yds sifresi

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(YENI FORMAT)

©2013 OYAÖZAY Tüm hakları saklıdır. Bu kitabın tamamı ya da bir kısmı 5846 sayılı yasanın hükümlerine göre, yazarının önceden izni olmaksızın elektronik, mekanik, fotokopi ya da her hangi bir kayıt sistemiyle çoğaltılamaz, yayımlanamaz, depolanamaz. ©2013 Kitapta yer alan tekniklerin tümü izmir 1. Noterliği'nden onaylı olup, tekniklerin tümü ya da bir kısmı, özgün mizample şekilleri ile gösterimi hukuki olarak hak sahibinin ve yazarının izni olmaksızın, kaynakça gösterilmeksizin elektronik, mekanik, fotokopi ya da her hangi bir kayıt sistemiyle çoğaltılamaz, yayımlanamaz, depolanamaz ve ticari amaçlı kullanılamaz.

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iÇiNDEKiLER ÖNSÖZ .................................................................................................................................................. VII YDS ŞiFRESi ÖNCESi ........................................................................................................................ VIII

1. BÖLÜM YDS GRAMER KONU ANLATIMI VE TEKNiKLERi TENSES (ZAMANLAR) ........................................................................................................................... 3 PASSIVE CONSTRUCTION (EDiLGEN YAPI) ....................................................................................15 CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTION (ETTiRGEN YAPI) ............................................................................. 18 CONDITIONALS (KOŞUL CÜMLECiKLERi) ........................................................................................19 WISH CLAUSE (iSTEK KiPi) ................................................................................................................ 26 MODALS (KiP BELiRTEÇLERi) ...........................................................................................................27 RELATIVE CLAUSE (SIFAT CÜMLECiKLERi) .................................................................................... 36 REDUCTION (iNDiRGEME) .................................................................................................................. 39 REDUCED RELATIVE (ADJECTIVE) CLAUSE 1 REDUCED NOUN CLAUSE .............................. 40 NOUN CLAUSE (iSiM CÜMLECiKLERi) .............................................................................................. 43 -EVER- CLAUSE ................................................................................................................................... 48 PARTICIPLES (REDUCED ADVERBIAL CLAUSES) ..........................................................................50 GERUNDS & INFINITIVES (ULAÇ- EYLEMLiKLER) ........................................................................53 LINKING WORDS (BAGLAÇLAR) ........................................................................................................ 57 A. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES/CONJUNCTIONS (Zarf Cümlecikleri) ................................................ 57 B. SENTENCE CONNECTORS ........................................................................................................ 62 C. SUB-ORDINATORS .....................................................................................................................66 QUANTIFIERS (MiKTAR BELiRTEÇLERi) .......................................................................................... 67 ARTICLES (iLGEÇLER) ........................................................................................................................74 INVERSION (DEVRiK YAPI) .................................................................................................................76

ll. BÖLÜM GRAMMAR TEST TEKNiKLERi MULTIPLE CHOICE TESTS .................................................................................................................. 81 MULTIPLE CHOICE CEVAP ANAHTARI ............................................................................................. 89 MULTIPLE CHOICE TEKNiKLERi ........................................................................................................ 90 CLOZE TES TS ..................................................................................................................................... 107 CLOZE TESTS CEVAP ANAHTARI ................................................................................................... 115 CLOZE TEST TEKNiKLERi. ................................................................................................................ 116 SENTENCE COMPLETON TESTS ..................................................................................................... 124 SENTENCE COMPLETION CEVAP ANAHTARI ................................................................................ 136 SENTENCE COMPLETION TEKNiKLERi .......................................................................................... 137

lll. BÖLÜM YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi ENGLISH- TURKISH TRANSLATION TESTS ..................................................................................163 ENGLISH- TURKISH TRANSLATION CEVAP ANAHTARI .............................................................173 ENGLISH- TURKISH TRANSLATION TEKNiKLERi ........................................................................ 175 TURKISH- ENGLISH TRANSLATION TEST ...................................................................................... 189 TURKISH- ENGLISH TRANSLATION CEVAP ANAHTARI .............................................................. 199 TURKISH- ENGLISH TRANSLATION TEKNiKLERi ........................................................................ 200 RESTATEMENT TEST (ENGLISH- ENGLISH) ................................................................................. 221 RESTATEMENT TEST (ENGLISH- ENGLISH) CEVAP ANAHTARI ...............................................226 RESTATEMENT TEST (ENGLISH- ENGLISH) TEKNiKLERi ..........................................................227 PARAGRAPH COMPLETION TEST ................................................................................................... 236

iv

PARAGRAPH COMPLETION TEST CEVAP ANAHTARI ..................................................................247 PARAGRAFTA BOŞ BIRAKlLAN CÜMLEYi TAMAMLAMA TEKNiKLERi... ...................................248 PARAGRAPH COMPLETION TEST TEKNiKLERi ............................................................................250 SITUATION TEST ................................................................................................................................274 SITUATION TEST 1CEVAP ANAHTARI .............................................................................................281 SITUATION STRATEJiLERi. ...............................................................................................................282 IRRELEVANT SENTENCE TESTS .....................................................................................................291 IRRELEVANT SENTENCE TEST S CEVAP ANAHT ARI ....................................................................300 IRRELEVANT SENTENCE TEKNiKLERi ...........................................................................................305 DIALOGUE COMPLETION TESTS .....................................................................................................320 DIALOGUE COMPLETION TESTS CEVAP ANAHTARI ...................................................................333 DIALOGUE COMPLETION TESTS STRATEJiLERi ..........................................................................334 READING PASSAGE TESTS ..............................................................................................................356 READING PASSAGE TESTS CEVAP ANAHTARI ............................................................................396 READING PASSAGE TEKNiKLERi ....................................................................................................397

IV. BÖLÜM YDS VOCABULARY/KELiME YDS VOCABULARY TEST ..................................................................................................................519 VOCABULARY TEST- CEVAP ANAHTARI.. ....................................................................................523 YDS KELiME LiSTESi .........................................................................................................................524 PHRASAL VERBS ...............................................................................................................................550

V. BÖLÜM 2010 SINAVLARI VE TEKNiKLER iLE ÇÖZÜMÜ 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010

iLKBAHAR KPDS SINAVI ..........................................................................................................559 KPDS iLKBAHAR SINAVI CEVAP ANAHTARI ........................................................................579 iLKBAHAR KPDS SINAVI TEKNiKLER iLE ÇÖZÜMÜ ............................................................580 SONBAHAR KPDS SINAVI ........................................................................................................613 KPDS SONBAHAR SINAVI CEVAP ANAHTARI ......................................................................632 KPDS SONBAHAR SINAVI TEKNiKLER iLE ÇÖZÜMÜ ..........................................................633

VI. BÖLÜM YDS DENEME SINAVLARI DENEME 1............................................................................................................................................671 DENEME ll ...........................................................................................................................................687 DENEME lll ..........................................................................................................................................704 DENEME IV ..........................................................................................................................................720 2011 KPDS iLKBAHAR SORULARI ...................................................................................................737 DENEME SINAVLARI CEVAP ANAHTARI ........................................................................................751 DICTIONARY OF ADVERBS ...............................................................................................................754

V

ÖN SÖZ KPDS Sınavı (Kamu Personeli Dil 2011 yılında soru formatlarında

Sınavı)

ilk olarak 1990 yılında 100 soru olarak uygulanmaya başlamış ve 80 soru olarak yalnızca sayı ve soru dağılımı açısından değişikliğe uğramıştır. Yabancı Dil Bilgisi Seviye Belirleme Usul ve Esasları Hakkında Yönetmelik, 4 Ocak 2013 tarihli ve 28518 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanmıştır. Bu Yönetmelik gereğ i ; Merkezimiz tarafından bazı dillerde yılda iki kez olmak üzere Yabancı Dil Bilgisi Seviye Belirleme Sınavı (YDS) uygulamasına geçilmiştir. Profesyonel alanı ingilizce olan ya da olmayan tüm sınav adaylarını aşılması zor bir engel olma gerçeği ile karşı karşıya bırakan Kpds Sınavına hazırlıkta kur sistemi ingilizce bilgisi ve günüzümüzde bilinen test teknikleri başarıyı yakalamakla yetersiz kalmaktadır. değişikliğe uğramadan

Analitik düşünmeyi esas alan ingilizce Test sınavına hazırlık sürecinde etkili olabilecek tek yöntem harmanianmış geçmiş sene sorularının ve kolaylıkla anlaşılabilmesi için her bölüm için özgün şekil ve grafikler üzerinde mizanpe edilen KPDS ŞiFRESi teknikleridir. Teknikler birer FORMALiZASYONDUR ve 'ŞiFRE' iFADESi; tekniklerin özgünlüğü ile ingilizcede mevcut konuların ve kabul görmüş kuralların test soruları bazında dilbilimsel çervede ilk kez formalize edilerek belirli bir siterne dayandınlmasından ileri gelmektedir. Sınav teknikleri ŞiFRE adı altında ilk kez bu kitap ile literature geçmiş ve ŞiFRE ifadesi ile kitapta yalnızca genel hatları ile ele alınan izmir 1 nci Noterliğinden onaylı TEKNiKLER ifade edilmektedir. Soru çözümlemesinde bir yöntemin 'TEKNiK' olarak nitelendirilebilmesi için yöntemin aynı soru tarzındaki tüm sorular üzerinde geçerliliğini ıspatlamış olması gerekmektedir. Teknikler binlerce adet geçmiş sene KPDS, ÜDS ve YDS ingilizce test soruları üzerinde denenmiş ve geçerliliğini ıspatlamıştır.

KPDS ŞiFRESi TEKNiKLERi noterden onaylı olması ile tescilli teknikler olarak Türkiye'de bir ilk olmaya imza atmıştır. Telif Hakkı koruması altında olan tekniklerin ve kaynak adının kaynakça gösterilmeden basılı ya da elektronik ortamda ticari amaçla kullanımı hukuki izne tabi olup, tekniklerin eğitim hakkı ya da fotokopi ile çoğaltılarak eğitim amaçlı kullanımı yasal olarak hiçbir dershane ya da kursa verilmemiştir.

ÖSYM Sınavlarındaki geçerliliğinin daha net olarak ortaya konulabilmesi amacı ile özellikle geçmiş sene sınavları üzerinde gösterilmeye çalışılan teknikler ilk kez KPDS ŞiFRESi kitabın birinci baskısında tanıbtmaya çalışılmıştır ve ikinci baskıda teknikler daha ayrıntılı ve FORMULLER şeklinde sunulmuştur. Tescilli tekniklerin kullanımı ve KPDS ŞiFRESi kitabının telif hakları 11/08/2011 tarihinde hak sahibi olan yazarından Pelikan Yayınevi, Oya ÖZAY'a devredilmiştir. YDS ŞiFRESi kitabında ana hatları ile ele alınan teknikler ileriki dönemlerde ayrıntılı şeklilde saygıdeğer okurlarımıza sunulacaktır.

Kitabın basım aşamasından manevi desteklerini esirgemeyen Değerli Hocamız Sayın CESUR ÖZTÜRK' e teşekkürlerimizi

borç biliriz.

Saygılarımızla.

PELiKAN YAYINCILIK

vii

VDS ŞiFRESi ÖNCESi Ayrıntılı bir biçimde irdelenen YDS ŞiFRESi TEKNIKLERI ile 60 saatlik bir zaman dilimini ayırmanızı önemle tavsiye ederim. Bu sürecin ilk 20 saatini GRAMER KONU ANLATIMI VE TEKNiKLERi BÖLÜMÜNE, diğer 20 saatlik dilimini 'MULTIPLE CHOICE', 'SENTENCE COMPLETION, TRANSLATION' ve 'CLOZE TEST TEKNiKLERi' Bölümlerine ayırma n ız daha etkin olacaktır .. Gramer

Konu Anlatımı ve Teknikleri Bölümünde her bir konuyu çalıştıktan sonra konuları CESUR ÖZTÜRK 'BUILDING SKILLS' adlı kitaptan ya da herhangi bir konu tarama testi kitabından pratik etmeniz gramer konularını pekiştirmenizi kolaylaştıracaktır. Tüm konuları YDS ŞiFRESi kitabından çalışıp konu tarama testlerini başka bir kaynaktan çözdükten sonra MULTIPLE CHOICE TEKNiKLERi Bölümüne hazır bir hale geleceksiniz. Konuların kavranmadan Gramer Tekniklerine geçilmesi kitabın göze karmaşık ve zor görünmesine neden olabilir. "YDS ŞiFRESi" Gramer Test Tekniklerini kavrayabilmek için soru tekniklerine geçmeden önce GRAMER KONU ANLATIMI VE TEKNIKLERI BÖLÜMÜNÜN disipline bir çalışma ile özümsenmesi gerekmektedir. Gramer Konu Anlatımı ve Teknikleri Bölümünün sınav sürecine kadar düzenli olarak tekrar edilmesi hem gramer tekniklerinde pratiklik sağlayacak hem de okurların gramer konularını unutmaianna engel olacaktır . 'CÜMLE TAMAMLAMA TEKNIKLERI' 4 adet alt teknikten ibaret olup; okurları çalışmaya yöneltmek amacı ile "YDS ŞiFRESi" adlı kitapta maddeler halinde verilmemiş olup; basım aşamasındaki diğer kitaplarda formüller halinde sunulacaktır. 2 ya da 3 kez tekrar sonrasında Cümle Tamamlama sorularının sadece 4 alt teknik çerçevesinde çözümlendiği fark edilecektir. GRAMER KONU ANLATIMI VE TEKNIKLERI BÖLÜMÜNÜN düzenli olarak çalışılması "MULTI PLE CHOICE", "CLOZE TEST", "CÜMLE TAMAMLAMA' TEKNIKLERININ pratik uygulanmasına olanak sağlayacaktır. READING TEKNiKLERI BÖLÜMÜ farklı soru türlerine göre 4 ayrı alt teknik halinde formulize edilmiş olup; her bir soru tarzının teknikleri birbirlerinden farklılık göstermektedir. 'READING PASSAGE TEKNIKLERI' BÖLÜMÜNDE 4 alt teknik yardımı

ile pasajın tümünü okuyup hafıza tutmak yerine; pasajdan tek bir cümle belirlenip okunmaktadır. 'IRRELEVANT SENTENCE TEKNIKLERI' ve 'PARAGRAFTA BOŞ BIRAKlLAN CÜMLEYI TAMAMLAMA TEKNIKLERI' de 4 alt teknikten oluşmaktadır ve teknikler sırası ile birebir uygulandığında etkinliğini ortaya koymaktadır . Tavsiye edilen 60 saatin son 20 saati READING TEKNiKLERi BÖLÜMÜNE ve sure tutularak geçmiş sene KPDS, YDS sınavlarının uygulanmasına ayrılmalıdır. Kitapta tüm geçmiş sene soruları mevcut olduğundan tek bir kaynak ile çalışmanız yeterli olacaktır. Öncelikle sorular üzerinde gösterilen teknikleri irdelemeniz ve akabinde aynı sorular üzerinde teknikleri uygulama çalışmanız; teknikleri daha etkin bir şekilde uygulamanıza fırsat verecektir. Kitapta yer alan kelimelerden günde en az 10 adet olsun ezberlemeniz sınavda yer alan kelime sorularında doğru cevap sayınızı artıracaktır . YDS ŞiFRESi kitabında 'TEKNiK' başlığı altında verilmeyen DIALOGUE bölümünde yer alan soruları verilen stratejiler yardımı ile o kumanız gerekmektedir ancak diğer bölümlerde çeviri yerine teknikleri sırası ile birebir uygulamaya çalışmalısınız. Soru türlerinde tekniklerin BiREBiR ve VERiLEN SIRALAMADA (Örn: Çeviri sorularında 'Bağlaç Uyumu Tekniği' yerine 3. Teknik olarak verilen 'Özne Uyumu Tekniğine' geçmemeniz!) uygulanmasını önemle tavsiye ederim.YDS ŞiFRESi kitabının ortaya koyduğu sadece teknikler değil; tekniklerin belirli bir sıralamada sistematize edilmesidir. Soruları YDS ŞiFRESi TEKNIKLERI ile çözüp sonrasında aynı soruları sadece anlamına çevirerek çözdüğünüzde; teknikler yardımı ile soru cevaplanmasında daha fazla net elde ettiğinizi gözlemleyebilirsiniz. Sistematize bir çalışma ve tekrar çerçevesinde YDS ŞiFRESi TEKNiKLERi sınav esnasında sizlere en az 40 dakikalık bir süre kazandıracaktır ve bu süreçte okuma parçalarında belirlenen anahtar cümleleri yeniden okuma imkanını elde edebilirsiniz. YDS şifresi kitabında bir bölümü sunulmaya çalışılan tekniklerin YDS sınavına hazırlık sürecinde başarıyı optimum düzeyde artırmasim temenni ediyor ve değerli okurlara çalışmalarında başarılar diliyoruz.

vii i

KONU ANLATIMI ve TEKNiKLERi

TENSES (Zamanlar) • Time Expressions

A. TIME EXPRESSIONS (zaman belirte~leri) Tense (zaman) yap1lan Present ve Past olmak i.izere iki ayn ana ba~hk altmda analiz edilmektedir. Her bir tense (zaman) yap1s1 kategorisinde verilen tablolardaki zaman belirte~leri soru ci.imlesinde gori.ildi.igi.inde;zaman belirtecinin i~aret ettigi tense(zaman) yap1s1 se~eneklerde dogru cevap olarak i~aretlenmelidir.

I. PRESENT TENSES (PRESENT FORM OF TENSES) I.SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE Nowadays durumlar 1~10 Present Continuous Tense ile de kullamlabilir!)

V1

{ge~ici

Adverbs of Freauency always

•

•

Research indicates that people with insomnia often have difficulty in making rational judgements. Nowadays, Dyslexia i.§. a very common disorder among children and sometimes it may extend in later years.

II. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE (PROGRESSIVE) these days currently for the time being at present

•

am/is/are V-

lNG

Scientists are currently gathering a DNA barcode for every species of plant and animal on the planet.

Look! Ustenl Heeyl Ssshl

'YDS $iFRESi TEKNiKLERi'

3

YDS ~iFRELERi

Ill. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

has/have

v3

so far/ till now/ until now/ up till now ~1klarda Present Perfect Tense olmad1jlnda; Present Perfect

recently /lately ever/ never since/ for

already/ just/ yet all (day. morning .... etc)

to date Since the fall of Saddam Huseyin, diplomatic and economic relations in the area have changed a lot. The government has proposed a series of measures to combat the economic crisis recently. Over the last few years, the economy in the country has enjoyed a significant growth .

IV. WILL (SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE) Soru bo,lugu sonrasmda verilen bu zaman belirte~leri yer ald1gmda; se~eneklerde 'will' i,aretlenir.

will V1

Soru

bo§lugundan sonra yandaki kutuda verilen verildiginde §lklarda will i§aretlenir.

zaman

belirte~leri

before long It is {

think assume suppose hope predict investigate imagine

will

will X

• Japan's new government will make details of a nuclear pact with the U.S. public soon.

X

•I hope he will be proved innocent before long.

Bu fiillerden sonra gelen soru bo§luguna 'will'

4

possible } probable likely I unlikely

se~enegi

gelmelidirl



V. BE GOING TO am/is/are going to V1 'be going to' gelecek zaman yap1smm kullamm

bi~imlerini

tablo

i~erisinde

1. PLANS

•

We are going to marry .

(Pianlar)

•

I'm going to visit Italy.

6 kategoride inceleyebiliriz.

Not: "Be going to" yap1s1 onceden planlad1g1m1z kullan1l1r. 2. THINGS THAT ARE ON THE WAY

•

i~leri

ifade etmede

Look at the weather! It's going to rain .

(We have the evidence that it's cloudy.)

(Mevcut kamtlara dayanarak gelecek hakkmda tahminlerde

•

Angela is going to have a baby next Tuesday .

(We have the evidence that Angela is pregnant.)

bulunmada)

•

Look out! You're going to fall .

3. PERMANENT STATES

•

Out flat is going to get new doors this summer .

(Gelecekte sureklilik ifade edecek

•

Janet's house is going to look over the sea .

•

Things are going to get worse later .

•

It's going to rain soon .

5.PREDICTION

•

She's going to be divorced. (My cousin told me.)

(Tahminde bulunmada)

Not: Hem "will" hem de "be going to" yap1lan gelecege ait tahmin yOrutmede kullamhrlar. "Be going to" yap1s1yla yakm gelecege ya da ic;:inde bulundugumuz ana yonelik tahminde bulunurken; "will" yap1s1yla gelecek zamana ait olaylarla ilgili tahminde bulunuruz. "Be going to" yap1Sinl kullamrken, gelecekte olmaSinl tahmin ettigimiz olayla ilgili On bilgimiz olmas1 gerekir.

6. AFTER "IF"

•

durumlar) 4. EVENTS OUTSIDE PEOPLE'S CONTROL (Ki§ilerin elinde olmadan geli§ecek oi~Jarm

tahmininde)

If there's going to be a trouble, we won't come to your wedding ceremony.

Not: Genelde "if' ko~ul cOmlesinde tahmin yorotme amac1yla "will" yap1sm• kullanamay1z. Bunun yerine niyetimizi ac;:•klamak maksad1yla "be going to" yap!Sinl kullan1r1z.

'YDS ~iFRESi TEKNiKLERi'

5

YDS ~iFRELERi

VI. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

will be V -ing •

VII. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

will have

in 2015

•

by2018

•

by the year_DH (gelecek zaman dllimi)

It's hard to say what will be happening this time next year.

v3

By the year 2016, the nuclear power plant will have started to operate. By the time you graduate, your friends will already have found a good job!

Sec;eneklerde Future Perfect Tense

yok ise; Future Perfect CORUIIlt.ICWII

VIII. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE "Future Perfect Tense" i ~in verilen zaman belirte~leri bu tense yap1s1 ile de kullamllr; ancak, cumlede bunlara ek olarak "for, all morning I day etc." gibi sure~ ifadeleri de yer almalld1 r.

------------------

1

Soru cumlesinde soru bo~lugu oncesi ya sonrasmda birden fazla time da expression (zaman belirteci) verilmi~ ise ; future perfect tense belirteci olan 'by' ile verilen zaman belirteci baz allmr ve ~1klarda 'future perfect tense ' ya da 'future perfect continuous tense ' dogru se~enek olarak i~aretlenir.

• By the year 2014 , we will have been working on this project for 5 years . • The police will have been looking for the missing girl for 6 days by 5 (o'clock) tomorrow.

6



GELECEK ZAMANI ANLATIMDA KULLANILABILECEK DIGER GRAMER YAPILARININ TABLOSU

2. AM/IS/ARE ABOUT TO Not: Yakm zamanda anlatmak i~in kullamhr.

ger~ekle§ecek

•

All teachers are to assemble in the library at 2.00 p.m.

•

The professors are to meet at Hacettepe University next Friday.

•

The meeting is about to start now.

•

Jane's flight is due to arrive from Dublin at

eylemleri

5.30. •

The concert is not due to start until 11.00.

•

Listen! The speaker is on the point of lecturing!

•

My sister is visiting me tomorrow.

6. SIMPLE PRESENT (V1)

•

Thanksgiving Day .!!. on Friday next year.

Not: Geni§ zaman gelecekteki sabit, degi§meyen ya da takvimsel olaylan ifade etmede kullamhr.

•

My father retires in a year.

4. AM/IS/ARE ON THE POINT OF Not: Cok yakm zamanda anlatmada kullamhr.

ger~ekle§ecek

olaylan

5. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE(amlis/are VlN G)

Not: ~imdiki zaman yap1s1 ozellikle gelecege ait sosyal olaylan , seyahat planlanm anlatmada kullamhr. Bu zamanm kullan1mmda genellikle zaman tarifesi verilir.


7

YDS ~iFRELERi

II. PAST TENSES (PAST FORM OF TENSES) I. SIMPLE PAST TENSE

V2

last ago yesterday in 1989 during 1983 The Great Russia, .••

Dr. Maj. David Simons reached a height of 100.000 ft . by balloon to test human reactions at the edge of earth's atmosphere in 1957. • Franklin D. Roosevelt led the United States during both the Great Depression and World War II.

II. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

was/were

V-ing

Education was different in the past. At the time, teachers were talking and students were just listening. Her health was deteriorating day by day, but there was nothing to do.

Ill. PAST PERFECT TENSE

had

v3

earlier. X

before. X

by then. X

•

by midnight.

8

•

She was very nervous as she hadn't had a job interview before. I started to work here last June. By then, I had worked in an international company.



IV. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

had been V-ing

• She was exhausted as she had been traveling for 8 hours. • He fainted because he hadn 't been eating properly since yesterday.

ZAMAN BELIRTE(:LERI SORU BO$LUGUNUN HANGI TARAFINDA ARANIR?

Zaman belirte<;leri soru bo~lugunun sag tarafmda aramr. Ancak; soru bo~lugunun sag tarafmda zaman belirteci bulunamad1gmda; bo~lugun sol tarafmda zaman belirteci bulunup uygun tense yap1s1 se<;eneklerde i~aretlenir.

TEKNi~


9

YDS ~iFRELERi

A. TIME CLAUSES (zaman cumlecikleri) Sec;eneklerde oncelikle 1. maddelerde verilen tense kurallan aramr; ancak, aranan tense yap1lan sec;eneklerde bulunamad1gmda; 2. maddelerde gosterilen tense yap1lan dogru sec;enek olarak i~aretlenir.

AFTER

1.

~IK~:A YOKSA

'~[~

2.

S.Past

WHILE AS JUST AS

Present Cont. Past Cont.

1

t

Present Cont. Past Cont.

,S. Present/will ,S.Past

-

j

,S.Present/will ,S.Past

~IKLARD~ YSKSA

.._, ,

S.P•esent

S.Past

Past Perfect S.Present

1.

ffliii.U1DJ

2. will

10

·-- --

~IKLARDA

YOKSA



ZAMAN BAGLACLARI CUMLE ORTASINDA YER ALDIGINDA TENSE KOMBiNASYONLARI I. WHEN PRESENT CONTINUOUS WHEN S. PRESENT

PAST CONTINUOUS WHEN S. PAST

PRESENT CONTINUOUS ~IKLARDA YOK iSE;

PAST CONTINUOUS ~IKLARDA YOK iSE;

S. PRESENT WHEN S. PRESENT

S. PAST WHEN S. PAST

II. WHILE /JUST AS I AS T0M0N0N TENSE KOMBiNASYONLARI AYNIDIR! PRESENT CONTINUOUS WHILE PRESENT CONT. PRESENT CONTINUOUS ~IKLARDA YOK ISE; S. PRESENT WHILE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

PAST CONTINUOUS WHILE PAST CONT. PAST CONTINUOUS ~IKLARDA YOK iSE; S. PAST WHILE PAST CONTINUOUS

Ill. AFTER S. PRESENT AFTER PRESENT PERFECT

S. PAST AFTER PAST PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECT ~IKLARDA YOK iSE;

PAST PERFECT ~IKLARDA YOK iSE;

S. PRESENT AFTER S. PRESENT

S. PAST AFTER S. PAST

IV. BEFORE PRESENT PERFECT BEFORE S. PRESENT

PAST PERFECT BEFORE S. PAST

PRESENT PERFECT ~IKLARDA YOK iSE;

PAST PERFECT ~IKLARDA YOK iSE;

S. PRESENT BEFORE S. PRESENT

S. PAST BEFORE S. PAST


11

YDS ~iFRELERi

V. AS SOON AS I THE MOMENT I ONCE I UNTIL TUMUNUN TENSE KOMBiNASYONLARI AYNIDIR! WILL-WON'T IS. PRESENT AS SOON AS/THE MOMENT/ONCE/UNTIL PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT TENSE ~IKLARDA YOK iSE; WILL-WON'T IS. PRESENT

AS SOON AS/THE MOMENT/ONCE/UNTIL S. PRESENT *Until zaman cumlecigi past formatta;

Until Simle Past , Past Perfect tense kombinasyonlan ile kullan1labilmektedir.

VI. BY THE TIME WILL HAVE V3 BY THE TIME S. PRESENT

PAST PERFECT BY THE TIME S. PAST

would rather

would rather would sooner would just as soon

• •

12

would sooner would just as soon would prefer

sb.

V2 (PAST)

I somebody (ki§i)

I would rather devise the water project. I would rather YOU devised the water project.

It's time It's high time It's about time

• •

V1

to V1

It's time to study for KPDS. (KPDS It's time WE studied for KPDS.

~ah~ma

zamam geldi.)



When After Before As soon as The moment Once Until While Just as As Would rather It's time

w

ya da

when after before as soon as the moment once until while just as as would rather it's time


13

YDS ~iFRELERi

.

I. TIME EXPRESSIONS(zaman

belirte~leri)

n

11. TIME CLAUSES(zaman cumlecikleri)

TEKNiK®

Soru cumlesinde herhangi bir " time expression " ya da " time clause" yok ise; s1ras1 ile 'S.PRESENT TENSE ', 'PRESENT PERFECT TENSE ' ve 'WILL ' tense yap1lan soru cumlesine bagh kalmaks1zm se!(eneklerde dogru cevap olarak i$aretlenir!

Ill. 1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE 2. PRESENTPERFECTTENSE 3. WILL

B. IKINCI

A~AMADA

SORUNUN ACTIVE YA DA PASSIVE OLUP OLMADIGIIRDELENIR!

iki cumle arasmda "sub-ordinators" and ..................... or .............. . so

rnevcut lse ve soru boflugunda

S.

AST

He~"''ed

the company

qoaUficattons fo' management@ him as a productive manager.

X

a. hires b. has hired c.will hire d. had hired @Hired (S. PAST)

Soru bo~lugu oncesi verilen cumle SIMPLE PAST TENSE ile verilip so baglacmdan sonra gelen cOmlenin bo~lugunda time expression (zaman belirteci) yer . _..... .. ,fn .. i!(in; se!(eneklerde bir onceki cumlenin tense yap1s1 yani S. PAST TENSE i~aretlenir.

,rl,,.

~ SO S.PAST (aym tense kurah!)

S. Past

14



PASSIVE CONSTRUCTION

"Passive" yap1lar edilgen yap1lar olup; eylemin ba§ka biri tarafmdan yap1ld1gm• vurgulamaktad1r.

• The ideas of what a city should be _ _ _ _ by urban designers. X

a. imposed b. have imposed @have been imposed d. has imposed e. has been imposed

TEKNiK: 'SORU CUMLESINiN "PASSIVE"/ EDILGEN YAPIDA OLDUGU NASIL ANLA~ILIR?'

1.

Soru bo§lugundan sonra ya da soru bo§lugu sonras1 gelen kelimenin sonrasmda herhangi bir

~ (iLGEC) yer ahyor ise; soru ci.imlesi PASSIVE yani edilgen yap1dad1r.

................................ PASSIVE

+ PREPOSITION ................................ .

X

next

{

~~ong,

TEKNiK®

} ... etc .

............... PASSIVE +(ADVERB/ ADJECTIVE/ NOUN) + PREPOSITION X

TEKNiK®

She doesn't want to wear these boots as they are made FROM animal skin. She doesn't want to wear these boots as they are made thoroughly FROM animal skin .

----------, Preposition phrasal verb'e ait ise; bu kural gec;erli degildir !

The company a. looked

TEKNi~ :

for qualified employees for the upcoming position while it was being set up. b. was looked c. had been looked d. has looked e. will have looked


15

YDS ~iFRELERi

2. Soru bo§lugundan sonra bir preposition yer alm1yor ise ; soru bo§lugundan sonra gelen bir isim var m1 diye bak1hr.Soru bo§lugu sonras1 bir isim (~ yer ahyor ise; soru ci.imlesi ACTIVE yani etken yap1da olup; §lklarda uygun tense yap1s1m ic;:eren sec;:enek dogru cevap olarak i§aretlenir. ................................. ACTIVE NOUN(iSiM) ................................ . X

•

Anyone can produce ACTIVE

+ FIBERGLASS PARTS that will meet their specific needs. NOUN(isim)

3. Soru bo§lugu sonras1 bir preposition ya da kelime yer alm1yor ise ; soru ci.imlesi oznesinin canh ya da nesne olup olmad1gma bak1hr. Ozne canh ise soru ci.imlesi ACTIVE , cans1z ise soru ci.imlesi PASSIVE yap1dad1r. Mr. Bell( can h) ........................ ACTIVE ...................... .. X

News(cans1z)

........................ PASSIVE .................... . X

TENSE YAPILARINA GORE PASSIVE (EDiLGEN) FiiL YAPILARI

being

S.PRESENT I S.PAST

PRESENT PERFECT/PAST PERFECT

16

PRESENT CONT./ PAST CONT.

WILL/BE GOING TO/PRESENT - PAST MODALS



IMPERSONAL PASSIVE CONSTRUCTION COrnie i«;erisinde soru bo!jlugundan once gelen fiil eger yap1da ise; soru bo!jluguna infinitive "TO V1" gelir.

•

I

The committee was declared

~

(edilgen)

the situation. - X -

PASSIVE VERB(EDiLGEN YAPIDA Fiil)

@)IO

en~

b. enhancing

d. having enhanced

c. being enhanced e. having been enhanced

Ya da soru bo§lugundan sonra infinitive "to V 1" gelirse; soru bo§lugunda PASSIVE yap1da §lk i§aretlenir.

•

The inflation is expected to fall from 8,64% to 7,7% in December.

I TOV


1

17

YDS $iFRELERi

CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTION

Causative (Ettirgen) yap1lar canhlarla ve nesnelerle kullamlmak i.izere iki ayn kategoride incelenmektedir.

(MAKE, HAVE, LET fiilleri sonrasmda CANLILAR ile

V1 ;

TO V1 ile BE V3

GET fiili ile

kullamhrken; HAVE ve GET fiilleri sonrasmda CANSIZLAR ile V3 ; LET fiili kullamhr!)

ACTIVE USE (WITH SOMEBODY)

PASSIVE USE (WITH SOMETHING)

Let your feelings be come out! He will

~

his latest book published soon . have

Whatever you do, don't let others hurt your feelings.

18



CONDITIONALS (KO§UI cumlecikleri)

IF CONDITIONALS Type Zero Type I Type II/III Type IV (MIXED)

IMPLIED CONDITIONAL but but now or else otherwise

INVERTED CONDITIONAL SHOULD WAS/WERE TO V1 HAD

OTHER ADVERBIAL OF CONDITION CONDITIONALS upposing Without Supposed (that) But for Providing If weren't for * Provided (that) If it hadn't been fot ssuming ssumed (that) lmagi (that) As long as * { So long as

* On condition that *In the event that *Even if *Unless * As if/ As though *In case

1. IF CONDITIONAL TYPE ZERO IF

S.Present , S.Present

Type Zero bilimsel,

genel-ge~er

verilerde ve tabiat olaylanm ifade etmede kullamlmaktad1r.

Water evaporates if you heat it to 100°C. (OR) Water evaporates if it is heated to 100°C.


19

YDS ~iFRELERi TYPE! IF {S. Present Present Cont. Present Perfect

}

will Present Modals

If this drug doesn't reduce his fever, 11! take him to hospital. If you've finished writing the report, you may leave early.

TYPE II IF

S. Past , { Past Cont.

would Past Moda!s

J~UNREAL

PRESENT

If I were you , I wouldn't accept his proposal. If the employees weren't fulfilling their responsibilities currently, we didn't have to accept their demand to promote .

./ I,HE,SHE,IT ZAMiRLERi iLE 'WAS' YERiNE 'WERE' KULLANIL/R!

TYPE Ill IF

Past Perfect, twould have V 3 erfect Infinitives ast Perfect Modals)

}

The police could have caught the robber if they had arrived a bit earlier. If the country's economic situation hadn't been that bad, citizens wouldn't have migrated to richer countries.

•!• SORU CUMLESiNDE 'WILL,WOULD,WOULD HAVE V3 ' YA DA MODAL YAPILARI GORULDUGUNDE; SORUNUN DOGRU CEVABI OLARAK SE~!=~EKLERDE iLK AKLA GELMESi GEREKEN 'IF' SECENEGIDIR!

20


KONU ANLATIMI ve TEKNiKLERi TYPE IV (MIXED) "Tense" yap1lanm birer merdiven basamag• olarak du~unursek; Past Perfect .............. ----.., S. Past

..........

MIXED =>

IF

would

Ko~ul cumleciginin sonunda present time niteleyici zaman belirte!(leri yer ahyor ise; bir onceki cumlenin "tense" yap1Sinl bir basamak du~ururuz.

Past Perfect, would

today tonight now at the moment ... etc.

If he hadn't been so adventurous, he would be alive now.

Bu yap1 "If' sonras1 gelen cumlede present state bulundugunda kullamhr. If he weren't a rude man, he wouldn't have shouted at us in public like that.

2. IMPLIED CONDITIONAL (Gizli ::::>

Ko~ul

Cumlesi)

Gizli Ko~ul Cumlesinde "If' yap1s1 bulunmamaktad1r. iki cumle arasmda a~ag1da verilen bagla!(lar yer ald1gmda; cumle gizli ko~ul cumlesidir ve soru bo~lugunda "WOULD HAVE V 3 , PERFECT INFINITIVES" ya da "WOULD" i~aretlenir.

----------------

1. would have V 3

but but now

----------------· x

c::::::::::::>

~

2. would sec;eneklerde i~aretlenir.

Perfect infinitives (Modals)

----------------

;or else, ;otherwise,

---------------- . x

1. would have V 3

~

c::::::::::::>

2. would sec;eneklerde

i~aretlenir.

Perfect infinitives (Modals) •

The police made everyone evacuate the building ;otherwise, they would have been wounded. x


21

YDS ~iFRELERi Ko~ul

3. INVERTED CONDITIONALS (Devrik

SHOULD

WERE TO

(Type I)

(Type II)

IF

HAD (Type Ill) IF

IF Wenfthe exercise to be performed at an intensity, the heart rate would increase.

S!letrnf exercise be performed at an an intensity, the heart rate will increase.

•

Cumleleri)

~:faa the exercise been

performed at an intensity, the heart rate would have increased.

If the exercise is performed at an intensity, the heart rate will increase. (SHOULD) If the exercise were performed at an intensity, the heart rate would increase. (WERE

TO)

(HAD)

If the exercise had been at an intensity, the heart rate would have increased.

QUESTION: TYPE I INVERTED

Should

the new design of the product that attaches the producer's

name bear little relationship to the original concept, he_ _ abla ~·

~:: 14~- ~~~

-"-

\1

i '-- '"*~~""~

~\~A_,

tf~

'

~

c,

-

4. OTHER CONDITIONALS (Diger Providing Provided (that) Supposing Supposed(that) Assuming Assumed(that) Imagine (that)

Ko~ul

~

\

--

~-.

-- ..

'""

"~

I

"-

.

Cumlecikleri)

IF

the blood flow increases, the heart will beat faster.

BU KA TEGORIDEKI TUM KO$UL YAPILARIILE KULLANILABILMEKTEDIRLER! IF

As long as So long as

the blood flow increases, the heart will beat faster. IF


On condition that IF

In the event that

22




TEKNit
1. providing/ provided (that), supposing/ assuming/ assumed (that) iljaretlenir. Sec;eneklerde bu koljul yap1lan verilmemilj ise;

supposed

(that),

2. as long as/ so long as diger koljul yap1lan arasmda dogru sec;enek olarak tercih edilir.

UNLESS Unless

+

"Unless" ci.imlesinde yap1sal olarak OLUMLU fiil; diger cumlesinde ise '1klarda ilk tercih olarak yapasa ya da anlam

1

2

+

bakuntndan

olumsuz

olan

ftH

(SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE iLE KULLANILIR)

•

Unless you take the financial responsibility, I will with,aw the financial support from you . (geri

~ekmek;

negatif anlamh bir fiil)

EVEN IF ko~ul cUmlesinde cOmlelerden birinin olumlu , bir digerinin ise yap1 ya da anlam bak1mmdan olumsuz olmas1 gereklidir. ____. Even if the world.l§. thoroughly complicated, we have to do our best to survive in it.

•

•

pozitif

(karma,lk; negatif anlamh bir s1fat)

+

•

+

•

Un\eSS

•


• +

23

YDS ŞiFRELERi

"IN CASE" YAPISININ KULLANIM KURALLARI

ŞU ŞEKILDE

LISTELENEBILIR:

1.~ ............ ........... , ................. ·..... . In case cü le bal!.__~~:!!h~!.!.ıl!!m~ez ~ . --.,..........,,...--~--~--,----~--------'

2........................ in

case~ (ardından yapısal

olarak olumsuz cümle gelmez!)

3. PAST FORM in case S. PAST 1 SHOULD 1 MIGHT PRESENT FORM 1 FUTURE FORM in case S. PRESENT 1 SHOULD 1 MAV

"In case" öncesi gelen cümledeki flil herhangi bir present ya da future

yapıda

ise; "in case"

sonrası elen cümleY!. S. Present Tense •~Jsc.:.h::O::u~ld~ya, ~d!:la~:m=a...._.~ el~ ir~ . -----~----.....ı

"In case" öncesi flll "past tense" yapılarından biri ile kullanılmış ise; "in case" cümlesine Simple Past Tense , should y mi ht elir.

lifl't!lif§UM strive to study ... ........ .. ...... ..... ..... .. in case you fail/ you should fail 1 you

•

You

•

You ll!!lr!lstrive to study ..... ......... ...... ... ...... ...... ..

may fail.

4. IMPERATIVE (EMiR CÜMLESi)

In case you failed/ you should fail 1 you might fail. "

in case

____.,. Note down the exam date in case you forgetiyou should forget 1 you may forget.

5. ADVERBIAL OF CONDITION BUT FOR + NOUN(iSiM), WOULD /A SENTENCE WITH PAST MODALS/ PERFECT MODALS WITHOUT AFRAIDTHAT • {Butfor} Without

his contributions. we couldn't have ralsed so much money. (TYPE lll) noun/isim

• {Butfor} Without

YQ!!, 1 would feel lonely. {TYPE/1) no un

IF IT WEREN'T FOR

•

+ NOUN, WOULD/A SENTENCE WITH PAST MODALS CCOULD/MIGHT/WOULD)

!! it weren't for you, 1would feel

lonely. (TYPE ll)

IF IT HADN'T BEEN FOR + NOUN, WOULD HAVE V 3 1A SENTENCE WITH PERFECT MODALS CCOULD HAVE V3) • !! it hadn't been for your help, we couldn't have won the prize. (TYPE lll)

24

'YDS ŞiFRESi TEKNiKLERi'


INVERTED


25

YDS ~iFRELERi

WISH CLAUSE

I. istek kipi oncesinde once cumle yap1s1 gelir ise; istek kipi oncesi gelen cumlenin fiilinin zamanma bak1hp; cumle Present yap1da ise istek kipi cumlesine Past Tense ya da cumle Past yap1da ise istek kipi cumlesine Past Perfect Tense gelir.

+ ___.,. ,. Present.! wish PAST

_ _. .,. ., Past.l wish PAST PERFECT

Zaman Merd1ven1

Past Perfect

~

Past~ Present • •

The empirical research analyst moves to Zimbabwe. I wish he didn't. The empirical research analyst moved to Zimbabwe . I wish he hadn't.

lstek kipi oncesi gelen cumlede "V-ing" yap1da fiil var ise ya da ~l?.l!._.flurur::D_ ~~-r~l!!!)~ ise;"wish clause" (istek kipi) ci.imlesinde ··would'' ya da "could" kullamm1 tercih edilmehd1r. V-ing .I wish _ _ __ Now. I wish _ _ _ __ lwish now. •

Turkey does not have economic welfare . I wish it would .

II. -wish clause (istek kipi) oncesi cumle verilmemi§ ise; istek kipi cumlesinde yer alan time expressions (zaman belirte!(leri) belirlenir. Zaman belirte!(leri §imdiki zamam niteliyor ise S.PAST TENSE, ge!(mi§ zamam niteliyor ise PAST PERFECT TENSE istek kipi cumlesinde kullamlmahd1r.

I wish S. PAST ~·at the moment, tomorrow, ... etc. PRESENT I wish PAST PERFECT

26

TEKNiK'"'

!last ... , ago, yersterday

~PAST



Modal Yap1lan • • •

PRESENT MODALS PAST MODALS PERFECT INFINITIVES (PERFECT MODALS)

olmak uzere

u~ ba~hk

altmda incelenmektedir.

I. PRESENT MODALS BILITY (Yetenek)

CERTAINTY (Kesinlik)

am,is,are able to POSSIBILITY (ihtimal)

REQUESTS (Rica) Will you ........... ? Could you ........ ? Would you ... .. .. ? Can you ........... ? OFFERS (Teklif) Shall I .............. ? May I ............... ? Could I ............. ? Can 1•••••••.•.•.••.•• ?

IMPOSSIBILITY (imkans1zhk)

SUGGESTION/ADVICE (Oneri/Tavsiye) should had better Let's .............. v1···············' Why don't .......v1·············? What about ..... V-ing ........ ? How about .....V-ing ...... ? NECESSITY (Gereklilik) ought to

would rather would sooner would just as soon

would like would love would prefer prefer

}v, } toV, V-ing

! ! ! !

be supposed to

had better

should

need to


27

YDS ~iFRELERi

PRESENT MODALS I. ABILITY (YETENEK) •

Hummingbirds can hover for as long as 50 minutes at a time. are able to

CLOZE TEST SORULARINDA BiLiMSEL VERiLERE YER VERiLMESi NEDENi iLE; PRESENT YAPIDAKi MODAL SECENEKLERiNDEN 'CAN ' TERCiH EDiLMELiDiRI

II. POSSIBILITY (IHTIMAL) • You had better go to the interview with a positive state of mind, then you impression.

Ill. REQUEST (RICA)

{ => • •

Will } Can Could Would

you lend me your d1ct1onary for tomorrow?

"Would you mind ... ?" ricada bulunurken kullamlabilen bir diger yap1d1r. Ardmdan fiil gelmesi durumunda, fiil "-ing" eki ahr. Eger ardmdan "if' yap1s1 kullamm1 var ise; V2 kullamhr. Would you mind turning on the heater? Would you mind jf I turned on the heater?

IV. OFFER (TEKLiF) Shall} May I carry these boxes for you? { Could

V. CERTAINITY (KESiNLiK) •

Why don 't you go to bed? You must be tired after that long journey! (Kesinlikle yorgunsundurl)

VI. IMPOSSIBILITY (iMKANSIZLIK) •

28

He can't be in school. I haven 't seen him today. (Okulda olmas1 imkans1z! Bugun onu gormedim.)



VII. SUGGESTION & ADVICE (ONERi , TAVSiYE) SUGGESTION

Let's organize a welcome home party for him. Why don't we organize .......... ...... .. .. .? What about organizing ........ .. ....... ...... ? How about organizing ... ...... ..............? Shall we organize .... .. .. ... ...... .... .. ... .?

ADVICE

You had better learn how to behave in such situations. should (Boyle durumlarda nas1l davranacagm1 ogrensen iyi olur.)

VIII. NECESSITY (GEREKLiLiK)

•

You

are supposed to should ought to need to had better

pick the guests up at the airport.

IX. OBLIGATION (ZORUNLULUK) • We{ have to } must bankrupt.

find a way to improve the company's financial situation; otherwise, we will go

Have to modal yap1s1 kanunlar ve kurallar ile belirlenmi§ zorunluluk durumunu ifade ederken, must modal yap1s1 ki§inin kendini zorunlu hissettigi durumlan ifade eder. • I have to get 65 from the ODS exam for my PhD. (Doktora yeterlilik puam 65 oldugu i~in; verilen durumda must yerine have to kullamm1 gerekir.) • I must get 95 from the ODS Exam. (Doktora yeterlilik puam 65 gerekli olmasma kar§m smavdan 95 almak istemem; kendi h1rs1m ile ilgili ve kendimi zorunlu hissettigim bir durumdur.)

X. HABITS (ALI$KANLIKLAR) • I am {

used to }working under pressure. (Bask• altmda ~all§ maya ah§1g1m.) accustomed to

XI. PREFERENCE (TERCiH) • I {would rather would sooner would just as soon •I

would love would prefer would like

} }

stay at home.

to stay at home


tuld
would sooner would just as soon would prefer

} smb.

v2

29

YDS ~iFRELERi

"Can" modal yap1s1 ile c;ogu ki§inin sahip oldugu yetenekler ifade edilirken, "am,is,are able to" ile spesifik yetenekler ifade edilmektedir. • •

TEKNiK®

Ms.Bell can teach English . Miss. Be§ogul is able to teach 250 hours a month .

• _______.

Soru bo§lugundan sonra gelen cumlede as well/ as well as kullamm1 var ise; §lklarda "may" ya da "might" dogru cevap olarak i§aretlenir.

. . . . . . . . . . . . ::---- as well .......... . X

a) may/might

-

PRESENT

+

NECESSITY

need to

needn't

OBLIGATION

must have to

mustn't

needn't= don't have to gerekli degil • You needn't come with me. I can go alone. (Benimle gelmene gerek yok.) don't have to

• You mustn't come with me. That place isn't suitable for children. (Benimle gelmemelisin.)

SHALL KULLANIMI "Shall" modal yap1s1, sadece "I" ve " we" zamirleri ile kullamlmaktad1r. • Shall I help you? • Shall we go to the lecture?

MAY KULLANIMI "May" modal yap1s1; ricada bulunurken (soru yap1smda) sadece " I" zamiri ile kullamlmaktadlr. • May I get in touch with you by Friday?

30



II. PAST MODALS -------------------

MANAGED TO (Zorbir ~eyi ba~armak) was/were able to

POSSIBILITY

OBLIGATION (Zorunluluk) had to

~ might could

NECESSITY PAST HABIT (Gereklilik) (Eski all~kanllk) was/were supposed to used to didn't need to would

•

Though designing a green city depended on economy, some countries were able to achieve it. (Ba~ard1; zor bir ~eyin Ostesinden geldi.)

•

The company had to promote workers so as to prevent them from going on strike.

•

Doctors were supposed to contract the patient's muscles hard to enable his heart beat faster, but they didn 't.

./

To prevent economic crisis, we might try to curb inflation .

./

He used to cry a lot when he was a teenager. aglard1; fakat, artlk aglam1yor.)

(Gen~ken ~ok

USED TO

YANLIS KULLANIMLARII t

t

'{;

i%,

~J~

• He would cry a lot when he was a teenager. (Gen~ken ~ok aglard1;fakat artlk aglam1yor.)

1;"'

I~

"""""'4;,\F";'\

"

"

~

;f'xJ

~ ~ ~ -~-

~

~

ll"

• He would get up early. (Eskiden periyodik olarak erken kalka

Eylem bildirmede kullaml1r.

Eylem bildirmede kullaml1r.

Durum ve miza<;: ifade etmede kullaml1r.

Durum ve miza<;: ifade etmede kullamlmaz.

Tekrar eden eylemleri ifade etmede kullaml1r.


31

YDS $iFRELERi

(tl§;lfi11~iii (Kesinlik) must have VJ

PAST OPPORTUNIT (Ge~mil?te ka~rrrlmrl?

frrsatlar)

could have VJ

1---+i:Z•~-MI:JI ...ti (lhtimal) may have V3 might have VJ could have VJ l~l#(ij=t.-t.1ii1 (Gereklilik) didn't need to needn't have V 3

IMPOSSIBILIT (lmkansrzhk) can't have VJ couldn't have VJ

.....__..,.

COMPLAINT/REGRET ($ikayet/Pil?manhk) should have VJ shouldn't have VJ

(KACIRILMI~ FIRSATLAR) frrsatlarr ve yerine getirilmemil? zorunluluklarr ifade etmede kullanrhr.

I. PAST OPPORTUNITY Ge~mil?te ka~rrrlmrl?

v'

A: I am bankrupt! 8 : Oh, really! Why didn 't you get help from me? You could have borrowed from me! (Benden bor~ para alma imkanrn vardr ama yapmadrn.)

II. POSSIBILITY (iHTiMAL) Ge~mil?te

v'

ihtimal dahilinde olan olaylarr ifade etmede kullanrhr.

A: I couldn't see Oya at the conference! 8: I don't know but she may have been sick. (Bilmiyorum; ancak, hasta olmul? olabilir.) might have been could have been

Ill. NECESSITY (GEREKLiLiK) Ge~mil?te

bir eylemin yaprlmasrnrn gerekli ya da gereksiz oldugunu ifade etmede kullanrhr. (Soruda yer alan miktar belirte~leri 'enough', 'plenty' bu modal yaprlarrna ipucu verir!

Since our aim to set up a company was called off, I didn't need to loan from the bank. ($irket kurma planrmrz iptal oldugu i~in, kredi almama gerek yoktu ve de almadrm.)

A: Why did you loan from the bank? We called off our plan to set up a company. 8: Gosh! I needn't have loaned then . (Kredi almama gerek yoktu ama maalesef aldrm.)

IV. CERTAINTY (KESiNLiK) Ge~mil?te

v'

32

bir eylemin kesinlikle yaprlmrl? oldugu vurgulamada kullanrhr.

Arial has got the highest grade in the biology exam . She must have studied hard. (Kesinlikle ~ok ~ahl?mll?.)



V. IMPOSSIBILITY (IMKANSIZLIK) Ge!(mi§te bir eylemin yap1lm1§ olmasmm imkans1z oldugunu belirtmede kullamhr.

../

I regret divorcing. I shouldn't have ignored my wife! (Bo§anml§ olmaktan pi§mamm. E§imi ihmal etmemeliydim.)

../

Terrorism has been on peak recently. We should have given much more effort to cease it in advance. (Terorizmi durdurmak i~in daha ~ok ~aba sarfetmeliydik.)

PERFECT MODALS

Soru Cumlesindeki Eylem Ger~ekle§mi§ mi?

must have V3

+

needn't have

v3

shouldn't have

v3

+ +

can 't/cou ldn 't have V3

didn't need to

should have

v3

could have V3


-

TEKNiK®

"PERFECT INFINITIVES" MODAL YAPILARI PAST PERFECT TENSE YAPISINDA OLUP, EYLEMLERIN GE<;MI~TE YAPILIP YAPILMADIGINI VURGULAMADA YARDIMCI OLURLAR. SORU <;OZUMLEMELERINDE ONCELIKLE ; SORU CUMLESINiN ANLAM YA DA YAPI BAZINDA OLUMSUZ OLUP OLMADIGI IRDELENMELi VE CUMLEDE OLUMSUZLUK VAR iSE; TABLODA YER ALAN EYLEMIN GER<;EKLE~IP GER<;EKLE~MEDIGI VE BU DOGRUL TUDA HANGI MODAL SE<;ENEGININ DOGRU CEVAP OLDUGU DAHA KOLAY BELIRLENEBILIR!

33

YDS ~iFRELERi

I. iki cumle birbirlerine baglac; olmadan sadece virglil ile baglanamaz. Bu nedenle; virgul ile yanm b1rak1lan cumle sonras1 gelen soru bo§luguna cumle ic;eren sec;enek gelemez.

' --- . --- in Major Asian 'cities is still less common than in most European cities. ..... , street crime $~~.I~~~ ~~!~:r.~~~-~

./

a. The governments are concerned Cii)Though it is rising sharply c. One should admit d. Severe majors had been taken e. That reliable statistical date can be obtained

(Sentence) (Sentence with though) (Sentence) (Sentence) (Sentence)

TEKNiK®

II. Virgul sonras1 gelen soru bo§luguna fiil ic;eren sec;enek gelemez; ancak reduced(indirgenmi§) yap1da fiil gelir.

.............. ' v_Effs Sentence ./

x

Abraham, _ _ _ bad stories in childhood suffer from agony in adulthood . X

a. experienced (verb)

TEKNiKCR·

®experiencing (Reduction) c. experience (verb) d. experience (verb) e. have experienced (verb)

34



Ill. Virglil sonras1, "that" s1fat zamiri gelmez. Bu nedenle; virgul sonras1 gelen soru bo§luguna "that" sec;enegi i§aretlenemez. '

.............. ' ,..rtT ............. . Sentence ../

x

The thesis , _ _ _ _ is on Antropological Foundations of Linguistics , eng lightens many fields .

(!;)Which

b. whose

c. whom

d. what

~ (virgul sonras1 that gelmez!)

IV. Bir cumlede birden fazla fiil yer alamaz. Soru cumlesinde fiil mevcut ise; cumlede yer alabilecek diger fiilin relative clause , noun clause , reduction ya da artici le yap1lannda yer almas1 gereklidir. . ........... Verb .... ....... ~ .... .... ...... . X

4

Relative clause ___. Noun clause

___. Reduction ../

___.

Participle

Scientists the health status of native people in the South Pasific noted the explosion of dietrelated disease in the area. d. will study e. to study a. studied @ st1dying c. have studied

REDUCED (K1saltma/indirgeme)


TEKNiK®

35

YDS ~iFRELERi

RELATIVE CLAUSES

Srfat cOmleciklerinde who, which, that, whom, whose ve where ilgi zamirleri yer allrlar.

I. RELATIVE PRONOUNS (ilgi Zamirleri)

who/whom

Cumlede "who" ile "whom" ilgi zamirleri kendllerinden 6nce canlllar lie, "which" ilgl

which

that/whose

II. RELATIVE KULLANIMI

PRONOUNS

(ilgi

Zamirleri)

ONCESi

PREPOSITION

(ilge~)

ilgi zamirleri oncesi preposition (ilge~) kullamm1 yer ahyor ise; preposition sonras1 "whom", "which", "whose" ilgi zamirleri kullamp; "who" ve "that" zamirleri kullamlamaz.

. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . .. .

PREPOSITION

WHOM/WHOSE/WHICH .. .. .............. .. X

along

at {

•

as from, ... etc.

The exam results the grading OF which is subjective gave rise to the failure of students.

OF WHICH=

36

WHOSE!



Ill. iLGi ZAMiRLERI ONCESI ISiM KULLANIMI ilgi zamirleri oncesi gelen isimler "of' ilgeci ile birlikte kullamhrlar.

· · ··1.---N-O_U_N_+_O~~---,~~HICH

·· · ···· ·· ··· ...

•

WHOM/

.. .............. . .

The exam results , THE GRADING OF which is subjective gave rise to the failure of students.

IV. ILGi ZAMiRLERI ONCESi QUANTIFIERS (Miktar Belirtec;leri) KULLANIMI Miktar belirtecleri ilgi zamirleri oncesi "of' ilgeci ile birlikte kullamhrlar.

....................·l

IWHOM~HOSEIWHICH

QUANTIFIERS + OF some either any ... etc.

{

.... ..... ... ..... .

}

V. DEFINING- NON DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE

1

1 NON DEFINING ( , )

DEFINING My sister who is introverted is not a good manager.

My sister, who is introverted, is not a good manager.

(I have MORE THAN a sister.)

(I have ONLY one sister.)

Defining Relative Clause yap1s1 ile verilen cumle 'benim birden fazla k1z kardesim var ve onlardan biri .. .' anlamma gelmektedir. Non-Defining Relative Clause yap1s1 ile verilen cumle ise 'benim tek bir k1z kardesim var ve o .. .' anlamma gelmektedir. NON- DEFINING yap1s1 a~1klama bilgisi olup, virgUI kullamm1 tammlananm tek oldugunu ifade etmektedir. Tammlanamn tek oldugunu ifade etmesi nedeni ile '

~ .,":?:

'

t

,..

c.

1>:

,:t:;

---

""""

"~·

"'

~----~~

~-

t

• w

---

~ ~

~

.

.-

-

--

• ;<'(

•

""'

;4

,;:~

' "'

~

""'"'

-

•

~

0~~

'•

J:._,

'0'

~~

Bo~luk onces(A STAGE] - - - - kelimeleri var ise; se~eneklerde "where" ya da "when" t_POINT

X

i~aretlenir.


37

YDS ~iFRELERi

RELATIVE PRONOUNS (Stfat Zamirleri) KULLANIMI

I

1 ARDINDAN CUMLE GELENLER who which that whom wRese-

1 ARDINDAN iSiM GELENLER

ARDINDAN FiiL GELENLER who which that whom whose

+ SENTENCE/CUMLE

+ VERB/FiiL (IS)

whose + NOUN/iSiM

Soru bo~lugu sonras1 cumle geldiginde who. whom, which, that s1fat zamirleri, soru bo~lugu sonras1 fiil geldiginde who, which, that ilgi zamirleri,soru bo~lugu sonras1 isim geldiginde whose ilgi zamiri se!(eneklerde dogru cevap olarak i~aretlenmelidir.

1

My book,

I

-----edition has X

been finished is to be published soon.

-

NOUN (isim)

a. which

b. that

c.

whose

d. whom

Soru bo§lugu sonrast isim (editing) ge/mesi nedeni ile ser;eneklerde whose ilgi zamiri i§aretlenmelidir.

2.

has been finished,

The editing of my book ,

will be revised.

X

VERB (fiil)

•a.

which

b.that

c.whose

d.whom

Soru bo§lugu sonrast fiil ge/mesi nedeni ile ser;eneklerde which ve that stfat zamirleri e/e almtp, virgO/ sonrast that i/gi zamiri ge/medigi ir;in ser;eneklerde that e/enip dogru cevap olarak which i/gi zamiri i§aretlenir.

Soru bo§lugu sonrast ci.imle ge/mesi nedeni ile ardmdan ci.imfe kullantmt a/mayan ilgi zamiri whose , canstz varltklarla kullantml a/mayan ilgi zamiri whom ve virgO/ sonras1 yer a/mayan ilgi zamiri that ser;eneklerde e/enmektedir. Elde kalan ilgi zamiri which ardmdan ci.imle ile kul/amlabilmekte oldugu ir;in sorunun dogru cevabt o/arak i§aretlenmektedir.

WHICH VE WHERE AYIRIMI? Ankara, which is rather cold, is my hometown . Ankara where I was born is rather cold. 1•

c, -~=~-~~

38

'

-

u~-

1

~

~

w-

"'~ e

,

'~ t

~

~ i

r'

-

'."

,'

,~

~~

~

-----------~-~~~~

--~-----

---

-



REDUCTION (indirgeme/Kasaltma)

Reduction (K1saltma/indirgeme) Relative Clause (S1fat Ci.imlecigi) ve Noun Clause (isim Ci.imlecigi) yap1larmda kullamhr.

REDUCTION

!

1

I. REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSE (S1fat Ci.imlecigi indirgemesi)

!

r

II. REDUCED NOUN CLAUSE (isim Ci.imlecigi indirgemesi)

1

CTIVE (Etken yap1larda) PASSIVE (Edilgen Yap1larda) V-ing

Ordinal Numbers

1

The Only The Next The Last

1

li~iii~lutm•

Modals

Superlative

Soru ci.imlesinde relative pronouns (ilgi zamirleri) mevcut ise; indirgenmi§ (reduced) fill kullanllmazl


39

YDS ŞiFRELERi

REDUCED RELATIVE (ADJECTIVE) CLAUSE (Sıfat Cümleciği indirgemesi/Kısaltllması) TEKNiK® A. 1. ACTIVE (Etken Yapıda indirgeme) Kısaltma yapılabilmesi

önünde

için ilgi

zamirierinin (relative pronouns) soru cümlesinde

bulunmaması gerekliliği

Soru cümlesi active (etken) yapıda ise şıklarda V-ing ; soru cümlesi passive (edilgen) v3 sıfat cümleciği indirgernesi olarak işaretlenir.

Soru cümlesi active (etken)

yapıda

yapıda

ise

şıklarda

ise şıklarda

Soru cümlesi passive (edilgen) ise

•

göz

bulundurulmalıdır .

işaretlenir.

yapıda

The staff _ _ _ _ _ the project should be applauded . (ACTIVE FORM)

a. devise

b. to devise

d. devised

C9devising

Cümle yapısı active (etken) yapıda olduğu için (soru sıkkı "devising" (V-ing) sorunun doğru cevaptır.

boşluğu sonrası ,

e. having devised

"the project" ismi

Yapıda lndirgeme) Relative Pronoun (Ilgi Zamiri) içermeyen bir soru cümlesi passive (edilgen) hali) V3 soruda doğru seçenek olarak işaretlenmelidir.

kullanımı

nedeni ile), f

A. ll. PASSIVE (Edilgen

•

yapıda

ise; (fiilin Participle

The project _ _ ___ by the staff necessiates appreciation . (PASSIVE FORM) a. devise

b. to devise

c. devising

@

devised

Soru cümlesinin edilgen yapıda olması nedeni ile (cümle öznesinin nesne "devised" doğru cevap olarak işaretlenmelid i r .

e. having devised

olmasından dolayı) şıklarda

g

seçeneği

B. INFINITIVE Cümle avtive

yapıda ise 'To V1 •; passive yapıda ise 'TO BE V3' gelir! Ordinal numbers (sıra sayıları) the first, the second, the third .. ; the only, the next, the last, ve superlative yapıları cümlede "relative clauses" yapılar ı ndan önce geldiklerinde, "relative pronoun" (who, which, that) ilgi zamirieri ile cümle fiili yerine " to" infinitive kullanılır . ordina ls the only :::.s=u-==er,__,l=at::.:.iv..:...e=-------------f who/ which/ that

He was the best leader who curbed inflation . He was the best leader TO CURB inflation .

40

'YDS ŞiFRESi TEKNiKI!.ERi'


Ci.imlenin iki tarafmda PRESENT ya da PAST yap1da tense yer ahyor ise;

ordinals the only superlative

_____....~mm~·~L---- tt4ihl4#1

PRESENT •

PRESENT

He is the first man to deserve my love.


-----Mmm~·~IL------- tt&llrt4#1

PAST •

PAST

He was the first man to deserve my love.


~----- tbWILtJ#]

PRESENT PAST •

He is the first man to have deserved my love.

PRESENT/PAST •

PAST PRESENT

PERFECT FORM

He was the first man to have deserved my love.


41

YDS ~iFRELERi

Passive (Edilgen) yap1daki relative clause cumlelerinde "to be V{ ya da "to have been V-J"' gelmektedir.


-----~"~·""'l!,;i:J!;;;:C~'~Il-..____

PRESENT/ PAST

•

42

PRESENT/ PAST

He is the first man to be loved.

PRESENT/PAST

•

ti:Ui#JW§l

PERFECT FORM

He was the first man to have been loved .



NOUN CLAUSE (isim COmlecikleri)

"Noun Clause" yap1s1 "Relative Clause" yap1smdan yap1sal farkhhk gostermektedir; ancak, iki yapmm da ortak ozelligi; cOmlenin ana fiili di§Hnda kendilerine ait ayn fiillerinin olmas1d1r. Bu nedenle; bu iki yap1y1 i~eren c0mlelerde1 yerine toplam 2 fiil yer almaktad1r. RELATIVE CLAUSE

NOUN CLAUSE

................ +Verb

... ......... VERB .. ........... .

!

Relative Clause ............ +Verb Noun Clause

1

2

ERB ...... ............... ......... .................. ..... .

2

1

~ ... .. ... ................... VERB----:----....... .... ...... . what when where why whether ... or how that the fact that

Noun Clause yap1s1 sonrasmda ya soru da oncesinde gelen fill i9eren ~

../

NOUN CLAUSE YAPILARI CUMLE BA~INDA YA DA SONUNDA; RELATIVE CLAUSE YAPILARI iSE C0MLE ORT ASINDA YER ALIRLAR!

../

NOUN CLAUSE YAPILARININ HEMEN AKABiNDE FiiL BULUNUR!


43

YDS ~iFRELERi

rdmdan cumle gelenle what when where why whether how tha the fact that

rdmdan fiil gelen {what

rdmdan isim , s1fat, zarf gelen {how

TEKNiK® Se~eneklerde

THAT I THE FACT THAT ve WHAT arasmda ~eli~kiye dli~Uidliglinde; soru bo~lugundan sonra climle gelmi~ ise; THAT= THE FACT THAT; soru bo~lugundan sonra fiil gelmi~ ise; WHAT dogru cevap olarak i~aretlenir.

44

se~eneklerde



SAY what X

what MEAN X

NOUN CLAUSE ViRGOL iLE AYRILMAYAN KESiNTiSiZ TEK BiR CUMLE YAPISINDAN OLU~MAKTADIR! -


45

YDS ~iFRELERi

REDUCED NOUN CLAUSE (isim Cumlecigi indirgemesi) Noun Clause yap1smm modal yap1s1 (kip belirteci) ile kullammmda ; modal ve noun Clause cumle yap1lannm ozneleri yerine indirgenmi~ isim cumleciklerinde active yap1da "To V1", passive yap1da "to be V 3 " gelebilir. ./

Our boss does not foresee what he has to do with tremendous amount of problems.

Our boss does not foresee what to do with tremendous amount of problems.

to V1 (ACTIVE/ETKEN) ./

You had to decide what might be said in such an interview .

./

You had to decide what to be said in such an interview.

"THAT" ve "THE FACT THAT" noun clause va•ul•n reduced

to be V3 (PASSIVE/EDiLGEN)

TEKNiK® NOUN CLAUSE YAPISI "THAT" iLE RELATIVE PRONOUN YAPISI "THAT" AYIRIMI

Soruda soru bo§lugu oncesi isim gelir ise; §lklarda relative ronoun "that", soru bo§lugu oncesi ya da sonras1 fiil veya preposition+ fiil kullamm1 gelir ise; §lklarda noun clause a 1s1 "that" dogru se~enek olarak i§aretlenmelidir.

Soru bo§lugundan once isim gelirse; ardmdan fiil gelen 'that' (relativeclause) Soru bo§lugundan once fiil gelirse; ardmdan cOmle gelen 'that' (noun clause) Se~eneklerde dogru cevap olarak i§aretlenmelidir!

•

Some

NATIONS

that are so great do not have internal pronouns. (RELATIVE CLAUSE)

NOUN(ISIM) •

Some nations

DEPICT

that they influence on the wider world . (NOUN CLAUSE)

VERB(FIIL)

46

'YDS $iFRESi TEKNiKtERi'


"The Subjunctive Form" yani fiillerin yalm halleri (gereklilik, zorunluluk, tavsiye bildiren) belirli s1fat, fiil ve isimlerden sonra kullamhr. Bu konu KPDS-005 Smavlarmda sorulmamaktad1r! Subjunctive yap1 fiil oncesi gelmesi gereken "should" modal yap1smm •

kald~nlmas1d1r.

It is mandatory that students SHOULD be in the exam venue on time .

It is mandatory that students BE in the exam venue on time.

I. SUBJUNCTIVE YAPIDA KULLANILAN SIFATLAR crucial imperative vital

important necessary significant

essential obligatory urgent

mandatory recommendable requestable

•

It is curial that she come here before 8 .

II. SUBJUNCTIVE YAPIDA KULLANILAN iSiMLER advice

necessity

order

obligation

insistence

recommendation

suggestion

•

It Is an obligation that people speak English as a second or foreign language .

Ill. SUBJUNCTIVE YAPIDA KULLANILAN FiiLLER advise recommend

propose request

demand insist

suggest order

•

He insists that we leave earlier than usual .


47

YDS ~iFRELERi

WHOEVER, WHOMEVER, WHATEVER, WHENEVER, WHICHEVER, WHEREVER VE HOWEVER "-Ever- Clause" cOmlecikleri yap1sal olarak "noun clause" ile ayn1 kullan1mdad1r.

~ ........................... VERB(fiil)

...... Verb

OUN CLAUSE

what when where why whether how that the fact tha

=

........................ VERB(fiil)

... Verb

-EVER- CLAUSE

whatever whenever wherever however whoever whomever whichever

•!• NOUN CLAUSE VE- EVER CLAUSE ONCESiNDE FiiL GELiR!

aym anlama gelmektedirler; sec;eneklerde birlikte yer elenmektedirler!

48



Ardmdan fiil kullamm1)

(Ardmdan ci.imle kullamm1)

whatever whenever wherever

whatever

!

!

however

whichever

TEKNiK®

Soru bo~lugu ci.imle ba~mda ise; ~1klarda noun clause yerine ever clause dogru cevap olarak i~aretlenmelidir!

•

se~enegi

_ _ _ _ you go DOES NOT MAKE any difference in my private life . X

a.what

b. where

c. when


~wherever

e.whether

49

YDS ~iFRELERi

PARTICIPLES

'Participles' yap1lan Zarf Cumleciklerinin k1saltmas1 olup; Time Clause ad1 verilen Zaman bagla~lan ile kurulan cumleciklerin k1salt•lm1§ bi~imidir ve TEKNiKLER 3 ayn kategoride irdelenmelidir.

TEKNiK 1 ® lndirgenmemi§ yap1daki yanm b1rak1lan cumlenin fiili belirlenip; cumledeki eylemi gerc;ekle§tiren ozne sec;eneklerde cumle ba§mda aramr ve bulunan §lk dogru dogru cevap olarak kabul edilir.

•

Having been given an award, ______

Gi)the artist was praised truly b. the painting proved successful c. his success increased a lot d. the popularity came out

TEKNiK 2 ® Soru bo§lugu cumle ortasmda yer ald1gmda; soru cumlesinde fiil olup olmad1gma bak1hr ve fiil var ise; yap1da cumle active (etken) iken ~. Passive(edilgen) yap1 da iken ~ 3_sec;eneklerde dogru cevap olarak i§aretlenir.

•

The strike, _ _ _ _

a serious incident in the factory was held .

I

Noun (isim)/active a. caused

(;)causing(active} c. to cause

d. that caused

*c set;ene(Ji; virgil/ sonras1"to Vt" kullamm1 milmkiJn olmaa1{/1 it;in iJaretlenemez. *d set;ene(Ji; virgil/ sonras1 non-defining relative pronoun "that" kullamm1 milmkiln olmad1{11 lt;ln j §aretlenemez.

50



TEKNiK 3 (!<) SORU CUMLESINDE Fill KULLANIMI OLUP CUMLE BA$1NDA YER ALAN SORU BO$LUGU SONRASI ~ VE ISMIN ARDINDAN CUMLE GELIYOR ISE;

Cumle

~yap1da

ve Present formatta iken V-ING, cumle yap1da ve cumle fiili Past formatta iken HAVING V3 §lklarda dogru sectenek olarak i§aretlenir.

~

Cumle ~ yaplda iken §lklarda v3 §lklarda dogru Se(fenek olarak i§aretlenir. Cumle yap1smm active (etken) ya da passive (edilgen) oldugunu belirlemede virglil sonras1 yer alan cumledeki oznenin canh ya da cans1z olmas1 durumu onemlidir!

•

_ _ _ _ _the

~xam, IHjl took out his coat and went for the cafe . Ozne canh!lactive

a. To fi nish

•

b.Being finished

QHaving finished d. Finished

The police succeeded in arresting the man _ _ _ _ tfHE

LITTLE GIRQ to kidnap .

I 0chasing(active) b. chased

•

noun(isim)/active c. having been chased d. being chased

_ _ _ _ _ exercise, the body contracts the skeletal muscles and squeezes the veins.

0Doing

b. Did

c. Having done


d. To do

51

YDS ~iFRELER i

INDIRGEME

ucTION RED ._eouceo RELATIVE CLAua~ t')!DUCED NOUN CLAUs~

pAJTICIPLES

Ie SORU CUMLESI - .PASSIVE YAPIDA OLUP SECENEKLERDE V3 YOK ISE; . SECENEKLERDE V-ing i$ARETLENEBiLiR!

YADA SORU CUMLESi ACTIVE YAPIDA OLMASINA RAGMEN SECENEKLERDE AVTIVE KISALTMA YER ALMADIGINDA; DOGRU CEVAP OLARAK PASSIVE KULLANIMDA OLAN V3 i$ARETLENEBiLiR!

~ONKO BiR CUMLEDE BiRDEN FAZLA FiiLiN YER ALAMAMASI KURAL/; CUMLEYE GELECEK DiGER FiiLLERiN KISALTILMI$(REDUCED) YAPIDA OLMASINI GEREKTiRiR!

52



•

GERUNDS

&

GERUNDS I. LIST OF GERUNDS admit anticipate appreciate avoid complete consider can't help can't stand confess

detest

deny defer

=uss di$11ke dread

escape

fancy feel like finish forvige imagine involve keep loathe

mention mind miss postpone practise prevent propose put off

recall recollect resist risk save suggest tolerate understand

8X(:U88

II. Gerund after prepositions Preposition (in , at, without,.. .) sonras1 fiil gelmesi durumunda fiil "gerund I (V-ing)" yap1da kullamllr. •

Don 't take everything he says serious . He is good at exaggerating things .

Ill. Gerund after possesive adjectives/possesive "-s" Possesive adjectives (my/her/h is/their. .. ) ve possesive "-s" sonras1 gelen fiil "gerund/(V-ing)" yap1da olmal1d1r.

•

His bossing around all the time drives me crazy.

IV. Gerund as the subject Bir fiil cumlenin oznesi ise "gerund/(V-ing)" yap1da olmalld1 r.

•

Listening to classical music is my favourite pass time.


53

YDS ~iFRELERi

INFINITIVES I. LIST OF INFINITIVES afford agree aim appear arrange attempt ask beg bother care choose claim condescend consent

decide demand determine deserve endeavour expect fall guarentee happen hesitate hope learn long manage

need neglect offer plan prepare pretend proceed promise prove refuse resolve seem struggle swear

tend threaten trouble undertake volunteer wait want wish

II. Infinitive after adjectives S1fatlardan sonra ("busy" •

hari~)

fiil gelmesi durumunda "infinitive" yap• kullamhr.

He is really difficult to persuade.

Ill. Infinitive after noun Cogul isimden sonra fiil geldiginde "infinitive yap1" kullamhr. •

You won't have another chance to apologize to him.

IV. Infinitive after "too" & " enough " "Too" ve "enough" yap1larmm ardmdan gelen fiiller "infinitive" yap1da kullamhr. • •

My uncle is too old to live alone. There wasn 't enough to eat, so we had to go to the market.

IV. Infinitive after "passive" "Passive (edilgen)" bir yapmm ardmdan fiil geliyor ise; fiil " infinitive" yap1da kullamhr. •

54

The population of the city is expected to reach 10 million by the end of the year.



GERUND OR INFINITIVE ? Bazt fiillerin ardmdan hem "gerund" hem de "infinitive" yaptda fiil gelebilir. Ancak iki kullantm arastnda anlam farkliltgt bulunmaktadtr.

I. FORGET "Forget" fiili "yap1lmas1 gereken bir ~eyi unutmak" anlammda kullamliyor ise; infinitive yap1 ile, olan bir~eyi unutmak anlammda kullamhyor ise; gerund yap1 ile kullamhr. •

I forgot meeting her before and asked her name again. (Daha once tam§tiQtmtzt unutup ad tnt tekrar sordum.)

•

I forgot to buy bread. Mum will get furious! (Ekmek almayt unuttum . Annnem c;:ok sinirlenecek.)

"yap1lm1~

II.REMEMBER "Remember" fiili "yap1lmas1 gereken bir~eyi hat1rlamak" anlammda kullamhyor ise; infinitive yap1 ile, "bir~eyin onceden yap1lm1~ oldugunu hat1rlamak "anlammda kullamhyor ise; gerund yap• ile kullamhr. •

I remember seeing you before. Have you ever been here before? (Seni daha once gordOQOmO hattrltyorum.)

•

To my surprise , my husband remembered to buy me a birthday present. (Kocam bana dogum gOnO hediyesi almayt hattrladt.)

Ill. PROPOSE "Propose" fiili tavsiye etmek, onermek anlammda kullamhyor ise; gerund, "planlamak" anlammda kullamhyor ise; infinitive yap1 ile kullamhr. •

The jury proposed putting off the interview. (JOri mOiakatt ertelemeyi onerdi.)

•

The jury proposed to put off the interview. (JOri mOiakatt ertelemeyi planlamtstt.)

IV. REGRET "Regret" fiili kullamhr. •

•

"pi~man

olmak" anlammda gerund, "OzOntu duymak" anlammda ise; infinitive yap1 ile

I regret shouting at you that night. (0 gece sana baqtrdtqtm ic;:in pi§mantm .) We regret to inform you that you aren't accepted for the job. {i§e almmadtgtmzt bildirmekten OzOntO duyuyoruz.)


"Stop, forgot, remember, regret" fiillerinden sonra gelen

gerund vapadaki fill ge~mitte olan bir eylemi lfade

55

YDS ~iFRELERi

V. STOP "Stop" fiili yap1lmakta olan bir eylemi "b1rakmak, kesmek" anlammda kullamhyor ise; gerund yap1 ile, " bir~ey yapmak ic;in durmak" anlammda ise; infinitive yap1 ile kullamhr. •

The assistants stopped having a rest.

(Dinlenmeye son verdiler.) •

After a 4 hour journey, we stopped to have a rest. (Dort saatlik yolculugun ardmdan dinlenmek icin durduk.)

VI. TRY "Try" fiili "denemek" anlammda kullamhyor ise; gerund, kullamhyor ise; infinitive yap1 ile kullamhr.

"c;ah~mak,

c;abalamak,

ugra~mak"

anlammda

- - + I tired opening the door with another key but it didn't work. (Kap1y1 baska bir anahtarla acmay1 denedim ama i~e yaramad 1. ) --+I've tired to dissuade him but he insists on getting divorced. (Onu cayd1rmaya callst1m ancak bo~anmakta 1srarll.) Why don't you try sleeping for your headache? Why don't you try to sleep for your headache?

(Daha once ba~ka bir yontem (Denenen ilk yontem)

denenmi~)

VII. MEAN "Mean" fiili "anlamma gelmek" anlammda ise; gerund yap1 ile, "kastetmek - niyet etmek" anlammda ise; infinitive yap1 ile kullamhr. •

Moving to a new flat now means spending over 2.000 Liras. (Yeni bir eve ta~mmak 2.000 liramn Ozerinde para harcamak demek.)

•

I didn't mean to say it was your fault. You misunderstood me. (Senin hatan oldugunu soylemek istemedim. Ben i yanll~ anladm.) mean V-ing mean to V1

=anlamma gelmek =niyet etmek; kastetmek

ADVISE, SUGGEST, RECOMMEND (ONERMEK, TAVSIYE ETMEK)

:J

advise suggest recommend

advise~ suggest ...... .-~ / recommend

V-ing

~toV1

Economists suggest curbing the inflation.

Economists suggest the government to curb the inflation.

ALLOW I PERMIT (iZiN VERMEK) allow permit allow permit

56

> >

V-ing

8 t o V1

The guards didn't allow entering the club without a ticket.

The guards didn 't allow us to enter the club without a ticket.



LINKING WORDS

A. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES/CONJUNCTIONS (Zarf Cumlecikleri) co

5

Although Though Even though

+Sentence (COrnie)

Whereas Even if While

in spite of irrespective of regardless of notwithstanding despite

+ Noun I V-ing

"Although, though, even though, whereas, even if," while zarf cumleciklerinden sonra cumle yap1s1, "in spite of, irrespective of, notwithstanding, despite" sonras1 ise noun (isim) ya da V-ing (isim fiil) gelmektedir.

Aym Ozne/konu Although Though Even though

A

X

X

OZNE UYUMU TEKNiGi ! ® Cumle

tamamlama sorulannda tense u umuna bakllmadan once;

se~eneklerde

"although, though, even though" cumlelerinde oncelikle iki tarafta aym ozne kullamm1 aramr yoksa bu bag~lalann yer aldiQI sorularda tense uyumu aranmahd1r. Bu bagla~lar her zaman aym ozneler ile kullamlmaz ancak oncelikle ozne uyumuna bakllmasJ tercih edilmelidir. (Cok cahsmama ragmen ~ok kazanm1yorum.) (Cok cahsmaya ragmen ~ok kazanm1yorum.)

•

Though I work hard, I don't earn much. Notwithstanding hard work, I don't earn much. working hard

•

While people employed in the public sector are paid high wages , and provided with insurance, the private sector usually exploits workers. (Ozel sektorde i§ verilenler yuksek ucret odenseler ve sigorta tern in edilseler de ozel sektor genellikle i§~ilerini kullanmaktad1r.)


