ----. A) their counts are based on our understanding of human digestion B) many people do not eat them when they pay attention to the calorie content C) our immune system distinguishes good food from bad food D) most of them are inaccurate because they ignore the complexity of human digestion E) our digestive system is hardly put to use for some foods such as honey
27. Though plays were being written as early as 300 BC, ----. A) the Greek audience’s view of the stage was framed by the landscape and sky B) Roman theatres included large amphitheatres for the audience which could be built into hills
29. Enthusiasts in some countries had been building small rockets and thinking about space travel for many years, ----. A) which went on to launch the first astronauts on the Redstone rocket in 1961 B) therefore most of this work involved building large rockets for actual space travel C) whereas a Russian teacher worked out many of the principles of rocket science 50 years ago D) but it was a team of scientists and engineers in Germany that finally made the dream a reality E) even though they had been fascinated by the idea of space travel since their childhood
30. Perhaps the major reason why people do not exercise is ----. A) they love the idea of losing weight and being healthy again B) but most do not realize this reason deters them from engaging in physical activity C) which sedentary life style prevailing all around the world
C) the action of the play took place on a raised stage or pulpitum D) the first permanent theatres where they could be staged properly were not built until much later
D) despite the common misconception that one can lose weight through strict dieting E) that they generally associate it with sweat-soaked clothes and physical exhaustion
E) the function and proportion of theatrical elements changed significantly
28. Some firms provide special services for frequent buyers such as encouraging repeat business with discounts ----.
31. ----, a study at Harvard University shows that it 30. actually enhances social connections. A) While playing computer games is sometimes seen as a solitary hobby
A) because their previous experience may not be relevant B) so that making purchases from them becomes a part of the customer’s routine C) although this practice is similar to the process of problem solving D) when consumers face a really new concept E) as it does not confirm how long this offer will be valid
B) Even if in most cases where the couple played together, games actually aided the relationship C) Because human behaviour is heavily influenced by environmental and social pressures D) Though children facing morally ambiguous situations in games can develop their own moral compass E) When games about society could help test how different cultural backgrounds
YDS 2017 MİNİ DENEME 10 31. Reconstructing a skull is a time-consuming and 32. costly process, ----. A) though the anatomist uses two techniques that are common in forensic science as well B) because modern humans and chimpanzees share all the main facial muscles C) so biologists have now sequenced the modern human genome, namely all the genetic code D) unless the same techniques are used by scientists to reconstruct the faces of missing people from their skulls E) but scientific interest in human evolution is so intense that the expenditure of time and money is justified
32. Switching to clean energy might seem like an 33. expensive option, but it can quickly pay off.
34. Kaydetme ve hesaplama daha karmaşık hale 35. geldikçe bugün kullandığımız sayıları ve ondalık sayı sistemini doğuran birçok sayı sistemi geliştirilmiştir. A) Because recording and calculating became more complex, many numerical systems were developed, which influenced the numerals and the decimal system of our time. B) As recording and calculating became more complex, many numerical systems were developed, leading to the numerals and the decimal system we use today. C) More complex recording and calculating methods led to various numerical systems, which gave rise to the numerals and the decimal system we use now. D) Once recording and calculating became more complex, several numerical systems including the numerals and the decimal system that are still in use today were created. E) The numerals and the decimal system we use today were created by various numerical systems that were developed as recording and calculating became more complex.
A) Because it is uncertain whether switching to clean energy can lead to success in a short time, it is thought to be an expensive option. B) Directing ourselves to clean energy might not be considered an expensive option if it could bring satisfactory results in a short time. C) What makes switching to clean energy seem to be an expensive option is that it gives good results in a short time. D) Within a short period of time, the cost of benefiting from clean energy might prove to be less expensive. E) It may appear to be an expensive choice; however, shifting to clean energy can result in success in a short time.
33. 34. Knowing how to read a dream or daydream to unlock its symbolism and understand its multiple meanings is a process not unlike reading a novel or a poem. A) Reading a novel or a poem and having the knowledge to interpret a dream or daydream in order to unravel the symbolism and comprehend its multiple meanings are similar processes. B) The knowledge of how to reveal the multiple symbolical meanings of dreams or daydreams and the process of interpreting a novel or a poem are not alike at all. C) The knowledge to interpret a dream or daydream and unravel the symbols and multiple meanings is far from similar to the process of reading a novel or a poem. D) The difference between the process of interpreting a dream or daydream and reading a novel or a poem is that one of them requires the knowledge to comprehend multiple meanings to reveal the symbolisms. E) Unlike reading a novel or a poem, interpreting a dream or daydream through the revelation of the symbols and the comprehension of multiple meanings is a process.
35. 36.
Professor: - Apart from being an ambiguous subject area, Cultural Studies also lacks its own principles, theories or methods. Student: - Excuse me, Professor. I'm not sure if I understand. If Cultural Studies doesn't have its own theories or methodology, how does it actually function? Professor: ------------Student: - Now it makes sense. Thank you!