57

YDS ~iFRELERi

2.REASON NEDEN Inasmuch as Seeing that On the grounds that In view of the fact that Because of the fact that As Since Now that

+Sentence (Cumle)

due to thanks to owing to in view of on account of because of

+ Noun/ V-ing

"Inasmuch as, seeing that, as ... " gibi sebep bildiren zarf cumlecikleri sonrasmda sentence(cumle); "due to, thanks to, because of, in view of, owing to, on account of" cumlecikleri sonrasmda ise; noun (isim) ya da V-ing (isim fiil) kullamm1 gelmektedir. R

OZNE UYUMU TEKNiGi

As Because Since

_ _ x_ _ , __ x_ __

CUMLE TAMAMLAMA SORULARINDA SE<;ENEKLERDE TENSE UYUMU ARANMADAN ONCE AS BECAUSE SINCE CUMLELERiNiN iKi TARAFINDA AYNI OZNELER YA DA ORTAK KONU ARANMALIDIR; ANCAK YOK iSE TENSE UYUMU ARANMALIDIR! •

• •

•

I earn much in view of the fact that I work hard . I earn much in view of working hard/ hard work . The price of crude oil has surged by 40% this year

Play and exploration in child development are similar motivated behaviors.

J

owing to due to { because of in view of

~

the risk of disruption .

~ they are both instrinsically

seeing that { since

AS IF I AS THOUGH • •

He looked as if he had seen a ghost. They treat me as though I were a child . seem behave act look taste treat sound feel

1.asif/asthough

~

2. seyeneklerde AS i!i>aretlenebilir.

" behave, act, look, taste, treat, sound, feel" fiilleri sonrasmda gelen soru bagla!flan gelir.

58

bo~luguna

'AS IF/AS THOUGH'



4. PURPOSE AMA jso that Ln order that

~lest

Lfor fear that

J

+ can/may/will (PRESENT)

J

could/might/would (PAST)

+ should (PRESENT/PAST) wiii(PRESENT) would (PAST)

~

•

I study so that I in order that I MAY pass . (Srmfr ge~ebilmek i~in ~ah~ryorum.)

•

I study lest I SHOULD fail.

In order to" ve "so as to" ama~ bildirrnede kullamllp ardmdan fill gelir. ,_

~

I study for fear that I WILL fail. ~ (Srmfta kahrrm korkusu ile ~ah~ryorum.)

SO____________ THAT

C,.

"

.

4

'•~

~~,Jr-

- --

SUCH------------ THAT

1. ad·ecf e (srfat) • The book is so good that I recommend it. (Oylesine iyi bir kitap ki tavsiye ederim.)

1. a/an + noun (tekil isim) • It is such a book that I recommend it. (Oylesine bir kitap ki tavsiye ederim.)

2. adverb (zarf) • She speaks so slowly that I don't hear.

. noun ((fogul isim) • They are such friends that I trust them .

3.~

3. a/an/ ad"ective+noun • It is such a good book that I recommend it.

• It is so good a book that I recommend it.

• Her lo~altWs such that 1trust her.

~-w•h61.1Hi!t17MfififMi&wil@WIHiltj• There are such a lot of students that have a class problem .


59

YDS ~iFRELERi

more

than+ isim ADJ./ADV.

less

than+ isim ADJ./ADV.

as

as (EQUALITY) E$1TLiK BILDIRiR! so _ _ _ as (EQUALITY) /olumsuz cumleler ilel ADJ./ADV. ADJ ./ADV.

:i~~

}

three times .... etc. • •

as much as

He earns twice as much as I do.

x AS MUCH AS SEt;ENEKLERDE BULUNAMADIGINDA; WHAT i$ARETLENiR!

My thesis is much more complicated than yours. My wife's life style is as ordinary as my grandfather's.

7. TIME (ZAMAN) Time Clauses when after

before by the time as soon as once

ZAMAN BAGLACLARI ONCESiNDE ViRGOL GELMEZ!

the moment until just as as while

60


KONU ANLATIMI ve TEKNiKLERi 8. CONDITION

(KO~UL

l Type Zero Type I Type II Type Ill Type IV (mixed)

l

but but now or else otherwise

l

should was/were to (II) had {Ill)

l

Unless without (11/111) In case but for (11/111) Even if if it weren't for (II) if if hadn't been for (Ill) Imagine that As if/as though In the event that On condition that As long as/so long as Assuming/assumed (that) Supposing/supposed that) Providing/provided (that)

Ko§ul ciimleleri konusu daha once anlattfdt{Jindan bu boliimde tekrar ayrmttft verilmemektedir.

~-~ fl ;tiJ •

a~tkfamasma

yer

:te•i: t•iiM: Mi: t•iirij: I #itl #I~ Mi: t•iirij: 11 ii83~U:t

(Zengin olmasma ragmen mal varhgm1 payla§mlyor.)

ALTHOUGH,THOUGH,EVEN,THOUGH

AS

Cumlelerde anlam ya da yap1 olarak z1thk bildiren zarf cumlecikleri ~ !..!:!..Q.!!gh yukanda gosterilen §ekilde as baglac1 kullamm1 ile cumlede aym anlam1 vermektedirler.


61

YDS ~iFRELERi

B. SENTENCE CONNECTORS ,all the same, ,conversely, ,yet, ,even so, ,still, ,however, ,on the other hand, ,in contrast, ,on the contrary, ,nevertheless, ,nonetheless, • I don't like him

+ Sentence (Cumle)

, ~. , even so, , still, , however, , nonetheless, , nevertheless, , all the same,

I find some of his ideas reasonable.

(Onu sevmem ancak baz1 fikirlerini mant1kh buluyorum.)

•

I don't C§!V fish . On the contrary, I like it. '

(Bahktan nefret etmem, aksine: severim.)

+

'

-

In contrast to the common belief that dishwashers spend a lot of water and energy, they are actually economical. (Cok su ve enerji tukettikleri yonundeki genel kanmm aksine, bula~uk makineleri oldukc;a ekonomiktir.)

SORUDA 'STILL' BAGLACI YER ALDIGINDA; SECENEKLERDE DOGRU CEVAP OLARAK ZITLIK BiLDiREN BAGLAC i$ARETLENiR! TEKNiK ®

,accordingly, ,thus, ,hence, ,therefore, ,consequently, ,as a result, ,as a consequence, •

62

+Sentence (Cumle)

(Sonuc; olarak; boylelikle)

Living in a big city means better job oppurtunities. Thus , most people prefer to move to big cities. Therefore. Hence. Consequently, As a result. As a consuquence.



•

As a result of the heavy snow, many flights have been delayed. As a consuence of (Yogun kar yag•§• nedeniyle

,by the same token} ,in the same way, ,correspondingly, ,similary, ,likewise, •

gecikti.)

+ Sentence (Cumle)

The US wasn't clearly weaker than Britain. Likewise, The Soviet Union was stronger than British Power by the middle of the 201h century. Similarly,

,besides, ,furthermore, ,moreover, ,additionally, ,in addition, •

bir~ok u~u§

}

+Sentence (Cumle)

He will be a great asset to the company as he is really hardworking.Moreover, he has a good eye for business. Besides, Additionally, Furthermore, In addition,

Beside(s) In addition to

being hardworking, he has a good eye for business.

,in the mean time-;l_ ,meanwhile, S

(bu esnada)

,subsequently, ,afterwards,

(sonrasmda)

•

}-

+ Sentence (Cumle)

I need to do some shopping. Meanwhile, you can wait here. In the mean time,


63

YDS ~iFRELERi

G ,or else, ,otherwise,

'-y----1

CO

.

.

would have V 3 /will/would/ X

(aksi taktirde) •

The thief didn't go through the window. Otherwise, he would have been caught.

7. EMPHASIS ASLINDA ,intact, },indeed, + Sentence (COrnie) ,actually, ,as a matter of fact, • She's been considered to be the utmost success of her field. Indeed, she has published the leading In fact. books on semiotics. Actually, As a matter of fact.

.. ,in particular,} ,exclusively, ,particulary, ,especially,

)

+ Sentence (COrnie)

9. EXEMPLIFICATION ORNEGIN ,for instance, } ,for example, ,to illustrate, ,to give an example,

•

+Sentence (COrnie)

Mathematics has eminent contribution to social life . To illustrate, it sheds light on how to handle social For instance. problems through an analytic sphere. For example. To give an example.

0 ,tosumup, } ,all things considered, ,all in all, ,briefly/ in brief, ,shortly/ in short, •

64

K)

+Sentence (COrnie)

The film was far beyond the expectations. In short, it was a flop. Briefly. All in all.

'YDS $iFRESi TEKNiKlERi'


,to put differently, ,to put in a different way, ,in other words, ,that is, ,namely, ,that's to say, •

+sentence (Cumle)

There is a shortage of skilled labor in the area. That is, workers there will not be as qualified as we need. That's to say,

"Instead"

cumle

batmda,

iki

virgUI

arasmda,

•

Tax cut is not a good way to improve economic situation as people may prefer to save money instead of spending it shopping.

•

Tax cut is not a good way to improve economic situation as people may not spend their money shopping. Instead, they prefer saving it.

intermsof } with regard to with respect to regarding •

X X

a~1smdan)

Cloning isn't ethical with regard to human creation.

is similar with/ to is different from

•

+noun (isim) I( .... bak1mmdan I

y Y

+ in that + sentence

His writing style is similar to mine in that we both use stereotypes in our stories.

BENZERLiK VE FARKLILIKLARIN NEDENSELLiGiNi iFADE ETMEDE 'CUNKU' GOREViNDE 'IN THAT' BAGLACI KULLANILIR!


65

YDS ~iFRELERi

BiRDEN FAZLA KULLANIMI CLAN YAPILAR

C. SUB-ORDINATORS

!

yet

l

so

or

l

and

l

but

l

1

because

BAGLACLAR KATEGORILERINE GORE FARKLI NOKTALAMA I$ARETLERIILE KULLANILIRLAR VE BU NOKTALAMA I$ARETLERI SORU COZUMUNDE ONEMLI IPUCLARIDIR! (and,or,so,but,because baglat;lari akademik ingilizcede ciimle ba$mda kullamlmazlar; bunun yerine ciimle ortasinda; onlerinde tek virgil/ ile ya da virgiilsiiz kullanilirlar!) BAGLACLARIN NOKTALAMA i$ARETLERi ACISINDAN KULLANIM FARKLARI

66



Miktar belirtegleri say1labilen ve say1lamayan isimler ile kullammlanna gore tablodaki

~ekilde

ozetlenebilir.

a good many a great many a number of a huge number of a great number of friends a large number of most > most of (sayllabilen isim) a couple of afew>few (HEM SAYILAB LEN HEM DE SAYILAMAYAN BELi LE

•sayllabllenlslmlerlemlktar bel1rteylenn1n ard1ndan sayllabllen yogul 1s1m geld1gmde ~

olur!

•

A good manv instructors at university severely complain about salaries .

I

Sayllamayan ISimler lie kullanllan l"ttl l"ttl h I t

..

I

•

-

PLURAL(COGUL KULLANIM)

'' "" VERB: COn)~ta!nS ," ' f

I

d d t

f

I

f

t d I f I t f t ann of a m1ktar bel1rteylenn1n ardmdan sayllamayan 1s1m geld1g1nde

. fT SINGULAR an· t k"l k llan mda olurl

A vast quantity of my self-confidence

'

SINGULAR(TEKiL KULLANIM)

VERB : aEe -, '

"

!..!! inherited from my belowed uncle . I

.-"

'


67

YDS ~iFRELERi

Miktar belirtet;:leri some, any, many ve much olumlu , olumsuz ve soru cumlelerinde kullammlarma gore farkllllk gostermektedirler. Bu farklllig1 ozetlemek gerekir ise;

+ ANY MANY MUCH

+ + +

+

HOW MANY? HOW MUCH?

+ + +

1. Some soru cumlelennde. Would you .... ? Could you ... ? Can you ... ? modal yap1lan 1le tekl1f onermede kullan11maktad1r •

Could you put some more salt in the soup? (Corbana tuz ister misin?)

2. An m1ktar beilrtec1 olumlu cumlelerde HERHANGI BIR anlammda. ardmdan TEKIL ISIM ve TEKIL FilL 1le kullanlimaktad1r Any book is useful to improve yourself. (Kendini

geli~tirmen i~in

herhangi bir kitap faydah olur.)

3. MANY ve MUCH m1ktar bellrtet;:len soru cumlelennde HOW MANY ... ? ve HOW MUCH ... ? yap1lan 1le kullan 1iab1lmektedlr • •

68

How many editions does your book have? How much news did you gather ?



A FEW, FEW, A LITTLE, LITTLE KULLANIMI WITH

a few few

*

friends

A FEW (BiRKAC)

a little little

>

money

FEW (HEMEN HEMEN HiC)

A few miktar belirteci few belirtecinden DAHA FAZLA miktar ifade etmektedir. •

Since there were eight students in class , the instructor didn't need to cancel the exam. (There were a few students.) Since there were two students in class , the instructor cancelled the exam. (There few students.)

•

*

A LITTLE (BiRAZ)

>

LITTLE (HEMEN HEMEN HiC)

A little miktar belirteci little belirtecinden DAHA FAZLA miktar ifade etmektedir. • •

I can get the bus to school though I have only five million on me. (I have a little money but it is enough for the bus.) The ticket cost for the bus is five million but I cannot get on the bus as I have only two million and half on me. (I have little money.)

II THE WHOLE •

ALL •

!

THE WHOLE, ALL, ALL THE KULLANIMI

+

SINGULAR NOUNITEKiL iSiM

+

II

SINGULAR VERB

The whole class suffers from the difficulty of the final exam . (All the class= The whole class)

+

PLURAL NOUN/COGUL iSiM

+

SINGULAR VERB

All classes suffer from the difficulty of the final exam.

THE WHOLE CLASS= ALL THE CLASS kullamm1 ile veri len ornek cum Ieier anlam bak1mmdan ayn1d1r.


69

YDS ~iFRELERi

II ==:>

•

ONE, ANOTHER, THE OTHER KULLANIMI

II

ikiden fazla ki§i ya da nesne hakkmda bilgi verirken another kullamm1 mumkun olup; 2 kisi ya da 2 nesne hakkmda bilgi verirken bir diger anlamm1 vermek i~in another miktar belirteci kullamml mumkun degildir. The security guard has a good many friends. One is the dean of the faculty, _ _ _ is head of the X department. a. the other CQ;)tnother

Birden fazla arkadas1 o/duqu icin. bir di{Jeri ifadesi vermede the other yerine another miktar belirteci kullamllr. •

The security guard has only two close friends . One is the postman of the university, _ _ _ is the dustman . X @the other

b. another

iki vakm arkadasm birinden bahsedildikten sonra bir di{Jer arkada§tan bahsederken another yerine the other miktar belirteci kullamlmafldlr.

II

SOME, OTHERS KULLANIMI

II

Some ve Many ile ba§layan cumleyi takip eden cumle others miktar belirteci ile devam etmelidir. •

While some people have low self- esteem towards marriage, others have high .

Cumle tamamlama sorularmda "others" cumlesinin onundeki cumlenin some ile; ya da "some" cumlesinden sonra gelen cumlenin "others" ile devam etmesi gerekliligi g6z onunde bulundurulmalld•r.

70

TEKNiK®



II

EACH, EVERY KULLANIMI TEKNiK®

II

'_f _ __x_ _ IQfl the students in class is studious. CEVAP:EACH EVERYONE EVERY OF" kullan1m1 yoktur!

PREPOSITION " OF" iLGECi KULLANIMIONCESI EACH YA DA EVERY ONE GELiR.

-

{

Since the students in class are studious, I appreciate _ _x_ _

CEVAP:EACH EV€R¥

CUMLE SONUNDA GELEN SORU BO$LUGUNA EVER¥ VERiNE EACH GELiR.

·· -NOT / NEARLY

_ _ _ _ person lives in poverty. X

CEVAP: EVERY --€AGM

CVMLE NOT VE NEARLY ILE BA$LADIGINDA ; ARDINDAN GELEN SORU BO$LUGUNA EACH VERiNE EVERY GELiR.


71

YDS $iFRELERi

I

Neither the students nor the teachers are the teacher is

Either the students or the teachers are the teacher is

Not only the students but {also) the teachers are the teacher is

Neither ...................... nor, Either ......................... or, Not only ...................... but ya da but also cumlelerinin ikinci tarafmda yer alan fiilin tekil ya da ~ogul oldugunu belirlemede; ilk cOmlede yer alan i:iznenin tekil ya da r;:ogul olup olmad1gma degil; ikinci cOmlenin i:iznesinin tekil ya da r;:ogulluguna bak1lmalid1r. lkinci cOmlede yer alan ozne tekil ise ardmdan tekil fiil ; ozne !(ogul ise ardmdan cogul fiil gelmelidir.

BOTH the students and the teacher are

Both ..................... and yap1smda ikinci cumlenin oznesi ister tekil ister ~ogul olsun; cumlede cogul yap1da fiil gelmelidir.

72

'YDS $iFRESi TEKNiKL.:ERi'


Either

of

the

students

Neither

of

the

students

Both

of

the

students

None

of

the

students

Is (SING\ILAR) ------

.,..URAL)

li (IINGULAR) ,--~ :c.>

Either of Neither of Both of None of

ikisinden herhangi biri } - - - - . ikisinden hi~biri =====:Her ikisi de - - - - . Hi~biri

anlammda kullamhrfar!

RAKAMSAL OLARAK 2 NESNE/ Ki~i iCiN

I

..

EITHER OF. NEITHER OF. BOTH OF

2' DEN FAZLA NESNE/ Ki~i iCiN

I

..

NONE OF KULLANILMAKTADIR.


73

YDS ~iFRELERi

ARTICLES (ilge~ler)

!.INDEFINITE ARTICLES 'AlAN' JOBS (meslekler)

I saw£! girl.

a number of a dozen of a quarter of,etc a deal I quantity of

The

74

University

of



Ill. NO AR:....:..T.:....:I-=-C=LE=------------, Turkey/ izmir

Lake Van

English I Spanish ...

Eastern Turkey

Mount Everest

Bermuda

Asia, Africa

Wall Street

History, Physics ...

School, hospital, prison ...


75

YDS ŞiFRELERi

INVERSION

Aşağıdaki

tabloda bulunan

yapılar

cümle

basında

yer

aldıklarında

devrik cümle

kullanımı

gerektirir. ONLYWHEN

ONLY AFTER

NOT ONLY

ONLY IF

NEVER

NOTUNTIL

U NDER NO CIRCUMST AN CES

PREPOSITION OF PLACE (YER NiTELEYEN iLGEÇ) CÜMLE BAŞlNDA KULLANILDIGINDA

NEITHER

ONLY BY+

VıNG

NOWHERE

RARELY

SO/SUCH/AS

SELDOM

ON NO ACCOUNT

'

76



ONLY WHEN YOU SEE HER ,YOU.wtt( UNDERSTAND HOW WORRIED SHE IS.

I

..

WILL YOU

•

NO SOONER had I reached the stop than the bus came .

~ HARDLY

SC~RCELY

r

had I reached the stop when the bus came.

•

ON NO ACCOUNT

•

ONLY BY WORKING

should you leave the house without locking the door.

t over time can you save that amount of money.

t •

NOT ONLY

did the thief steal her purse, but he also stabbed the old woman.

t •

BEHIND

the doors was she upset.

t

Hardly Scarcely

+ PAST PERFECT +

when + S.PAST .

1. COrnie fiil ile ba§larsa soru bo§luguna devrik yap1

bagla~lan

gelmelidir!

2. Soruda fiil online vurgu vermek amac1 ile yard1mc1 fiil geldiginde ("I do study, he does comprehend") devrik yap1 gerektirir ve z1tllk bildiren bagla~lar soru bo§luguna dogru se~enek olarak gelmelidir!


77

YDS GRAMMAR TEST TEKNiKLERi

MULTIPLE CHOICE TESTS TEST 1 1.

A) B) C) D) E)

7.

German Chancellor Merkel is under pressure from power companies, which --- to invest in new power generation projects unless they --exempt from tough emission requirements. A) B) C) D) E)

3.

have indicated I resided had indicated I has resided indicated I would reside could have indicated I had been residing indicate I had resided

refused I have been refuse I are have refused I had been had refused I will be were refusing I are to be

8.

To protect whales and dolphins ----the coast of Hawaii, a court in California has temporarily banned the US navy from using powerful sonar equipment ---- a military exercise in the area.

A) at I over B) in I on C) before I through D) off I during E) within I with 5.

As it had in World War I, Argentina proclaimed neutrality ---- the outbreak of World War II, but in the closing phase it declared war---- the Axis powers. A) B) C) D) E)

over I after for I with at! on about I through from I above


The private sector in the Gulf states employs mostly expatriate workers, ---- the majority of nationals are employed in the public sector with higher wages and job protection.

A series of gas discoveries in recent years in the Western Desert of Egypt means that a range of new export projects must be developed ---- the country is to make full use of its new reserves. A) B) C) D) E)

A) B) C) D)

4.

whether who when that as

A) so that B) just as C) while D) unless E) in case

Although she ---- properly yet, the recipient of the world's first face transplant --- well, according to the first scientific report of the operation. hadn't smiled I would have done didn't smile I will do doesn't smile I may have done couldn't have smiled I does E) can't smile I is doing

During the wars ---- followed the French Revolution, Belgium was occupied by France

and later annexed.

Recent excavations in Algeria ---- that Homo erectus ---- there between 500,000 and 750,000 years ago. A) B) C) D) E)

2.

6.

9.

lest although after as if if

Hundreds of deep fjords that cut into the coastline give Norway an overall oceanfront of---- 12,000 miles. A) B) C) D) E)

more than just as the same as so far as as well as

10. Made out of metal so that it conducts the charge, the lightning rod is usually located ---high ---- possible because of lightning's tendency to strike the nearest object to it. A) B) C) D) E)

so I as as I as more I than both I and not only I but also

81

YDS ~iFRELERi 11. There ---- various indications that the current financial crisis ---- a damaging effect on technology companies. A) are I is having B) were I will have C) had been I has had D) have been I would have had E) would have been I had had

12. Russia ---- earlier this week that it ---- all its troops out of Georgia. A) B) C) D) E)

had announced I pulled announces I would have pulled announced I had pulled is announcing I has pulled has announced I was pulling

17. The Caucasus is a strategically vital region --could play a critical role in the European Union's future energy security. A) B) C) D) E)

whereas who as whereby that

18. ----inflation and unemployment rise sharply in Europe, the solidarity of the European Union could break down in some damaging ways. A) B) C) D) E)

If As if Unless Until Even though

13. With its superior firepower, NATO ---- any battle, but it ----the war in Afghanistan. A) B) C) D) E)

had won /loses can win I is losing has won /lost would have won I had lost is winning I was losing

14. About 20 to 40 per cent of pancreatic cancer cases are cured ----chemotherapy followed ---radiation therapy or surgery.

19. In the current financial cns1s, Italy is alone among the big European countries in having --- a bank rescue fund ---- a stated figure for the sum it is ready to make available. A) B) C) D) E)

more I than neither I nor such I as so I that just I as

20. Deep-sea diving can cause medical problems A) B) C) D) E)

about I over from I to with I by of I into at I through

15. The objective ---- a proper diet is to achieve and maintain a desirable body composition and a large capacity ---- physical and mental work.

air embolism and decompression sickness, which can be fatal if not treated promptly. A) B) C) D) E)

as regards as far as also such as just as

through I through on I within at I across of I for E) after I between

A) B) C) D)

16. Gang violence is deplorable and cannot be tolerated, ---- simply "cracking down" on it is not the solution. A) B) C) D) E)

82

so that whereby but when so long as



TEST2 1.

The price of crude oil ---- by 40% this year due to the continuing risk of disruption in the Middle East, which ---- for one-third of global production. A) B) C) D) E)

2.

relaxes I kept had relaxed I have kept has relaxed I were keeping relaxed I had kept will relax I are keeping

would destroy I exists destroyed I existed may have destroyed I has existed has destroyed I had existed had destroyed I would exist

Despite the official ban --- demonstrations, 2008 has seen Egyptians take to the streets --- massive numbers on several occasions. A) B) C) D) E)

5.

7.

about I by for I with over I at of I through on I in

According to the generally accepted platetectonics theory, scientists believe that Earth's surface is broken ---- a number of shifting plates, which average ---- 50 miles in thickness. A) B) C) D) E)

up I above at I for down I beyond into I about of I below


whether but just as whereby so that

---- most people who commit suicide are depressed, having depression correctly diagnosed and treated is the most important step towards preventing suicide. A) As long as B) Although C) Because D) Even if E) Unless

8.

Algeria is particularly keen to increase its gas exports ---- OPEC production quotas restrict its oil exports. A) B) C) D) E)

An ideal anticancer drug cancer cells without harming normal cells, but no such drug----. A) B) C) D) E)

4.

surges I accounted had surged I has accounted has surged I accounts surged I had accounted will surge I could have accounted

The island groups in the Pacific are often called "Oceania," ---- this name does not imply that they are the remains of a continent. A) B) C) D) E)

At the end of 1998, Estonia ---- the strict citizenship requirements that the country's Russian minority from gaining citizenship. A) B) C) D) E)

3.

6.

9.

since so that as if that whereas

In the early twentieth century, the motor car was one of the first major consumer products to be ---- mass produced ---- mass marketed. A) B) C) D) E)

such I as more I than so I as as I as both I and

10. The body's immune system attacks and eliminates ---- bacteria and other foreign substances ---- cancer cells. not only I but also rather I than such I that as well as I and E) just as I as

A) B) C) D)

11. The ruins of ancient Troy ---- as breath-taking as those of Ephesus or Aphrodisias, but, for anyone who has ever read Homer's Iliad or Odyssey, they have a romance few places on Earth ----. A) B) C) D) E)

have not been I hoped to have matched had not been I would hope to match may not be I can hope to match are not I hoped to match could not have been I hope to match

83

YDS ~iFRELERi 12. Nineteenth-century military helmets ---- than they now appear, but even at their best they -•• the way to the future of head protection. A) B) C) D) E)

have been better designed I do not point could be better designed I would not point are better designed I will not point may have been better designed I did not point can be better designed I had not pointed

13. Cabbage ---- as early as 2000 B.C., and the commercial varieties now Brussels sprouts, common cabbage, sprouting broccoli, and kohlrabi. A) B) C) D) E)

might have been cultivated I have included had been cultivated I included would be cultivated I used to include would have been cultivated I can include was cultivated I include

14. Foreign policy is composed of the goals sought, values set, decisions made and actions taken ---- states and the national governments acting ····their behalf. A) B) C) D) E)

by I on about I for at I from over I between in I among

15. A priori knowledge •••• Western philosophy is knowledge that is independent ---- all particular experiences, as opposed to a posteriori knowledge, which derives from experience alone. A) B) C) D) E)

at I for in I of through I by beside I towards with I from

16. ---- not all negative thoughts and feelings are bad for health, specific emotional states, especially stress and depression, have now been linked to heart trouble of all kinds. A) B) C) D) E)

84

17. The Danish poet and novelist Jeppe Aakjaer grew up in the Jutland farming area and ---was well aware of the harsh conditions endured by farm labourers in his country. A) B) C) D) E)

on the contrary even so so still nevertheless

18. ---- the US and Brazil both occupy the American continent, the northern location of the former and the southern location of the latter plainly mark a real distinction and bring important policy consequences. A) B) C) D) E)

As long as Now that Only if After Although

19. ----Windsor Castle, occupying ----area of 287 hectares, is among the most beautiful royal residences in Europe. A) B) C) D) E)

The I an This I such an An I the The most I such That I Some

20. Geometry is usually divided into pure geometry, which roughly embraces the plane and solid geometry dealt with by Euclid, and analytical or coordinate geometry, problems are solved using algebraic methods. A) B) C) D) E)

in that in which bywhom which whichever

When Suppose that As if Whenever Though



TEST3 1.

7.

Investigations by modern doctors ---- that Catherine the Great of Russia ---- from syphilis.

One of the world's worst space flight disasters occurred on 28 January 1986, ---the shuttle Challenger exploded soon after take-off, killing the crew of seven.

A) if A) B) C) D) E)

2.

This morning it ---- in the news that the great Italian tenor Pavarotti ---- of pancreatic cancer soon after midnight. A) B) C) D) E)

3.

4.

5.

should pursue I were pursues I had been pursued I will have been would pursue I would have been has pursued I may be

People who travel ----airlines all have stories --- how bad the experience is when things go wrong. A) B) C) D) E)

C) even if D) when E) just as

8.

with I for in I of on I about at I over through I to

Scientists have studied the health status of native people in the South Pacific ---decades, and have noted the explosion of diet-related disease ---- the area.

Slow-motion photography can reveal things that happen -- fast for the human eye to see.

A) B) C) D) E)

had been reported I died is reported I would die is being reported I dies was reported I had died has been reported I could have died

The United States ---- expensive high-tech solutions to the problem of land-mine clearance, but simpler methods ---- more preferable. A) B) C) D) E)

B) so that

have suggested I has suffered suggest/suffered had suggested I was suffering may have suggested I would have suffered suggested I suffers

9.

more as than too such

Contrary to perceptions outside Canada, the majority of Canadians are descended from the English, the Scots, and the Irish ---- from the French. A) rather than B) more than C) such as D) and so E) also

10. Because of the wide variety of ethnicity in the United States, people speak English as ---their native ----their adopted tongue. A) B) C) D) E)

rather I than either I or more I than so much I as well I as

11. The British government ---- details of the next stage of its genetically modified cropfield trials, thus ---- off a now familiar cycle of debate and demonstration.

A) for I in B) C) D) E)

6.

throughout I over through I about by I off of/ at

The Worldwatch Institute reported last year --- approximately four of the five McDonald's restaurants that opened every day in 2005 were outside the United States. A) B) C) D) E)

if as while when that


A) has released I setting B )will release I to set C) would have released I having set D) is releasing I to have set E) released I to be set

12. Training schemes in the United Kingdom ---by the government as unemployment ----.

A) were encouraged I will have worsened B) would be encouraged I had been worsened C) have been encouraged I has worsened D) had been encouraged I may worsen E) are encouraged I would have worsened

85

YDS ~iFRELERi 13. After the Germanic invasions, Celtic cultures, which in pre-Roman times ---- most of Western Europe, •••• almost entirely to the British Isles. A) B) C) D) E)

had covered I were confined have been covering I have been confined had been covering I would be confined have covered I could have been confined were covering I had been confined

14. An Indian drug company has offered to supply an anti-AIDS drug ----sufferers in developing countries •••• less than onetwentieth of the standard cost in the West. A) B) C) D) E)

in I to at I over with I for to I at on I with

15. The main attention at the World Economic Forum, when it was not focused •••• China, centred on Africa's remarkable economic growth ----the past couple of years. A) B) C) D) E)

in I with on I over of I towards by I at from I through

18. Several species of birds in Vietnam vanished during the war, ---- they began to reappear in the 1980s and their gradual return has been encouraged by Vietnamese villagers. A) B) C) D) E)

but since unless when

if

19. Countries are interested •••• in their absolute economic welfare, ---- in how well they are performing compared to other countries. A) B) C) D) E)

both I as well as as I as so much I as more I but not only I but also

20. Basicallay a country has two objectives in imposing tariffs; one is to raise revenue for government, ---- is to protect home industries by raising the price of competing goods from abroad. A) B) C) D) E)

other both another the other each

16. In child development, play and exploration are similar they are both intrinsically motivated behaviours and not directed by external goals.

A) on the other hand B) C) D) E)

whereas otherwise after since

17. At present, the European Union imports about one quarter of its gas and one third of its oil from Russia, ---- countries such as Slovakia, Finland, Poland, Hungary, the Baltic states and the Ukraine are totally or very heavily dependent on Russian energy. A) B) C) D) E)

86

even though since whether while in case



TEST4 1.

Many parts of rural America ---- to reflect the values and traditions of the European immigrants who ---- in the country during the nineteenth century. A) B) C) D) E)

2.

into I among in I about between I of through I for from I to

Most companies would prefer to concentrate --- domestic rather than foreign markets because of their greater familiarity ---- their own environments. A) B) C) D) E)

6.

had been I made is I has made has been I had made was I will have made might be I would have made

Severity of autism ranges ---- those who are mute and have no functional behaviour individuals with high IQ scores. A) B) C) D) E)

5.

became I falls are becoming I would fall were becoming I has fallen had become I was falling have become I fell

Of all the arts it ---- to classical music that Germany ----the greatest contribution. A) B) C) D) E)

4.

continued I have arrived have continued I would have arrived continue I arrived would have continued I were arriving will continue I would arrive

in I of on I with over I by at I from for I to

Management must learn to determine market conditions in the countries ---- it is doing business. A) B) C) D) E)

where what as for ofwhich so that


the growth in e-mail and fax transmissions, many communications are still best handled by face-to-face or voice-to-voice contact. A) B) C) D) E)

8.

With few exceptions, most totalitarian governments---- more liberal since 1989 when the Berlin Wall ----. A) B) C) D) E)

3.

7.

---- by making an internal analysis can a company set the overall rationale for its international activities. A) B) C) D) E)

9.

Contrary to In spite of By means of Since As regards

Still While Only Until Just as

---- an organization depends on collaborative arrangements, ---- likely it is to lose control over decisions. A) B) C) D) E)

Not only I but also Neither I nor Either I or When I then The more I the more

10. A corporation's formulation of its international strategy will greatly determine --- it will benefit more from protectionism or from some other means for countering international competition. A) B) C) D) E)

so as unless whether whereby

11. Having read so many contemporary American writers, I ---- to feel impatient with the kind of fiction that ---- in England. A) B) C) D) E)

was beginning I will have been written had begun I has been written have begun I would have been written would begin I is being written began I was being written

12. Cross-border shopping is a fundamental right under EU law and ---- as a form of tax evasion. A) B) C) D) E)

must not have been regarded had not been regarded should not be regarded would not have been regarded was not being regarded

87

YDS ~iFRELERi 13. He certainly ---- party members last weekend when he announced that he ---- to regain his party chairmanship. A) B) C) D) E)

has shocked I had not sought would have shocked I will not seek had shocked I would not have sought was to shock I is not seeking shocked I would not seek

14. The 1980s ---- a surge of new interest ----the definition of intelligence. A) B) C) D) E)

have brought I to be expanding had brought I having expanded were bringing I to have expanded brought I in expanding would have brought I to expand

19. His latest novel is about people who take their work seriously, ---- that's being a mother, a nurse or a soldier. A) even so B) as if C) unless D) besides E) whether

20. Heviz is Europe's largest warm-water lake and visitors can swim there even in winter, -··· helps extend the tourist season. A) B) C) D) E)

thus which nor too so

15. For decades presidents have been coming ---plans to deal with the fact that one day the world will run ---- its key source of energy: oil. A) B) C) D) E)

up with I out of out of I up against down to I away from up for I through over to I into

16. Philosophers have debated the relation •••• thought and emotions --- at least two millennia. A) from I over B) over I in C) between I for D) in I by E) through I to

17. ---- little respect the British people may feel for the monarchy, they are still not likely to change to a republic. A) B) C) D) E)

As far as Whatever Such a However Just as

18. All of the world's major national parks are included on the map, -··· are most of the important reserves of lesser status. A) B) C) D) E)

88

as as well such which that


YOS GRAMMAR TEST TEKNiKLERi

MULTIPLE CHOICE CEVAP ANAHTARI TEST 1 1. A 3. E 5. c 7. c 9. A 11. A 13. 8 15. 0 17. E 19. 8

TEST 3

TEST 2 2.8 4.0 6. 0 8.E 10.8 12.C 14.C 16.C 18. A 20.0

1. c 3.A 5.0 7.C 9.E 11. c 13.E 15.8 17. c 18. A


2.0 4.E 6. 8 8.A 10. A 12.0 14.A 16.E 18.E 20.8

1. 8 3.E 5.A 7.0 9.A 11. A 13. A 15.8 17.0 19.E

TEST 4 2. 0 4.C 6.E 8.0 10.8 12.C 14.0 16.E 18. A 20.0

1. c 3.8 5. 8 7. 8 9.E 11. E 13.E 15. A 17.0 19.E

2.E 4.E 6.A 8.c 10.0 12.C 14.0 16.C 18. A 20.8

89

YDS ~iFRELERi

MULTIPLE CHOICE TEKNiKLERi TEST 1 1.

Recent excavations in Algeria ----that Homo erectus ----there between 500 ,000 and

""""'-

present perfect tense A) B) C) D) E)

2.

170

years

ago.

simple past tense

have indicated I resided had indicated I has resided indicated I would reside could have indicated I had been residing indicate I had resided

German Chancellor Merkel is under pressure from power companies, which ---- to invest in new power generation projects

unless they---- exempt from tough emission requirements .

I

Unless (s. present tense ile kullamhr!) A) refused I have been

B)

refuse I are

C) have refused I had been D) had refused I will be E) were refusing I are to be 3.

-T

properly yet, the recipient of the world's first face transplant ---- well , according to the first Although she scientific report If the operation.

TEKNiK! ci.imlede zaman belirteci olmad1gmda iki tarafta present tense kullamm1! A) B) C) D) E) 4.

hadn't smiled I would have done didn't smile I will do doesn't smile I may have done couldn't have smiled I does can't smile 1 is doing

To protect whales and dolphins ----

Se~eneklerde

yet zaman belirteci Present

Tense yok; bu nedenle soruda Tense -••-.. •

the coast of Hawaii, a court in California has temporarily banned the military exercise In lhe area.

US na"ll from using powertul sona< equltenl-- a

I

off I on the coast

during + noun (isim) A) at I over 5.

B) in I on

C) before I through

D)

off I during

E) within I with

As it had in World War I, Argentina proclaimed neutrality---- the outbreak of World War II, but in the closing phase it

declared war---- the Axis powers.

~ declare war on something/somewhere A) over I after

90

B) for I with

C)

at I on

D) about I through

E) from I above



A) B) C) D) E)

7.

whether who when

that _ ___:_ noun/isim (ardmdan relative clause kullamm1!) as

The private sector in the Gulf states employs mostly expatriate workers , ---- the majority of nationals are employed in the public sector with higher wages and job protection. /-----------------------------~

A) so that B) just as C) while D) unless E) in case

8.

A series of gas discoveries in recent years in the Western Desert of Egypt means that a range of new export projects must be developed---- the country is to make full use of its new reserves. A) lest B) although C) after D) as if E)

9.

if clause type I (with modal)

if

A. ardmdan should gelmeliydi! B. soru cumlesi ile z1thk bildirmiyorl C. after kullamm•l

Modal kullamm1 ile sec;eneklerde ilk du~unOimesi gereken "if" yap1s1d1r! TEKNiK!

Hundreds of deep fjords that cut into the coastline give Norway an overall oceanfront

prep. A) B) C) D) E)

more than just as the same as so far as as well as


of ----12, 000 miles.

/

I

noun(isim)

ardmdan noun (isim) gelir! B. ardmdan continuous tense

91

YDS ~iFRELERi 10. Made out of metal so that it conducts the charge, the lightning rod is usually located ---- high --""'"""'"..;;..;;;;..;.;;ib~l=e because of lightning's tendency to strike the nearest object to it. A) so I as

as I as

B)

C) more I than D) both I and E) not only I but also 11. There ---- various indications that the companies. A) B) C) D) E)

are 1 is having were I will have had been I has had have been I would have had would have been I had had

12. Russia---A) B) C) D) E)

current

financial crisis ---- a damaging effect on technology

I

present continuous tense

earlier this week that it ---- all its troops out of Georgia.

had announced 1 pulled------------.. simple past tense (earlier) announces I would have pulled 'S.Past Tense sonras1 Past Perfect Tense' announced 1 had pulled kombinasyonu gelemelidir; bu nedenle A se~ is announcing I has pulled se~enegi yerine C se~enegi tercih edilmi~tir! has announced I was pulling

13. With its superior firepower, NATO---- any battle, but it---- the war in Afghanistan .

.

I

TEKNIK! cumlede zaman belirteci olmad1gmda s. present tense kullamm1! A) had won I loses B) can win 1 is losing(tense uyumu!) C) has won I lost D) would have won I had lost E) is winning I was losing 14. About 20 to 40 per cent of pancreatic cancer cases

radiat_i~n therapy or surgery.

are cured ---- chemotherapy followed ---isim

I

I

ISim

be cured with A) about I over

B) from I to

C)

"with" ve "by"

with I by ilge~leri

objective ---- a proper diet is to achieve capacity -~ental work.

15. The

D) of I into

be followed by E) at I through

sonras1 isim kullamm1!

and maintain a desirable body composition and a large

~

A)

92

objective of something capacity for something through I through B) on I within C) at I across D) of I for The + isim + of tamlamas1!

E) after I between


YDS GRAMMAR TEST TEKNiKLERi 16. Gang violence is deplorable and cannot be tolerated,---- simply "cracking down" on it is not the solution. A) so that B) whereby

C) but D) when E) so long as

repion ----

could play a critical role in the European Union's future

noun(isim)

A. ardmdan modal yap1s1 yerine cumle gelmeliydil B. bo§luktan oncekl isim

17. The Caucasus is a strategically vital energy security. A) B) C) D)

./

whereas who as whereby

/

E) that= which (isim ardmdan relative clause kullamm•

rise break down in some damaging

18. ---- inflation and unemployment

A)

If

B) C) D) E)

As if Unless Until Eventhough

sharply in Europe, the solidarity of the European Union

COUld

if clause type I (with present modal)

Soruda modal yap1s1 yer ald1gmda; l~aretlenmesi akla gelen ilk se~enek 'IF' olmahdtr! 19. In the current financial crisis, Italy is alone among the big European countries in having ----

I

a bank

I

rescue fund ----a stated figure for the sum it is ready to make available.

noun(isim)

noun(isim) A) more I than

B) neither C) such I as D) so I that E) just as

I nor

A. more ile than arasma adjective (s1fat) gelmeliydll

20. Deep-sea diving can cause medical problems ----

air embolism

and

decompression

sickness, which can be fatal if not treated promptly. noun(isim) noun(isim) A) B) C) D) E)

as regards as far as also

A. ardmdan tek bir isim (noun) gelmeliydi! B. ardmdan lsim obekleri yerine cumle gelmeliydil

such as just as


93

YDS $iFRELERi

TEST2 1.

The price of crude oil ----by 40% this year due to the continuing risk of disruption in the Middle East, which---- for one-third of global produ~n.

present perfect tense A) B) C) D) E)

2.

At the end of 1998,

Estonia ---- the strict citizenship requirements that ---- the country's Russian minority from gaining c~

A) B) C) D) E)

3.

surges I accounted had surged I has accounted has surged 1accounts surged I had accounted will surge I could have accounted

relaxes 1 kept simple had relaxed I have kept has relaxed I were keeping relaxed 1 had kept will relax I are keeping

An ideal anticancer drug ---- cancer cells without harming normal cells, A)

but no such drug ---.

I

would destroy 1exists

B) destroyed I existed C) may have destroyed I has existed D) has destroyed I had existed E) had destroyed I would exist

4.

past tense

implied conditional (would I could I might+but + s. present)

Despite the official ban ---- demonstrations, 2008 has seen Egyptians take to the streets ---- massive numbers on several oc,asions.

ban on something A) about I by

5.

B) for I with

C) over I at

D) of I through

E)

on I in

According to the generally accepted plate tectonics theory, scientists believe that Earth's surface is --- a number of shifting plates, which average --- 50 miles in thickness.

break into : A) up I above

94

B) at I for

C) down I beyond

D)

into 1 about

par~alara

broken

I

ay1rmak

E) of I below


YDS GRAMMAR TEST TEKNiKLERi 6.

The island groups in the Pacific are often called "Oceania" ,---- this name does not imply that they are the remains of a continent.

( +)

(-)

A) whether B) but C) just as D) whereby E) so that

A. ve C. §lklarmdaki yaprlardan once virgul gelmezl D. ardsndan gerund (V-Ing) yap1da fill

(+) 7.

---- most people who commit suicide are depressed , having depression correctly diagnosed and treated is the most important step towards preventing suicide. ----------------------~ A. s.present, will/ present modals kurah

(+) A) B) C) D) E)

8.

As long as Although Because Even if Unless

yokl B. ozneler farkh ve soru ci.imlesi ile zrthk bildirmlyorl C. 6znelerl farkh; ancak Icy cilmle olumlu

Algeria is particularly keen to increase its gas exports ---- OPEC production quotas restrict its oil exports.

~

I

ayn 1 konu! A) since_} B) so that C) as if D) that E) whereas

9.

ayn1konu!

Konu uyumu teknigi!

B. ardmdan can/may/will/ modal yaprlan gelmeliydil C. oncesinde look/seem/taste/behave, ...fiilleri

(as, because, since)

In the early twentieth century, the motor car was one of the first major consumer products to be ---- mass produced ---- mass marketed.

I

adjehtive(slfat) adjective(s1fat) A) such I as B) more I than C) so I as D) as I as E) both I and


A. ardrndan birden fazla isim(noun) gelmeliydi! B. more + adjective/noun + than + noun kullammll

95

YDS $iFRELERi 10. The body's immune system attacks and eliminates----

bacteria and other foreign substances

I

---- cancer cells.

noun(isim) noun(isim) A) B) C) D) E)

A. bu soruda oldugu gibi 2 s1fat I 2 isim I 2 fiili baglayabilirl

not only I but also

fhar

rather I than such I that as well as I and just as I as

H ...

11. The ruins of ancient Troy ever read Homer's Iliad or

than"

hll'laa.,IJ.

_t___ as breath-taking as those of Ephesus or Aphrodisias, but, for anyone who has dyssey, they have a romance few places on Earth ----.

TEKNiK! cumlede zaman belirteci olmad1gmda iki tarafta present tense kullammJ! A) have not been I hoped to have matched B) had not been I would hope to match

C)

may not be I can hope to match

D) are not I hoped to match E) could not have been I hope to match

12.

Nineteenth-centu the way to the future of hea

military helmets---otection.

than they now appear,

past tense A) B) C) D) E)

but even at their best they----

~

Comparison(k1yaslama)

have been better designed I do not point could be better designed I would not point are better designed I will not point

may have been better designed I did not point can be better designed I had not pointed

2000 B.C., and the commercial varieties cabbage, sprouting broccoli, an kohlrabi.

13. Cabbage--- as early as

now----

T

Brussels sprouts, common

present tense

simple past tense A) might have been cultivated I have included B) had been cultivated I included C) would be cultivated I used to include D) would have been cultivated I can include E) was cultivated I include

14. Foreign policy is composed of the goals sought, values set, decisions made and actions taken---- states and the national governments acting ----their

behalf.

I

on somebody's behalf A) by 1 on

96

B) about I for

C) at I from

D) over I between

E) in I among


YDS GRAMMAR TEST TEKNiKLERi 15. A priori knowledge ---- Western philosophy is knowledge that is independent experiences, as opposed to a posteriori knowledge, which derives from experienc1 alone.

----

all particular

independent of somebody I something A) at I for

16. ---

not

B) in 1 of

C) through I by

D) beside I towards

---------:-::~ (+)

bad for health , specific emotional linked to heart trouble of all kinds.

all negative thoughts and feelings are

and depression, have now been

E) with I from

states, especially stress

(-) A) B) C) D) E)

When Suppose that As if Whenever

Though

A. when 5. present, S. present/will §eklinde kullamlmahyd•l B. suppose that s. present, will §eklinde

17. The Danish poet and novelist Jeppe Aakjc:er grew up in the Jutland farming area and---- was well aware of the harsh conditions endured by farm labourers in his country. inversion _;:;::::A) on the contrary B) even so C) so - - inversion D) still E) nevertheless

A. B. ve E. §lklarmdaki yap1lann ardmdan cumle gelmeliydil D. *still ise) ardmdan cumle

Soru bo~lugu sonrasmda direk fiil geldiginde devrik yap1 kullamm1! 18.

----the US and Brazil both occupy the American continent, the northern location of the former and the southern location of the latter plainly mark a real distinction and bring important policy consequences. A) B) C) D) E)

As long as Now that Only if After

A. as long as s. present, present modal/ will §eklinde kullamlmahyd1l B. ardmdan present perfect tense

Although


97

YDS ~iFRELERi 19.

---Windsor Castle, in Europe.

I

occupying---- area of 287 hectares, is among the most beautiful royal residences

Tek olan ve herkesce bilinen yap1larm onunde "the"kullamm1! A)

The 1an

B) This I such an

C) An I the

D) The most I such

E) That I Some

20. Geometry is usually divided into pure geometry, which roughly embraces the plane and solid geometry dealt with by Euclid, and analytical or coordinate geometry, --- problems are solved using algebraic methods. A) B) C) D) E)

in that

in which bywhom which whichever

Bilim dallan (geometry, physics, maths ... ) "which" yerine "in which" s1fat zamiri ile tammlamr!

98



TEST3 1.

Investigations by modern doctors---- that Catherine THE GREAT of Russia---1

from syphilis.

TEKNiK! zaman belirteci olmad1gmda s. present tense kullamm1! past tense A) have suggested I has suffered

B) suggest I suffered C) had suggested I was suffering D) may have suggested I would have suffered E) suggested I suffers

2.

This morning it --- in the news that the great Italian tenor Pavarotti --- of pancreatic cancer

midn!ght. -

SOOn after

I

past perfect tense (midnight)

A) had been reported I died B) is reported I would die C) is being reported I dies

D) was reported I had died E) has been reported I could have died

3.

-r

The United States ---- expensive high-tech solutions to the problem of land-mine clearance, but simpler more preferable. methods

TEKNiK! cumlede zaman belirteci olmad1gmda iki tarafta present tense kullamm1!

4.

A) B) C) D)

should pursue I were pursues I had been pursued I will have been would pursue I would have been

E)

has pursued I may be

People who travel----

airlines all have stories---- how bad the experience is when things go wrong.

~

/

travel on plane I airlines story about something(bir konu hakkmda hikaye) A) with I for

5.

B) in I of

C)

on I about

D) at I over

E) through I to

decades, and have j for + a period of time ( for years, ages, ... )

Scientists have studied the health status of native people in the South Pacific ---noted the explosion of diet-related disease ---- the area.

A)

for I in

B) throughout I over


C) through I about

D) by I off

E) of/ at

99

YDS $iFRELERi 6.

The Worldwatch Institute re Orted last year---- approximately four of the five McDonald's restaurants that opened every day in 2005 were outside the United States. A) B) C) D) E)

7.

verb/fiil (ardmdan noun clause kullamm1!)

if as while when

Zaman belirte9leri (ago, last, yesterday, now, ... etc) "when" ile tantmlanmazlar!

that (noun clause)

One of the world 's worst space flight disasters occurred on Challenger exploded soon after take-off, killing the crew of seven .

28 January 1986, ----

I

the shuttle

time/zaman (ardmdan when kullamm1!)

A) if B) so that C) even if

D) when E) just as

8.

Slow-motion photography can reveal things that happen- fast for the human eye

I

adverb A) more B) as C) than D) too E) such

9.

-

too ...... to V1 kullamm1!

to see. to

v1

A. more + adj./adv. + than ~eklinde kullamlmahyd1! B. as + adj/adv. + as §eklinde kullamlmahydll

Contrary to perceptions outside Canada, the majority of Canadians are descended from the English, the Scots, and the Irish---- from the French . A) B) C) D) E)

rather than more than such as and so also

B. ardmdan isim (noun) gelmeliydil

C. ardmdan isim

I

10. Because of the wide variety of ethnicity in the United States, people speak English as ----their native ---- their adopted tongue.

A) B) C) D) E)

100

rather I than

either I or more I than so much I as as well I as

A. birle~ik yap1da kullamhr! C. more +adj/noun + than + noun ~eklinde kullamlmahydll D. so uch ardmdan say.lamayan


YDS GRAMMAR TEST TEKNiKLERi 11. The British government ---- details of the next stage of its genetically now familiar cycle of debate and demonstration.

A) B) C) D) E)

modifıed cropfıeld

trials, thus ---- off a

has released 1 setting will release 1 to set would have released 1 having set is releasing 1 to have set released 1 to be set

12. Training schemes in the United Kingdom ----by the government as unemployment ----. A) were encouraged 1 will have worsened B) would be encouraged 1 had been worsened C) have been encouraged 1 has D) had been encouraged 1 may worsen E) are encouraged 1 would have worsened

Cümlede zaman belirteci

worsened

13. Afterthe Germanic invasions, Geltic cultures, which in~-

.1

Europe, ---- almost enlirely to the British lsles.

şıklarda

olmadığında

öncelikle iki tarafta s. present

Roman times--- most ofWestern

--------~ past perfect tense with 'pre' A) B) C) D) E)

had covered 1 were confıned have been covering 1 have been confined had been covering 1 would be confıned have covered 1 could have been confıned were covering 1 had been confıned

supply an anti-AIDS drug ---- sufferers in developing countries --less than one-twentieth of the standard cost ıi n the West.

14. An lndian drug company has offered to

supply something to somebody A) in 1 to

B) at 1 over

C) with 1 for

D)

to 1 at

E)

15. The main attention at the World Economic Forum , when it was not Africa's remarkable economic growth ---- the past couple of years.

on 1 with

focused ----

China, centered on

1

focus on something A) in 1 with

B)

on

1 over

C) of 1 towards

D) by 1 at

E) from 1 through

16.

A) B) C) D) E)

on the other hand whereas otherwise after

ÖZNE UYUMU TEKNiGi!(since ile iki tarafta aynı özne)

since


A. ve C. şıklarındaki yapılardan önce noktalı virgule ve ardından virgül kullanılmalıydıl

B. öncesinde virgül gelmeliydi ve zatlık

101

YDS ŞiFRELERi

the Euro ean Union imports about one quarter of its gas and one third of its oil from Russia , ---- COUntries such s Slovakia, Finland, Poland, Hungary, the Baltic States and the Ukraine are

17. At present,

totally or very heavily d

nden on Russian energy.

A) even though

B) since C) whether

farklı

özne

kullanım ı !

D) while E) in case

18. Several species of birds in Vietnam vanished during the war, ----they began to reappear in the 1980s and

their gradual return has been encouraged by Vietnamese villagers.

A)

but

B) C) D) E)

since unless when if

19. Countries are interested ---- in their absolute economic welfare, --- in how well they are performing

compared to other countries. A) B) C) D)

both 1as well as as 1 as so much 1 as more 1 but

E)

not only 1 but also

A. both ... and ....

şeklinde kullanılmalıydıl

ve

20. Basically a country has two objectives in imposing tariffs ; one is to ra ise revenue for government, ... .. ..... . is to protect home industries ising the price of g goods from abroad. A) other B) both C) another D)

one ...

ardından

the other ...

kullanımı!

A. ardından gelmeliydil

the other

E) each

:

~

'

-

• t'

çoğul ~

•• ' 1

"

ı&

isim (plural noun) '

~

1

~ '-

"

0:

"

~"

ı

102



TEST4 1.

eci yoksa present tense kullan

simple past tense (the nineteenth century)

mı!

A) continued 1 have arrived B) have continued 1 would ha e arrived C) contin e 1 arrived D) would have continued 1 were arriving E) will continue 1 would arrive

2.

With few exceptions , most totalitarian governments ---- more liberal A) became 1 fa lls

3.

-ı

present perfect s ince s. past tensel

B) are becoming 1 would fall C) were becoming 1 has fallen D) had become 1 was taliing E)

since 1989 when the Berlin Wall---.

have become 1 fell

Of all the arts it

-T

to classical music that Germany ----the greatest contribution.

TEKNiK! cümlede zaman belirteci olmadığında s. present tense kullanımı! A) had been 1 made B) is 1 has made C) has been 1 had made D) was 1will have made E) might be 1 would have made

4.

Severity of autism high IQ scores.

ranges --- those

who are mute and have no functional behaviour --- individuals with

1

range from something to something A) into 1 among

5.

B) in 1about

Most companies would prefer to

C) between 1 of

D) through 1for

concentra e ---- domestic rather than

E)

from 1 to

foreign markets because of their

greater familiarity

---- their own environments. ""' concentrate on familiarity with

A) in 1 of

B)

on 1 with

C) over 1 by


D) at 1from

E) for 1 to

103

YDS ŞiFRELERi 6.

Management must learn to determine market conditions

IN the countries ----it is doing business.

place/yer(ardından A) B) C) D) E)

7.

where

where

kullanımı!)

B. 'what' öncesinde fiil gelmeliydil C. as for yapısı ardından isim (noun)

what as for ofwhich so that

----the growth in e-mail and fax transmissions, many communications are or voice-to-voice contact.

stili

l

zıtlık

best handled by face-to-face

bildirir!

A) Beside

B)

TEKNiK! 'stili' yer aldığında zıtlık bildiren bağlaç

In spite of (zıtlık)

kullanımı!

C) By means of D) Since E) As regards

8.

---- by making an internal analysis activities.

can a company set ı

inversion (devrik A) B) C) D) E)

9.

the overall rationale for its international

yapı)

Stili While

Only Until Just as

---- an organization depends on collaborative arrangements, ---decisions. 1

likely

noun(isim) A. B. ve C.

A) B) C) D)

Not only 1 but also Neither 1 nor Either 1or When 1 then

E)

The more 1 the more----'

2 fiili

it is to lose control over

'\..

"-adjective (sıfat)

şıklarındaki yapılar

2

sıfat 1 2

isim 1

bağlayabilirl

10. A corporation 's formulation of its international strategy will greatly determine ----it will benefıt more from protectionism or from some other means for countering international compttition .

verb/fiil

A) so B) as C) unless

D) whether-noun E) whereby

104

ciause

(ardından

noun ciause

kullanımı!)

Fiilden sonra nesne gelmemiş; bu nedenle cümlede eksik yapı olduğundan cümle bağlaç

ile bir diğer cümleye

bağlanamaz


YDS GRAMMAR TEST TEKNiKLERi 11. Having read so many contemporary American writers, 1---- to feel impatient with the ki nd of tiction that ---- in

England. A) B) C) D)

was beginning 1 will have been written had begun 1 has been written have begun 1would have been written would begin 1 is being written

E)

began 1 was being written

12. Cross-border shopping

is a fundamental

right under EU law and ---asa form of tax evasion.

"""l__PRESJT

--

A) must not have been regarded B) had not been regarded

•

TEKNIK!

C) should not be regarded

"And" ile bağlanan cümlelerde

PRESENT

D) would not have been regarded E) was not being regarded

13. He certainly ---- party members

chairmanship.

14.

last weekend

announced j simple past tense _ _____,

A) B) C) D)

has shocked 1 had not sought would have shocked 1 will not seek had shocked 1 would not have sought was to shock 1 is not seeking

E)

shocked 1 would not seek

when he

that he--- to regain his party

The 1980s ---- a surge of new interest---the definition of intelligence. simple past tense (bought) A) have brought 1to be expanding B) had brought 1 having expanded C) were bringing 1 to have expanded D) brought 1 in expanding E) would have brought 1 to expand

15. For decades presidents have been

T ----

its key source of energy: oil.

run out of: tüketmek A) B) C) D) E)

COming ----

plans to deal with the fact that one day the world will

ı

come up with: ortaya atmakl üretmek

up with 1 out of out of 1 up against down to 1 away from up for 1 through over to 1 into


105

YDS ŞiFRELERi

16.

Philosophers have debated the

relation ---- thought and emotions ----at least two millennia. ı

relation between x and y A) from 1 over

17. ----

little

B) over 1 in

~

C) between 1 for

D) in 1 by

E) through 1 to

respect the British people may feel for the monarchy, they are stili not likely to change to a

repu~

adjective/sıfat (öncesinde .:...:h..:o..:..:w::;e::::v=e::::.r..::k:.:u:.:.::ll=a.:.:n.::ım.::.::l!!....)- - - - - - - - . . . . . A) B) C) D) E)

A.

As far as Whatever Such a

as far as ardından cümle gelmeliydil

B. Whatever ardından fıil ya da cümle

gelmeliydll

However Just as

18. All of the world's major national parks are included on the map, --lesser status.

are

-~-

most of the important reserves of

lnversion(Cümle başında fiil A) as - - - inversion (Cümle başında B) as well "as" kullanımı C) such D) which E) that

devrik yapı

kullanımı!)

B. cümle sonunda kullanılır! C. ardından Isim gelmeliydil D. ve E. taklanndaki yapalar,

gerektirir!)

19. His latest novel is about people who take the ir work seriously, ----that' s be ing a mother, a nurse or a soldier.

whether •.... or •.. noun ciause yapısı!~

A) B) C) D)

even so as if unless besides

E) whether 20. Heviz is Europe's largest warm-water lake and visitors can swim there even in winter, --- helps extend the tourist season . A) thus

B) which C) nor D) too E) so

106



CLOZE TESTS TEST1

TEST2

Ever since Lord Curzon, a member of Britain's World War ı cabinet, (1)---- that the Allies "had floated to victory on a sea of oil," major industrialized powers have sought oil security. For instance, an imperialist surge by Japan to secure oil supplies in East Asia resulted (2)---- the fateful attack on Pearl Harbour. The desire to control Middle East oil pushed the Soviet Union into Afghanistan, and led to Saddam Hussein's (3)---- of Kuwait. And in his 1980 State of the Union speech, US President Jimmy Carter made clear America's own oil-security policy (4)---- he deseribed what would become known as the Carter Doctrine: "Any attempt by an outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as an assault on the (5)---- interests of the United States of America."

Saturn and its 47 diverse moons have been (1 )---the close watch of the Cassini probe since 2004. The probe's main (2)---- in its planned 74 orbits is to gather detailed images of the second largest planet in our solar system, its icy moons and spectacular rings, (3)---- span (4)---- 272,000 kilometers. So far, the probe (5)---- some of the best images we have of Saturn, and provided astronomers with a wealth of new data.

1.

declares declared has declared would have declared would declare

B) in D) through

A) stage C) assumption E) aim

B) objection D) ontroversy

A) whatever C) who E) whereas

B) where D) which

A) completely C) largely E) slightly

B) almost D) adversely

2.

1. A) B) C) D) E)

A) under C) with E) over

3.

2. A) in C) on E) of

B) within D) below

4.

A) purchase C) invasion E) illusion

B) exclusion D) negotiation

5.

A) in case C) even if E) so far as

B) although D) when

A) tedious C) redundant E) vital

B) irrelevant D) vague

3.

4.

A) B) C) D) E)

is capturing captures has captured had captured will capture

5.


107

YDS ŞiFRELERi

TEST3

TEST4

Eritrea was part of the first Ethiopian kingdom of Aksum (1) ---- its decline in the 8th century. lt came under the control of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century, and (2) ---- of the Egyptians. The ltalians (3) ---- the coastal areas in 1885, and the Treaty of Uccialli, signed on 2nd May 1889, gave ltaly (4) ---- over part of Eritrea. The ltalians ruled the colony until World War ll. lt was made an Ethiopian province in 1962, but a civil war (5) ---against the Ethiopian government led by rebel groups who opposed the union and wanted independence for Eritrea.

The portrait, as it is known today, was born in the Renaissance. In fact, portraits (1)---- before the Renaissance, of course: (2) ---- think of the Pharaohs with their colossal statues, or the busts of the Roman emperors, (3) ---· those figures seemed very (4) ·-·. Renaissance artists, by contrast, sought to create not just a likeness of their subjects, but also (5) ·-· of their spirit.

1. A) B) C) D) E)

1. A) through C) until E) in

B) over D) with

2.

2. A) subsequently C) unanimously E) extensively

B) widely D) earnestly

A) Just C) Always E) Previously

B) Already D) Usually

A) whenever C) but E) so far as

B) when D) while

A) principal C) enthusiastic E) remote

B) prospective D) recent

A) many C) something E) few

B) anything D) any

3.

3. A) B) C) D) E)

exist would exist have existed would have existed had existed

capture will capture have captured captured are capturing

4.

4. A) institution C) treatment E) prominence

B) sovereignty D) opposition

A) broke out C) set out E) went forward

B) took off D) kept on

5.

5.

108



TEST S

TEST6

Nearly fifteen years after South Africa's demecratic overthrow of apartheid, the country is fa c ing growing (1) ---- over the rise of "economic apartheid" and the way it (2) ---- millions of South Africans in the same, if not a worsening economic position than they endured prior to 1994. (3) ---South African government statistics, the average black household has become 15% poorer over the last fourteen years, while an average white household has seen its wealth grow (4) ---- some 19%. There has been a 20% decrease in the ineome of the poorest 50% of South Africans, and black South Africans have lost (5) ---- two million jobs over the same period.

The gondola has been a part of Venice since the 11th century. (1) ---- its si im shape and fiat underside, the boat is perfectly adapted to maneuvering in Venice's narrow, shallow canals. The front of the boat has a (2) ---- leftward curve to prevent it from going around in circles, as the gondolier, or operator of the boat, uses the oar only on the right side. In 1562, it (3) ---- that all gondolas should be black to stop people from making an (4) ---- show of their wealth. Today, gondola rides are expensive, and are (5) ---- taken only by tourists.

1.

1. A) interest C) encouragement E) threat

B) demand D) criticism

B) With D) From

A) slight C) relevant E) favourable

B) habitual D) cheerful

2.

2. A) is leaving C) would have left E) was leaving

A) About C) Through E) Along

B) had left D) left

3. A) B) C) D) E)

3. A) Because of C) lnstead of E) Contrary to

B) According to D) In addition to

A) through C) in E) by

B) for D) with

A) yet C) hardly E) alsa

B) mostly D) nearly

has been decided decided was decided would have decided had decided

4.

4.

A) ostentatious C) adjacent E) inescapable

B) affluent D) omnipresent

A) possibly C) seldam E) defınitely

B) obviously D) usually

5.

5.


109

YDS ŞiFRELERi

TEST7

TEST S

However hazy their grasp of astronomy may be, most adults hold several beliefs with some certainty. They believe, for example, that the Earth is round and that it revolves around another, larger round body (the Sun), (1) ---- a smaller round body (the Moon) revolves around it. They also believe (2) ---- certain familiar phenomena, such as the day-night cycle and the seasons, depend on the movements and relative positions of the Earth, Sun, and Moon. But how do adults come to form such beliefs? The facts of astronomy are hardly evident in everyday experience; if anything, the reverse (3) ---- to be true. Children experience an apparently fiat earth from which they see the Sun move (4) ---- the sky, and they learn things that seem incompatible with the notion that people could somehow live on the surface of a large bali. ls the development of adult-levet understanding, therefore, simply a matter of suppressing childish beliefs and gradually (5) ---- the views of modern adult society?

To determine a person's diet history, the doctor asks what foods (1) ---- in the previous 24 hours and what types of food are usually eaten. The person may ba asked to keep a food diary, in which he lists everything he eats for three days. (2) ---- the physical examination, the doctor observes the person's general appearance and behaviour (3) ---- the distribution of body fat and the functioning of body organs. (4) ---- the doctor suspects severe malnutrition, he orders a complete blood cell count and blood and urine tests to measure levels of vitamins, minerals, and waste products such as urea. Skin tests may also be ordered to (5) ---- certain types of immunity.

1. A) B) C) D) E)

were being eaten had been eaten will have been eaten were eaten are eaten

2. 1. A) after C) where

B) as if D) while

A) Out of C) By E) During

B) At D) Over

A) as well as C) so as E) so that

B) but also D) just as

A) While C) If E) Even if

B) Even though D) Whether

A) curtail C) emphasize E) assume

B) realize D) assess

E) if

3.

2. A) in that C) those E) that

B) as D) since

4.

3. A) B) C) D) E)

must have been argued could be argued will be argued might have been argued would have been argued

5.

4. A) along C) among E) aboard

B) about D) across

A) accepting C) recovering E) overloading

B) eliminating D) maintaining

5.

110



TEST9

TEST10

The Pergamum of Eumenes ll is remembered (1) -- for its library. Said to have held more than 200,000 volumes, the library was a symbol of

Bill Clinton's main legacy for race relations in the United States is that he helped to sustain and accelerate the desegregation of the higher circles

Pergamum's social and cultural status. Eumenes

of American life. On the psychological plane, he

was a passionate book collector, and his library came to challenge the world's greatest one in Alexandria (700,000 books). Afraid that the Pergamum library (2) ---- famous scholars away from Alexandria, the Egyptians cut off the supply of papyrus from the Nile Never one to retuse a challenge, Eumenes set his scientists to work and they (3) ---- pergamen (Latin for parchment), a writing surface made from animal hides rather than pressed papyrus reeds. (4) ---- the end, however, it was the Egyptians who had the last laugh. (5) ---- the library at Alexandria was damaged by fire, Mark Antony pillaged the one at Pergamum for books to give to his beloved Cleopatra.

gently pushed the white American public to accept something that (1) --- many whites today is (2) ---- more in question than one would like to believe: that blacks really can be equal or (3) ---superior to whites in performing the most crucial and difficult tasks demanded by our society. George W. Bush contributed to this process when he (4) ---- Colin Powell as Secretary of State. Through his appointment of blacks and genuine friendships with them, Clinton has deepened this (5) ---- in American life.

1. A) under C) with E) for

B) on D) besides

A) decently C) even so E) excessively

B) stili D) doubtfully

A) also C) even E) as

B) more D) only

A) appoints C) has appointed E) would appoint

B) had appointed D) appointed

A) tendeney C) exclusion E) intuition

B) allocation D) admission

1. A) with a view C) most of all E) just in case

B) as well as D) enough

2.

2. 3.

A) attracted B) would attract C) might have attracted D) will attract E) may attract

4. 3. A) came up with C) stood against E) carried on with

B) stepped over D) ran over

5.

4. A) Off C) By E) To

B) In D) Through

A) Even though C) In case E) When

B) Until D) Even if

5.


11 1

YDS ŞiFRELERi

TEST 11

TEST12

Music educators give us many good reasons for playing. lt is said to feed our intelligence and (1) --- our self-esteem. lt removes us from the anxieties of daily life, placing us in the curious world of self-expression, (2) ---- the linear passage of time seems to vanish. Of course, the roots of British musicianship go far deeper than a list of healthy lifestyle tips. Britain's history has shaped a great diversity of musical traditions, many of which (3) ---- flourish. The patchwork of AngloSaxon and Celtic nations, the myths of a rural idyll created (4) ---- rapid urbanization, the close relationship with America and the immigration from the West lndies, south Asia and Africa - all (5) ---- to the wealth of music literature and recordings.

Education is both a consumption and an investment good. The (1) ---- of knowledge by reading a book can give pleasure and benefits to an individual equivalent to consuming an iceerearn or seeing a film at the cinema. But education can also help advance in a chosen career (2) ---- success is achieved in specifıc examinations. If a financial gain is thereby achieved, then the time spent in the educational process (3) ---- seen as an investment. By investing in yourself you hope that your enhanced skills add to your potential earning power in the labour market; your qualifıcations should help you to compete that much better against those (4) ---- qualifıed for a particular job. As far as an employer is concerned, your educational qualification is a means (5) ---- fıltering where there is keen competition for a post.

1. A) raise C) afflict E) provoke

B) appreciate D) represent

A) wherever C) where E) whom

B) which D) how

A) then C) thus E) too

B) stili D) almost

A) of C) at E) by

B) in D) with

1.

2.

B) since D) as if

A) might have been C) was E) can be

B) would be D) had been

A) as much C) least E) fewer

B) less D) the same

A) of C) over E) through

B) by D) with

4.

5.

112

A) even so C) if E) unless

3.

4.

have contributed would contribute had contributed will contribute to have contributed

B) exclusion D) acquisition

2.

3.

A) B) C) D) E)

A) contribution C) obscurity E) continuation

5.



TEST13

TEST14

All hay fever sufferers will be aware of the polen "rain" that {1) ---- them in the sp ring and summer. Pollen grains - the tiny male reproductive bodies of flowering plants - have an almost {2) ---- outer shell {exine) that can survive in certain sediments for tens of thousands of years. In pollen analysis the exines are extracted from the soil, studied under a microscope, and identified {3) ---- the distinctive exine shape and surface ornamentation of different families and genera of plants. {4) --- quantified, these identifications are then plotted as curves on a pollen diagram. Fluctuations in the curve {5) ---- each plant category may then be studied for signs of climatic fluctuation, or forest elearance and crop planting by humans.

Underwater archaeology is beginning to yield a detailed picture of whaling undertaken by Basque fishermen at Red Bay, Labrador, in the 16th century. The Basques were at this time the largest suppliers to Europe of whale o il - an im portant {1) ---- used for lighting and in products such as soap. In 1977, prompted by the discovery in Spanish archives that Red Bay {2) ---- a prominent whaling centre, Canadian archaeologist James A. Tuck began an exeavation on the isiand at the mouth of Red Bay Harbour. Here he found remains of structures for turning blubber {3) ---whale oil. {4) ----, in 1978, the nautical archaeologist Robert Grenier led a Parks Canada team in search of the Basque galleon San Juan, {5) ---- the archives said had sunk in the harbour in 1565.

1. A) should afflict C) had afflicted E) afflicted

B) can afflict D) would afflict

1.

A) intense C) indestructible E) unsteady

B) approachable D) abundant

2.

A) according to C) with a view to E) in place of

B) ahead of D) on behalf of

3.

A) Before C) While E) Once

B) Whenever D) Until

4.

A) across C) for E) at

B) on D) about

5.

A) commodity C) artifact E) settlement

B) refınement D) hardship

A) would have been C) was going to be E) will be

B) is D) had been

A) by C) next to E) into

B) about D) upon

A) On the contrary C) Otherwise E) Conclusively

B) Frequently D) Subsequently

A) whose C) whom E) which

B) when D) who

2.

3.

4.

5.


113

YDS ŞiFRELERi

TEST15

TEST16

The term "emotional intelligence" was probably fırst used in an unpublished dissertation in 1986. In 1990 it (1) •••• into the field of scientific psychology, defined as "the ability to monitor (2) • --- and others' feelings, to (3) -··· among them and to use this information to guide one's thinking and action." The concept developed (4) ---- a growing emphasis on research into the (5) ---- of emotion and thought.

Should a vote in Los Angeles count more than a vote in Montana? That's one question raised (1) -• an analysis of Census Bureau data conducted by researchers at the Centre for lmmigration Studies (2) •••• found that nine congressional seats (3) •••• to different states in 2000, if noncitizens, (4) -··· illegal aliens, had been excluded from the counts Congress uses to (5) --- seats.

1. 1. A) was being introduced

B) C) D) E)

had been introduced would be introduced has been introduced was introduced

A) B) C) D) E)

one's own one another's oneself the self each other's

A) B) C) D) E)

identify distribute justify discredit discriminate

B) to D) onte

A) whose C) what E) whether

B) which D) thus

2.

2. 3.

A) B) C) D) E)

3.

4.

A) by C) at E) off

would be allotted have been allotted will have been allotted would have been allotted were being allotted

4. A) regardless of C) pertaining to E) including

B) concerning D) exeeliing

A) select C) allocate E) classify

B) exchange D) circulate

5. A) off

B) C) D) E)

against without out of under

A) B) C) D) E)

alternation participation interaction obstruction complication

5.

114



CLOZE TESTS CEVAP ANAHTARI ı

TEST1 1. B 2.A 3.C 4. D 5. E

TEST S 1. D 2. E 3. A 4.C 5.D

TEST2 1. A 2.E 3.D 4.B 5.C

TEST9 1. c 2. B 3.A 4.B 5.E

TEST3 1. c 2. A 3. D 4.B 5.A

TEST10 1. E 2.B 3. c 4.D 5.A

TEST4 1. E 2.A 3. C 4.E 5.C

TEST 11 1. A 2.C 3.B 4.E 5. A

TEST5 1. D 2.A 3.B 4.E 5.D

TEST12 1. D 2.C 3.E 4.B 5.A

TEST6 1. B 2.A 3. C 4.A 5. D

TEST13 1. B 2.C 3.A 4.E 5.C

TEST7 1. D 2.E 3.B 4.D 5.A

TEST14 1. A 2. D 3. E 4.D 5.E


TEST15 1. E

2. A

3. E 4.D 5. c

TEST16 1. A 2. B

3. D 4. E 5.

c

115

YDS ŞiFRELERi

CLOZE TEST TEKNiKLERi TEST 1 Ever since. Lord Curzon , a member of Britain 's World War ı cabinet, (1) ----that the Allies "had floated to victory on a sea of oil ," major industrialized powers have sought oil security. For instance, an imperialist surge by Japan to secure oil supplies in East Asia esulted (2) ---- the fateful attack on Pearl Harbour. The desire to control Middle East oil pushed the Soviet Union into Afghanistan , and led to Saddam Hussein's (3) ---- of Kuwait. And in his 1980 State of the Union speech , US President Jimmy Carter ade clear America's own oil-security policy (4) ---- he eteseribed what would become known as the Carter Doctrine: "Any attempt by an outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as an assault on the (5) ---- interests of the United States of America . 1.

ver since· s. A) B) C) D) E)

3.

declares dec/ared has declared would have declared would declare

4.

2.

hen s. past. A) B) C) D) E)

5.

s. pası

in case : TEDBIR SÖZ KONUSU DE GIL although : ZlTLlK GEREKLI(+ ,- 1-, +) even if : ZlTLlK GEREKLi+,- 1-, + when SO far as : KlYASLAMA YOK

ital:_ç,ok önemli· hal!,af A) B) C) D) E)

tedious : CAN SlK lCI irrelevant: ALAKAS lZ redundant işsiz vague : BELIRSIZ vital

TEST2 Saturn and its 47 diverse moons have been (1) ----the close ıWatch of the Cassini probe since 2004. The probe's main (2) ----in its planned 74 orbits is to gather detailed images of the second largest lanet in our solar system, its icy moons and spectacular . ·ngst (3) ---- span (4) ---- 272, 000 kilometres . So farı, the probe (5) --- some of the best images we have of Saturn, and provided astronomers with a wealth of new data.

1.

under the watch of samethin gözetim altmda olmak A) B) C) D) E)

2.

3.

under in with through over

a· ·a

4.

stage: AŞAMA objection: iTIRAZ assumption : VARSAYlM coritroversy: IHTILAF E) aim

A) B) C) D)

5.

o far: a.., re!
A) B) C) D) E)

116

is capturing captures has captured had captured will capture



TEST3 Eritrea was part of the first Ethiopian kingdom of Aksu m (1) ---- its decline in the 8th centuN. lt ca me u nder 1 the control of the Ottoman Empire in the 16 hcentury, and (2) ---- of the Egyptians. The ltalians (3) ---- the coastal areas n 1885, and the Treaty of Uccialli , signed on 2nd May 1889, gave ltaly (4) ---- veli art of Eritrea. The ltalians ruled the colony until World War ll. lt was made an Ethiopian province in 1962, but civil wali (5) ---against the Ethiopian government led by rebel groups who opposed the union and wanted independence for Eritrea.

1.

3.

2.

4.

i

· i

nil

(sovereignty over something) A) B) C) D) E)

5.

institution: KURUM sovereignty treatment: TEDAVI opposition: ITIRAZ 1MUHALEFET prominence: BELIRGINLIK 1ÖNEM

reak out: ortax.a _ıkmak(~ sa ~v: ~a~'L-U;==:!LJ A) B) C) D) E)

broke out took off: HAVALANMAK set out: YOLA ÇlKMAK kept on: DEVAM ETMEK went forward : ILERLEME

TEST4

1.

2.

3.

just + imperative (emir cümlesi öncesi !iust zamiri elir/ A) B) C) D) E)

Just Already Always Usually Previously

··ne sinde virııül geleb"l" aym ya da farkli özneleri bağ/ayabiliri A) B) C) D)

whenever: VIRGÜL GELMEZ when : VIRGÜL GELMEZ but While : VIRGÜL GELIR ANCAK

E)

FARKLI ÖZNEYIBAGLAR SO far as: KlYASLAMA YOK

A) B) C) D) E)

principal : ESAS 1 BAŞLlCA prospective: MUHTEMEL 1MÜSTAKBEL enthusiastic: HEVESLI 1ŞEVKLI recent: SON ZAMANLARDA remote

4.

5.

omething: olumlu cümlelerde kul/am/ır~ A) B) C) D) E)


ZlTLlK BILDIRIRKEN IKI

many: ÇOGUL ISIMLERLE KULLANILIR anything: OLUMSUZ CÜMLEDE KULLANILIR something any: OLUMSUZ CÜMLEDE KULLANILIR few: ÇOGUL ISIMLERLE KULLANillR.

117

YDS ŞiFRELERi

TEST S Nearly fıfteen yearsafter South Africa's demecratic overthrow of apartheid , the country is growing (1) ---over the rise of "economic apartheid" he way it {2) ---- millions of South Africans in the same, if not a worsening economic position than they endured prior to 1994. (3) ---- South African government statistics, the average black household has become 15% oorer over the last fourteen years , while an average white household has seen its wealth grow {4) ---- · There has been a 20% decrease in the ineome of the poorest 50% of South Africans , and black South Africans have lost (5) ---Illi n over the same period .

3.

1. A) B) C) D) E)

interest: ILGI demand: TALEP encouragement: CESARET

A) Because of: ... DEN DOLAYI B) According to: .. .E GöRE C) lnstead of: .... YERINE/+V-ING D) In addition to: ... EK OLARAK E) Contrary to: ... AKSINE

criticism threat: TEHDIT

2.

!4. A) is /eaving B) C) D) E)

had left would have left left was leaving

ya da azıtlma yüzde lle lfachi edilirken 'br. kullammı

lllfiş

A) B) C) D) E)

through for in with

by

kamHI

5.

TEST6 The gondola has been a part of Venice since the 11th century. (1) ---- its slim shape and fiat underside, the boat is perfectly adapted to manoeuvring in Venice's narrow, shallow canals. The front of the boat has a {2) --leftward curve to prevent it from oing around in circles, as the gondolier, or operater of the boat, uses the oar only on the right side. {3) ----that all gondolas should be black to stop people from making an {4) ---show of their wealth. Today, gondola rides expensive, and are {5) ---- taken only by tourists. 1.

A) About

B) With

3.

C) Through D) From E) Along

A) has been decided B) decided

C) was decided D) would have decided E) had decided

2. A) B) C) D) E)

s/ight habitual: ALlŞilAGELMlŞ relevant: ALAKALI cheerful: NEŞELI favourable: AVANTAJLI/UYGUN

tentatlous:

4.

A) ostentatious B) C) D) E)

affluent: VARLlKLI adjacent: BITIŞIK omnipresent: NAZIR escapable: öNLENEMEZ

5. A) possibly: MUHTEMELEN B) obviously: AÇIK/NET OLARAK C) seldom: NADIREN

D) usually E)

118

defınitely:

KESINLIKLE



TEST7 However hazy their grasp of astronomy may be, most adults hold several beliefs with some certainty. They believe, for exam le that the Earth is round and that it revolves around another, (1) •••• a round body (the Moon) revolves around it. They also V . (2) •••• certain familiar

phenomena, such as the day-night cycle and the seasons, depend on the movements and relative ositions of the Earth, Sun, and Moon. But how do adults come to form such beliefs? The facts of astronomy . hardly evident in everyday experience; ::.:_.anything, the reverse (3) •••• to be true. Children experience an apparently fiat earth from which they see the Sun move (4) •••• the sky, and they learn things that seem incompatible with the notion that people could somehow live on the surface of a large bali. ls the development of adult-level understanding, therefore, simply a matter of suppressing childish beliefs and gradually (5) ----the views of modern adult society?

lle: laCII§l••• smaller

1. A) B) C) D) E)

Wrek

ı

4.

2.

ciause

3.

after: ÖNCESINDE VIRGÜL KULLANlLMAZ as if: ÖNCESINDE VIRGÜL KULLANlLMAZ where: ÖNCESINDE PLACE(YER) YOK while if: ÖNCESINDE VIRGÜL KULLANlLMAZ

~

wlth

moda# cou

A) B) C) D) E)

must have been argued: PAST PERFECT could be argued will be argued: "IF" CÜMLESINE WILL GELMEZ mig ht have been argued: PAST PERFECT would have been argued: PAST PERFECT

A) B) C) D) E)

along about among across the sky aboard

A) B) C) D) E)

accepting eliminating: ORTADAN KALDlRMAKJELEMEK recovering: ATLATMAKfiYILEŞMEK maintaining: SÜRDÜRMEK /IDDIA ETMEK overloading: AŞIRI YüKLEMEK

t: kabul etme

5.

TEST S To determine a person's diet history, the doctor asks what foods (1) ---the 24 hours and what types of food are usually eaten. The erson ma b ed to keep a food diary, in which he lists everything he eats for three days. (2) •••• pbyslcal the doctor observes the person's general appearance i: an~d·b~ehitaiviour (3) •••• of body fat and the functioning of body organs. (4) ---- the doctor .. severe malnutrition, he a complete blood cell count and blood and urine tests to measure levels o vitamins, minerals, and waste products such as urea. Skin tests may also be ordered to (5) ---- certain types of immunity.

1.

+

3. A) B) C) D) E)

were being eaten had been eaten will have been eaten were eaten are eaten

+

2.

A) Out of B) C) D) E)

At By Over During

-

A) B) C) D) E)

as well as but also : + FIILicüMLE so as: +TOV, just as : + SENTENCE/V-ING SO that:+ MAY/WILLfCAN

A) B) C) D) E)

While: ZlTLlK GEREKLi Even though: ZlTLlK GEREKLI If Whether: CÜMLEDEVIRGÜL OLMAZ Eve n if : ZlTLlK GEREKLI ( +, -/-, +)

A) B) C) D) E)

curtail: AZALTMAK realize: FARK ETMEK/ GERÇEKLEŞTIRMEK emphasize: VURGULAMAK assess assume: FARZETMEK

u

4.

5.


119

YDS ŞiFRELERi

TEST9 The Pergamum of Eumenes ll is remembered (1) ····for its library. Said to have held mo re than 200,000 volumes, the library was a symbol of Pergamum's social and cultural status. Eumenes was a passionate book collector, and his library came to challenge the world's greatest one in Alexandria (700,000 books). Id tha the Pergamum library (2) •·•• famous scholars away from Alexandria , the Egyptians cut off the supply of papyrus from the Nile Never one to refuse a challenge, Eumenes set his scientists to work and they (3) •••• pergamen Latin for parchment), a writing surface made from animal hides rather than pressed papyrus reeds. 4 ···· and however, it was the E yptians who had the last laugh. (5) --- the library at Alexandria was damaaec( by fire, MarkAntony lll the one at Pergamum for books to give to his beloved Cleopatra.

1.

ost of all: billul A) B) C) D) E)

with a view + OF as well as: + ISIM most of all enough: ÖNCESINDE SIFAT KULLANIMI just in case: +cüMLE

A) B) C) D) E)

attracted would attract might have attracted will attract may attract

2.

3.

4.

5.

TEST10 Bill Clinton's main legacy for race relations in the United States is that he helped to sustain and accelerate the desegregation of the higher circles of American life. On plane, he gently pushed the white American public to accept something that (1) ------- mo re in question than one would in performin the most crucial and like to believe: that blacks really can be equal or difficult tasks demanded by our society. George W. Bush this process Whe he (4) •••• Colin Powell as Secretary of State. Through his appointment of genuine friendships with them, Clinton has deepened this (5) ----..i!l.American life. 1.

A) B) C) D) E)

under on with besides for

3.

2. 4.

5.

120



TEST 11 Music educators give us many good reasons for playing. lt is said to feed our intelligence and 1 ---- our selfworld of lf-ex esteem. lt removes us from the anxieties of daily life, placing us .IN (2) ----the linear passage of time seems to vanish. Of course, the roots of British musicianship go far deeper than a list of healthy lifestyle tips. Britain's history has shaped a great diversity of musical traditions, many of which (3) ---- llouris . The patchwork of Anglo-Saxon and Geltic nations, the myths of a rural idyll reated (4) ---- rapid urbanization, the close relationship with America and the immigration from the West lndies, south Asia and Africa - all (5) ----to the wealth of music literature and recordings.

1.

rralse: artmnaN A) B) C) D) E)

raise appreciate: ONAYLAMAK afflict: SARSMAK 1ACI VERMEK represent: TEMSIL ETMEK provoke : KIŞKIRTMAK 1TEŞVIK ETMEK

3. E) too

4. 2.

(J A) of C) at

A) B) C) D) E)

wherever: ÖNCESINDE VIRGÜL GELMEZ which where how whom

+

B) in D) with

E) by

5.

Omlede zaman belirteel ok (s. presentl present perfect 1 wi/1) A) B) C) D) E)

have contributed would contribute had contributed will contribute to have contribute

TEST12 Education is both a consumption and an investment good. The (1) ---- f knowledge by reading a book can give pleasure and benefıts to an individual equivalent to consuming an ice-erearn or seeing a film at the cinema . But education ~ also help advance in a chosen career (2) ---- success L achieved in specifıc examinations. ll a fınancial gain thereby achieved, then the time spent in the educational process (3) ---- seen as an investment. By investing in yourself you hope that your enhanced skills add to your potential earnin ower in the labour market; your qualifıcations should help you to compete that much better against those (4 ---- u · for a particular job. As far as an employer is concerned, your educational qualification is means (5) ---- tiltering where there is keen competition for a post.

L

1.

3. A) B) C) D) E)

2.

contribution : KATKI exclusion : HARICI obscurity: BELIRSIZLIK acquisition continuation : DEVAMULIK

IJ.t,s. presentOs), s. presentlltvpen A) might have been C) was E) can be

B) would be D) had been

4.

. • presentlcan) If s. present(l A) even so: ÖNÜNDE ViRGÜL YA DA NOKTALI VIRGÜL GELiR B) since: SEBEP-SONUÇ ILIŞKISI YOK C) if D) as if:LOOKISEEMITASTEIFEEL .... +AS IF E) unless : (+, -)

5.

E) through


121

YDS ŞiFRELERi

TEST13 All hay fever sufferers lll be aware of the polen "rain" that (1) ·••· them in the spring and summer. Pollen grains - the tiny m ale reproductive bodies of tıowering plants - have an al most (2) --- o uter shell (exine) that can survive in certain sediments for tens of thousands of years. In pollen analysis the exines are extracted from the soil , studied under a microscope, and identified (3) ---- the distinctive exine shape and surface ornamentation of different families and genera of plants. (4) ---- quantifıed, these identifıcations are plotted as curves on a pollen diagram. Fluctuations in the curve (5) ---- eacli. plant category may then be studied for signs of climatic tıuctuation , or forest elearance and cropplanting by humans.

3.

1.

A) B) C) D) E)

2.

according to ahead of: ...IN ILERISINDE with a view to: ... AMACIYLAIUMUDUYLA on behalf of: ... ADlNA in place of: ... YERINE

'ndestructible: d A) intense: YO~UN B) approachable: YAKLAŞILABILIR C) indestructible D) abundant: BOL E) unsteady: DE~IŞKEN/DüZENSIZ

A) Before C) While

B) Whenever D) Until E) Once

r+ each kullanimı

5.

A) across C) for

B) on D) about E) at

TEST14 Underwater archaeology is beginning to yield a detailed picture of whaling undertaken by Basque fıshermen at Red Bay, Labrador, in the 16th century. The Basques were at this time the lar est suppliers to Euro e of whale oil , prompted by in - an im portant (1) ---- used for lighting and in products such as soap. n 1 Spanish archives that Red Bay (2) ---- a prominent whaling centre, Canadian archaeologist James A. Tuck began an exeavation on the isiand at the mouth of Red Bay Harbour. Here he found remains of structures for III!!DIDI blubber (3) •••• whale oil. 4 ----, n 197 , the nautical archaeologist Robert Grainer led a Parks Canada team in search of the Basque galleo San Juan, (5) ----the archives said had sun k in the harbour in 1565.

1.

:

4.

Parçada önce 1977; sonrasmda 1978'den bahsediliyor! A) On the contrary: AKSINE/ (ZlTLlK GEREKIR) B) Frequently: SlKLlKLA C) Otherwise: WOULD/COULD/MIGHT YA DA WOULD HAVE V JICOULD HAVE V 3, MIGHT HAVE V 3

2.

D) Subsequently E) Conclusively: KESIN OLARAK

n:

5.

3.

urn into: ch A) B) C) D) E)

122

by about next to upon into

A) B) C) D) E)

whose: + ISIM when : BOŞLUKTAN ÖNCE TIME (ZAMAN) YOK whom : ÖNCESINDE KIŞI YOK who: ÖNCESINDE KIŞI YOK which



TEST15 The term "emotional intelligence" was probably fı rst used in an unpublished dissertation in 1986. it (1) ---i:' i n~ to~t~h~ e ~fıeld of scientific psychology, defıned as "the ability to monitor (2) ---- and others' lfeelings, to (3) ---1! hem and to use this information to guide one's thinking and action ." The concept ıt!veloped ,(4) ---- a growing emphasis on research into the (5) ---- ot emotion __ thought.

1.

2.

minate amon

3. A) B) C) D) E)

was being introduced had been introduced would be introduced has been introduced was introduced

arasmdaki farki görmek A) B) C) D) E)

thets' lle devam eden cOm some ya da one's ile başlar! A) B) C) D) E)

outof

4.

one'sown one another's = EACH OTHER'S oneself the self each other' s =ONE ANOTHER'S

identify: BELIRLEMEK/TESPIT ETMEK distribute: DAGITMAK j ustify: DOGRULAMAK discredit: GÜVEN DUYMAMAK discriminate

-den ortaya Çikmak B) against D) outof

A ) off C) without E) under

5.

nteractlon between x and iki şey arasmdaki ilişki A) B) C) D) E)

alternation: DEGIŞIM participation : KATILIM interaction obstruction: ENGELLEME complication : PÜRÜz/ KOMPLIKASYON

TEST16 Should a vote in Los Angeles count more than a vote in Montana? That's one question ral of Gensus Bureau data conducted by researchers at the Gentre for lmmigration di congressional seats (3) ----to different states in 2000 noncitizens, (4) ---- illegal aliens, Wi!li!..!!ı!!!li!!!..!U!~I!!ı!!!!ı! from the counts Congress uses to (5) ----

1.

3. A) by C) at

B) to D) onto E) off

elltı

2. A) B) C) 0) E)

whose : + ISIM which what: FIIL + WH AT YA DA W HAT+ CÜMLE+ FIIL thus: ARDlNDAN CÜMLE YADA VING GELiR whether: ÖNCESIN DE VE RB (FIIL) GELIR

A) B) C) D) E)

would be allotted have been allotted will have been allotted would have been allotted were being allotted

A) B) C) D) E)

regardless of concerning pertaining to exeeliing inc/uding

A) B) C) D) E)

select: SEÇMEK exchange: DEGIŞ TOKUŞ ETMEK allocate circulate : YAYMAK/ YAYlLMAK classify: SlNlFLANDlRMAK

4.

5.


123

YDS ŞiFRELERi

SENTENCE COMPLETON TESTS TEST 1 1.

4.

If the cost of health benefits for working people in a country rises, ----.

A) During World War ll , France was split into a German-occupied north and an unoccupied south B) Fallawing World War ll, France turned its attention to its African colonies, where there was a growing demand from the natives for independence C) After a series of extremely savage battles, Allied armies liberated France in August 1944 from the German occupation D) In May 1940, the Germans marched into an undefended Paris, and in the fallawing month the French government signed an armistice E) Beginning in 1919, French foreign policy aimed at keeping Germany weak through a system of alliances

A) soaring health costs are one of the big factors that have crippled the economy B) usually employers cut wages or pass on the costs as higher prices to customers C) fırms should , in fact, be indifferent to whether they pay employees cash wages or benefıts D) those costs have nearly doubled this decade alone in many industrialized countries E) the current economic difficulties have forced politicians to focus on health reform

2.

---- that bats use ultrasonic beams to follow insects through the dark. A) A group of students are experimenting B) Scientists had wondered C) A great deal of evidence needs to be gathered D) lt's long been known E) Over the years, no scientist has questioned

3.

124

5.

Although there were plenty of sceptics when Mauritius tried a decade ago to become an offshore financial centre, ----. A) it has partly attained its goal, since it now hosts 19 national and international banks B) it has built a textile industry that has made the country relatively prosperous C) last month it brought in a new labour law, making it easier to hire and fire D) it imports most of its food and energy as rising world prices are pushing up inftatian E) much of the economy remains concentrated in the hands of a few local magnates

----, while just 1. 7 tonnes of corn yields the same result. A) A team of scientists has claimed that the traditional methods of production in plastics are extremely costly and have an adverse impact on the environment B) lt has been announced that a company in China, sponsored by the government, is planning to harvest plastics from crops of corn C) Eight tonnes of crude oil are currently needed to create one tonne of polyol , which is an alcoholic substance used in a number of plastics D) Scientists are now using a new type of microscope that lets them view internal structures of materials in greater detail than ever before E) The device the company's scientists use utilizes X-ray analysis technology and reveals chemical compositions of objects being studied

----, but it failed to halt the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi war machine.

6.

In his opinion, poetry is essentially an effort to elude facts, ----. A) since he had been regarded as a promising young poet B) whereas prose is essentially a means of unearthing and exhibiting them C) but his poems have been published in respectable literary journals D) because many critics share the view that poets should be concerned with politics E) if many prose writers enjoy writing about social and cultural issue



Missions to the Moon's previously unvisited mountains and polar regions will aid the search for water, ----. A) since the fırst erewed mission will be planned for the far s ide of the Moon B) whereby test landings are scheduled to begin in 2010 C) which is vital to any future lunar base to be set up by NASA D) even if the mission aims to land astronauts on the surface of the Moon by 2015 E) even though dense clouds of interstellar dust conceal the heart of our galaxy

8.

New radiocarbon dating of fossils suggests

----.

A) that mass extinctions of mammoths and wild horses 10,000 years ago were caused by natural climate shifts B) whether humans were to blame for extensive destruction in the natural world and also for the pollution of the oceans C) how scientists began to understand clearly what dinosaurs ate and why they disappeared from the face of the Earth D) if an olive branch buried for thousands of years in volcanic ash could have revealed the fate of the great Minoan civilization on the Greek isiand of Thera E) when it was scientifically established that dinosaurs belonged to a large group of reptiles called archosauria

9.

----, it would be regarded as a disaster at home and abroad. A) Since power generatian in China fell by 7% last year B) As lndia had enjoyed a big economic advantage over China C) Because unrest and even insurgency are widespread in many countries D) If China's growth rate were to fall to 5% or less E) While lndia is considered to be a major economic power


10. In the early years of the global warming debate, there was great controversy over ----. A) while Ch ina has been blamed for the climate erisis today B) although scientists have concluded that this warming is dangerous C) since the details of future forecasts about warming remain unclear D) that warming would be a signifıcant problem in the decades ahead E) whether the planet was indeed warming

11. ---- that the basic principle of collective ownership of rural land will remain unchanged. A) In the past, many people in China teared B) The Chinese government had already decided C) Some politicians in China took part in a debate D) The Chinese PrimeMinister has stated E) Chinese peasants held a protest meeting last Sunday

12. ----, but it no longer sponsors terrorism. A) North Korea had long wanted to reach an agreement with the US B) North Korea had, until recently, no intention of giving up nuclear weapons C) The North Koreans and the Japanese have had talks on a variety of issues D) Two decades ago, two North Korean agents blew up a South Korean airliner E) North Korea's regime may be brutal in all sorts of ways

13. Because Brazil's exports include a wide variety of valuable raw materials, ----. A) the unpredictable exchange rates had damaged the country's economy a lot B) the government introduced a number of austerity measures to reduce inflation C) the country has had huge earnings in foreign currency over the past few years D) the country's economy cannot satisfy domestic demand without higher inflation E) most economists agree that a weaker currency will mean higher inflation

125

YDS ŞiFRELERi 14. ----where bones that span six million years of human evolution have been dug up over the last 25 years. A) New archaeological evidence helps us to understand the evolution of primitive humans B) Various fossils have recently been found in an Ethiopian valley C) The history of human evolution can best be traced through the study of fossils D) The new discoveries in Ethiopia signifıcantly expand our knowledge of primitive humans E) In Ethiopia, a wide range of fossils, including teeth , skull, jaw and hand bones, have been discovered

18. Suriname, now a Latin American country, was originally explored by Spain in 1593, ----. A) because the English transferred sovereignty to the Dutch in 1667 B) but by 1602 the Dutch began to setlle the land, followed by the English C) since colonization was confıned to a narrow coastal strip D) although African slaves made up the workforce for coffee and sugarcane plantations E) while after 1870 plantation workers were mostly imported from British lndia

nationalized

19. Some types of breast cancer grow very slowly and spread to other parts of the body ----.

A) he opposed the view that economic liberty had been under attack B) he had already decided to minimize these risks in a sh ort te rm C) he had tried to avoid populist gestures D) his ultimate aim has been to regulate France's fınancial system E) he did so because he thought the state would run them beter

A) as an infected breast usually appears red and swollen B) so long as they can be detected C) only after they become very large D) so that the diseased breast may be removed E) because recently two separate genes for breast cancer have been identifıed

15. When François Mitterrand France's banksin 1981, ----.

16. In the 1970s and 1980s, Colombia became one of the international centres for illegal drug production and trafficking ----. A) because the drug cartels virtually controlled the country B) even though 2 million Colombians have left the country in the past several years C) that the government unsuccessfully attempted to stern the guerrilla violence D) just as the leading drug dealers were offered lenient punishment in exchange for their surrender E) since the country has turned into a battleground with bombs, killings and kidnappings

20. The prevalence of schizophrenia worldwide appears to be slightly less than 1 per cent ----. A) if schizophrenia is a relatively serious mental disorder B) since it is regarded as a major public health problem throughout the world C) because schizophrenia and other delusional disorders share certain features D) although areas of higher or lower prevalence have been identifıed E) unless people with schizophrenia occupy one

17. New Zealand consists of two main islands and a number of smaller, outlying islands, which are so scattered ---. A) while the country has been in the forefront in instituting social welfare legislation B) as other inhabited islands include the Chatham lslands and Great Barrier Isiand C) even if the North Isiand and the South Isiand are separated by the Cook Strait O) since the Maoris, who consisted of several tribes, were the fırst inhabitants of the country E) that they range from the tropical to the antaretic

126



TEST2 1.

5.

If Iran were to go nuclear, ---.

A) Phoenician textiles commanded a high price everywhere their merchants went B) The Phoenicians may have played an important role in introducing urban life into the Greek world C) Phoenician cities oriented themselves towards the sea D) The Phoenicians became famous as merchants and seafarers E) The widespread colonial and mercantile efforts of the Phoenicians meant

A) Russia and China did their best to stop it

B) the United States may have taken preventive action C) other countries in the region would follow su it D) the UN Security Council sanctions need to be enacted without delay E) it can fire hundreds of missiles at lsrael

2.

---- after strong winds and a heatwave started dozens of forest fıres. A) Many villages in the area will be evacuated B) No precautions had been taken C) The government would have set up a special team of fire fighters D) Many fire fighting teams will have been called in E) Last summer, Athens was engulfed in thick Smoke

3.

4.

6.

7.


----, it does not necessarily produce peace, equality, or homogeneity. A) If a key feature of globalization has been the transformatian of the world economy B) Just as globalization has radically altered patterns of trade araund the world C) Whenever globalization has forced the reorganization of economic enterprises D) Since globalization suggests a uniform process, one that operates similarly everywhere E) Although globalization means worldwide economic integration

---- because they were continually forced to defend their own conquests against other invaders. A) The Romans did not usually impose heavy tax burdens on the cities they conquered B) The geography of the ltalian peninsula had a decisive influence on Rome's development C) The Romans were descended from various lndo- European peoples that had crossed the Alps into ltaly during the second millennium B.C. D) The Romans were a sternly military society almost from the moment they settled on ltalian soil E) The Romans looked to their gods to bestow upon their households and their city the blessings of prosperity, victory, and fertility

Economic as well as social problems plagued Europe during the 1970s and 1980s ----. A) but these problems had actually begun much earlier B) because new industries continued to prosper C) in case the West German growth rate would slowdown D) whereas seven hundred thousand French workers had been laid off E) unless demand for manufactured goods fell sharply

During the Cold War, even as they prepared to destroy one another, ----. A) the West has always sought opportunities to make peace with the Soviet Union B) the United States and the Soviet Union had been involved in a constructive dialogue C) Britain has imported enormous quantities of timber from the Soviet Union D) the West and the Soviet Union struck deals and traded in energy E) the Soviet Union contributes a great deal to China's economic development

---- that they influenced cultures across the Mediterranean.

8.

Everyone knows ----. A) that the politics of oil is crucial to life in the Middle East B) whether to the Arabs oil means the vast petroleum reserves lying under the desert san ds C) if in the Middle East oil is a precious source of wealth and all too often a ca use for war D) since non-OPEC oil producers currently account for 58% of total production E) as lraqi crude oil exports in 2007 were more than 5% lower than in 2006

127

YDS ŞiFRELERi 9.

According to a report released by the US Seeret Service, the Middle East is one of the world's hotspots ----.

12. Half of the increase in EU Aid for Trade is specifıcally targeted toward the African, Caribbean and Pacific countries (ACP), ----.

A) as there are other conspiracy theories emanating from the region B) whether Iran and Syria are actively engaged in economic warfare against the US C) when it comes to counterfeit US currency D) while the Iranian government dismisses charges of collaboration with counterfeiters E) although there is a conspiracy to undermine the US economy through counterfeit currency

A) unless the European Commission set up this programme to promote investment and technology flow in these countries B) although the EU has used trade to advance its development eecperation objectives in the ACP nations for decades C) with which the EU is negotiating regional Economic Partnership Agreements designed to remove all tariff and quota barriers to the EU market D) which could have enabled the leastdeveloped countries to use trade more effectively to achieve their development goals E) because the European Commission allocated billions of dollars for eecperation with nonACP countries

10. Few figures in Western history have held the attention of the world ----. A) so long as Napoleon pursued serious interests in history, law, and mathematics B) as Napoleon did during the fıfteen years of his rule in France C) because Napoleon's character seemed suited to the age in which he lived D) since Napoleon's particular strength as a leader lay in his capacity for inspiring others E) just as Napoleon believed that he was destined to be the saviour of France

11. Although the British Royal Navy claims that it was not operating any warships in the area at the time, ----. A) underwater noise hasn't been fully recognized as a form of pollution B) it must have been military sonarthat killed the whales and dolphins C) there are no hard and fast guidelines for seismic surveys D) the UK would have had 25 warships which carried active sonar E) a number of marine mammals beached themselves during this American military operation

128

13. ----, but just over 1 per cent of them spend the night in Umbria, in the south of Tuscany. A) Visitors to Lake Trasimeno will see few other tourists B) Perugia is home to a world-famous jazz festival in the summer and a chocolate festival in the fall C) In the town of Deruta, handmade gift-items fıll many shop windows D) Tuscany attracts more than 12 per cent of all visitors to ltaly E) Scenic stone hilltowns such as Assisi and Gubbio are among the main attractions

14. If labour could be measured adequately in simple homogeneous units of time, such as labourhours, ----. A) it covers many other kinds of areas as well , such as social security and worker satisfaction B) a change in the organization of the community's labour would be likely to increase the annual production of wealth C) earlier economists failed to fınd a simple relation between the value of a product and the quantity of labour that it embodied D) different uses of the available supply of labour need to be considered E) the problems of economics would be considerably simplifıed


YDS GRAMMAR TEST TEKNiKLERi 15. ----, where they are often seen floating in the water like logs, with only their nostrils, eyes, and ears above the surface. A) The Mississippi alligator, the American crocodile, and the Chinese alligator are the only other species B) Crocodiles are found near swamps, lakes, and rivers in Asia, Africa, Australia, and Central America C) As recently as several decades ago, crocodiles were plentiful in much of the tropics and subtropics D) This would have helped crocodiles to adapt to different environments E) Crocodiles can grow up to 7 metres in length, and have long, powerful tails that propel them when swimming

16. While some argue that the Elgin Marbles, ----, are more carefully preserved there, the Grek government does not accept the legality of the sale that took place in 1816 and believes they belong in Athens. A) after they were acquired from the Ottoman authorities of the time B) since they are alsa called the Parthenon Marbles C) so they are very famous indeed D) which are kept in the British Museum in London E) as if they were sold to the British nation

18. All the major cities and islands of Spain have airports, ----. A) but buses will be a faster and more frequently used aptian between smaller towns B) until Spain has an increasingly effıcient transportation system C) even if both the road and rail networks were greatly improved during the 1980s and in the run-up to the Bareelona Olympics in 1992 D) so in much of rural Spain, public transportation is limited and a car is the most practical solution for getting around E) though only a few of them cater to international flights

19. In the US in 1882, Peter J. McGuire, who is generally given credit for the idea of Labor Day, suggested to the Central Labor Union of New York ----. A) if there was any particular signifıcance for the da te B) that there should be a holiday honouring American workers C) whether the signifıcance of Labor Day in the US had changed D) whereas, in many other countries, May Day serves a similar purpose E) when the fırst Monday in September was to be known as Labor Day

20. Germany is similar in many ways to France, ltaly and the UK ----. 17. A colour-blind person cannot see difference between two colours ----.

any

A) while to people with normal sight they are clearly different B) as if red and green were completely different C) if this were the case with traffic-lights D) since this is a potentially dangerous situation E) whether the top light or the bottom light signals "stop"


A) unless it attaches primary importance to both multilateral and bilateral diplomacy B) as though the EU were essentially in control of environmental policies C) where the foreign policy process in Germany had to agree to a compromise in recent years D) although this had led to arguments concerning the proper role of the German Foreign Ministry in shaping and implementing policy E) in that it is one of just a few European states which attempt to maintain worldwide representation

129

YDS ŞiFRELERi

TEST3 1.

5.

Until China becomes the most powerful nation in the world, with Chinese spoken universally, ----.

A) Serbia experienced widespread corruption under Milosevic, who ruled the country as a dictator, B) Many Serbians felt humiliated by the atrocities commited in Bosnia by the Milosevic government C) Milosevic's rule in Serbia literally meant political tyranny, which led to pro-democracy protests in the country, D) Milosevic, the ex-president of Serbia, was protested nationwide and then removed from power E) Taday Serbia's writers constantly remind their people of the shameful past of their country under Milosevic

A) the problems of wide variations in English may well be lessened B) English will remain the primary language of science and diplomacy C) many countries in the world have shifted to printing their scientific journals only in English D) immigrants to the United States or Britain acquire English rapidly and well E) people who speak English and anather language have an advantage over those who speak only English

2.

---- before grapes can be transformed into fıne wine.

6.

A) Harvesting was a very costly and tiring process B) Farmers were expecting higher prices C) Drought does much damage to grape vines D) The farm workers in France have protested at lowerwages E) There is much work to be done

3.

4.

lt's hard to explain Many travellers are curious One soan becomes aware lt has been debated We have been much impresse

----, yet it is not possible to go much further without any breakthroughs in battery technology. A) Electric cars don't make economic sense in view of the harsh environmental regulations in force B) Electric cars have simply been a technological failure C) Hybrid cars are certainly a step in the right directian D) Any fuel savings resulting from electric or hybrid cars are likely to be offset by the cost of the cars themselves E) One fears that the hybrid car may be yet anather technological failure

130

Many of the larger companies in Somalia have issued shares, ----. A) if the lack of a government in the country poses a wide range of problems B) since the local telecom offers the best and cheapest phone service in Africa C) although there is no stock exchange or fınancial authority of any sart in the country D) but business leaders have taken steps to increase the country's foreign-trade capacity E) even if foreign aid mig ht have benefıts as well as drawbacks

---- what makes Hong Kong so exhilarating. A) B) C) D) E)

---- because he had led the country into four wars which he had lost, and brought economic ruin to his people.

7.

Traditionally, textbooks on British government and politics have focused on institutions and behaviour ---. A) whether it is appropriate to deseribe the British Constitution as uncodifıed rather than unwritten B) in case political institutions and issues are inseparable and need to be discussed together C) just as a brief analysis of the leading types of government found in the modern world was left out D) because one had to explore in detail the impact of Thatcherism upon British politics E) while ignoring the controversies and issues which are the fundamentals of politics



Metearites are extraterrestial complex rocks with roughly equal amounts of metal and silicates ----. A) because the moon has been studied extensively by spacecraft and has been sampled directly at a few locations B) which have major implications for the collisional history of planetary bodies C) whereby the various planetary and asteroital bodies in the solar system contain a specifıc isotopic label D) so that each meteorite is a smail sample of a much larger parent body, probably an un i dentifıed asteroid E) while measurement of the oxygen isotopic composition of the Sun is the highest priority of NASA's Genesis mission

9.

Climate change may alter composition of species, ----.

the

genetic

A) but assessment of any shift in this respect requires genetic data sampled over time B) even though , for most species, environmental conditions have some impact on breeding C) despite the fact that recent analyses clearly show the magnitude and directian of genetic shifts in various populations D) which, according to the evidence available, is geographically widespread from North Africa to Scandinavia E) so long as one can observe the genetic impact that environmental differences have on living beings

1O. ----, street erime in major As ian cities is stili less common than in most European cities. A) B) C) D) E)

Since the governments are concerned Because severe measures had been taken Though it is rising sharply If one were to admit it Before reliable statistical data can be obtained

11. Though the smell of fumes in an aircraft cockpit may not always spell danger, ----. A) a forced landing could have been avoided B) even a smail sensor can detect a wide range of chemicals C) harmless fumes had been caused by a smail leak of oil D) it is guaranteed to alarm the pilot E) such a detector can easily be fıtted into an aircraft


12. Because children enjoy the process of play, --

A) various other options had been taken into consideration 8) they are not primarily focused on achieving a product or achieving a goal C) group demands begin to grow steadily D) many alternative approaches also had to be test ed E) the acquisition of social skills is a positive as set

13. If there is too much mineral accumulation in the compost, ----. roots get burnt and plants die some plants need less fertilizer than others the flowering season was greatly reduced most plants grow far more quickly in wet are as E) the growing conditions also need to be considered

A) B) C) D)

14. ---- that the reasons for introducing the newdesign dollar bills were the persistent reports of high quality counterfeits circulating in the Middle East. A) Following a US Seeret Service probe the US Federal Reserve has wondered B) Enormous quantities of dollar bills are held in reserve in the US and overseas C) All of them are old allegations made by the US Federal Reserve D) The US government's currency policy has been sharply criticised E) lt has been claimed, but never confırmed by the US Federal Reserve,

15. The United Nations officially recognized the greenhouse effect in 1995, ---. A) when its International Panel on Climate noted that human activity had a discernible influence on global temperatures B) as the economies of developing nations will grow over the next few decades C) if developing nations were exempted from the Kyoto Agreement D) since the US government announced that it would not participate in Kyoto Agreement E) that the participating nations must make large and costly changes in their energy systems

131

YDS ŞiFRELERi 16. Oxygen, sugars and amino acids are allawed into the brain ----.

20. Because energy production expends resources and causes pollution, ----.

A) as toxins could severely impair the brain's functioning B) which provided early evidence of the bloodbrain barrier C) but most other substances are kept out D) that controls which molecules in the bloodstream can enter the brain E) just as no other organ is equally efficient

A) we depend upon nature to provide the basics of life, such as food and oxygen 8) many resources are used once and then thrown away C) modern technical challenges are seldom met by scientists D) scientists and engineers must work to develop energy-efficient processes E) engineers must solve problems without even understanding the underlying theory

17. Africa Report is a weekly TV programme ----. A) unless it showcases the very best in Africa B) that focuses on business and investment in Africa C) though it covers everything from economic reform to rewarding investment opportunities D) so it has 250 million viewers in Africa alone E) as it is brought to you by the world's leading business channel

18. Environmentalists are criticizing the patent office for delaying its decision on some new measuring instruments ----. A) while the guidelines have been consistently ignored B) if applications for patents on plants are on the increase C) before objections were filed against patents on a herbiide resistant plant D) since they believe that these are urgently needed to detect certain problems E) as if the controversy had actually died down

19. ----, they operate as effective carriers and may pass it on to other birds which are more susceptible. A) Though many migratory birds are immune to the effects of the avian flu viru . B) Since many residents of outlying villages have refused to carry out the culling of their chickens to prevent the spread of avian flu C) Despite the fact that the avian flu virus is spread , primarily, by migratory birds D) As symptoms of bird flu in humans are similar to those of common flu E) If the spread of the avian flu virus through populations of wild birds remains unchecked

132



TEST4 1.

4.

If only she had come up with some positive suggestions, ----.

---- while such African languages as Hausa and Swahili continued to serve the everyday needs of the masses.

5.

6. ---- but cannot be proved and is difficult to assess. A) The influence of Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language on the development of the language has been widely assumed B) Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language played a role in propagating a standard spelling among the less literate C) Samuel Johnson was an enthusiastic reader of classical and English literature from his earliest years D) lt took Samuel Johnson eight or nine years to complete work on his Dictionary of the English Language E) With his Dictionary of the English Language , Samuel Johnson provided a powerful but conservative model of language usage

Smallpox was once a dreaded human disease,

----.

A) while genetic engineering can be used in several ways to make vaccines B) although taday DNA technology is helping medical researchers develop vaccines C) even if artifıcial-mutant vaccines may cause fewer side effects than natural mutants D) but it was eradicated worldwide in the 1970s by widespread vaccination E) since there has been no effective drug treatment for many viral diseases

A) During the colonial era in Africa, English became the shared language of the administration and a Western-educated elite B) In colonial Africa , the teaching of Engli~h literature is no langer popular C) Modern African writers have found it necessary to adapt certain aspects of English, D) Today, English is the official language of sixteen countries in Africa , E) English as a second language has been taught in Africa for nearly four hundred years,

3.

----.

A) the powers of computers have expanded vastly due to advanced research B) countless technologies not envisioned yet will be available to us C) a great deal of scientific effort is being made to fınd solutions to complex problems D) most people in developed countries enjoy a state of true health throughout their lives E) our knowledge of the world araund us has improved to a great extent

A) the scheme certainly had very many drawbacks B) nobody else is likely to complain C) so far this is the best thesis to be submitted D) the others will already have been rejected E) 1 wouldn't have minded her criticism of the Project

2.

Before the 21st century has run its course,

Neanderthals were human relative ----.

a recent

evolutionary

A) who lived in Europe and became extinct 30,000-40,000 years ago B) as researchers studying human origins debated this question for decades C) which are muscular and robust, with a brain similar to ours in size D) while the relationship between humans and Neanderthals may best be deseribed as sister species E) despite the fact that they had hands as nimble as those of present-day humans, with a thumb and fıngers

7.

The Welsh language has changed so little through the centuries ----. A) whose annual Eisteddfod celebration honours its best poets and writers B) that an educated Welshman can stili read the Welsh of the Mid die Ages C) as more and more English families setlle in Wales , bringing their habits with them D) although Wales recently formed its own national assembly E) unless it embodies the kind, unambitious nature of the Welsh people


133

YDS ŞiFRELERi 8.

By 1809, Sweden's military power had waned to such an extent ----. A) as a new constitution transferred power from the king to Parliament B) so that it could no langer continue as a great power C) that the country was forced to surrender part of its territory to Russia D) in that nearly one million Swedes migrated, mostly to America E) even though the Swedes had contributed to Europe's Age of Enlightenment with advances in science

9.

Road and rail connections in generally better in the north, ----.

ltaly are

A) because between the snowy peaks of the Alps and the rugged shores of Sicily lies a whole series of regions , each with its distinctive culture B) but there are many other attractive historic towns and cities C) but people speak of two ltalies: the rich industrial North and the poorer agricultural South D) just as the government has allocated extra funds for road repairs E) where Milan, Bologna and Verona are the key transport centres

10. There is a general agreement among car manufacturing companies that, ----, hydrogen is likely to be the fuel of choice. A) B) C) D) E)

if sulphur emissions had been checked when oil runs out as it could have been stored asa gas as if no mechanical energy was required unless there were giant fuel cells

11. He has focused on maving the complexity of computing from the desktop to the network,

----.

A) where it can be managed more easily B) if cÇ>mputers could communicate more easily with one anather C) that his improvements actually caught the eye of the Pentagon D) though it became the most widely used operating system of its day E) which would have been the greatest challenge of his career

134

12. Salmon farms are prohibited in Alaska ----. A) unless salmon actually does protect against cancer B) because fıshermen blame the farms for undercutting their price C) since farmed salmon used to be fattier than wild salmon D) but they say salmon farms are bad for the environment E) once the industry begins to attack so me of the problems

13. The Sermuda Triangle, ----, is noted for a high ineidence of unexplained losses of ships, smail boats and aircraft. A) that an entire squadron of planes vanished shortly after takeoff B) as local environmental conditions could be the cause C) since the sea here is particularly fast maving D) when there is an almost unique magnetic effect on compasses E) which is off the southeastern Atlantic coast of the US

14. The stereotype of woman as "emotional" sex is the one ----. A) B) C) D) E)

the

more

that stili persists taday as emotions are so unpredictable but it had been encouraged by the Stoics until overruled by 20th century psychology which a more sophisticated mode of thinking will have denied

15. ---- who will become schizophrenic. A) There seems to be a genetic predisposition B) A cure is nowhere in sight C) Neither doctors nor scientists can accurately predict D) They confuse the real and the imaginary E) Treatment of the disorder is improving

16. In general, when credit demand is low, ---A) it is not sensible to take out loans during deflation B) fallawing the wrong guideline could have been catastrophic C) interest rates measure the cost of credit, not the price of money D) interest rates are correspondingly low E) precautionary savings were rising at this time


YDS GRAMMAR TEST TEKNiKLERi 17. ---- why the minister refused to comment on the issue. A) Nobody else put the manager himself was allowed to speak

B) The journalist was of the opinion C) The members of the subcommittee were warned D) That must be the reason E) Several suggestions had been made

18. ---- that engineers do not restrict themselves to technical matters. A) The engineering curriculum has long required B) Many potential leaders were of the opinion C) The courses involved substantial reading and writing assignments D) The aim was to attract a wider audience E) He acquired a sophisticated knowledge of scientific and technical matters

19. ---- even though she's stili not prepared to forgive herself. A) B) C) D) E)

The wrong person got blamed After all, she committed an error, not a erime Others were also involved in the affair A lot of people have forgiven her She was wrongly accused

20. After we had learned the true story from our daughter, -----. A) B) C) D)

her apologies are obviously worthless she begged us to apologize for her manners 1have ignored her excuses she's stili too proud to admit she did something wrong E) it seems to Iate for her apologies


135

YDS ŞiFRELERi

SENTENCE COMPLETION CEVAP ANAHTARI TEST 1

TEST3

1. B 2.D 3.C 4.E 5.A 6. B 7.C 8.A 9. D 10.E 11. D 12.E 13.C 14.B 15.E 16. A 17.E 18.B 19.C 20.D

1. B 2. E 3.A 4.C 5. D 6.C 7. E 8.B 9.A 10.C 11. D 12.B 13. A 14.E 15. A 16.C 17. B 18.D 19. A 20.D

TEST2

TEST4

1. c 2.E 3.D 4.D 5.E 6.A 7. E 8.A 9.C 10.B 11. B 12.D 13.D 14.E 15. B 16.D 17. A 18.E 19.B 20.E

1. E 2.A 3.A 4.B 5. D 6.A 7.B 8.c 9. E 10.B 11. A 12.8 13.E 14.A 15. c 16.D 17. D 18 A 19.D 20.B

136


TEST 1 1.

IF the cost of health benefits for working people in a country rlses, -. SIMPLE PRESENT

A) soaring health costs are one of the big factors that have crippl d the economy S.PRESENT

konu B) usually employers C)

fırms

uyumu(fiyatların

cut wages or pass on the costs as higher prices to customers

yükselmesi) S.PRESENT

should, in fact, be indifferent to whether they pay employees cash wages or benefıts S.PRESENT

D) those costs have nearly doubled this decade alone in many industrialized countries P.PERFECT E) the current economic difficulties have_forced politicians to focus on health reform P.PERFECT

öncesinde fiil gelmeli! A) A group of students are experimenting + something B) Scientists had wondered + whether C) A great deal of evidence needs to be gathered D) lt'S

A.experiment fiili ardından isim ahrl B.şıkkındaki fiil "whether'' ile

long been known

E) Over the years, no scientist has questioned + whether

3.

negative meaning A) A team of sc· ntists has cl aimed that the traditional method s of production in plastics are extremely costly and have a adverse impact on the environment B) lt has bee announced that a company in China, sponsored by the government, is planning to harvest plastics fr m crops of corn kon arı aynı! C) Eight

t nnes

of crude oil are currently needed to create one tonne of polyol , which is an alcoholic

substance usedin a number of plastics

(positive sentence)

D) Scientists are now using a new type of microscope that lets them view internal structures of materials in greater detail than ever before E) The device the company's scientists use utilizes X-ray analysis technology and reveals chemical compositions of objects being studied


137

ailed to hatt the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi war machine. A) During Worl W ar ll , France was split into a German-occupied north and an unoccupied south B) Following W rld War ll , France turned its attention to its African colonies, where there was a growing demand from he natives for independence C) After a series of extremely savage battles, Allied armies liberated France in August 1944 from the German occup tion D) In May 1940, th Germans marched into an undefended Paris, and in the following month the French government sign d an armistice

E) Beginning in of alliances

5.

tense uyumu (s. past) + konu uyumu ı ı 1919, French foreign policy aimed at keeping

Although there were plenty of sceptics when

Germany weak through a system

Mau

financial centre - .

A) B) C) D) E) 1

6.

it has partly attained its goal, since it now hosts 19 national and international banks it has built a textile industry that has made the country relatively prosperous last month it brought in a new labour law, making it easier to hire and fire it imports most of its food and energy as rising world prices are pushing up inflation mu ch of the economy remains concentrated in the hands of a few local magnates

In his opinion, poetry İ! essentially an effort to elude facts, - . A) since he had been igarded as a promising young poet / ~S. PRESENT

B) whereas prose

is essentially a means of unearthing and exhibiting them

C) but his poems have been published in respectable literary journal D) because many critics share the view that poets should be concerned with politics

ı

özne uyumu yok! (as, because, since) E)

if many prose writers enjoy writing about social and cultural issues ı

If ciause type 1(will ya da present modal 7.

alması

gerekirdi!)

Moon's previously unvisited mountains and polar regions will 8ld the searoh for

noun/isim

(ardından

which/that gelir!)

A) s ince th fırst erewed mission will be planned for the far s ide of the Moon B) wher y test landings are scheduled to begin in 201 O C) W ich is vital to any future lunar base to be set up by NASA D) even if the mission aims to land astronauts on the surface of the Moon by 2015 E) even though dense clouds of interstellar dust conceal the heart of our galaxy

138



· e biterse

suggest + that noun ciause gelir!(ardından cümle gelen that)

ardından

A) that mass extinctions of mammoths and wild horses 10,000 years ago were caused by natural elimale shifts B) whether humans were to blame for extensive destruction in the natural world and also for the pollution of the oceans C) how scientists began to understand clearly what dinosaurs ate and why they disappeared from the face of the Earth D) if an olive branch buried for thousands of years in volcanic ash could have revealed the fate of the great Minoan civilization on the Greek isiand of Thera E) when it was scientifıcally established that dinosaurs belonged to a large group of reptiles called archosauria

ı 9.

- . it would be regarcled as a disaster at home and abroed.

ı

If ciause type ll (with s. past) A) B) C) D) E)

Since power generatian in China fell by 7% last year As lndia had enjoyed a big economic advantage over China Because unrest and even insurgency are widespread in many countries !f.China's growth rate were to fall to 5% or less While lndia is considered to be a major economic power

cümle sonu fiil +Joun ciause over-.

debate, there W88 A) B) C) D)

while Ch ina has been bl amed for the elimale erisis tod although scientists have concluded that this w · g is dangerous since the details of future forecasts ab arming remain unclear that warming would be a signifı problem in the decades ahead

E)

whetfier the planet was indeed warming

111. -that the basic principle of coHective ownership of ruralland wlll remaln unchanged.

ı

noun ciause (öncesinde fiil gelir!) A) B) C) D) E)

ı

PRESENT FORM

In the past, many people in China teared The Chinese government had already decided Some politicians in China took part in a debate The Chinese Prime Minister has stated PRESENT FORM Chinese peasants held a protest meeting last Sunday

A. VE B. SEÇENEKLERi PAST YAPlDADlRI


139

YDS ŞiFRELERi

!12. -, but it no longer sponsors terrorism.

ı

reg'me A) B) C) D)

ı

S.PRESENT

North K ea had long wanted to reach an agreement with the us North Kor had, until recently, no intention of giving up nuclear weapons The North reans and the Japanese have had talks on a variety of issues Two decades o, two North Korean agents-blew up a South Korean airliner

E) North Korea's r gime m ay be brutal in all sorts of ways S.PRESENT

13. Because Brazil's ex orts include a wide variety of valuable raw materials, -. A) the unpredictable exchange rates n damaged the country's economy a lot B) the government introduced a number o sterity measures to reduce inflation C) the country has had huge earnings in foreı

n currenc

over the past few years

D) the COUntry's economy cannot satisfy domestic demand without higher inflation

ı

konu ekonomi değil! E) most economists agree that a weaker currency will mean higher inflation

14. -

where bones that span six million years of human evolution have been dug up over the last 25 öncesinde place(yer)gelmeli! ('in' ve 'from' ilgeçleri yer imgesidir!)

A) B) C) D) E)

New archaeological evidence helps us to understand the evolution of primitive humans Various fossils have recently been found in an Ethiopian valley The history of human evolution can best be traced through the study of fossils The new discoveries in Ethiopia signifıcantly expand our knowledge of primitive humans In Ethiopia, a wide range of fossil s, including teeth, s ku ll, jaw and ha nd bones, have been discovered

15. When François Mitterrand nationalized France's banksin 1981,-.

PAST FORM PERFECT FORM PERFECT FORM PERFECT FORM PERFECT FORM E) he d id so because he thought the state would run them better PAST FORM

A) B) C) D)

he opposed the view that economic liberty had been under attack he had already decided to min im ize these risks in a short term he had tried to avoid populist gestures his ultimate aim has been to regulate France's fınancial system

(FiiLERiN TÜMÜ SIMPLE PAST TENSE YAPISINDADIR!)

140


YDS GRAMMAR TEST TEKNiKLERi 16. In the 1970s and 1980s, Colombia and traffıckin

became one of the international centers for illegal drug

production

S. PAST

A) because the drug cartels virtually B) C) D) E)

controlled the country

even though 2 million Colombians have left the country in the past several year PRESENT that the government unsuccessfully attempted to stern the guerrilla violence just as the leading drug dealers were offered lenient punishment in exchange for their surrender since the country has turned into a battleground with bombs, killings and kidnapping PRESENT

B. ve E. Seçeneklerinde tense u yokl

17. New Zealand consists of two main islands and a number of smaller, outlying islands, which

are....§2

scattered -. SO ....... THAT KURALI! A) B) C) D) E)

w~·le the country has been in the farefront in instituting social welfare legislation

as other inhabited islands include the Chatham lslands and Great Barrier Isiand ev n if the North Isiand and the South Isiand are separated by the Cook Strait si ce the Maoris, who consisted of several tribes, were the fırst inhabitants of the country that they range from the tropical to the Antaretic

18. Suriname, now a Latin American coun

A) B) C) D) E)

aynı konu! because the English transferred sovereignt to the Dutch in 1667 but by 1602 the Dutch began to settle the land, followed by the English since colonization was confıned to a narrow coastal strip although African slaves made up the workforce for coffee and sugarcane plantations while after 1870 plantatian workers were mostly imported from British lndia ~----------------------,


141

YDS ŞiFRELERi

A) as an infected breast usually appears red and swollen

B) so long as they can be detected C) only after th

become very large

D) so that the diseased breast may be removed E) because recently two separate genes for breast cancer have been

identifıed

PR

A) if schizophrenia is a relatively serious mental disorder B) since it is regarded as a major public health problem throughout the world C) because schizophrenia and other delusional disorders share certain features

D)

although areas of higher or lower pre alence have been identified

E) unless people with schizophrenia occupy one ~~------------------------------------~

A. if cıause cümlesi olup will ile B. neden-sonuç ilişkisi yokl

142

kullanılmalıdır!


YDS GRAMMAR TEST TEKNiKLERi TEST2

11.

lt Iran

!!If !2

go nuclear, - .

If ciause type ll

(with would)

A) Russia and Ch ina did their best to Lop it B) the United States may have taken freventive action C) other countries in the region would follow su it D) the UN Security Council sanctions need to be enacted without delay E) it can fire hundreds of missiles at lsrael

2.

-

after strong winds and a heat wave started dozens of forest fires.

A) B) C) D)

S.PAST Many villages in the area will be evacuated No precautions had been taken The government would have set up a special team of fire fighters Many fire fighting teams will have been called in ~---------------..

E) Last summer, Athens was engulfed in thick smoke

ı

S. PAST

! 3.

During the Cold War, even as they

prepared to destroy one another, - .

i

S.PAST Past pertect A) the West has always sought opportunities to m peace withlthe Soviet Union had been involved ina constructive dialogue B) the United States and the Soviet Unı C) Britain has imported enormous quantities of timber from t oviet Union D) the West and the Soviet Union struck deals andtradedin energy E) the Soviet Union contributes a great deal to China's economic development

were continually forced to defend their own conquests against other invaders. A) The Romans did not us ose heavy tax burdens on the cities they conquered · ·ve influence on Rome's development B) The geography of the ltalian peninsula ha C) The Romans were descended from various lndo- uli'Oı:reao...o ltaly during the second millennium B.C. D) The Romans were a sternly military society almost from the moment they settlrd on ltalian soil

aynı konu! (settle=invade:yerleşmek) E) The Romans looked to their gods to bestow upon their households and their city the blessings of prosperity, victory, and fertility


143

YDS ŞiFRELERi

- that they influenced cultures across the Mediterranean. öncesinde fiil gelmeli! ~relative

A) B) C) D) E)

ciause "where"

Phoenician textiles commanded a high price everywllere their merchants went The Phoenicians may have played an important role in introducing urban life into the Greek world Phoenician cities oriented themselves towards the sea The Phoenicians became famous as merchants and seafarers The widespread colonial and mercantile efforts of the Phoenicians meant

ı fiil

Economic as well as social roblems plagued Europe during the 1970s and 1980s - .

6.

aynı A) B) C) D) E)

konu!

ı

but these problems had actually begun much earlier because new industries continued to presper in case the West German growth rate would slow down whereas seven hundred thousand French workers had been laid off unless demand for manufactured goods fell sharply

-.it does n t necessarily produce peace, equality, or homogeneity.

7.

negative tekniği! A) If key feature of globalization has been the transformatian of the world economy B) J st as globalization has radically altered patterns of trade areund the world henever globalization has forced the reorganization of economic enterprises C) D) S ce globalization suggests a uniform process, one that operates similarly everywhere

umu

E)

lthou h globalization means worldwide economic integration

'As, although, though, even though, than now, but now' bağlaçları ile Tense uyumu şart değildir!

la.

Everyone

değili ı

knows -.

i

cümle fiil ile biterse

144

A. soru cümlesi if ciause yapısına uygun B. just as sonrası continuous yapı

----

ardından

noun ciause gelir!

A)

that the politics of oil is crucial to life in the Middle East

B) C) D) E)

whether to the Arabs oil means the vast petroleum reserves lying under the desert sands if in the Middle East oil is a precious source of wealth and all too often a cause for war si nce non-OPEC o il producers currently account for 58% of total production as lraqi crude oil exports in 2007 were more than 5% lower than in 2006



According to a report released by the

-.

US Seeret Service, the Middle East .1! one of the world's hotspots

aynıkonu! PRESENT A) as there are other conspiracy theo ies emanating from the region B) whether ıran and Syria are actively engaged in economic warfare against the US C) when it comes to counterfeit US currency ı

PRES ENT

-

D) while the Iranian government dismisses charges of collaboration with counterfeiters E) although there is a conspiracy to undermine the US economy through counterfeit currency

A. "as" yapısı ile cümlelerin iki tarafında aynı özne olmalıydı! B. soru cümlesi flll lle bltseydl "whether''

l1o.

Few figures in Westem history have A) B) C) D) E)

held the attention of the world - .

so long as Napoleon pursued serious interests in history, law, and mathematics

as Napoleon d id during the fıfteen years of his rule in France because Napoleon's character seemed suited to the age in which he lived since Napoleon's particular strength asa leader lay in his capacity for inspiring others just as Napoleon believed that he was destined to be the savior of France

A. So long as if yapısı (type ll)olduğu için soru cümlesinde would gelmeliydil B. cOmlesi olmasa nedenille soru

11.

Although tbe British Roval Naw ctaims that it was not operating any warships in the ares at thetime - . A) underwater noise has 't been fully recognized as a form of pallutian

özne uyumu

tekniği!(although,

though, even though)

tl

B) must have been military sonarthat killed the whales and dolphins C) there are no hard and fast guidelines for seismic surveys D) the UK would have had 25 warships which carried active sonar E) a number of marine mammals beached themselves during this American military operation


145

YDS ŞiFRELERi

noun/isim (ardından relative ciause gelir) A) unless the European Commission set up this programme to promote investment and technology flow in these countries B) although the EU has used trade to advance its development cooperation objectives in the ACP nations for decades C) ~hich the EU is negotiating regional Economic Partnership Agreements designed to remove all tariff and quota barriers to the EU market D) whi ould have enabled the least-developed countries to use trade more effectively to achieve

--their developmen relative ciause E) because the European Commission allocated billions of dollars for cooperation with non-ACP countries

relative pronoun ile preposition + relative pronoun arasında preposition almayını tercih edilmelidir!

kalındığında

13. - , but just over 1 per cent of them

PRES ENT A) Visitors to Lake Trasimeno will see few other B) Perugia is home to a world-fam estival in the summer and a chocolate festival in the fall C) In the town of Deru made gift-items fıll many shop windows aynı konu!

D) Tusc ny attracts more than 12 per cent of all visitors to ltaly E) Scenic stone hill t1wns such as Assisi and Gubbio are among the main attraction

lt lılbour

[ !4.

j

PRES ENT bo ,_..ı adequllllıly in~ tıomogoı_,.

ıoıils ol time, such os labour houı8, -.

1

If ciause type ll(with would) A) it covers many other kinds of areas as well, such as social security and worker satisfaction B) a change in the organization of the community's labour would be ~ to increase the annual production of wealth C) earlier economists failed to fınd a simple relation between the value of a product and the quantity of labour that it embodied D) different uses of the available supply of labour need to be considered E) the problems of economics would be considerably simplifıed

ı

If ciause type ll

146



A) The Mississippi

· ator, the American crocodile, and the Chinese alligator are the only other species

öncesinde p

e(yer) gelmeli! - - - - - - - - . IN Asia, Africa, Australia, and

B) Crocodiles are found near swamps, lakes, and rivers

Central America C) As recently as several decades ago, crocodiles were plentiful in much of the tropics and subtropics D) This would have helped crocodiles to adapt to different environments E) Crocodiles can grow up to 7 metres in length, and have long, powerful tails that propel them when swimming 16. White some argue that the El govemment does not accept the

i

Marbles. -. are more carefuUy preserved there, the Greek ality of the sale that took place in 1816 and believes they telong in

Athens. A) after they were ac ıred from the Ottoman authorities of the time so called the Parthenon Marbles B) since they ar C) so they a ery famous indeed noun/isim (ardından relative ciause gelir!) D)

which are kept in the British Museum in London

E) as if they were sol d to the British nation

17. A colour-blind person cann

PRES ENT aynı

A) B) C) D) E)

k nu!

while to people with normal sight they are clearly different as if red and green were completely different if this were the case with traffic-lights since this is a potentially dangerous situation whether the top lig ht or the bottom light signals "stop"

---PRESENT

B. "as if' yapısı belirli fıiller sonrasında geliri C. if ciause type ll yapası soru cümlesi lle


147

YDS ŞiFRELERi

in have aırports, - .

r cltles and lslands of S

ses will be a faster and mo re frequently used option between s maller towns B) until pain has an increasingly efficient transportation system C) even if both the road and rail networks were greatly improved during the 1980s and in the run-up to the Barc lona Olympics in 1992 D) so in much of rural Spain, public transportation is limited and a car is the most practical solution for getting arou d özne uyumu tekniği!(though) E)

tho,gh only a few of them cater to international flights Though

bağiacı

ile iki tarafta

aynı

özne

kullanımı!

19. In the US in 1882, Peter J. McGuire, who is generally given credit for the idea of Labor Day, SUQgested to the Centrallabor Union of New Yort< - . A) if there was any particular significance for the date

cü~le

fiil ile biterse

ardından

noun ciause gelir! (suggest + that)

B) tHat there should be a holiday honouring American workers C) whether the significance of Labor Day in the US had changed D) whereas, in many other countries , May Day serves a similar purpose E) when the first Monday in September was to be known as La bor Day

unl~ss it a aches primary importance to both multilateral and bilateral diplomacy as thoug the EU were essentially in control of environmental policies where t foreign policy process in Germany had to agree to a compromise in recent years althou this had led to arguments concerning the proper role of the German Foreign Ministry in shaping and i plementing policy E) in t at it is one of just a few European states which attempt to maintain worldwide representation

A) B) C) D)

Benzerlik ve farklılık bildiren cümleler in that ile kullanılırlari

bağiacı

148



TEST3

Untll China becomes the most powerful nation in the world, with Chinese spoi
UNTIL s. present, will

kuralı!

B) English Wl ll remain the primary language of science and diplomacy C) many countries in the world have shifted to printing their scientific journals only in English D) immigrants to the United States or Britain acquire English rapidly and well E) people who speak English and another language have an advantage over those who speak only English

2.

-

before gra!)Eis can be transfonned into fine wine.

A) B) C) D)

Harvesting was a ery costly and tiring process Farmers were pecting higher prices Drought doe uch damage to grape vines The farm w rkers in France have protested at lower wages

S.PRESENT E) There

1

is much work to be done

3.-· what makes Hong Kong so exhilarating. A) lt's hard to

+ WHAT/WHY

explain

curiOUS One soon becomes aware lt has been debated We have been much impressed

B) Many travellers are C) D) E)

+ ABOUT +THAT +WHETHER +THAT

t it is not possible to go much further without an

(positive sentence, yet negative sentence) A) Electric cars

don't

make economic sense in view of the harsh environmental regulations in force

negative B) Electric cars have simply been a technological

failure negative POSITIVE

C) Hybrid cars are certainly a step in the right directian

D) Any fuel savings resulting from electric or hybrid cars are likely to be themselves

offset

by the cost of the cars

negative

E) One fears that the hybrid car may be~ another technological failure


negative 149

YDS ŞiFRELERi

e had led the country into four wars which he had lost, and brought economic ruin ID his A) Serbia expe ienced widespread corruption under Milosevic, who ruled the country as a dictator, B) Many Serb· ns felt humiliated by the atrocities committed in Bosnia by the Milosevic government C) Milosevic' rule

1 Serbia

literally meant political tyranny, which led to pro-democracy protests in the

~---------------------------YER!

özne uyumu tekn i ği!(beca u se) Milosevic. the ex-president of Serbia, was protested nationwide and then removed from

D) power E) Taday Serbia's writers constantly remind their people of the shameful past of their country under Milosevic 1

6.

Many of the larger companies in

A) B) C) D) E)

7.

So~ia have issuad shares, - . konu uyumu!- - - - - - - - - - - .

if the lack of a government in the country poses a wide range of problems since the local telecom offers the best and cheapest phone service in Africa although there is no stock exchange or fınancial authority of any sart in the country but business leaders have taken steps to increase the country's foreign-trade capacity eve n if foreign aid mig ht have benefıts as well as drawback

Tradıtıonally, textbooks on British govemment and behaviour-.

politics

.:.:ha:;:;:.ı;.ve;;:ı:;.....ı~;;;;u=ed= on instltutions and

PRESENT FORM

A) B) C) D)

whether it is appropriate to deseribe the Bri · h Constitution as uncodified rather than unwritten in case political institutions an issues are inseparable and need to be discussed together just as a brief analysis of the leading types of government found in the modern world was left out because one had to explore in detail the impact of Thatcherism upon British politics E) whi_le ignoring the controversies and issues which are the fundamentals of politics

A. whether noun ciause gelmesi gerekirdil

yapısı

öncesinde

fıil

B. in case cümlesi precautlon (önlem)

150



oun/isim (ardından relative ciause gelir!) A) because the oon has been studied extensively by spacecraft and has been sampled directly at a few locatio n B) whi have major implications for the collisional history of planetary bodies C) whereby the various planetary and asteroital bodies in the solar system contain a specifıc isotopic label D) so that each meteorite isa smail sample of a much larger parent body, probably an unidentifıed asteroid E) while measurement of the oxygen isotopic composition of the Sun is the highest priority of NASA's Genesis mission

A)

ayn u! (alter= shift= değiştirmek) but assessment of any shift in this respect requires genetic data sampled over time

B) even though, for most species, environmental conditions have some impact on breeding C) despite the fact that recent analyses clearly show the magnitude and direction of genetic shifts in various populations D) which, according to the evidence available, is geographically widespread from North Africa to Scandinavia E) so long as one can observe the genetic impact that environmental differences have on living beings B. ve C. seçeneklerinde yer alan zıtlık bildiren cümleleri soru cümlesi ile zıtlık bildirmiyorl

D.

cOmlesi konuaunctan

A) Since the go ernments are concerned B) Because sev re measures had been taken özne uyum tekniği!(though, although,

bağlaç

bir

even though)

1!

C) Though is rising sharply D) If one were to admit it E) Before reliable statistical data can be obtained

A) a forced la ıng could have been avoided B) even a s all sensor can detect a wide range of chemicals C) harml s fumes had been caused by a smail leak of oil özne uyumu tekniği!(though) D) is guaranteed to alarm the pilot E) such a delector can easily be fıtted into an aircraft


151

YDS ŞiFRELERi

A) va ous o

r options had been taken into consideration

özne uyumu B) C) D) E)

there

ls too mu h mineral accumulation in the compost, - .

If ciause type zero A) roots B) C) D) E)

tekniği!(because)

~ are not primarily focused on achieving a product or achieving a goal group demands begin to grow steadily many alternative approaches also had to be tested the acquisition of social skills is a positive asset

w

'too' cümleye olumsuz anlam yükler!

ınegative---:1

burnt and plants dıe (ölmek negative bir anlam

taşıyor!)

some plants need less fertilizer than others the flowering season was greatly reduced most plants grow far more quickly in wet areas the growing conditions also need to be considered

t the reasons for introducing the new-design dollar bills were the persistant reports of high quality circulati

in the Middle East.

A) Following a US Seeret Se · e probe the US Federal Reserve has wondered B) Enormous quantities of dollar bı re held in reserve in the US and overseas C) All of them are old allegation s made the US Federal Reserve

+ whether

n sharply criticized + whether lt has been claimed, but never confirmed by the us Federal Reserve,

D) The US government's currency policy has E)

152



l1s.

The United Nations officially recognr-d the greenhouse effect in

tense uyumu! (PAST) A) B) C) D) E)

1995,-. 1

time (with 'when')

when

its International Panel on Climate noted that human activity had a discernible influence on global temperatures as the economies of developing nations will grow over the next few decades if developing nations were exempted from the Kyoto Agreement since the US government announced that it would not participate in Kyoto Agreement that the participating nations must make large and costly changes in their energy systems

A. when zaman bağiacı ile iki tarafta aynı tense yapısı kuralı görülmektediri B. cümlenin tense yapısı present olup soru cümlesinin tense ile zaman uyumu göstermemektedlrl

functioni~

A) as tlo·ns could severely impair the brain's B) whic provided early evidence of the blood-brain bar ·er

ayn konu! tense uyu ost other substances are kept out C) but

u!

(PRESENT)

D) that controls which molecules in the bloodstream can enter the brain E) just as no other organ is equally efficient

l1r.

Africa Reportisa wee1<1y TV

pr,ramme -.

noun/isim (ardından A) unless it showcases the very best in Africa

relafve ciause gelir!)

B) that focuses on business and investment in Africa (ardından fiil gelen; noun ciause olan 'that') C) though it covers everything from economic reform to rewarding investment opportunities D) so it has 250 million viewers in Africa alone E) as it is brought to you by the world 's leading business channel


153

YDS ŞiFRELERi rn•roamıan

li

are critlcizlng the patent oflice for delaylng its decision on some new

instruments -. A) while the uidelines have been consistently ignored B) if applicati ns for patents on plants are on the increase C) before obj ctions were fıled against patents on a herbicide resistant plant özne uyumu tekni ~ i! a nı konu! D)

si nce they believe that these are urgently needed to detect certain problems

E) as if the controversy had actually died down

as effective carriers and

which are more susceptible.

özne uyumu tekniği! (though Though many migratory bird re ımmune to the effects of the avian tl u virus ' - - - - ,1

A)

B) Since many residents of outlying villages have refused to carry out the culling of their chickens to prevent the spread of avian tl u C) Despite the fact that the avian tl u virus is spread, primarily, by migratory birds D) As symptoms of bird tlu in humans are similar to those of comman flu E) If the spread of the avi an tl u virus through population s of wild birds remains unchecked

the basics of life, such as food and oxygen A) we depend upon nature to pro en thrown away B) many resources are used once an C) modern technical challenges are seldo et by scientists konu uyumu tekniği!

(energy)

D) scientists and engineers must work to develop en rgy-efficient processes E) engineers must solve problems without even understanding the underlying theory

154



TEST4

2.

A) B) C) D)

the sche nobody so far thi the other

e certainly had very many drawbacks se is likely to complain is the best thesis to be submitted will already have been rejected

E)

If ciause type lll (with would have V 3 ) ı wouldn't have minded her criticism of the Project

-

while such African languages as Hausa and Swahlli continued to serve the everyday needs of the

masses. umu!

(S. PAST TENSE)

A) During the colonial era in Africa, English became the shared language of the administration and a Westem-educated elite, B) In colonial Africa, the teaching of English literatura is no langer popular C) Modern African writers have found it necessary to adapt certain aspects of English, D) Taday, English is the officiallanguage of sixteen countries in Africa, E) English as a second language has been taught in Africa for nearly four hundred years,

3.

-

J

PRESENT

but cannot be proved and S difficult to assess.

tense uyumu! (PRESENT) A) The influence of Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language on the development of the language has been widely assumed B) Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language played a role in propagating a standard spelling among the less literate C) Samuel Johnson was an enthusiastic reader of classical and English literatura from his earliest years D) lt took Samuel Johnson eight or nine years to complete work on his Dictionary of the English Language E) With his Dictionary of the English Language, Samuel Johnson provided a powerful but conservative model of language usage


155

YDS ŞiFRELERi

~ to advanoed ""ea"h

A) the powe" of o+pute". have expanded va•t

B) countless technologıes not envisioned yet wıll be available to us C) a great deal of scientific effort is being made to fınd solutions to complex problems D) most people in developed countries enjoy a state of true health throughout the ir lives E) o ur knowledge of the world araund us has improved to a great extent

Soruda yer alan before cümlesinin diğer tarafında yer alabilecek tense yapıları s. present ve will olup; bu tense yapılan sadece B. ve D.

5.

Smallpox was once a dreadecl human disease, - .

A) while gen tic engineering can be used in several ways to make vaccines B) although oday DNA technology is helping medical researchers develop vaccines C) even if a ifıcial-mutant vaccines may cause fewer side effects than natural mutants tense uyumu! (PAST) D) but it wa eradicated worldwide in the 1970s by widespread vaccination E) since there has been no effective drug treatment for many viral diseases

6.

Neanderthals were a recent evolutionary human

. - - - - - - - - - noun/isim

7.

relative - .

(ardından

relative ciause gelir)

A)

who lived in Europe and became extinct 30,000-40,000 years ago

B) C) D) E)

as researchers studying human origins debated this question for decades which are muscular and robust, with a brain similar to ours in size while the relationship between humans and Neanderthals may best be deseribed as sister species despite the fact that they had hands as nimble as those of present-day humans, with a thumb and fıngers

The Welsh language has changecl SO

A) whose annual Eis

little through the centuries - .

od celebration honours its best poets and writers

S ... .. that kuralı! that an educated Welshman can stili

B) read the Welsh of the Middle Ages C) as more and more English families settle in Wales, bringing their habits with them D) although Wales recently formed its own national assembly E) unless it embodies the kind, unambitious nature of the Welsh people

156



ch an extent -.

8.

A) as a new constitution transferre er from the king to Parliament B) so that it could no lo ntinue as a great power C)

Suc at ku ralı ! that the country was forced to surrender part of its territory to Russia

D) in that nearly one million Swedes migrated, mostly to America E) even though the Swedes had contributed to Europe's Age of Enlightenment with advances in science

1

9.

Road and rail connections in ltaly are generally better in

the north, -.

A) because between the snowy peaks of the Alps and the rugge shores of Sicily lies a whole series of regions, each with its distinctive culture B) but there are many other attractive historic towns and cities C) but people speak of two ltalies: the rich industrial North and the p orer agricultural South D) just as the government has allocated extra fundsfor road repairs E) where Milan , Bologna and Verona are the key transport centre

place (yer) sonrasında c ause yapısı 'where' gelir!

1

10. There

is

fuel of c

a general agreement among car manufacturing companies that,-, hydrogen is likely to be the ice.

A) if sulphur missions had been checked PRESENT TENSE B) C) D) E)

when oil ru n out as it could have been stored as a gas as if no mechanical energy was required unless there were giant fuel cells

to the network, eı:.ı~:tm·asında

A) B) C) D) E)

'where' ciause

yap ı sı

gelir!

W ere it can be managed more easily if computers could communicate more easily with one anather that his improvements actually caught the eye of the Pentagon though it became the most widely used operating system of its day which would have been the greatest challenge of his career


157

YDS ŞiFRELERi

!12. Salmon farms are prohibited ın Alaeka - . A) unless salmon actually ~oes protect against cancer B)

because

fishermen

ltense uyumu! 1 konu uyumu! blame the farms for undercutting their price

C) si nce farmed salmon used to be fattier than wild salmon D) but thty say salmon farms are bad for the environment E) once thl industry begins to attack some of the problems

Who? ('they' zamiri niteleyicisi soru cümlesinde verilmiyor!) 13.

The Sermuda Triangle,

-.is noteel for a high ineidence of unexplained losses of ships, smail

boats and aircraft. A) B) C) D)

that n entire squadron of planes vanished shortly after takeoff as lo al environmental conditions could be the cause since the sea here is particularly fast maving when there is an almost unique magnetic effect on compasses

E)

noun/isim (ardından relative ciause gelir!) which is off the southeastern Atlantic coast of the US

14. The stereotype otwoman as the more ·emotionaı· sex is the

noun/isim

o -.

(ardından

r-----------------------------~--

A) B) C) D) E)

that stili persists taday that = as emotions are so unpredictable but it had been encouraged by the Stoics until overruled by 20th century psychology which a mo re sophisticated mode of thinking will have denied

15. -who

relative ciause gelir!)

who

wil

A) There seems to be a g ·c predisposition B) A cure is nowhere in sight ·predict' fiilinin ardında en C) Neither doctors nor scientists can accurately D) They confuse the real and the imaginary E) Treatment of the disorder is improving

cümlede will gelir!

('predict, hope, think, suppose, investigate, assume' fiilierinin gelen cümleye 'will' gelir!)

158

ardından


YDS GRAMMAR TEST TEKNiKLERi 18. In general, whencredit demand is 1 A) it is not sensible to take out loans ring deflation B) following the wrong guideline could ave been catastrophic C) interest rates measure the cost of cr dit, not the price of money

ortak konu! D) interest rates are correspondingly low E) precautionary savings were rising at this time

117. _.

··r mimster-"' the

comment on the-'

noun ciause (öncesinde 'the reason' gelir!) A) Nobody else put the manager himself was allawed to speak B) The journalist was of the opinion C) The members of the subcommittee were warned D) That must be the reason E) Several suggestions had been made

at engineers do not re$trict.thernsetves.to .technical matters. noun ciause (öncesinde fiil gelir!) A) B) C) D) E)

The engineering curriculum has long reguired Many potentialleaders were of the opinion The courses involved substantial reading and writing assignments The aim was to attract a wider audience He acquired a sophisticated knowledge of scientific and technical matters

A) The wrong person got blamed B) After all, she committed an error, not a erime C) Others were also involved in the affair D) A lot of people

have forgiven

!!!!

tense uyumu+ konu uyumu

tekniği! (PRESENT TENSE)

E) She was wrongly accused

tense uyumu! A) her apolog i B) C) D) E)

(PAST)

are obviously worthless

she b ed us to apologize for her manners 1have ignored her excuses she's stili too proud to admit she did something wrong it seems to Iate for her apologies


159

YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi

ENGLISH -TURKISH TRANSLATION TESTS 3.

TEST 1 1.

Despite the rapid industrialization of countries such as China and lndia, climate change is neither any one country's fault nor any one country's responsibility.

Asya çoğun l ukla okyanusların etkilerinden uzak olduğu için, burada kışlar çok soğuk ve yazlar oldukça sıcak olur. B) Orta Asya, okyanusların yumuşatıcı etkilerinden uzak olduğu için, pek çok bölgede k ı şlar oldukça sert ve yazlar da son derece sıcak geçer. C) Orta Asya ' nın pek çok bölgesinde kışların çok sert ve yazların çok sıcak geçmesi, okyanusların yumuşatıcı etkilerinin burada

A) Orta

yumuşatıcı

A) Çin ve Hindistan ' ın hızlı sanayileşmesi nedeniyle oluşan iklim değişikliği, kesinlikle başka bir ülkenin suçu veya sorumluluğu değildir.

ülkelerin hızlı iklim değişikliği , ne herhangi tek bir ülkenin hatasıdır, ne de herhangi tek bir ülkenin sorumluluğudur. C) Çin ve Hindistan dahil, pek çok ülkenin hızla sanayileşmesi sonucu ortaya çıkan iklim değişikl i ği , herhangi bir ülkenin suçu olmadığı gibi , sorumluluğu da değildir. D) Tek bir ülkenin suçu veya sorumluluğu olmayan iklim değişikliği , Çin ve Hindistan dahil, pek çok ülkenin hızla sanayileşmesi sonucunda ortaya çıkmıştır. E) Çin ve H i ndistan ' ın yanı sıra , çeşitli ülkelerin h ı zla sanayileşmes i, iklim değişikliğine yol açmış olup, tek bir ülke suçlu veya sorumlu B) Çin

ve

Hindistan

sanayileşmelerine

Deprived of the moderating effects of the oceans, much of Central Asia experiences bitterly cold winters and boiling hot summers.

gibi

rağmen ,

bulunmamasındandır.

D)

Okyanusların yumuşatıcı

olan Orta soğuk

etkilerinden yoksun büyük bölümü , çok sert ve son derece sıcak yazlar

Asya ' nın

kışlar

yaşar .

E) Orta Asya , okyanusların yumuşatıcı etkilerinden tamamıyla yoksundur ve dolayısıyla bu bölgede kışlar olabildiğince soğuk, yazlar ise dayanılmaz derecede sıcak geçer.

değildir.

2.

America's conventional military superiority has pushed its enemies inevitably towards insurgency to achieve their objectives. A)

Amerika ' nın

klasik

askeri

üstünlüğü ,

düşmanlarını , amaçlarını gerçekleştirmek

için , olarak ayaklanmaya itmiştir. B) Klasik askeri gücü nedeniyle, Amerika ' nın düşmanları , hedeflerine ulaşabilmek için, hiç çekinmeden ayaklanma yolunu seçmişlerd i r. C) Amerika ' nın klasik askeri gücünü bilen düşmanları , amaçlarında başarılı olmak için, ister istemez ayaklanma yoluna gitmişlerdir . D) Amerika'nın klasik askeri üstünlüğünün sonucu olarak, düşmanları, ayaklanma yoluna amaçlarına ulaşmayı giderek, kaçın ı lmaz

benimsemişlerdir.

E)

Amerika ' nın

klasik askeri gücünden çekinen ancak ayaklanma yoluyla hedeflerine ulaşabileceklerini fark etmişlerdir.

düşman ları ,


4.

There are stili places in the world where one can go to dive and see very little indication of human impact. A) Hala

dünyanın

yapılabilir

pek çok yerinde dalış ve insan etkisinin çok az belirtisi

görülebilir. B) Dünyada hala öyle yerler vardır ki dalış yapmak için buralara gidilebilir ve buralarda insan etkisinin çok az belirtisi görülebilir. C) Dalış yapmak için gidilebilecek ve insan etkisinin çok az görülebileceği yerleri dünyada hala bulmak mümkündür. D) Dünyada, insan etkisinin çok az olduğu ve dalış yapmak için gidilebilecek hala pek çok yer bulunmaktadır. E) Dünyada, dalış yapmak için gidilebilecek ve insan etkisinin çok az belirtisi görülebilecek yerler hala mevcuttur.

163

YDS ŞiFRELERi 5.

The Democratic Republic of Congo's government set up a special commission last week to review at least 60 mining contracts signed in the last ten years. A) Son on yıl içinde imzalanmış olan 60 kadar madencilik sözleşmesi , Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti hükümetinin geçen hafta oluşturmuş olduğu özel bir komisyonca incelenecektir. B) Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti hükümetince geçen hafta kurulan özel komisyon, öncelikle son on yıl içinde imzalanmış olan 60 kadar madencilik sözleşmesini inceleyecektir. C) Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti hükümeti, son on yılda imzalanmış olan en az 60 madencilik sözleşmesini gözden geçirmek için, geçen hafta özel bir komisyon kurmuştur. D) Son on yılda imzalanmış olan yaklaşık 60 madencilik sözleşmesinin gözden geçirilmesi amacıyla, Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti hükümeti, özel bir komisyonu geçen hafta

7.

A) 1893'te dünyada kadınlara ilk seçme hakkı verilen ülke Yeni Zelanda ' dır . B) Dünyada kadınlara 1893'te ilk seçme hakkını veren ülke Yeni Zelanda olmuştur. C) Yeni Zelanda, dünyada, kadınlara 1893'te seçme hakkı veren ilk ülkeydi. D) Dünyada kadınlara ilk seçme hakkı , 1893'te Yeni Zelanda'da verilmiştir. E) Kadınlara 1893'te seçme hakkı verilen dünyadaki ilk ülke, Yeni Zelanda idi.

8.

A) Temel besin eksikliği olan yetersiz beslenme , az beslenmeden veya bağırsaktaki az emilimden dolayı yeterli gıda alınmamasından kaynaklanabilir. · B) Az beslenme veya bağırsaktaki az emilim sonucu temel besinierin yeterli alınamaması nedeniyle, beslenme yetersizliği oluşur. C) Temel besin eksikliği olarak . anlaşılan beslenme yetersizliği , az beslenme veya bağırsakta az emilim sonucu ortaya çıkmaktadır.

D) Az beslenme veya bağırsaktaki az emilim nedeniyle yeterli gıda alınamaması, temel besinierin eksikliğine ve yetersiz beslenmeye yol açmaktadır. E) Temel besinierin eksikliğine bağlı olarak oluşan beslenme yetersizliğinin kaynağı , az beslenme veya bağırsaktan az emilim

aksaklıklarına rağmen ,

kapital izmin, bugüne kadar ortaya koyduğu iktisadi sistem olup olmadığı

insanoğlunun

en

iyi

tartışılmaktadır .

B) Bugün

oluşturmuştur .

Undernutrition, a deficiency of essential nutrients, can result from inadequate intake because of poor diet or poor absorption from the intestine.

The issue under debate today is whether, for all its flaws, capitalism is the best economic system man has yet invented. A) Bir sürü

konu , tüm kusurlarına kapitalizmin , insanın şimdiye kadar ettiği en iyi iktisadi sistem olup tartışılan

rağmen,

E) Geçen hafta Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti hükümetince kurulan özel komisyonun amacı , son on yılda imzalanmış bulunan 60 kadar madencilik sözleşmesini değerlendirmektir.

6.

New Zealand was the first country in the world to give women in 1893 the right to vote.

icat

olmadığıdır.

C) Eksiklikleri de olsa, insanlığın bugün ortaya koyduğu en iyi iktisadi sistemin, kapitalizm olup olmadığı hala tartışılmaktadır. D) Insanın şimdiye kadar yarattığı en iyi iktisadi sistem olan kapitalizmin kusurları , bugün tartışma konusudur. E) Insanlığın bugüne kadar yarattığı en iyi iktisadi sistem olmasına rağmen , kapitalizmin aksaklıkları günümüzde tartışılmaktadır.

9.

The West needs to keep talking to Russia about many things, notably about efforts to prevent Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons. A) iran'ın nükleer silahlar üretmesini engelleme girişimleri, Batı'nın Rusya ile konuşmak zorunda olduğu pek çok konunun içinde özellik taşımaktadır . B) Batı ' nın Rusya ile konuşmak zorunda olduğu pek çok konu içinde özellikle iran'ın nükleer silahlar elde etmesini engelleme girişimleri bulunmaktadır.

Batı ' nın, Rusya ile pek çok konu üzerinde, özellikle Iran ' ın nükleer silahlar edinmesini engelleme çabaları üzerinde konuşmayı sürdürmesi gerekmektedir. D) Batı, iran'ın nükleer silahlar edinmesini engelleme çabaları dahil, pek çok konuyu özellikle Rusya ile tartışmak zorundadır . E) Batı, iran ' ın nükleer silahlar üretmesini engellemek için yapacağı girişimleri, Rusya ile konuşacağı pek çok konu ile birlikte ele almak

C)

zorundadır.

olmasıdır .

164


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 10. The European Union can help underdeveloped countries, especially those in Africa, by offering financial aid, more open trade arrangements and easier visa conditions. Birliği'nin, özellikle Afrika'daki az ülkelere yardım edebilmek için, mali yardım, daha açık ticaret kolaylıkları ve daha uygun vize koşulları sunması gerekir. Avrupa Birliği , az gelişmiş ülkelere, özellikle Afrika'dakilere, mali yardım, daha açık ticaret düzenlemeleri ve daha kolay vize koşulları sunarak yardım edebilir. Az gelişmiş ülkelere mali yardım, daha açık ticaret olanakları ve daha rahat vize kolaylıkları sunan Avrupa Birliği, özellikle Afrika'daki ülkelere yardım edebilir. Avrupa Birliği'nin, az gelişmiş ve özellikle Afrika'daki ülkelere yardım edebilmesi için, mali yardım ve daha açık ticaret koşullarının yanı sıra, daha uygun vize kolaylıkları da sunması gerekir. Avrupa Birliği ' nin az gelişmiş ülkelere ve özellikle Afrika ülkelerine yapacağı yardımlar, mali yardım, daha açık ticaret koşulları ve daha uygun vize kolaylıkları olabilir.

A) Avrupa

gelişmiş

B)

C)

D)

E)

11. In 1979, when its alliance with Great Britain ended, Malta sought to guarantee its neutrality through agreements with other countries. A) Malta, Ingiltere ile ittifakının sona erdiği 1979'da, başka ülkelerle antlaşmalar yaparak tarafsızlığını güvence altına almaya çalışmıştır.

B) Malta, 1979'da Ingiltere ile ittifakına son vererek, tarafsızlığını güvence altına almak için birçok ülke ile antlaşmalar yapmıştır . C) Tarafsızlığını güvence altına almak amacıyla çeşitli ülkelerle antlaşmalar yapan Malta, ingiltere ile olan ittifakına 1979'da son verdi. D) Ingiltere ile olan ittifakı 1979'da sona eren Malta, başka ülkelerle antlaşmalar yapmış ve tarafsızlığını güvence altına almıştır . E) Çeşitli ülkelerle antlaşmalar yaparak tarafsızlığını güvence altına alan Malta, Ingiltere ile olan ittifakını 1979'da bitirmiştir.

12. In February 1994, the US lifted its trade embargo on Vietnam, which had been in place since it entered the war. A) ABD, savaşa girdiğinden beri Vietnam üzerinde uyguladığı ticaret ablukasını ancak Şubat 1994' te kaldırabilmiştir. B) ABD'nin Şubat 1994'te Vietnam üzerinden kaldırdığı ticaret ablukası , savaşa girdiği yıldan beri uygulanmaktaydı. C) 1994 Şubat'ında Vietnam üzerinden kaldırılan ticaret ablukasını, ABD, savaşa girdikten sonra uygulamaya başlamıştı. D) ABD, Şubat 1994'te, savaşa girdiğinden beri Vietnam üzerinde uygulamış olduğu ticaret ablukasını kaldırmıştır.