A) Yes, Cultural Studies is practically impossible to define, but it doesn't mean that anything can be its subject. B) Well, it does have its own very distinct and distinctive history as well as principles. C) Good question. That's why Cultural Studies is often described as an "anti-discipline". D) It might sound problematic, but Cultural Studies aims to examine its subject matter in terms of its relation to power. E) Very effectively indeed because Cultural Studies takes whatever it needs from any discipline and adapts it for its own purposes.
YDS 2017 MİNİ DENEME 10 36. Psychology is a branch of science dealing with the 37. workings of the mind, its defects and how it influences human behaviour. Psychotherapy, therefore, attempts to use our understanding of psychology to benefit people with mental health issues or full-blown mental illness. ----. The procedure is purely verbal; no use is made of medication. A) A psychotherapist will talk with the patient to try to get to the root of their thought processes and their emotional state B) A psychotherapist can prescribe psychotherapy for patients as well as other treatments such as medication
39. (I) The horse originated in North America nearly two 40. million years ago and spread to Eurasia over the Bering land bridge. (II) Then, about 10,000 BC, horses vanished from the New World, possibly killed for food by humans who had come to the continent from Eurasia. (III) Spanish horses captured in the 1680 Pueblo Revolt were traded to other tribes, helping the horse move north. (IV) When the horse returned with European colonists, it transformed the culture of many tribes. (V) In time, Native Americans and settlers developed new breeds. A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
C) Psychotherapists tend to differ in their approach to this kind of therapy D) There is no well-established theory to explain why we humans are so prone to analyzing the mind E) Practitioners in this field chart how the psychological outlook of human beings varies with age
37. 38. Malaria has killed more humans than anything else in history. Up to a million people still die of the disease each year. Since the 17th century, doctors have tackled it with a series of medications. ----. For that reason, the most effective treatment today is a cocktail of drugs.
40. (I) Perhaps more than any profession, science places an 41. importance on being correct, but mistakes can push scientific understanding forward. (II) Acknowledging errors in scientific studies may not often be key to advancement. (III) Historians have unearthed many instances in which an incorrect idea proved far more potent than thousands of others that were widely accepted. (IV) Moreover, mistakes that touch on deep features of the world can be more valuable in the long run than narrowly correct ideas. (V) Niels Bohr, for example, created a model of the atom that was wrong in nearly every way, but it inspired the quantum-mechanical revolution. A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
A) The first successful cellular drug against malaria contains 12 genes from three different organisms B) The World Health Organization estimated the financial burden of malaria to be hundreds of billions of dollars C) Attempts to cure people with malaria using a single type of medicine have not traditionally been very successful D) A strain of malaria resistant to a mixture of new drugs has been isolated in Cambodia and the Far East E) Studies of cheaper and more effective malaria drugs seem promising
41. 42. (I) Vegetables are composed primarily of simple and complex carbohydrates, water, and very little protein. (II) They provide vitamins, minerals, and non-nutrients, and also contribute appetite appeal to a meal through color, texture, and flavor. (III) Cooking time for vegetables should be kept to a minimum to preserve nutrients and retain flavour. (IV) In general, light green vegetables provide vitamins, minerals, and a large amount of the carbohydrate cellulose. (V) Yellow and dark green vegetables are excellent sources of vitamin A. A) I
39. 38. The shelf life of donated blood is short, just 42 days, and during emergencies, even a large supply can quickly run out. To prolong blood's useful life, hospitals can freeze it, but they rarely do so because technicians need to add glycerol, which prevents ice from ripping the red blood cells apart. ----. Therefore, in order to keep stocks high, hospitals must rely on a constant stream of donors, a system that is less than reliable. A) The trouble is that it is toxic and must be removed before the blood is used, a process that can take several days B) A recently found ingredient used in eye drops can protect frozen blood cells for a very short time C) Not all hospitals approve of defrosting as it is time consuming for patients who need emergency treatment D) Allowing hospitals to stockpile huge amounts of blood is becoming a highly controversial issue
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
43. 42. (I) Most egg-laying animals go to great lengths to give their developing offspring the best start in life by protecting them from the weather and from predators. (II) The developing egg is protected by a tough, leathery capsule. (Ill) Rather than abandoning eggs or young unable to fend for themselves, a parent can adopt one of several methods to protect them. (IV) It might carry its eggs around, place them in tough protective cases, or gather them in a safe haven, such as a nest, over which they stand guard. (V) A nest can be anything from a scrape in the sand or the underside of a rock to a complicated structure that the parents have taken many days to build. A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
YDS 2017 MİNİ DENEME 10 The idea that Native Americans could have built something resembling a city was so foreign to European settlers that when they encountered the Cahokia Mounds in Illinois in Midwest America, they thought they must have been the work of a foreign civilization: either the Phoenicians or the Vikings. Even today the idea of a Native American city runs so contrary to American notions of Native life that no AngloSaxon American can absorb it. The first person to write an account of the Cahokia Mounds, the earliest and finest city built by indigenous people, was Henry Brackenbridge in 1811. When he reported his discovery, likening it to Egyptian pyramids, newspapers widely ignored it. He complained of this to his friend, former president Thomas Jefferson, and the word of "Cahokia" did eventually get around. Unfortunately, most Americans were not very interested. The United States was trying to get Native Americans out of the way, not appreciate their history. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 which ordered the relocation of eastern Native American tribes to the lands in the west of the Mississippi was based on the assumption that these native peoples were nomadic savages with no ability to make good use of land. Evidence of an ancient city, close to the size of Washington, D.C. at that time, would have spoiled the story line.