E)

Şubat 1994'te Vietnam üzerinden kaldırılan ticaret ablukası , ABD'nin savaşa girmesinden beri uygulanıyordu.

13. In Egypt, a number of oil deposits have been discovered in recent years, but it is unlikely that oil will play a major role in the country's economy in the near future. birçok petrol yatakları ancak petrolün, yakın gelecekte ülke ekonomisinde önemli bir rol oynaması muhtemel değildir. B) Mısır'da son yıllarda birtakım petrol havzaları bulunmuş olsa da petrolün, ülke ekonomisinde yakın gelecekte oynayacağı rol çok önemli olmayacaktır. C) Son yıllarda Mısır' da, ülke ekonomisinde yakın gelecekte önemli rol aynaması muhtemel olan pek çok petrol havzası

A) Son

yıllarda Mısır'da

keşfedilmiştir,

keşfedilmiştir.

petrol Mısır'da keşfedilen ülke ekonomisinde yakın gelecekte önemli bir rol aynaması ihtimal

D) Son

yıllarda

yataklarının,

E)

dışındadır. Mısır'da, ülke

ekonomisinde yakın gelecekte önemli bir rol aynaması muhtemel olmayan yatakları son yıllarda ortaya petrol çıkarılmıştır.


165

YDS ŞiFRELERi 14. Albania remained under Turkish rule for more than tour hundred years until it proclaimed its independence on 28 November 1912.

16. People spend energy when they are physically active, but they also spend energy when they are resting quietly.

A) Arnavutluk, dört yüz yıl Türk yönetiminde kaldıktan sonra. 28 Kasım 1912'de

A) Insanlar, bedensel olarak etkin olduklarında

enerji

bağımsızlığına kavuşmuştur .

B) Dört yüz yıldan daha fazla Türk yönetiminde kalmış olan Arnavutluk, bağımsızlığını 28 Kasım 1912'de elde etmiştir . C) Bağımsızlığına 28 Kasım 1912'de kavuşan Arnavutluk, dört yüz yılı aşkın bir süre Türk yönetiminde kalmıştır. D) Arnavutluk, her ne kadar bağımsızlığını 28 Kasım 1912'de elde etmişse de, dört yüz yıldan fazla bir süre Türk yönetiminde kalmıştır .

E) Arnavutluk, 28 Kasım 1912'de bağımsızlığını ilan edinceye kadar, dört yüz yıldan fazla Türk yönetiminde kalmıştır.

15. The lungs are particularly prone to allergic reactions because they are exposed to large quantities of airborne antigens, including dusts, pollens, and chemicals.

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

166

toz, polen ve kimyasallar dahil havadan gelen çeşitli antijenlere fazlasıyla açık oldukları için alerjik reaksiyonlardan çok etkilenirler. Toz, polen ve kimyasallar gibi hava ile gelen pek çok antijene açık olan akciğerler, ale~ i k reaksiyonlara oldukça yatkındırlar. Alerjik reaksiyonlara fazlasıyla yatkın olan akciğerler , hava ile taşınan toz, polen ve kimyasalların da arasında bulunduğu çok sayıda antijene açıktırlar. Akciğerler ale~ik reaksiyonlara özellikle yatkındır, çünkü toz, polen ve kimyasallar dahil hava ile taşınan büyük miktardaki antijenlere açıktırlar. Toz, polen ve kimyasallar gibi hava ile taşınan pek çok antijen, daima bunlara açık olan akciğerlerde alerjik reaksiyonlara yol açar. Akciğerler ,

B)

C)

D)

E)

harcarlar.

ama

sakin

bir

şekilde

dinlenirlerken de enerji harcarlar. Insanların bedensel olarak etkin olması, onların enerji harcamalarına yol açar; ancak, hiç hareket etmediklerinde de enerji harcarlar. Bedensel olarak etkin olduklarında ene~i harcayan insanlar, sakin olduklarında da enerji harcarlar. Insanlar, bedensel etkinlikte bulunurlarsa enerji harcaması olur, ama hiç hareket etmezlerse de enerji harcaması olur. Bedensel etkinlikte bulunan insanlar enerji harcarlar; ancak, bu insanların enerjileri dinlendiklerinde de harcanır.

17. Many people believe that an ulcer is caused by stress or spicy foods, but this is not the cas e.

A) Stresin veya baharatlı yiyeceklerin ülsere neden olduğu çoğu insanın kanısıdır, fakat bu hiç de doğru değildir. B) Birçok insan, ülserin oluşmasında stresin veya baharatlı gıdaların etkili olduğuna inansa da, gerçek durum böyle değildir. C) Çok sayıda insanın inancına göre, stres veya baharatlı gıdalar sıklıkla ülsere yol açmaktadır , ancak durum öyle değildir. D) Pek çok insan, ülserin, stres veya baharatlı g ı dalar nedeniyle oluştuğuna inanır, ancak durum böyle değildir . E) Ülserin özellikle stresin veya baharatlı yiyeceklerin sonucu olarak ortaya çıktığına birçok insan inanmaktadır, ancak işin gerçeği bu değildir.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 18. In addition to traffic fatalities, aleohal use has been implicated in many other deaths among young people, including drownings, falls, suicides, and homicides.

20. The purpose of this training is to accustom the soldiers of the United Nations Peacekeeping Forces to working in a dangerous but largely civilian environment.

A) Gençler arasında alkol kullanımı. trafik ölümlerinden başka, boğulmalar, düşmeler, intiharlar ve cinayetler gibi diğer ölüm türlerinin de nedeni olmuştur. B) Gençler arasındaki alkol kullanımı, trafik ölümlerinin yanı sıra, boğulmalar, düşmeler, intiharlar ve cinayetler gibi diğer pek çok çeşit ölüme yol açabilmektedir. C) Alkol kullanımı, gençler arasında, trafik ölümlerine ek olarak, boğulmalar , düşmeler, intiharlar ve cinayetler dahil diğer birçok ölümün nedeni olmuştur. D) Trafik ölümlerinden ayrı olarak, boğulmalar, düşmeler, intiharlar ve cinayetler, alkol kullanımı nedeniyle gençler arasında yaygın olan diğer ölüm biçimleridir. E) Alkol kullanımı nedeniyle, trafik ölümlerinden ayrı olarak, gençler arasında yaygın olan diğer ölüm biçimleri, boğulmalar, düşmeler, intiharlar ve cinayetlerdir.

A) Bu eğitimle. Birleşmiş Milletler Barış Gücü askerlerinin tehlikeli fakat çoğunlukla sivil bir çevrede çalışma ve görev yapmaları amaçlanmaktadır.

B)

Birleşmiş Milletler Barış Gücü askerlerini tehlikeli ancak sivil bir çevrede görev yapmaya alıştırmak bu eğitimin asıl amacını oluşturmaktadır.

C) Bu eğitimin amacı, tehlikeli ancak çoğunlukla sivil bir çevrede, Birleşmiş Milletler Barış Gücü askerlerinin görevlerini yerine getirmelerini sağlamaktır. D) Bu eğitimin amacı, Birleşmiş Milletler Barış Gücü askerlerini, tehlikeli fakat çoğunlukla sivil bir çevrede çalışmaya alıştırmaktır. E) Bu eğitimle amaçlanan, Birleşmiş Milletler Barış Gücü askerlerinin son derece tehlikeli ancak çoğunlukla sivil bir çevrede görev için çalışmalarını sağlamaktır.

19. We are proud to be part of a programme that gives these often overlooked but extremely talented athletes long-overdue recognition. A) Son derece yetenekli olsalar da bugüne kadar ihmal edilmiş olan bu atietiere hak ettikleri katılmaktan bizim de kıvanç itibar, duyduğumuz bu programla sağlanmaktadır. B) Bizim de gururla dahil olduğumuz program, bugüne kadar unutulmuş, ancak üstün yeteneklere sahip tüm bu atıetiere hak ettikleri itibarı sağlamaktadır.

C) Biz hepimiz, çoğu kez önemsenmemiş, ancak üstün yetenekleri olan tüm bu atietiere hak ettikleri itibarı sağlayan bir programda yer almaktan son derece kıvançlıyız . D) Içinde yer almaktan son derece kıvanç duyduğumuz bu programla, bugüne kadar önemsenmeyen, ancak yetenekleri en üstün olan bu atietiere hak ettikleri itibar sağlanmaktadır.

E) Biz, çoğu kez önem verilmemiş, ancak son derece yetenekli bu atıetiere çoktan hak ettikleri itibarı sağlayan bir programın parçası olmaktan gurur duyuyoruz.


167

YDS ŞiFRELERi 3.

TEST2 1.

More than half of the work force walked out yasterday after the company announced it would close the plant to save millions of dollars.

A) 1970'1i yıllarda Ingiltere'de sendika gucu, sendika liderlerinin ülkede en etkili siyasal kişilermiş gibi görünmesine yol açacak bir noktaya gelmişti. B) 1970'1erin Ingiltere'sinde sendika gücü o kadar artmıştı ki sendika liderleri ülkenin en etkili siyasal kişileri gibi algılanıyordu. C) 1970'1i yıllarda lngiltere'de, sendika liderlerinin ülkedeki en etkili siyasal kişilermiş gibi görünmesinin nedeni, sendika gücünün aşırı bir noktaya gelmiş olmasıydı. D) Sendika gücü 1970'1er ingiltere'sinde öyle bir noktaya gelmişti ki sendika !iderleri, ülkenin en etkili siyasal kişilerinden sayılıyordu. E) 1970'1erde Ingiltere'de sendika gücü, sendika liderlerinin ülkede en etkili siyasal kişiler arasında olma noktasına ulaşmış gibi görünüyordu.

A) Iş gücünün yarısından fazlası dün iş yerini terk edince, şirket, milyonlarca dolar tasarruf etmek amacıyla fabrikayı kapatabileceğini belirtti. B) Milyonlarca doları kurtarmak için, şirket , fabrikayı

kapatacağını

açıklayınca ,

In the 1970s in Britain, it seemed that union power had grown to the point where union leaders were amongst the most influential political figures in the country.

iş

yaklaşık yarısı dün iş yerini terk Şirketin , milyonlarca doları kurtarmak

gücünün

etti. C) için, fabrikayı kapatacağını bildirmesi üzerine, iş gücünün yarıya yakını dün işi bırakıp gitti. D) Şirket , milyonlarca dolar tasarruf etmek için, fabrikayı kapatacağını ilan ettikten sonra , iş gücünün yarısından fazlası dün iş bıraktı. E) Dün iş gücünün yarısına yakını iş bıraktığı için, şirket , fabrikayı kapatacağını ve böylelikle milyonlarca dolar tasarruf edeceğin i açıkladı.

4.

During World War ll many Britons believed that Churchill was clearly the man to lead the country to fınal victory, but few expected him to go on after the war. A) ll. Dünya

Savaşı ' nda

ülkeyi kesin zafere birinin Churchill olduğuna inanan birçok Ingiliz, onun savaştan sonra da liderliğini sürdüreceğini ulaştıracak

2.

Pressure groups are informal political institutions which, just like parties, seek to influence the decision-making process. A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

Baskı grupları , karar alma sürecini , tıpkı partiler gibi etkilemek için çaba gösteren gayri resmi siyasal kuruluşlardır . Gayri resmi siyasal kuruluşlar olan baskı grupları tıpkı partiler gibi karar alma sürecini etkilerneyi amaçlarlar. Karar alma sürecini etkileme amacını güden çeşitli baskı grupları, gayri resmi siyasal kuruluşlar olup partilere benzemektedir. Partilere çok benzeyen baskı grupları, gayri resmi siyasal kuruluşlardır ve karar alma sürecini etkilerneye çalışırlar . Tıpkı partiler gibi baskı grupları da karar alma sürecini etkileyen gayri resmi siyasal kuruluşlardır .

168

kişilerden

düşünüyordu .

çoğu, Churchill'in, ll. Dünya ülkeyi nihai zafere ulaştıracak kişi olduğuna inanmışsa da birkaçı onun savaştan sonra görevini sürdüreceğini sanıyordu . C) ll. Dünya Savaşı sırasında pek çok Ingiliz, Churchill'in kesinlikle ülkeyi nihai zafere götürecek kişi olduğuna inanıyor, ancak çok azı onun savaştan sonra devam etmesini umuyordu. D) ll. Dünya Savaşı boyunca çoğu Ingiliz, ülkeyi kesin zafere ulaştıracak tek kişi olan Churchill'in, savaş sonrasında da görevini sürdüreceğini umuyordu. E) Churchill'in ll. Dünya Savaşı sırasında ülkeyi mutlak zafere ulaştıracak adam olduğuna kesinlikle inanan pek çok Ingilizce karşın sadece birkaç Ingiliz onun savaş sonrasında da devam etmesini bekliyordu.

B) Ingilizierin

Savaşı ' nda


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 5.

A new approach that is being tested in the treatment of cancer is the possibility of mobilizing the immune system to attack tumor cells.

7.

A) Bir kez daha anımsanma l ıdır ki Avrupa Birliği ' nin temeli , insan haklarına , temel özgürlüklere ve adil yargılanma hakkını da içeren hukukun üs-tünlüğüne daya l ıdır. B) Her zaman anımsanmalıdır ki Avrupa Birliği ' nin dayandığı temel, insan hakları, temel özgürlükler, hukukun üstünlüğü ve buna bağlı adil yargılanma hakkıdır. C) Insan hakları , temel özgürlükler, hukukun üstünlüğü ve bunun bir parças ı olan adil yargılanma hakkının, Avrupa Birliği ' nin temelini oluşturduğu hususu her zaman

A) Kanser tedavisinde denenmekte olan yeni bir yaklaşım, tümör hücrelerine saldırması için bağışıkl ık sistemini harekete geçirme olasılığıdır . Bağışıklık sistemini harekete geçirerek tümör hücrelerini yok etmek, kanser tedavisinde uygulamaya konulan yeni bir yaklaşımdır. C) Tümör hücrelerini yok edebilmek ıçın bağışıklık sisteminin etkisini artırmak, kanser tedavisinde üzerinde durulan yeni bir

B)

yaklaşımdır.

D) Kanser tedavisinde ortaya konan yeni bir yaklaşıma göre, tümör hücreleri ile mücadele etmek için bağışıklık sistemini tümden etkili kılmak gerekir. E) Kanser tedavisinde üzerinde durulan yeni bir yaklaşım, bağışıklık sisteminin etkisinden yararlanarak tümör hücrelerini yok edebilmektir.

6.

lt is time to recall that the European Union was founded on the basis of human rights, fundamental freedoms and the rule of law, including the right to a fair trial .

anımsanmalıdır.

D) Avrupa Birliği ' nin, insan hakları , temel özgürlükler ve , adil yargılanma hakkı dahil , üs-tünlüğü temel i üzerine hukukun kurulduğunu anımsamanın zamanıdır .

E) Avrupa Birliği ' nin temelinde , insan hakları, temel özgürlükler, adil yargılanma hakkı ve hukukun üstünlüğünün olduğunu anımsamanın tam zamanıdır .

More than any other factor in human history, culture has made homo sapiens a unique force in the history of life on Earth. A) Insanlık tarihindeki diğer etkenlerden herhangi biri kadar etkili olan kültür, homo sapiens'i yeryüzündeki yaşam tarihinin tek gücüne dönüştür müştür. B) Kültür, insanlık tarihindeki başka herhangi bir etkenden daha fazla, homo sapiens'i, yeryüzündeki yaşam tarihinde emsalsiz bir güç yapmıştır. C) Yeryüzündeki yaşam tarihinin eşsiz bir gücü olan homo sapiens'in insanlık tarihinde başka bir et kenden daha çok önem kazanması , kültür ile mümkün olmuştur. D) insanlık tarihinde herhangi bir etkenden daha önemli olan kültür vasıtasıyla , homo sapiens, yeryüzündeki yaşam tarihindeki tek güç olmuş-tur.

E) insanlık tarihinde başka etkenierin yanı sıra kültür olmasaydı, homo sapiens yeryüzündeki yaşam tarihinin emsalsiz gücü olamazd ı.


8.

Do you think there is anywhere in the world where the left remains a vibrant and progressive force? A) Solun, dünyanın herhangi bir yerinde varl ığın ı sürdüren dinamik ve ilerici bir güç olduğunu mu düşünüyorsunuz? B) Dinamik ve ilerici bir güç olarak solun , dünyadaki herhangi bir yerde hala varlığını sürdürdüğünü mü san ı yorsunuz? C) Sanıyer musunuz ki bir zamanların dinamik ve ilerici gücü olan sol, dünyanın herhangi bir yerin-de varlığını sürdürmektedir? D) Solun, eskisi gibi dinamik ve ilerici bir güç olarak dünyanın herhangi bir yerinde varlığını sürdür-düğünü mü sanıyorsunuz? E) Dünyada, solun dinamik ve ilerici bir güç olarak varlığını sürdürdüğü herhangi bir yer olduğunu düşünüyor musunuz?

169

YDS ŞiFRELERi 9.

Temples were the most important public buildings in ancient Greece, because religion was a central part of daily life. A) Eski Yunan'da tapınaklar en önemli kamu binalarıydı ; çünkü din , günlük yaşamın temel bir parçasıydı. B) Din günlük yaşamın temel ini oluşturduğu için, tapınaklar eski Yunan'da en önemli kamu binaları olarak kabul ediliyordu. C) Eski Yunan'da günlük yaşamın büyük ölçüde di-ne dayanmas ı, tapınakların neden en önemli kamu binaları olduğunu açıklıyor . D) Eski Yunan'da dinin günlük yaşamın temel bir parçası olması , tapınakları kamu binalarının en önemlisi haline getirmişti . E) Eski Yunan 'da, en önemli kamu binaları olan tapınaklarda sürdürülen dini faaliyetler günlük yaşamın en temel parçasıydı.

11. A person's health history may reveal a disease that interferes with the body's use of nutrients or that affects the person's eating habits. A) Kişinin sağlık öyküsü , yemek yemesini engelleyen veya bedeninin besinlerden yararlanma sürecini etkileyen bir hastalığı açığa çıkarmada kullanılabilir.

B)

Kişinin

sağlık

öyküsü , bedenin besinlerden engelleyen veya kişinin yemek yeme alışkanlıklarını etkileyen bir hastalığı yararlanmasını

açığa çıkarabilir .

C) Insanın yemek yemesini engelleyen veya bedenin besinlerden yararlanma sürecini hastalıklar , kişinin sağlık etkileyen öyküsünden yararlanılarak ortaya çıkarılabilir. D) Bir kişin i n sağlık öyküsünden , hem onun yemek yeme alışkanlıklarını etkileyen hem de yararlanmasını bedenin besinlerden engelleyen hastalıklar kolaylıkla anlaşılab i lir. E) Bedenin besinlerden yararlanma sürecini etkileyen veya kişinin yemek yemesını engelleyen hastalıkların çoğu , kişinin sağlık öyküsünden anlaşılmaktadır.

12. As we learn from the works of many biologists in the past, since sponges did not move from one place to another, they were thought to be plants. Geçmişteki pek çok biyoloğun , eserlerinde, süngerlerden bitki olarak söz etmesinin nedeni, bu canlıların bir yerden bir yere hareket etmemesidir. B) Geçmişteki biyologların eserlerinden öğrendiğimiz kadarıyla, süngerler bir yerden bir yere hareket etmemeleri dolayısıyla bitkilerle aynı grupta ele alınıyordu. C) Geçm i şteki pek çok biyoloğun eserlerinden öğrendiğimiz kadarıyla , süngerler bir yerden bir yere hareket etmediği için onların bitki

A) 1O. In the last century, mu ch attention was given to the language of literature and the question of whether the re was in fa ct a separate literary language. A) Geçen yüzyılda , edebiyat dili çok ilgi çekmiş ve gerçekte apayrı bir edebi dil olup olmadığı soru-su üzerinde önemle durulmuştur. B) Geçen yüzyılda , edebiyat dili çok ilgi çekmiş ve apayrı bir edebi dil olup olmadığı sorusu hep tartışılmıştır. C) Geçen yüzyılda , edebiyat diline ve gerçekte ayrı bir edebi dil olup olmadığı sorusuna çok ilgi gösterilmiştir . D) Edebiyat dilinin ne olduğu ve apayrı bir edebi dilin gerçekten var olup olmadığı sorusu , geçen yüzyılda çok ilgi çekmiştir. E) Edebiyat dili geçen yüzyılda çok tartışılmıştır ve gerçekte ayrı bir edebi dilin olup olmadığı sorusu ele alınmıştır.

170

D)

olduğu sanılıyordu . Geçmişte, süngerler,

bir yerden bir yere hareket etmedikleri için bitki olarak kabul edildiği halde, pek çok biyolog bu görüşe eserlerinde yer vermemiştir . E) Süngerler, bir yerden bir yere hareket geçmişte bitki olarak etmedikleri ıçın , sınıflanıyordu ; fakat birçok biyolog, yanlış olduğunu eserlerinde bunun belirtmektedir.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 13. Overrun by the Austro-German armies in World War 1, Poland declared its independence on November 11, 1918, and on June 20, 1919, was recognized as an independent state by the Treaty of Versailles. A) 1.

Savaşı'nda

Dünya

Avusturya-Alman orduları tarafından işgal edilmiş olan Polonya, bağımsızlığını 11 Kasım 1918'de ilan etmiş olsa da bağımsız bir devlet olarak tanınması , 20 Haziran 1919'da imzalanan Versailles

Antiaşması'yla gerçekleşmiştir .

B) Avusturya-Alman

ordularınca

1. Dünya olan Polonya, 11 Kasım 1918'de bağımsızlığını ilan etmiştir; ancak bir devlet olarak bağımsızlığı Versailles Antiaşması ' yla 20 Haziran 1919'da Savaşı'nda

işgal

edilmiş

kesinleşmiştir.

C) Polonya, 1. Dünya Savaşı'nda AvusturyaAlman ordularının işgaline uğrasa da 11 Kasım 1918'de bağımsızlığını ilan etmiş ve bir devlet olarak bağımsızlığı, 20 Haziran Antiaşması ' yla Versailles 1919'da kesinleşmiştir.

D)

ı.

Dünya

Savaşı sırasında

Avusturya-Alman Polonya, Versailles Antiaşması ' na göre, bağımsızlığını 11 Kasım 1918'de ilan etmiş ve 20 Haziran 1919'da da bağımsız bir devlet olarak ordularının

işgaline

uğrayan

15. When the Sirkeci train station went into service on November 3, 1890, the waiting room was heated with stoves brought from Austria and lit by coal-gas lamps. A) 3 Kasım 1890'da hizmete giren Sirkeci tren gazı lambalarıyla istasyonunun hava aydınlatılan bekleme salonu, çoğu Avusturya'dan ithal edilen sobalarla ısıtılıyordu.

B) Sirkeci tren istasyonu 3 Kasım 1890'da girdiğinde, bekleme salonu hizmete Avusturya'dan getirtilen sobalarla ısıtılıyor ve hava gazı lambalarıyla aydınlatılıyordu . C) 3 Kasım 1890'da, bekleme salonu hava gazı lambalarıyla aydınlatılan ve Avusturya 'dan ithal edilen sobalarla ısıtılan Sirkeci tren istasyonu hizmete girdi . D) Sirkeci tren istasyonu 3 Kasım 1890'da hizmete girdiğinde , hava gazı lambalarıyla aydınlatılan bekleme salonunu ısıtmak için Avusturya'dan soba ithal edilmişt i. E) Sirkeci tren istasyonunun Avusturya sobalarıyla ısıtılan ve hava gazı lambalarıyla aydınlatılan bekleme salonu, 3 Kasım 1890'da hizmete girmişti.

tanınmıştır.

E) Avusturya-Alman

ordularınca

1. Dünya olan Polonya, 11 Kasım 1918'de bağımsızlığını ilan etmiş ve Versailles Antıaşması ' yla 20 Haziran 1919'da bağıms ı z bir devlet olarak tanınmıştır. Savaşı'nda

işgal

edilmiş

14. James Joyce, whom Samuel Beckett knew in Paris in the 1920s, had a great impact on Beckett's thinking regarding the art of writing.

16. Last fall, Tony Blair announced that he would serve a full five-year term if the Labour Party won.

Beckett' in 1920'1erde Paris'te James Joyce' un, Beckett' in yazma sanatıyla ilgili düşünceleri üzerinde büyük bir etkisi oldu. James Joyce' un yazma sanatı konusundaki düşüncelerinden çok etkilenen Samuel Beckett, onu 1920'1erde Paris'te tanımıştı. Samuel Beckett 1920'1erde James Joyce' la Paris'te tanıştıktan sonra, yazma sanatı konusundaki düşünceleri bir ölçüde değişti. James Joyce 1920'1erde Paris'te tanıdığı Samuel Beckett' in yazma sanatı konusundaki düşüncelerini büyük ölçüde etkiledi. 1920'1erde Paris'te yaşayan Samuel Beckett' in yazma sanatı konusundaki düşünceleri James Joyce sayesinde tamamıyla değişti.

A) Geçen sonbaharda, Tony Blair, işçi Partisi kazandığı takdirde, beş yıl tam dönem hizmet edeceğini ilan etti. B) Tony Blair, eğer Işçi Partisi kazanırsa, beş yıl daha hizmet edeceğini geçen sonbaharda

A) Samuel tanıdığı

B)

C)

D)

E)


açıklam ı ştı.

C) Geçen sonbaharda işçi Partisi'nin kazanması üzerine, Tony Blair görevini beş yıl daha sürdüreceğini ifade etti. D) Tony Blair, işçi Partisi'nin kazanmasının kendisine beş yıl tam dönem hizmet olanağı sağlayacağı yolundaki açıklamasını geçen sonbaharda yaptı. E) Geçen sonbaharda Tony Blair, eğer işçi Partisi kazanırsa, bir beş yıl daha hizmet etmek istediğini söyledi.

171

YDS ŞiFRELERi 17. Minority representatives in any political establishment must be made to feel that their interests are sufficiently protected.

A) Herhangi

bir

temsilcileri,

siyasal çıkarlarının

kuruluşta,

tam

azınlık

olarak

korunduğunu

B) C) D)

E)

19. Germany's far-right National Democratic Party upset the other parties by winning nearly 10 per cent of the votes in the economically depressed state of Saxony last year.

hissetmelidirler. Herhangi bir siyasal kuruluştaki azınlık temsilcilerine, çıkarlarının yeterince korunduğu hissettirilmelidir. Herhangi bir siyasal kuruluşun azınlık temsilcileri, çıkarlarının olabildiğince korunduğunu hissedebilmelidirler. Azınlık temsilcileri , bir siyasal kuruluştaki çıkarlarının tamamen korunduğunu hissetmelidirler. Bir siyasal kuruluş, azınlık temsilcilerine, çıkarlarının tamamen korunduğunu hissettirmelidir.

A) Almanya ' nın aşırı sağ Ulusal Demokratik Partisi, geçen yıl , ekonomik olarak geri kalmış Saksonya eyaletinde, oyların hemen hemen yüzde onunu kazanarak diğer partilerin canını s ıktı. B) Geçen yıl , daha büyük ekonomik sıkıntılar içinde olan Saksonya eyaletinde, oyların yüzde onunu alan aşırı sağ Ulusal Demokratik diğer partileri Partisi, Almanya'daki telaşlandırmıştır.

C)

Almanya ' nın

aşırı sağ Ulusal Demokratik Partisi, geçen yıl , ekonomik sıkıntılar içinde olan Saksonya eyaletinde oyların aşağı yukarı yüzde onunu kazanmış ve diğer partilerin çoğunu sıkıntıya sokmuştur.

D) Almanya'daki diğer partilerin canını sıkan aşırı sağ Ulusal Demokratik Partisi, geçen yıl , ekonomik durgunluk içinde olan Saksonya eyalatindeki oyların yüzde onunu kazanmıştır . E) Almanya ' nın aşırı sağ Ulusal Demokratik Partisi, geçen yıl , ekonomik sıkıntı içindeki Saksonya eyalatindeki oyların yüzde onunu alınca, diğer partiler telaşa kapılmıştır.

20. The European Union is engaged in a variety of programmes all around the world to promote and protect the rights of children, particularly in countries where children are affected by war.

18. The Pentagon has estimated that about 25 per cent of the military facilities in the country are unnecessary.

A) Pentagon'a göre, ülke içinde bulunan askeri tesislerin yüzde 25'i gereksizdir. B) Pentagon. ülke içindeki askeri tesislerin hemen hemen yüzde 25'ine gereksinim duymadığını belirtmiştir.

C) Pentagon'un hesaplarına göre, ülkedeki askeri tesislerin yüzde 25'ine hiç gereksinim yoktur. D) Pentagon , ülkedeki askeri tesislerin yaklaşık yüzde 25'inin gereksiz olduğunu hesaplamıştır.

E) Ülkedeki askeri tesislerin aşağı yukarı yüzde 25'ine gereksinim olmadığı konusunda Pentagon kararlıdır.

172

A) Tüm dünyada özellikle savaşan ülkelerdeki çocuklar için çocuk haklarını desteklemek ve korumak için Avrupa Birliği birçok programa izin veriyor. B) Avrupa Birliği dünyada savaşan ülkelerin çocuklarının haklarını desteklemek ve korumak için çeşitli programları destekliyor. C) Avrupa Birliği tüm dünyada, özellikle çocukların savaştan etkilendiği ülkelerde, çocuk haklarını desteklemek ve korumak için çeşitli programlarla ilgileniyor. D) Avrupa Birliği özellikle savaştan etkilenen ülkelerin çocuklarını desteklemek ve korumak için tüm dünyada çeşitli programlar düzenliyor. E) Özellikle çocukların savaştan etkilendiği ülkelerdeki çocuk haklarını destekleyen ve koruyan Avrupa Birliği tüm dünyada çeşitli programlarla ilgilidir.



ENGLISH- TURKISH TRANSLATION CEVAP ANAHTARI TEST 1 1. B 2. A

3.D

TEST2 1. D

2.A 3. E

4. C

4.E 5. C 6. A 7.C

6.B 7.D

S. B

S. E

9.C

9.A

10.B

10.C

5.A

11. A

11. B

12.D

12.C

13. A 14.E 15. D 16. A 17. D

13.E 14. A 15. B 16. A 17. B

18.C

18.D

19.E

19. A

20.D

20.C


173

YDS ŞiFRELERi

ENGLISH • TURKISH TRANSLATION TEKNiKLERi® VERiLEN BU TEKNiKLERi SORU ÇÖZÜMLEMESiNDE SIRASI iLE TAKiP EDiLMELiDiR! 1. BAGLAÇ UYUMU TEKNiGi! CU MLE BAŞlNDA YA DA ORT ASINDA YER ALAN BAGLAÇ SEÇENEKLERDE CU MLE ORTASINDA ARANIR. BAGLAÇ UYUMU ARANIRKEN; CÜMLE BAŞlNDA YER ALAN BAGLAÇ SEÇENEKLERDE ÖNCELiKLiDiR CÜMLE ORTASINDA YER ALAN TEKNiKTEN ÖNCE ARANMALlDlR.

ARA BAGLAÇLAR iLK TEKNiK OLARAK DEGiL; 4.

2. TANIMLAMA TEKNiGi! CUMLE BAŞlNDA BAGLAÇ YER ALMADIGINDA BU TEKNIK UYGULANlR. CUMLENIN ÖZNESiNDE RELATIVE CLAUSE(WHO,WHICH, .. ) YA DA NOUN CLAUSE (WHAT,WHERE, .. ) TANIMLAMA BiLGiSi BULUNUYOR iSE; RELATIVE PRONOUNS (WHO,WHICH,THAT, .. ) SIFAT ZAMIRLERI SONRASINDA YA DA iSiM CÜMLECiKLERiNDE YER ALAN BiLGi SEÇENEKTE CÜMLE BAŞlNDA ÖZNEDEN ÖNCE ARANIR.

ÖZNE UYUMU TEKNiGi! CUMLE

BAŞlNDA

BAGLAÇ YA DA OZNEDE RELATIVE CLAUSE YER ALMADIGINDA; CUMLE

BAŞlNDAKi ÖZNE ZAMAN + YER + ÖZNE SIRLAMASI SÜTÜNLÜGÜNDE SEÇENEKTE CÜMLE BAŞlNDA

ARAN IR.

CÜMLELERiN ÖZNELERi BiREBiR AYNI OLMAK KAYDI iLE YER VE ZAMAN CÜMLE BAŞINA GELMELiDiR. YER VE ZAMAN CÜMLE BAŞINA GELDiGiNDE iKi CÜMLENiN ÖZNELERi FARKLILIK GÖSTERiYOR iSE; ÇEViRiDE ÖNCE ÖZNE SONRA YER VE ZAMAN GELMELiDiR. CÜMLEDE HEM YER HEM DE ZAMAN VAR iSE; ÇEViRiDE ÖNCE ZAMAN SONRA YER SIRALAMASI YAPlLMALlDlR.

4. FiiL UYUMU TEKNiGi! UYGULANAN

BU

TEKNIKLERE

RAGMEN

SEÇENEKLER

ARASINDA

ÇELIŞKIYE

DÜŞÜLDÜGÜNDE; SORU CÜMLESi iLE SEÇENEKLER ARASINDA FiiL UYUMU ARANIR.

174



ENGLISH -TURKISH TRANSLATION TEKNiKLERi TEST 1 1. DESP the rapid industrialization of countries such as China and lndia, climate change is neı one country's fault nor any one country's responsibility. A) Çin ve Hindistan'ın hızlı san · esi nedeniyle oluşan iklim kesinlikle başka bir ülkenin suçu veya soru - değildir.

değişikliği,

B) Çin ve Flindistan gibi Ülkelerin hızlı sanayileşmelerine RAGMEN. iklim değişikliği, ne herhangi tek bir ülkenin hatasıdır, ne de herhangi tek bir ülkenin sorumluluğudu~r~-----~------------------------------------~ C) Çin ve Hindistan dahil, pek çok ülkenin hızla sanayileşmesi sonucu ortaya çıkan iklim değişikliği, herhangi bir ülkenin suçu olmadığı gibi, sorumluluğu da değildir. D) Tek bir ülkenin suçu veya sorumluluğu olmayan iklim değişikliği, Çin ve Hindistan dahil, pek çok ülkenin hızla sanayileşmesi sonucunda ortaya çıkmıştır .

E) Çin ve

Hindistan ' ın

değişikliğine

yol

açmış

yanı

sıra, çeşitli ülkelerin hızla sanayileşmesi, iklim olup, tek bir ülke suçlu veya sorumlu değild i r.

2. AMERI 'S CONVENTIONAL MILITARY SUPERIORITY has pushed its enemies inevitably towar s to achieve their objectives.

B) Klasik askeri gücü nedeniyle, Amerika ' nın düşmanları, hedeflerine ulaşabilmek için, hiç çekinmeden ayaklanma yolunu seçmişlerdir. C) Amerika ' nın klasik askeri gücünü bilen düşmanları, amaçlarında başarılı olmak için, ister istemez ayaklanma yoluna gitmişlerdir. D) Amerika ' nın klasik askeri üstünlüğünün sonucu olarak, düşmanları, ayaklanma yoluna giderek, amaçlarına ulaşmayı benimsemişlerdir. E) Amerika'nın klasik askeri gücünden çekinen düşmanları , ancak ayaklanma yoluyla hedeflerine ulaşabileceklerini fark etmişlerdir.

3. DEPRIVED OF THE MODERATING EF.FECTS OF THE OCEANS MUCH OF CENTRAL ASlA experiences bitterly col winters and boiling hot summers. A) Orta Asya çoğunlukla okyanusların burada kışlar çok soğuk ve yazlar old B) Orta Asya, okyanusların yumuşatıcı bölgede kışlar oldukça sert ve yazlar C) Orta Asya' nın pek çok bölgesinde geçmesi, okyanusların yumuşatıcı etk

E) Orta Asya, dolayısıyla

okyanusların

bu bölgede derecede sıcak geçer.


umuşatıcı etkilerinden uzak olduğu için, kça sıcak olur. etkilerinden uzak olduğu için, pek çok a son derece sıcak geçer. kışların çok sert ve yazların çok sıcak erinin burada bulunmamasındandır.

yumuşatıcı

kışlar

etkilerinden tamamiyle yoksundur ve soğuk, yazlar ise dayanılmaz

olabildiğince

175

YDS ŞiFRELERi 4. There are stili places in the world WHER ONE CAN GO TO DIVE AND SEE VERY LITTLE INDICATION OF HUMAN IM ACT. A) Hala dünyan ı n pek çok yerinde dal ış ya görülebilir. B) Dünyada hala öyle yerler vardır ki da buralarda insan etkisinin çok az belirtisi C) Dalış yapmak için gidilebilecek ve insa dünyada hala bulmak mümkündür. D) Dünyada, insan etkisinin çok az olduğu pek çok yer bulunmaktadır.

ılabilir

ve insan etkisinin çok az belirtisi

ış

yapmak için buralara gidilebilir ve ··rülebilir. etkisinin çok az görü l eb i leceği yerleri e

dalış

yapmak için gidilebilecek hala

E}Oünyada, DALlŞ YAPMAK IÇIN Giö LEB LECEK VE INSAN AZ BELIRTISI GÖRÜLEBILECEK yerler hala mevcuttur.

SININÇO~

5. THE DEMOCRATIC REP.UBLIC OF CONGO'S GOVERNMENT set up a special commission last week to review at least 60 mining contracts signed in the last ten years . A) Son on yıl içinde imz !anmış olan 60 kadar madencilik sözleşmesi, Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti ükümetinin geçen hafta oluşturmuş olduğu özel bir komisyonca incelene ktir. B) komisyon , öncelikle on on sözleşmes i n i inceleye ektir.

yıl

içinde

hükümetince geçen hafta kurulan özel olan 60 kadar madencilik

imzalanmış

C) DEMOKRATIK KONGO ClJMHORIYETI HüKOMET' , son on yılda imzalanmış olan en az 60 madencilik sözleşmesini gözden geçirmek için, geçen hafta öze bir komiş~on kurmu tur. D) Son on yılda imzalanmış olan yaklaşık 60 madencilik sözleşmesinin gözden geçirilmesi amacıyla, Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti hükümeti, özel bir komisyonu geçen hafta oluşturmuştur . E) Geçen hafta Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti hükümetince kurulan özel komisyonun amacı , son on yılda imzalanmış bulunan 60 kadar madencilik sözleşmesini değerlendirmektir.

6. Undernutrition, a deficiency of essential nutrients, CAN RESUL T from inadequate intake because of poor diet or poor absor · om the intestine.

iruü~ffli"RR~SIZ BESLENME, az oeslenmecten veya dolayı

yeterli

gıda

alınmamasından

B) Az beslenme veya bağırsaktaki az emilim sonucu temel besinierin yeterli alınamaması nedeniyle, beslenme yetersizliği oluşur. C) Temel besin eksikliği olarak anlaşılan beslenme yetersizliği , az beslenme veya bağ ı rsakta azemilim sonucu ortaya çıkmaktadır . D) Az beslenme veya bağırsaktaki az emilim nedeniyle yeterli gıda alınamaması, temel besinierin eksikliğine ve yetersiz beslenmeye yol açmaktadır. E) Temel besinierin eksikliğine bağlı olarak oluşan beslenme yetersizliğinin kaynağı , az beslenme veya bağırsaktan azemilim olmasıdır.

176



7. NEW Z ALAND was the

fırst

country in the world to give women in 1893 the right

to vote . A) 189 'te dünyada kadınlara ilk seçme hakkı verilen ülke Yeni Zelanda'dır . B) Dün ada kadınlara 1893' te ilk seçme hakkını veren ülke Yeni Zelanda olm ştur.

D) Dünyada kadınlara ilk seçme hakkı, 1893' te Yeni Zelanda'da verilmiştir . E) Kadınlara 1893' te seçme hakkı verilen dünyadaki ilk ülke, Yeni Zelanda idi.

8. The issue under debate TODAY is whether, for all its flaws , capitalism is the best economic system man ha

et invented.

arına rağmen, kapitalizmin, insanoğlunun bugüne kadar ortaya e · ı iktisadi sistem olup olmadığı tartışılmaktadır .

A) Bir sürü aksakl koyduğu

C) Eksiklikleri de olsa, insanlığın bugün ortaya koyduğu en iyi iktisadi sistemin, kapitalizm olup olmadığı hala tartışılmaktadır. D) Insanın şimdiye kadar yarattığı en iyi iktisadi sistem olan kapitalizmin kusurları, bugün tartışma konusudur. E) insanlığın bugüne kadar yarattığı en iyi iktisadi sistem olmasına rağmen , kapitalizmin aksaklıkları günümüzde tartışılmaktadır.

9. The West NEEDS TO keep talking to Russia about many things, notably about efforts to preve t Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons. A) Iran ' ın nükl konuşmak z B) Batı ' nın Ru Iran ' ın nükl

er silahlar üretmesini engelleme girişimleri , Batı ' nın Rusya ile runda olduğu pek çok konunun içinde özellik TAŞlMAKTADlR. ya ile konuşmak zorunda olduğu pek çok konu içinde özellikle r silahlar elde etmesini engelleme girişimleri 8UlUNMAKTADIR.

C) Batı'nın, R sya ile pek çok konu üzerinde, özellikle Iran'ın nükleer silahlar: çabaları üzerinde konuşmayı sürdürmesi edinmesini engelleme GEREKMEKTEDIR.

D) Batı, iran ' ın nükleer silahlar edinmesini engelleme çabaları dahil, pek çok konuyu özellikle Rusya ile tartışmak ZORUNDADlR. E) Batı, Iran'ın nükleer silahlar üretmesini engellemek için yapacağı girişimleri, Rusya ile konuşacağı pek çok konu ile birlikte ele almak ZORUNDADlR.


177

YDS ŞiFRELERi 10. The European Union CAN ELP underdeveloped countries, especially those in Africa, by offering fınancial aid, re open trade arrangements and easier visa conditions. A) Avrupa Birliği' nin, özellikle Afrika'daki az ge · ülkelere yardım edebilmek için, mali yardım , daha açık ticaret kolaylıkları ve a uygun vize koşulları sunması gerekir. B) Avrupa Birliği, az gelişmiş ülkelere, özellikle Afrika'dakilere, mali ya açık ticaret düzenlemeleri ve daha kolay vize koşulları sunarak EDEBILIR. ülkelere mali yardım, daha açık ticaret olanakları ve daha rahat vize sunan Avrupa Birliği, özellikle Afrika'daki ülkelere yardım edebilir. D) Avrupa Birliği' nin, az gelişmiş ve özellikle Afrika 'daki ülkelere yardım edebilmesi için, mali yardım ve daha açık ticaret koşullarının yanı sıra, daha uygun vize kolaylıkları da sunması gerekir. E) Avrupa Birliği' nin az gelişmiş ülkelere ve özellikle Afrika ülkelerine yapacağı yardımlar, mali yardım, daha açık ticaret koşulları ve daha uygun vize kolaylıkları olabilir.

C) Az

gelişmiş

kolaylıkları

11.1n 1979, when its alliance with Great Britainended, Malta SOUGHT TO GUARANTEE its neutrality through agreements with other countries .

ln~ifakının

erdiği

başka

sona 1979'da, ülkelerle A) Malta, Y-a(!arak tar f ızlığı!l! GÜVENCE ALTINA ALMAYA CALISMISTIR.

antlaşmalar

B) Malta, 1979'da ingiltere ile ittifakına son vererek, tarafsızlığını güvence altına almak için birçok ülke ile ANTlAŞMAbAR YAPMlŞTlR. güvence altına almak amacıyla çeşitli ülkelerle antlaşmalar yapan Malta, Ingiltere ile olan ittifakına 1979'da son verdi. D) Ingiltere ile olan ittifakı 1979'da sona eren Malta, başka ülkelerle antlaşmalar yapmış ve tarafsızlığını güvence altına almıştır. E) Çeşitli ülkelerle antlaşmalar yaparak tarafsızlığını güvence altına alan Malta, ingiltere ile olan ittifakını 1979'da bitirmiştir.

C)

Tarafsızlığını

12.1N FE RUARY 1994, The US lifted its trade embargo on Vietnam, which had been in plac since it entered the war. A) ABD , savaşa girdiğinden beri Vietnam üzerinde uyguladığı ticaret ablukasını ancak bat 1994' te kaldırabilmiştir . B) ABD'nin ubat 1994' te Vietnam üzerinden kaldırdığı ticaret ablukası, savaşa girdiği yıl n beri uygulanmaktaydı. C) 1994 Şuba ' ında Vietnam üzerinden kaldırılan ticaret ablukasını , ABD, savaşa girdikten son a uygulamaya başlamıştı. D) ABD, olduğ

E)

178

ŞUBAT

· ae

1994' TE, savaşa girdiğinaan beri Vietnam üzerinde bluka ı kal ı ş ır. _ _ _ __

Şubat 1994' te Vietnam üzerinden girmesinden beri uygulanıyordu.

kaldırılan

ticaret

ablukası ,

uygulamış

ABD'nin

savaşa


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 13.1N EGYPT, a number of oil deposits have been discovered in RECENT YEARS, !!.__ · · unlikel that oil will play a major role in the country's economy in the near future. A) SON YILLARDA MISIR'DA birçok petrol yatakları keşfedilmiştir, AK! petrolün, yakın gelecekte ülke ekonomisinde önemli bir rol aynaması muhtemel değildir.

B) MISIR'DA SON YILLARDA birtakım petrol havzaları bulunmuş OLSA DA petrolün, ülke ekonomisinde yakın gelecekte oynayacağı rol çok önemli olmayacaktır.

C) SON YILLARDA MlSlR'DA, ülke ekonomisinde yakın gelecekte önemli rol oynaması muhtemel olan pek çok petrol havzası keşfedilmiştir. D) Son yıllarda Mısır' da keşfedilen petrol yataklarının, ülke ekonomisinde yakın gelecekte önemli bir rol oynaması ihtimal dışındadır . E) Mısır'da, ülke ekonomisinde yakın gelecekte önemli bir rol oynaması muhtemel olmayan petrol yatakları son yıllarda ortaya çıkarılmıştır.

14. Albania remained under Turkish rule for more than tour hundred years UNTIL it proclaimed its independence on 28 November 1912. A) Arnavutluk, dört yüz yıl Türk yönetiminde KALDIKTAN SONRA, 28 1912'de bağımsızlığına kavuşmuştur.

Kasım

daha fazla Türk yönetiminde kalmış olan 28 Kasım 1912'de elde etmiştir. C) Bağımsızlığına 28 Kasım 1912'de kavuşan Arnavutluk, dört yüz süre Türk yönetiminde kalmıştır. B) Dört yüz

yıldan

bağımsızlığını

D) Arnavutluk, her ne kadar bağımsızlığını 28 Kasım 1912'de &bO&:-e:fM~t& DE, dört yüz yıldan fazla bir süre Türk yönetiminde kalmıştır.

15. The lungs are particularly prone to allergic reactions BECAUS they are exposed to large quantities of airborne antigens, including dusts, pollens, and chemicals . A)

Akciğerler,

toz, polen ve kimyasallar dahil havadan gel çeşitli antijenlere IÇIN alerjik reaksiyonlardan çok etkil nirler.

fazlasıyla açık oldukları

B) Toz, polen ve kimyasallar gibi hava ile gelen pek çok antijene açık olan akciğerler, alerjik reaksiyonlara oldukça yatkındırlar. C) Alerjik reaksiyonlara fazlasıyla yatkın olan akciğerler, hava il taşınan toz, polen ve kimyasalların da arasında bulunduğu çok sayıda antijene çıktırlar. D) Akciğener alerjik reaksiyonlara özellikle yatkındır, CONKO toz, polen ve kim asallar dahil hava ile taşınan büyük miktardaki antijenlere açıktırtar. E) Toz, polen ve kimyasallar gibi hava ile taşınan pek çok antijen, daima bunlara açık olan akciğerlerde alerjik reaksiyonlara yol açar.


179

YDS ŞiFRELERi 16. People SPEND energy when they are physically active, but they also spend energy uietly. when they are re · Insanlar, bedensel olarak · olduklarında kilde dinlenirlerkan de ene 'i HAR LAR.

ene~i

harcarlar, ama sakin bir.

B) Insanların bedensel olarak etkin olması , onların enerji harcamalarına yol açar; ancak, hiç hareket etmediklerinde de enerji harcarlar. C) Bedensel olarak etkin olduklarında ene~i harcayan insanlar, sakin olduklarında da enerji harcarlar. D) insanlar, bedensel etkinlikte bulunurlarsa enerji harcaması olur, ama hiç hareket etmezlerse de enerji MARCAMASI OblJR. E) Bedensel etkinlikte bulunan insanlar enerji harcarlar; ancak, bu enerjileri dinlendiklerinde de harcanır.

insanların

17. MANY EOPLE believe that an ulcer is caused by stress or spicy foods, but this is not the ase. A) Stre in veya baharatlı yiyeceklerin ülsere neden faka bu hiç de doğru değildir.

olduğu çoğu insanın kanısıdır ,

lflf~~ iNSAN, ülserin oluşmasında stresin veya baharatlı gıdaların etkili

una inansa da, gerçek durum böyle ayıda insanın inancına ktadır ,

değildir.

göre, stres veya ancak durum öyle değildir.

baharatlı gıdalar sıklıkla

ülsere yol

D) PEK COK INSAN. ülserin, stres veya baharatlı gıdalar nedeniyle oluştuğuna inanır, ancak durum bö e d~,-"ild ""i,r.'-------.., E) Ülserin özellikle stresin veya baharatlı yiyeceklerin sonucu olarak ortaya çıktığına birçok insan inanmaktadır, ancak işin gerçeği bu değildir.

18. IN ADDITION TO traffic fatalities , alcohol use has been implicated in many other deaths amo oung people, including drownings, falls, suicides, and homicides. A) Gençler

kullanımı , trafik ölümlerinden başka , boğulmalar, intiharlar ve cina r gibi diğer ölüm türlerinin de nedeni olmuştur. B) Gençler arasındaki alkol kullanı trafik ölümlerinin yanı sıra, boğulmalar , düşmeler, intiharlar ve cinayetler gı · diğer pek çok çeşit ölüme yol açabilmektedir. arasında

düşmeler,

C) Alkol kullanimi, gençler arasında, trafik ölümlerine EK Oı.:ARAK, bOğulmalar, dO meler intiharlar ve cina~etler dahil di r bi[ÇQk ölümün nedeni olmuş= tu"'"' r.___ D) Trafik ölümlerinden ayrı olarak, boğulmalar , düşmeler, intiharlar ve cinayetler, alkol kullanımı nedeniyle gençler arasında yaygın olan diğer ölüm biçimleridir. E) Alkol kullanımı nedeniyle, trafik ölümlerinden ayrı olarak, gençler arasında yaygın olan diğer ölüm biçimleri , boğulmalar, düşmeler, intiharlar ve cinayetlerdir.

180

'YDS ŞiFRESi TEKNiKlERi'

YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 19. WE are proud to be part of a programme that gives these often overlooked but e remely talented athletes long-overdue recognition . Son derece yetenekli olsalar da bugüne kadar ihmal edilmiş olan bu atietiere hak ettikleri itibar, katılmaktan bizim de kıvanç duyduğumuz bu programla sağlanmaktadır .

Bizim de gururla dahil olduğumuz program, bugüne kadar unutulmuş , ancak '" stün yeteneklere sahip tüm bu atietiere hak ettikleri itibarı sağlamaktadır. iz hepimiz, çoğu kez önemsenmemiş, ancak üstün yetenekleri olan tüm bu tletlere hak ettikleri itibarı sağlayan bir programda yer almaktan son derece vançlıyız .

D) 1 inde yer almaktan son derece kıvanç duyduğumuz bu programla, bugüne k dar önemsenmeyen, ancak yetenekleri en üstün olan bu atıetiere hak ettikleri iti ar sağlanmaktadır.

20. The purpose of this training IS TO ACCUS OM the soldiers of the United Nations Peacekeeping Forces to working in environment.

dangerous but largely civilian

A) Bu eğitimle, Birleşmiş Milletler Barış Gücü as rlerinin tehlikeli fakat çoğunlukla sivil bir çevrede çalışma ve görev yapmaları a açlanmaktadır. B) Birleşmiş Milletler Barış Gücü askerlerini tehli eli ancak sivil bir çevrede görev yapmaya alıştırmak bu eğitimin asıl amacını ol şturmaktadır.

C) Bu eğitimin amaci, tehlikeli ancak çoğunl kla sivil bir çevrede, Birleşmiş Milletler Barış Gücü askerlerinin g ·· evlerini yerine getirmelerini SAGbAMAKTIR. eğitimin amaci, Birleşmiş Milletler Barış Gücü askerlerini, Qğunlukla sivil bir ~vrede ~lışma~a ALISTIRMAKTIR.

D) Bu

tehlikeli fakat

E) Bu eğitimle amaçlanan, Birleşmiş Milletler Barış Gücü askerlerinin son derece tehlikeli ancak çoğunlukla sivil bir çevrede görev için çalışmalarını sağlamaktır .


181

YDS ŞiFRELERi

TEST2 1. More than half of the work force walked out yesterday AFTER the company announced it would close the plant to save millions of dallar .

A) Iş gücünün yarısından fazlası dün iş yerini t edince, şirket, milyonlarca dolar tasarruf etmek AMACIYlA fabrikayı ka ileceğini belirtti. B) Milyonlarca doları kurtarmak için, · et, fabrikayı kapatacağını AÇIKlAYINCA, iş gücünün yaklaşık yarısı d ·· · yerini terk etti. rı kurtarmak için, fabrikayı kapatacağını bildirmesi C) Şirketin, milyonlarca UZeRINe, iş güc "" .. yarıya yakını dün işi bırakıp gitti. D)

Şirl
SONRA,

· onlarca aolar tasarruf etmek: için, fabrikayı iş gücünün ~arısından fazlası dün iş bıraktı.

kapatacağını

E) Dün iş gücünün yarısına yakını iş bıraktığı IÇIN, şirket, fabrikayı ve böylelikle milyonlarca dolar tasarruf edeceğini açıkladı.

ilan ettikten

kapatacağını

2.

B) Gayriresmi siyasal kuruluşlar olan baskı grupları tıpkı partiler gibi karar alma sürecini etkilerneyi amaçlarlar. C) Karar alma sürecini etkileme amacını güden çeşitli baskı grupları, gayriresmi siyasal kuruluşlar olup partilere benzemektedir. D) Partilere çok benzeyen baskı grupları , gayriresmi siyasal kuruluşlardır ve karar alma sürecini etkilerneye çalışırlar. E) Tıpkı partiler gibi baskı grupları da karar alma sürecini etkileyen gayriresmi siyasal kuruluşlardır.

3. In the 1970S in Britain, it SEEMED that union power had grown to the point where union leaders were amongst the m t influential political figures in the country.

A) 1970'1i yillarda ingiltere'de sendı a gücü, sendika liderlerinin ülkede en etkili siyasal kişilermiş gibi görünmasine y açacak BIR NOKTAYA GelMIŞTI. B) 1970'1erin ingiltere'sinde sendika gü ·· o kadar artmıştı ki sendika liderleri ülkenin en etkili siyasal kişileri gibi Al.;bflbAJPfH'-\;;Jf'QI-l#. C) 1970'1i yillarda ingiltere'de, sendika lide rinin ülkedeki en etkili siyasal kişilermiş gibi görünmesinin nedeni, sendika ücünün aşırı BIR NOKTAYA GElMIŞ OlMASlYDI. D) Sendika gücü 1970'1er Ingiltere'sinde öyle bir n ktaya gelmişti ki sendika !iderleri, ülkenin en etkili siyasal kişilerinden sayılıyor . E)

182

etkili


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 4. During World War ll MANY BRITONS believed that Churchill was clearly the man to lead the country to fina victory, but few expected him to go on after the war. A) II.Dünya

Savaşı ' nda

ülk yi kesin zafere ulaştıracak kişilerden birinin Churchill iliz, onun savaştan sonra da liderliğini sürdüreceğini

olduğuna inanan birçok 1 düşünüyordu .

B) Ingilizierin

çoğu ,

Churchi 'in, ll. Dünya Savaşı ' nda ülkeyi nihai zafere in mışsa da birkaçı onun savaştan sonra görevini

ulaştıracak kişi olduğuna sürdüreceğini sanıyordu .

C) ll. Dünya Savaşı sırasında PEK COK iNGILiZ, Churchill'in kesinlikle ülkeyi nihai zafere götürecek kişi olduğuna inanıyor, ancak çok azı onun savaştan sonra evam etm sini u u~ordu . D) ll. Dünya Savaşı boyunca çoGu iNGiLiZ, ülkeyi kesin zafere ulaştıracak tek k i şi olan Churchill'in, savaş sonrasında da görevini sürdüreceğin i umuyordu. E) Churchill'in ll. Dünya Savaşı sırasında ülkeyi mutlak zafere ulaştıracak adam olduğuna kesinlikle inanan pek çok ingilize karşın sadece birkaç ingiliz onun savaş sonrasında da devam etmesini bekliyordu .

5.

Bağışıklık sistemini harekete geçirerek tümör hücrelerini yok etmek, kanser tedavisinde uygulamaya konulan yeni bir yaklaşımdır. C) Tümör hücrelerini yok edebilmek için bağışıklık sisteminin etkisini artırmak , kanser tedavisinde üzerinde durulan yeni bir yaklaşımdır. D) Kanser tedavisinde ortaya konan yeni bir yaklaşıma göre, tümör hücreleri ile mücadele etmek için bağışıklık sistemini tümden etkili kılmak gerekir.

B)

E) KANSER TEDAVISINDE ÜZERINDE DURUbAN yeni bir yaklaşım , bağışıklık sisteminin etkisinden yararlanarak tümör hücrelerini yok edebilmektir.

Özne + Bağlaç

6. MORE THAN any other factor in human history, culture has made homo sapiens a · he history of life on Earth. A) insanlık tarihindeki diğer e homo sapiens'i yeryüzündeki

den herhangi biri KADAR etkili olan kültür, tar · ·

yaşam

(Kıyaslama)

Uyumu tekniği!

more than = daha fazla

C) Yeryüzündeki yaşam tarihinin eşsiz bir gücü olan homo sapiens'in insanlık tarihinde başka bir etkenden daha çok önem kazanması , kültür ile mümkün olmuştur.

D) Insanlık tarihinde herhangi bir etkenden daha önemli olan kültür vasıtasıyla , homo sapiens, yeryüzündeki yaşam tarihindeki tek güç olmuştur . E) Insanlık tarihinde başka etkenierin yanı sıra kül-tür olmasaydı , homo sapiens yeryüzündeki yaşam tarihinin emsalsiz gücü olamazdı.


183

YDS ŞiFRELERi

Baği aç

Uyumu tekniği!

(Zaman Bağlaçları aynı)

lt is time

=

Zamanıdır

7. IT IS TIME TO recall that the European Union was founded on the basis of human rights, undamental freedoms and the rule of law, including the right to a fair trial. A) Bir kez daha anımsanmalıdır ki Avrupa Birliği'nin temeli, insan haklarına, temel öz ürlüklere ve adil yargılanma hakkını da içeren hukukun üs-tünlüğüne

da B) He te C) ins adi za

alıdır.

zaman anımsanmalıdır ki Avrupa Birliği'nin dayandığı temel , insan hakları, el özgürlükler, hukukun üstünlüğü ve buna bağlı adil yargılanma hakkıdır. n hakları, temel özgürlükler, hukukun üstün-lüğü ve bunun bir parçası olan yargılanma hakkının, Avrupa Birliği ' nin temelini oluşturduğu hususu her an anımsanmalıdır.

D) Avrupa Birlii;ii'nin, insan hakları, temel özgürlük-ler ve, adil yargılanma hakkı dahil, hukukun üstünlüj;jü temeli üzerine kurulduğunu anımsama-nın

ZAMANlDlR. E) Avrupa Birliği ' nin temelinde, insan hakları, temel özgürlükler, adil yargılanma hakkı ve hukukun üstünlüğünün olduğunu anımsamanın-+AM ZAMANlDlR.

8. DO YOU THIN K there is ANYWHERE in the world where the left remains a vibrant and progressive force? A) Solun, dünyanın herh? ı:ı! bi!. yerinde varlığını sürdüren dinamik ve ilerici bir güç eldYğYRY my D UNUYORSUNUZ? B) Dinamik ve ilerici b' güç olarak solun , dünyadaki herhangi bir yerde hala .. SANlYORSUNUZ? -

9. TEMPLES were the most important public buildings in ancient Greece, because religion central part of daily life.

B) Din günlük yaşamın temelini oluşturduğu için, ta-pınaklar eski Yunan'da en önemli kamu binaları olarak kabul ediliyordu. C) Eski Yunan'da günlük yaşamın büyük ölçüde diline dayanması,tapınakların neden en önemli kamu binaları olduğunu açıklıyor. D) Eski Yunan'da dinin günlük yaşamın temel bir parçası olması , tapınakları kamu binalarının en önemlisi haline getirmişti. E) Eski Yunan'da, en önemli kamu binaları olan tapınaklarda sürdür ülen dini faaliyetler günlük yaşamın en temel parçasıydı.

184


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 10.1n the last century, much attention WAS GIVEN to the language of literature and the question of whether the re was in tae a separate literary language. A) Geçen yüzyılda, edebiyat dili çok · gi çekmiş ve gerçekte apayrı bir edebi dil olup olmadığı sorusu üzerinde ·· emle durulmuştur. B) Geçen yüzyılda, edebiyat dili k ilgi çekmiş ve apayrı bir edebi dil olup olmadığı sorusu hep tartışıl ştır. C) Geçen yüzyılda, edebiyat diline ve gerçekte ayrı bir eaebi dil olup olmaaığı o o 1 l GÖSTERILMI TIR. D) Edebiyat dilinin ne olduğu ve apayrı bir edebi dilin gerçekten var olup sorusu, geçen yüzyılda çok ilgi_ÇEKMIŞTIR. E) Edebiyat dili geçen yüzyılda çok tartışılmıştır ve gerçekte olup olmadığı sorusu ele alınm ı ştır.

ayrı

olmadığı

bir edebi dilin

11. A person's health history MAV REVEAL a disease that interferes with the body's use of nutrients or that affects e person's eating habits. A)

Kişinin sağlik

yararlanma

öyküs ··, yemek yemesini engelleyen veya bedeninin besinlerden sürec· ı etkileyen bir HASTALIGI AÇIGA ÇlKARMADA

C) Insanın yemek yemesini engelleyen veya bedenin besinlerden yararlanma sürecini etkileyen hastalıklar, kişinin sağlık öyküsünden yararlanılarak ortaya çıkarılabilir.

D) Bir kişinin sağlık öyküsünden, hem onun yemek yeme alışkanlıklarını etkileyen hem de bedenin besinlerden yararlanmasını engelleyen hastalıklar kolaylıkla anlaşılabilir.

E) Bedenin besinlerden yararlanma sürecini etkileyen veya engelleyen hastalıkların çoğu, kişinin sağlık öyküsünden

kişinin

yemek yemesini

anlaşılmaktadır.

12. As we learn from the works of MANY BIOLOGISTS in the past, since sponges did not move from one place to anoth r, they were thought to be plants. A)

B)

Geçmişteki pek çok biyol ğun, eserlerinde, süngerlerden bitki olarak söz etmesinin nedeni, bu cani ıi rın bir yerden bir yere hareket etmemesidir. Geçmişteki!!!:~!::!:!~~~

yerden bir

eserlerinden öğrendiğimiz kadarıyla,süngerler bir hare et etmemeleri dolayısıyla bitkilerle aynı grupta ele

alınıyordu.

C) Geçmişteki K BIYOLOOUN eserlerinden öğrendiğimiz kadarıyla, süngerler bir yerden bir yere hareket etmediği için onların bitki olduğu sanılıy_ ,o,r.,d,u"-.- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' Geçmişte, süngerler, bir yerden bir yere hareket etmedikleri için bitki olarak kabul edildiği halde, pek çok biyolog bu görüşe eserlerinde yer vermemiştir. E) Süngerler, bir yerden bir yere hareket etmedikleri için, geçmişte bitki olarak sınıflanıyordu; fakat birçok biyolog, eserlerinde bunun yanlış olduğunu belirtmektedir.

D)


185

YDS ŞiFRELERi 13. Overrun by the Austro-German armies in World War 1, Poland declared its independence on November 11 , 1918, AND on June 20, 1919, was recognized as an independent state by the Treaty of Ver illes. A) 1. Dünya

Polanya, olarak

Savaşı'nda

Avusturya-Alman

bağımsızlığını

tanınması,

11

Kasım

rduları tarafından işgal edilmiş

1918'de an

20 Haziran 1919'da i

etmiş

olsa da

bağımsız

alanan Versailles

olan

bir devlet

Antiaşması'yla

gerçekleşmiştir.

B) Avustu a-Aiman ordularınca I.Dün a Sa olan Polonya, 11 Kasım 1918'de bağımsızlığını ila etmi tir· ANCAK bir devlet olarak bağımsızlığı Versailles Antiaşması ' yla 20 Ha iran 1919'da kesinleşmiştir. C) Polonya, 1. Dünya Savaşı'nda Avusturya-Alman ordu rının işgaline uğrasa da 11 Kasım 1918'de bağımsızlığını ilan etmiş ve bir devle olarak bağımsızlığı, 20 Haziran 1919'da Versailles Antiaşması'yla kesinleşmiştir.

14.JAMES JOYCE, WHOM SAMUEL BECKETT KNEW IN PARIS IN THE 1920S, had a reat im act on Beckett's thinking regarding the art ofwriting.

B) James Joyce'un yazma sanatı konusundaki düşüncelerinden çok etkilenen Samuel Beckett, onu 1920'1erde Paris'te tanımıştı. C) Samuel Beckett 1920'1erde James Joyce'la Paris'te tanışlıktan sonra, yazma sanatı konusundaki düşünceleri bir ölçüde değişti. D) James Joyce 1920'1erde Paris'te tanıdığı Samuel Beckett'in yazma sanatı konusundaki düşüncelerini büyük ölçüde etkiledi. E) 1920'1erde Paris'te yaşayan Samuel Beckett'in yazma sanatı konusundaki düşünceleri James Joyce sayesinde tamamıyla değişti.

15. When the Sirkeci train station went into service on November 3, 1890, THE WAITING ROOM was heated with stoves brought from Austria and lit by coal-gas lamps. A) 3 Kası 1890'da hizmete giren Sirkeci tren istasyonunun hava gazı lambalarıyla aydınla ılan bekleme salonu, çoğu Avusturya'dan ithal edilen sobalarla ısıtılıyo du . .B) Sirkeci tren istasyonu 3 Kasım 1890'da hizmete girdiQinde, B LEME SALO U Avusturya'dan getirtilen sobalarla ısıtılıyor ve hava gazı lambalanyla a~dınlatılı)ıl~ or .., d, u._ . _____ C) 3 Kasım 1890'da, bekleme salonu hava gazı lambalarıyla aydınlatılan ve Avusturya'dan ithal edilen sobalarla ısıtılan Sirkeci tren istasyonu hizmete girdi. D) Sirkeci tren istasyonu 3 Kasım 1890'da hizmete girdiğinde , hava gazı lambalarıyla aydınlatılan bekleme salonunu ısıtmak için Avusturya'dan soba ithal edilmişti. E) Sirkeci

tren

istasyonunun Avusturya sobalarıyla ısıtılan ve hava gazı bekleme salonu, 3 Kasım 1890'da hizmete girmişti.

lambalarıyla aydınlatılan

186


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 16. Last fall, Tony Blair ANNOUNCED that he would serve a full Labour Party won.

fıve-year

term if the

A) Geçen sonbaharda, Tony lair, Işçi Partisi kazandığı takdirde, beş yıl tam in:!._ i :.ı.ILA::cı.N.:...=:.:..TT..:..:.I,._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __. dönem hizmet edeceğ]!. B) Tony Blair, eğer Işçi Partisi kazanırsa, beş yıl daha hizmet edeceğini geçen sonbaharda açıklamıştı. C) yıl

Geçen sonbaharda Işçi Partisi'nin kazanması üzerine, Tony Blair görevini beş daha sürdüreceğini ifade etti.

D) Tony Blair, Işçi Partisi'nin kazanmasın ı n kendisine beş yıl tam dönem hizmet olanağı sağlayacağı yolundaki açıklamasını geçen sonbaharda yaptı. E) Geçen sonbaharda Tol"!y Blai~, eğer Işçi Partisi kazanırsa , bir beş yıl daha hizmet etmek istediğini SOYbliDI.

17. Minority representatives in any political establishment MU T BE MADE TO FEEL that their interests are sufficiently protected . A)

Herhangi bir siyasal kuruluşta, hissetmelidirler.

azınlık

t

korunduğunu

B) Harilangi bir siyasal kuruluş · azınlık temsilcilerine, korunduğu HISSETTIRILMEt: DIR. C) Herhangi bir siyasal kuruluşun azınlık temsilcileri , korunduğunu HISSI!Dii81bMiibiDIRLER. temsilcileri, bir siyasal kuruluştaki hissetmelidirler. E) Bir siyasal kuruluş , azınlık temsilcilerine, hissettirmelidir. D)

Azınlık

çıkarlarının

yeterince

çıkarlarının olabildiğince

çıkarlarının

tamamen

korunduğunu

çıkarlarının

tamamen

korunduğunu

18. The Pentagon HAS ESTIMATED that about 25 per cent of the military facilities in the country are u necessary. A) Pentagon'a g ·re, ülke içinde bulunan askeri tesislerin yüzde 25'i gereksizdir. B) Pentagon, ül e içindeki askeri tesislerin hemen hemen yüzde 25'ine gereksinim duymadığını · · · C) Pentagon'un hesaplarına göre, ülkedeki askeri tesislerin yüzde 25'ine hiç gereksinim y ktur. D) Pentagon, ü ei:iöki askeri tesislerin HESAPLAMI TIR.

yaklaşık

yüzde 25'inin gereksiz

olduğunu

E) Ülkedeki askeri tesislerin aşağı yukarı yüzde 25'ine gereksinim olmadığı konusunda Pentagon kararlıdır.


187

YDS ŞiFRELERi 19. Germany's far-right national democratic party PSET the other parties by winning nearly 1O per cent of the votes in the e nomically depressed state of Saxony last year.

B) Geçen yıl, daha büyük ekonomik sıkıntılar içinde olan Saksonya eyaletinde, ayların yüzde onunu alan aşırı sağ Ulusal Demokratik Partisi, Almanya'daki diğer partileri telaşlandırmıştır.

C) Almanya'nin aşiri sağ ulusal demokratik partisi, geçen yıl, ekonomik sıkıntılar içinde olan Saksonya eyaletinde ayların aşağı yukarı yüzde onunu kazanmış ve diğer partilerin çoğunu SlKlNTlYA SOKMUŞTUR. D) Almanya'daki diğer partilerin canını sıkan aşırı sağ Ulusal Demokratik Partisi, geçen yıl, ekonomik durgunluk içinde olan Saksonya eysietindeki ayların yüzde onunu kazanmıştır. E) Almanya'nin aşiri sağ ulusal demokratik partisi, geçen yıl, ekonomik sıkıntı içindeki Saksonya eysietindeki ayların yüzde onunu alınca, diğer partiler TElAŞA !
20. The European Union IS ENGAGED IN a variety of programmas all araund the world to promote and protect t e rights of children, particularly in countries where children are affected by war. A) Tüm dünyada özel!" le savaşan ülkelerdeki çocuklar için çocuk haklarını desteklemek ve kor. mak için Avrupa Birliği birçok programa izin veriyor. B) Avrupa Birliği ünyada savaşan ülkelerin çocuklarının ve korumak i n çeşitli programları DESTEKliYOR. C) Avrupa

rliği

haklarını

desteklemek

tüm dünyada, özellikle çocukların savaştan etkilendiği ülkelerde, desteklemek ve korumak için çeşitli programlarla

haklarını

NIYOR. D) Avrupa Birliği özellikle savaştan etkilenen ülkelerin çocuklarını desteklemek ve korumak için tüm dünyada çeşitli programlar DÜZENliYOR. E) özellikle çocukların savaştan etkilendiği ülkelerdeki çocuk haklarını destekleyen ve koruyan Avrupa Birliği tüm dünyada çeşitli programlarla ilgilidir.

188



TURKISH- ENGLISH TRANSLATION TEST TEST 1 1:

Tüm AB devletleri, Ekonomi ve Para Birliği'nin parçası olmalarına rağmen , AB ülkelerinin tümü, Avro bölgesinin parçası değildir.

3.

A) Since the Economic and Monetary Union consists of all the EU states, the inclusion in the euro area of every EU country is not out of place. B) Although all EU states are part of the Economic and Monetary Union, not all EU countries are part of the euro area. C) Even if EU states all make up the Economic and Monetary Union, the euro area does not include every EU country. D) Even though every EU country is not included in the euro area, the Economic and Monetary Union is made up of all the EU states. E) lt is unlikely that every EU country, which is part of the Economic and Monetary Union, will al so be part of the EU area.

2.

Çoğu bilim insanı, yıllarca, gezegenimizdeki ekolojik sistemlerin dengesinin gerçekten ne denli hassas olduğunun önemini kavrama-

Mevcut küresel kriz nedeniyle uluslararası ticaretin çökmesi, kalkınma iktisatçılarını, ticareti, bir büyüme motoru olarak görme konusunda kuşkulandırmıştır. A) The fact that trade is an engine of growth has been dismissed by development economists, since the current global erisis has caused the collapse of international trade. B) The current global erisis has undermined international trade, and this has led development economists to scepticism about tradeasa means of growth . C) In view of the current global erisis and its adverse impact on international trade, many development economists have come to disregard trade as an engine of growth . D) Due to the current global erisis and the decline of international trade , development economists doubt whether trade can be regarded as an effective means of growth . E) The collapse of international trade due to the current global erisis has made development economists sceptical about regarding trade as an engine of growth .

4.

Her

yabancı yazarın

büyüdüğü

Çin'e bakış ülke ile biçimlenir.

açısı,

içinde

mıştır.

A) For years, most scientists have underestimated just how delicate the balance of the ecological systems on our planet really is. B) The question as to whether the ecological systems on our planet have a delicate balance has in fact been overlooked for years by many scientists. C) The ecological systems on our planet are so delicate that, for years, most scientists have not really taken them into account. D) Our planet's ecological systems, which are really extremely delicate, have been neglected for years by various scientists. E) Many scientists have failed for years to understand that our planet's ecological systems are indeed very delicate.


A) For a foreign writer, in order to have an opinion of Ch ina, he should fırst know his own country where he has grown up. B) A foreign writer's attitude towards the Chinese is essentially inspired by the country in which he has grown up. C) How a foreign writer understands China depends a great deal on the country he originally comes from. D) Every foreign writer's perspective on China is shaped by the country, in which he grew up. E) Before a foreign writer can understand China , he ought to focus in the fırst place on his own country in which he was born.

189

YDS ŞiFRELERi 5.

OPEC'in ikinci en büyük petrol ihracatçısı olarak, iran, halkının artan enerji gereksinimlerini karşılamak amacıyla, sadece nükleer yakıt elde etmek için uranyumu zenginleştirrnek istediğini iddia etmektedir.

7.

Ekonomik kalkınma gibi, siyasi barışıklık, Afganistan ıçın çozumun gerçekten bir parçası olmak zorundadır.

insanların

başladıkianna

ilişkin

190

ölmeye

parçalayıcı

A) Heart-rending news has been tiltering out from Zimbabwe that the people are starting to die of starvation. B) One gets heart-rending news out of Zimbabwe that the people there are dying of starvation. C) The news out of Zimbabwe that people are about to die of starvation is heart-rending. D) The heart-rending news that has been leaked out of Zimbabwe is that people have been dying of starvation. E) The news that the people in Zimbabwe have been dying of starvation is extremely heartrending.

8.

Kafkaslar, çöküşünden

A) Political reconciliation , just like economic development, must indeed be regarded as a fınal sattiement in Afghanistan. B) Not only economic development but also political reconciliation has really to be the ultimate sattiement in Afghanistan. C) lt is essential that, in addition to economic development, political reconciliation must in fact be considered for a lasting solution in Afghanistan . D) As part of a lasting solution in Afghanistan, political reconciliation as well as economic development must indeed be taken into consideration. E) Like economic development, political reconciliation does indeed need to be part of the solution for Afghanistan.

açlıktan

yürek

haberler sızmaktadır.

A) Although Iran is the second largest oil exporting country in OPEC, it stili continues to enrich uranium for the production of nuclear fuel and, thus, solve the rising energy erisis faced by its people. B) Iran, which is OPEC's second largest oil exporter, is resolved to enrich uranium and, thus, make nuclear fuel so that the desperata energy needs of its people can be met. C) As OPEC's second largest oil exporter, Iran claims that it wants to enrich uranium only to make nuclear fuel to meet the growing energy needs of its people. D) By enriching uranium, Iran, the second largest oil exporting OPEC member, intends to produce nuclear fuel in order to meet its people's increasing energy needs. E) Stili OPEC's second largest oil exporter, Iran claims that it wishes to produce nuclear fuel by enriching uranium for the growing energy needs of its people.

6.

Zimbabve'den,

kaynayan

1991'de Sovyetler Birliği'nin arta kalmış birçok içten içe

çatışmayı barındırmaktadır.

A) After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 , the Caucasus has become an area with various simmaring conflicts. B) Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, there have emergad various tensions in the Caucasus ready to explode into conflicts. C) The Caucasus harbours several simmaring conflicts left after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 . D) lt is in the Caucasus that, following the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, a number of issues have risen, ready to explode into conflicts. E) Several regional conflicts have risen in the Caucasus since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.



Shakespeare, her ne kadar tüm yaratıcılık enerjisini öncelikle sahneye odaklamış olsa da, kendisi aynı zamanda çağının en önde gelen lirik şairi idi.

11. Sürücüsüz metroları, kişi başına düşen 25.200 dolarlık milli geliri ve tıkır tıkır işleyen ticaret Asya'nın en merkezleri ile Singapur,

A) Even if Shakespeare's creative energy was primarily focused on the stage, he was indeed the most ad mired lyric poet of the period. B) For Shakespeare, the stage was the focus of his creative energy, but he was also a leading lyric poet of his time. C) lt was on the stage that Shakespeare mainly focused his creative energy, even though he was regarded as the most eminent lyric poet of the period. D) Shakespeare was the most respected lyric poet of his age, although his creative energy was mainly focused on the stage. E) Although Shakespeare focused all his creative energy primarily on the stage, he was as well the foremost lyric poet of his age.

A) With its driverless subways , $25,200 per capita ineome and smoothly running business centres , Singapare is among the most westernized cities in Asia . B) One of the most westernized cities in Asia is Singapore, for it has driverless subways, $25,200 per capita ineome and smoothly running business centres. C) lt is because of the driverless subways , $25,200 per capita ineome and smoothly running business centres that Singapare is one of the most westernized cities in Asia. D) Singapare remains the most westernized city in Asia with driverless subways, $25,200 per capita ineome and smoothly running business centres. E) The reason why Singapare is regarded as one of the most westernized cities in Asia is that it has driverless subways, $25,200 per capita ineome and smoothly running business centres.

Batılllaşmış şehirleri arasındadır.

10. Son yıllarda, tarihçiler, üst sınıflar ve onların siyasi çatışmaianna ilişkin öykülere daha az, ancak alt sınıf insanlarının yaşamlarını biçimlendiren iktisadi ve toplumsal güçlere daha çok vurgu yapmışlardır. A) In recent years, historians have emphasized more the economic and social forces that have an impact on the lives of lower-class people, but less the stories about upper-class political confrontations. B) Stories about the upper classes and their political differences have not received much emphasis from historians in recent years, while more emphasis has been put on the economic and social developments that have affected the lives of lower-class people. C) The economic and social factors that shape the lives of lower-class people have often been emphasized by historians in recent years, since stories about the upper classes and their political quarrels no fonger receive any attention. D) In recent years, historians have placed less emphasis on stories about the upper classes and their political conflicts, but more on the economic and social forces that shape the lives of Icwerelass people. E) In recent years, historians' emphasis on the economic and social developments that have shaped the lives of lower-class people rather than on the stories of upper-class political conflicts has received much attention.


değişikliklerin, beyinlerimizde 12. Çevredeki zamanın öznel biçimde algılanmasına nasıl yol açtığı sorusu, ruhbilimcileri ve beyin araştırmacılarını düşündürmeye devam etmektedir.

A) Psychologists and brain researchers have recently started to wonder how changes in the environment cause the brain to experience time subjectively. B) The question of how changes in the environment give rise to the subjective experience of time in our brains continues to preoccupy psychologists and brain researchers . C) How changes in the environment can lead to the subjective experience of time in our brains is a matter of d iscussion among psychologists and brain researchers. D) The subjective time experience of our brains resulting from environmental changes has long been a controversial issue among psychologists and brain researchers. E) The reasons behind the subjective perception of time by the brain have not yet been explained by psychologists or brain resea re hers.

191

YDS ŞiFRELERi 13. ister kendinden yönlü ortanca konumunuz iş kadar başarılı etkileyebilir.

emin büyük çocuk, ister çok çocuk olun, aile içindeki seçiminizden evliliğinizin ne olduğuna kadar her şeyi

A) Everything, from your choice of career to the success of your marriage, is determined by whether you were born as a confıdent fırst child or as a resourceful younger child. B) No matter what your position in the family may be, your choice of career and the success of your marriage depend highly on whether you have been a confıdent elder child or a resourceful middle child . C) Whether you are a confıdent fırst-born or a resourceful middle child, your position in the family can affect everything from your choice of career to how successful your marriage is. D) lt seriously matters, both as regards your career and the success of your marriage, whether you were born the confıdent elder child or the resourceful middle child of the family. E) Even if you are a confıdent fırst child rather than a resourceful middle child , everything from your choice of career to how successful your marriage is will be affected by your position in the family.

14.

Eğer

Rusya ve Amerika'nın yoğun nükleer ortadan kaldırmak için daha fazla bir şey yapılmazsa, Kuzey Kutup bölgesi yeniden bir nükleer cephe haline gelebilir. silahlarını

A) Unless further steps are taken to dismantle their extensive nuclear arms, the Aretic may become a nuclear front again for Russia and the US. B) If nothing further is done to dismantle the extensive Russian and US nuclear arms, the Aretic could once again become a nuclear front. C) In order for the Aretic to become a nuclear front again, something must be done to reduce the vast amount of nuclear weapons of Russia and the US. D) Whether or not the Aretic is to become a nuclear front again , Russia and the US must reduce their nuclear arms. E) Should Russian and US plans for turning the Aretic once more into a nuclear front be put into effect, both countries will have to reduce the amount of nuclear power.

192

15. Gladyatör dövüşleri ilk kez Roma'da, M.Ö. 264 yılında, Junius Brutus'un oğulları tarafından babalarının anısına düzenlenmiştir.

A) Gladiator fıghts were fırst organized in Rame in the year 264 B.C. by the sons of Junius Brutus in memory of the ir father. B) The gladiator fıghts, which were held in Rame in 264 B.C. for the fırst time, were organized by the sons of Junius Brutus as they wanted to commemorate their father. C) The sons of Junius Brutus, who organized gladiator fıghts in Rome in the year 264 B.C. for the fırst time, did so in memory of their father. D) Gladiator fıghts date back to 264 B.C. , when the sons of Junius Brutus first organized a ritual of sacrifice in Rame in memory of their father. E) The origin of gladiator fights goes back to 264 B.C. , when the sons of Junius Brutus wished to honour the memory of their father in this way in Rame.

16. 1996'da bir Güney Kore araştırma gemısı, Güney Koreiiierin "Dokdo," Japonların ise "Takeshima" dedikleri bir grup adaya yakın ihtilaflı sulara girerek Japonya'nın öfkesine yol açtı.

A) In 1996, a South Korean research vessel aroused Japanese anger by entering disputed waters near a group of islands that the South Koreans call "Dokdo" and the Japanese ''Takeshima". B) lt was in 1996 that, when a South Korean research vessel entered disputed waters araund a group of islands called "Dokdo" by the South Koreans and "Takeshima" by the Japanese, the Japanese people got exceedingly angry. C) Upon the entry of a South Korean research vessel in 1996 into disputed waters surraunding a group of islands which the South Koreans call "Dokdo" and the Japanese ''Takeshima," a great deal of anger was aroused among the Japanese people. D) In 1996, the Japanese people were angered since a South Korean research vessel had entered disputed waters near a group of islands called "Dokdo" by the South Koreans , and "Takeshima" by the Japanese. E) In 1996, disputed waters surraunding a group of islands, which the South Koreans call "Dokdo" and the Japanese "Takeshima ," were entered by a South Korean research vessel , causing much anger in Japan.



Göğüs kanseri hakkındaki korkunun bir kısmı, bu hastalığın tehlikelerine ilişkin yanlış bilgiye ve yanlış anlamaya dayanmaktadır.

19. iklim değişikliği ile ilgili çoğu bilim adamı, kentlerin, çevrelerinden daha sıcak olduğu ve bulut oluşumuna neden olan dikey hava akımları yarattığı görüşündedir.

A) There is so much misinformation as well as misunderstanding about the risks of breast cancer that it has led to a great deal of fear about this disease. B) Misinformation and misunderstanding with regard to the risks of breast cancer have caused people to fear this disease. C) The risks of breast cancer are such that misinformation and misunderstanding about this disease have been the cause of much fe ar. D) Some of the fear about breast cancer is on misinformation and based misunderstanding concerning the risks of this disease. E) Breast cancer involves various risks, but some of the fear about this disease mainly derives from misinformation and misunderstanding concerning it.

18. Siyasi bir dahi, ancak bir ekonomi amatörü olan Başkan Bill Clinton'ın en kayda değer başarısı, Beyaz Saray'da bulunduğu sekiz yıl boyunca, Amerika'nın ekonomik temeline gerçekten yeni bir güç katılmasıdır. A) During the eight years President Bill Clinton was in the White House, the American economic base was remarkably strengthened by the truly new power which, as an economic amateur, but a political genius, he put into it. B) During his eight years in the White House, President Bill Clinton, who was a political genius but an economic amateur, achieved great success by adding a great deal of new power to the heart of the American economy. C) As a political genius, but an economic amateur, President Bill Clinton's most controversial success was in fact the new power which he injected into the core of the American economy during his eight years in the White House. D) During the eight years he spent in the White House, President Bill Clinton, a political genius, though an economic amateur, put real new power into America's economic base. E) The most remarkable achievement of President Bill Clinton, who was a political genius but an economic amateur, was that, during the eight years he was in the White House, truly new power was added to America's economic base.


A) Most scientists concerned with climate change are of the opinion that cities are hotter than their surroundings and create updrafts of air causing cloud formation. B) A number of scientists dealing with climate change maintain that, as cities are much hotter than the surraunding environment, updrafts of air occur over them and lead to cloud formation . C) As many scientists studying climate change have suggested, since cities are relatively warmer than their surroundings, there are updrafts of air over them which bring about cloud formation. D) Many scientists who are experts in climate change are convinced that cloud formatian results from updrafts of air over cities, which are usually hotter than their surroundings. E) A lot of scientists who are specialists in climate change have argued that, because cities are far hotter than their surroundings, this causes updrafts of air which lead to cloud formation.

20.

Çoğu oyunda, bize sunulan dünya ne denli gerçek dışı olursa olsun, bizden onu geçici olarak gerçek dünya gibi görmemiz beklenir.

A) In a variety of plays, the world presented to us may be unreal, but it is expected that, at least temporarily, we take it for the real world. B) In most plays, however unreal may be the world presented to us, we are expected to regard it temporarily as the real world . C) The world presented to us in most plays may be unreal, even though we are expected to consider it for some time to be the real world . D) In a number of plays, we are presented with an unreal world, which is to be understood by us, at least for a certain period, as the real world . E) We are expected temporarily to take for real the unreal world which we see presented in most plays.

193

YDS ŞiFRELERi

TEST2 1.

3.

Yıllık olarak üretilen 67 milyon ton dokuma ipliğinin yarısından fazlası petrolden elde

edilen sentetiklerdir. A) Half of the synthetics produced from petroleum within a year make up more than 67 million tons of textile fibres. B) Annually, 67 million tons of textile fibres are produced, almost half of which are synthetics based on petroleum. C) About half of the 67 million tons of textile fibres which are produced in a year are synthetics made essentially from petroleum. D) More than half of the 67 million tons of textile fibres produced annually are synthetics made from petroleum. E) Petroleum-based synthetics account for about half of the annual production of textile fibres , which amounts to 67 million tons.

2.

Bildiğimiz

Birleşik

anayasasına

sınırsız

gibi, Amerika göre, Kongre yetkisine sahip değildir.

Devletleri bir yasama

A) As far as we know, the Constitution of the United States of America does not grant to Congress unlimited powers for legislation. B) As we know, according to the Constitution of the United States of America, Congress does not have unlimited power of legislation. C) We know that, according to the Constitution of the United States of America, Congress cannot exercise unlimited power for legislation. D) As is well known to us all, Congress is denied by the Constitution of the United States of America the right to use unlimited power for legislation. E) As we all know, Congress's unlimited power of legislation has been curtailed by the Constitution of the United States of America.

194

Kadınların bilimsel araştırmalardaki durumuna ilişkin olarak denilebilir ki temel sorun, kadınları bilime çekmek değil, ancak yetiştirildikten sonra onları bilim içinde tutabilmektir.

A) On the part women play in scientific studies, it is to be emphasized that the initial problem is not if women find science attractive but if they can be involved in it after their training . B) One may argue about the position of women in scientific studies that the major problem is not how to attract women into science, but how to employ them as soon as they complete their training. C) With reterence to the role of women in science, it must be stated that the primary problem is not whether women can take part in scientific research but whether they can be relied on after they have been trained . D) As for the role of women in scientific research, one can maintain that the ultimate problem is not whether science is attractive to women but whether, following their training, they can contribute to it. E) As regards the status of women in scientific research , it may be said that the fundamental problem is not attracting them to science but retaining them in science after they have been trained.

4. Uyku hapları, özellikle birkaç haftadan daha uzun süre veya yüksek dozlarda düzenli olarak kullanıldığında, bazı insanlarda bağımlılığa neden olabilir. A) When people take sleeping pills regularly at particularly high doses for much longer than one or two weeks, they become very dependent on these medicines. B) If sleeping pills are used regularly at high

doses for a few weeks or longer, some people in particular can develop an addiction to them . C) Sleeping pills, especially when used regularly for longer than a few weeks or at high doses, can cause dependency in some people. D) So long as sleeping pills are taken at very high doses for several weeks or longer, they can cause dependency in a number of people. E) Some people can be particularly addicted to sleeping pills when used at high doses or for much longer than several weeks.



Bazı siyaset bilimciler, üyeleri arasında derin duygusal ilişkilerin var olduğu ailenin, ufak çapta siyasal bir sistem gibi olduğunu ileri

7. Shakespeare'in ailesi, idamı, 13. yüzyıl ortasında kayda geçmiş olan Warwickshire'lı eşkiya William Sakspere'e dayanmaktadır.

sürmüşlerdir.

A) lt is to William Sakspere, a Warwickshire th

A) Some political scientists have argued that the family, in which deep emotional relationships exist between members, is like a political system in miniature. B) In the opinion of various political scientists, the family, which consists of members with deep emotional relationships, can be compared to a minor political system. C) As a few political scientists have argued, the family reminds one of a political system in miniature, in which members have deep emotional ties. D) As pointed out by a number of political scientists, the family, whose members are emotionally bound together, resembles a minor political system. E) Some of the political scientists present have suggested that the family, in which members maintain strong emotional ties with each other, is similar to a smail political system.

B)

C)

D)

E)

th

whose hanging in the mid-13 recorded .

8.

6. Dilbilimi, son zamanlarda hemen tüm alanlarda muazzam bir genişleme sağlayan, genç bir sosyal bilimdir. A) Linguistics, which is, in a sense, a young social science, has expanded in every area in recent times. B) Linguistics is a young social science, which has recently had a massive expansion in almost all areas. C) As a young social science, linguistics has expanded enormously in all areas in recent years. D) Although linguistics is in fact a sornewhat young social science, its recent expansion in almost all fıelds has been remarkable. E) Linguistics, which has expanded rapidly in all areas in recent years, is in fact a young social science.


robber in the mid-13 century, whose hanging is recorded, that Shakespeare's family is related . th William Sakspere was a mid-13 century Warwickshire robber whose hanging was recorded and to whom Shakespeare's family can be traced. Shakespeare's family can be traced back to a Warwickshire robber, William Sakspere, who th was hung some time in the mid-13 century. Shakespeare's family goes back to the Warwickshire robber William Sakspere, th whose hanging was recorded in the mid-13 century. Shakespeare's family has been traced back to William Sakspere, a Warwickshire robber. century was

Yaşlıların

gençleri sayıca geçecegı bir gelecekten korkan pek çok hükümet, insanları çocuk sahibi olmaya teşvik etmek için ne gerekiyorsa yapmaktadır.

A) Fearful of a future in which the elderly outnumber the young, many governments are doing whatever they can to encourage people to have children . B) Most governments, afraid of a future in which there are more elderly than young people, are taking whatever measures they can in order to persuade people to have more children . C) In order to urge people to have more and more children, a number of governments, which fear that the elderly will outnumber the young in the future, are introducing whatever incentives they can . D) Various governments fear a future in which the number of the elderly will exceed that of the young, and are hence doing their best in order to convince people to have children . E) Since governments are afraid that, in the future, the number of the elderly will exceed that of the young, they are doing all they can so that people may have more children .

195

YDS ŞiFRELERi 9. Elmaslar, muhteşem güzellikleri için çok şiddetle arzu edilir, ancak basit gerçek şu ki onlar sadece sıkıştırılmış kristalize karbondur. A) Because of their wonderful beauty, one always has a great desire for diamonds, but the truth is that they are no more than just compressed crystallized carbon . B) Although diamonds are always desired for their exceptional beauty, in fact they are really only compressed crystallized carbon. C) Diamonds are much coveted for their exquisite beauty, but the simple truth is that they are just compressed crystallized carbon . D) lnvariably one has a strong urge for diamonds because of their extreme beauty even though in truth , they are only compressed crystallized carbon. E) In fact, diamonds are merely compressed crystallized carbon , but there is always a widespread desire for them due to their magnifıcent beauty.

11. Kuzey irlanda, Birleşik Krallığın ayrılmaz bir parçasıdır; ancak, 1920'de irianda'nın Yönetimi Yasası'na konmuş olan hükümlere _göre, yarı özerk bir yönetime sahiptir. A) Northern lreland constitutes a major part of the United Kingdem even though , according to the Government of lreland Act of 1920, it is governed semi-autonomously. B) According to the terms of the Government of lreland Act of 1920, Northern lreland makes up a signifıcant part of the United Kingdem despite the fact that its government is semiautonomous. C) Northern lreland is an integral part of the United Kingdom, but, in accordance with the provisions made in 1920 in the Government of lreland Act, it has a semi-autonomous government. D) Northern lreland is regarded as an essential part of the United Kingdem and, under the terms of the Government of lreland Act of 1920, is administered by a semi-autonomous government. E) According to the provisions made in the 1920 Government of lreland Act, Northern lreland, which is an inseparable part of the United Kingdom, has a semi-autonomous ad m in istration.

Arap petrolünün serbest akışını için askeri güç dahil gerekli her vasıtayı kullan-maya kendini resmen bağımlı

10. ABD,

sağlamak kılmıştır.

A) In order to secure the free flow of Arab oil , the USA has officially decided to resort to any means imaginable, including military force. B) The USA is officially committed to the use of any

means

necessary,

including

military

force, to ensure the free flow of Arab oil. C) lt is a determined policy of the USA to make sure , through the official use of any means, including military force , that Arab oil flows freely. D) The USA is clearly determined to use any means whatsoever, even military force, in an effort to secure the unobstructed flow of Arab oil. E) lt is the official policy of the USA to ensure the {ree flow of Arab oil by using all kinds of means except military force.

196

12. Patara'da pek çok pansiyon ve birkaç görkemli otel olmasına rağmen, geleneksel köy yaşamı hala devam etmektedir. A) Patara boasts various pensions and a number of magnifıcent hotels even though viiiage life continues here in a traditional way.

B) Despite a number of pensions and some excellent hotels, Patara is stili a viiiage which has a traditional way of life. C) Though a viiiage where traditional life stili goes on, Patara has a great number of pensions and severalluxurious hotels. D) Although in Patarathere are many pensions and a few splendid hotels, traditional viiiage life stil continues. E) Patara, which has several pensions but few nice hotels, is just a viiiage where life goes on in a traditional manner.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 13. On altıncı yüzyılın ilk yarısında Fransa kralı olan 1. François, ülkesini Avrupa'da önde gelen bir güç yapmayı düşlemiş, ancak Avusturya imparatoru V. Charles tarafından engellenmiştir.

A) The French king François 1, who had the dream of making his country Europe's dominant power in the first half of the sixteenth century, was opposed by the Austrian emperor Charles V. B) François 1, the king of France in the first half of the sixteenth century, dreamt of making his country a leading power in Europe but was prevented by Charles V, emperor of Austria . C) Charles V, the emperor of Austria, stood up against François 1, the king of France, who dreamt of making his country a major European power in the first half of the sixteenth century. D) François 1, the king of France, had the dream of turning his country into the chief European power in the first half of the sixteenth century although he was opposed by Charles V, emperor of Austria. E) The king of France in the first half of the sixteenth century, François 1, dreamt of making his country one of the major powers in Europe but was dissuaded by the Austrian emperor Charles V.

15. Roma imparatorluğu'nun yıkılışından sonra, imparatorluğun bir parçası olan Avusturya, Slav kökenli çeşitli milletlerce istila edilmiştir. A) Following the tali of the Roman Empire, Austria, which had constituted part of the Empire, was settled by different peoples of Slavic origin. B) In the aftermath of the fall of the Roman Empire, Austria, which had been one of the regions of the Empire, was overrun by a number of originally Slavic peoples. C) Soon after the fall of the Roman Empire, Austria, which had been a region of the Empire, was conquered by various nations, mostly of Slavic origin. D) After the fall of the Roman Empire, Austria, which had been a part of the Empire, was invaded by various nations of Slavic origin . E) When the Roman Empire teli , a number of nations of Slavic origin had already invaded Austria , which was part of the Empire.

araştırmalara giriştiler.

olarak M.Ö. 8. yüzyılda Homer kaleme alınan Truva Savaşı hakkındaki destanlar, birkaç yüzyıl boyunca sözlü olarak korunmuş olabilir.

A) lt was in the Iate nineteenth century that, following the discovery of X-rays, scientists suddenly embarked on a serious research programme to trace various other similar rays . B) Following the discovery of X-rays in the nineteenth century, comprehensive research was soon undertaken by scientists in order to detect other rays of the same kind . C) Towards the end of the nineteenth century, when X-rays were discovered, scientists were already involved in extensive research in order to study other kinds of rays. D) The discovery of X-rays in the Iate nineteenth century motivated scientists to carry out exhaustive research in order to detect other types of rays . E) When X-rays were discovered in the Iate nineteenth century, scientists immediately set out on intensive research to find other similar types of rays.

A) Homer's epics about the Trojan War were written down, probably in the 8th century B.C., but may have been around for centuries in oral form . B) Homer apparently wrote down the epics of the Trojan War sometime in the 8th century B.C., but they had already existed in oral form for centuries. C) The Trojan War epics had probably existed for centuries in oral form before they were finally transeribed by Homer sometime in the 8th century B.C. D) The epics about the Trojan War written down by Homer in about the 8th century B.C. may have been preserved orally for several centuries. E) Homer transeribed the Trojan War epics sometime during the 8th century B.C., but their origins go back to an earfier oral tradition.

14. On dokuzuncu keşfedildiğinde, başka

ışınlar

yüzyılın sonlarında

bilim bulmak

X ışıoları benzer tür hemen yoğun

adamları

için


16. Yaklaşık

tarafından

197

YDS ŞiFRELERi 17. Ortaçağ

haritaları Hollanda'nın neredeyse su altında gösterir, ama o zamandan beri denizden geniş alanlar kazanılmıştır.

19. Çocuklar daha fazla bağımsızlık kazandıkça , onların genleri kendilerine uyan çevreler yaratmak için daha aktif bir tarzda işieyebil ir.

A) In medieval maps nearly half of the Netherlands is u nder water, but si nce then the sea has withdrawn from large areas. B) Large areas of what is now the Netherlands have often been claimed from the sea, but in medieval maps they were u nder water. C) Nearly half of the Netherlands does not exist on medieval maps but later large areas were recovered from the sea. D) Medieval maps show that large areas of the Netherlands used to be under the sea, but they have since been reclaimed. E) Medieval maps show nearly half of the Netherlands under water, but since then large areas have been claimed from the sea.

A) Once children start to grow more independent, their genes operate in a more positive manner to create environments that su it them better. B) As children get more independence their genes start to operate more forcefully to create what is for them a more congenial environment. C) As children gain more independence, their genes can operate in a more active manner to produce environments that suit them. D) When they attain more independence, children start to desire a more congenial environment and their genes work with them to atta in it. E) Once children have attained a greater degree of independence, their genes prompt them to desire a more congenial environment.

yarısını

20. Katherine Mansfield, özellikle Rus yazar Chekhov'un kısa hikayelerinden etkilenmiş ve onun gibi, konudan çok çevre ve karaktere dayalı hikayeler yazmıştır. 18. Geçen

yüzyılın

başlarında,

ırkiara karşı doğuştan

olarak

önyargıyı,

bazı

ve içgüdüsel bir tepki

düşünmek yaygındı.

A) At the turn of the last century, prejudice was generally regarded more as an innate or instinctive reaction to certain races . B) At the tum of the last century, it was common to consider prejudice to be an innate and instinctive reaction to certain races. C) By the turn of the last century people were prejudiced against certain races and this was regarded as an innate and instinctive reaction . D) By the turn of the last century this innate and instinctive reaction against race was commonly seen as prejudice. E) With the turn of the last century people grew more prejudiced against certain races and this was regarded as an innate and instinctive reaction.

198

A) The Russian writer Chekhov's short stories depend more on atmosphere and character than on plot, and this impressed Katherine Mansfıeld and influenced the way she wrote. B) Katherine Mansfıeld was a great admirer of the Russian writer Chekhov, and her short stories, like his, are centred around character and atmosphere rather than action. C) Like the Russian short-story writer, Chekhov, Katherine Mansfıeld wrote short stories that depend for their effect more on character and atmosphere than upon action. D) Katherine Mansfıeld greatly admired the style of Chekhov in his short stories and, like him, wrote short stories in which character and atmosphere, not action , come to the fore. Mansfıeld was particularly E) Katherine impressed by the short stories of the Russian writer Chekhov, and, like him, she wrote stories which depend more on atmosphere and character than on plot.



TURKISH -ENGLISH TRANSLATION CEVAP ANAHTARI TEST 1 1. B 2.A

3.E 4.D 5.C

TEST2 1. D

2.8 3.E 4.C 5.A

6. E 7.A

6.8 7. D

S. C

8.A 9.C

9. E 10.D

10.8

c

11. A

11.

12.8 13.

c

12. D 13.8

14.8 15. A 16. A

14.E 15.D 16.D

17. D

17.E

18.E 19. A

18.8 19.C

20.8

20.E


199

YDS ŞiFRELERi

1

1

1. BAGLAÇ UYUMU TEKNiGi! SORU CUMLESINDE ORTADA YER ALAN BAGLAÇ SEÇENEKLERDE CUMLE BAŞlNDA ARNIR.

2. TANIMLAMA TEKNiGi! SORUDA TANIMLAMA BILGISI YA DA ISIM CUMLECIGI YER ALDIGINDA; SEÇENEKTEKI CÜMLEDE ÖNCE ÖZNE VE ARDlNDAN RELATIVE VE NOUN CLAUSE CÜMLECiKLERi GELMELiDiR.

3. ÖZNE UYUMU TEKNiGi! SORUDAKI OZNE SEÇENEKLERDE YER VE ZAMAN SIRLAMASI BUTUNLUGUNDE CUMLE BAŞlNDA ARAN IR.

4. FiiL UYUMU TEKNiGi! VERILEN TEKNIKLER ILE HALEN SEÇENEKLER ARASINDA

ÇELIŞKIYE DUŞULDUGUNDE;

SORU CÜMLESi iLE SEÇENEKTEKi CÜMLE ARASINDA FiiL UYUMU ARANIR.

200



.

.

TURKISH - ENGLISH TRANSLATION TEKNIKLERI TEST 1 1.

TÜ AB devletleri, Ekonomi ve Para Birliği'nin parçası olmalarına rağmen. AB ülkelerinin tümü , Avro bölge inin parçası değildir. A) Since e Economic and Monetary Union consists of all the EU states, the inclusion in the euro area of every E country is not out of place. B) Although All EU states are part of the Economic and Monetary Union, not all EU countries are part of the euro area. C) Even if EU states all make up the Economic and Monetary Union, the euro area does not include every EU country. D) Even though ~ EU country is not included in the euro area, the Economic and Monetary Union is made up of all the EU states. E) lt is unlikely that every EU country, which is part of the Economic and Monetary Union , will alsa be part of the EU area.

2.

O- U bilim insani, yıllarca, gezegenimizdeki ekolojik sistemlerin dengesinin gerçekten ne denli, hassas önemini kavramamıştır.

olduğu

A) For years, MOST scientists have underestimated just how delicate the balance of the ecological systems on our planet really is. B) The question as to whether the ecological systems on our planet have a delicate balance has in fact been overlooked for years by many scientists. C) The ecological systems on our planet are so delicate that, for years, most scientists have not really taken them into account. D) Our planet's ecological systems, which are really extremely delicate, have been neglected for years by various scientists. E) Many scientists have failed for years to understand that our planet's ecological systems are indeed very delicate.


201

YDS ŞiFRELERi 3.

Mevcut küresel kriz nedeniyle ULUSLARA büyüme motoru olarak görme konusunda k

SI TiCARETiN

ÖKMESi, kalkınma iktisatçılarını, ticareti, bir

şkulandırmıştır.

A) The fact that trade is an engine of gro h has been dismissed by development economists, since the current global erisis has caused the coll pse of international trade. B) The current global erisis has undermine international trade, and this has led development economists to scepticism about trade as a means of gr wth . C) In view of the current global erisis an its adverse impact on international trade, many development economists have come to disregard trad as an engine of growth. D) Due to THE CURRENT GLOBAL RISIS AND Tl-le DeCbiNe OF INTeRNATIONAl TRADe, development economists doubt whether rade can be regarded as an effective means of growth.

E) THE COLLAPSE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE due to the current global erisis has made development economists sceptical about regarding trade as an engine of growth.

4.

H R yabancı

yazarın

Çin'e

bakış açısı,

içinde

büyüdüğü

ülke ile bicimlenir.

or a foreign writer, in order to have an opinion of China, he should fırst know his own country where he h s grown up. B) A foreign writer's attitude towards the Chinese is essentially inspired by the country in which he has gr wn up. C) Ho a foreign writer understands China depends a great deal on the country he originally comes from .

A)

D) EVERY foreign writer's perspective on China is shaped by the country, in which he grew up. E) Before a foreign writer can understand China, he ought to focus in the which he was born.

202

fırst

place on his own country in



OPEC'in ikinci en büyük petrol ihracatçısı O RAK lran,halkının artan enerji gereksinimlerini karşılamak ·çin uranyumu zenginleştirrnek istediğini iddia etmektedir. argest oil exporting country in OPEC, it stili continues to enrich uranium for A) Although Iran is the seco r fuel and, thus, solve the rising energy erisis faced by its people. the production of nu B) Iran, which is C's second largest oil exporter, is resolved to enrich uranium and, thus, make nuclear fuel so th e desperate energy needs of its people can be met. C) AS OPEC's second largest oil exporter, Iran claims that it wants to enrich uranium only to make nuclear fuel to meet the growing energy needs of its people. D) By enriching uranium, Iran , the second largest oil exporting OPEC member, intends to produce nuclear fuel in order to meet its people's increasing energy needs. E) Stili OPEC's second largest oil exporter, Iran claims that it wishes to produce nuclear fuel by enriching uranium for the growing energy needs of its people ..

6.

siyasi

barışıki ık ,

Afganistan için çözümün gerçekten bir

parçası

olmak

zorundadır.

A) Political reconcili ıon , just like economic development, must indeed be regarded as a final settlement in Afghanistan. B) Not only econ mic development but also political reconciliation has really to be the ultimate settlement in Afghanistan C) lt is essen al that, in addition to economic development, political reconciliation must in fact be considered for a las · g solution in Afghanistan . D) As pa of a lasting solution in Afghanistan , political reconciliation as well as economic development must inde be taken into consideration. E) LIKE economic development, political reconciliation does indeed need to be part of the solution for Afghanistan.


203

YDS ŞiFRELERi 7.

Zimbabve'den , insanların (ACTIVE VERB)

açlıktan

ölmeye

başladıkianna ilişkin

yürek parçalayici haberler SlZMAKTADlR

A) Heart-rending news HAS BEEN FILTERING OUT from Zimbabwe that the people are starting to die of starvation. ACTIVE (Etken) B) One gets heart-rending news out of Zimbabwe that the people there are dying of starvation. C) The news out of Zimbabwe that people are about to die of starvation is heart-rending. D) The heart-rending news-+MAl= HAS BEEN LEAKED OUt of Zimbabwe is that people have been dying of starvation. PASSIVE (Edilgen) E) The news that the people in Zimbabwe have been dying of starvation is extremely heartrending.

8.

KAFKASLAR 1991 'de Sovyetler barındır

Birliği'nin çöküşünden

arta

kalmış

birçok içten içe kaynayan

çatışmayı

aktadır.

A) After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Caucasus has become an area with various simmering confl cts. B) Follo ing the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, there have emerged various tensions in the Caucasus read to explode into conflicts. C) THE CAUCASUS harbours several simmering conflicts left after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. D) lt is in the Caucasus that, following the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, a number of issues have risen , ready to explode into conflicts. E) Several regional conflicts have risen in the Caucasus since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 .

204



Shakes

are, her ne kadar tüm yaratıcılık enerjisini öncelikle sahneye ağının en önde gelen lirik şairi idi.

odaklamış

OLSA DA. kendisi

aynı

A) EVEN 1 Sl:ıakespeare's Greative eRergy was primarily focused on the stage, he was indeed the most admired 1 ic poet of the period. B) For Shakesp are, the stage was the focus of his creative energy, but he was also a leading lyric poet of his time. C) lt was on the s ge that Shakespeare mainly focused his creative energy, even though he was regarded as the most emi nt lyric poet of the period. D) Shakespeare wa the most respected lyric poet of his age, although his creative energy was mainly focused on the sta E) ALTHOUGH Shakespeare focused all his creative energy primari Iy on the stage, he was as well the foremost lyric poet of his age.

sınıflar ve onların siyasi çatışmaianna ilişkin öykülere D HA AZ, ancak alt biçimlendiren iktisadi ve toplumsal güçlere daha ok vur a mı lardır.

10. Son yillarda, tarihciler, üst insanlarının yaşamlarını

sınıf

A) In recent years, historians I-IAlJE EMPI-IASIZED MORE the economic nd social forces that have an impact on the lives of lower-class people, but less the stories about upp -class political confrontations. B) Stories about the upper classes and their political differences h e not received much emphasis from historians in recent years, while more emphasis has been put o the economic and social developments that have affected the lives of lower-class people. C) The economic and social factors that shape the lives of lo r-class people have often been emphasized by historians in recent years, since stories about the up r dasses and their political quarrels no longer receive any attention . D) In recent years, historians have placed LESS EMPHASIS on stories about the upper dasses and their political conflicts, but more on the economic and social forces that shape the lives of Icwerelass people. E) In recent years, historians' emphasis on the economic and social developments that have shaped the lives of lower-class people rather than on the stories of upper-class political conflicts has received much attention .


205

YDS ŞiFRELERi 11. Sürücüsüz metroları, kişi başına düşen 25.200 dolarlık milli geliri ve tıkır tıkır işleyen ticaret merkezleri iLE Singapur, Asya ' nın en Batılılaşmış şehirleri arasındadır. A) WL_ its driverless subways, $25,200 per capita ineome and smoothly running business centres, Singapare is among the most westernized cities in Asia. B) One of the most westernized cities in Asia is Singapore, for it has driverless subways, $25 ,200 per capita ineome and smoothly running business centres. C) lt is because of the driverless subways , $25,200 per capita ineome and smoothly running business centres that Singapare is one of the most westernized cities in Asia . D) Singapare remains the most westernized city in Asia with driverless subways, $25,200 per capita ineome and smoothly running business centres . E) The reason why Singapare is regarded as one of the most westernized cities in Asia is that it has driverless subways, $25,200 per capita ineome and smoothly running business centres.

12. Çevredeki değişikliklerin , beyinlerimizde zamanın öznel biçimde algılanmasına nasil yol açti"i ruhbilimcileri ve beyin araştırmacılarını düşündürmeye devam etmektedir.

ORUSU,

A) Psychologists and brain researchers have receoı;ı.ı....,stan cause the brain to experience ti · ıvely. B) THE QU ION OF how changes in the environment give rise to the subjective experience of time in our brains continues to preoccupy psychologists and brain researchers. C) How changes in the environment can lead to the subjective experience of time in our brains is a matter of discussion among psychologists and brain researchers. D) The subjective time experience of our brains resulting from environmental changes has long been a controversial issue among psychologists and brain researchers. E) The reasons behind the subjective perception of time by the brain have not yet been explained by psychologists or b ra in researchers.

Özne Uyumu tekniği!

The question of how ... ...

= nasıl

yol açtığı sorusu

206


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 13. iSTER kendinden emin büyük çocuk, iSTER çok yönlü ortanca çocuk olun, aile içindeki konumunuz iş se ·minizden evliliğinizin ne kadar başarılı lduğuna kadar her şeyi etkileyebilir. verything, from your choice of career o the success of your marriage, is determined by whether you re born as a confıdent fırst child or as resourceful younger child . B) N MATTER WWA+-your position in the family may be, your choice of career and the success of your ma iage depend highly on whether you h e been a confident elder child or a resourceful middle child . C) WHETHER you are a confıdent fırst-born OR a resourceful middle child, your position in the fami ly can affect everything from your choice of career to how successful ','OUr marriage is. D) lt seriously matters, both as regards your career and the success of your marriage, whether you were born the confıdent elder chil d or the resourceful middle child of the family. E) Even if you are a confıdent fırst child rather than a resourceful middle child , everything from your choice of career to how successful your marriage is will be affected by your position in the family.

14. EG R Rusya ve Amerika ' nın yoğun nükleer silahlarını ortadan kaldırmak için daha fazla bir sey a lmazsa, Kuzey Kutup bölgesi yeniden bir nükleer cephe haline gelebilir. nless further steps are taken to dismantle their extensive nuclear arms, the Aretic may become a uclear front again for Russia and the US. B) IF nothing further is done to dismantle the extensive Russian and US nuclear arms, the Aretic could once again become a nuclear front. C) In order for the Aretic to become a nuclear front again, something must be done to reduce the vast amount of nuclear weapons of Russia and the US. D) Whether or not the Aretic is to become a nuclear front again, Russia and the US must reduce their nuclear arms. E) Should Russian and US plans for turning the Aretic once more into a nuclear front be put into effect, both countries will have to reduce the amount of nuclear power.


207

YDS ŞiFRELERi 15. Gladyator dövüşleri ilk kez Roma'da, M.Ö. 264 yılında, Junius Brutus'un oğulları tarafından babalarının anısına DÜZENLENMiSrR. PASSIYE VERB (Edilgen) A) Gladiator fights WERE FIRST ORGANIZED in Rome in the year 264 B.C. by the sons of Junius Brutus in memory of their father. PASSIYE (Edilgen) B) The gladiator fights , which were heldin Rome in 264 B.C. for the first time, were organized by the sons of Junius Brutus as they wanted to commemorate their father. C) The sons of Junius Brutus, who organized gladiator fights in Rome in the year 264 B.C. for the fı rst time, d id so in memory of their father. D) Gladiator fights DATE 8ACK to 264 B.C., when the sons of Junius Brutus first organized a ritual of sacrifice in Rome in memory of their father. ACTIVE (Etken) E) The origin of gladiator fıghts goes back to 264 B.C. , when the sons of Junius Brutus wished to honour the memory of their father in this way in Rome.

16.

A) In 1996, A SOUTH KOREAN RESEARCH VESSEL aroused Japanese anger by entering disputed waters near a group of islands that the South Koreans caii"Dokdo" and the Japanese"Takeshima". B) lt was in 1996 that, when a South Korean research vessel entered disputed waters areund a group of islands called "Dokdo" by the South Koreans and "Takeshima" by the Japanese, the Japanese people got exceedingly angry. C) Upon the entry of a South Korean research vessel in 1996 into disputed waters surraunding a group of islands which the South Koreans call "Dokdo" and the Japanese "Takeshima," a great deal of anger was aroused among the Japanese people. D) In 1996, TME JAPANESE PEOPbE were angered since a South Korean research vessel had entered disputed waters near a group of islands called "Dokdo" by the South Koreans, and "Takeshima" by the JaRanese. E) In 1996, DISPUTED WATERS_surrounding a group of islands, which the South Koreans call "Dokdo" and the Japanese "Takeshima ," were entered by a South Korean research vessel , causing much anger in Japan.

208



Göğüs kanseri hakkındaki ...===:..:=:..:....=..:....:.-?Z.:.:M:.:.I,, yanlış anlamaya dayanmaktadır .

bu

hastalığın

tehlikelerine

i lişkin yanlış

bilgiye ve

A) There is so much misinformation a eli as misunderstanding about the risks of breast cancer that it has led to a great deal of fear abo ıs disease.

B) Misinformation and misun

standing with regard to the risks of breast cancer have caused people to fear

this disease. C) The risks of bre cancer are such that misinformation and misunderstanding about this disease have been the ca of much fear. D) SOME OF THE FEAR about breast cancer is based on misinformation and misunderstanding concerning the risks of this disease. E) Breast cancer involves various risks , but some of the fear about this disease mainly derives from misinformation and misunderstanding concerning it.

18. Siyasi bir dahi , ancak bir ekonomi amatörü olan Başkan Bill C linton ' ın =E~N!......!::~~~~~~~~~~ Beyaz Saray'da bulunduğu sekiz yıl boyunca, Amerika ' nın ekonomik te ine gerçekten yeni bir güç katılmasıdır.

A) During the eight years President Bill Clinton was in the W House, the American economic base was remarkably strengthened by the truly new power whic , s an economic amateur, but a political genius, he put into it. B) During his eight years in the White House esident Bill Clinton, who was a political genius but an economic amateur, achieved great suc s by adding a great deal of new power to the heart of the American economy. C) As a political genius, but an eco mic amateur, President Bill Clinton's most controversial success was in fact the new power which njected into the core of the American economy during his eight years in the White House. rs he spent in the White House, President Bill Clinton , a political genius, though an D) During the eight ur, put real new power into America's economic base. E) THE MOST REMARKABLE ACHIEVEMENT OF President Bill Clinton, who was a political genius but an economic amateur, was that, during the eight years he was in the White House, truly new power was added to America's economic base.


The most remarkable achievement of... = en kaydedeğer başarısı


209

YDS ŞiFRELERi 19. iklim değişikliği ile ilgili ;.;=~BiLiM ADAMI, kentlerin , çevrelerinden daha sıcak olduğu ve bulut oluşumuna neden ol ava akımları yarattığı görüşünded ir. A) MOST SCIENTISTS concemed with climate change are of the opinion that cities are hatter than their surroundings and create updrafts of air causing cloud formation . B) A NUM8ER OF SCIENTISTS dealing with climate change maintain that, as cities are much hatter than the surraunding environment, updrafts of air occur over them and lead to cloud formation . C) As many scientists studying elimale change have suggested , since cities are relatively warmer than their surroundings, there are updrafts of air over them which bring about cloud formation . D) Many scientists who are experts in elimale change are convinced that cloud formatian results from updrafts of air over cities, which are usually hatter than their surroundings. E) A lot of scientists who are specialists in climate change have argued that, because cities are far hatter than their surroundings, this causes updrafts of air which lead to cloud formation.l':!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!;'l

20.

NDA bize sunulan dünya ne denli gerçek dünya gibi g··rmemiz beklenir.

dişi

olursa olsun, bizden onu geçici olarak gerçek

A) Ina variet of plays , the world presented to us may be unreal, but it is expected that, at least temporarily, we take it ı the real world .

B) IN MOST PLAYS, however unreal may be_the world presented to us, we are expected to regard it temporarily as the real world. C) The world presented to us in most plays rtıay be unreal, even though we are expected to consider it for some time to be the real world . D) In a number of plays, we are presented with an unreal world , which is to be understood by us, at least for a certain period , as the real world . E) W e are expected temporarily to take for real the unreal world which we see presented in most plays

210



TEST2 1.

Yıllık

olarak üretilen 67 milyon ton dokuma sentetiklerdir.

ipliğinin

A) MAbF OF the synthetics produced from petrole textile fibres. B) Annually, 67 million tons of textile petroleum.

YARIS NDAN FAZLASI petrolden elde edilen

within a year make up more than 67 million tons of

res are produced, almost half of which are synthetics based on

C) About half of the 67 ıllion tons of textile roleum.

fıbres

which are produced in a year are synthetics made

D) MORE T AN HALF OF the 67 million tons of textile from petroleum.

fıbres

produced annually are synthetics made

E) Petroleum-based synthetics account for about half of the annual production of textile amounts to 67 million tons.

2.

BiLDiGi

Amerika

Birleşik

Devletleri

anayasasına

göre, Kongre

sınırsız

fıbres,

which

bir yasama yetkisine sahip

değildir.

A) As far as we know, the Constitution of the United States of America does not grant to Congress unlimited power for legislation. B) AS W KNOW. according to the Constitution of the United States of America, Congress does not have unlimited power of legislation. C) We know that, according to the Constitution of the United States of America, Congress cannot exercise unlimited power for legislation. D) As is well known to us all, Congress is denied by the Constitution of the United States of America the right to use unlimited power for legislation. E) AS WE Abb KNOW, Congress's unlimited power of legislation has been curtailed by the Constitution of the United States of America.


211

YDS ŞiFRELERi 3.

Kadınların bilimsel araştırmalardaki durumuna iLi iN OLARAK denilebilir ki temel sorun, kadınları bilime çekmek değil, ancak yetiştirildikten sonra onlar im içinde tutabilmektir.

A) On the part women play in scientific studie , ıt is to be emphasized that the initial problem is not if women fınd science attractive but if they can b · volved in it after their training . B) One may argue about the positio f women in scientific studies that the major problem is not how to attract women into science, but w to employ them as soon as they complete their training. C) With reterence to the role o omen in science, it must be stated that the primary problem is not whether women can take part in ıentific research but whether they can be relied on after they have been trained. D) As for the role of w en in scientific research , one can maintain that the ultimate problem is not whether science is attrac · e to women but whether, following their training, they can contribute to it.

E) AS REGARDS the status of women in scientific research, it may be said that the fundamental problem is not attracting them to science but retaining them in science after they have been trained .

4.

UYKU H PLARI kullanıldı ında , bazı

özellikle birkaç haftadan daha uzun süre veya yüksek dozlarda düzenli olarak insanlarda bağımlılığa neden olabilir.

A) When people take sleeping pills regularly at particularly high doses for much longer than one or two weeks they become very dependent on these medicines. B) If leeping pills are used regularly at high doses for a few weeks or longer, some people in particular ca develop an addiction to them.

C) SLEEPING PILLS. especially when used regularly for longer than a few weeks or at high doses, can cause dependency in some people. D) So long as sleeping pills are taken at very high doses for several weeks or longer, they can cause dependency ina number of people. E) Some people can be particularly addicted to sleeping pills when used at high doses or for much longer than several weeks.


212



BAZI SIYASET BILIMCILER, üyeleri arasında derin duygusal bir ~em gibi olduğunu ileri sürmüşlerdir.

ilişkilerin

var

olduğu

ailenin, ufak çapta siyasal

A) SOME POLITICAL SCIENTISTS have argued that the family, in which deep emotional relationships exist between members, is like a political system in miniature. B) In the opinion of various political scientists, the family, which consists of members with deep emotional relationships, can be compared to a minor political system. C) As a few political scientists have argued, the family reminds one of a political system in miniature, in which members have deep emotional ties . D) As pointed out by a number of political scientists, the family, whose members are emotionally bound together, resembles a minor political system. E) SOME OF THE POLITICAL SCIENTISTS PRESENT have suggested that the family, in which members maintain strong emotional ties with each other, is similar to a smail political system.

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6.

Dilbilimi, son zamanlarda hemen tüm alanlarda muazzam bir genişleme sağlayan, GENÇ BiR SOSYAL BiLiMiDiR · h is, in a sense, a young social science, HAS EXPANDED in every area in recent times.

B) Linguistics IS A YOUNG SOCIAL SCIENCE, which has recently had a massive expansion in almost all areas. C) As a young social science, linguistics has expanded enormously in all areas in recent years. D) Although linguistics is in fact a sornewhat young social science, its recent expansion in almost all has been remarkable.

fıelds

E) Linguistics, which has expanded rapidly in all areas in recent years, IS IN FACT A YOUNG SOCIAL SCIENCE.


213

YDS ŞiFRELERi 7.

Shakespeare'in ailesi, idamı, 13. yüzyıl ortasında kayda Sakspere'e DAYANMAKTA IR. ACTIVE (Etken)

geçmiş

olan

Warwickshire ' lı eşkiya

William

th

A) lt is to William Shakespe re, a Warwickshire robber in the mid-13 century, whose hanging is recorded, that Shakespeare's farnil is related. th

B) William Shakespeare wa a mid-13 century Warwickshire robber whose hanging was recorded and to whom Shakespeare's fa ily can be traced. C) Shakespeare's family

blf'lıflt-ttEc-H-~..-Ei..H&A....._r-H.r_,a

Warwickshire robber, William Shakespeare, who

was hung some time in t D) Shakespeare's family GOES BACK TO the Warwickshire Robber William Shakespeare, whose hanging was recorded in the mid-13 century. E) Shakespeare's family HAS BiiliN TRAC6D BACK TO William Shakspeare, a Warwickshire robber, ~

whose hanging in the mid-13 century was recorded .

-

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Etken fiil yapıları!)

8.

Yaşlıların gençleri sayıca geçeceği bir gelecekten korkan ~HÜKÜMET, insanları çocuk sahibi 1 olmaya teşvik etmek için ne gerekiyorsa yapmaktadır.

A) Fearful of a future in which the elderly outnumber the young, MANY GOVERNMENTS are doing whatever they can to encourage_people to have children. B) MOS+ GOVERNMENTS, afraid of a future in which there are more elderly than young people, are taking whatever measures they can in order to persuade_people to have more children. C) In order to urge people to have more and more children, a number of governments, which fear that the elderly will outnumber the young in the future, are introducing whatever incentives they can . O) Various governments fear a future in which the number of the elderly will exceed that of the young , and are hence doing their best in order to convince people to have children . E) Since governments are afraid that, in the future, the number of the elderly will exceed that of the young, they are doing all they can so that people may have more children.

214



ELMASLAR, muhteşem güzellikleri için çok ış kristalize karbondur.

şiddetle

arzu edilir, ancak basit gerçek

şu

ki onlar sadece

sıkıştırı

A) Bec are B) Alth com

use of their wonderful beauty, one always has a great desire for diamonds, but the truth is that they o more than just compressed crystallized carbon . ugh diamonds are always desired for their exceptional beauty. in fact they are really only ressed crystallized carbon .

C) DIAMONDS are much coveted for their exquisite beauty, but the simple truth is that they are just compressed crystallized carbon.

D) lnvariably one has a strong urge for diamonds because of their extreme beauty even though in truth , they are only compressed crystallized carbon . E) In fact, diamonds are merely compressed crystallized carbon, but there is always a widespread desire for them due to their magnifıcent beauty.


10. ABD, Arap petrolünün serbest akışını kendini resmen bağımlı kılmıştır .

sağlamak

için askeri güç DAHIL gerekli her

A) In order to secure the free flow of Arab oil, the USA has imaginable, including military force.

offıciall

vasıtayı

kullan-maya

decided to resort to any means

B) THE USA is officially committed to the use of any means necessary, !NCLUDING military force, to ensure the free flow of Arab oil.

C) lt is a determined policy of the USA to make sure, through the official use of any means, including military force, that Arab oil flows freely. D) THE USA is clearly determined to use any means whatsoever, even military force, in an effort to secure the unobstructed flow of Arab oil. E) lt is the offıcial policy of the USA to ensure the free flow of Arab oil by using all kinds of means except military force


215

YDS ŞiFRELERi 11. Kuzey irlanda, Birleşik Krallığın ayrılmaz bir parçasıdır; ANCAK, 1920'de irianda ' nın Yönetimi Yasası ' na konmuş olan hükümlere göre, yarı özerk bir yönetime sahiptir. A) NORTHERN IRELAND constitutes a major part of the Unite Kingdam I!VI!N TMOUGM, according to the Government of lreland Act of 1920, it is governed serni-auton mously. B) According to the terms of the Government of lreland Act of 1 20, Northern lreland makes up a part of the United Kingdam despite the fact that its governme t is semi-autonomous.

signifıcant

C) Northern lreland is an integral part of the United Kingdom, BUT, inaccordance with the provisions made in 1920 in the Government of lreland Act, it has a semi-autonomous government. D) Northern lreland is regarded as an essential part of the United Kingdom::ANJ:), under the terms of the Government of lreland Act of 1920, is administered by a semi-autonomous government. E) According to the provisions made in the 1920 Government of lreland Act, Northern lreland, which is an inseparable part of the United Kingdom, has a semi-autonomous administration.

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12. PATARA'DA pek çok pansiyon ve birkaç görkemli otel deva etmektedir. A) Pata a boasts various pensions and a number of here i a traditional way.

olmasına rağmen ,

magnifıcent

geleneksel köy

yaşamı

hala

hotels even though viiiage life continues

B) Despite number of pensions and some excellent hotels, PATARA is stili a viiiage which has a traditiona way of life. C) Though a · lage where traditionallife stili goes on, PATARA has a great number of pensions and severalluxur us hotels. TARA there are many pensions and a few splendid hotel s, traditional viiiage life stil continues . E) Patara, which has several pensions but few nice hotels, is just a viiiage where life goes on in a traditional manner.

216


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 13. ON ALTINCI YÜZYillN iLK YARISIN A FRANSA KRALI OLAN 1. FRAN OIS, ülkesini Avrupa'da önde gelen bir güç yapmayı düşlemiş, ancak vusturya imparatoru V. Charles tarafından engellenmiştir. A) The French king François 1, who h d the dream of making his country Europe's dominant power in the fırst half of the sixteenth century, w opposed by the Austrian emperor Charles V.

B) FRANCOIS 1. THE KING OF FRANCE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY, dreamt of making his country a leading P.Qwer in Europe but was prevented by Charles V, emperor of Austria. C) Charles V, the emperor of Austria, stood up against François 1, the king of France, who dreamt of making his country a major European power in the fırst half of the sixteenth century.

D) FRANÇOIS 1, THE! KING OF FRANC15, had the dream of turning his country into the chief European power in the fırst half of the sixteenth century although he was opposed by Charles V, emperor of Austria. E) The king of France in the fırst half of the sixteenth century, François 1, dreamt of making his country one of the major powersin Europe but was dissuaded by the Austrian emperor Charles V.

14. On dokuzuncu yüzyılın sonlarında X ışınları K ŞFEDiLDiGiNDE, bilim adamları benzer tür başka ışınlar bulmak için hemen yoğun araştırmalara giriştil . A) lt was in the Iate nineteenth centu at, following the discovery of X-rays, scientists suddenly embarked on a serious research program to trace various other similar rays. B) Following the discovery o -rays in the nineteenth century, comprehensive research was soon undertakan by scientists · order to detect other rays of the same ki nd. C) Towards the end o e nineteenth century, when X-rays were discovered, scientists were already involved in exten · e research in order to study other kinds of rays. D) The discove of X-rays in the Iate nineteenth century motivated scientists to carry out exhaustive research i rder to detect other types of rays.

E) WHEN X-rays were discovered in the Iate nineteenth century. scientists immediately set out on intensive research to find other similar types of rays.


217

YDS ŞiFRELERi sonra, Imparatorluğun bir parçası olan Avusturya , Slav kökenli

A) Fo lowing the fall of the Roman Empire, Austria , which had constituted part of the Empire, was settled by DIFFERENT peoples of Slavic origin. he aftermath of the fall of the Roman Empire, Austria , which had been one of the regions of the pire, was overrun by A NUM8ER OF originally Slavic peoples.

C)

after the fall of the Roman Empire, Austria, which had been a region of the Empire, uered by various nations, MOSTbY of Slavic origin .

~

D) A ER the fall of the Roman Empire, Austria ,which had been a part of the Empire, was invaded by VARIOUS nations of Slavic origin. E) When the Roman Empire fell , a number of nations of Slavic origin had already invaded Austria, which was part of the Empire.

16. Yaklaşık olarak M.Ö. 8. yüzyılda Homer tarafından kaleme alınan DESTANLAR. birkaç yüzyıl boyunca sözlü olarak korunmuş olabilir. A) Homer's epics about the Trojan War were written down, probably i been around for centuries in oral form . B) Homer apparently wrote down the epics of the Trojan already existed in oral form for centuries . C) The Trojan War epics had probably existe centuries in oral form before they were by Homer sometime in the 8th centu

fınally

transeribed

D) THE EPICS ABOUT THE TROJAN WAR written down by Homer in about the 8th century B.C. may have been preserved orally for several centuries. E) Homer transeribed the Trojan War epics sometime during the 8th century B.C., but their origins go back to an earlier oral tradition.

218



Ortaçağ geniş

haritalari Hollanda ' nın NEREDEYSE alanlar kazanılmıştır .

yarısını

su

altında

gösterir, ama o zamandan beri denizden

A) In medieval maps nearly half o the Netherlands is under water, but since then the sea has withdrawn from large areas. B) Large areas of what is now the Netherlands have often been claimed from the sea. but in medieval maps they were under water. C) Nearly half of the Netherlands does not exist on medieval maps but later large areas were recovered from the sea. D) Medieval maps show that l~rge areas of the Netherlands used to be under the sea, but they have since been reclaimed .

j

E) Medieval maps show NEARLY half of the Netherlands under water, but si nce then large areas have been claimed from the sea.

18. Geçen yüzyilin başlarinda, önyargıyı, bazı ırkiara karşı doğuştan ve içgüdüsel bir tepki olarak DÜŞÜNMEK YAYGI 1. A)

last century, PRI!JUCICI! WAS instinctive reaction to c

GI!NI!R.6ı.bbY

RI!GARCI!C more as an innate or

B) At the turn of the last century, IT WAS COMMON TO CONSIDER prejudice to be an innate and instinctive reaction to certain races. C) By the turn of the last century people were prejudiced against certain races and this was regarded as an innate and instinctive reaction . D) By the turn of the last century this innate and instinctive reaction against race was commonly seen as prejudice. E) With the turn of the last century people grew more prejudiced against certain races and this was regarded as an innate and instinctive reaction.

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219

YDS ŞiFRELERi 19. Çocuklar daha. fazla baQıf!lsızlık aktif bir tarzda 1 LEYEBILIR.

kazandıkça, onların

genleri kendilerine uyan çevreler yaratmak için daha

A) Once children start to gro are independent, their genes operate in a more positive manner to create environments that suit them be B) As children get more independence theı for them a more congenial environment.

enes START TO QPERATE more forcefully to create what is

C) As children gain more independence, their genes CA environments that su it them.

OPERATE ina more active manner to produce

D) When they attain more independence, children start to desire a more congenial environment and their genes work with them to attain it. E) Once children have attained a greater degree of independence, their genes prompt them to desire a more congenial environment.

20. Katherine Mansfıeld, ===:.:r= Rus yazar Chekhov'un kısa hikayelerinden etkilenmiş ve onun gibi, konudan çok çevre ve karaktere yalı hikayeler yazmıştır.

A) The Russian writer Chekhov' short stories depend more on atmosphere and character than on plot, and this impressed Katherine Man field and influenced the way she wrote. B) Katherine Mansfıeld was a eat admirer of the Russian writer Chekhov, and her short stories, like his, are centred araund character nd atmosphere rather than action. C) Like the Russian short-story iter, Chekhov, Katherine Mansfıeld wrote short stories that depend for their effect more on character and tmosphere than upon action . D) Katherine Mansfield greatly dmired the style of Chekhov in his short stories and, like him, wrote short stories in which character and atmosphere, not action, come to the fore. E) Katherine Mansfield was PARTICULARLY impressed by the short stories of the Russian writer Chekhov, and, like him, she wrote stories which depend more on atmosphere and character than on plot.

220



RESTATEMENT TEST (ENGLISH - ENGLISH) 1.

At the end of World War ll, Algerian nationalists called on the Allies to recognize Algeria's independence in return for their good service during the war.

3.

A) When World War ll ended, Algerian nationalists, claiming that Algeria had made a useful contribution during the war, appealed to the Allies to acknowledge as right the independence of their country. B) As soon as World War ll ended, the Allies were approached by Algerian nationalists to grant independence to Algeria, since they had benefited from the resources of the country. C) Algerian nationalists had served the Allies so well during World War ll that, as soon as the war ended, they expected them to grant full independence. D) Following World War ll, in which Algeria had played a useful part, the Allies were required by Algerian nationalists to grant independence to their country. E) Since Algeria had offered the Allies various services during World War ll , Algerian nationalists were keen to secure with Allied support the independence of their country.

2.

The increasing wealth of Iate medieval Europe transformed the social structure of European society. A) Europe in the Middle Ages accumulated much wealth, and this was due to new developments in European social life. B) In the Iate Middle Ages, Europe became increasingly rich , and this led to a structural change in society. C) The social changes witnessed in Europe towards the end of the Middle Ages were wholly related to contemporary economic prosperity. D) European society in the Iate Middle Ages underwent a process of change due to the ri se of wealthy classes. E) lt was at the close of the Middle Ages that Europe experienced a major social and economic transformation .


The eighteenth century witnessed the last phase of Baroque music and had two of the greatest compasers of all time: Bach and Handel. A) The eighteenth century was noted for its interest in Baroque music, and at the time both Bach and Handel were the most notable representatives of this music. B) lt was in the eighteenth century that Baroque music became most popular and that Bach and Handel were recognized as the most famous compesers of the time. C) Bach and Handel were so admired in the eighteenth century that they were regarded as the greatest compesers of Baroque music. D) Baroque music reached its final stage of development in the eighteenth century, which also produced Bach and Handel, regarded as the greatest compesers ever. E) The development of Baroque music reached its elimax in the eighteenth century when , as the greatest Baroque composers, Bach and Handel created the best of the ir music.

4.

The attack on the World Trade Center in 2001 gave the term "globalization" a new and frightening meaning. A) When the World Trade Center was attacked in 2001 , the meaning of the term "globalization" changed completely. B) Because of the attack in 2001 on the World Trade Center, the term "globalization" has acquired a meaning which is both horrific and unusual. C) The usual meaning of the term "globalization" was further broadened by the terrifying attack in 2001 on the World Trade Center. D) The term "globalization" has lost its usual meaning in the aftermath of the attack in 2001 on the World Trade Center. E) Following the attack in 2001 on the World Trade Center, further meanings have been given to the term "globalization."

221

YDS ŞiFRELERi 5.

The city of Port Elizabeth lies in one of South Africa's poorest provinces, a region burdened with 40 per cent unemployment.

7.

In the 19th century, Afghanistan became a battleground in the rivalry between Britain and Russia for control of Central Asia. A) During the 19th century, the invasion of Afghanistan by Britain and Russia led to serious hostilities in Central Asia. B) lt was in the 19th century that there emerged hostilities between Britain and Russia in Afghanistan, since Central Asia was important for them. C) In the 19th century, both Britain and Russia got into a fierce conflict with each other in Afghanistan in order to dominate Central Asia. D) Throughout the 19th century, the hostilities between Britain and Russia in Afghanistan were essentially for the possession of Central Asia. E) In the 19th century, Central Asia was so important for Britain and Russia that they first tried to conquer Afghanistan.

8.

A drug may affect several functions, even though it's targeted at only one.

A) The city of Port Elizabeth is situated in a province in South Africa that is one of the poorest, suffering from an unemployment rate of 40 per cent. B) The province in which lies the city of Port Elizabeth is completely underdeveloped due to a 40 per cent rate of unemployment. C) The city of Port Elizabeth is so poor that the province in which it is situated has an unemployment rate of 40 per cent. D) One of the least prosperous provinces in South Africa is that of Port Elizabeth, where unemployment has risen to 40 per cent. E) South Africa has several least developed provinces, in one of which lies the city of Port Elizabeth, with a rate of 40 per cent unemployment.

6.

With an economic growth over the past decade of nearly 50 per cent, lreland enjoys a level of prosperity greater than that of Brita in. A) Unlike Britain, lreland has much prosperity since it has done its best over the past decade to achieve an economic growth of 50 per cent. B) lreland's prosperity, which is much higher than that of Britain, has led to a 50 per cent rate of economic growth over the past decade.

C) Both Britain and lreland enjoy a high level of prosperity, which has resulted from a 50 per cent rate of economic growth over the last ten years . D) lreland's economic growth over the past decade has been just 50 per cent, and this has led the country to a level of prosperity which is comparable to that of Britain. E) During the past ten years, lreland achieved almost 50 per cent economic growth, which has enabled it to become more prosperous than Britain.

222

A) While a drug may be used for various functions, it becomes effective only if it is taken for a specific function . B) Despite various other uses, a drug usually has a function for a special effect. C) The functions expected of a drug are various even if it is used for a specific disease. D) However effective a drug may be, its functions have to be severaL E) A drug is taken for a specific purpose, but it may have a range of other effects.

9.

What is certain is that Azerbaijan's oil-fıred economy has been booming in recent years. A) Although Azerbaijan's economy is largely dependent on oil, in recent years it has entered a period of recession . B) There is no doubt that, over the past few

years, Azerbaijan's economy, which thrives entirely on oil, has been growing fast. C) Since Azerbaijan's economic prosperity is related to oil, there has been some minor improvement lately. D) lt is only in recent years that, because of its oil, Azerbaijan has experienced some economic progress. E) Over the past few years, due to an increase in its oil output, Azerbaijan's economy has become much stronger.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 1O. Although Senegal is neither a large nor a it has strategically-located country, nonetheless played a prominent role in African politics since its independence. A) Senegal is a smail African country with no strategic importance; however, ever since it gained independence, it has always been in the farefront of African politics. B) As a minor but strategically signifıcant country, Senegal has been very active in the politics of Africa since its independence. C) Once Senegal, which is a major African country with some strategic importance, gained its independence, it began to pay much attention to political developments in Africa at large. D) Despite the fact that Senegal has had much importance in African politics since its independence, its strategic position has been of no signifıcance. E) As an African country, Senegal is so smail that it has little strategic importance, and its involvement in African politics has not been notable ever since it gained independence.

11. While the world has been distracted by Iraq and Afghanistan, Iran has come closer to the point where it could build an atomic bom b. A) Contrary to Iraq and Afghanistan, both of which have been the object of international attention, Iran has upgraded its capacity to develop more nuclear arms. B) Both Iraq and Afghanistan continue to preoccupy the world, which has remained indifferent to lran's attempts to produce new weapons. C) In developing nuclear arms, Iran pays no attention to international reactions, since the world is wholly concerned with issues in Iraq and Afghanistan. D) Because the world's attention has been drawn completely to Iraq and Afghanistan , Iran has in the meantime made much progress towards the development of an atomic bomb. E) lt is true that Iran has made some advances in developing nuclear weapons, while the circumstances in Iraq and Afghanistan continue, to draw international attention.


12. Actually, 1 try to keep out of her way because, whenever 1do run into her, she pesters me for a loan. A) Whatever you do, don't ever give her a loan or you'li find yourself forced to lend her Money every time she asks for it. B) Even so, it's best to keep out of her way, if you can, as she takes every available opportunity to get money out of you . C) As a matter of fact, 1 avoid her as much as possible since, if we ever do happen to meet, she's sure to work on me to lend her money. D) Even so, 1prefer not to risk a meeting with her as 1 know she will do her best to make me lend her the money. E) l'd rather not put myself in a position to be forced to lend her money again.

13. By all accounts, the operation was a success, but the period of recuperation looks like being a long one. A) So long as the operation is carried out successfully, the period of recuperation that follows will be short. B) Even if the operation is successful, it will be a long time before he gets back to normal. C) Since the operation was only a partial success, we mustn't expect a speedy recovery. D) The operation was a huge success, so he is expected to be back to normal almost at once. E) The operation apparently went off well , but quite some time may be required for him to recover fully.

14. Everyone seems to be on edge these days, but with the elections so near that is hardly surprising. A) The approaching elections seem to have caused a higher than average amount of friction between people. B) As elections are drawing near, we can expect such displays of bad-temper. C) The approach of the elections is no exeuse for such displays of bad-temper. D) Nowadays tempers everywhere are frayed, which, 1suppose, is only natural, with election day so close. E) With elections so close it's essential that everyone makes an effort to stay calm.

223

YDS ŞiFRELERi 15. If the film focuses on terrorism, it is not likely to attract large audiences. A) Films that focus on terrorism are not as popular as they used to be. B) If terrorism is central to the film. it probably won 't achieve much popularity. C) As the film touches on terrorism we can't expect it to be popular. D) Unless there is at least a background of terrorism to the film , it won't be a hit. E) If you want the film to be a box-office success, choose any subject but terrorism .

16. People have usually assumed that this mountain viiiage was abandoned because easier living conditions were available elsewhere. A) The prospect of better living conditions in anather place must have tempted the inhabitants to desert this mountain village. B) Apparently, people abandoned this mountain village, tempted by the prospect of a better way of life elsewhere. C) lt must have been hard to make a livelihood in this mountain village, so people opted out and went in search of an easier way of life. D) The mountain viiiage was presumably abandoned when people realized that easier conditions were on offer elsewhere. E) lt has generally been presumed that people deserted this mountain viiiage because there was the prospect of a pleasanter way of life in anather place.

17. Leonardo da Vi nci forged close friendships with a wide variety of people, from humble apprentices to the king of France. A) Leonarda da Vinci had same close friends, who mainly included apprentices and alsa the king of France. B) Among the few people Leonarda da Vinci regarded as his friends were same poor apprentices as well as the king of France. C) Leonarda da Vinci was very fond of his friends, who in fact consisted of the French king and same poor apprentices. D) Leonarda da Vinci had a wide range of close friends, including poor apprentices and alsa the king of France. E) The king of France and a number of apprentices were the only people who made friends with Leonarda da Vinci.

224

18. Though management may not realize it, a very large proportion of the success of this company is due to the loyalty and hard work of its workers. A) Whether or not management is aware of it, this company owes its success, to a very large extent, to the industry and loyalty of its staff. B) Whatever management may say, the success of this company depends more than anything else on the dedication of those who work here. C) Management should be made to recognize that the role of the staff is of first importance in the company's success. D) As management realizes full well, it is the workers in the factory who make it so successful. E) The workers in this company, with their hard work and devotion, contribute more to success of the company than management does.

19. Many people prefer to eat organic food, that is, food unpolluted by chemical fertilizers and pesticides. A) A growing number of people are interested in organic food, since it is produced free of chemicals and pesticides. B) Organic food is thought to be healthier as no chemical fertitizers or pesticides are used in its production. C) Obviously, organic food is preferable since it is free of chemical fertitizers and pesticides. D) The preference for organic food has led to a reduction in the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. E) Organic food, food produced without the aid of chemical fertitizers or pesticides, has many adherents.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 20. Students will usually concentrate harder in the lesson if they know they will be organized into smail groups for interactive discussion.

23. The pictures of the 18th-century painter, Hogarth, seem modern because of their wit and satire.

A) Once students get used to being split up for interactive discussion, their ability to concentrate generally improves. B) On the whole, when students know they are going to be split up into smail groups for interactive discussion, they will concentrate better. C) One way to improve concentration is to split students up into smail groups for interactive discussion. D) lnteractive discussion is a sure way of encouraging students to increase their powers of concentration . E) The best way to stimulate concentration is to organize these students into smail groups for interactive discussion.

A) Hogarth gives an authentic picture of 18thcentury life which appeals to modern times. B) lt is the detail and worldliness of the drawings of Hogarth that give them a modern touch, though they date from the 18th century. C) Though the scenes and the costumes in the drawings are very 18th century, there is stil something modem about Hogarth's drawing. D) The appeal of Hogarth lies in the dramatic depiction of everyday life in the 18th century. E) There is a contemporary feel for the pictures of 18th-century painter, Hogarth, owing to their humour and satirical content.

21. Get your brother to fıx the roof; he's quite the best person to do it. A) Try to persuade your brother to fıx the roof: he's good at such things. B) As he's good at things like that, why don't you get your brather to fıx the roof? C) Your brother would mend the roof better than any one else; teli him to do it. D) Why don't you get your brother to fıx the roof? l'm sure he would . E) Since your brother is good at roof-fıxing, ask him to do it.

24. Clinton is said to be charismatic because he seems to embody the virtue of caring when he speaks. A) Because people are very impressed by what Clinton says, they admire him and think that he has a great deal of charisma . B) Because, through his speech, Clinton can move people, they believe that charisma is a distinctive quality of his character. C) Since in addressing people Clinton appears to be genuinely concemed, it is said that he has charisma. D) People are always very concemed when Clinton addresses them, and so they regard him as a very charismatic person. E) When Clinton addresses people, he arouses their feelings so much that they admire him forhis charismatic personality. 25. According to de-miners, up to 90 per cent of their time is spent combing areas that ultimately prove to be free of mines.

22. Take-off was delayed again and again, so we began to wonder if there was something seriously wrong with the aircraft. A) Unless the problem were serious, they wouldn't have delayed the flight for so long. B) If there had been no problem with the aircraft, they wouldn't have delayed take-off like that. C) The flight was postponed indefınitely, so we presumed there was engine-trouble. D) We began to feel that there might be a real problem with the aircraft as take-off was continually being delayed. E) We assumed that, since there was a problem with the aircraft, they were obliged to delay takeoff indefinitely.


A) De-miners point out that they spend almost all of the ir time searching thoroughly for mines in areas which, in the end, turn out to be without them . B) As de-miners have pointed out, the search for mines in areas which in fact do not have any mines usually takes quite a long time. C) As far as de-miners are concerned , a lot of time is needed to undertake a search for mines in areas where it is almost impossible to discover them. D) As we learn from de-miners, it takes same time to look for mines in areas in which one discovers that actually there are no mines. E) For de-miners, it takes little time to search for mines in areas which in fact do not have them.

225

YDS ŞiFRELERi

RESTATEMENT TEST (ENGLISH -ENGLISH) CEVAP ANAHTARI 1. A

2.8 3. D

4.8 S.A

6.E 7.C 8.E 9.8 10. A 11. D

12.C 13.E 14.D 15.8

16.E 17. D 18. A 1St E

20.8 21. c 22.D 23.E 24.C 25.A

226



RESTATEMENT TEST (ENGLISH - ENGLISH) TEKNiKLERi 1.

AT THE END OF World War ll , Algerian nationalists called on the Allies to recognize Algeria's inde~endence in return for their good service 1•111#)1~ dllllf+f4#JII

A) When World War ll ended, Algerian nationalists, daiming that Algeria had made a useful contribution during the war, appealed to the Allies to acknowledge as right the independence of the ir country. B) As soon as World War ll ended, the Allies were approached by Algerian nationalists to grant independence to Algeria, since they had benefıted from the resources of the country.

C) Algerian nationalists had served the Allies so well during World War ll that, as soon as the war ended , they expected them to grant full independence. D) Following World War ll , in which Algeria had played a useful part, the Allies were required by Algerian nationalists to grant independence to their country. E) Since Algeria had offered the Allies various services during World War ll, Algerian nationalists were keen to secure with Allied support the independence of their country.

A) Europe in the Middle Ages accumulated much wealth, and this was due to new developments in European social life. B) In the Iate Middle Ages, Europe became, increasingly rich , and this led to a structural change in society. C) The social changes witnessed in Europe towards the end of the Middle Ages were wholly related to contemporary economic prosperity. D) European society in the Iate Middle Ages underwent a process of change due to the ri se of wealthy classes. E) lt was at the close of the Middle Ages that Europe experienced a major social and economic transformation.

TEKNiKI

~

led to a structural change in society

=

KONULAR AYNII

transformed the social structure of European society

TEKNiKI

A. SE~ENEGI iLE SORUNUN BAGLAÇ YAPILARI CÜMLE SIRALAMASlNDA AYNI YERDEl

.

. .


227

YDS ŞiFRELERi

the greatest composers HandeL A) When the World Trade Center was attacked

A) The eighteenth century was noted for its

B)

C)

D)

E)

interest in Baroque music, and at the time both Bach and Handel were the most notable representatives of this music. lt was in the eighteenth century that Baroque music became most popular and that Bach and Handel were recognized as the most famous composers of the time. Bach and Handel were so admired in the eighteenth century that they were regarded as the greatest composers of Baroque music. Baroque music reached its fınal stage of development in the eighteenth century, which also produced Bach and Handel, regarded as the greatest composers ever. · The development of Baroque music reached its elimax in the eighteenth century when , as the greatest Baroque composers, Bach and Handel created the best of their mu sic . .

in B)

C) D)

E)

2001.

the

meaning

the

te rm

TEKNiKI

~e

term 'globalization' has acquired a meaning which is both horrifıc and unusual

TEKNiKI

~ Baroque

=

music reached its fınal stage of development

of

"globalization" changed completely. Because of the attack in 2001 on the World Trade Center, the term "globalization" has acquired a meaning which is both horrifıc and unusual. The usual meaning of the term "globalization" was further broadened by the terrifying attack in 2001 on the World Trade Center. The term "globalization" has lost its usual meaning in the aftermath of the attack in 2001 on the World Trade Center. Following the attack in 2001 on the World Trade Center, further meanings have been given to the te rm "globalization."

KONULAR AYNII

gave the term globalization' a new and frightening meaning

KONULAR AYNU

= witnessed the last phase of Baroque music

228



5.

THE CITY OF PORT ELIZABETH lies in one of South Africa's poorest provinces, a region burdened with 40 per cent unemployment.

6.

A) The city of Port Elizabeth is situated in a province in South Africa that is one of the poorest, suffering from an unemployment rate of 40 per cent.

A) Unlike Britain, lreland has much prosperity since it has done its best over the past decade to achieve an economic growth of 50 per cent.

B) The province in which lies the city of Port Elizabeth is completely underdeveloped due to a 40 per cent rate of unemployment.

B) lreland's prosperity, which is much higher than that of Britain, has led to a 50 per cent rate of economic growth over the past decade. C) Both Britain and lreland enjoy a high level of prosperity, which has resulted from a 50 per cent rate of economic growth over the last ten years. D) lreland's economic growth over the past decade has been just 50 per cent, and this has led the country to a level of prosperity which is comparable to that of Britain.

C) The city of Port Elizabeth is so poor that the province in which it is situated has an unemployment rate of 40 per cent. D) One of the least prosperous provinces in South Africa is that of Port Elizabeth, where unemployment has risen to 40 per cent. E) South Africa has several least developed provinces, in one of which lies the city of Port Elizabeth, with a rate of 40 per cent unemployment.

E) During the past ten years, lreland achieved almost 50 per cent economic growth, which has enabled it to become more prosperous than Britain.

TEKNiKI

~The city of Port Elizabeth = The city of Port Elizabeth

2. is situated in a province in South Africa that is one of the poorest

= lies in one of Africa's poorest provinces

A.. SEÇENEOIILE SORU AYNI ÖZNE VE FHLE SAHIPI

~The city of Port Elizabeth =

TEKNiKI

ll

=

1. lreland lreland 2. more prosperous than a level of prosperity greater than (comparative)

=

E. SEÇENECI80RU ILE AYNI COIIP~"'WE YAPlYA SAHIPı

~. 1. lreland =lreland 2. much prosperity greater than

ıf:

a level of prosperity

The city of Port Elizabeth 2.is so poor ıf: lies in one of Africa's poorest provinces


229

YDS ŞIFRELERi

7.

9.

A) During the 19th century, the invasion of Afghanistan by Britain and Russia led to serious hostilities in Central Asia . B) lt was in the 19th century that there emerged hostilities between Britain and Russia in Afghanistan , since Central Asia was important for them . C) In the 19th century, both Britain and Russia got into a fıerce conflict with each other in Afghanistan in order to dominate Central Asia . D) Throughout the 19th century, the hostilities between Britain and Russia in Afghanistan were essentially for the possession of Central Asia. E) In the 19th century, Central Asia was so important for Britain and Russia that they fırst tried to conquer Afghanistan. TEKNiK!

What is [118ijlf41@ is ~ Azerbaijan 's oil-fıred economy has been booming in recent years. A) Although Azerbaijan 's economy is largely dependent on oil , in recent years it has entered a period of recession . B) There is no doubt that, over the past few years, Azerbaijan 's economy, which thrives entirely on oil , has been growing fast. C) Since Azerbaijan 's economic prosperity is related to oil, there has been some minor improvement lately. D) lt is only in recent years that, because of its oil , Azerbaijan has experienced some economic progress. E) Over the past few years , due to an increase in its oil output, Azerbaijan 's economy has become much stronger. TEKNiKI

13

=

1. that that (noun clause)

2. no doubt Britain and Russia got into a fierce conflict

=

=certain

AYNI NOUN CLAUSE YAPISINA SAHIP! AYNI SAHIP!

SIFATLARA

KONULAR AYNI!

the rivalry between Britain and Russia

8.

A dru~ may affect several functions, ~

il#[e11Çii it' s targeted at only one.

A) While a drug may be used for various functions , it becomes effective only if it is taken for a specific function . B) Despite various other uses, a drug usually has a function for a special effect. C) The functions expected of a drug are various even if it is used for a specifıc disease. D) However effective a drug may be , its functions have to be severaL E) A drug is taken for a specifıc purpose, but it may have a ran ge of other effects.

•

TEKNiK!

1. but "" even though

E. SEÇENEeliLE SORU AYNI BA4LAÇ YAPlSlNA SAHIP!

2. a drug • a drug

AYNI ÖZNEYE SAHIP!

3. purpose "" target

AYNI FIILE SAHIP!

230

'YDS ŞiFRESi TEKNiKLERI'

YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 11. While the world has been distracted ~ Iraq and Afghanistan , II#J·UI#t·,_W•1ı*ı!M41e}; 1~ to the point where it could build an atomic bomb.

politics since its independence. A) Contrary to Iraq and Afghanistan, both of which have been the object of international attention, Iran has upgraded its capacity to develop more nuclear arms. B) Both Iraq and Afghanistan continue to preoccupy the world , which has remained indifferent to lran's attempts to produce new weapons. C) In developing nuclear arms, Iran pays no attention to international reactions, since the world is wholly concerned with issues in Iraq and Afghanistan . D) Because the world's attention has been drawn completely to Iraq and Afghanistan , Iran has in the meantime made much progress towards the development of an atomic bomb. E) lt is true that Iran has made some advances in developing nuclear weapons, while the circumstances in Iraq and Afghanistan continue, to draw international attention.

A) Senegal is a smail African country with no strategic importance; however, ever since it gained independence, it has always been in the forefront of African politics. B) As a minor but strategically significant country, Senegal has been very active in the politics of Africa since its independence. C) Once Senegal, which is a major African country with some strategic importance, gained its independence, it began to pay much attention to political developments in Africa at large. D) Despite the fact that Senegal has had much importance in African politics since its independence, its strategic position has been of no significance. E) As an African country, Senegal is so smail that it has little strategic importance, and its involvement in African politics has not been notable ever si nce it gained independence. TEKNiKI

TEKNiKI

~ Iran

has made much progress towards the development of an atomic bomb

.

KONULAR AYNII

Iran has come closer to the point where it could build an atomic bom b

has played a prominent role DIFFERENT VERB


231

YDS ŞiFRELERi

13. ~ll accounts, the operation ~ a success,

12.

1.:1!11

recuperati~4•X•U@ like

pesters me for a loan.

the period of being a long one.

A) Whatever you do, don't ever give her a loan or you'li fınd yourself forced to lend her Money every time she asks for it. B) Even so, it's best to keep out of her way, if you can, as she takes every available opportunity to get money out of you. C) As a matter of fact, 1 avoid her as much as possible since, if we ever do happen to meet, she's sure to work on me to lend her money. D) Even so, 1prefer not to risk a meeting with her as 1 know she will do her best to make me le nd her the money. E) l'd rather not put myself in a position to be forced to lend her money again.

A) So long as the operation is carried out successfully, the period of recuperation that follows will be short. B) Even if the operation is successful, it will be a long time before he gets back to normal. C) Since the operation was only a partial success, we mustn't expect a speedy recovery. D) The operation was a huge success, so he is expected to be back to normal almost at once. E) The operation apparently went off well, but quite some time may be required for him to recover fully.

TEKNiKI

~

1. As a matter of fact

= Actually 2. avoid = try to keep her out

c. SEÇENEOt ILE

TEKNiKI

ı;l.

1. but = but

AYNIBAaAÇ

SORU AVNt 8ENTENCE

YAPISINA SAltiPI

CONNECTOR(BA6L.Aç)

ILE BASUYORI

2. s.past but s.present

=

AYNI FIILE SANIPI

AYNITI!N8E

s. past but s.present

KOIIBINAsYONLARINA

SAHIP!

3. if ... ever (CONDITION)

= whenever (TIME)

AYNI ADVERBIAL YAPILARINA SAMIPI

14. Everyone seems to be on edge

....,:L.::Io:,j~

but with the elections so near that is

f§JIIiJQd"-11@@.

since = because

A) The approaching elections seem to have caused a higher than average amount of friction between people. B) As elections are drawing near, we can expect such displays of bad-temper. C) The approach of the elections is no exeuse for such displays of bad-temper. D) Nowadays tempers everywhere are frayed, which, ı suppose, is only natural, with election day so close. E) With elections so close it's essential that everyone makes an effort to stay calm . TEKNiKI

•

1. nowadays = these da s 2. hardly surprising only natural

232

=

AYNII RELATIVE CLAUSE FIILLERI AYNII



[i the film focuses on terrorism, it is not lll;i!!l!i

17.

to attract large audiences. A) Films that focus on terrorism are not as popular as they used to be. B) If terrorism is central to the film, it probably won't achieve much popularity.

A) Leonardo da Vinci had some close friends, who mainly included apprentices and also the king of France.

C) As the film touches on terrorism we can't expect it to be popular. D) Unless there is at least a background of terrorism to the film , it won't be a hit.

B) Among the few people Leonardo da Vinci regarded as his friends were some poor apprentices as well as the king of France. C) Leonardo da Vinci was very fond of his friends, who in fact consisted of the French king and some poor apprentices.

E) If you want the film to be a box-office success , choose any subject but terrorism.

TEKNiK!

D) Leonardo da Vinci had a wide range of close friends, including poor apprentices and also the king of France.

~IF (TYPE 1) =

won't is not likely to 2. probably likely

E) The king of France and a number of apprentices were the only peop!e who made friends with Leonardo da Vinci.

=

B. SEÇENEGIILE SORU AYNI IF CLAUSE VE ZARF YAPISINA SAHIP!

TEKNiK!

~type zero ~ if type 1

':P Lenorda da Vi nci =Leonardo da Vi nci

16. People have usually assumed that this mountain ı:mmaş viiiage was abandoned LIVING CONDITIONS were available elsewhere.

close friendship with a wide variety of people

2. a wide range of close friends

=

I:J:(If;.1if*i

A) The prospect of better living conditions in another place must have tempted the inhabitants to desert this mountain village . B) Apparently, people abandoned this mountain village, tempted by the prospect of a better way of life elsewhere. C) lt must have been hard to make a livelihood in this mountain village, so people opted out and went in search of an easier way of life. D) The mountain viiiage was presumably abandoned when people realized that easier conditions were on offer elsewhere. E) lt has generally been presumed that people deserted this mountain viiiage because there was the prospect of a pleasanter way of life in another place.

D. SEÇENEGIILE SORUNUN KONULARI AYNI!

~ Leonardo da Vi nci =Leonardo da Vi nci 2.

~

close friendships ~

close friendships with a wide variety of people

TEKNiKI

ı;tl

1. because

=because

2. pleasanter way of life easier living conditions

=

AYNIBAGLAÇ YAPISINA SAHIP! AYNI COMPARATlYE YAPlYA SAHIPI


233

YDS ŞiFRELERi 18.

U:t•11ICJII management may not

realize it, a very of the success of this company is I.!W.:Il!l the loyalty and hard work of its workers. ~portion

20. Students will usu; concentrate harder in the lesson I!Mi;ı:i· :m•VMU14W'*91!! be organized into smail groups for interactive d iscussion .

A) Whether or not management is aware of it, this company owes its success, to a very large extent, to the industry and loyalty of its staff. B) Whatever management may say, the success of this company depends more than anything else on the dedication of those who work here. C) Management should be made to recognize that the role of the staff is of first importance in the company's success. D) As management realizes full well, it is the workers in the factory who make it so successful. E) The workers in this company, with their hard work and devotion, contribute more to success of the company than management does.

A) Once students get used to being split up for B)

C)

D)

E)

interactive discussion, their ability to concentrate generally improves. On the whole, when students know they are going to be split up into smail groups for interactive discussion, they will concentrate better. One way to improve concentration is to split students up into smail groups for interactive d iscussion . lnteractive discussion is a sure way of encouraging students to increase their powers of concentration. The best way to stimulate concentration is to organize these students into smail groups for interactive discussion . TEKNiK!

TEKNiK!

rıi! 1. whether or not

=

~

AYNIBAGLAÇ. YAPISINA SAHIP!

though

when students know they are go ing to ...

=

KOŞUL CÜMLELERI AYNI!

if students know they

wili 2. owe = due to

FIIL iLE SORU BAGLACI AYNI GÖREVDE KULLANILMIŞI

19. MANY PEOPLE prefer to eat organic food, that is, food unpolluted by chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

A) A growing number of people are interested in organic food , since it is produced free of chemicals and pesticides. B) Organic food is thought to be healthier as no chemical fertilizers or pesticides are used in its production. C) Obviously, organic food is preferable since it is free of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. D) The preference for organic food has led to a

reduction in the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. E) Organic food , food produced without the aid of chemical fertilizers or pesticides, has many adherents. TEKNiK!

1. many adherents man

234

=

21. ~our brother to fıx the root; he's quite ı:.a:J.I person to do it.

iili!!

A) Try to persuade your brother to fıx the root: he's good at such things. B) As he's good at things like that, why don't you get your brother to fıx the root? C) Your brother would mend the root better than any one else; teli him to do it. D) Why don't you get your brother to fix the root? l'm sure he would. E) Since your brother is good at roof-fıxing , ask him to do it. TEKNiK!

~ better than anyone one else = the best

iKI CÜMLEDE DE KlYASLAMA VAR!

KONULAR AYNI!


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 22. Take-off was delat.ed amain and again, ~ we i:Jiffi.1~1i•W#•1ü14;1 i there was something

24. Clinton is said to be charismatic because he

@44M':I(e) embody the

virtue of caring when he

seriously wrong with the aircraft.

speaks.

A) Unless the problem were serious , they wouldn't have delayed the flight for so long. B) If there had been no problem with the aircraft, they wouldn 't have delayed take-off like that. C) The flight was postponed indefınitely, so we presumed there was engine-trouble. D) We began to feel that there might be a real problem with the aircraft as take-off was continually being delayed. E) We assumed that, since there was a problem with the aircraft, they were obliged to delay takeoff indefınitely .