45. It can be inferred from the passage that ----. 46. A) there were times in the history of America that European settlers noticed and protected the Cahokia Mounds B) Americans failed to appreciate the Native Americans’ capacity to build something worthy of praise C) American presidents as well as newspapers were fearful of a discovery of a native city D) European settlers and their descendents tended to interpret the past great works of native civilizations E) Americans generally worked hard to protect the history and welfare of the Native Americans
46. In the passage, the fact that the descendants of the 47. European settlers cannot come to terms with the accomplishments of the Native Americans shows that ----. A) they have had a fixed, predetermined and prejudiced attitude towards the Native Americans
43. It can be understood from the passage that 44. during the 1800s ----. A) European society appreciated the genius behind the historic cities built by Native American tribes B) eastern Native American tribes were forced to relocate to places to the east of the Mississippi River C) most Americans including journalists were not interested in hearing anything positive regarding Native Americans
B) the Anglo-Saxon approach to the native tribes is complex and unbiased in nature C) people living in Midwestern America think in a way that resembles those of Europeans D) no civilization other than the Phoenicians and the Vikings could construct big cities like Cahokia E) the way the Native Americans had lived for centuries has little to offer to European Americans
D) Native Americans were unable to make good use of the land as they were nomads and savages E) journalists and presidents saw Native American tribes as an obstacle to urban land development
48. 47. The author's attitude towards the behaviour of American public against Native Americans is ----.
45. 44. It can be inferred from the passage that, if news of the discovery of a big Native American city had spread throughout America ----.
A) humorous
B) critical
C) impartial
D) appreciative
E) enthusiastic
A) the newspapers would have been eager to publicize the beauty of the Cahokia Mounds B) journalists across America would have wanted to interview the discoverer, Henry Brackenbridge C) ordinary people would have had difficulty endorsing the Indian Removal Act of 1830 D) the government may not have been able to remove the Native American tribes from their land so easily E) most Americans would have respected the Native Americans for their civilized attitude
48. The underlined word “appreciate” in the passage is 49. closest in meaning to ----. A) assimilate
B) consume
D) recognise
E) captivate
C) surrender
YDS 2017 MINI TESTLER CEVAP ANAHTARI TEST 1 1. B 2. E 3. C 4. A 5. D 6. C 7. D 8. A 9. D 10. A 11. D 12. B 13. E 14. C 15. B 16. E 17. B 18. A 19. E 20. C TEST 2 1. C 2. E 3. D 4. A 5. D 6. B 7. C 8. B 9. A 10. A 11. E 12. C 13. A 14. D 15. C 16. E 17. B 18. C 19. A 20. B 21. E 22. D 23. D 24. B 25. A 26. A
TEST 3 1. C 2. D 3. E 4. E 5. B 6. A 7. A 8. C 9. E 10. A 11. C 12. A 13. C 14. E 15. E 16. A 17. C 18. A 19. C 20. B 21. E 22. A
TEST 4 1. E 2. B 3. B 4. C 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. A 9. C 10. D 11. E 12. D 13. A 14. C 15. A 16. E 17. E 18. B 19. C 20. D 21. C 22. B 23. D 24. D 25. B 26. D 27. A 28. D 29. C 30. D 31. A 32. A 33. D TEST 5 1. A 2. E 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. B 11. C 12. E 13. A 14. E 15. A 16. E 17. E 18. E 19. B 20. A 21. C 22. D TEST 6 1. D 2. A 3. E 4. B 5. C 6. E 7. C 8. D 9. A 10. E 11. A 12. C 13. D 14. E 15. E 16. B 17. B 18. E 19. D 20. B 21. D 22. A 23. A 24. B
25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.
C B E E C C C D D A
TEST 7 1. D 2. E 3. D 4. C 5. C 6. B 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. E 11. C 12. B 13. D 14. B 15. D 16. A 17. C 18. B 19. C 20. E 21. A 22. D 23. A 24. C 25. E 26. C 27. B 28. A 29. E 30. B 31. C 32. E 33. B 34. C 35. D 36. E 37. C 38. A 39. B 40. E 41. B 42. A 43. E 44. E 45. A 46. B 47. B 48. C 49. B 50. C 51. D 52. D 53. C 54. E TEST 8 1. E 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. D 6. E 7. B 8. A 9. D 10. B 11. D 12. C 13. E 14. B 15. A 16. E 17. B
18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48.
C A B A C C A C C E E E A A D D A D D A E E B D E E C D A D E
TEST 9 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51.
A C E B D C C B A B C A C D D E C C A D B D D B A E B E A B A C C D B D B D C E D B B B C A B D C E B
52. A 53. A TEST 10 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49.
D C A E B A C D E C D B A E B D B C A D C A C D E D D B D E A E E A B E A C A C B C B C D B A B D