A) Because people are very impressed by what Clinton says, they admire him and think that he has a great deaı of charisma . B) Because, through his speech, Clinton can move people, they believe that charisma is a distinctive quality of his character. C) Since in addressing people Clinton appears to be genuinely concerned, it is said that he has charisma . D) People are always very concerned when Clinton addresses them, and so they regard him asa very charismatic person. E) When Clinton addresses people, he arouses their feelings so much that they admire him forhis charismatic personality.

TEKNiK!

~ 1. as= so

IKICUMLEDE NEDEN .SONUÇ ILISKISI VERlYORI

2. began to feel that the re mig ht be ...

= began to wonder if...

IKiCÜMLE DE OLASILIK iFADE EDIYOR!

23. The pictures of the 18th-century painter, Hogarth, their wit and satire. seem modern

l=hllfJII§J:C•li

A) Hogarth gives an authentic picture of 18th century life which appeals to modern times . B) lt is the detail and worldliness of the drawings of Hogarth that give them a modern touch , though they date from the 18th century. C) Though the scenes and the costumes in the drawings are very 18th century, there is stil something modern about Hogarth's drawing. D) The appeal of Hogarth lies in the dramatic depiction of everyday life in the 18th century. E) There is a contemporary feel for the pictures of 18th-century painter, Hogarth, owing to their humour and satirical content. TEKNiK!

~wing to= because of

TEKNiK!

c. appears to = seems to

AYNI FIILE SAHIP!

25. According to de-miners, UP TO 90 PER CENT ~ their time is spent combing areas that ii~Mi4!fi prove to be free of mines.

A) De-miners point out that they spend almost all

B)

C)

D)

E)

of their time searching thoroughly for mines in areas which , in the end, turn out to be without them. As de-miners have pointed out, the search for mines in areas which in fact do not have any mines usually takes quite a long time . As far as de-miners are concerned , a lot of time is needed to undertake a search for mines in areas where it is almost impossible to discover them. As we learn from de-miners, it takes some time to look for mines in areas in which one discovers that actually there are no mines. For de-miners, it takes little time to search for mines in areas which in fact do not have the m.

AYNI BAGLAÇ YAPlSlNA SAHIP!

TEKNiK!

~ . 1. thoroughly = ultimately

=

2. almost all of up to 90 percent of

AYNI ZARFLARA SAHIP!


235

YDS ŞiFRELERi

PARAGRAPH COMPLETION TEST 1.

The Africans who go abroad to work usually send money back home to pay for their relatives'medical care, education, and housing. Today, most African countries get the largest part of their foreign exchange earnings from such remittances. ----. Without this subsidy, Africa's dictators would have to face the political consequences of an angry population.

3.

A) In other parts of the world, some 40 reactors are already under construction, though many have been underway for decades with no end in sight B) Annual emissions of greenhouse gases are expected to double by 2050, from a current 7 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide each year to more than 14 billion tonnes C) According to a recent report, nuclear power is a major solution to the West's growing electricity needs, and increased nuclear use can substantially lower greenhouse gas emissions D) On the contrary, a country's use of nuclear power has much to do with government intervention, whether through state loans or streamlined regulations E) Therefore, global electricity demand is estimated to nearly double by 2030, with nuclear power currently accounting for about 15 per cent of global use

A) In Africa, foreign aid goes mostly to those governments that have mismanaged their economies. B) There are over three million Nigerians in the US and another one million in Britain. C) From a quarter to almost 50% of universityeducated graduates from Ghana, Uganda, and Kenya leave their countries to work in the West. D) lronically, African citizens abroad subsidize state corruption . E) About three million middle-class Zimbabweans have migrated to South Africa since 1999.

4.

2.

The United States and its allies cannot remain in Afghanistan indefinitely. For them, building a capable Afghan security force and a credible Afghan government is the fastest and most responsible exit strategy. ----. On the other hand, a security force can only be as good as its government, and the Afghan government has been crippled by corruption. However, national elections scheduled for this year provide an incentive for the Afghan government to continue to improve. A) Afghans' greatest concerns are access to electricity, jobs, water, and education B) lndeed, more US troops are absolutely necessary to defeat the insurgents in Afghanistan C) lt is a clear fact that Pakistan is connected to the Afghan insurgency O) The Pakistani army remains primarily focused on the perceived threat from lndia E) However, US efforts so far to reach a decision for a complete withdrawal have been mixed

236

After more than 30 years without building a nuclear plant, US power companies are seeking licences for over 30 new reactors. In addition, more than 300 reactors have been proposed worldwide. Countries such as Egypt, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela have serious plans to build their first nuclear plant. ----.

For decades, China has been content to let the invisible hand of the market work its magic on the country's economy. But there's one area where the government wants to reassert state control: healthcare. ----. Today, nearly 40 per cent of the population can't afford to see a doctor. The average hospital stay for a Chinese citizen costs nearly as much as an individual's annual per capita ineome in the country. Healthcare grievances have been at the heart of thousands of organized protests countrywide in recent years. A) Some hospitals have had to hire security personnel to protect medical staff from angry mo bs B) By comparison, Japanese pay just 15 per cent of their medical spending out of pocket C) So the government has recently developed a strategy to provide -affordable medical insurance to 90 per cent of its population by 2010 D) In fact, the free market retorms in China were first initiated in the Iate 1970s and early 1980s E) The Chinese government has already met many of its economic goals and is now beginning to address scientific and technological development



The African Union is well aware that, although Africa has enormous agricultural potential, it stili remains a major food importer. The majority of Africans live in rural areas and depend on agriculture for their livelihood; but the performance of the agricultural sector has been dismal. In addition to internal and structural problems that each African country faces, external setbacks such as climate change and global economic instability have made the conditions worse for growth and development in all sectors, including agriculture. ----.

7.

A) Before the Norman Conquest in 1066, King Edward the Canfessor established his palace on the site B) Also, most of those who work daily in the building remain awed by its artistic power C) The disaster of the great fire of 1834 destroyed much of the medieval palace D) For security reasons , the Houses of Parliament can no longer be viewed by the general public E) The word "parliament" derives from the French word "parler", which means "to speak" or "to talk"

A) The vision of the African Union is to achieve an integrated, prosperous, well-governed, and peaceful United States of Africa B) These are some of the most serious issues that the African Union is determined to address as efficiently as possible C) Africa seeks to promote existing and agreedupon shared values across the continent at individual, national, regional, and internationallevels D) All the African countries wish to eliminate ongoing conflicts and prevent the occurrence of new ones in order to achieve development and integration E) Some of the values cherished and upheld by each African nation are good governance, democracy, respect for human rights, accountability, and transparency

6.

Turkey offers much for the naturalist, with rich marine ecosystems, abundant birdlife, and elusive larger mammals. Especially the rugged eastern provinces and also the regions with thick forests harbour a large variety of these mammals. ----. The tulip is perhaps the most famous of these. The great diversity of plants stems not only from the variety of habitats, which include arid plains as well as mountains and temperate woodlands, but also from Turkey's position as a "biological watershed" at the crossroads of Europe and Asia. A) There are huge tracts of unspoiled countryside, some of which have been set aside as national parks B) Unfortunately, Turkish wetlands are under threat from dams, drainage, pollution, and climatic change C) The country's position on the migratory flyways makes it a paradise for birdwatchers D) The country is also floristically rich, with more than 11,000 plant species recorded E) In winter, the country's lakes and wetlands hold thousands of wintering wildfowl


Most foreign tourists visiting London come to see the Houses of Parliament. This monumental Gothic building on the River Thames is probably Britain's best-known landmark. lndeed, the people who come to visit it may know very little and care even less about what happens inside, but they appreciate the place as one of the greatest achievements of nineteenth-century art. ---.lndeed, the Parliament is a magnificent building.

8.

At the start of the twentieth century, Britain was stili the greatest world power. By the middle of the century, although stili one of the "Big Three", B rita in was clearly weaker than both the United States and the Soviet Union. ---. lts power had ended as quickly as Spain's had done in the seventeenth century. One reason for this sudden decline of Britain was the cost and effort of two world wars. A) lndeed, by the end of the 1970s, Britain was no longer even among the richest European powers B) In electronics and technology, Britain is stili a world competitor C) No one doubts that Britain is living in an age of uncertainty D) But the most important reason was the basic weaknesses in Britain's industrial power E) The discovery of oil in the North Sea has given Britain a great deal of economic advantage

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YDS ŞiFRELERi 9.

During World War ll, the Allies had started to think of ways in which a new world order could replace the failed League of Nations. Even before it joined the war against Germany and its allies, the US had agreed on an "Atlantic Charter" with Britain. The basis of this new charter was US President Roosevelt's "Four Freedoms": freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from fear, and freedom from want. At the end of the war, the victorious Allies created the United Nations, which expressed the ideas of the Atlantic Charter. ••••. A) In the early 1960s, Britain was increasingly interested in joining the newly-formed European Community B) In 1948, the Soviet Union tried to capture West Berlin by stopping all road and rail traffic to it C) Thus, they hoped that the success of the wartime alliance could be carried into peacetime D) All these military and scientific developments drew Britain more closely to the US E) During the post-war period, Britain was seriously concerned about the danger from the Soviet Union

11. Around 1550, the Renaissance in ltaly began to decline. The causes of this decline were varied. •••••. The French King Charles VIII viewed ltaly as an attractive target for his expansive dynastic ambitions. In 1494, he led an army of thirty thousand well-trained troops across the Alps to press his claims to the Duchy of M ilan and the Kingdom of Naples. A) The French invasion of 1494 and the incessant warfare that ensued was one of the major factors B) Renaissance humanists were primarily interested in the study of classical texts C) To the ltalian political disasters was added a waning of ıtalian prosperity D) As ltalian wealth diminished, there was less and less of a surplus to support artistic endeavours E) ltaly's virtual monopoly of trade with Asia in the fıfteenth century had been an economic support for the ltalian Renaissance

10. Little is known about the life of women in the Middle Ages, but without doubt it was hard. --•. lt also spread two very different ideas about women. So, on the one hand, women were regarded as pure and holy, while, on the other, they could not be trusted and were a moral danger to men. Such religious teaching led men both to worship and also to look down on women.

12. Our knowledge of the Celts in Britain is slight. As with previous groups of settlers, we do not even know for certain whether the Celts invaded Britain or came peacefully as a result of the lively trade with Europe from about 750 B.C. onwards. At first, most of Celtic Britain seems to have developed in a generally similar way. ••••. Consequently, this tali led to serious economic and political differences between the Celts of southeast Britain and those of the northwest.

A) lt is unlikely that love played much of a part in most marriages B) Marriage was always the single most important event in the lives of medieval men and women C) This was because by marriage a family could improve its wealth and social position D) The Church taught that women were always to obey their husbands E) Once married, a woman had to accept her husband as her master

A) The Celts were joined by new arrivals from the European mainland B) The Geltic tribes continued the same kind of agriculture as the Bronze Age people before the m C) The Celts knew how to work with iron and could make a variety of weapons D) But from about 500 B.C., trade contact with Europe declined E) During the Geltic period, women may have played an important role in political life

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YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 13. Logistics as a business concept began to gain ground in the 1950s, particularly in the US. This was because, as businesses expanded and reached out both to far-flung markets and sources of materials, the need for expert logisticians became imperative. Logisticians applied their own ingenuity to create companies that aimed to deliver the right item in the right quantity at the right time in the right place for the right price. ----. lndeed, with increasing globalization and ever longer and more complex supply chains, logistics companies have become ever more sophisticated and adaptable. A) The US has led the way in the development of efficient logislical systems B) No region in the world requires efficient logistics more urgently than Africa does C) Logistics is considered one of the most important aspects of military campaigns D) The problems of the logistics industry have not been clearly identifıed yet E) These aims have not changed, but the world has

14. The year 1960 seemed golden and full of promise. Despite nearly constant international tension, everyday life in Europe and North America seemed to be improving. Economies recovered, many standards of living rose, and new forms of culture flourished. The economic horizon looked bright. ----. Western Europeans could no longer be so certain of their prosperity or of their leaders' ability to provide the sort of life they took for granted. A) Legal changes would not have occurred without women's movements of the time B) These changes marked a new culture of mass consumption boosted by marketing, advertising, and credit payment C) However, by 1990, most of the familiar landscape had been dramatically transformed D) The civil rights movement in the US had enormous signifıcance for the twentieth century E) The most serious outbreak of student unrest in Europe came in Paris in the spring of 1968


15. St. Petersburg is not just a city of names and movements. lt is also a city of bridges, with more of them than any other city in the whole world. With its 101 islands, it is also worthy of the title "city of islands." Not only that, but it has enough canals to compete with Venice, Amsterdam, and Stockholm. As Dostoevsky's hero puts it, "lt is the most abstract and tantastic city on earth." A) But most of all St. Petersburg is a city of culture , of literature and poetry in particular B) There are a total of 539 bridges, including 315 in the city centre C) The sports facilities and activities in it cannot go unnoticed D) The people of St. Petersburg are offered various educational opportunities E) A considerable number of painters and sculptors have lived there , too

16. Despite numerous intellectual and literary advances, the longest-lived achievements of the ltalian Renaissance were made in the realm of art. Of all the arts, painting was undoubtedly supreme. Although Giotto was the great artistic genius around 1300, it was not until the fifteenth century that ltalian painting began to come fully of age. ----. Fifteenth-century artists also experimented with effects of light and shade and, for the first time, carefully studied the anatomy and proportions of the human body. A) From about 1450 until about 1600 ltalian thought was dominated by a school of NeoPiatonists, who sought to blend Platonism with Christianity B) One reason for this was that, in the early fıfteenth century, the laws of linear perspective were discovered and fırst employed to give the fullest sense of three dimensions C) Sixteenth-century ltalian writers, such as Machiavelli, Ariosto, Tasso, and Sannazaro, were also highly accomplished creators of imaginative prose and verse D) Perhaps the greatest of the Florentine artists was Leonardo da Vinci, one of the most versatile geniuses who ever lived E) Most Venetian painters showed little of the Florentine school's concerns with philosophical and psychological issues

239

YDS ŞiFRELERi 17. World War ll left Europe a land of wreckage and confusion. Millions of refugees travelled hundreds or thousands of miles on foot to return to their homes white others were forcibly displaced from their lands. ----. Food remained in dangerously short supply, and even a year after the war roughly 100 million people in Europe stil lived on less than 1,500 calories per day. A) In same areas housing was practically nonexistent, with no available means to build a new B) The Soviet campaign to control eastern Europe did not go unchallenged C) Historians estimate that in World War ll nearly 50 million people died D) Even more than World War 1, World War ll involved the combined efforts of whole populations E) Since industry was essential to winning the war, centres of industry became vital military targets

18. Western perceptions of the Middle East as a viable tourist destination have been adversely affected by the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the US, the subsequent war on terrorism, and the war in Iraq. lndeed, the impact of the 9/11 attacks upon the tourist sector in the region has been profound.----. North Africa in general and Tunisia in particular have fared comparatively well, but Morocco has suffered badly. A) Morocco is already one of the biggest tourist destinations in the Middle East and North Africa , drawing 2.25 million visitors a year B) Especially, the effect on visitor numbers has been decisive although it has varied considerably from country to country C) Morocco has a better developed domestic beach culture than probably anywhere else in the Middle East or North Africa D) The target of 1O million visitors a year by 201 O may have been a little over-optimistic, although Egypt has made huge investments E) Some of the driest parts of Morocco lie on the coast, and so one feasible option is to pipe water there from the Atlas Mountains

240

19.

For instance, Alpine scenery predominates in the Tatra Mountains to the south, while the North is dominated by lakes. Mountain lovers can make use of the welldeveloped infrastructure of hostels and shelters, such as those found in the Tatras. The countless lakes of Warmia and Mazuria, collectively known as the Land of a Thousand Lakes, are a haven for water-sports enthusiasts. A) Since 1989, many new luxury hotels have been built in Paland and the majority of them belong to international hotel chains B) Poland's borders have changed continually with the course of history C) Bordering the Baltic Sea, Paland is one of the largest countries in Central Europe, with a population of araund 39 million D) Warsaw, the capital of Poland, is located at the centre of Poland, on the banks of the Vistula River E) Although situated on the plains of Central Europe, Paland has an extremely varied landscape

20. The Scandinavian countries - Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Finland - are, arguably, among the least-populated countries in Europe. ----. Away from the main towns and cities lie vast expanses of unspoiled, often wild terrain, from the breathtaking Norwegian fjords to the dense pine forests and clear lakes of Finland. Smaller and largely fiat and rural, Denmark shares characteristics with both mainland Europe and Scandinavia proper. A) In Norway, Sweden, and Finland, the majority of the population lives in the south , in affiuent, modern cities, which are also rich in history and tradition B) Sweden is Europe's fıfth-largest country, with an area about the size of California C) Finland's main cities are all served by an efficient railroad system and regular, inexpensive internal flights D) Norway is so long and narrow that, if Oslo remained fıxed and the rest were turned upside down, it would stretch all the way to Rom e E) Oslo, Norway's capital , is an attractive city of grand Neoclassical buildings, wide boulevards, and green open spaces


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 20. An independent city close to Berlin, Potsdam has almost 150,000 inhabitants and is the capital of Brandenburg. ----. The town blossomed in the 1600s, during the era of the Great Elector, and then again in the 18th century, when the splendid summer palace, Schloss Sanssouci, was built for Frederick the Great. Potsdam suffered badly in World War ll, particularly on April 14 and 15, 1945, when the Allies bombed the town centre. A) The Marmorpalais (Marble Pa la ce) is located on the edge of the lake in the Neuer Garten, a park northeast of Potsdam's centre B) Despite its wartime losses, Potsdam is today one of Germany's most attractive towns C) The Schloss Cecilienhof played an important role in history in 1945, when it served as the venue for the Potsdam Conference D) The first documented reterence to the town dates from A.D. 993; it was later granted municipal rights in 1317 E) Tourists flock to see the magnificent royal estate, Park Sanssouci, and to stroll in the Neuer Garten

22. Ballet is theatrical representation in dance form in which music also plays a major part in teliing a story or conveying a mood. Some such form of entertainment existed in ancient Greece. ----. From there, it was taken by Caterina de' Medici in the 16th century to France in the form of a spectacle combining singing, dancing, and speech. During the 18th century, there were major developments in technique, and ballet gradually became divorced from opera, emerging as an art form in its own right. A) Ballet developed in the UK through the influence of Marie Rambert B) But Western ballet as we know it today first appeared in Renaissance ltaly, where it was a form of court entertainment C) Ballet developed further in the USA through the work of George Balanchine and the American Ballet Theater D) In fact, it was drama, rather than ballet, which greatly appealed to the Greeks E) In the 2oth century, Russian ballet had a vital influence on the classical tradition in the West


23. In finance, interest, which is a sum of money paid by a borrower to a lender in return for the loan, is usually expressed as a percentage per annum. ----. In compound interest, the interest earned over a period of time is added to the principal, so that at the end of the next period, interest is paid on that total. A) Nevertheless, certain problems remain in perennial interest, and these fall into two main groups B) The theory of capital was not a matter of primary concern to economists in the Iate 2oth century C) Simple interest is calculated as a straight percentage of the amount loaned or invested, called the principal D) However, it may be expressed either in Money terms or as a rate of payment E) Various theories have been developed to account for and justify interest

24. This year a lot of good things have happened in the US economy. US companies have become more competitive, and exports are now booming. This strong export growth is helping to stabilize the trade gap, and slower US demand will bring down imports. ----. Moreover, long-term interest rates are stili low, stock prices are setting records, and the economy continues to grow at a moderate pa ce. A) The biggest danger in the weeks ahead is a US recession , since currency markets began to worry at the end of 2006 that the housing recession could sp ili over to other areas of the economy B) In the meantime, profits from overseas operations and returns on international investments are rising as the gains are translated back into dollars C) Some leading economists have forecast that the US dollar's value could plunge by a third over the next few years D) The US dollar will be sornewhat more vulnerable against the euro, given that the European Central Bank will most likely continue to raise interest rates E) The dollar is down 3% from a year ago against the Chinese yuan , and futures markets expect an additicnal 5% decline later in the year

241

YDS ŞiFRELERi 25. In recent years, the amount of aid for devetoping countries has increased, and the price of many drugs has fallen. So why does one third of the world's population stili taek access to proper healthcare? ----. Many charge high tariffs on life-saving medicines and equipment, sometimes even taxing products that are donated for free. A) If these tariffs were lowered, it would dramatically increase access to pharmaceuticals B) Thus, even in places where tariffs are waived, other barriers remain C) To a large extent, the fault lies with the poor countries themselves D) Naturally, it is the right of any nation to raise ineome as it sees fit E) These regulatory constraints are imposed on a wide variety of medical equipment as well as drugs

26. Laying undersea cable systems is a monumental process. After surveying tanding studying seabed geology, and sites, assessing risks, engineers plot a route. ----. For months, these ships tower the cables thousands of feet to the seabed. In congested spots, engineers use robots to dig trenches for the cable that protect it from wayward anchors and fishing nets. Then crews pull the cable ends above the water and connect them to land-based stations. A) One of the new Pacific systems is part of a $1 .5 billion global network massive connecting 60 countries B) Traditional crass-ocean systems are loops made up of two cables, usually many miles ap art C) Operaters building new cable systems are mindful of the threat of earthquakes and do what they can to avoid it D) Then gigantic spools of cable and other gear are loaded on cable-laying vessels E) While there are ten major undersea cables linking the US directly with Europe, there are only fıve cables connecting the US with Asia

242

27. The biggest problems affecting the IMF, the World Bank, and other instruments of globalization concern governance. At both the IMF and the World Bank, voting rights are allocated not according to population but according to economic power, and the various countries' representatives are typically finance ministers or members of central banks, not officials with broader outlooks and concerns. ----. Therefore, the voices of those most affected by globalization are barely audible in discussions about what policies these international bodies should follow. A) lt is within these same smail, elite circles that most of the debate about reforming the international economic architecture occurs B) IMF policies have always had a lasting impact on the economies of devetoping countries C) Yet well-managed globalization has enormous potential for improving the lives of people in poor countries D) Traditionally, the World Bank has been reluctant to lend money unless the IMF certifıes that the country in question has a solid macro-economic framework E) If we continue with globalization as it has been managed in the past, the future will not be bright

28. Ice climbing and rock climbing share some important features. Both use ropes, harnesses, and other specialized equipment for ascending steep granite or blue ice. ----. A rock climber follows the natural cracks or weaknesses in the rock whereas, with ice tools in each hand, an ice climber has more freedom to blaze a path up and is limited only by the ice conditions and the technology of the tools. A) Most ice climbing trips require an arduous trek into the mountains and possibly several nights out in the cold B) But, the method of climbing in each case is different C) However, climbing itself has always been considered to be very dangerous D) There are many tragic stories of climbing accidents E) But once you find your footing, ice climbing can become addictive


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 29. Epilepsy, one of the most common neurological disorders in the world, is caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. ---. Most forms of epilepsy have been assumed to stern from brain tissue "scars" acquired through trauma, so that malecular approaches to understanding and treating the disease would be fruitless.

31. Norwegians, like the Danes and Swedes, are of Teutonic origin. The Norsemen, also know Vikings ravaged the coasts of northwest

A) lt is true that, in developed countries, a principal focus of epilepsy research has been on the ca uses of the disease B) The symptoms of this disease range in severity from mild sensory disruption to recurring seizures and unconsciousness C) In addition, not all cases of epilepsy have been fully studied D) Moreover, proteins as large as insulin have been proposed as neurotransmitters E) On the contrary, a pairing of proteins in neurons may be relevant to the pathogenesis of human epilepsy 30. No description of embarrassment would be complete without considering the blush. For many of us, it is the hallmark display of embarrassment. ----. Although the physiology of the blush is not fully understood, we are getting nearer to a better u nderstanding of it.

A) Despite severe losses in the World War ll , it recovered quickly as its economy expanded B) Norway became the second largest net oil exporter after Saudi Arabia in 1995 C) When the World War 1 broke out, Norway joined with Sweden and Denmark in a decision to cooperate in the joint interest of the three countries D) Olaf ll Haraidsson became the fırst effective king of all Norway in 1015 and began converting the Norwegians to Christianity th E) In the Iate 20 century, the Labor Party and the Conservative Party seesawed for control , each sametimes having to lead minority governments

A) Their results showed that blushing begins with a sharp increase of blood flow, which is then followed by a slower rise in facial temperature B) Although smiling occurs during embarrassment, it has a different appearance from that of amusement C) On the other hand , in embarrassment, the lips turn up but without the accompanying action of the crinkling of the eyes D) Actually, however, blushing does not necessarily accompany embarrassment, and facial reddening can occur during other physical and emotional states as well E) Generally speaking , heart rate and blood pressure tend to rise and fall in many emotional states such as anger, fear and happines


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Europe from the 8 to the 11 century and were ruled by local chieftains. ----. After 1442, the country was ruled by Danish kings until 1814, when it was united with Sweden in an uneasy partnership.

32. ----. Traditionally, one of the most important tools used to study cell structures has been the microscope. In fact, cells were not deseribed until 1665, when Robert Hooke examined the cell walls of dead cork cells using a microscope he had made. Hooke used the term "cell" because the tissue reminded him of the smail rooms that monks lived in during that period. A) A light microscope can be used to view stained or living cells, but at relatively low resolution B) Early biologists thought that the cell consisted of a homogeneous jelly, which they called protoplasm C) Lenses in the electron microscopes are actually magnets that bend the beam of electrons D) Because cells are so smail , scientists have had to be extremely elever in devising methods for studying them E) Most of the methods used to prepare and stain cells for observation also kill them in the proces

243

YDS ŞiFRELERi 33. ••••. What he really seeks, however, are the most meaningful ones, and these vary from one context to another. His words may be grandiose or humble, fanciful or matter of fact, romantic 9r realistic, archaic or modern, technical or everyday, monosyllabic or polysyllabic. A) lt is not unusual for a poet also to be a musician B) A poet creates new experiences for the reader in which the reader can participate C) A frequent misconception of poetic language is that the poet seeks always the most beautiful or noble-sounding words D) In the poem "Winter" Shakespeare is attempting to communicate the quality of winter life around a sixteenth century English country house E) Language has many levels and varieties, and poets may choose from them all

34. Many professions, such as law, rely almost exclusively on the written and oral word. Although engineers also must write and speak well, this alone is insufficient to convey complex engineering information. For this, graphical or visual communication is required. ----. In addition, it can provide readers with insight they can obtain through no other means. A) On the contrary, tables are useful for presenting technical information B) As a matter of fact, graphs are prepared from tabulated data C) A well-prepared graph can accurately communicate a great deal of information in just a few seconds D) However, a wide variety of graphs are available to help visualize data E) Nevertheless, graphs should have a descriptive title

244

35. Compared to its Balkan neighbours, Greece is a wealthy country, but it remains one of the poorer members of the European Union. ---Nevertheless, with a nominally capitalist orientation, it has overcome its resemblance to pre-1989 Eastern Europe. Loss-making state enterprises have been sold off, and inflation and interest rates have fallen. However, unemployment remains high. A) lt is stili a developing economy, with the agriculture and service sectors accounting for two-thirds of its GNP B) Stili , the Greek islands attract thousands of tourists, many of whom come simply to enjoy the sun and sand and the relaxed pace of life C) Accordingly, it now seems poised to become a signifıcant regional power D) Furthermore, it has one of the lowest birth rates in Europe E) Yet family life and social life are usually one and the same , and tend to revolve around eating out

36. Headaches are among the most common medical problems. Some people have headaches often, while others hardly ever have them. ----. However, a change in the pattern or nature of headaches could signal a serious problem and calls for prompt medical attention. A) In addition to drugs, which are enormously benefidal in treating diseases, many other treatments can help rel ieve pain B) In general , though headaches may be painful and distressing, they rarely reflect a serious medical condition C) Pain is an unpleasant sensatian signalling that the body is damaged or threatened with an injury D) On the contrary, high blood pressure may produce a throbbing sensatian in the head E) Actually, pain begins in and around the eyes and begins to affect the whole head


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 37. Elizabeth Barrett Browning, who was to become Victorian England's most famous woman poet in the nineteenth century, received an unusual education for a woman of her time. Availing herself of her brother's tutor, she studied Latin and Greek. ----. But as her intellectual and literary powers matured, her personal life became increasingly undermined by ili health. Although, by the age of thirty-nine, she was a prominent woman of letters, she continued to live in semiseclusion as an invalid in her father's house, where she occasionally received visitors. A) In her later poems, in which she took up the cause of ltalian nationalism, she was mostly concerned with the political issues of her time B) Once in ltaly, she regained much health and strength, bearing and raising a son , to whom she was ardently devoted C) Hence, in her early work, she tended to use the visionary modes of Romantic narrative poetry D) Moreover, she read voraciously in history, philosophy and literature and began to write poetry from an early age E) However, her work fell into disrepute with the modernist reaction against the didacticism and rhetorical excess of Victorian poetry

38. The human body changes in many noticeable ways with age. Perhaps the fırst sign of aging occurs when the eye cannot focus easily on close objects. Often by age 40 or so, many people find it difficult to read without using glasses. ----. People tend to lose some ability to hear the highest pitched tones. Therefore, older people may find that violin music no longer sounds as exciting as it did when they were young. A) Hearing loss may be caused by a mechanical problem in the ear canal or middle ear that blocks the conduction of sound B) Some hearing tests can detect disorders in the auditory processing areas of the b ra in C) Neural hearing loss may be caused by brain tumours that also damage nearby nerves and the brain stern D) People who can't hear well enough may need hearing aids that keep the volume of sound at a suitable level E) Hearing also changes with age


39. At the beginning of the 1990s, it seemed to all appearances that the US comprehensively dominated global affairs. ---. Thus, it was deseribed as "the lonely superpower''. However, that said, the 1990s proved to be a decade of uncertainty and questioning for many Americans. ın broad terms, the challenges of the post-Cold War era were as demanding for the US as they were for other countries. A) In many respects, the ending of the Cold W ar was expected to usher in a period of profound uncertainty B) The debates about US foreign policy in the post- Cold War period have been shaped by the impact of world events C) One of the most frequently used images of US foreign-policy making has been that of contest and struggle D) lndeed, the US has always found it difficult to reconcile the issue of world order with national perspectives E) lt occupied a pre-eminent position in terms of military power, technology and global economic reach

40. Mollusks can be found in virtually every habitat on Earth and range in size from microscopic to more than 10 m long. ----. But others, the octopus for instance, are considered to be delicacies. A) They are indeed an extremely fascinating group of creatures B) Not all of them, however, are encased in a shell C) All the mollusks are invertebrate animals D) Some, like the snails in our gardens, are regarded as pests E) The octopus even has problem-solving abilities

245

YDS ŞiFRELERi 41. Well into the 1860s the American West remained divided from the East by the harsh nature of the country's interior. ----. Their aim was to build a railroad across the formidable mountainous lands of the Sierra Nevada. They were ridiculed on all sides, but the ambitious enterprise eventually succeeded.

44. How common are other civilizations in the universe? This question has fascinated humanity for centuries, but so far no definitive answer has been found. ----. Chief among these is the confirmation, after a long wait and several false starts, that planets exist outside our solar system.

A) Their high-flying goal comes with similarly steep challenges B) Top engineers had agreed that the Sierra Nevada could not be crossed by road or rail C) Naturally, politicians were not in favour of uniting East and West D) Then four merchants began raising money to fund a seemingiy impossible project E) The high peaks of the Sierra Nevada were acknowledged as being impassable

A) Most surprising of all is the speed with which life was established on this planet B) A number of recent developments have brought the question once again to the fare C) So far, astronomers have found no Earth-like planets, but we can be fairly confıdent that they will do so D) In spite of all this activity, researchers have made no positive detections of extraterrestrial signals E) The lack of success to date cannot be used to inferthat Earth is the only planet with life

42. In the annals of computing, nothing has caused as much disappointment as putting ideas on paper. ----. However, with the coming of the inkjet printer it was soon possible to print really highquality images. A) For decades, printing computer fıles was a thankless task for users seeking to reproduce precisely what they saw on their screens B) To start with , thermal inkjets were no match for the costlier laser printers that had just been introduced C) For all its originality the idea behind the inkjet is far from new D) The first inkjet printers were slow, messy machines, but they gradually got better and better E) Designers of printers grew more ambitious and they started to want colour, speed and law costs

45. Acupuncturists treat all kinds of conditions ranging from headaches to strokes. __ . In Britain, this very rarely happens, but some health insurance schemes do cover. A) The Chinese fırst developed this branch of medicine B) Many of the people who practice acupuncture are not fully qualifıed C) This kind of treatment hasn't been approved of by the medical profession yet D) In France and Germany acupuncture is available under national health schemes E) Contrary to general belief this method of treatment is not in the least painful

43. Most Western industrialized nations have an individualistic orientation, which values independence and self-assertiveness. ----. They stress the interdependence of people within the community. A) There is no internal evidence to suggest this B) Individuals in collectivist Asian cultures are even less likely to commit such errors C) In contrast, many nor:ı-Western cultures have a more collectivist orientation D) This is why Americans tend to use psychological traits to deseribe themselves E) Actually, situational factors alsa play quite an important role

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PARAGRAPH COMPLETION TEST CEVAP ANAHTARI 2.E

24.8 25.C

1. D

3.A

26.D

4.C 5.8

27.A 28.8

6.D

29.8 30.D 31. D 32.D 33.C

7.8

8.A 9.C

10.D 11. A

12.D 13.E 14.C 15. A 16.8 17.A 18.8

19.E 20.A 21. D

22.8 23.C


34. c 35.A 36.8

37.D 38.E 39.E 40.D 41.D 42.A 43.C 44.8

45.D

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YDS ŞiFRELERi

.......UlA TEKNIKLERI® EYI PARAGRAFTA BOŞ BIRAKlLAN COIL .T...PARAGRAFTA SORU BOŞLUGU ORTADA VERiLMiŞ iSE; PARAGRAFIN iLK CÜMLESiNIN VE SORU BOŞLUGU SONRASINDA YER ALAN CÜMLENiN AL Tl SORU CEVABlNI BELiRLEMEDE ELE ALlNMAK ÜZERE ÇIZILiR PARAGRAFTA SORU BOŞLUGU PARAGRAFIN BAŞlNDA VERiLMiŞ iSE; PARAGRAFIN iLK IKI CÜMLESiNiN AL Tl SORU CEVABI BELIRLEMEDE ELE ALlNMAK ÜZERE ÇiZiLiR

PARAGRAFTA SORU BOŞLUGU SONDA VERiLMiŞ iSE; PARAGRAFIN iLK CÜMLESININ VE BOŞLUKTAN ÖNCE YER ALAN iLK CÜMLENIN AL Tl SORUCEVABlNI BELiRLEMEDE ELE ALlNMAK ÜZERE ÇiZILiR

Altı çizili cümlede zamir (pronoun) yer alıyor ise; zamir seçeneklerde ele zamirin niteleyebileceği isim seçeneklerde aranır.

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boş özne olup; kelime nitelemediğinden, bu yapılarda yer alan.!! zamiri

alınmaz!

ALTI ÇIZILI CÜMLEDE YER ALAN ZAMIR CÜMLENIN ÖZNESI KONUMUNDA VERILMIŞ ISE; ZAMIR YA DA NITELEYEBILECEGIISIM SEÇENEKLERDE ÖZNE KONUMUNDA ARANMALlDlR!

3. ORTAK KONU EŞLEŞMESi TEKNiGi!® iKi CÜMLE ARASINDAKi ORTAK KELiME SEÇENEKLERDE ARANIR.

4. ORTAK KELiME/iFADE EŞLEŞMESi TEKNiGi!® ALTI ÇIZILI CÜMLELERDE YER ALAN KELiMELER ANLAMLlLARI YA DA iFADE SEÇENEKLERDE ARANIR.

248

(ANAHTAR

KELiMELER),

YAKIN



ALTI ÇIZILI CÜMLE YA DA CÜMLELERDEKI KELIMELER (ANAHTAR KELIMELER) SEÇENEKLERDE ARutiiRKEN;

v"' Alt1

çizili cümlelerin her ikisinde de ver alan kelimeleri içeren seçenekler özellikle ele ahn1r!

Soru

boşluğu

Soru

boşluğu başta

ortada verilen sorularda; soru verilen sorularda; soru

boşluğu sonrası

boşluğu sonrası

gelen cümlenin,

gelen cümlenin,

Soru boşluğu paragrafın son cümlesi olarak verilen sorularda; soru cümlenin kelimeleri!

v"' Anahtar kelimelerden belirlemede

v"' Alt1 çizili

diğer

boşluğu

öncesi gelen

içeren seçenekler soru cevab1n1

seçenekiere göre tercih edilirl

cümlelerden en çok kelime içeren seçenek doğru

olarak belirleniri


249

YDS ŞiFRELERi

PARAGRAPH COMPLETION TEST TEKNiKLERi 1. medical care, ed

who go abroad to work usually send money back home to pay for their relatives ' ation, and housing. Today, most African countries get the largest part of their foreign

exchange earninrj; from such remittances . ---- Without face the political crnsequences of an angry population .

hi

i

,

Africa's dictators would have to

A) In Africa, forei~n aid goes mostly to those governments t t have mismanaged their economies. B) There are overı,three million Nigerians in the US and anot er one million in Britain C) From a quarte to almost 50% of university educated gr duates from Ghana, Uganda, and Kenya leave the ir countries lo work in the West. abroad subsidıze state corruption . E) About three million middle-class Zimbabweans have migrated to South Africa since 1999.

D) lronically, AFRICAN CITIZENS

TEKNiK: ANA KONU + NiTELEME TEKNiGi! <~'

PARÇANIN ANA KONUSU: AFRICANS

-~'

AL Tl ÇIZILI CÜMLELERDE YER ALAN THIS SUBSIDY ZAMiRiNiN NiTELEDiGi SUBSIDIZE KELiMESiNi iÇEREN D SEÇENEGiDiR.

THE UNITED STATES and its allies cannot remain in Afghanistan indefinitely. For them, building a capable Afghanlsecurity force and a credible Afghan government is the fastest and most responsible exit strategy. ----On fhe other hand, a security force can only be as good as its government, and the Afghan government has been crippled by corruption . However, national elections scheduled for this year provide an incentive for theiAfghan government to continue to improve.

2.

A) B) C) D)

gre~test

concerns are access to electricity, jobs, water, and education. Afghans' lndeed, MdRE US TROOPS are absolutely necessary to defeat the insurgents in Afghanistan. lt isa clear flct that Pakistan is connected to the Afghan insurgency. The Pakista i army remains primarily focused on the perceived threat from lndia.

E) However

EFF RT

so far to reach a decision for a complete withdrawal have been mixed.

TEKNiK: ANA KONU EŞLEŞMESi TEKNiGi!

250

<~'

PARÇANIN ANA KONUSU: THE UNITES STATES

<~'

B ŞlKKlNDAKi KONU MORE US TROOPS iKEN ( 'MORE ' KULLANIMI SONRASI GELEN TROOPS KELiMESi BiR ÖNCEKi CÜMLEDE BU KONU ELE ALINMALIYDI!)

<~'

E ŞIKKINDA KONU US OLARAK GEÇMEKTEDiR VE PARÇANIN ANA KONUSUNA YER VERiLMEKTEDiR.



After more than 30 years without building a nuclear plant, licenses for over 30 NEW REA T R . In addition, more than worldwide. Countries such as Egypt, their fırst nuclear plant. ----

US power companies are seeking 300 reactors have been proposed

eria, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela have serious plans to

'

build

~

A) In other parts of the world, some 40 REACTORS are already under construction, have been underway for decades with no end in sight.

though many

B) Annual emissions of greenhouse gases are expected to double by 2050, from a current 7 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide each year to more than 14 billion tonnes. C) According to a recent report, nuclear power is a major solution to the West's growing electricity needs, and increased nuclear use can substantially lower greenhouse gas emissions. D) On the contrary, a country's use of nuclear power has much to dowith government intervention, whether through state loans or streamlined regulations. E) Therefore, global electricity demand is estimated to nearly double by 2030, with nuclear power currently accounting for about 15 per cent of global use.

TEKNiK: ANA KONU + ORTAK KELiME EŞLEŞMESi TEKNiGi!

4.

./

A ŞlKKlNDAKi REACTORS PARÇANIN iLK CÜMLESiNDE YER ALMAKTADlR.

./

SORU BOŞLUGUNDAN ÖNCEKi CÜMLEDE YER ALAN BUILD KELiMESi, A ŞIKKINDA GECEN CONSTRUCTION KELiMESi iLE E$LE$MEKTEDiR.

For decades, CH,NA has been content to let the invisible hand of the market work its magic on the country's economy: But there's one area where the government wants to reassert state control: healthcare. --- Today, nearly 4olper cent of the population can't afford to see a doctor. The average hospital stay for a Chinese citi2fn costs nearly as much as an individual's annual per capita ineome in the country. Healthcare grievarı,ces have been at the heart of thousands of organized protests countrywide in recent 1 years.

1

A) So me hospitals have had to hi re security personnel to protect medical staff from angry mobs. B) By comparison,IJapanese pay just 15 per cent of their medical spending out of pocket.

C)

So

THE GOVERNMENT

has recently developed a strategy to provide affordable medical

insurance to 90 per cent of its population by 2010. D) In fact, THE FREE MARKETREFORMSIN CHINA were first initiated in the Iate 1970s and early 1980s. E)

THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT

has already met many of its economic goals and is now beginning to address scientific and technological development.

TEKNiK: ANA KONU + ORTAK KELiME EŞLEŞMESi TEKNiGil ./

iLK CÜMLENiN ÖZNESi CHINA OLUP; C ŞIKKINDA THE GOVERNMENT, E ŞIKKINDA THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT OLARAK GEÇMEKTEDiR .

./

D ŞlKKlNDAKi THE FREE MARKET REFORM$ IN CHINA iFADESi FARKLI BiR KONUYU ELE ALMAKTADlR.

./

AL Tl ÇiZiLi CÜMLELERDEKi KELiMELERDEN EN ÇOK iÇEREN (3 KELiME iLE) DOGRU CEVAP OLAN C SEÇENEGiDiR.


251

YDS ŞiFRELERi 5.

THE AFRICAN Ufl!ION is well aware that, although Africa has enormous agricultural potential, it stili remains a major food imı;,rtıw. The majority of Africans live in rural areas and depend on agriculture for their livelihood; but the performance~f~e agricultural seetar has been dismal. In addition to internal and structural problems that each~f~an country faces, external setbacks such as climate change and global economic instability have made the ~~ti ons worse for growth and development in all sectors. including agriculture. ---,

'

A) The visian of THE AFRICAN UNION is to achie~ ~ integrated , prosperous, well-governed , and ' peaceful United States of Africa . B) These are same of the most serious issues that THE A~ICAN UNION is determined to address as efficiently as possible. C) Africa seeks to promote existing and agreed upon shared values across the continent at individual, national , regional , and internationallevels. D) All the African countries wish to eliminate ongoing conflicts and prevent the occurrence of new ones in order to achieve development and integration . E) Same of the values cherished and upheld by each African nation are good governance, democracy, respect for human rights, accountability, and transparency.


6.

../

iLK CÜMLENiN ÖZNESi THE AFRICAN UNION OLUP; ÖZNE A VE B ŞlKLARlNDA YER ALMAKTADlR.

../

B ŞlKKlNDAKi THE MOST SERIOUS ISSUES iLE AL Tl ÇiZiLi CÜMLEDEKi INTERNAL AND STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS iFADESi iLE EŞLEŞMEKTEDiR.

./

A SEÇENEGi AL Tl ÇiZiLi HER iKi CÜMLENiN ANA KONULARINI iÇERMEMEKTEDiR DOGRU CEVAP BU NEDENLE B SEÇENEGiDiR.

TURKEY

offers much for the naturalist, with rich marine ecosystems, abundant birdlife , and elusive larger

mamniıls . Especially the rugged eastern provinces and alsa the regions with thick forests harbour a large

. The great diversity of plants varietYlaf these mammals. ---- The tulip is perhaps the most famous of h stems .not only from the variety of habitats, which include arid plains as eli as mountains and temperate woodlclnds, but alsa from Turkey' s position as a "biological watershed" at th crossroads of Europe and Asia.

1

A) Th~re are huge tracts of unspoiled countryside, same of which have be set as ide as national parks. B) Unllrtunately, Turkish wetlands are under threat from dams, drainage, llution, and climatic change. C) T~ C~RX'S POSII!ON on the migratory flyways makes it a parad e for birdwatchers. D) EJTRY is alsa floristically rich , with more than 11,000 plant species recorded. E) In winter, THE COUNTRX'S bAKES AND WE!bANDS hold thousands ofwintering wildfowl.

T

TEKNiK: ANA KONU EŞLEŞMESi + NiTELEME TEKNiGi!

252

../

SORU BOŞLUGU SONRASI GELEN AL Tl ÇiZiLi CÜMLEDEKi ZAM iR (PRONOUN) THESE D ŞlKKlN DA PLANT SPECIES KELiMESiNi NiTELEMEKTEDiR! (THESE = PLANT SPECIES)

../

GiPARÇANlN ANA KONUSU TURKEY iLE D ŞlKKlNDAKi THE COUNTRY KELiMESi EŞLEŞMEKTEDiR. DOGRU CEVAP BU NEDENLE D SEÇENEGiDiR.



Most foreign tourists visiting London come to see THE HOUSEJ OF PARLIAMENT. Th is monumental Gothic building on the River Thames isyr~a~ Britı::lm's ~tl-known landmark. lndeed , the people who come to visit it may kno~ v~ l*le"'!!fnacare even less Fout what happens inside, but they appreciate the.J>I~ .ae ~e~f the greatest achievements of rıJ,Ifeteenth-century art. ----. lndeed , ~

Parliament isa maqnificent buildinq.

,. /

A) Before the Narman Conquest in 1066, King Edward ~e~onfessor establishe.d his pa~ acı: on the site B)Aiso, most of those who work daily in THE BUILLJING remain awed by ıts artıstıc power C) The disaster of the great fire of 1834 destroyed much of the medieval palace D) For security reasons, THE HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT can no langer be viewed by the general public E) The word "parliament" derives from the French word "parler", which means "to speak" or "to talk"

TEKNiK: ORTAK KONU + KELiME EŞLEŞMESi TEKNiGi! v"

v"

v"

8.

B ŞlKKlNDAKi THE BUILDING KELiMESi iLE CÜMLEDEN THE HOUSES OF THE PARLIAMENT EŞLEŞiP ; ARTISTIC POWER CÜMLEDEKi MAGNIFICIENT ANLAMINI VERMEKTEDiR. E ŞlKKlNDAKi KOYU RENKLE iŞARETLi KELiME THE PARLIAMENT KONUSUNU NiTELEM EZ. ALTI ÇiZiLi CÜMLELERDEKi ORTAK KONUYU VE CÜMLEDEKi iLE YAKIN ANLAMLI KELiMEYi iÇEREN B SEÇENEGiDiR.

At the start of the twentieth century, BRITAIN was stili the greatest world power. By the middle of the century, although stili one of the "Big ThrEt", Britain was clearly weaker than both the United States and the Soviet Union. ----. lt power had ende~ as quickly as Spain's had done in the seventeenth century. One reason for thı

den decli!f of Britain was the cost and effort of two world wars .

A) lndeed, by the end of the 1970s. BhiTAIN was no langer even among the richest European powers B) In electronics and technology, BRITAIN is stili a world competitor C) No one doubts that BR ITAl N is living in an age of uncertainty D) But the most important reason was the basic weaknesses in BRITAIN'S industrial power E) The discovery of oil in the North Sea has given BRITAIN a great deal of economic advantage

TEKNiK: ANA KONU EŞLEŞMESi + NiTELEME TEKNiGi! v"

v"

v"

PARÇANIN KONUSU BRITAIN OLUP TÜM SEÇENEKLERDE GEÇMEKTEDiR VE ITS ZAMIRI BRITAIN KONUSUNU NiTELEMEKTEDiR!. SORU BOŞLUGUNUN ARDlNDAN GELEN CÜMLEDE OLDUGU GiBi , A SEÇENEGiNDE DE TARiHSEL BiLGiYE YER VERiLMEKTEDiR . A IKKINDA 3 B VE D IKLARINDA 2 C VE E IKLARINDA 1 ANAHTAR KELiME ALTI ÇiZiLi CÜMLELERDE YER ALMAKTADlR. EN ÇOK ANAHTAR KELiMEYi VE PARÇANIN ÖZNESiNi YANi KONUSUNU iÇEREN CÜMLE A SEÇENEGiNDE YER ALMAKT ADIR.


253

YDS ŞiFRELERi During World W ar ll, THE ALLI ES had started to thinkof ways in which a new world order could replace the failed League of Nations . ~ven before it joined the war against Germany and its allies, the US had agreed on an "Atlantic Charter'' with 'ritain. The basis of this new charter was US President Roosevelt's "Four Freedoms": freedom of speeııh. freedom of worship, freedom from fear, and freedom from want. At the end of

9.

the war, the victorious Charter. ----.

ALLI ES

created the United Nations, which expressed the ideas of the Atlantic

/

/

A) In the early 1960~ B rita in was increasingly interested in joining the newly-formed European Community B) In 1948, the s,_riet Union tried to capture West Berlin by stopping all road and rail traffic to it

C) Thus, THEY hoped that the success of the wartime allian ce could be carried into peacetime D) All these military and scientific developments drew Britain more closely to the US E) During the post-war period, Britain was seriously concerned about the danger from the Soviet Union

TEKNiK: ORTAK KONU EŞLEŞMESi TEKNiGi! v" 0

PARÇANIN KONUSU THE ALLIES C SEÇENEGiNDE THEY ZAMiRi OLARAK GEÇTiGi iÇiN SEÇENEK PARÇANIN KONUSUNA VE CÜMLELERDEKi ORTAK KONUYA YER VERMESi NEDENi iLE DOGRU CEVAPTlR.

WOMEN in the Middle Ages, but without doubt it was ideas about Jlomen. So, on the one hand, women were re

10. Little is known about the life of

spread two very different holy, while, on the other, they could notibe trustElı and were a moral danger to led men both to worship and alsoto loo1 down ,n women.

.

hard. ----.

T

also

as pure and ch religious teaching

afrt

that love played muctılof in m rriages . • MARRIAGE was always the sin.le ımportant event in the lıves of medıeval men-and women 1 C) This was because rrıage a fal~could improve its wealth and social position D) THE CHURCH taught that W en were always to obey their husbands E) Once married , a woman had to accept her husband as her master

A) !l-is unlikely B)

TEKNiK: ORTAK KONU EŞLEŞMESi + NiTELEME TEKNiGi! ./

SORU BOŞLUGU SONRASI GELEN AL Tl ÇiZiLi CÜMLEDE YER ALAN ZAM iR (PRONOUN) IT D ŞIKKINDA THE CHURCH KELiMESiNi NiTELEMEKTEDiR VE CÜMLELERDEKi ORTAK KONU WOMEN SEÇENEKTE YER ALMAKTADlR!!

./

A ŞlKKlNDAKi IT ZAMiRi NiTELEMEMEKTEDiR .

./

C VE E SEÇENEKLERiNDE ANAHTAR KELiMELER YER ALMAMAKTADlR.

v"

254

BO

ÖZNE

OLDUGUNDAN

HERHANGi

BiR

iSMi

B SEÇENEGiNiN KONUSU PARÇADA GEÇEN THE LIFE OF WOMEN YERiNE THE LIVES OF WOMEN AND MEN OLUP; SEÇENEK FARKLI BiR KONUYU ELE ALMAKT ADIR.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 11. Around

1550,

THE RENAISSANCE_in ltaly began to decline. The causes of this decline were

varied . -- -. The F';#jnch King Charles VIII viewed ltaly as an attractive target for his expansive dynastic ambitions. In 494, heledan army of thirty thousand well-trained troops across the Alps to press his claims to the Duchy of ltıilan and the Kingdam of Naples.

i~vasion

A) The French of 1494 and the incessant warfare that ensued was one of the major factors B) RENAISSANCE HUMANISTS were primarily interested in the study of classical texts C) To the ltalian political disasters was added a waning of ltalian prosperity D) As ltalian wealth diminished, there was less and less of a surplus to support artistic endeavours E) ltaly's virtual monopoly of trade with Asia in the fifteenth century had been an economic support for the ltalian Renaissance

TEKNiK: ANA KONU EŞLEŞMESi TEKNiGi! ./

./

SORU BOŞLUGU SONRASI GELEN AL Tl ÇiZiLi CÜMLEDEKi HIS ZAMiRi CÜMLESiNDEKi THE FRENCH KING KELiMESiNi NiTELEMEKTEDiR VE BU CÜMLENiN ANA KONUSUNA A SEÇENEGi YER VERMEKTEDiR!. B ŞlKKlN DA CÜMLEDEKiNDEN FARKLI KONU OLAN RENAISSANCE HUMANISTS YER ALMAKTADIR VE BU NEDENLE SECENEK ELENMEKTEDiR.

12. OUR KNOWLEDGE OF the Celts in Britain is slight. As with previous groups of settlers, we do not even know for certain whether the Celts invaded Britain or came peacefully as a result of the lively trade with Europe from about 750 B.C. onwards. At first, most of Celtic Britain seems to have developed in a generally similar way. ----. Consequently, this fall led to serious economic and political differences between the Celts of southeast Britain and those of t northwest. A) The Celts were joined by new arrivals from the Euro an mainland B) The Celtic tribes continued the same kind of agricultu as the Bronze Age people before them C) The Celts knew how to work with iron and could make Yariety of weapons D) But from about 500 B. C. , trade contact with Europe dec ined E) During the Celtic period , women may have played an important role in political life

TEKNiK: NiTELEME TEKNiGi! ./

v'

SORU BOŞLUGU SONRASI YER ALAN THIS FALL iŞARET ZAMiRi D SEÇENEGiNDEKi DECLINE KELiMESNi NiTELEMEKTEDiRI DiGER SEÇENEKLERDE ANAHTAR KELiMELER YER ALMASINA KARŞlN; SEÇENEKLER ANA KONU OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE CEL TS YERiNE; THE CEL TS KONUSUNA YER VERMEKTE VE BU NEDENLE ELENMEKTEDiR.


255

YDS ŞiFRELERi 13.

LOGISTICS asa business concept began to gain ground in the 1950s, particularly in the US. This was because, as businesses expanded and reached out both to far-flung markets and sources of materials, the need for expert logisticians became imperative. Logisticians applied their own ingenuity to create companies that aimed to deliver the right item in the right quantity at the right time in the right place for the right price. --. lndeed, with increasing globalization and ever longer and more complex supply chains, logistics companies have become ever more sophisticated and adaptable. A) The US has led the way in the development of effıcient LOGISTICAL SYSTEM S B) No region in the world requires efficient logistics more urgently than Africa does C) Logistics is considered one of the most important aspects of military campaigns D) THE PR08LEMS OF THE LOGISTICS industrv have not been clearly identifıed yet

E) These aims haye not changed. but the world has

TEKNiK: ORTAK iFADE EŞLEŞMESi TEKNiGi!

14.

./

PARÇANIN KONUSU LOGISTICS A VE D SEÇENEKLERiNDE FARKLI AÇlLARDAN ELE ALINMIŞTIR

./

E ŞIKKINDA VERiLEN iFADE CÜMLEDEK i BECOME MORE SOPHISTICATED AND ADAPTAB LE iFADESiNi iLE ÖRNEKLEDiGiNDEN ; E SEÇENEGi SORUNUN DOGRU CEVABI DlR!

ro

THE YEAR 1 seemed golden and full of promise. Despite nearly constant international tension, everyday life in E pe and North America seemed to be improving. Economies recovered, many standards of living rose, an1 new forms of culture flourished . The economic horizon looked bright. ----. Western Europeans could no longer be so certain of their prosperity or of their leaders' ability to provide the sort of life they took for grant~.

u

A) Legal changes lould not have occurred without women' s movements of the time B) These changeslmarked a new culture of mass consumption boosted by marketing, advertising, and credit payment 1 C) However, BY 1990. most of the familiar landscape had been dramatically transformed D) The civil rights movement in the US had enormous significance for the twentieth century E) The most serious outbreak of student unrest in Europe came in Paris IN THE SPRING OF

ıüi


256

./

SORU BOŞLUGU SONRASINDA YER ALAN THEIR ZAMiRi KENDi CÜMLESiNDEKi WESTERN EUROPEANS KONUSUNU NiTELEDiGiNDEN ZAMiR NiTELEYiCiSi ŞlKLARDA YENiDEN ARANMAZ!

./

PARÇADA ALTI ÇiZiLi iLK CÜMLENiN KONUSU THE YEAR 1960 AYNI ZAMANDA PARÇANIN ANA KONUSU OLUP; C SEÇENEGi BY 1990 (BEFORE 1990) ŞEKLiNDE ANA KONUYA YER VERMEKTEDiR .

./

E SEÇENEGiNDE TARiHSEL BiLGiYE YER VERiLMESiNE KARŞlN, SEÇENEKTE YER ALAN STUDENT UNREST IN EUROPE KONUSU PARÇANIN iLK CÜMLESiNDEKi EVERYDAY LIFE IN EUROPE KONUSUNDAN FARKLILIK GÖSTERMEKTEDiR.



PETE~SBURG is not just a city of names and movements. lt is also a city of bridges , with more of them than ~ other city in the who le world . W ith its 101 islands, it is also worthy of the title "city of islands." Not onltthat, but it has enough canals to compele with Venice , Amsterdam, and Stockholm. ----. As Dostoevsky's hero )uts it, "lt is the most abstract and tantastic city on earth. "

ST.

'

-

A) But most of all ST. )>ETERSBURG

isa city of culture, of literature and poetry in particular B) There are a total of 539 bridges, including 315 in the city centre C) The sports facilities and activities in it cannot go unnoticed D) THE PEOPLE OF ST. PETERSBURG are offered various educational opportunities E) A considerable number of painters and sculptors have lived there, too


16.

--'

SORU BOŞLUGU SONRASI GELEN AL Tl ÇiziLi CÜMLEDEKi IT ZAMIRI A SEÇENEGiNDE ST. PETERSBURG KONUSUNU NiTELEMEKTEDiR VE SEÇENEK AYNI ZAMANDA PARÇANIN ANA KONUSUNA YER VERMEKTEDiR.BU NEDENLE SEÇENEK SORUNUN DOGRU CEVABIDIR!

--'

B VE C SEÇENEKLERiNDE YER ALAN ZAMiRLERiN PREPOSITION iLE KULLANIMLARlNDAN DOLAYI ; ZAMiR ANAHTAR KELiME OLARAK KABUL EDiLMEMEKTEDiR.

Despite

numerous

intellectual

and

literary

advances ,

THE

LONGEST-LIVEP

ACH!EVEMENTS

of the ltalian Renaissance were made in the realm of art. Of all the arts, painting was undoubtedly supreme . Although Giotto was the great artistic genius around 1300, it was not until the fıfteenth century that ltalian painting began to come fully of age. ----. Fi~eenth-century artists ALSO experimented with effects of light and shade and, for the fırst time, car ully studied the anatomy and proportions of the human body. 1 A) From about 1450 until about 1600 ltalian thought was domirLted by a school of Neo-Piatonists, who sought to blend Platonism with Christianity 1

B) One

reason for this was that. in the early fifteenth centurv, the laws of linear perspective were d iscovered and fırst employed to give the fullest sense of three dimensions C) Sixteenth-century ltalian writers , such as Machiavelli, Ariosto, Tasso, and Sannazaro, were also highly accomplished creators of imaginative prose and verse D) Perhaps the greatest of the Florentine artists was Leonardo da Vinci, one of the most versatile geniuses who ever lived E) Most Venetian painters showed little of the Florentine school's concerns with philosophical and psychological issues

TEKNiK: ANA KONU EŞLEŞMESi TEKNiGi! --'

SORU BOŞLUGU SONRASI GELEN AL Tl ÇiZiLi CÜMLE FIFTEENTH -CENTURY ARTISTS ALSO ... iFADESi iLE DEVAM ETMEKTEDiR. BUNA EK OLARAK ANLAMI VEREN 'ALSO ' CÜMLESiNiN ÖNÜNDE YER ALACAK CÜMLENiN DE 15. YÜZYILDAN BAHSETMESi VE BU ŞEKiLDE KONU BÜTÜNLÜGÜ SAGLAMASI GEREKLiDiRKONU SÜTÜNLÜGÜNÜ SAGLAYAN BU KONU DOGRU CEVAP OLAN B SEÇENEGiNDE YER ALMAKT ADIR.


257

YDS ŞiFRELERi 17.

World War ll

left EUROPE, a land of wreckage and confusion . Millions of refugees travelled hundreds or thousands of m~s on foot to return to their homes while others were forcibly displaced from their lands. ----. Food reınıı!ıned in dangerously short supply, and even a year after the war roughly 100 million people in Eurgı(e stili

lived on

/ A) IN SOME AREAS housinq

less than 1,500 calories per day.

was practically nonexistent, with no available means to build a new

one

EUROPE did not go unchallenged World W ar ll nearly 50 million people died more than World War 1, World War ll involved the combined efforts ofwhole populations

B) The Soviet campaign to controi-EASTERN C) Historians estimate that in

D) Even E) S ince industry was essential to winning the war, centres of industry became vital military targets

TEKNiK: ANA KONU + ORTAK KONU EŞLEŞMESI TEKNIGI! ../ AL Tl ÇiZiLi iLK CÜMLE iRDELENDiGiNDE ; KONU WORLD WAR ll GIBI GÖRÜNSE DE ; ANA KONUNUN iKi CÜMLENiN DE ORTAK KONUSU OLMASI NEDENi iLE iKiNCi DÜNYA SAVA ININDA AVRUPANIN DURUMU OLDUGU ANLAŞlLMAKTADlR . - A SEÇENEGiNDEKi IN SOME AREAS KONUSU PARÇADAKi SOME AREAS OF EUROPE KONUSU iLE EŞLEŞMEKTEDiR ; SEÇENEK BU NEDENLE SORUNUN DOGRU CEVABIDIR. ../

C VE D SEÇENEKLERi SADECE WORLD WAR ll KONUSUNA YER VERiP CÜMLEDEKi EUROPE IN WORLD WAR ll KONUSUNU VURGULAMAMAKTADIR.

../

B SEÇENEGi iSE EUROPEYERiNE EASTERN EUROPE KONUSUNU ELE ALMlŞTlR.

suffered badly. A) Morocco is already e of the biggest tourist destin~tions in the Middle East and North Africa , drawing 2.25 million visitors a ear • B) Especially, the effe t on VISITOR NUMBERS has been decisive although it has varied

n to n considerably fr m C) Morocco has a better developed domestic beach culture than probably anywhere else in the Middle East or North Africa D) The target of 10 million visitors a year by 2010 may have been a little over-optimistic, although Egypt has made huge investments E) Some of the driest parts of Morocco lie on the coast, and so one feasible option is to pipe water there from the Atlas Mountains

TEKNiK: ANA KONU EŞLEŞMESi TEKNiGi! ../

258

SORU BOŞLUGU SONRASI GELEN AL Tl ÇiZiLi CÜMLEDEKi NORTH AFRICA AND TUNISIA IN PARTICULAR KONUSU IN PARTICULAR ÖZELLiKLE BAGLACI iLE VURGULANMAKTADIR ; CÜMLENiN KONUSUNA VE PARÇANIN ANA KONUSUNA YER VEREN B SEÇENEGi SORUNUN DOGRU CEVABIDIR!


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 19. ----. FOR INSTANCE, Alpine sce~ry predominates in the Tatra Mountains to the south, while the North is dominated by lakes. Mountain lovei'Sı.can make use of the well-developed infrastructure of hostels and shelters , such as those found in the Tatra~ "(he countless lakes of Warmia and Mazuria, collectively known as the Land of a Thousand La kes, are a hea~no4>r water-sports enthusiasts.

'

A) Since 1989, many new luxury hotel s have been bui lt i ıN>~and and the majority of the m belong to international hotel chains ' B) Poland's borders have changed continually with the course of histo~ C) Bordering the Baltic Sea, Poland is one of the largest countries in Ce~al Europe, with a population of around 39 million ' D) Warsaw, the capital of Poland , is located at the centre of Poland , on the banks ~t~ Vistula River E) Although situated on the plains of Central Europe, Poland has an extremely varied 1andscape

TEKNiK: ANA KONU EŞLEŞMESi + ÖRNEKLEME TEKNiGi!

20.

./

SORU BOŞLUGU SONRA GELEN CÜMLE FOR INSTANCE ÖRNEGiN BAGLACI iLE DEVAM ETMEKTEDiR. BOŞLUK ÖNCESI GELECEK OLAN CÜMLEDE NEYE ÖRNEKLEME YAPILDIGINI GÖRMEK iÇiN FOR INSTANCE BAGLACI SONRASI GELEN KONUYA BAKILMALIDIR!

./

FOR INSTANCE SONRASI ALPINE SCENERY KONUSU YER ALDlGI iÇiN ; BiR ÖNCEKI CÜMLEDE DE SCENERY KONUSUNDAN BAHSEDiLMESi GEREKiR .

./

CÜMLEDEKi SCENERY KONUSU SADECE E SEÇENEGiNDE LANDSCAPE OLARAK GEÇTiGi iÇiN SEÇENEK SORUNUN DOGRU CEVABlDlR

THE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES - Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Finland - are, arguably, atllong the least-populated countries in Europe. ----. Away from the main towns and cities lie vast expanses ol unspoiled, often wild terrain , from the breathtaking Norwegian fjords to the dense pine forests and clear lakes of Finland . Smaller and largely fiat and rural, Denmark shares characteristics with both mainland Eulope and Scandinavia proper. 1

A) IN NORWAY. SWEDEN. AND FINLAND.

the majority of the population lives in the south , in affluent, modern cities , which are also rich in history and tradition

B) C)

SWEDEN is Europe's fıfth-largest country, with an area about the size of California FINLAND'S main cities are all served by an efficient railroad system and regular, inexpensive internal flights

D)

NORWAY is so long and narrow that, if Oslo remained fıxed and the rest were turned upside down, it would stretch all the way to Rome

... - NORWAY'S .. ..

E) Oslo,

...

capital , is an attractive city of grand Neoclassical buildings , wide boulevards , and

...


PARÇANIN KONUSU YANi ÖZNESi THE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES SADECE A ŞIKKINDA NORWAY SWEDEN AND FINLAND OLARAK GEÇMEKTEDiR. BU NEDENLE SEÇENEK SORUNUN DOGRU CEVABlDlR

./

DiGER SEÇENEKLER BU ÜLKELERDEN SADECE BiRiNi iÇERDiGiNDEN PARÇANIN KONUSUNU VURGULAMAMAKTADIR.


259

YDS ŞiFRELERi 21. An independent city close to Berlin , PST~DAM has almost 150,000 inhabitants and is the capital of Brandenburg. ----. The towç 'tl'l'ossomed in the 1600s, during the era of the Great Elector, and then again in the 18th century, when the sptendid summer palace, Schloss Sanssouci, was built for Frederick the Great. Potsdam suffered badly in Wori~War ll , particularly on April 14 and 15, 1945, when the Allies bombed the town centre. '

'

A) The Marmorpalais (Marble Palace\is located on the edge of the lake in the Neuer Garten, a park ' northeast of Potsdam 's centre B) Oespite its wartime losses, POTSDAI(I is taday one of Germany's most attractive towns C) The Schloss Cecilienhof played an import'(lt role in history in 1945, when it served as the venue for the Potsdam Conference D) The fırst documented reterence to THE TbWN dates from A.D. 993; it was later granted municipal rights IN 1317 E) Tourists flock to see the magnifıcent royal estate, Park Sanssouci, and to stroll in the Neuer Garte

TEKNiK: ANA KONU + ORTAK KONU EŞLEŞMESi TEKNiGi! o/

o/

o/

PARÇANIN KONUSU POSTDAM SORU BOŞLUGU SONRASI GELEN CÜMLEDE THE TOWN OLARAK GEÇMEKTEDiR VE CÜMLELERiN ORTAK KONUSUNU TEŞKiL ETMEKTEDiR! A ŞIKKINDA CÜMLENiN ÖZNESi A PARK NORTHEAST OF POSTDAM'S CENTRE iSiM TAMLAMASI OLARAK GEÇTiGi iÇiN SEÇENEK PARÇANIN KONUSUNDAN FARKLI BiR KONUYU ELE ALMAKTADlR. C ŞIKKINDA YER ALAN THE POSDAM CONFERENCE PARÇANIN KONUSU iLE EŞLEŞMEMEKTEDiR

o/

260

D SEÇENEGi ÖZNEYi (PARÇANlN KONUSUNU), BOŞLUK SONRASI CÜMLEDE YER ALAN THE TOWN KONUSUNU VE BOŞLUKTAN SONRAKi CÜMLEDE OLDUGU GiBi, TARiHSEL BiLGi iÇERDiGiNDEN DOGRU CEVAPTlR.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 22. BALL~T is theatrical representation in dance form in which music also plays a major part in teliing a story or conv,ing a mood. Some such form of entertainment existed in ancient Greece. ----. From taken

b~

the re, it was

Caterina de' Medici in the 16th century to France in the form of a spectacle combining singing,

dancihg,

and speech . During the 18th century, there were major developments in technique, and ballet

graduaııJ became divorced from opera, emerging as an art form in its own right. A)

BAli FT developed in the UK through the influence of Marie Rambert BALLET as we know it today fırst appeared in Renaissance ltaly, where il was a form of court entertainment (there, it zamirieri nitelenmektedir!) BALLET developed further in the USA through the work of George Balanchine and the American

B~TERN

C)

Ballet Theater

BALLET, which greatly appealed to the Greeks RUSSIAN BALLET had a vital influence on the classical

D) In fact, it was d rama , rather than E) In the 20th century,

tradition

in the

~

TEKNiK: ORTAK KELiME EŞLEŞMESi + NiTELEME TEKNiGi! ../

SORU BOŞLUGU SONRASI GELEN CÜMLEDE THEREVE IT ZAMiRLERi YER ALMAKTADIRTÜM SEÇENEKLER THEREZAMiRi NiTELEYiCiSiNE VE BALLET ANA KONUSUNA YER VERMEKTEDiR ANCAK CÜMLEDEN ORTAK KELiME iÇEREN YALNlZCA B SEÇENEGiDiR!

INTEREST. which isa sum of money paid by a borrower to alender in returnfor the loan, percentage per annum. ----. In compound interest, the interest earned over a period of time is ac:tıed to the principal, so that at the end of the next period, interest is paid on that total.

23. In finance,

is usually expressd:ı as a

A) Nevertheless, ctrtain problems remain in perennial interest, and these fall into two main groups B) The theory of clpital was not a matter of primary concern to economistsin the Iate 20th century C) SIMPLE INTERE ST is calculated asa straight percentage of the amount loaned or invested, called the

princjpal

D) However, IT may be expressed either in E)

money terms or asa rate of payment Various theories have been developed to account for and justify INTEREST

TEKNiK: ANA KONU + ORTAK KELiME EŞLEŞMESi TEKNiGi! ../

PARÇANIN ÖZNESi (KONUSU) INTEREST OLUP; B SEÇENEGi HARiÇ TÜM SEÇENEKLERDE GEÇMEKTEDiR .

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GERIYE KALAN D VE E SEÇENEKLERiNE KlYASLA ; C SEÇENEGi ALTI ÇiZiLi CÜMLELERDE YER ALAN KELiMELERDEN EN ÇOK iÇEREN SEÇENEKTiR VE BU NEDENLE SORUNUN DOGRU CEVABIDIR.


261

YDS ŞiFRELERi

A LOT OF GOOD THINGS have happened in the US economy. US companies have become more competitive~ and exports are now booming. This strong export growth is helping to stabilize the trade gap, and slower U!J demand will bring down imports. ----. Moreover, long-term interest rates are stili low, stock prices are setti19 records, and the economy continues to gro~at a moderate pace.

24. Th is year

'

A) The biggest danger inlhe weeks ahead isa US recession, since currency m~k'lls began to worry at the end of 2006 that the hfusing recession could spill over to other areas of the economl"ı(NEGATIVE) B) In the meantime, profits from overseas operations and returnson international investments are

=

risinq as the gains are translated back into dollars (POSITIVE A LOT OF GOOD THINGS) C) Some leading economists have forecast that the US dollar's value could plunge by a third over the next few years D) The US dollar will be sornewhat more vulnerable against the euro , given that the European Central Bank will most likely continue to raise interest rates (POSITIVE) E) The dollar is down 3% from a year ago against the Chinese yuan , and futures markets expect an additional 5% decline later in the year (NEGATIVE)

TEKNiK: ANA KONU EŞLEŞMESi + ÖRENEKLEME TEKNiGi!

262

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PARÇANIN ANA KONUSU A LOT OF GOOD THINGS IN THE US ECONOMY OLDUGU iÇiN ; PARÇANIN GENELiNDE OLUMLU iFADELERE YER VERiLMESi GEREKMEKTEDiR.

./

A VE E SEÇENEKLERi OLUMSUZ iFADELERE YER VERiP; PARÇANIN KONU SÜTÜNLÜGÜNÜ BOZMAKTADIR .

./

C VE D SEÇENEKLERi US DOLLAR KONUSUNDAN PARÇANIN ANA KONUSUNDAN UZAKLAŞMAKTADIR .

./

B SEÇENEGiNDE YER ALAN PROFITS ANAHTAR KELiMESi PARÇANIN ANA KONUSUNA A LOT OF GOOD THINGS ÖRNEKLEME YAPMAKTADlR. BUNUN YANINDA SORU BOŞLUGU SONRASI GELEN CÜMLEDEKi GROW FiiLi iLE RISE FiiLi BiRBiRLERi iLE ANLAMCA EŞLEŞMEKTEDiR.SORUNUN DOGRU CEVABI BU NEDENLE B SEÇENEGiDiR.

BAHSETMEKTEDiR VE


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 25. In recent years, THE AM has increased, and the price of many drugs has fallen. So why doe one third of the world's population stili lack access to charge high tariffs o~ life-saving medicines and equipment, sometimes even proper healthcare? ----. M 1 taxing products that are donate free. A) If these tariffs were lowered, it would tically 'ncrease access to pharmaceuticals B) Thus , even in places where tariffs are waive , h r barriers remain C) To a large extent, the fault lies with THE POO COUNTRIES themselves D) Naturally, it is the right of any nation to raise ineome as it sees fıt E These re ulatory constraints are imposed on a wide variet of medical equipment as well as dru

TEKNiK: ANA KONU EŞLEŞMESi + NiTELEME TEKNiGi! ./

26.

PARÇANIN ANA KONUSU THE AMOUNT OF AlD FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES OLUP; SORU BOŞLUGU SONRASI YER ALAN MANY C SEÇENEGiNDE THE POOR COUNTRIES KELiMESiNi NiTELEMEKTEDiR VE PARÇANIN KONUSUNA YER VERMEKTEDiR. BU NEDENLE DOGRU CEVAP C SEÇENEGiDiR.

LAYINQ. undersea cable systems

is a monumental process. After surveying landing s~tes,

studying sea~d.Jleology, and assessing risks, engineers plot a route. ----. For months, thes shıps lower the cables lh01!1Sands of feet to the seabed. In congested spots, engineers use robots to di trenches for the cable that proteciıt fliQ/11 wayward anchors and fıshing nets. Then crews pull the cable end above the water and connect them to lan~a~d stations .

....

A) One of the new Pacific systems is part~ a.qıassive $1 .5 billion global network connecting 6 countries B) Traditional cross-ocean systems are loops ma~ ~of two cables, usually many miles art C) Operators building new cable systems are mindful o1"tıı~hreat of earthquakes and do ', avoid it D) Then gigantic spools of cable and other gear are loaded on ABLE-LAYIN E) While there are ten major undersea cables connecting the US with Asia

cables

linking the

us directly with

Europe, there are only fıve

TEKNiK: ANA KONU EŞLEŞMESi TEKNiGi! v'

PARÇANIN ANA KONUSU(ÖZNESi) LAYING UNDERSEA CABLE SYSTEMSOLARAK VERiLMEKTEDiR.

v'

D SEÇENEGiNDE YER ALAN CABLE-LAYING VESSELS HEM PARÇANIN ÖZNESiNi HEM DE SORU BOŞLUGU SONRASI GELEN CÜMLENiN ÖZNESiNi YANi THESE SHIPS KELiMESiNi NiTELEMEKTEDiR DiGER SEÇENEKLER PARÇANIN KONUSUNA ~SORU BOŞLUGU SONRASI GELEN CÜMLENiN KONUSUNA YER VERMEMEKTEDiR. SORUNUN DOGRU CEVABI BU NEDENLE D SEÇENEGiDiR.


263

YDS ŞiFRELERi 21.

THE BIGGEST PROBLEMS AFFECTING the IMF, the World Bank, and other instruments of globalization concern governance. At both the IMF and the World Bank, voting rights are allocated not according to population but according to economic power, and the various countries' representatives are typically finance ministers or members of central banks, not officials with broader outlooks and concerns . ----. Therefore . the voices of t ose most affected by globalization are barely e ınternational bodies should follow. audible in discussions about what polic·

A) lt is within these me smail , elite circles international economic architecture occurs

that most of

the debate

about reforming the

B) IMF policies have always had a rasting impact on the economies of developing countries C) Yet well-managed globalization has enormous potential for improving the lives of people in poor countries D) Traditionally, the World Bank has been reluctant to lend money unless the IMF certifıes that the country in question has a solid macro-economic framework E) If we continue with globalization as it has been managed in the past, the future will not be bright

TEKNiK: ORTAK KELiME EŞLEŞMESi + NiTELEME TEKNiGi!

28.

"

PARÇANIN KONUSU AL Tl ÇiZiLi iLK CÜMLEDE THE PROBLEMS OF AFFECTING GLOBALIZATION OLARAK GEÇMEKTEDiR.

"

A SEÇENEGiNDE YER ALAN THESE ZAMiRi BOŞLUK SONRASI CÜMLEDE BULUNAN THOSE ZAMiRi iLE EŞLEŞMEKTEDiR. AL Tl çiziLi CÜMLELERDEKi ZAMiRi VE EN ÇOK KELiMEYi iÇERMESi NEDENi iLE DOGRU CEVAP A SEÇENEGiDiR.

ICE CLIMBING AND ROCK CLIMBING

share same important features. Both use ropes, harnesses, and other spec'-ılized equipment for ascending steep granite or blue ice. ----. A rock climber follows the natural cracks or w~knesses in the rock whereas , with ice tools in each hand, an ice climber has more freedam to blaze a path up \nd is limited only by the ice conditions and the technology of the tools.

'

A) Most ICE CLIMBING trips re~ire an arduous trek into the mountains and possibly several nights out in the cold ' B) But, the method of CLIMBING in e~h case is different C) However, CLIMBING itself has always been considered to be very dangerous D) There are many tragic stories of climbing accidents E) But once you fınd your footing, ice climbing can become addictive

TEKNiK: ANA KONU EŞLEŞMESi! "

264

PARÇANIN ANA KONUSU 'ICE CLIMBING AND ROCK CLIMBING ' B SEÇENEGiNDE 'IN EACH CASE' OLARAK VURGULANMIŞTIR VE ANA KONU iÇEREN B SEÇENEGi SORUNUN DOGRU CEVABlDlR


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 29. EPILE~SY. one of the most common neurological disorders in the world , is caused by abnormal electrical a~ity in the brain . ----. Most forms of epilepsy have been assumed to stern from brain tissue "scars" ~quired through trauma , so that molecular approaches to understanding and treating the disease would be~uitless .

'

A) lt is true that, in dev~oped countries , a principal focus of epilepsy research has been on the causes of the disease ~ B) THE SYMPTOM OF THIS DISEASE range in severity from mild sensory disruption to recurring seizures and unconsciousness C) In addition, NOT ALL CAS ES OF EPILEPSY have been tuııy studied D) Moreover, proteins as large as insulin have been proposedas neurotransmitters E) On the contrary, a pairing of proteinsin neurons may be relevant to the pathogenesis of human epilepsy

TEKNiK: ANA KONU EŞLEŞMESi TEKNiGi! ./ PARÇANIN KONUSU EPILEPSY D SEÇENEGi DIŞINDAKi TÜM SEÇENEKLERDE GEÇMEKTEDiR. AL Tl ÇiZILI iLK CÜMLEDE CAUSED BY FiiLi iLE EP iLEPSi KONUSUNUN NEDENLERiNDEN , SORU BOŞLUGU SONRASI GELEN CÜMLEDE FORMS OF EPILEPSY iLE EPILEPSi E iTLERiNDEN BAHSEDiLMEKTEDiR. B SEÇENEGiNDE YER ALAN SYMPTOMS OF EPILEPSY KONUSU SORU BOŞLUGUNA GELDiGiNDE; PARÇANIN ANLAM SÜTÜNLÜGÜNÜ BOZMAMAKTADIR. BU NEDENLE B SEÇENEGi SORUNUN DOGRU CEVABIDIR. ./ iLK CÜMLEDE EPiLEPSiNiN NEDENiNE YER VERiLDiGiNDEN ARDlNDAN GELECEK CÜMLEDE AYNI KONUYA (NEDENLERE) YENiDEN YER VERiLMEZ. A SEÇENEGi BU NEDENLE ELENiR. ./ C SEÇENEGi OLUMSUZLUK BiLDiRMEKTE ANCAK BOŞLUK SONRASI GELEN CÜMLE OLUMLU iFADEYE YER VERMEKTEDiR.

30. NO DESCRIPTION OF EMBA~RASSMENT would be complete without considering the blush . For many of us, it is the hallmark ~lay of embarrassment. ----. Although the physiology of the bl us h is not fully understood, we are getting n~rer to a better understanding of it.

'

A) Thei sults showed that blushing_begins with a sl1ııırp increase of blood flow, which is then followed by a slower r in facial temperature ' B) Although s · · g occurs during EMBARRASSMENT, it has a different appearance from that of amusement ' MENT, the lips turn,~ut without the accompanying action of C) On the other hand, ~ the crinkling of the eye D)Actually, however, blus ing does not necessarily accompany EMBARRASSMENT, and facial reddening can occur during other physical and emotional states as well E) Generally speaking , heart rate and blood pressure tend to rise and fall in many emotional states such as anger, fear and happiness

TEKNiK: ANA KONU + ORTAK KONU EŞLEŞMESi TEKNiGi! ./

PARÇANIN KONUSU EMBARRASSMENT VE CÜMLELERiN ORTAK KONUSU THE BLUSH YALNlZCA D SEÇENEGiNDE BiRLiKTE YER ALMAKTADlR.

./

CÜMLEDE YER ALAN IT ZAMiRi KENDi CÜMLSiNDE THE BLUSH KELiMESi YERiNE KULLANlLMAKTADlR.


265

YDS ŞiFRELERi 31.

NORWlGIANS,

like the Danes and Swedes, are of Teutonic origin. The Norsemen, alsa know Vikings, th

th

ravaged thy coasts of northwest Europe from the 8 to the 11 century and were ruled by local chieftains. ----. was ruled by Danish kingsuntil 1814, when it was united with Sweden in an After 144!, the count uneasy paılnership. A) DespitJ severe losses in the World it recovered quickly as its economy expanded B) Norwa'JI became the second largest net oil er after Saudi Arabia in 1995 C) When flıe World War 1 broke out, Norway joined · Sweden and Denmark in a decision to cooperate in the joi~ interest of the three countries D) Olaf ll 1-ıaraldsson became the first effective king of all Norway in ~ and began converting the

NORWEGIANS ıh

to Christianity

E) In the Iate 20 century, the Labor Party and the Conservative Party seesawed for control, each sametimes having to lead minority governments 1

TEKNiK: ANA KONU EŞLEŞMESi TEKNiGi! ../

PARÇANIN VE CÜMLENiN ANA KONULARI NORWEGIANS VE NORWAY SADECE D SEÇENEGiNDE GEÇMEKTEDiR.

32. ----. Traditionaııy,

ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT TOOLS USEP TO STUDY CELL STRUCTURES has ~e~the microscope. In fact, cells were not deseribed until 1665, when Robert Hooke examined the ce ll walls of d;a~c:ııt cells using a microscope he had made. Hooke used the

....

term "cell" because the tissue reminded him of the sm~r
',

A) A light microscope can be used to view stained or living cells, but ~rekitively law resolution B) Early biologists thought that the cell consisted of a homogeneous jelly, wh~ ~~alled protoplasm C) Lenses in the electron microscopes are actually magnets that bend the beam of electNn~ D) Because CELLS are so smail, scientists have had to be extremely elever in devising me1hods

for

studying them E) Most of the methods used to prepare and stain cells for observation alsa kill them in the process


266

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PARÇANIN ANA KONUSU TOOLS USED TO STUDY CELL STRUCTURES D SEÇENEGiNDE METHODS FOR STUDYING THEM OLARAK BiREBiR GEÇMEKTEDiR. VE BU NEDENLE D SEÇENEGi SORUNUN DOGRU CEVABIDIR. CÜMLEDEKi HE ZAMiRi KENDi CÜMLESiNDE NiTELENMEKTEDiR. -

../

DiGER SEÇENEKLERDE STUDYING CELLS KONUSUNA YER VERiLMEYiP CELLS KONUSU FARKLI AÇlLARDAN ELE ALlNMlŞTlR. --


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 33. ----. What ~really

seeks, however, are the most meaningful ones,

and these vary from one cantext to

another. His Wbl'fils...._may be grandiose or humble, fanciful or matter of fact, romantic or realistic, archaic or modern, technical or ever,d~ monosyllabic or polysyllabic .

..........

A) lt is not unusual for a poet also to be a rl'!tJ~an B) A POET creates newexperiencesfor the readeT'tn ~ich the reader can participate

.....

C) A frequent misconception of poetic language is that THE POET seeks always the most beautiful or noble-sounding words D) In the poem "Winter" SHAKESPEARE is attempting to communicate the quality of winter life araund a sixteenth century English country house E) Language has many levels and varieties, and poets may choose from them all

TEKNiK: NiTELEME + ORTAK KELiME EŞLEŞMESi TEKNiGi! -~' SORU BOŞLUGU SONRASI GELEN AL Tl ÇiZiLi CÜMLEDEKi HE ZAMiRi E

SEÇENEGi TÜM SEÇENEKLERDE POET KONUSUNU NiTELEMEKTEDiR. -~'

34.

PARÇANIN ANA KONUSUNU THE POET , ONES ZAMiRiNi NiTELEYEN WORDS KELiMESiNi VE AL Tl ÇiZiLi CÜMLELERDEN SEEK FiiLiNi iÇERMESi NEDENi iLE DOGRU CEVAP C SEÇENEGiDiR. B SEÇENEGiNDEKi 'A POET' KELiMESi SHAKESPEARE YERiNE HERHANGi BiR ŞAiRi iFADE ETMEKTEDiR.

MANY PROFESSIONS, such as law, rely almost exclusively on the written and oral word . Although engineers also must write and speak well , th is alone is insufficient to convey complex engineering information . For this, graphical or visual communication is required. ---- In addition it can provide readers with insight they can obtain through no other means. nical information. A) On the contrary, tables are useful for pres B) As a matter of fact, graphs a from tabulated data. C) A well-prepared graph can accurately communicate a great deal of information in just a few seconds. D) However, a wide variety of graphs are available to help visualize data. E) Nevertheless, graphs should have a descriptive title.

TEKNiK: NiTELEME TEKNiGi! -~'

SORU BOŞLUGU SONRASI GELEN IT ZAMiRi SADECE C SEÇENEGiNDE A GRAPH KELiMESiNi NiTELEMEKTE, DiGER SEÇENEKLERDEKi ÖZNELER OGUL YAPlDA OLDUKLARI iÇiN ZAMiRi NiTELEMEMEKTEDiR. ZAMiRi (PRONOUN) NiTELEMESi NEDENi iLE C ŞIKKI DOGRU CEVAPTlR.


267

YDS ŞiFRELERi 35. Compared to its Balkan neighbours, GREECE isa

wealthy

country, but it remains one of the

poorer

members of the European Un,jjjlrı.~--~ Nevertheless, with a nominally capitalist orientatio • has ave een sold off, overcome its resemblanlie t~pre-1989 Eastern Europe. Loss-maki and inflation ~d Mıırtefe'st rates have falle ment remains high . ~

A) _1_is

stili a developing its GNP.

economy, with

the agriculture and service sectors accounting for two-thirds of

B) Stili, THE GREEK ISLANDS attract thousands of tourists , many of whom come simply to enjoy the sun and sand and the relaxed pace of life. C) Accordingly, IT now seems poised to become a signifıcant regional power. D) Furthermore, !I.has one of the lowest birth rates in Europe. E) Yet family life and sociallife are usually one and the same, and tend to revolve around eating out.

TEKNiK: ANA KONU + ORTAK KELiME EŞLEŞMESi TEKNiGi! "

PARÇANIN KONUSU GREECE OLUP; SORU BOŞLUGU SONRASI GELEN IT ZAMiRi E DIŞINDA TÜM SEÇENEKLERDE GEÇMEKTEDiR.

./

ALTI ÇiZiLi CÜMLELERDE YER ALAN WEALTHY POORER CAPITALlST ANAHTAR KELiMELERi PARÇANIN ECONOMY KONUSU ILE iLiŞKiSiNi ORTAYA KOYMAKTADIR VE BU iLiŞKi SADECE DOGRU CEVAP OLANA SEÇENEGiNDE GÖRÜLMEKTEDiR. (wealth, poorer, capitalist economy)

=

36.

HEADACtLES are among the most common

dical

while others ha~ ever have them. ---- How

hange in the pattern or nature of

signal a serious prolMem and calls for

'

A) In addition to drugs, wltıc relieve pain.

pt

medical

problems. Some people have headaches often,

headaches could

attention .

e enormously benefidal in treating diseases, many other treatments can help

B) In general , t HEAI}ACHES medic condition.

may be painful and distressing, they rarely reflect a serious

C) Pa in is an unpleasant sensatian signalling that the body is damaged or threatened with an injury. D) On the contrary, high blood pressure may produce a throbbing sensatian in the head. E) Actually, pain begins in and around the eyes and begins to affect the whole head.

TEKNiK: ANA KONU + ORTAK KONU EŞLEŞMESi TEKNiGi! ./

268

PARÇANIN ANA KONUSU HEADACHES OLUP; KONU SADECE B SEÇENEGiNDE GEÇMEKTEDiR. DOGRU CEVAP OLAN B SEÇENEGi AYNI ZAMANDA AL Tl ÇiZiLi CÜMLELERiN ORTAK KONUSUNU iÇERMEKTEDiR. BU NEDENLE B SEÇENEGi DOGRU CEVAPTlR.



ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING, who was to become Victorian England 's most famous woman poet in 'he nineteenth century, received an unusuat education for a woman of her time. Availing herself of her brodıer's tutar, she studied Latin and Greek. --- But as her intellectual and literary powers maturd:ı , her personal life became increasingly undermined by ili health. Although, by the age of thirty-nine , she w,- a prominent woman of letters, she continued to live in semiseclusion as an invalid in her father's house, where she occasionally received visitors .

1

A) In her later pqems, in which she took up the cause of ltalian nationalism, .s.J::iE_was mostly concerned with the politic~issues of her time. B) Once in ltaly, HE regained much health and strength , bearing and raising a son , to whom she was ardently devat . C) Hence, in her elırly work, SHE tended to use the visionary modes of Romantic narrative poetry.

D) Moreover, ~ read voraciously in history, philosophy and literature and began to write poetry from an early age. E) However, HER WORK teli into disrepute with the modernist reaction against the didacticism and rhetorical excess of Victorian poetrv.

TEKNiK: ANA KONU EŞLEŞMESi TELNiGi! ./

PARÇANIN ANA KONUSU ELIZABETH OLUP ; TÜM SEÇENEKLERDE GEÇMEKTEDiR.

./

AL Tl ÇiZiLi CÜMLELERDEKi ANAHTAR KELiMELER iRDELENDiGiNDE; PARÇANIN KONUSU OLAN POETRY B SEÇENEGi DIŞINDA TÜM SEÇENEKLERDE YER ALMAKTADlR.

./

SORU BOŞLUGU SONRASI GELEN CÜMLENiN KONUSU HER INTELLECTUAL AND LITERARY POWERS SORU BOŞLUGUNDA DA GEÇMELiDiR Ki PARÇADA ANLAM BÜTÜNLÜGÜ SAGLANABiLSiN. D SEÇENEGiNDEKi PHILOSPHY KELiMESi AL Tl ÇiZiLi CÜMLEDEKi INTELLECTUAL KELiMESi iLE BENZER ANLAM TAŞlMAKTA VE LITERATURE KELiMESi AL Tl ÇiZiLi CÜMLEDEN LITERARY KELiMESi iLE EŞLEŞEREK ANLAM BÜTÜNLÜGÜ SAGLAMAKTADIR. BU NEDENLE SORUNUN DOGRU CEVABI D SEÇENEGiDiR.


269

YDS ŞiFRELERi 38.

THE HUMAN BODY changes in many noticeable ways with a e. Perhaps the fırst sign of aging occurs when the eye cannot focus easily on close objects. Often by ag 40 or so, many people fınd it difficult to read without using glasses. ---- People tend to lose some abili hear the highest pitched tones. Therefore, older people may find that violin music no longer as exciting as it did when they were young . e ear ca nal or middle ear that blocks the

ed hearing aids that keep the volume of sound at a suitable

E) Hearing

also

changes with age.

TEKNiK: ORTAK KELiME EŞLEŞMESi TEKNiGi! v-

PARÇANIN KONUSU AL Tl Çizili iLK CÜMLEDE YER ALAN THE HUMAN BODY CHANGE VE WITH AGE ANAHTAR KELiMELERi iLE BELiRLENMEKTEDiR. BU KELiMELERDEN CHANGE WITH AGE E SEÇENEGiNDE GEÇEREK SEÇENEK PARÇANIN KONUSUNU ORTAYA KOYMAKTADlR .

..,

SORU BOŞLUGU SONRASI GELEN AL Tl ÇiZiLi CÜMLEDEKi HEAR KELiMESi TÜM SEÇENEKLERDE GEÇMEKLE BiRLiKTE; KE LiMENiN ANA KONU iLE iLiŞKiSiNi SADECE DOGRU CEVAP OLAN E SEÇENEGi ORTAYA KOYMAKT ADIR.

39. At the beginning of the 1990s, it seemed to all appearances that

THE US

comprehensively dominated

global affairs. ----

Thus , it was deseribed as "the lonely superpower·. However, that said , the of uncertainty and questioning for many Americans . In broad terms, the 1990s proved to be a deca challenges of the post-Col ar era were as demanding for the US as they were for other countries . A) In many respects,

ending of the Cold W ar was expected to usher in a period of profound uncertainty.

B) The debates ab t US FOREIGN POLICY in the post- Cold W ar period have been shaped by the impact of wor events. ost frequently used IMAGES OF US FOREIGN-POLICY making has been that C) One of th of cont and struggle. D) Inde , THE US has always found it difficult to reconcile the issue of world order with national p pectives. E) 1 occupied a pre-eminent position in terms of military power, technology and global economic reach.

TEKNiK: NiTELEME TEKNiGi!

270

v-

PARÇANIN KONUSU THE US D SEÇENEGiNDE YER AllRKEN, E SEÇENEGiNDE IT ZAMiRi OLARAK GEÇMEKTEDiR.

v-

ALTI ÇiZiLi CÜMLELERDE YER ALAN EN ÇOK ANAHTAR KELiMEYi VE ZAMiRi iÇERMESi (ÖZNE KONUMUNDA) NEDENi iLE SORUNUN DOGRU CEVABI E SEÇENEGiDiR.



MOLLUSKS

can be found in virtually every habitat on Earth and range in size from microscopic to more

than 10 m long. ----. But

OTHERS, the octopus for instance, are considered to be delicacies .

A) They are indee extremely fascinating group of erealures B) Not all of t~ , however, are encased in a shell C) All the ~usks are invertebrate animals D) SO E. like the snails in our gardens, are regarded as pests E) The octopus even has problem-solving abilities


PARÇANIN KONUSU MOLLUSKS E SEÇENEGi DIŞINDAKi TÜM SEÇENEKLERDE GEÇMEKTEDiR.

./

SORU BOŞLUGU SONRASI GELEN CÜMLENiN KONUSU OTHERS OLUP; ÖNÜNDE YER ALAN CÜMLENiN GRAMATiK KURAL DOGRUL TUSUNDA SOME iLE BAŞLAMASI GEREKLiDiR. ZAMiR NiTELEYiCiSiNi iÇERMESi NEDENi iLE SORUNUN DOGRU CEVABI D SEÇENEGiDiR.

41. Well into the 1860s

THE AMERICAN WEST

remained divided from the East by the harsh nature of

the country's interior. ---- . Their aim was to build a railroad across the formidable mountainous lands of the Sierra Nevada . hey were ridiculed on all sides , but the ambitious enterprise eventually succeeded. A)

THEIR

high-flying

NiTELEYiCiSi iLK

al comes with similarly steep challenges (BU CÜMLEDEKi ZAMiRiN

MLEDE YOK!)

B) Top engineers had ag ed that the Sierra Nevada could not be crossed by road or rail C) Naturally, politicians ere not in favour of uniting East and West D) Then tour merc ants began raising money to fund a seemingiy impossible Project E) The high peaks of the Sierra Nevada were acknowledged as being impassable


PARÇANIN ANA ALMAMAKT ADIR .

KONUSU

./

SORU BOŞLUGU SONRASI GELEN CÜMLEDEKi THEIR ZAMiRi D SEÇENEGiNDE FOUR MERCHANTS KELiMESiNi NiTELEMEKTEDiR CÜMLEDEKi " THEIR AIM WAS TO BUILD" iFADESi SEÇENEKTEKi " THEY BEGAN RAISING MONEY TO FUND A PROJECT" iFADESi iLE ANLAMCA EŞLEŞMEKTEDiR .

./

ZAMiRiN NiTELEDiGi KELiMEYi iÇERMESi VE CÜMLEDEKi iFADEYi ÖZETLEMESi NEDENi iLE SORUNUN DOGRU CEVABI D SEÇENEGiDiR.


THE

AMERICAN

WEST

SEÇENEKLERDE

YER

271

YDS ŞiFRELERi 42.

IN THE ANNALS OF COMPYTING. ideas on paper. ----. However, with th highquality images .

nothing has caused as much disappointment as putting coming of the inkjet printer it was soon possible to print really

A) For B) C) D) E)

decades, printing COMPUT R FILES was a thankless task for users seeking to reproduce precisely what they saw on their screens To start with, thermal inkjets were no match for the costlier laser printers that had just been introduced For all its originality the idea behind the inkjet is far from new The fırst inkjet printers were slow, messy machines, but they gradually got better and better Designers of printers_grew more ambitious and they started to want colour, speed and low costs


PARÇANIN ANA SEÇENEGiDiR!

KONUSUNU

VE

CÜMLEDEN

KELiME

iÇEREN

SADECE

A

MOST WESTERN INDUSTRIALIZED NATIONS have an individualistic orientation, which Th stress the interdependence of people within the

43.

values independence and sllf-assertiveness. ----. 1 community.

A) There is no internal evidJ.ıce to suggest this B) Individuals in collectivislJAsian cultures are even le s likely to commit such errors C} In contrast, MANY NON-WESTERN CUL.: URES have a more collectivist orientation D) This is why Americans tend to use psychological traits to deseribe themselves E) Actually, situational factors also play quite an important role

TEKNiK: ANA KONU EŞLEŞMESi + NiTELEME TEKNiGi! ./

272

PARÇANIN ANA KONUSUNA MOST WESTERN INDUSTRIALIZED NATIONS YER VEREN VE CÜMLEDEKi THEY ZAMiRiNiN NiTELEDiGi MANY NON-WESTERN CULTURES KONUSUNU iÇEREN C SEÇENEGi SORUNUN DOGRU CEVABIDIR.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 44. H E? This question has fascinated humanity for centuries, but so far no defı ive answer has been found. ----. Chief among these is the confırmation, after a long wait and several fa~~tarts, that planets exist outside our solar syste

'

'

A) Most su rp · ·ng of all is the speed with which life was established on th~lanet B)A number of recent developments have brought THE QUESTION once again to the fo re C) So far, astronomers have found no Earth-like planets , but we can be fairly confident that they will do so D) In spite of all this activity, researchers have made no positive detections of extraterrestrial signals E) The lack of success to date cannot be used to inferthat Earth is the only planet with life

TEKNiK: ANA KONU EŞLEŞMESi + NiTELEME TEKNiGi! --'

PARÇANIN ANA KONUSU B SEÇENEGiNDE THE QUESTION OLARAK VURGULANMAKT ADIR.

--'

SORU BOŞLUGU SONRASI GELEN CÜMLEDEKi THESE ZAMiRi B SEÇENEGiNDE NUMBER OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTS KONUSUNU NiTELEMEKTEDiR

--'

ZAMiRi NiTELEMESi VE ANA KONUYU iÇERMESi NEDENi iLE B SEÇENEGi DOGRU CEVAPTlR.

8

45. ACUPUNCTURISTS treat all kinds of conditions ranging from headaches to strokes. _ _ . In Britain, this very rarely happens, but some

health insura

A) The Chinese first developed THIS

B RAN CH

e schemes

do cover.

OF M

B) Many of the people who practice ACUPUNCTURE are not fu

ualifıed

C) THIS KIN D OF TREATMENT hasn't been approved of by the

·cal profession yet

D) In France and Germany ACUPUNCTUREjs available under national !]h~Ul!U!.k[Jlt!!l!i~ E) Contraryto general beliefTHIS METHOD OF TREATMENT_is not in the least painful

TEKNiK: ANA KONU + ORTAK KELiME EŞLEŞMESi TEKNiGi! --'

PARÇANIN KONUSU ACUPUNCTURE TÜM SEÇENEKLERDE GEÇMEKTEDiR.

--'

D SEÇENEGiNiN ALTI ÇiZiLi HER iKi CÜMLEDEN ANAHTAR KELiMELER iÇERMESi (ACUPUNCTURE, HEALTH SCHEMES) ANLAM SÜTÜNLÜGÜNÜ SAGLAMAKTADIR VE BU NEDENLE SEÇENEK DOGRU CEVAPTlR.


273

YDS ŞiFRELERi

SITUATION TEST 1.

A colleague of yours seems worried that the paper he is going to present at an international conference contains a great deal of radical argument and that it may provoke the participants into strong objections and protests against his views. So you wish to lend your support for his views and encourage him to speak out confidently. You say: A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

2.

ı suggest you get rid of all these provocative ideas, since many people at the conference will oppose you vehemently and try to silence you. Your views may be provocative and , therefore, displease others , but 1 know they are sound. So don 't be discouraged. lt is incomprehensible to me why you should always attempt to provoke other people and , ina way, subvert the conference . Everybody knows that you are a radical and always cause trouble at international academic gatherings. So 1 advise you to be careful. This conference you are going to attend is not the right occasion for you to express your provocative views. 1 would advise you not to get involved in a row.

As a literary critic, you are asked to Express briefly your opinion of a novel recently published. You have read the novel and noticed some structural and stylistic defects in it. So you say: A) 1 am fully convinced that, like me, other critics will be much impressed by the novel as it deals with serious issues. B) In my opinion , it will take a long time before the novel really draws the attention of the reading public. C) With regard to the novel , 1 should stress in the fırst place that the author's portrayal of the characters is very disappointing indeed. D) Although the author of the novel has a great deal of capacity for creativity, he is so much under the influence of other novelists that he lacks originality. E) As far as 1 am concerned , it is not a very successful novel , as it lacks clarity and has certain plot problems.

274

3.

As the chairman of a committee, you must call the members to an unscheduled but urgent meeting. So you phone them each and, with your apologies, inform them about the meeting. You say: A) 1 am wondering whether all the commitlee members will be available to attend a meeting later taday. B) This is your chairman calling . We are going to have a meeting , which 1 want you to attend without any excuse. C) As a committee, we have to come together immediately. 1 am sorry about this , as it is contrary to our usual practice. D) Our commitlee needs to meet as soon as possible. 1 am sure you have no objection whatsoever. E) 1 am asking you and the other members to come to my office right away for a meeting. No one must be absent.

4.

You have been invited to give a talk on the current global economic crisis. Vet you feel that, following your talk, there will be questions which may get you involved in a domestic political debate. Since you don 't wish to be part of such a debate, you decide to decline the invitation. So you say: A) 1 am afraid my talk on the current erisis in the world economy may in the end turn into a controversy over domestic politics, which is not what 1 want. So you will have to exeuse me from giving the talk. B) Before 1 can accept your invitation for a talk on the world economy, you must assure me that there will be no questions concerning domestic politics. C) 1 know out of experience that such issues as the current economic erisis in the world are extremely controversial , and 1 am absolutely sure that questions will be asked about domestic policies. D) There is no doubt that the world economic erisis has its adverse impact on domestic policies , which 1 wouldn 't like to touch on in my talk. E) ı have decided mainly to focus in my talk on the global effects of the current economic crisis , but 1 am also prepared to answer questions concerning domestic political issues.



You've lent a friend of yours one of the reterence books in your own personal library, which you often use for your own research. Although he promised you to return it soon, he hasn't done so, and you need the book urgently. You are upset and say to him:

7.

A) Should you need other books for reference, you just let me know, and you needn't worry about returning the book soon, which 1 have already lent you . B) ı hope the book 1 gave you has been most useful for your research; you can give it back to me when you don't need it any longer. C) Since you haven't kept your word about the book you borrowed from me, 1 am really angry; it is an indispensable source for my research, and 1 need it now. D) Since my library has a number of reterence books, you can borrow them whenever you need them, and you needn't hurry to return the one l've lent you. E) You said you would returnthe reterence book 1 lent you . lt is alright; 1 am using other sources for my research .

A young colleague of yoursis worried that the proposal for a paper he has submitted to the scientific commitlee of an international conference may be rejected due to his lack of advanced research experience. As a senior colleague, well aware of his research capacity and seriousness of purpose, you wish to cheer him up and encourage him by saying: A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

6.

You are leeturing on the lndustrial Revolution and the economic changes it brought about in England in the Iate 18th and early 19th centuries. You conclude your lecture by saying: 8. A) So, to wrap up, the lndustrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century and thereafter altered not only the foundations of the economy but also the very assumptions with which people approached economics. B) Moreover, one can suggest that Britain in the 18th and 19th centuries had ample supplies of coal and a well-developed network of canals, all of which proved important for industrialization . C) In fact, by the end of the 18th century and the early 19th century, London had become the leading centre for international trade and a headquarters for the transfer of raw materials, and manufactured products capital, throughout the world. D) Actually, the lndustrial Revolution began with dramatic technological leaps in a few industries towards the end of the 18th century and the early 19th century, the first of which was cotton textiles. E) Undoubtedly, at the end of the 18th century and during the early decades of the 19th century, expanding networks of trade and finance in Britain created new markets for goods and new sources of raw materials.


ı told you that your paper needs to be extensively revised . You may be good at research, but your arguments in the paper are extremely controversial. 1 know how a scientific commitlee reaches a decision. Chances are slim for your paper to be accepted as it is hardly based on sound research. Relax. Though you haven't got much experience in research, you are a promising scientist, and ı am sure they will take that into consideration. lt is too early for someone like you to be welcomed as a speaker at an international conference . You need to show your seriousness of purpose in your studies. As far as 1 am concerned, you should never have submitted your proposal because 1 know your research for this paper has been very limited.

As a highly respected economist, you have been invited by a group of businessmen to give a talk on the current global crisis. However, on the very day you are expected to speak, you are taken ili, and, upset about missing such a chance, you call the organizers and say: A) Frankly, ı have already decided to caneel the talk that you wished me to give on the current consequences of the global crisis. B) Although 1 am not feeling well today, 1 would really like to take this opportunity and discuss with you the effects of the economic problems that the world is currently facing. C) Let me fırst express my apologies for cancelling the talk which 1 am expected to give today on the global impact of the current economic crisis. D) This is to inform you that, due to my prolonged poor health, 1 am not going to make my speech today on the global effects of the economic eri sis. E) Unfortunately, 1 am not well at all. 1 would like to convey my apologies for not being able to share my thoughts with you all on the problems affecting the world today.

275

YDS ŞiFRELERi 9.

You are the moderator at a panel on tax reform. The discussion has drifted into a debate on the question of whether indirect taxation needs to be abolished altogether. You feel that, instead of narrowing the panel down to a single issue, the speakers should deal with various other issues that are related to taxation and tax reform in general. So you turn to the speakers and say:

11. A friend of yours, who you think is a fully qualified accountant, has applied for a vacancy in a company, but his application has been turned down by the Human Resources Department of the company. You are surprised. So, on his behalf, you call the director of the department, teli him about this unexpected decision, and ask him politely for an explanation:

A) 1 think we have to look at tax reform from various angles. So 1would like you to discuss many different aspects of the subject rather than focus only on one aspect. B) 1 can see that you'li never reach an agreement on tax reform . In this case, there is no use in discussing indirect taxation. C) 1 am glad to point out that each speaker has dealt with tax reform in detail and come up with a wide range of recommendations that need to be taken into consideration. D) We all know that indirect taxation is widely practised in the world, and so it is important that this taxation must be looked at from different angles. E) All this time, no speaker has yet addressed the problem of indirect taxation. So 1 would urge every speaker to discuss how this form of taxation can best be reformed.

A) 1 didn't expect that my friend would be rejected by your company, since, in my opinion, professionally he is perfect, so 1 would be grateful if you could kindly give me your reasons for his rejection. B) lt is clear that you are biased against my friend, who is a good accountant, and so 1 want you to teli me frankly why he was not accepted. C) Your rejection of my friend's application to your company is absolutely unfair, since he is the best accountant 1 have ever known. So 1 need to know your reasons why he was not accepted. D) Contrary to my expectations, my friend, who is a professional accountant, has been rejected unfairly by your company. Give me a full account of your reasons for his rejection. E) 1 am extremely upset that you have turned down my friend's application for a job in your company. Now 1 want you to teli me in detail why he failed to qualify.

1O. As the head of the department, you have recently noticed that a junior staff member is often Iate for work. So you wish to find out why and send for him. In talking to him politely, you say: A) 1 have warned you several times, and you stil continue to come Iate. This is a serious offence that can never be tolerated . So be careful. B) You know very well that you are always Iate for work and that this is intolerable. Let me warn you once again, and if you insist on being Iate, 1'11 have to take disciplinary action against you. C) 1 am sure you are aware that it has almost become a habit with you not to get to the Office on time. 1 wonder whether there is something that prevents you from being punctual. D) l've been informed by same of your colleagues that every day you seem to be Iate for work. So 1 sent for you to talk it over and warn you once again. E) Every day, you apologize for being Iate for work. ı don't fınd your excuses very convincing. Unless you show up on time from now on, you'li be fıred right away.

276

12. At a literary gathering, you are introduced to a famous and popular novelist whose works you have always read with great pleasure. You wish to express your adıniration for his writing and say to him: A) 1 am really very impressed by the popularity you have earned through your novels, same of which, ı fınd enjoyable. B) 1 know your novels are very popular, but in reading them 1 sametimes feel that some chapters need to be revised . C) Because your novels have always been admired by the public, you must be very pleased and feel encouraged for better writing . D) lt has always been my wish to meet you, since your novels are most admired by the public. E) 1would like to teli you how enormously 1 have always enjoyed reading your novels, which 1 believe are great works of literature.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 13. In the workplace a friend is very disappointed because someone else has been promoted to the position she felt she deserved. She is also extremely angry and tatking of giving in her resignation. You feel this would be very unwise, and say:

16. Your niece has been for an interview for a post. She very much wanted the job on offer, but has been turned down. Learning that this was her first-ever interview, you want to help restore her canfidence and give her some practical advice. So, you say:

A) Don't do anything while you are so angry; you may regret it later. B) Of course you're angry. You deserved to be promoted. C) After all, you are better qualified than anyone else here. D) Don't you enjoy working here? 1 always thought you did. E) If you want to resign, do: there's no one stopping you!

A) The person who is giving the interview should try to put you at your ease. B) l'm sorry to hear that you were turned down. C) Don't worry. This was your first interview. You need some practice in being interviewed! Apply for lots of posts and go to lots of interviews. D) Were the questions he asked really all that difficult? E) What did you do wrong at this interview? Did you feel you were being treated unfairly?

14. A friend is being posted to rather a remote part of the world, for two years, to carry out some research. You hear that his wife feels very reluctant to go. You want to awaken in her a more positive approach to the people and culture of the area where the husband has been posted. So you say: A) Take your computer with you and then you won't feel so cut off from the rest of the world. B) Don't worry; after a time you'li find you've got used to the conditions there. C) What's worrying you? ls it the language? D) What a wonderful opportunity to meet different people and watch a completely different way of life from close quarters. E) The seeret is: keep busy. Then you won't have time to get bored.

17. Your sister is about to buy her first car, and wants your advice. You realize she is attracted to rather large and luxury-class models. You decide to give her a practical reason for choosing something smaller, and say: A) B) C) D) E)

l'd love to drive a car like that. What do you want a big car like that for? That' s a difficult car for a learner driver. Parking big cars like that is always a problem. Cars like that are for experienced drivers only!

15. A colleague has started to spend rather too lavishly and got herself into debt. But this doesn't seem to worry her and she continues to buy very expensive and quite unnecessary things. One day you happen to see her on the point of buying shoes she doesn't need and run across to stop her. You say to her firmly:

18. A friend has been over-working for months and has been losing weight and sleeping badly. You decide to really shock her into taking care of herself on the principle that sometimes you have to be cruel to be kind, and say:

A) Are you sure you can afford them? B) Think it over and come back tomorrow. C) Yes. They're quite nice, but there's really nothing special about them . D) Let's go and have a coffee sornewhere and discuss the problem. E) No, you don't! You've got to give up this reckless spending!

A) Get away from it all for a weekend . Go to a nice quiet place in the country. B) Why are you driving yourself like this? C) There should be more to life than making mo ney! D) ı suggest you look after yourself well. E) You're kiJiing yourself by working too much. Besides, you're really neglecting your family!


277

YDS ŞiFRELERi 19. Your roommate has been seriously ili. The doctor says she needs to rest in bed for quite some time. Since she's normally very active, she's going to find this very difficult. You know that the doctor is right, and are determined to help your friend carry out his advice. You say:

21. You are being interviewed for a highly confidential job. You are told that, should you be employed, you must on no account discuss the nature of the work even with your closest friends. You want to assure the person who is interviewing you that this would present no difficulty. You say:

A) The instructions of the doctor are final you know. You'li just have to make the best of it. 1'11 get you some books. B) You have been seriously ili, so you can 't expect to get back to normal quickly. C) He's rather an old-fashioned doctor! You don 't have to spend the whole of each day in bed! D) How did you get so ili? You're always so careful about what you eat! 1 can't understand it. E) After a couple of days in bed you'li be as fıt as ever.

A) People who talk non-stop about their working lives are extremely boring. B) Actually, 1 am not interested in other people's working lives. C) 1 am used to keeping my work and my private life quite separate, so there would be no problem here for me. D) That's a pity. A little bit of gossip is always nice! People expect to hear about what you're doing. E) 1'11 do my best to keep quiet, but ı can't promise to do so.

20. One of your colleagues has to interview candidates for a position in the company she works for. There are a lot of applicants and she is not used to conducting interviews and comes to you for advice on how to gain full insight into each candidate's character. You say: A) Be a careful listener, and avoid asserting your own opinions and comments. B) Ask open-ended questions that will reflect the candidate's personality more than a simple "yes" or "no" response would. C) Once the interview has ended, review what has been said by each candidate. D) If you are tape-recording the interview, fırst ask the candidates' permission and start the proceeding. E) Maintain a friendly facial expression, adopt positive body language, and be polite.

278

22. You are a well-known dramatic critic, and various newspapers have asked you to write about a new play by a young dramatist. The general opinion is that the play is magnificent and that the young dramatist is an extremely promising writer. You feel that, though you liked the play itself, it is too early to reach a final judgement about the writer's creativity. You say: A) The dialogue is colourful, spirited and credible; but the plot is weak and improbable. B) The play itself is rather disappointing, but the quality of acting in this production is extremely high. C) This play is better than any of his earlier plays, but that's not saying much! D) lt is clearly a good play. However, it would surely be better to wait a while before attempting any serious criticism of the writer himself. E) As far as 1 am concerned, this play deals very successfully with the issues of creativity and loneliness.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 23. Your friend, who was recently widowed, tells you that he has m ade plans ·to get married. You think it is stili far too early for your .friend to be thinking about re-marriage as he hasn 't yet had time to recover from the loss of his wife. You want to teli him this in a gentle manner so as not to make him angry or hurt his feelings. You say: A) l'm glad you' re moving on with your life. lt was time you stopped grieving, anyway. B) What a big decision! But 1 think you're doing the right thing. C) You 're making the wrong decision. You should defınitely wait at least another year. D) Surely, loneliness is a terrible thing . lt is time you made up your mind . E) Are you sure you're ready to take such a big step? Why not wait a while?

24. Your daughter is upset because there is a lot of unpleasantness going on in her class. She says that one girl in particular has been teliing lies and trying to manipulate the other girls in the class. You know that this girl's parents were recently divorced, and you think that this may be the reason for the girl's behaviour. You want your daughter to understand this, so you say: A) Have you thought about the possibility that this girl is acting this way because she feels insecure after her parents' divorce? B) How would you feel if your father and 1 were divorced? Do you think it would change your behaviour at school? C) 1 think you should try to stay away from her for a while until her behaviour improves. D) Why isn't your teacher involved in trying to sort all of this out? E) What if 1 call her mother and talk to her? Would that help?


25. A colleague of yours who has just returned from an international conference tells you that the paper he presented at the conference generated a good deal of discussion. Clearly you are pleased by the news but are curious to know whether the overall reaction to his paper was positive. So you say to him: A) So 1 see your mind is stili at the conference. Did many people comment on your paper? B) 1 am very impressed indeed by what you say. Teli me. Did most of those who commented on your paper support your points? C) 1 am sure interesting papers on a wide range of topics must have been presented at the conference . How did yours go? Were there many people in the hall to hear you? D) 1 am glad that you were able to attend the conference . Did your topic arouse much interest in the participants? E) ı understand that you made a good impression at the conference. Were there many questions put to you?

26. From the cases reported every day in newspapers, you feel that domestic violence is on the rise in society. You think that something should be done to help the victims, so you raise the matter with friends and discuss it with them. Unanimously you agree that some action must be taken immediately. So you make a suggestion to them: A) Personally, 1think that the victims of domestic violence, who are mostly women, should seek legal advice and demand protection. B) As far as 1 am concerned , it is the responsibility of the authorities to introduce severe measures for the prevention of domestic violence throughout the country. C) If we are to believe social workers and sociologists, the causes of domestic violence are so diverse and complex that the solution of this problem is al most impossible. D) 1 propose that we fırst set up a volunteer group to reach victims while at the same time we form an assodation to fight domestic violence in the country. E) Since domestic violence has become an increasingly serious social problem, 1 think that new legislative measures put into effect must be followed up by efficient policies for the solution of the problem.

279

YDS ŞiFRELERi 27. At your son's school there has been an essay-writing competition. Your son worked very hard on his entry in the competition, researching the material and then organizing it. But, he didn't get a prize, so he's very

29. You are at the airport in a foreign city. You want to hire a taxi to take you to your hotel, but first you want to find out the fare so that the taxi driver can't overcharge you. You say to the taxistand attendant:

disappointed. You want to console him and say: A) lt doesn't matter. But next time try a bit harder. B) Surely, you must be very upset. C) They should have told you what your faults were. D) Never mind ; it was a good essay and 1 know you did your best. E) 1 never wanted you to enter the competition ; 1 knew you wouldn't win.

A) lt's very expensive to take a taxi these days, isn 't it? B) l'm sorry to disturb you , but is there a taxi available to take me to the Smith Hotel? C) Exeuse me, could you please teli me approximately how much it will cost me to go to the Smith Hotel? D) Why aren't there any taxis waiting? E) 1 think 1'11 rent a car instead of taking a taxi. Where are the rental offices?

28. A friend of yours is a famous novelist as his novels published so far have been extremely popular. However, he is worried that the new novel he is writing will not be so popular, since he is not satisfied with the plot and characterization in it. As you know his capacity for creativity and smoothness of style, you try to dispel his worries by saying: A) You know everybody enjoys reading your novels. Besides, let critics judge your new novel which, l'm sure , will fully reflect your creative and lucid way of writing . Feel at ease. B) Every great writer has had periods of decline in his or her creativity. However, you are not a great writer even though you may be popular. 1 suggest you follow their example: stop writing for a while and wait to recapture your creativity. C) 1 agree that you mustn't be misled by the popularity of your novels, some of which have already been harshly criticised. So, however creative you may be , your new novel may again be attacked by critics. D) This shows that it is time you gave up writing altogether. In recent years, with your novels so popular, you may have thought that you were the greatest writer in fıction. E) In a novel, plot and characterization are probably the most important aspects. So 1fınd it rather hard to believe that a novelist who enjoys so much popularity can fail in these areas.

280

30. Due to the heavy traffic today, you are Iate to your appointment with the dean of the faculty, who you know is always punctual. When you get to his office, you not only apologize but also blame yourself for being Iate. You say: A) Today there is a lot of traffic on the roads , even though 1 left home earlier than usual! 1 thoroughly regret being Iate for my appointment. B) 1 regret that you had to wait for me. Although 1 left home early, 1 did not think that there would be so much traffic on the roads. C) My apologies for the congestion on the roads , because of which ı am Iate for the appointment, though 1set out quite early. D) 1 am really very upset because of this delay caused by the heavy traffic on the roads. In fact, 1did leave home at the usual time. E) 1 am very sorry for this delay because of the traffic. 1 should have left home much earlier than usual to be here on time.



SITUATION TEST 1 CEVAP ANAHTARI 1. B

2.E

3.C 4.A

s. c

6.A 7.C

S. E 9.A

10. c 11. A

12.E 13. A 14.0 15.E 16.C 17. D

18.E 19. A 20.8

21.C 22.0 23.E 24.A 25.8

26.0 27.0 28.A 29.C 30.E


281

YDS ŞiFRELERi

SITUATION STRATEJiLERi 1.

A colleague of yours seems worried that the paper he is going to present at an international conference contains a great deal of radical argument and that it may provoke the participants into strong objections and protests against his views. So you wish to lend your support for his views and encouraqe him to speak out confıdently. You say: A) B) C) D) E)

ı suggest you get rid of all these provocative ideas, since many people at the centerence will oppose you vehemently and try to silence you . Your views may be provocative and , therefore, displease others, but 1 know they are sound. So don't be discouraged. lt is incomprehensible to me why you should always attempt to provoke other people and , in a way, subvert the conference . Everybody knows that you are a radical and always cause trouble at international academic gatherings. So 1 advise you to be careful. This conference you are going to attend is not the right occasion for you to express your provocative views . 1 would advise you not to get involved in a row.

ENCOURAGE HIM 2.

Asa literary critic, you are asked to express briefly your opinion of a novel recently published. You have read the novel and noticed some structural and stylistic defects in it. So you say: A) 1 am fully convinced that, like me, other critics will be much impressed by the novel as it deals with serious issues. B) In my opinion, it will take a long time before the novel really draws the attention of the reading public. C) With regard to the novel, 1 should stress in the fırst place that the author's portrayal of the characters is very disappointing indeed . D) Although the author of the novel has a great deal of capacity for creativity, he is so much under the influence of other novelists that he lacks originality. E) As far as 1 am concerned , it is not a very successful novel, as it lacks clarity and has certain plot problems.

DEFECTS

3.

As the chairman of a committee, you must call the members to an unscheduled but urgent meeting. So you phone them each and , with your apologies, inform them about the meeting. You say: A) ı am wondering whether all the committee members will be available to attend a meeting later today. B) Th is is your chairman calling . We are going to have a meeting, which 1 want you to attend without any excuse. C) As a committee, we have to come together immediately. 1 am sorrv about this, as it is contrary to our usual practice. D) Our committee needs to meet as soon as possible. 1 am sure you have no objection whatsoever. E) ı am asking you and the other members to come to my office right away for a meeting. No one must be absent.

WITH YOUR APOLOG/ES

282



You have been invited to give a talk on the current global economic crisis . Yet you feel that, following your talk, there will be questions which may get you involved in a domestic political debate. Since you don 't wish to be part of such a debate, you decide to decline the invitation. So you say:

A) 1am afraid my talk on the current erisis in the world economy may in the end turn into a controversy over domestic politics, which is not what 1want. So you will have to exeuse me from giving the talk. B) Before 1 can accept your invitation for a talk on the world economy, you must assure me that there will be no questions concerning domestic politics. C) 1 know out of experience that such issues as the current economic erisis in the world are extremely controversial, and 1 am absolutely sure that questions will be asked about domestic policies. D) There is no doubt that the world economic erisis has its adverse impact on domestic policies , which 1 wouldn 't like to touch on in my talk. E) 1have decided main Iy to focus in my talk on the global effects of the current economic crisis, but 1 am also prepared to answer questions concerning domestic political issues.

DECL/NE THE INVITA TION 5.

You've lent a friend of yours one of the reterence books in your own personallibrary, which you often use for your own research . Although he promised you to return it soon, he hasn't done so, and you need the book urgently. You are upset and say to him: A) Should you need other books for reference, you just let me know, and you needn't worry about returning the book soon, which ı have already lent you . B) 1hope the book 1gave you has been most useful for your research ; you can give it back to me when you don't need it any longer. C) Since you haven't kept your word about the book you borrowed from me, 1 am really angry; it is an indispensable source for my research , and 1 need it~· D) Since my library has a number of reterence books, you can borrow them whenever you need them , and you needn 't hurry to returnthe one l've lent you. E) You said you would return the reterence book 1 lent you . lt is alright; 1 am using other sources for my research.

HE HASN'T DONE SO

URGENTLY

6.

You are leeturing on the lndustrial Revolution and the economic changes it brought about in England in the Iate 18th and early 19th centuries . You conclude your lecture by saying: A) So, to wrap up, the lndustrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century and thereafter altered not only the foundations of the economy but also the very assumptions with which people approached economics. B) Moreover, one can suggest that Britain in the 18th and 19th centuries had ample supplies of coal and a well-developed network of canals, all of which proved important for industrialization. C) In fa ct, by the e nd of the 18th century and the early 19th century, London, had become the leading ce ntre for international trade and a headquarters for the transfer of raw materials, capital, and manufactured products throughout the world . D) Actually, the lndustrial Revolution began with dramatic technologicalleaps ina few industries towards the en d of the 18th century and the early 19th century, the first of which was cotton textiles. E) Undoubtedly, at the end of the 18th century and during the early decades of the 19th century, expanding networks of trade and finance in Britain created new markets for goods and new sources of raw materials.

CONCLUDE


283

YDS ŞiFRELERi 7.

A young colleague of yours is worried that the proposal for a paper he has submitted to the scientific commitlee of an international conference may be rejected due to his lack of advanced research experience. As a senior colleague , well aware of his research capacity and seriousness of purpose, you wish to cheer him up and encourage him by saying: A)

B) C) D) E)

1 told you that your paper needs to be extensively revised. You may be good at research , but your arguments in the paper are extremely controversial. 1know how a scientific commitlee reaches a decision . Chances are slim for your paper to be accepted as it is hardly based on sound research. Relax. Though you haven't got much experience in research , you are a promising scientist, and 1am sure they will take that into consideration. lt is too early for sameone like you to be welcomed asa speaker at an international conference. You need to show your seriousness of purpose in your studies. As far as 1am concerned , you should never have submitted your proposal because 1know your research for this paper has been very limited.

CHEERHIM UP 8.

As a highly respected economist, you have been invited by a group of businessmen to give a talk on the current global crisis. However, on the very day you are expected to speak, you are taken ili, and, upset about missing such a chance, you call the organizers and say: A) Frankly, 1 have already decided to caneel the talk that you wished me to give on the current consequences of the global crisis. B) Although 1 am not feeling well taday, 1would really like to take this opportunity and discuss with you the effects of the economic problems that the world is currently facing. C) Let me first express my apologies for cancelling the talk which ı am expected to give taday on the global impact of the current economic eri sis. D) This is to inform you that, due to my prolonged poor health , 1 am not going to make my speech taday on the global effects of the economic crisis. E) Unfortunately, ı am not well at all. 1 would like to convey my apologies for not being able to share my thoughts with you all on the problems affecting the world taday.

YOU ARE TAKEN/LL

9.

You are the moderator ata panel on tax reform . The discussion has drifted into a debate on the question of whether indirect taxation needs to be abolished altogether. You feel that, instead of narrowing the panel down to a single issue, the speakers should deal with various other issues that are related to taxation and tax reform in general. So you turn to the speakers and say: A) ı think we have to look at tax reform from various angles. So 1 would like you to discuss many different aspects of the subject rather than focus only on one aspect. B) ı can see that you'li never reach an agreement on tax reform . In this case, there is no use in discussing indirect taxation . C) ı am glad to point out that each speaker has dealt with tax reform in detail and come up with a wide range of recommendations that need to be taken into consideration . D) We all know that indireel taxation is widely practised in the world , and so it is important that this taxation must be looked at from different angles. E) All this time, no speaker has yet addressed the problem of indirect taxation . So 1 would urge every speaker to discuss how this form of taxation can best be reformed.

/NSTEAD OF NARROWING THE PANEL DOWN TO A S/NGLE ISSUE

= RATHER THAN FOCUSING ONLY ON ONE ASPECT

284


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 1 O. As the head of the department, you have recently noticed that a junior staff member is often Iate for work. So you wish to find out why and send for him. In talking to him politely, you say: A) 1 have warned you several times , and you stili continue to come Iate. This is a serious offence that can never be tolerated . So be careful. B) You know very well that you are always Iate for work and that this is intolerable. Let me warn you once again, and if you insist on being Iate, 1'11 have to take disciplinary action against you. C) 1 am sure you are aware that it has almost become a habit with you not to get to the office on time. ! wonder whether there is something that prevents you from being punctual. D) l've been informed by same of your colleagues that every day you seem to be Iate for work. So 1sent for you to talk it over and warn you once again. E) Every day, you apologize for being Iate for work. 1 don't fınd your excuses very convincing. Unless you show up on time from now on , you'li be fired right away.

FINDOUTWHY qualifıed accountant, has applied for a vacancy ina company, but his application has been turned down by the Human Resources Department of the company. You are surprised. So, on his behalf, you call the director of the department, teli him about this unexpected decision, and ask him politely for an explanation:

11. A friend of yours , who you thinkisa fully

A) 1 didn't expect that my friend would be rejected by your company, since, in my opinion , professionally he is perfect, so 1would be grateful if you could kindly give me your reasons for his rejection. B) lt is clear that you are biased against my friend , who is a good accountant, and so 1want you to teli me frankly why he was not accepted. C) Your rejection of my friend 's application to your company is absolutely unfair, since he is the best accountant 1have ever known. So 1need toknow your reasons why he was not accepted. D) Contrary to my expectations, my friend, who is a professional accountant, has been rejected unfairly by your company. Give me a full account of your reasons for his rejection . E) 1 am extremely upset that you have turned down my friend 's application for a job in your company. Now 1 want you to teli me in detail why he failed to qualify.

YOU ARE SURPRISED = 1 DIDN'T EXPECT ASK HIM POLITEL Y FOR AN EXPLANA TION

=KINDL Y G/VE ME

YOUR REASONS

12. At a literary gathering, you are introduced to a famous and popular novelist whose works you have always read with great pleasure. You wish to express your admiration for his writing and say to him: A) 1 am really very impressed by the popularity you have earned through your novels, some of which, 1 fınd enjoyable. B) ı know your novels are very popular, but in reading them 1sametimes feel that some chapters need to be revised . C) Because your novels have always been admired by the public, you must be very pleased and feel encouraged for better writing . D) lt has always been my wish to meet you , since your novels are most admired by the public. E) ı would like to teli you how enormously 1 have always enioyed reading your novels, which ı believe are great works of literature.

YOUR ADMIRAT/ON FOR HIS WRIT/NG

= HOW ENORMOUSL Y 1 HAVE ALWA YS ENJOYED READING YOUR NOVELS


285

YDS ŞiFRELERi 13. In the workplace a friend is very disappointed because someone else has been promoted to the position she felt she deserved. She is also extremely angry and talking of giving in her resignation . You feel this would be very unwise, and say: A) B) C) D) E)

Don't do anything while you are so angry; you may regret it later.

Of course you're angry. You deserved to be promoted . After all, you are better qualified than anyone else here. Don't you enjoy working here? 1always thought you did. If you want to resign, do: there's no one stopping you!

EXTREMEL Y ANGRY =SO ANGRY YOU FEEL THIS WOULD BE VERY UNWISE = YOU MA Y REGRET IT

14. A friend is being posted to rather a remote part of the world, for two years, to carry out some research . You hear that his wife feels very reluctant to go. You want to awaken in her a more positive approach to the people and culture of the area where the husband has been posted. So you say:

A) B) C) D)

Take your computer with you and then you won't feel so cut off from the rest of the world. Don't worry; after a time you'li find you've got used to the conditions there. What's worrying you? ls it the language? What a wonderful opportunity to meet different people and watch a completely different way of life from close quarters. E) The seeret is: keep busy. Then you won't have time to get bored.

PEOPLE AND CUL TURE OF THE AREA

=

DIFFERENT PEOPLE & DIFFERENT WA Y OF LIFE

15. A colleague has started to spend rather too lavishly and got herself into debt. But this doesn't seem to worry her and she continues to buy very expensive and quite unnecessary things. One day you happen to see her on the point of buying shoes she doesn't need and run across to stop her. You say to her fırmly: A) B) C) D) E)

Are you sure you can afford them? Think it over and come back tomorrow. Yes. They're quite nice, but there's really nothing special about them. Let's go and have a coffee sornewhere and discuss the problem. No, you don't! You've got to give up this reckless spending!

TO STOP HER = NO, YOU DON'T SPEND RATHER TOO LAV/SHL Y = RECKLESS SPENDING

286


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 16. Your niece has been for an interview for a post. She very much wanted the job on offer, but has been turned down. Learning that this was her first-ever interview, you want to help restore her canfidence and give her same practical advice. So, you say:

A) The person who is giving the interview should try to put you at your ease. B) l'm sorry to hear that you were turned down . C) Don't worry. This was your first interview. You need same practice in being interviewed! Apply for lots of posts and go to lots of interviews. D) Were the questions he asked really all that difficult? E) What did you do wrong at this interview? Did you feel you were being treated unfairly?

HER FIRST-EVER INTERVIEW

17. Your sister is about to buy her first car, and wants your advice . You realize she is attracted to rather large and luxury-class models. You decide to give her a practical reason for choosing something smaller, and say:

A) B) C) D) E)

l'd love to drive acar like that. What do you want a big car like that for? That' s a difficult car for a learner driver. Parking big cars like that is always a problem. Cars like that are for experienced drivers only!

GIVE HER A PRACTICAL REASON

= PARKING BIG CARS ISA PROBLEM

18. A friend has been over-working for months and has been losing weight and sleeping badly. You decide to really shock her into taking care of herselfon the principle that sametimes you have to be cruel to be kind , and say:

A) B) C) D) E)

Get away from it all for a weekend . Go to a nice quiet place in the country. Why are you driving yourself like this? There should be more to life than making money! ı suggest you look after yourself well. You're killing yourself by working too much. Besides, you're really neglecting your family!

SHOCK HER INTO TAKING CARE OF HERSELF

= YOU'RE K/LUNG YOURSELF BY WORKING TOO MUCH


287

YDS ŞiFRELERi 19. Your roommate has been seriously ili. The doctor says she needs to rest in bed for quite same time. Since she's normally very active, she's going to find this very difficult. You know that the doctor is right, and are determined to help your friend carry out his advice. You say: A) The instructions of the doctor are fınal you know. You 'li just have to make the best of it. 1'11 get you same books. B) You have been seriously ili, so you can't expect to get back to normal quickly. C) He's rather an old-fashioned doctor! You don't have to spend the whole of each day in bed! D) How did you get so ili? You're always so careful about what you eat! 1can't understand it. E) After a couple of days in bed you'li be as fıt as ever.

=

THE DOCTOR IS RIGHT THE INSTRUCTIONS OF THE DOCTOR ARE FINAL 20. One of your colleagues has to interview candidates for a position in the company she works for. There are a lot of applicants and she is not used to conducting interviews and comes to you for advice on how to gain full insight into each candidate's character. You say: A) Be a carefullistener, and avoid asserting your own opinions and comments. B) Ask open-ended questions that will reflect the candidate's personalitv more than a simple "yes" or "no" response would . C) Once the interview has ended , review what has been said by each candidate. D) If you are tape-recording the interview, fırst ask the candidates' permission and start the proceeding. E) Maintain a friendly facial expression , adopt positive body language, and be polite.

CANDIDATE'S CHARACTER 21. You are being interviewed for a highly confıdential job. You are told that, should you be employed, you must on no account discuss the nature of the work even with your closest friends. You want to assure the person who is interviewing you that this would present no difficultv. You say:

A) People who talk non-stop about their working lives are extremely boring. B) Actually, 1 am not interested in other people's working lives. C) 1 am used to keeping my work and my private life quite separate , so there would be no problem here for me. D) That' s a pity. A little bit of gossip is always nice! People expect to hear about what you're doing. E) 1'11 do my best to keep quiet, but 1can't promise to do so.

THIS WOULD PRESENT NO DIFFICUL TY

= THERE WOULD BE NO PROBLEM

288


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 22. You are a well-known dramatic critic, and various newspapers have asked you to write about a new play by a young dramatist. The general opinion is that the· play is magnifıcent and that the young dramatist is an extremely promising writer. You feel that, though you liked the play itself, it is too early to reach a final judgement about the writer's creativity. You say: A) B) C) D)

The dialogue is colourful, spirited and credible; but the plot is weak and improbable. The play itself is rather disappointing , but the quality of acting in this production is extremely high. This play is better than any of his earlier plays, but that' s not saying much! lt is clearly a good play. However, it would surely be better to wait a while before attempting any seri o us criticism of the writer himself. E) As far as 1am concerned, this play deals very successfully with the issues of creativity and loneliness.

TOO EARLY TO REACH A FINAL JUDGEMENT = BETTER TO WAIT BEFORE ATTEMPTING ANY SERIOUS CR/TIC/SM 23. Your friend, who was recently widowed , tells you that he has made plans to get married. You think it is stili far too early for your friend to be thinking about re-marriage as he hasn't yet had time to recover from the loss of his wife . You want to teli him this in a gentle manner so as not to make him angry or hurt his feelings . You say: A) B) C) D) E)

l'm glad you 're moving on with your life. lt was time you stopped grieving, anyway. What a big decision! But 1think you're doing the right thing . You're making the wrong decision. You should defınitely wait at least another year. Surely, loneliness isa terrible thing . lt is time you made up your mind . Are you sure you 're ready to take such a big step? .<.:.:.'"':-'=..:::...==.:..=-:.:..:..:.:.=.;.

IT IS ST/LL FAR TOO EARLY 24. Your daughter is upset because there isa lot of unpleasantness going on in her class . She says that one girl in particular has been teliing lies and trying to manipulate the other girls in the class. You know that this girl's parents were recently divorced, and you think that this may be the reason for the girl's behaviour. You want your daughter to understand this, so you say: A) Have you thought about the possibility that this girl is acting this way because she feels insecure after her parents' divorce? B) How would you feel if your father and 1 were divorced? Do you think it would change your behaviour at school? C) ı think you should try to stay away from her for a while until her behaviour improves. D) Why isn't your teacher involved in trying to sort all of this out? E) What if 1call her mother and talk to her? Would that help?

THIS MA Y BE THE REASON


289

YDS ŞiFRELERi 25. A colleague of yours who has just returned from an international conference tells you that the paper he presented at the conference generated a good deal of discussion. Clearly you are pleased by the news but are curious toknow whether the overall reaction to his paper was positive. So you say to him: A) So 1see your mind is stili at the conference . Did many people comment on your paper? B) 1am very impressed indeed by what you say. Teli me. Did most of those who commented on your paper support your points? C) 1 am su re interesting papers on a wide range of topics must have been presented at the conference. How did yours go? W ere there many people in the hall to hear you? D) 1 am glad that you were able to attend the conference. Did your topic arause much interest in the participants? E) 1understand that you made a good impression at the conference. W ere there many questions put to you? YOU ARE CURIOUS ABOUT THE OVERALL REACTiON

26. From the cases reported every day in newspapers, you feel that domestic violence is on the rise in society. You think that something should be done to help the victims , so you raise the matter with friends and discuss it with them . Unanimously you agree that same action must be taken immediately. So you make a suggestion to them : A) Personally, ı think that the victims of domestic violence, who are mostly women, should seek legal advice and demand protection . B) As far as 1 am concerned, it is the responsibility of the authorities to introduce severe measures for the prevention of domestic violence throughout the country. C) If we are to believe social workers and sociologists, the causes of domestic violence are so diverse and complex that the solution of this problem is almost impossible. D) 1 propose that we first set up a volunteer group to reach victims while at the same time we form an association to fight domestic violence in the country. E) Since domestic violence has become an increasingly serious social problem, 1 think that new legislative measures put into effect must be followed up by efficient policies for the solution of the problem.

MAKE A SUGGESTION

27. At your son's school there has been an essay-writing competition. Your son worked very hard on his entry in the competition, researching the material and then organizing it. But, he didn't get a prize, so he's very disappointed. You want to console him and say: A) lt doesn't matter. But next time try a bit harder. B) Surely, you must be very upset. C) They should have told you what your faults were. D) Never mi nd; it was a good essay and 1 know you did your best.

E) 1never wanted you to enter the competition; 1knew you wouldn't win .

WORKED VERY HARD

CONSOLEHIM

290


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 28. A friend of yours is a famous novelist as his novels published so far have been extremely popular. However, he is worried that the new novel he is writing will not be so popular, since he is not satisfıed with the plot and characterization in it. As you know his capacity for creativity and smoothness of style, you try to dispel his worries by saying: A) You know everybody enjoys reading your novels. Besides, let critics judge your new novel which. l'm su re, will fully reflect your creative and lu ci d way of writing. Feel at ease. B) Every great writer has had periods of decline in his or her creativity. However, you are not a great writer even though you may be popular. 1 suggest you follow their example: stop writing for a while and wait to recapture your creativity. C) 1 agree that you mustn't be misled by the popularity of your novels, some of which have already been harshly criticised . So, however creative you may be, your new novel may again be attacked by critics. D) This shows that it is time you gave up writing altogether. In recent years, with your novels so popular, you may have thought that you were the greatest writer in fıction. E) In a novel, plot and characterization are probably the most important aspects. So 1 fınd it rather hard to believe that a novelist who enjoys so much popularity can fail in these areas.

CAPACITY FOR CREATIVITY AND SMOOTHNESS OF STYLE = CREATIVE AND LUCID WA Y OF WRITING TO DISPEL HIS WORRIES = FEEL AT EASE

29. You are at the airport in a foreign city. You want to hire a taxi to take you to your hotel, but first you want to find out the fare so that the taxi driver can't overcharge you . You say to the taxistand attendant: A) B) C) D) E)

C

lt's very expensive to take a taxi these days, isn't it? l'm sorry to disturb you , but is there a taxi available to take me to the Smith Hotel? Exeuse me, could you please teli me approximately how much it will cost me to go to the Smith Hotel? Why aren't there any taxis waiting? 1think 1'11 rent a car instead of taking a taxi. Where are the rental offices?

FIND OUT THE FARE= HOW MUCH IT W/LL COST

)' ~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

30. Due to the heavy traffic today, you are Iate to your appointment with the dean of the faculty, who you know is always punctual. When you get to his office, you not only apologize but also blame yourself for being Iate. You say: A) Today there is a lot of traffic on the roads, even though 1left home earlier than usual! ı thoroughly regret being Iate for my appointment. B) 1regret that you had to wait for me. Although lleft home early, 1did not think that there would be so much traffic on the roads. C) My apologies for the congestion on the roads, because of which 1 am Iate for the appointment, though 1 set out quite early. D) ı am really very upset because of this delay caused by the heavy traffic on the roads . In fact, ı did leave home at the usual time. E) 1 am very sorry for this del ay because of the traffic. ı should have left home mu ch earlier than usual to be here on time .

=

APOLOGIZE 1AM VERY SORRY BLAME YOURSELF = 1 SHOULD HAVE LEFT HOME MUCH EARLIER


291

YDS ŞiFRELERi

IRRELEVANT SENTENCE TESTS 4.

TEST 1 1.

(1) Although about 1,400 seed banks exist worldwide, Norway's massive Svalbard Global Seed Vault dwarfs them all and aims to safeguard duplicates of the seeds . (ll) Stored seeds are frequently lost because of natural disasters, war, and warm temperatures. (lll) However, the United Nations predicts that 70% of the world's population will live in urban areas by 2050. (IV) So, Svalbard was built to withstand these challenges. (V) The facility is remote, located 1 ,000 kilomatres beyand ma iniand Norway's northernmost tip.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

A) 1

3.

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

(1) On 26 July 1956, Egypt seized the Suez Cana!. (ll) Egypt's president at the time, Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser, announced the nationalization of the Suez Cana! Company. (lll) His main aim was to provide funding for the construction of the Aswan High Dam. (IV) Violence is endemic in the Middle East even as the geopolitical landscape is changing rapidly. (V) His unilateral decision led to the invasion of the Cana! area by a joint British and French force.

(1) Ancient Lycia lay in the mountainous area between modern Fethiye and Antalya. (ll) lt wasn't a single country, but a federation of 19 independent cities. (lll) The people of Lycia must have regarded burials as an important aspect of their religion, for they cut hundreds of tombs into cliff faces and crags that can be seen throughout the area today.(IV) These tombs were probably copies of domestic architecture, intended as houses for the dead. (V) Not much is known about the early history of Patara, although it was an influential member of the Lycian League .

A) 1

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

(1) In 1991 , the United States and the Soviet Union signed a historic treaty reducing their stockpiles of nuclear warheads by about a third . (ll) The Obama administration has not "lost its way" despite the myriad problems left behind by the previous administration . (lll) The treaty, known as "START' (The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty), was signed in Moscow by US President George Bush and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. (IV) At a joint news centerence after the signing ceremony, both Mr Bush and Mr Gorbachev strongly and enthusiastically praised the treaty. (V) Especially, Mr Bush deseribed it as "a signifıcant step forward in dispelling half a century of mistrust."

A)

292

B) ll

E) V

5.

2.

(1) When we exercise , our body naturally produces heat. (ll) Exercising in extreme temperatures theretare provides an added stress on our body to cool down. (lll) In fact, our body cools down by redireeling the flow of blood to the skin , so the evaparation of sweat can dissipate heat from the blood. (IV) Unfortunately, individuals who take part in outdoor activities such as tennis, golf, or running are at greater risk of physical injury. (V) However, when the climate is humid, sweat cannot evaporata from the skin, and the body struggles to cool down.

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

6.

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

(1) Sprawling across a vast plain at an altitude of almost 2,000 metres and ringed by mountains, Erzurum is one of Turkey's coldest cities. (ll) lt is also by far the most developed city in the region . (lll) Erzincan's history has been marked by earthquakes, notably those of 1939 and 1992. (IV) Because it was located astride the main caravan route from lndia to Europe and controlled the passage between the Caucasus and Anatolia, Erzurum was fought over and ruled by many peoples from the Byzantines to the Ottomans. (V) Yet its most famous sights date from Seljuk times .

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

E) V



(1) Towards the end of the eighteenth century, a vast cultural movement began to sweep across Europe. (ll) Within the Romantic movement, a group of compesers were inspired by new ideas about national identity. (lll) The movement, known as Romanticism, called into question many of the principles of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment. (IV) In other words, the Romantics began to question human reason and the uniformity of human nature. (V) Moreover, they emphasized the diversity of humanity, and the importance of spontaneity, creativity, ernetion and passion.

A) 1

8.

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

(1) By the fall of 1933, Germany had become a oneparty state. (ll) Soon afterward, the socialist and communist left were crushed by the Nazi regime. (lll) Almost all non-Nazi organizations were either abolished or forced to become part of the Nazi system. (IV) At the same time, party propaganda sought to impress citizens with the regime 's ideology. (V) In fact, the 1928 election in Germany was a turning point for the Nazis.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

11 . (1) In 1960, the leading Middle Eastern, African, and Latin American oil producers banded together in a cartel, forming the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). (ll) By the Iate 1970s, in the aftermath of two Arablsraeli wars, it appeared that a generatian of fıghting might come to an end. (lll) The aim of this body was primarily to regulate the production and pricing of crude oil. (IV) So, in the following decades, it has played a leading role in the global economy. (V) lts policies have essentially reflected the desire to derive maximum profıt from oil production.

A) 1

(1) The social unrest of the Sixties was international. (ll) lts roots lay in the political struggles and social transformations of the postwar period. (lll) Mass culture made its most powerful impact in the visual world , especially through film. (IV) Of these, the most important were the anticolonial and civil rights movements. (V) Especially, anticolonial movements reflected a growing racial consciousness and also helped to encourage that consciousness .

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

10. (1) Columbus was not the fırst European to set foot on the American continents. (ll) Viking sailors had reached and briefly settled present-day Newfoundland and perhaps New England areund the year 1000. (lll) But knowledge of these Vi king landings had been forgotten throughout Europe for hundreds of years. (IV) lt would not be right, therefore, to deny Columbus credit for his accomplishments. (V) In fact, Columbus brought back no Asian spices from his voyages. A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV


E) V

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

12. (1) The legacies of colonialism weighed heavily on sub-Saharan Africa . (ll) Most of the continent's former colonies came into their independence after World War ll, with their basic infrastructures of imperial deteriorating after decades negligence. (lll) The Cold War decades brought scant improvement, as governments across the continent were plagued by corruption, poverty and civil war. (IV) By the end of the twentieth century, East Asia had become a centre of industrial and manufacturing production. (V) Moreover, during the Cold War, these postcolonial states often became the very ground on which the superpower struggle was waged .

A) 1 9.

B) ll

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

13. (1) The brain's functions are both mysterious and remarkable . (ll) From the brain come all thoughts, beliefs, memories, behaviours, and moods. (lll) The brain is the site of thinking and the control centre for the rest of the body. (IV) Before performing a physical examination, the doctor interviews the patient to obtain his or her medical history. (V) The brain coordinates the ability to move, touch, smell , hear, and see. A)

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

14. (1) Most episodes of illness with a fever in children are caused by viral infections, although bacterial infections can also produce a fever. (ll) The fırst symptom of a severe eye infection is usually swollen and red eyelids. (lll) In fact, it is often hard to distinguish a bacterial infection from a viral infection . (IV) Though bacterial infections can be serious, they usually respond readily to antibiotics. (V) Prompt diagnosis of a bacterial infection is thus important to ensure prompt treatment.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

293

YDS ŞiFRELERi 15. (1) Devaluation of the Jamaican dallar made Jamaican products more competitive on the world market, and the country achieved record growth in tourism and agriculture . (ll) Jamaica was inhabited by Arawak lndians when Columbus explored it in 1494 and named it St. lago. (lll) lt remained under Spanish rule until 1655, when it became a British possession. (IV) In the following decades disease decimated the Arawaks . (V) As a result, slaves were brought from Africa to work on the sugar plantations.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

18. (1) The average salt concentration in the oceans at the present time is araund 35 grams per litre of sea water. (ll) Geological evidence shows that this figure has remained constant for the last 1.5 billion years . (lll) Actually, this means that the oceans must lose nearly three billion tons of salt each year to balance the amount that enters them. (IV) Suggested mechanisms for this process include loss through sea spray, chemical reactions at the sea floor, biological activity, and the formatian of salt deposits on land. (V) lt is true that floating ice would not change sea levels if it melted.

A) 1

16. (1) Since 1988, when China delivered intermediaterange ballistic missiles and missile launchers to Saudi Arabia, there has been genuine concern that China may have been trying to buy into the lucrative Gulf arms market. (ll) However, there has been no evidence of further significant arms deals between China and the Gulf since that time. (lll) On the other hand, since the 1990s, China has enjoyed a healthy trade in military equipment with Iran . (IV) In 2005 Saudi Arabia supplied China with 17% of its imported oil needs. (V) Obviously, this has caused a great deal of worry in the other Gulf states about the military imbalance that exists between themselves and Iran , an imbalance that China has been instrumental in creating .

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

294

C) lll

D) IV

D) IV

E) V

E) V

17. (1) Earthquakes are the res ult of forces deep within Earth 's interior that continuously affect its surface . (ll) The energy from these forces is stored in a variety of ways within the rocks . (lll) Although the Richter Scale has no upper limit, the largest known shocks have had magnitudes in the 8.8 to 8.9 range. (IV) When this energy is released suddenly by rupturing movements along faults in the crust of Earth, an earthquake results. (V) The area of the fault where the sudden rupture takes place is called the focus of the earthquake, while the point on Earth's surface directly above the focus is called the epicentre of the earthquake.

B) ll

C) lll

19. (1) The label homo sapiens was first attached to man by Linnaeus in his classification of the animal kingdam over two hundred years ago. (ll) That kingdam is now thought to include over threequarters of a million species . (lll) Stili, the physiology of the human body parallels , in a host of different ways , that of the animals . (IV) Though very many more species may be discovered, it is not likely that anything will ever shake our conviction that we belong to a very special class . (V) This conviction is quite as strong taday as it was in the eighteenth century.

A) 1

A) 1

B) ll

E) V

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

20. (1) An inearning hurricane might at first seem a powerful photographic subject. (ll) But how is a photojournalist to make a decent stili image when people are hiding, and when there is only howling wind and spraying water? (lll) "That's why hurricane photography generally documents the aftermath," says an illustrations editor. (IV) But this image was different enough to catch one's eye. (V) Uprooted trees and building rubble are mainstays of the gen re .

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 21. (1) In a rare instance of a vertebrate's behaviour being revealed by its fossil , a new species of dinosaur was found with its head tucked under a forelimb . (ll) lt represents the earliest known example of a dinosaur displaying the sleeping posture exhibited by modern-day birds. (lll) As a result, though it is not known how the dinosaur died, it probably was killed instantly by a thick deposit of volcanic ash or by volcanic gas followed by a covering of ash and mud. (IV) The "tuck-in" pose would have preserved body heat, suggesting that, like birds , at least some dinosaurs were warmblooded . (V) Delighted palaeontologists named this pigeon-sized dinosaur "Mei long", meaning "soundly sleeping dragon ."

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

24. (1) We may not know very much about butterflies, but they are certainly very beautiful. (ll) For the fırst time, British scientists have tracked the movements of butterflies. (lll) Two types of flight were found in the 30 butterflies monitored . (IV) One was the straight and fast flight used for travel. (V) The other was a slow and looping route to aid foraging .

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

E) V

22. (1) Cari Sandburg (1878-1967), born in Galesburg, lllinois, is best known for his poetry. (ll) He was, however, also a journalist, an author of children's books, and a historian. (lll) Sandburg 's poetry celebrates the lives of ordinary people. (IV) In "The People, Yes, " he uses the words, style, and rhythms of common speech to celebrate the tali tales of the American people. (V) lndeed, most American poets in the 19th century were concerned with nature and country life.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

23. (1) ızmir owes its famously "special" atmesphere to its turbulent history. (ll) What you see today has mostly risen from the ashes of Ottoman ızmir and dates from 1922, when a terrible fire swept across the city. (lll) Before that, ızmir was known as "Smyrna" and was the most Westernized and cosmopolitan of Turkish cities. (IV) Nevertheless, famous citizens of ancient Smyrna include the poet Homer, the founder of Western literature, who lived before 700 B.C.(V) lt was a city where the Muslims, Christians and Jewish communities lived in harmony and got on well with each other.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV


E) V

295

YDS ŞiFRELERi

TEST2 1.

4.

(1) The history of the German occupation of Fran_ce is di~y , tragic, and sametimes darkly comıc . (ll) lt ıs also one of the most intensely researched subjects of the past decades. (lll) In May of 1940, the Germans attacked France and in June they entered Paris. (IV) More than B,OOO books and articles have been devoted to this subject. (V) However, Julian Jackson's recent book, France: The Dark Years, 1940-1944, is an exceptional contribution to the alreadyaccumulated knowledge of the occupation. A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

A) 1

3.

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

(1) Academics are smart and fast, and, in nonscientific fields such as law and history, they can be very fluent. (ll) They are able to supply plausible commentary at short notice on pretty mu ch any subject that engages the interest of the public. (lll) The greater that interest, the greater the outpouring of instant commentary. (IV) But when academics speak unprepared, especially about matters outside their area of expertise, the quality tends to go down. (V) Furthermore, topics such as foreign affairs, terrorism , security, the intricacies of politics and the like have been studied extensively.

(1) Since the days of ancient Carthage, the area that makes up present-day Tunisia has been an oasis of urbanity, relative prosperity, and stable government. (ll) Though lacking the oil and natural gas of their Libyan and Algerian neighbours, Tunisia's 9.6 million people are by some estimates sixty per cent middle class, with a poverty rate of only six per cent. (lll) Yearly economic growth rarely falls below five per cent, and inflation is about three per cent. IV) "Africa, " originally a Roman term , meant Tunisia long before it meant the continent. (V) Moreover, the World Economic Forum rates Tunisia as the most competitive country in Africa.

A) 1

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

(1) Caviar has held a place at the top of Russian menus under czarist, communist, and post-Soviet regimes alike. (ll) Until the Russian economic erisis of 1998, even people with modest incomes could afford half a pound or so a month. (lll) Caviar has always been treasured in Russia, where people believe that it provides relief from grief and despair. (IV) In Eastern Europe, caviar fetches as much as $700 a pound . (V) lt is also prized for medical reasons since it contains lipids, vitamins , and albumen. A)

296

B) ll

E) V

5. 2.

(1) When searching for land mines, it is exceedingly difficult to distinguish them from the tin cans, spent cartridges, and other metallic debris that litter a war zone. (ll) Fewer than one per cent of all signals from de-miners' metal detectors actually indicate land mines. (lll) lndeed, civilians have frequently been victims of land mines. (IV) Moreover, the technology used in the field has barely advanced since World War ll. (V) Therefore , the clearing process is laborious and ineffıcient, as well as dangerous.

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

6.

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

(1) El Salvador is a country tectonically so volatile that its capital city has been destroyed ten times in the past tour hundred years. (ll) In Latin America, El Salvador is not the first country to switch to the dollar, nor is it likely to be the last. (lll) At least twelve major earthquakes shook El Salvador during the twentieth century. (IV) And in this century, disaster did not wait long to strike. (V) In early 2001, an earthquake measuring 7.6 on the Richter scale levelled much of the country, killing almost a thousand people. A)

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V



(1) The governments of the EU, the US, China , lndia, Japan, Russia and Korea initialled a treaty International Thermonuclear to build the Experimental Reactor (ITER), the world's largest fusion machine, in Provence, France. (ll) lt will take a decade to build and will then run for two further decades, performing tens of thousands of fusion experiments. (lll) At the end of that time, say its backers, the world will know once and for all if nuclear fusion is technically viable. (IV) Once this point has been settled, the costs can be taken into consideration. (V) As well as being the largest, the fusion reactor known as JET in Culham , Britain, is, by common consent, the world's most successful.

A) 1

8.

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV


D) IV

E) V

E) V

(1) Many historians were sceptical that King Arthur was a histarical fıgure . (ll) The mystique of Camelot, Arthur's Palace, endures, from Disney fılms to Broadway musicals to the Kennedy White House. (lll) Then, in 1998, scientists unearthed a broken stone at Tintagel Castle on Britain 's Cornish coast, long said to be Arthur's stronghold . (IV) The stone bore the Latin inscription Pater Coliavificit Artognou, which translates as "Artognou, father of a descendant of Coll, has had this built". (V) Artognou is pronounced "Arthnou", lending eredence to theories that the legendary king was real.

A) 1

C) lll

11 . (1) Administrative law fırst came into use in Turkey with the introduction of continental European legal thinking in the 191h century. (ll) The most influential model was that of French administrative law. (lll) This model developed in the 1890s as a result of the growing influence of Western academic institutions, namely the Law and Political Science Schools in Istanbul. (IV) The model was further developed when a system of administrative courts, modelled on a French pattern, was established by the Republic in 1927. (V) Unlike the German and French Constitutions, the Turkish Constitution does not merely characterize the Republic as a social state.

A) 1

9.

B) ll

E) V

(1) In a smail fırm the manager may perform the role of cost accountant, salesman, personnel offıcer, stock controller ete. (ll) However, as a fırm increases in size it can take advantage of specialization of labour. (lll) Each managerial role can be allocated to a specialist in that field. (IV) Many fırms spend a lot of money on research and development. (V) Furthermore, bigger fırms can buy in-management services and afford large inhouse salaries to entice and retain the best management.

A) 1

10. (1) The road map of South America constantly needs updating. (ll) Furthermore, we can expect that it will adversely affect international trade . (lll) Hundreds of new bridges, roads and rail lines are turning formerly isolated areas into infrastructure corridors that will accelerate the continent's economic integration. (IV) This vast undertaking, which has largely escaped media attention, is certain to bring unprecedented economic progress within the continent. (V) But it also poses major risks for some of South America's most valuable natural areas.

E) V

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

12. (1) Patriarchy does not simply mean that men rule. (ll) Otherwise, through a process of cultural evolution, societies that adopted this particular social system maximized their population . (lll) lndeed, it is a particular value system that not only requires men to marry but to marry a woman of proper station. (IV) lt competes with many other male visions of good life, and for that reason alone is prone to come in cycles. (V) Yet before it degenerates, it is a cultural regime that serves to keep birth-rates high among the affluent while also maximizing parents' investments in their children .

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

297

YDS ŞiFRELERi 13. (1) Science is systematic because of the attention it gives to organizing knowledge and making it readily accessible to all who wish to build on its foundation . (ll) If the results support the hypothesis, the scientist may use them to generate related hypotheses. (lll) In this way science is both a personal and a social endeavour. (IV) In other words, it is benefidal both to the individual and to society at large. (V) Moreover, science contributes a great dea! to the improvement and the quality of human life.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

14. (1) As people age, the amount of water in the body decreases. (ll) Since many drugs dissolve in water, and since less water is available to dilute them, these drugs reach higher levels of concentration in the elderly. (lll) Also, the kidneys are less able to excrete drugs into the urine, and the liver is less able to metabolize many drugs. (IV) For these reasons, many drugs tend to stay in an elderly person's body much fonger than they would in a younger person's body. (V) People in every civilization in recorded history have used drugs of plant and animal origin to prevent and treat disease.

16. (1) Modern Bergama is a sleepy agricultural market town in the midst of a well-watered plain . (ll) There has been a town here since Trejan times . (lll) Of Bergama's tour main tourist attractions, only the museum is in the centre of the town. (IV) However, it was during the period between Alexander the Great and the Roman damination that Bergama, then called Pergamum , enjoyed its greatest prosperity. (V) At that time , it became one of the Middle East's richest and most powerful smail kingdoms.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

18. (1) In the fall of 2000 and the winter of 2001, Britain was beset by a series of problems . (ll) In September 2000, rising oil prices prompted protests by truck drivers and farmers who demanded a reduction in the fuel tax. (lll) In November 2000 , a series of unusually severe rainstorms and tornadoes caused high flooding and killed 12 people. (IV) In June 2001, Blair won a second landsiide victory, with the Labour Party capturing 413 seats in Parliament. (V) In February 2001, foot-and-mouth disease broke out among British livestock, prompting other countries to ban British meat import and fareing the slaughter of thousands of cattle, pigs and sheep.

E) V A)

298

D) IV

E) V

15. (1) Many Romantic writers in Europe were preoccupied with the fact and idea of revolution . (ll) For instance, in the early period of the French Revolution, all the leading English Romantics were in sympathy with it. (lll) In fact, they were among its most fervent adherents. (IV) Through the greater part of the eighteenth century, man had been viewed as a limited being in a strictly erdered and essentially unchanging world. (V) Later, even after the fırst enthusiastic expectations had been disappointed by the events in France, the younger writers felt that its example stili constituted humanity's best hope.

A) 1

C) lll

17. (1) Seismic waves are the vibrations from earthquakes that travel through Earth. (ll) The Richter magnitude scale was developed in 1935 by Charles F. Richter of the California Institute of Technology to compare the intensity of earthquakes. (lll) They are recorded on instruments called seismographs. (IV) Seismographs record a zigzag trace that shows the varying amplitude of ground oscillations beneath the instrument. (V) Sensitive seismographs, which greatly magnify these ground movements, can detect strong earthquakes from sources anywhere in the world.

A) 1 A) 1

B) ll

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 19. (1) lt used to be argued that, once there were just two major companies involved in civil-aircraft manufacturing, aircraft prices would rise. (ll) There are few engineering tricks left that could give one or other a technological edge. (lll) That theory has been thoroughly discredited . (IV) The best indicator of new-aircraft prices -the average price per seat on flights - has been dedining for several years. (V) This is due, of course, to the brutal competition between the two rivals.

23. (1) The eruption of Nevada del Ruiz in Columbia in 1985 illustrates how a lack of monitoring and poor evacuation can lead to lass of life. (ll) The eruption itself was a smail one and didn't kill anyone. (lll) Disaster came later when malten rock melted the ice cap. (IV) This caused mudflows which wiped out 230,000 people . (V) Sametimes there are early signs that an eruption is imminent.

A) 1 A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

20. (1) The most popular talk show on Ara b TV is The Opposite Direction. (ll) The show is hosted by Faisal al-Kasim , a forty-two-year-old with glasses. (lll) The chance to take part in the region's fırst experiment with free journalism was one that could not be missed. (IV) Al-Kasim moderates while two guests debate a topic of his choosing ; viewers join in by telephone, fax and e-mail. (V) No other Arab television personality is as controversial , as despised or as revered as alKasim .

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

E) V

E) V

24. (1) Teachers naturally welcome information about their students that might help them to teach more For many, results from effectively. (ll) standardized assessment tests, such as IQ and academic achievement measures, are one useful source of information. (lll) Teachers, however, often interpret a child's quick respanses as rude interruptions. (IV) Normally, of course, such tests are designed to be as accurate as possible. (V) There is one famous one, however, that was built araund deliberately inaccurate information.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

21 . (1) In the past century US life-expectancy elimbed from forty-seven to seventy-seven. (ll) Similar rises happened in almost every country. (lll) And this process shows no sign of stopping . (IV) Such a pill could give us an extra twenty years of life. (V) According to the United Nations, by 2050 global life expectancy will have increased by anather ten years .

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

22. (1) Beginning about age 5, the child develops a sense of obligation to follow rules. (ll) lndeed , young children change the rules frequently and arbitrarily. (lll) He treats them as absolute moral imperatives handed down by same powerful authority. (IV) For him, rules are permanent, sacred and not subject to modifıcation. (V) Obeying them to the letter is more important than any human reason for changing them .

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV


E) V

299

YDS ŞiFRELERi

IRRELEVANT SENTENCE TESTS CEVAP ANAHTARI TEST 1 1.

c

2.0 3.B

1.

c

2.E 3. D

4.0 5.E 6.C

4.C

7.B

7.E 8.0 9.B 10.B

8. E 9.C

10.E 11. B 12.0 13.0

5.0 6.B

11. E

12.B 13. B

14.B

14.E

15. A

15.0

16.0

16.C

17.

17. B

c

18.E 19.C

20.0 21. c 22. E 23.0

24.A

300

TEST2

18.0 19.B 20.C 21.0 22.B 23.E 24.C



IRRELEVANT SENTENCE TEKNIKLERI®

A) 1 8)

ll

C) lll D) IV E) V

4'TE 4 TEKNİGİ

ııı

- ımı -ORTA~ ııvı .OLAN 'BACTERIAL ~bN~UMLELERiN KONUSU A INF;~~?6~·, ~c:NEJ;~;GiNDEKi 'EYE INFECTIO

KONUSU

'YDS ŞIFRESI . · TEKNiKLERi'

DAN FARKLlDlR!

N'

30 1

YDS ŞiFRELERi

"SEÇENEKLERDEKi KONULAR 2 - 2 - 2 EŞLEŞTiRiLiR"

(1) Earthquakes are the result of

deep within Earth's interior that continuously affect its surface. (ll) THE

ENERGY from is stored in a variety of ways within the rocks. (lll) Although the Richter Scale has no upper limit, the largest known shocks have had magnitudes in the 8.8 to 8.9 ran e. IV When THIS ENERGY is released suddenly by rupturing movements along faults in the crust of Earth , n earth uak results. (V) The area of the fa ult where the sudden rupture ta kes place is ca ll ed the focus of the earthquake, while the point on Earth's surface directly above the focus is called the epicentre A) 1B) ll

C) lll

of~he

earthquakel.

D) IV E) V

FORCES

THESE FORCES

(1)- (ll). CÜMLELERiN ORTAK KONUSU= FORCES (ll) - (IV). CÜMLELERiN ORT AK KONUSU = ENERGY

(IV) - (V). CÜMLELERiN ORT AK KONUSU = EARTHQUAKE

302



. _j _ _ _ _4_'T _E _ 2 TEKNİG_ i_ TEKNIK III

"SEÇENEKLERDEKi KONULAR 2 1 2 EŞLEŞTiRiLiR"

(1) The legacies of

t;ı.][.hl$ came

t;ı.][.hf@11Muilweighed

heavily on sub-Saharan Africa . (ll) Most of the continent's former

into their independence after World War ll , with their basic infrastructures deteriorating after decades of imperial negligence. (lll) THE COLD WAR decades brought scant improvement, as governments across the continent were plagued by corruption, poverty and civil war. (IV) By the end of the twentieth century, East Asia had become a centre of industrial and manufacturing production. (V) Moreover, during THE COLD WAR, these postcolonial states often became the very ground on which the superpower struggle was waged. A) ı B) ll C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4'TE 2 TEKNİGİ COLONIALISM

THE COLDWAR

COLONIES

THECOLDWAR

(1)- (ll). CÜMLELERiN ORTAK KONUSU= COLONIES (lll)- (V). CÜMLELERiN ORTAK KONUSU=THE COLD WAR


303

YDS ŞiFRELERi

"SEÇENEKLERDE ANA KONU iLE BAGLANTILI 3 CÜMLE EŞ LEŞTi Ri Li R"

severe rainstorms and

"'7

In June 2001, Blair won a second landsiide victory, February 2001,

to ban A) ı B) ll C) lll

D) IV

foot-and-mouth disease lmport and fo,dng the sla"ghte'

E) V

(ll) -(lll)- (V). CÜMLELERDE KOYU RENKLE iŞARETLi PROBLEMLER iLK CÜMLEDEKi (THE PROBLEM$' KONUSUNU ÖRNEKLENDiRMEKTEDiR!

PARAGRAFTA DiKKAT EDiLMESi GEREKEN NOKTALAR!! 1. THIS+ VERB (FiİL) İLE BAŞLAYAN SEÇENEK; BİR ÖNCEKi CÜMLENİN AÇIKLAMA CÜMLESi OLDUGUNDAN ELENMEZ! (THIS MEANS ......,THIS CAUSES ......,ETC.). EŞLEŞTİRME ÖNCELiKLE ÖZNELERE ODAKLANILMALIDIR! 2.

ZAMİRLERE ODAKLANARAK ZAMİR YA DA ZAMİR İLE VERiLEN KELiMENİN BİR ÖNCEKi CÜMLEDE GEÇiP

GEÇMEDİGiNE BAKILMALIDIR! ÖRNEGiN; BİR CÜMLEDE 'THIS ENERGY' KELiMESi GEÇiYOR iSE; 'ENERGY' KELiMESİNİN BİR ÖNCEKi CÜMLEDE DE GEÇMESi GEREKLİDiR.EGER GEÇMiYOR İSE; 'THIS ENERGY' SEÇENEGi ELENİR. 'IT ... THAT' (ÖRN: IT SEEMS THAT, IT HAPPENS THAT, ..) iFADESiNDE YER ALAN 'IT' BOŞ ÖZNE OLUP HiÇBİR İSMi NİTELEMEMEKTEDİR!

304



IRRELEVANT SENTENCE TEKNiKLERi TEST 1 1.

(1) Although about 1,400 SEED banks exist worldwide, Norway's massive Svalbard Global Seed Va ult dwarfs them all and aims to safeguard duplicates of the seeds. (ll) Stored SEEDS are frequently lost because of natural disasters, war, and warm temperatures . (lll) However, the United Nations predicts that 70% of the world 's population will live in urban areas by 2050. (IV) So, Svalbard was bui lt to withstand these challenges. (V) The facility is remote, located 1 ,000 kilometres beyand ma iniand Norway's northernmost tip. A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4 'TE 3 TEKNiGi! (1)

2.

=(V)

-» NORWAY -»SEE DS -»SVALBARD

(1) On 26 July 1956, ~ seized the Suez Cana!. (ll) ~·s president at the time, Golanel Gamal Abdel Nasser, announced the nationalization of the Suez Cana! Company. (lll) His main ai m was to provide funding for the construction of the Aswan High Dam. (IV) Violence is endemic in the Middle East even as the geopolitical landscape is changing rapidly. (V) His unilateral decision led to the invasion of the Cana! area by a joint British and French force.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4'TE 2 TEKNiGi!

3.

(1) In 1991 , the United States and the Soviet Union signed a historic treatv reducing their stockpiles of nuclear warheads by about a third . (ll) The Obama administration has not "lost its way" despite the myriad problems left behind by the previous administration. (lll) The treaty, known as "START' (The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) , was signed in Moscow by US President George Bush and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. (IV) At a joint news conference after the signing ceremony, both Mr Bush and Mr Gorbachev strongly and enthusiastically praised the treaty. (V) Especially, Mr Bush deseribed .!! as "a signifıcant step forward in dispelling half a century of mistrust. " B) ll

A) 1

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

T4'TE 4 TEKNiGi! -»THE TREATV 4.

(1) When we exercise, our body naturally produces heat. (ll} Exercising in extreme temperatures theretare provides an added stress on our body to cool down. (lll) In fact, our body cools down by redirecting the flow of blood to the skin, so the evaparation of sweat can dissipate heat from the blood. (IV) Unfortunately, individuals who take part in outdoor activities such as tennis , golf, or running are at greater risk of physical injury. (V) However, when the climate is humid, sweat cannot evaporate from the skin , and the body struggles to cool down . A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4' TE 4 TEKNiGi! -» OUR BODY


305

YDS ŞiFRELERi 5.

(1) ANCIENT LYCIA_Iay in the mountainous area between modern Fethiye and Antalya . (ll) IT wasn't a single country, but a federation of 19 independent cities. (lll) THE PEOPLE OF L YCIA must have regarded burials as an im portant aspect of their religion, for they cut hundreds of tombs into cliff faces and crags that can be seen throughout the area today.(IV) These tombs were probably copies of domestic architecture, intended as houses for the dead . (V) Not much is known about the early history of Patara , although it was an influential member of the Lycian League.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4' TE 2 TEKNiGi! (1) = (ll) -» ANCIENT LAY -»TOMBS iR 6.

(1) Sprawling across a vast plain at an altitude of almost 2,000 metres and ringed by mountains, Erzurum is one of Turkey' s coldest cities. (ll)!! is alsa by far the most developed city in the region . (lll) Erzincan's history has been marked by earthquakes, notably those of 1939 and 1992. (IV) Because !l.was located astride the main caravan route from lndia to Europe and controlled the passage between the Caucasus and Anatolia, Erzurum was fought over and ruled by many peoples from the Byzantines to the Ottomans. (V) Yet its most famous sights date from Seljuk times. A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4' TE 4 TEKNiGi!

(1) Towards the end of the eighteenth century, A VAST CUL TURAL MOVEMENT began to sweep across Europe. (ll) Within ::ı:w&-Romantic movement, a group of compasers were inspired by new ideas about national identity. (lll) THE MOVEMENT, known as Romanticism, called into question many of the principles of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment. (IV) In other words, THE Romantics began to question human reason and the uniformity of human nature. (V) Moreover, they emphasized the diversity of humanity, and the importance of spontaneity, creativity, emotion and passion .

7.

B) ll

A)

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

BiR KONUDAN iLK KEZ BAHSEDERKEN 'A '; iKiNCi KEZ BAHSEDERKEN BAŞlNDA 'THE' KULLANIMINDAN DOLA YI B. SEÇENEGi YERiNE A. SEÇENEGi TERCiH EDiLMiŞTiR!

4' TE 2 TEKNiGi! (1) =(lll)-» MOVEMENT -» ROMANTICS 8.

(1) BY THE FALL OF 1933, Germany had become a oneparty state. (ll) SOON AFTERWARD , the socialist and communist left were crushed by the Nazi regime. (lll) Almost all non-Nazi organizations were either abolished or forced to become part of the Nazi system. (IV) At the same time, party propaganda sought to impress citizens with the regime's ideology. (V) In fact, the 1928 election in Germany was a turning point for the Nazis.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

'SOON, AFTERWARD' iLE BAŞLA YAN BiR CÜMLENiN ÖNÜNDEKi CÜMLEDE BiR ZAMAN DiLiMi YER ALMALlDlRI

4' TE 2 TEKNiGi! (1) =(ll) -» THE FALL OF 1933 -» THE NAZI SYSTEM/THE NAZI REGIME

306



(1) THE SOCIAL UNREST of the Sixties was international. (ll) ITS roots lay in the political struggles and social transformations of the postwar period. (lll) Mass culture made its most powerful impact in the visual world , especially through film . (IV) Of these, the most important were the anticolonial and civil rights movements. (V) Especially, anticolonial movements reflected a growing racial consciousness and also helped to encourage that consciousness. B) ll

A) 1

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4'TE 2 TEKNiGi! (1)

= (ll} -»THE SOCIAL UN REST -» MOVEMENTS

10. (1) COLUMBUS was not the first European to set foot on the American continents. (ll) Viking sailors had reached and briefly settled present-day Newfoundland and perhaps New England araund the year 1000. (lll) But knowledge of these Vi king landings had been forgotten throughout Europe for hundreds of years. (IV) lt would not be right, therefore, to deny COLUMBUS credit for his accomplishments. (V) In fact, Columbus brought back no Asian spices from his voyages. B) ll

A) 1

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4' TE 2 TEKNIGI! (1)

=(IV) -» COLUMBUS -» VIKINGS

'::r:'lrr:ilı:nT:r.~r:!i=

11. (1) In 1960. the leading Middle Eastern, African, and Latin American oil producers banded together in a cartel , forming the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). (ll) By the Iate .:f.9+05, in the aftermath of two Arab-lsraeli wars , it appeared that a generatian of fıghting might come to an end. (lll) The aim of this body was primarily to regulate the production and pricing of crude oil. (IV) So, in the fallawing decades, !!..has played a leading role in the global economy. (V) lts policies have essentially reflected the desire to derive maximum profıt from .QJ!_production. A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4'TE 4 TEKNiGi!


307

YDS ŞiFRELERi 12. (1) The legacies of COLONIALISM weighed heavily on sub-Saharan Africa. (ll) Most of the continent's former COLONIES came into their independence after World War ll , with their basic infrastructures deteriorating after decades of imperial negl igence. (lll) The Cold War decades brought scant improvement, as governments across the continent were plagued by corruption , poverty and civil war.(IV) By the end of the twentieth century, East Asia had become a centre of industrial and manufacturing production. (V) Moreover, during the Cold ·W ar, these postcolonial states often became the very ground on which the su perpower struggle was waged.

A) 1

B) ll

D) IV

C) lll

E) V

4'TE 2 TEKNiGi! (1) = {ll) -»COLONIALISM/COLONY -»THE COLD WAR 13. (1) The brain's functions are both mysterious and remarkable. (ll) From the brain come all thoughts, beliefs, memories, behaviours , and moods. (lll) The brain is the site of thinking and the control centre for the rest of the body. (IV) Before performing a physical examination , the doctor interviews the patient to obtain his or her medical history. (V) The brain coordinates the ability to move, touch , smell , hear, and see. A) 1

B) ll

D) IV

C) lll

E) V

4' TE 4 TEKNiGi!

14. (1) Most episodes of illness with a fever in children are caused by VIRAL INFECTIONS, although bacterial infections can alsa produce a fever. (ll) The fırst symptom of a severe eye infection is usually swollen and red eyelids. (lll) In fact, it is often hard to distinguish a bacterial infection from A VIRAL INFECTION. (IV) Though bacterial infections can be serious , they usually respond readily to antibiotics. (V) Prompt diagnosis of a bacterial infection is thus im portant to ensure prompt treatment.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4'TE 2 TEKNiGi! {1) = {lll) -» VIRAL INFECTION/BACTERIAL INFECTION -» BACTERIAL INFECTION 15. (1) Devaluation of the JAMAICAN DObbAR made Jamaican products more competitive on the world market, and the country achieved record growth in tourism and agriculture. (ll) JAMAICA was inhabited by Arawak lndians when Columbus explored it in 1494 and named it St. lago. (lll) IT remained under Spanish rule until 1655, when it became a British possession . (IV) In the fallawing decades disease decimated the Arawaks. (V) As a result, slaves were brought from Africa to work on the sugar plantations. A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4' TE 3 TEKNiGi! {ll) = {lll) -» JAMAICA {IV)= {V)-» DISEASE DECIMATING THE ARAWAKS ('AS A RESUL T' BAGLA C/ ÖNÜNDEKi S. PAST TENSE iLE SONUÇ iFADE EDEN CÜMLE iLE BÜTÜNLÜK SAGLIYOR!

I.ORTAK KONU IÇERMIYOR; A SEÇENEGININ KONUSU JAMICAN DOLLAR! A

308


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 16. {1) Since 1988, when China_delivered intermediaterange ballistic missiles and missile launchers to Saudi Arabia, there has been genuine concern that China may have been trying to buy into the lucrative GULF arms market. (ll) However, there has been no evidence of further signifıcant arms deals between China and The Gulf since that time. (lll) On the other hand, since the 1990s, China has enjoyed a healthy trade in military equipment with Iran. (IV) In 2005 Saudi Arabia supplied China with 17% of its imported oil needs. (V) Obviously, THIS HAS CAUSED a great deal of worry in the other Gulf states about the military imbalance that exists between themselves and Iran, an imbalance that Ch ina has been instrumentaı in creating.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

ARDlNDAN DiREK FiiL GELEN 'THIS' ZAMiRi iLE BAŞYAN CÜMLE ELENMEZ!

4' TE 4 TEKNiGi! {1) = {ll) = {lll) = {V) -» 1990'LI DÖNEMi KONU LAMAKTA iKEN; D SEÇENEGi 2005 YILINI ELE ALMlŞTlR! IV.ORTAK KONU IÇERMIYOR; KONUSUSAUDI ARABIA ILE CHINA ILIŞKISI!D 17. (1) Earthquakes are the result of FORCES deep within Earth's interior that continuously affect its surface. (ll) The energy from THESE FORCES is stored in a variety of ways within the rocks . {lll) Although the Richter Scale has no upper limit, the largest known shocks have had magnitudes in the 8.8 to 8.9 range . {IV) When this energy is released suddenly by rupturing movements along faults in the crust of Earth , an earthquake results. {V) The area of the fault where the sudden rupture takes place is called the focus of the earthquake, while the po int on Earth's surface directly above the focus is ca ll ed the epicentre of the earthquake.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4' TE 3 TEKNiGi! {1) ={ll)-» FORCES THAT CAUSE EARTHQUAKE {IV) =(V) -» EARTHQUAKE -» ENERGY iR

18. {I)The average SALT concentration in the oceans at the present time is araund 35 grams per litre of sea water. (ll) Geological evidence shows that THIS FIGURE has remained constant for the last 1.5 billion years. (lll) Actually, THIS MEANS that the oceans must lose nearly three billion tons of SALT each year to balance the amount that enters them . {IV) Suggested mechanisms for this process include loss through sea spray, chemical reactions at the sea floor, biological activity, and the formatian of SALT deposits on land . (V) lt is true that floating ice would not change sea levels if it melted.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4' TE 4 TEKNiGi! {1) = {ll) = {lll) = {IV) -» SALT {T HIS MEANS CÜMLESi ELEN


309

YDS ŞiFRELERi 19. (1) The label homo sapiens was first attached to man by Linnaeus in his classification of THE ANIMAL KINGDOM over two hundred years ago. (ll) THAT KINGDOM is now thought to include over threequarters of a million species. (lll) Stili , the physiology of the human body parallels , in a host of different ways, that of the animals . (IV) Though very many more species may be discovered , it is not likely that anything will ever shake our conviction that we belong to a very special class. (V) This conviction is quite as strong today as it was in the eighteenth century.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4' TE 2 TEKNiGi! (1)

=(ll) -» ANIMAL KINGDOM OUR CONVINCTION

fırst seem a powerful photographic subject. (ll) But how is a photojournalist to make a decent stili image when people are hiding, and when there is only howling wind and spraying water? (lll) ''That's why hurricane photography generally documents the aftermath," says an illustrations editor. (IV) But this image was different enough to catch one's eye. (V) Uprooted trees and building rubble are mainstays of the gen re.

20. (I)An incoming hurricane might at

A) 1

4' TE 4 TEKNiGi!

B) ll

•

C) lll

••

D) IV

E) V

••

IV .ORTAK KONU IÇERMIYOR; D SEÇENEGINDE 'THIS IMAGE' DENILEBILMESI IÇIN ÖNÜNDEKi CÜMLEDE 'THE IMAGE' OLARAK BELiRTMESi GEREKiRDi ANCAK PARAGRAFIN BÜTÜNÜNDE BELiRLi BiR FOTOGRAF YERiNE FOTOGRAFÇILIKTAN BAHSEDiLiYOR! 21. (1) In a rare instance of a vertebrate's behaviour being revealed by its fossil , A NEW SPECIES OF DINOSAUR was found with its head tucked under a forelim b. (ll) IT represents the earliest known EXAMPLE OF A D/NOSAUR displaying the sleeping posture exhibited by modern-day birds. (lll) Asa result, though it is not known how the dinosaur died, it probably was killed instantly by a thick deposit of volcanic ash or by volcanic gas followed by a covering of ash and mud. (IV) The "tuck-in" pose would have preserved body heat, suggesting that, like birds, at least some DINOSAURS were warmblooded . (V) Delighted palaeontologists named this pigeon-sized DINOSAUR "Mei long", meaning "soundly sleeping dragon."

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4' TE 4 TEKNiGi! -» A NEW SPECIES OF DINASOUR 1 SIMILARITY WITH BIRDS

310


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 22. (1) Cari Sandburg (1 878-1967), bornin Galesburg, lllinois, is best known for his poetry. (ll) He was, however, also a journalist, an author of children's books, and a historian . (lll) Sandburg's poetry celebrates the lives of ordinary people . (IV) In "The People , Yes," h!Luses the words, style, and rhythms of common speech to celebrate the tali tales of the American people . (V) lndeed, most American poets in the 19th century were concerned with nature and country life. B) ll

A) 1

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4' TE 4 TEKNiGi! -» STANDBURG

23. (1) izmir owes its famously "special" atmosphere to its turbulent history. (ll) What you see today has mostly risen from the ashes of Ottoman ızmir and dates from 1922, when a terrible fire swept across the city. (lll) Before that, ızmir was known as "Smyrna" and was the most Westernized and cosmopolitan of Turkish cities . (IV) Nevertheless, famous citizens of ancient Smyrna include the poet Homer, the founder of Western literature, who lived before 700 B.C.(V) .!!._was a city where the Muslims, Christians and Jewish communities lived in harmony and got on well with each other.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4' TE 4 TEKNiGi! -» THE HISTORY OF iZMi

24. (1) W e may not know very much about lnıtterflies , but they are certainly very beautiful. (ll) For the fırst time, British scientists have tracked the movements of butterflies. (lll) TWO types of flight were found in the 30 butterflies monitored. (IV) ONE_was the straight and fast flight used for travel. (V) THE OTHER was a slow and looping route to aid foraging .

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4' TE 4 TEKNiGi! (ll)

= (lll) = (IV) = (V) -» BUTTERFLY MOVEMENTS/MOVEMENT TYPES(KELEBEKLER 1

•'I.N;}43ıa~R AIM33Mfi•1a-1!1•1:Cet:W=niii3ilha•ı~tl~i•J~tll3!:t-'••1•1;JI.i0-


311

YDS ŞiFRELERi

TEST2 1.

(1) The history of THE GERMAN OCCUPATION OF FRANCE is dirty, tragic, and sametimes darkly comic. (ll) .!! is also one of the most intensely researched subjects of the past decades. (lll) In May of 1940, the Germans attacked France, and in June they entered Paris. (IV) More than 8,000 books and articles have been devoted to this subject. (V) However. Julian Jackson 's recent book. FRANCE: The Dark Years, 19401944, is an exceptional contribution to the already-accumulated knowledge of THE OCCUPATION. A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4' TE 2 TEKNiGi! (1) =(V) -»THE GERMAN OCCUPATION OF FRANCE -»THE RESEACH FOR THE OCCUPATION

~lım

2.

(1) ACADEMICS are smart and fast, and , in nonscientific fıelds such as law and history, they can be very fluent. (ll) THEY are able to supply plausible commentary at short notice on pretty much any subject that engages the interest of the public. (lll) The greater that interest, the greater the outpouring of instant commentary. (IV) But when ACADEMICS speak unprepared , especially about matters outside their area of expertise, the quality tends to go down . (V) Furthermore, topics such as foreign affairs , terrorism, security, the intricacies of politics and the like have been studied extensively.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4' TE 2 TEKNiGi! (1) =(ll)= (IV) -» ACADEMICS -» PUBLIC INTEREST

3.

(1) CAVIAR has held a place at the top of Russian menusunder czarist, communist, and post-Soviet regimes alike. (ll) Until the Russian economic erisis of 1998, even people with modest incomes could afford half a pound or so a month. (lll) CAVIAR has always been treasured in Russia , where people believe that it provides relief from grief and despair. (IV) In Eastern Europe, caviar fetches as much as $700 a pound . (V) IT is also prized for medical reasons since it contains lipids, vitamins , and albumen.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

BiR KONU PARÇANIN HEMEN HEMEN TÜM CÜMLELERiNDE TEKRAR EDiYOR VE AYNI ZAMANDA BiR ÜLKE BiRDEN FAZLA CÜMLEDE YER ALI'(O~ iSE; _BAHŞE~iLEN KONU iLE O ÜLKE ARASINDA ipŞKi KURULMALI VE AYNI KONUYU FARKLI BIR ULKE ILE BIRLIKTE ELE ALAN SEÇENEK ELENMELIDIR!

4' TE 2 TEKNiGi! (1) =(lll)= (V)-» CAVIAR -» RUSSIA

~~oH.oı~

312



(I)When SEARCHING FOR LAND MINES, it is exceedingly difficult to distinguish them from the tin cans, spent cartridges, and other metallic debris that litter a war zone. (ll) Fewer than one per cent of all signals from de-miners' metal detectors actually indicate tand mines. (lll) lndeed, civilians have frequently been victims of land mines. (IV) Moreover, the technology used in the field has barely advanced since World War ll. (V) Therefore, the clearing process is laborious and inefficient, as well as dangerous.

A) 1

8)11

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

1 + 3 TÜMDENGELiM TEKNiGi! (1)

=WAYS OF SEARCHING LAND MINES -» METHODS USED iN SEARCHING LAND MINES

5.

(1) Since the days of ancient Carthage, the area that makes up PRESENT-DAY TUNISIA has been an oasis of urbanity, relative prosperity, and stable government. (ll) Though lacking the oil and natural gas of their Libyan and Algerian neighbours, TUNISIA's 9.6 million people are by same estimates sixty per cent middle class, with a poverty rate of only six per cent. (lll) Yearly economic growth rarely falls below fıve per cent, and inflation is about three per cent. (IV) "Africa, " originally a Roman term, meant Tunisia long before itmeant the continent. (V) Moreover, the World Economic Forum rates Tunisia as the most competitive country in Africa .

A) 1

8)11

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4' TE 2 TEKNiGi! (1) =(ll)-» PRESENT-DAY TUNISIA -» ECONOMIC GROWTH OF TUNISIA

6.

(1) EL SALVADOR is a country tectonically so volatile that its capital city has been destroyed ten times in the past four hundred years . (ll) In Latin America , El Salvador is not the fırst country to switch to the dallar, nar is it likely to be the last. (lll) At least twelve major earthquakes shook EL SALVADOR during the twentieth century. (IV) And in this century, disaster did not wait long to strike. (V) In early 2001 , an earthguake maasuring 7.6 on the Richter scale levelled much of the country, killing almost a thousand people.

A) 1

B) ll


C) lll

D) IV

E) V

313

YDS ŞiFRELERi 7.

(1) The governments of the EU , the US, China , lndia, Japan, Russia and Korea initialled A TREATV TO BUILD the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), the world's largest fusion machine, in Provence , France. (ll) IT will take a decade TO BUILD and will then run for two further decades, performing tens of thousands of fusion experiments. (lll) At the end of that time, say its backers, the world will know once and for all if nuclear fusion is technically viable . (IV) Once this point has been settled, the costs can be taken into consideration . (V) As well as being the largest, the fusion reactor known as JET in Culham , Britain , is, by common consent, the world's most successful.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4' TE 4 TEKNiGi! (1) = (ll) = (lll) = (IV)-» A TREATY TO BUILD THE WORLD'S LARGEST FUSHION MACHINE

8.

(ll In a smail firm THE MANAGER may perform the role of cost accountant, salesman , personnel officer, stock controller ete. (ll) However, as a firm increases in size it can take advantage of specialization of labour. (lll) EACH MANAGERIAL ROLE can be allocated to a specialist in that field. (IV) Many firms spend a lot of money on research and development. (V) Furthermore, biqger firms can buy in-management services and afford large in-house salaries to entice and retain the best MANAGEMENT.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4' TE 2 TEKNiGi! (1) = (ll) -» FIRMS -» MANAGEMENT IN FIRMS

9.

(1) Many historians were sceptical that KING ARTHUR was a histerical figure . (ll) The mystique of Camelot, Arthur's Palace, endures , from Disney films to Broadway musicals to the Kennedy White House. (lll) Then, in 1998, scientists unearthed a broken stone at Tintagel Castle on Britain's Cornish coast, long said to be ARTHUR's stronghold. (IV) The stone bore the Latin inscription Pater Co/iavificit Artognou, which translates as "Artognou , father of a descendant of Coll , has had this built". (V) Artognou is pronounced "Arthnou", lending eredence to theories that the legendary king was real.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4' TE 2 TEKNiGi! (1) = (lll)-» THE HISTORICAL FIGURE,KING ARTHUR ~IV)= ~V~ -» ARTOGNOU ll•1(t1"3a•IM::Wt'iat1Mt<•1;Jh3iliiJ;I1atlı~ı:n;ıı•:ıeJ~-M@Wia!Wr1!tl•1;D:I

314


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 10. (I)The road map of South America constantly needs updating. (ll) Furthermore, we can expect that it will adversely affect international trade. (lll) Hundreds of new bridges, roads and rail lines are turning formerly isolated areas into infrastructure corridors that will accelerate the continent's economic integration. (IV) This vast undertaking, which has largely escaped media attention, is certain to bring unprecedented economic prograss within the continent. (V) But !! also poses major risks for some of South America's most valuable natural areas.

A) 1

8)11

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4' TE 4 TEKNiGi! (1) = (lll) = (IV) = (V) -» THE EFFECT OF THE ROAD MAP OF SOUTH AFRICA ON ECONOMY II.ORTAK KONU IÇERMIYOR; KONUYU EKONOMI YERINE; ULUSLARASI TICARET AÇlSlNDAN ELE AllYOR! B

11. (1) ADMINISTRATIVE LAW first ca me into use in Turkey with the introduction of continental European legal 1 thinking in the 19 h century. (ll) The most influential model was that of French ADMINISTRATIVE LAW. (lll) This model developed in the 1890s asa result of the growing influence of Western academic institutions, namely the Law and Political Science Schools in Istanbul. (IV) The model was further developed when a system of ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS, modelledon a French pattern, was established by the Republic in 1927. (V) Unlike the German and French Constitutions, the Turkish Constitution does not merely characterize the Republic as a social state.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4' TE 4 TEKNiGi! -»THE MODEL OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW ~~~~~~~~~~~~

12. (1) PATRIARCHY does not simply mean that men rule. (ll) Otherwise, through a process of cultural evolution, societies that adopted this particular social system maximized their population. (lll) lndeed, IT is a particular value system that not only requires men to marry but to marry a woman of proper station. (IV) IT competes with many other male visions of good life, and for that reason alone is prone to come in cycles. (V) Vet before IT degenerates, it is a cultural reg ime that serves to keep birth-rates high among the affluent while also maximizing parents' investments intheir children.

A) 1

8)11

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4' TE TEKNiGi!


315

YDS ŞiFRELERi 13. (1) Science is systematic because of the attention it gives to organizing knowledge and making it readily accessible to all who wish to build on its foundation. (ll) If the results support the hypothesis, the scientist may use them to generate related hypotheses. (lll) In this way science is both a personal and a social endeavour. (IV) In other words , .!1._is benefıcial both to the individual and to society at large. (V) Moreover, science contributes a great deal to the improvement and the quality of human life.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4' TE 4 TEKNiGi!

~the amount of water in the body decreases. (ll) Since many drugs dissolve in water, and since less water is available to dilute them, these drugs reach higher levels of concentration in the elderly. (lll) Alsa, the kidneys are less able to excrete drugs into the urine, and the liver is less able to metabolize many drugs. (IV) For these reasons , many drugs tend to stay in an elderly person's body much langer than they would in a younger person's body. (V) People in every civilization in recorded history have used drl:lgs of plantand animal origin to prevent and treat disease.

14. (1) As people

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4' TE 2 TEKNiGi! {1) = {ll) = {lll) = {IV) -» THE DECREASE IN THE AMOUNT OF WATER WITH THE ELDERLY USING DRUGS MANY DRUGS/ ELDE V. ORTAK KONU IÇERMIYOR; ILAÇ KULLANIMI NEDENIILE YAŞLllNSANLARlN VÜCUTLARlNDAKi SU MiKTARININ AZALMASI KONUSU YERiNE; 'DRUGS OF PLANT AND ANIMAL' KONUSUNU ELE AllYOR! E 15. (1) MANY ROMANTIC WRITERS in Europe were preoccupied with the fact and idea of revolution . (ll) For instance, in the early period of the French Revolution , all the leading ENGLISH ROMANTICS were in sympathy with it. (lll) In fact, THEY were among its most fervent adherents. (IV) Through the greater part of the eighteenth century, man had been viewed as a limited being in a strictly ordered and essentially unchanging world . (V) Later, even after the fırst enthusiastic expectations had been disappointed by the events in France, THE YOUNGER WRITERS felt that its example stili constituted humanity's best hope.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4' TE 4 TEKNiGi! -» ROMANTIC WRITERS

316


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 16. (1) MODERN BERGAMA is a sleepy agricultural market town in the midst of a well-watered plain. (ll) There has been A TOWN here since Trojan times. (lll) Of Bergama's foı,ır main toı,ırist attrastions, only the museum is in the centre of the town. (IV) However, it was during the period between Alexander the Great and the Roman demination that BERGAMA, then called Pergamum, enjoyed its greatest prosperity. (V) At that time, IT became one of the Mid die East' s richest and most powerful smail kingdoms.

C) lll

B) ll

A) 1

D) IV

E) V

4'TE 4 TEKNiGil

17. (1) SEISMIC WAVES are the vibrations from earthquakes that travel through Earth. (ll) The Richter magnitude scale was developed in 1935 by Charles F. Richter of the California Institute of Technology to compare the intensity of earthquakes. (lll) THEY are recorded on instruments called seismographs. (IV) Seismographs record a zigzag trace that shows the varying amplitude of ground oscillations beneath the instrument. (V) Sensitive seismographs, which greatly magnify these ground movements, can detect strong earthquakes from sources anywhere in the world . B) ll

A) 1

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4' TE 2 TEKNiGi! (1) =(lll)-» SEISMIC WAVES -» SEISMOGRAPHS

18. (1) In the fall of 2000 and the winter of 2001, Britain was beset by A SERIES OF PROBLEMS. (ll) In September 2000, rising oil prices prompted protests by truck drivers and farmers who demanded a reduction in the fuel tax. (lll) In November 2000, a series of unusually severe rainstorms and tornadoes caused high flooding and killed 12 people. (IV) In June 2001, Blair won a second landsiide victory, with the Labour Party capturing 413 seats in Parliament. (V) In February 2001, foot-and-mouth disease broke out among British livestock, prompting other countries to ban British meat import and forcing the slaughter of thousands of cattle, pigs and sheep.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

1 + 3 TÜMDENGELiM TEKNiGil (1) = PROBLEMS OF BRITAIN IN 2000/2001 (ll) (lll) (V)-» EXAMPLES FOR THESE PROBLEMS (Rising oil prices, high floading food-and-mounth disease)

=

2000

=

Li YLLARDA BRiTANYA'NIN

KARŞILAŞTIGI PROBLEMLER KONUSU ÖRNEKLENDiRiLiYOR!

IV. ORTAK KONU IÇERMIYOR BLAIR KONUSUNU ELE ALlYOR! D


317

YDS ŞiFRELERi 19. (1) lt used to be ARGUED THAT, once there were just two major companies involved in civil-aircraft manufacturing , aircraft prices would rise. (ll) There are few engineering tricks left that could give one or other a technological edge. (lll) THAT THEORY has been thoroughly discredited. (IV) The best indicator of new-aircraft prices- the average price per seat on flights - has been dedining for several years. (V) This is due, of course, to the brutal competition between the two rivals. A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4' TE 3 TEKNiGi! (1) (1)

=(lll) -» THE THEORY/ THE ARGUMENT =(V)-» TWO MAJOR COMPANIES

t=ii-»

AIRCRAFT PRICES

20. (1) The most popular TALK SHOWonArab TV is The Opposite Direction . (ll) THE SHOW is hosted by Faisal al-Kasim, a forty-two-year-old with glasses. (lll) The chance to take part in the region's fırst experiment with free journalism was one that could not be missed. (IV) Al-Kasim moderates while two guests debate a topic of his choosing; viewers join in by telephone, fax and e-mail. (V) No other Arab television personality is as controversial , as despised or as revered as al-kasim .

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4' TE 2 TEKNiGi! (1)

= (ll) -» THE TALK SHOW ON ARAB TV -» AL-KASIM WHO HOSTED THE SHOW

21. (1) In the past century US LIFE-EXPECTANCY elimbed from forty-seven to seventy-seven. (ll) Similar rises happened in almost every country. (lll) And this process shows no sign of stopping . (IV) Such a pill could give us an extra twenty years of life. (V) According to the United Nations, by 2050 GLOBAL LIFE EXPECTANCY will have increased by another ten years.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

22. (1) Beginning about age 5, THE CHILD develops a sense of obligation to follow rules. (ll) lndeed, ymmg ohildren change the rules frequently and arbitrarily. (lll) HE treats them as absolute moral imperatives handed down by some powerful authority. (IV) For HIM, rules are permanent, sacred and not subject to modifıcation . (V) Obeying them to the letter is more important than any human reason for changing them.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4' TE 4 TEKNiGi!

318


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 23. (1) THE ERUPTION OF NEVADA DEL RUIZ in Columbia in 1985 illustrates how a lack of monitoring and poor evacuation can lead to loss of life. (ll) THE E RUPTION itself was a smail one and didn't kill anyone. (lll) DISASTER came later when molten rock melted the ice cap . (IV) THIS CAUSED mudflows which wiped out 230,000 people . (V) Sametimes there are early signs that an er~ption is imminent.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4' TE 4 TEKNiGi! (1}

=(ll} =(lll} =(IV} -» THE ERUPTION OF NEVADA DEL RUIZ (DISASTER= FELAKET= VOLKANiK PATLAMA)

V. ORTAK KONU IÇERMIYOR; 'AN ERUPTION' IFADESI ILE KOLOMBIYA'DAKI PATLAMA YERiNE HERHANGi BiR PATLAMADAN BAHSEDiYOR! E

24. (1) TEACHERS naturally welcome information about their students that might help them to teach more effectively. (ll) For MANY, results from standardized assessment tests, such as IQ and academic achievement measures, are one useful source of information. (lll) Teachers , however, often interpret a child's quick respanses as rude interruptions. (IV) Normally, of course, such tests are designed to be as accurate as possible. (V) There is one famous one, however, that was built around deliberately inaccurate information.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

4' TE 2 TEKNiGi! (1) ={ll)-» TEACHERS (1) =(ll) =(lll)= (IV)-» ASSESSMENT TESTS (INFORMATION ABOUT STUDENTS) lll. IKILI KONU EŞLEŞMESINDE DlŞARlDA KALlYOR; KONUSU HOCALARlN DAHA ETKiN ÖGRETEBiLMELERi iÇiN PERFORMANS DEGERLENDiRME TESTLERi iLE ÖGRENCiLER HAKKINDA BiLGi EDiNMELERi DEGil! C


319

YDS ŞiFRELERi

DIALOGUE COMPLETION TESTS Susan: - Do you know that every year 130 million tonnes of America's trash ends up in landfills? Harry: • Oh, yes, 1certainly do, and more than that. Susan:

Bill : - As a firm, we are doing our best for fuel improvement. Bob: - lndeed, we must develop new technologies to reduce the environmental impact of gasoline and diesel. Bill:

Harry: -Well, together all these landfills emit more of the greenhouse gas methane than any other human-related source.

Bob: - Yes, of course. Also you know we have already developed an innovative formula designed to help reduce fuel consumption.

A) ls it true that some American building companies use inorganic retuse such as metals in roadbeds and heavy construction? B) Do you mean engineers have developed an efficient way of dealing with trash? C) What do you mean exactly? You seem to be implying something. D) America produces more trash than any other country in the world , doesn't it? E) Don't you think such a huge volume of trash can be processed to produce electricity?

A) Have other fırms been investing in long-term solutions like hydrogen fuel? B) Can you teli me how we can produce fuels from lots of different sources in order to meet the growing demand? C) Don't you think the solution is a combination of cleaner fuels and cleaner engines? D) How can we produce lead-free and lowsulphur fuels? E) ls the burning of coal and gas for lighting, heating, and cooking one of the causes of local air pollution?

TEST 1 1.

3.

4.

2.

John: - For our investments, we should consider tourism as a new area. Edmund: - Agreed. In fact, tourism has now become the world's biggest industry. John: Edmund:

• 1 certainly think so. Therefore, it is of vital importance for the economies of many of the world's poorest nations. A) Moreover, travel enriches one's life. Don't you agree? B) Actually, it fuels economic growth, doesn't it? C) Do you believe that travelling broadens our experience of the world? D) Furthermore, tourism enables people to explore other cultures and geographies. Right? E) Yes , true. Yet, worldwide mobility because of tourism has its drawbacks. Do you agree?

320

Mary: - The other day 1 was reading an interesting article on "the Black Death." Tony: -You mean the terrible plague that devastated Europe in the 14th century? Mary: Tony: - Also throughout villages, towns and cities. As a result, the population of Europe was cut nearly in half. A) Right. 1 didn't know that its effects were worst in confıned places like hospitals, prisons, and monasteries. B) According to a contemporary account, the city of Florence lost 96,000 people between March and October of 1348. C) European men and women were convinced that the plague had been sent as a divine punishment. D) However, as one learns from the article, the plague did not last long, but actually began to dissipate by 1351. E) ı feel that more study must be made of the social and political impact the plague had on medieval Europe in general.



Malcolm : - ı believe a great deal of research needs to be made of Martin Luther King and his ideas. Jacob: - ı fully agree with you, since he was the preeminent figure in the civil rights movements started by blacks in the United States during the 1960s. Malcolm : Jacob: - On the contrary. Fundamentally, he aspired to a fully integrated nation of all the Americans. A) Before King, various civil rights groups in America had started to organize boycotts and demonstrations to condemn racial discrimination against blacks in all walks of life. B) Unfortunately, his inspiring career as a defender of civil rights in America was tragically ended by assassination in 1968. C) In fact, civil rights laws passed under President Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1960s did bring American blacks some measure of equality with regard to voting rights. D) Yes, of course. Yet, he's been accused of seeking complete independence from white society. E) As you know, the civil rights movements of the 1960s in America clearly showed the chasm between the egalitarian promises of American democracy and the real inequalities at the core of American social and political life.


6.

Winston: - What does the term "global village" really m ean? Stanley: - Oh, well, it is essentially related to the global flow of information. Winston : Stanley: - Alright, 1 will try. Beginning in the 1990s,increasingly sophisticated computers have brought people into instant communication over the internet with each other across continents in new cultural and political settings, and this has had a great impact on the everyday lives of men and women around the world. A) In other words, are you suggesting that advances in electronic technologies have provided new worldwide platforms and connections for commercial interests? B) Do you mean the wide-ranging effects of information technologies on political struggles around the globe? C) Are you saying that electronic systems and devices designed to create, store and share information have become more powerful and accessible? D) Are you claiming that embattled ethnic minorities have found worldwide audiences through on-line campaign sites? E) What does that exactly mean? Can you be more specifıc?

321

YDS ŞiFRELERi 7.

Richard: - l've been reading about the ancient Egyptians lately. Antony: - How interesting! Anything particularly drawing your attention? Richard : - lt is claimed by some linguists that the early Egyptian language might represent the survival of a "root" language from which the other languages of the Afro-Asiatic group evolved in the past. Antony:

A) Possible. In fact, the language of the ancient Egyptians has for long been a matter of debate among linguists. B) Actually, as you may remember, the fırst known permanent settlement in Egypt dates back to approximately 4750 B.C. C) You know that the patterns of development in ancient Egypt differed greatly from those of the Sumerians in Mesopotamia. D) lt is true that, due to the Nile, ancient Egypt was able to forge a cultural and political unity. E) You must recai! that the Egyptian system of pictographic writing , called hieroglyphs, has always fascinated modern scholars.

9.

John: - By the way, can you teli me what the expression "the scramble for Africa" means? Harry: - Oh, ı thought you knew it, since you are seriously interestad in the history of Africa. John: Harry: - Well, it is about the colonization of Africa. lt indicates the scope and speed with which the major European powers, excited by stories of rubber forests and rich diamond mines, conquered and colonized Africa in the 19th century. A) For instance, 1 know that in 1884 a conference, attended by the representatives of the European colonial powers, was held in Berlin to settle the matter of control over the Congo River basin. B) lt has been pointed out that by the 1830s the French had created a general government of their possessions in Algeria. C) ı am afraid 1 don't. 1 came across it in an article 1 was reading yesterday. There was no explanation given. D) Actually, the colonial powers' partition of Africa in the 19th century was the most striking instance of European imperialism. E) According to some eyewitness reports, in the colonies , Africans worked in appalling conditions, with no medicine or sanilation and too little food.

10. Liz:

- ı am

8.

Judy: - What do you know about John Stuart Mill? Tom: - As far as 1 can recall, he was the most committed and influential defender of personalliberty in Victorian Britain in the 19th century. Judy: Tom : - lndeed, he was. He wrote many essays on women's political rights. A) Agreed . In his On Liberty, he defended individual freedom in the face of the state and "the tyranny of the majority." B) 1 know his On Liberty became one of the defıning texts of Western liberalism. C) He strongly argued that human freedem was essential to social progress. D) Yet, for me, more importantly, he was a dedicated supporter of suffrage for women . E) Historically, the Reform Bill of 1867 in Britain marked the high point of British liberalism.

322

puzzled about why declining birth rates in the West have been accompanied by growing populations of older adults. Susa n: - You are right. Actually, it is a very complicated issue, and there is a wide range of reasons for it. Liz: Su san: ı don't know where to start. 1 think one obvious reason is improved standards of health care.

-

A) Thank you so much. 1'11 take your advice and do some research on the subject. B) Exactly. You can perhaps outline some of them for me. C) ı believe a new type of demographic erisis different from this confronts Western governments. D) One can defınitely see that globalization has a serious impact on the world's population. E) Especially Asia's population as a whole has increased nearly four times over since 1900.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 11. Harriet: - ı am writing an article about the Cold War period. There is a great deal of material 1have to deal with. Ares :

13. James: • Have you been to the Dali exhibition? Rodney: James:

• 1 suggest you focus on a specific topic

• Why is that?

rather than giving a general account. Harriet:

Rodney: - 1 don't like being caught up in a crowd when l'm looking at paintings.

Ares : - So, your article will, 1 am sure, arouse a great deal of interest in academic and political circles. A) Right. 1 will demonstrate how the Cold War has given way to more complex global relations. B) You know the Eastern European revolutions of 1989 brought about the collapse of the Soviet Union . C) Especially the Soviet Union's increasingly severe domestic problems led to mounting protests in Russia in 1991 . D) Everyone knows that the lron Curtain had established one of the most rigid borders in European history. E) In my opinion, since the end of the Cold W ar, adapting to change has been difficult throughout Eastern Europe.

12. lsabel: • Here is an interesting article on Byzantine learning. Have you seen it? Fred: - Let me have a look. No, 1 haven 't, but it does seem interesting. lsa bel : Fred : - Well, we know from history that, in education, Byzantine schools based their instruction on classical Greek literature. A) In fact, Byzantine achievements in art and architecture have always been admired. B) Evidently, Byzantine scholars were very interested in the politics of ancient Greece. C) As it has been argued by most historians, religion dominated Byzantine life. D) One can point out that inventiveness was highly prized in Byzantine culture. E) lt gives a full account of the Byzantine interest in classical Greek literature.


A) 1 certainly have. And 1 hope to go again soon. B) Not yet. 1 don't go to such exhibitions till they've been going for some time. C) 1 was there at the opening. What about you? D) Yes . ı was surprised at how few large paintings there were. E) Of course . And it was quite an experience.

14. Clare: - What's the matter with you? You're not your usual selfl Kate : - 1 know l'm not. This report l'm doing is getting me down. Clare: Kate: • No; thank goodness. But the deadline is near. A) So that's the trouble. ls there stili much left to be done? B) The trouble with you is that you 're a perfection ist. C) When are you expected to hand it in? D) Would you like me to go over it for you? E) But it was nearly fınished last week, wasn't it?

323

YDS ŞiFRELERi

15. Fred: - Have you read this article on the economies of the Middle Eastern countries? Mike: - No, not yet. Anything interesting in it? Fred : Mike: - That's to be expected. After all, Iran is the second-largest producer of oil in OPEC. A) Well, lran's nuclear aims seem to have increased international tension . B) To my surprise, 50% of lran 's revenue comes from its oil exports. C) Clearly, the global economy is suffering heavily from the current US economic crisis . D) Just one point: every day, the world spends areund $5.5 billion at current price levels on crude oil purchases. E) lt seems that China , lndia, and Japan have become the primary markets for the Middle East's oil and gas.

16. Steve: According to this latest report on Afghanistan, it's not safe for aid agencies to work there. Ken : - How come? There is a strong NATO force there to provide security. Steve: Ken : -So, it seems that the NATO-Ied attempts to bring peace to this country have already failed. A) You know that the aims of the NATO intervention in this country have been clearly defıned.

B) lndeed, northern Afghanistan remains reasonably peaceful and open to trade. C) Sure, but a large part of the country, especially the troublesome southern parts, are controlled by rebel groups. D) In fact, for this country to achieve peace and security, there is an urgent need for more foreign involvement. E) Actually, several nations have helped to build roads, bridges, and other important facilities .

324

17. Tim : - A recent study has found that, in the oilproducing Arab countries in the Middle East, a quarter of the population lives below the poverty line, defined by the World Bank as earning less than $2 per day. Tony: - Unbelievable. Despite record oil profits for those countries? Tim : Tony: - In that case, one can say that Arab governments have been negligent of their social responsibility. A) Yes, indeed. In fact, this clearly shows that the current oil boom has not benefıted the average Arab citizen at all. B) lt is true that higher oil prices allow governments to avoid making difficult decisions. C) Moreover, massive infrastructure and housing projects have been undertaken . D) So far, open economies have done much beter than the elesed ones. E) For instance, in the Gulf states, rısıng real estate prices have pushed up rents and housing costs.

18. Liz: - Do you think the Russian invasion of Georgia will do lasting damage to Russia's relations with the EU? Brian: - In the short term, tensions will be high, but before long things will settle down smoothly again. Liz: - How can you be so positive? Brian:

A) Russia's decision last year to reduce gas supplies to Europe was based on economic considerations rather than on any political ai m. B) Russia has always shown a keen interest in European politics and often tries to influence it to its own advantage. C) The response of France has been to construct several new nuclear power stations. D) If we're to live side by side, there must be a good measure of trust. E) Very simple. Russia needs European goods and technology as much as Europe needs Russian gas.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 19. Ralph : - l've learned that there are many details to learn about the maintenance of home aquariums. Dick: Ral ph: - At first glance, it's true. But do you know that even the decorative materials used in aquariums should be placed properly? Otherwise, for example, they may obstruct the tilter pipes. Dick: - Really? 1 hadn't thought of that before. A) Yes. For example, fısh don't disrupt the cleanliness of the home with messy tur or feathers. B) Right; routine maintenance only requires a few minutes of your attention daily, supplemented by an hour or so once a week. C) Oh, are there? l've always thought that looking after an aquarium is very easy. D) Anyone knows that keeping an aquarium is expensive. E) In fact, ı am as interested as you are in aquariums.

21. Lee: - Do you know about the lron Age hair gel found on the head of a 2,300-year-old body discovered in lreland? Ro n: - Yes. 1 read that the body was found with its hair gelled unusually high above the head. Also, chemical analysis by scientists shows that the hair gel was made of a vegetable oil mixed with a resin probably imported from France or Spain. Lee: Ran : - Well, the body has been preserved incredibly well in a peat bog because the bacteria that decompose flesh can't survive in that oxygenfree environment. Even fingerprints can be seen. A) B)

C) D) E)

20. Chris: - Did you know that several years ago Luciano Pavarotti released his first solo album of ltalian pop songs? Robert: - No, 1 didn't. 1 wonder what other tenors thought of this. Chris: Robert: - In which case, 1 suppose opera fans are also accepting the situation. A) Well, at fırst they were not in favour of it, but now they are doing the same thing themselves! B) lt was at least 20 years ago that his record company asked him to make this album . C) As far as ı know, it was the song "Caruso" that made him do it. D) He asked three well-known singers to join him, but for same reason they said no. E) 1 don't know. Presumably, they were annoyed.


ı can say that it's a bit !ike a Mohican style. Do you know what it is made of? lt seems our ancestors were not so primitive that they didn't !ike to take care of themselves. 1 think this indicates he was a wealthy member of lrish society; do you agree? Oh, that's interesting. But how do they know so much about the gel and the body? These findings must be important. But what can we learn from them?

22. James: - How's your philosophy course going? Peter: - lt's hard to say. lt certainly requires a lot of effort. James: Peter: - No. Quite the opposite. In the main, it consists of learning to look at the old and familiar facts in a new and fresh way. A) Which of the great philosophers are you going to study? B) But are you enjoying it? C) Well , 1 hope you're fınding it interesting! D) 1 might take the course next year. E) Why? Are the re a lot of facts to learn?

325

YDS ŞiFRELERi 23. Mary: - What

ı ıook

punctuaı

326

for in an airıine company is a take-off and a punctuaı ıanding.

24. Sue: - Did you know that there are three types of zip and that each is used in a different way?

June:

Jane:

Mary:

Su e:

- And why not? June: - Think about it! Something as common as bad weather can ıead to deıays. Wouıd you care to take off in a hurricane?

- For instance, chain zips, ıargeıy suitabıe for luggage, have metal teeth and are, therefore, very strong. Jane: -ı see. ı didn't know that.

A) What 1look for is flight safety. B) But face it; that's not always possible. C) For long flights they now provide beds in business class. D) However hard they try to please the passengers , 1get bored! E) You are hard to please, aren't you?

A) As far as 1 know, there are chain zips, coil zips and concealed zips. Right? B) What about coil zips? l've read something about them ; they are lighter and synthetic. C) Really? Can you give me an example and say where it can be used? D) Well , some are ideal for fine fabrics and others are for stronger ones. E) Does that mean that some of them break easily?



TEST2 1.

3.

John: • Have you seen the recent report released by the American Rivers Administration? Alien : - No, not yet. What's your opinion? John:

learned. Frank: Celia: - Sounds very sensible, doesn't it?

Alien : • So it becomes increasingly urgent for the authorities to put into effect far more efficient measures to improve their condition. Don't you think?

A) Surely you are aware that photosensitivity, which is an allergy, may alsa result from cancurrent use of certain drugs or substances applied to the skin. B) My suggestion is that people who are very sensitive to sunlight should use sunscreens and minimize sun exposure. C) As far as 1 am concerned , itching, asthma , or nasal stuffiness are among the most comman symptoms of physical allergy. D) The comman point everyone agrees on is that the best way to deal with any physical allergy is to prevent it by avoiding whatever tends to causeit. E) As everybody knows, a physical allergy is a condition in which allergic symptoms develop in response to a physical stimulus.

A) 1 am sure you know that the American Rivers Administration analyzes and studies the condition of the major rivers in the country. B) Most comprehensively prepared. lt is very upsetting to know how endangered most of the nation 's rivers are. C) lndeed, as you have just suggested, dams and canals can be harmful to fish and wildlife populations. D) As 1 recall from previous reports, coal mining operations fill streams with coal and dirt. E) lt has always been admitted that the use of rivers as a water supply for domestic and industrial needs causes much depletion.

2.

Doctor: - Good to see you again. What's the problem this time? Patient: • Upon awakening, 1feel pain and tightness on the sides of my face. Doctor: Patient:

• 1 hope it's not serious and can be treated easily. A) Sleeping pills may be used occasionally to help people who have trouble sleeping because of pa in. B) How interesting! 1 have always stated that people can take steps to break the habit of tooth grinding. C) 1 see. Generally, a case like this results from muscle spasms brought on by repeated muscle or tooth elenching and tooth grinding. D) Of course , treatment is needed when a person has jaw pain or trouble maving his jaw. E) People with this condition need to suppress yawns , cut food into smail pieces, and eat food that's easy to chew.


Frank: - To learn a little bit about how to cope with physical allergies, l've done some reading. Celia: • Teli me in simple terms what you have

4.

Jane: - The point is made in this article that we need a reliable source of electricity to meet our needs in the 21st century. Larry: - But we also need clean air. Jane: Larry: - So you mean that nuclear power plants don't pollute the air. Right? A) Well , with nuclear energy, we can have both. B) Why not? Nuclear energy already generates more than 20 per cent of America's electricity. C) Year by year there is a growing need for more energy nationwide. D) In other words , the development of new energy sources is very important to America's energy future. E) 1 am afraid the world is fast heading towards a huge environmental disaster.

327

YDS ŞiFRELERi

5.

Charles: - Aircraft manufacturers are doing their best to build ever more efficient, more reliable, less polluting, quieter planes. Colleague:

7.

Sally:

• Yes, but there isa long way before absolute reliability can be achieved! Charles:

Rose : - Unfortunately not. They seemed determined to put me in the wrong!

Colleague: - There's no doubt about that. Yet every effort must be made for ultimate reliability.

A) 1 don't know what else 1 can suggest. B) 1 can believe that. They are not very cooperative; are they? C) That's no surprise. Everyone knows how diffıcult they are. D) That's a shame. Bobby needs help. E) How was that?

A) Let me stress once again that, as the economy develops and per capita ineome rises, per capita travel rises even faster. B) Considered in technical terms, there have been few dramatic changes in large-aircraft design since the 1960s. C) lt is a fact that, by the early 1940s, airplanes had made it possible to cross the Atlantic in one long day of travel. D) On the other hand, in the 1960s, touring families and students could fly from the US to Europe on overnight charter flights. E) Agreed. However, despite occasional horrifıc crashes, modern airliners are about the safest means oftravel ever devised.

6.

Lucy: - ls it true that China is slightly larger in area than the US? Kate: - That's what l've read in a booklet on China. Lu ey: Kate: - A varied topography indeedi Besides, the Yangtze River is the third-longest river in the world. A) The principal mountain ranges are the Tien Shan, the Kunlun chain , and the TransHimalaya. B) Moreover, from the map one can see that the greater part of the country is mountainous, and the Gobi Desert lies in the North. C) 1 understand it has three great river systems: the Yellow River, the Yangtze River, and the Pearl River. D) The earliest recorded human settlements have been discovered in the Huang Ho basin. E) As you know, in the southwest is Tibet, which China annexed in 1950.

328

Sally: - Have you spoken to Bobby's parents yet? Rose: - Yes, 1 have. But it wasn't a very satisfactory meeting.

8.

Ada : -Are you an orchid-lover? Sandra: Ada: - 1 feel the same way about them. 1 prefer something more natural. Sandra: - Yes; and more graceful. A) All 1 know about them is that they thrive in 60 per cent humidity and die off if it drops below 40 per cent. B) Yes 1 am. Orchids are affected usually by air and temperature and draughts. C) No; but 1 fınd the stories about their attributes quite fascinating. D) Not really. 1 suppose they are too exotic for my taste. W hat about you? E) 1 certainly am. But 1 leave the growing of them to the experts.



Anna: - Are you in favour of what they now call "educational play"? Alan :

Anna: - 1 do agree. A child that dislikes school is not likely ever to be successful there. A) How can children learn all they have to learn if they waste so much time playing? B) What exactly is that? C) Yes, 1 suppose so. As long as it's not overdone. D) No. 1 don't believe in letting children have too much of their own way. E) Yes, 1 am. lt is important to make learning pleasurable.

12. Cheryl: - Did Michelle teli you what happened to her on her vacation in Thailand? Mike:

Cheryl: - Yes, that's it. She'd booked a hotel room online, and when she arrived the hotel was full. She had to spend tour hours in the rain trying to find another place to stay. A) B) C) D)

When d id she return from her trip? She told me all about it. No;whathappened? Thailand? 1 thought she went to lndonesia for her vacation . E) Wasn't it something to do with her hotel reservation?

10. Jane: - 1 don't think we should go to Venice for our holiday this year. Steve: - Have you been reading that disturbing article on how Venice is sinking? Jane: Steve: - ı know. lt's also in danger because sea levels are rising. A) No. Should 1? B) Yes, 1 have. And it's not simply that Venice is sinking. C) Yes . But 1 think it grossly over-emphasizes the danger, don't you? D) Oh, people have been talking about that for years, but it won 't happen, will it? E) Surely they could do something to save the city!

11. Brian: - What is to be learned from the collapse of the viaduct when the tornado hit it? Harry: - Perhaps we should simply admit that we can't as yet build major structures capable of resisting tornadoes. Brian: Harry: - 1 suppose it is. But 1 believe it's better to be safe than sorry. A) After all , it was an unusually violent tornado. B) Are you su re that we can't? C) Aren't you overlocking the fact that the anchor-bolt systems had started to corrode? D) Perhaps we can develop ways of doing so. E) lsn't that being rather defeatist?


13. Gail: - Pat and Nigel seem set on seliing their house here and starting a new life in France. Rachel: - Yes, 1 know. lt seems to be quite the fashion now to make a new start. Gail: Rachel: - l'm not sure that it does. In fact, 1 sometimes wonder about making a new start myself. A) Have you ever thought of making a fresh start? B) ı couldn't possibly dig up my roots and start again C) 1 imagine that very many people come to regret the move D) True. But it must take a lot of courage. E) 1 couldn't do it myself but 1 sometimes envy those who do

329

YDS ŞiFRELERi 14. Jeff: - Are there considerable cultural differences in the way business is conducted between China and Western countries? Neal: - Oh yes, there are many differences and you have to be aware of these if you want to succeed in China. Jeff: Neal : - Well, in Western-style business, we focus on the deal, the possibilities and the risks. In China, top businessmen spend a good deal of time exploring what sort of person you are. Your character is more important than what you do.

16. Helen: - 1 think forensics programmes on TV are giving a distorted view of what forensic science can or cannot do. Mark: Helen: - But they do. Some attorneys thin k that these forensics programmes can affect the jurors' demands and decisions. A) 1 think most people are responsible enough not to be affected. B) You do? In what way? C) Do you actually watch those programmes? D) Oh , come on. People don 't take those programmes seriously! E) What's on TV this evening?

A) What sart of differences? B) Have you ever done business in China? C) How does one go about making business centacts there? D) What are the advantages of doing business in Ch ina? E) Which regions of China are the best for making high profıts?

15. Carol: - People appreciate the extraordinary beauty of butterflies, but their colours and shapes might also be functional, mightn't they? Paul: - l've really no idea. In what way? Ca rol : Paul: - Really? That's interesting. A) This specifıc chapter is on the evalutian of patterns on the wings of butterflies. B) For instance, the markings that resemble eyes on butterflies may help them startle predators and then escape from them. C) This has to do with genetics. One should try to learn more about it. D) This book gives examples of all of this and mo re. E) Same dark forms of swallowtail butterflies mimic unrelated inedible species. ls that what you are referring to?

330

17. Meghan: - Did you know that the government will reduce the amount of taxes you have to pay this year if your baby is born on or before December 31st? Anna : -Well, mine's due on December 27th. Meghan: Anna : - Me too. 1 could really use a bit of extra Money for the baby's things. A) Well, 1 hope it' s not born after the deadline. B) Oh no, you might miss the deadline if it's overdue! C) How nice to have a baby born araund the New Year. D) What does your daughter think about having a new little brother or sister? E) Well , that's all right, then .


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 18. James: - Are you planning to attend any of the plays at the Shakespeare festival this year? Allie : James: -One critic, Harold Bloom, says that it's because he teaches us more about ourselves than any other writer. Allie : - That could be the reason. A) l'd like to, but l'm not sure 1'11 have time . Why do you ask? B) No, but did you know that he wasn't really respected by the public during his own lifeti me? lt was only a hundred years later that he was taken seriously. C) l'm planning to see all of them . In fact, l've already bought a season ticket D) You know Shakespeare's really not my favourite thing. E) Yes , of course . 1 wonder what it is that makes his plays so popular, year after year.

19. Helen: How long have the TV's nature documentaries been going? Beth: - For at least 40 years, 1should think. ---Helen: - lndeed they have. In one of the latest they actually show a penguin chick developing inside its egg! A) The series explores the limits of animal endurance in hostile environments. B) And over that time they've been transformed beyond recognition . C) Moreover, the fılms grow even - more spectacular and sophisticated . D) Some of the world's leading wildlife camera teams are with the BBC's national history unit. E) Some remarkable footage has been shot.


20. Brian: -The aim of this article, apparently, is to show that Shakespeare isn't as special as he's made out to be! Fred: Brian: - Well; it points out that Shakespeare's King Lear and Cervantes' Don Quixote were written in the same year, and then asks which is the best? Fred: - Yes. A tricky question. Thought-provoking, to o. A) 1 don't want to hear any more! B) 1 shan't bother to read it! C) How does it manage to do that? D) That's the fashionable approach moment! E) Didn 't Marlowe write his plays?

at the

21. Reg : - Have you put your house up for sale yet? Dave: - Oh, yes. And l've had several offers. The estate agent is urging me to accept the last one. Reg : Dave: - l've noticed that. Mine actually wanted me to accept the initial offer, and that was really low. A) That's typical. They like to get the sale over as soon as possible. B) Why is that? C) And why is that? Are they really offering a very good price? D) lt's not a buyer's market at the moment. E) Don't Jet him push you into a sale.

331

YDS ŞiFRELERi 22. Matthew: • l've been looking at this map of the world's o il. George: • Yes. 1took a look at that, too. What surprised you most? Matthew:

24. Sue: • ls your computer reasonably modern? Wendy:

George: • Yes. 1hadn't realized that either.

Su e: • Then it's terribly out of datel With computers there are new things happening all the time. Wendy: - Tha~ may be. But l'm comfortable with mine and have no intention of changing it.

A) 1don't think anything did. B) 1 don't know. But production costs for North Sea Oil are going up. C) The newly discovered oil reserves in West Africa could have proved useful. D) Nothing really. E) The fact that central and South America come second, after the Middle East, for oil reserves.

A) 1 suppose so. l've never really thought about it. B) Are you trying to seli me a new one? C) Probably not. lt's a bit slow, though , and that can be annoying. D) Oh, yes. l've had it about six years, that' s all. E) 1 don't know. But it's been giving me a lot of trouble lately.

23. Sam: • Don't forget, "clean coal" means different things to different people. Charles: • 1 know it does. But at least people are beginning to realize that coal can be cleaned and, indeed, should be. Sam: Charles: • lt used to be. But there are now new systems that are far more efficient and far less expensive. A) What's the big problem, sulpher dioxide? B) Clean coal technologies fall into three categories. C) But isn't the deaning of coal an extremely expensive process? D) Coal that has been "aged" gives out more heat and fewer gases. E) ls it really possible to "clean" coal?

332



DIALOGUE COMPLETION TESTS CEVAP ANAHTARI TEST1 1.

c

2.8

3. c 4.A 5. D

6.E 7.A

8.D 9. C 10.8 11. A 12.E

TEST2 1. B 2.C 3. D 4.A

5.E 6.8 7.8 8.D 9.E 10.8

13.8

11. E 12.E 13.D

14.A 15.8

14.A 15.8

16.C

16.D

17.A 18.E

17.A 18.E

20.A 21. D

20.C

19. c

22.E 23.8 24.C


19.8

21. A 22.E 23.C 24.D

333

YDS ŞiFRELERi

DIALOGUE COMPLETION TESTS STRATEJiLERi TEST 1 1.

'

Susan: - Do you know that every year 130 million tonnes of America's trash ends up in landfılls? Harry: - Oh, yes, ı certainly do, and more than that. Susan:

;

~

------------------- ' ' STRATEJI

'

A. B. D. ve E. şıklarındaki sorulara "yes/no/ 1think so .. " şeklinde bir cevap verilmelidir. C. şıkkındaki soruya ise cevaben bir açıklama gereklidir.

Harry: - Well, together all these landfılls em it more of the greenhouse gas methane than any other human-related source.

''

A) ls it true that so me American building companies use inorganic retuse such as metal s in roadbed s and heavy construction? B) Do you mean engineers have developed an efficient way of dealing with trash? C) What do you mean exactly? You seem to be implying .

~

~/

,' ,'

;;- - - - - - - - - - - , ;;; ;;

, ;; ,' ; ; ' ; 1;;

somethıng .

1;

D) America produces more trash than any other country in the "' world , doesn 't it? E) Don 't you think such a huge volume of trash can be processed to produce electricity?

2.

John: - For our investments, we should consider tourism as a new area. Edmund: - Agreed . In fact, tourism has now become the world's biggest industry. John:

~.,------------------

'

1 ı

Edmund: 1

- 1 certainly thin k so. Therefore , it is of vital importance for the economies of many of the world's poorest nations. ~~

~

~·

.... ,

STRATEJI

\

A. C. D. ve E. şıklarındaki sorulara "yes/ no" cevabı verilmelidir. B. şıkkındaki soruyla "1 think so" cevabı eşleşmektedir ve diyaloğun sonunda geçen "economies" konusu, seçenekteki "economic

A) Moreover, travel enriches one's life. Don 't you agree? ./ ~ B) Actually, it fuels economic growth, doesn't it? -~- - - _ _ _ C) Do you believe that travelling broadens our experience of ~ the world? ', growth" konusu ile ortaktır. / D) Furthermore, tourism enables people to explore other ' - --- - - -- - - - - - - -- - - """ cultures and geographies. Right? E) Yes , true . Yet, worldwide mobility because of tourism has its drawbacks. Do you agree?

334

1



Bill: - As a firm, we are doing our best for fuel improvement. Bob: - lndeed, we must develop new technologies to reduce the environmental impact of gasoline and dieseL Bill:

,'

1

, ;-----------------, ' STRATEJi

B) C) D) E)

\

A. şıkkında geçen "other firms" konusu cevapta yer almıyor!

Bob: - Yes, of course. Also you know we have already developed an innovative formula designed to help reduce fuel consumption. A)

'

B. şıkkında geçen "produce fuels" konusu ile eşleşen bir kelime cevapta bulunmuyor! Have other firms been investing in long-term solutions like hydrogen fuel? C. şıkkındaki "cleaner Can you teli me how we can produce fuels from lots of fuels and cleaner different sources in ord er to meet the growing demand? engines" diyalogda altı Don't you think the solution is a combination of cleaner çizili bölümlerle eşleşiyor! fuels and cleaner engines? •,- How can we produce lead-free and low-sulphur fuels? ı D. şıkkındaki sorunun ls the burning of coal and gas for lighting, heating, and \ cevabı "yes, of course" \ cooking one of the ca uses of local air pollution? olamaz! \ E. şıkkında geçen "local air \ \ pollution" konusu ile ı eşleşen bir yapı cevapta 1 1 \ yer almıyor! 1 ' ' , _________________ , 1 ı

;

4.

Mary: - The other day 1 was reading an interesting article on "the Black Death ." Tony: - You mean the terrible plague that devastated Europe in the 141h century? Mary:

1

,

,.

------------------, ... ' STRATEJi

1

Tony: - Also throughout villages, towns and cities. As a result, the population of Europe was cut nearly in half. 1

A. şıkkı diyalogdaki soruya cevap verilmiş olan tek şıktır. Ayrıca A. şıkkındaki "hospitals, prisons and monasteries" olarak belirtilen yer isimlerine diyalogda "also villages, towns and cities" şeklinde ekleme yapılmıştır!

A) Right. ı didn't know that its effects were worst in confine~"" places like hospitals, prisons, and monasteries. ', B) According to a contemporary account, the city of Florence 'ı lost 96,000 people between March and October of 1348. ı C) European men and women were convinced that the plague ', , had been sent as a divine punishment. D) However, as one learns from the article, the plague did not la st long , but actually began to dissipate by 1351. E) 1 feel that more study must be made of the social and political impact the plague had on medieval Europe in general.


__________________

;

,

'

1

335

YDS ŞiFRELERi

5.

Malcolm: - 1 believe a great deal of research needs to be made of Martin Luther King and his ideas. Jacob: - 1 fully agree with you, since he was the preeminent fıgure in the civil rights movements started by blacks in the United States during the 1960s. Malcolm:

/,,-----------------~,,

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STRATEJi

\

D. şıkkı ve diyalogdaki cevap arasında özne uyumu vardır. Ayrıca diyolagda verilen cevap "on the contrary: aksine" bağiacı ile başladığından boşluğa gelecek cümle ve cevap arasında zıtlık söz konusu olmalıdır. Diyalogdaki "integrated nation" ile D. şıkkındaki "complete independence" zıtlık

Jacob: - On the contrarv. Fundamentally, he aspired to a fully integrated nation of all the Americans.

A) Before King , various civil rights groups in America had started to organize boycotts and demonstrations to condemn racial discrimination against blacks in all walks of life. B) Unfortunately, his inspiring career as a defender of civil rights in America was tragically ended by assassination in \ oluşturur. 1968. ' ...,,"" C) In fact, civil rights laws passed under President Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1960s d id bring American blacks same ," , j~ ~'' measure of equality with regard to voting rights. D) Yes, of course. Yet, he's been accused of seeking complete independence from white society. E) As you know, the civil rights movements of the 1960s in America clearly showed the chasm between the egalitarian promises of American democracy and the real inequalities at the core of American social and politicallife

------------ "

..

1 1

\

6.

Winston: - What does the term "global village" really mean? Stanley: - Oh, well , it is essentially related to the global flow of information. Winston: Stanley: - Alright, 1 will try. Beginning in the 1990s,increasingly sophisticated computers have brought people into instant communication over the internet with each other across continents in new cultural and political settings, and this has had a great impact on the everyday lives of men and women araund the world .

,--------------------,, :

STRATEJi A. B. C. ve D.

~

ı ı ı

şıklarındaki

'

sorulara "yes 1 no 1 certainly" gibi bir ... cevap __ verilmelidir. , 1 1 1 1 1 1

1

1 1 1 1 1

1

..

1

1 1 1

------------

1 1 ,'

A) In other words, are you suggesting that advances in ,' ,' 1 electronic technologies have provided new worldwide ,' 1 platforms for commercial interests? 1 1 1 B) Do you mean the wide-ranging effects of information ,' 1 technologies on political struggles araund the globe? 1 1 C) Are you saying that electronic systems and devices ,' ,' designed to create, store and share information have 1 , ' 1 become more powerful and accessible? 1 1 D) Are you claiming that embattled ethnic minorities have 1 , ' found worldwide audiences through on-line campaign + 1:1 si tes? E) What does that exactly mean? Can you be more' specifıc?

336



7.

Richard: - l've been reading about the ancient Egyptians lately. Antony: - How interesting! Anything particularly drawing your attention?

1 ,

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~

1 •

A) Possible. In fact, the language of the ancient Egyptians ' has for long been a matter of debate among linguists. B) Actually, as you may remember, the fırst known permanent settlement in Egypt dates back to approximately 4750 B. C. C) You know that the patterns of development in ancient Egypt differed greatly from those of the Sumerians in Mesopotamia. D) lt is true that, due to the Nile, ancient Egypt was able to forge a cultural and political unity. E) You must recall that the Egyptian system of pictographic writing, called hierog/yphs, has always fascinated modern scholars.

8.

Judy: -W hat do you know about John Stuart Mill? Tom: - As far as 1 can recall, he was the most committed and influential defender of personal liberty in Victorian Britain in the 19th century. Judy: Tom: - lndeed. he was. He wrote many essays on women's political rights.

sağlanamaz. 1 ' ..... __________________ ,. "

....

,'

;

------------------- ... ' STRATEJi

D. Diyalogdaki "he was" yapısının ardından nokta gelmesi bu yapının aynısının boşlukta da gelmesini gerektirir.Ayrıca "suffrage for women" ile "women's political rights" konuları eşieşerak konu bütünlüğü sağlanır.

A) Agreed. In his On Liberty, he defended individual freedom \ in the face of the state and "the tyranny of the majority." , ... B) 1 know his On Liberty became one of the defıning texts of -....Western liberalism. ,."'"'-C) He strongly argued that human freedom was essential to ~ ~-social progress. "' D) Yet, for me, more importantly, he was a dedicated supporter of suffrage for women. E) Historically, the Reform Bill of 1867 in Britain marked the high point of British liberalism.


'\

A. şıkkındaki altı çizili kelimelerle diyalogdaki kelimeler eşleşir. Diğer şıklarda "language" konusu geçmediğinden seçenekler ile cevap arasında konu bütünlüğü

1 1 1 1

~~',

------------------, STRATEJi

ı

Richard: - lt is claimed by some linguists that the early Egyptian language might represent the survival of a "root" language from which the other Languages of the Afro-Asiatic group evolved in the past. An tony:

....

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1 1

.... ... ----------- "

337

YDS ŞiFRELERi 9.

-

/,,---------------- .... ,

John: - By the way, can you teli me what the expression "the scramble for Africa" means? Harry: - Oh, 1 thought you knew i!. since you are seriously interested in the history of Africa . John:

1 1

Harry: - Well, !! is about the colonization of Africa. !1 indicates the scope and speed with which the major European powers, excited by stories of rubber forests and rich diamond mines, conquered and colonized Africa in the 19th century.

STRATEJi

kullanıldığından boş

A) For instance, ı know that in 1884 a conference, attended by öznedir ve bir adın yerini the representatives of the European colonial powers, was , tutmaz. held in Berlin to setlle the matter of control over the Co ngo , .... River basin. ~r B) !! has been pointed out that by the 1830s the French had / ... created a general government of the ir possessions in /; _, _,"" . " ... Al gerıa. ~ ...... C) 1 am afraid 1 don't. 1 came across !! in an article 1 was " reading yesterday. There was no explanation given. D) Actually, the colonial powers' partition of Africa in the 19th century was the most striking instance of European imperialism. E) According to some eyewitness reports, in the colonies, Africans worked in appalling conditions, with no medicine or sanilation and too little food

___________ ,.,"'

- 1 am

puzzled about why dedining birth ratesin the West have been accompanied by growing populations of older adults. S usa n: - You are right. Actually, it is a very complicated issue, and there is a wide range of reasons for it. Liz:

/ ı

ı

1ı

,'

A) Thank you so much. 1'11 take your advice and do some ,' 1 " research on the subject. B) Exactly. You can oerhaos outline some of them for me. ,' // \ C) 1 believe a new type of demographic erisis different fro~ / ' this confronts Western governments. D) One can defınitely see that globalization has a serious impact on the world's population. E) Especially Asia's population as a whole has increased nearly four times over since 1900.

338

1 1 /

;,----------------- .... ,

10. Liz:

Susan: - 1 don't know where to start. ı think one obvious reason is improved standards of health care.

\ı

C. şıkkında diyalogda "the scramble of Africa" yerine "it" zamiri yer almıştır. Aynı zamirin yer aldığı tek seçenek C şıkkıdır. B. şıkkında yer alan "it" zamiri, "lt+passive+that" yapısı içinde

STRATEJi

\

B. şıkkında "1 don't know where to start" cevabının verilebilmesi için Susan'dan bir şey anlatması rica edilmiş olmalı! Rica yapısı B şıkkında yer alır. Ayrıca B şıkkındaki "some of them" miktar belirteci ile, diyalogdaki "reasons" kelimesi ile eşleşir.

1

.... , _________________ ...... /


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 11. Harriet: - 1 am writing an article about the Cold War period . There is a great deal of materiall have to deal with . Ares: - 1 suggest you focus on a specific topic rather than giving a general account. Harriet:

1

, ~-------------------, ' STRATEJi 'ı A.

hem konu hem de tense(zaman) uyumu sağladığından doğru

ı,

cevaptır.

'

Ares: - So, your article will , 1 am sure , arause a great deal of interest in academic and political circles.

'-~ /

/ / /

/

A) Right. 1 will demonstrate how the Cold W ar has given way / , ' to mo re complex global relations . /;'' B) You know the Eastern European revolutions of 1989~ brought about the collapse of the Soviet Union. C) Especially the Soviet Union's increasingly severe domestic problems led to mounting protests in Russia in 1991. D) Everyone knows that the lron Curtain had established one of the most rigid borders in European history. E) In my opinion , since the end of the Cold War, adapting to change has been difficult throughout Eastern Europe.

12. lsabel: - Here is an interesting article on Byzantine learning. Have you seen 11? Fred: - Let me have a look. No, 1 haven't, but .!! does seem interesting . lsa bel : Fred: - Well , we know from history that, in education, Byzantine schools based their instruction on classical Greek literature.

şıkkı

bütünlüğü

/,.

1

/

, ,'

.....

,' ,,

,

___________ .,. ,

1

,

-------- ------- -- .... , STRATEJi

\

E. şıkkında diyalogdaki "article" kelimesini niteleyen "it" zamiri kullanılmıştır. Bu zamire yer veren E şıkkıdır. Ayrıca "Greek literature" ortak kelime konumunda konu

A) In fact, Byzantine achievements in art and architecture \ bütünlüğü sağlar. / havealwaysbeenadmired . ' .... -... ___________ .,,. B) Evidently, Byzantine scholars were very interested in the / .,/ politics of ancient Greece. / ,' C) As it has been argued by most historians, religion / ,-/ dominated Byzantine life. / ," 1 "" D) One can po int out that inventiveness was highly prized in ı 1 , . Byzantıne cu ture. 1,' E) !! gives a full account of the Byzantine interest in classica~ ~ Greek literature.


339

YDS ŞiFRELERi /~-------------------,,

13. James: - Have you been to the Dal i exhibition? Rodney:

ı

James:

'ı

B. şıkkında olduğu gibi söylenene karşılık

:

boşlukta

ı

Rodney: - 1 don't like being caught up in a crowd when l'm locking at paintings.

1

sorulabilmesi için, boşluğa gelecek cümlede olumsuz bir ifade yer almış olmalıdır.

1 1 1

/ /'

1 /

'....

A) ı certainly have. And 1 hope to go again soan . B) Not yet. 1 don't go to such exhibitions till they've bı!e'n going for same time. C) 1 was there at the opening . What about you? D) Yes. 1was surprised at how few large paintings there were . E) Of course . And it was quite an experience.

1"

, ı'

- What's the matter with you? You're not your usual self! Ka te: - 1 know l'm not. This report l'm doing is getiing me down. Cia re:

.. ..

;

--- - - - -- - - - - -- -- - - - ' ....

STRATEJi

ı

A. şıkkındaki soru diyalogdaki cevabın verilebileceği tek sorudur. "No, thank goodness:

1

tanrıya şükür, hayır"

;

'ı

So that's the trouble . .!.§. therestili much left to be done? ............ cevabı olumsuz bir şeyden The trouble with you is that you' re a perfectionist. .... .... .... SÖZ eden bir soruya When are you expected to hand it in? \ verilebilir. , Would you like me to go over it for you? ' .... _________________ _ .,.."' But it was nearly fınished last week, wasn't it?

15. Fred: - Have you read this article on the economies of the Middle Eastern countries? M ike: - No, not yet. Anything interesting in it? Fred: M ike: - That's to be expected. After all, Iran is the second-largest producer of oil in OPEC.

(" ı

,------------------- .... ' STRATEJi

B. şıkkı diyalogdaki altı çizili kelimelerle eşleşen ve diyalogdaki konunun yer aldığı tek seçenektir. konunun bulunduğu tek şık , B. şıkkıdır. '

--,

A) Well, lran's nuclear aims seem to have increased .-"' international tension. , .-;, B) To my surprise, 50% of lran's revenue comes from its oil .. ~' exports. C) Clearly, the global economy is suffering heavily from the current US economic crisis. D) Just one point: every day, the world spends araund $5.5 billion at current price levels on crude oil purchases. E) lt seems that China, lndia, and Japan have become the primary marketsfor the Middle East's oil and gas.

340

)

,.,"' -------------------

14. Clare:

Ka te: - No: than k goodness. But the deadline is near.

ı

olarak "why" sorusunun

ı

- Whv is that?

A) 8) C) D) E)

STRATEJi

(

,-----------"'

'ı :

ı

1



, .,.-------------------, ' { STRATEJi 'ı

16. Steve: - According to this latest report on Afghanistan, it's not safe for aid agencies to work there. Ken: - How come? There is a strong NATO force there to provide security. Steve:

1

C. Diyalogdaki altı çizili cümle bir gerçekten söz etmektedir ve buna karşılık verilebilecek tek yorum, "su re", C. şıkkında yer

Ken: - So, it seems that the NATO-Ied attempts to bring peace to this country have already failed .

1

almaktadır.

' ' ....._, /

/

A) You know that the aims of the NATO intervention in this / , / country have been clearly defined. / ,, B) lndeed, northern Afghanistan remains reasonably peaceful / / and open to trade. , '"" C) Su re, but a large part of the country, especially the~>' troublesome southern parts, are controlled by rebel groups. D) In fact, for this country to achieve peace and security there is an urgent need for more foreign involvement. E) Actually, several nations have helped to build roads , bridges, and other important facilities.

17. Tim: - A recent study has found that, in the oil producing Arab countries in the Middle East, a quarter of the population lives below the poverty line, defined by the World Bank as earning less than $2 per day. Tony: - Unbelievable. Despite record oil profits for those countries1

1

,'

, ,-----------

, .,.------------------- ..... ' STRATEJi '1 1

A. Diyalogda boşluktan önceki cümlede yer alan soruya verilebilecek tek cevap bu seçenekte yer alır.

1 ,

Tim:

'

Tony: - In that case, one can say that Arab governments have been negligent of their social responsibility.

/

/

/ / / /.;"

,

'-~ /

/

"

,.""

,. ,.""

,. ,""

1

___________ .,. ,

1

,.

A) Yes , indeed. In fact, this clearly shows that the current oil "' boom has not benefited the average Arab citizen at all. B) lt is true that higher oil prices allow governments to avoid making difficult decisions. C) Moreover, massive infrastructure and housing projects have been undertaken. D) So far, open economies have done much better than the closed ones . E) For instance, in the Gulf States, rising real estate prices have pushed up rents and housing costs.


341

YDS ŞiFRELERi 18. Liz: - Do you think the Russian invasion of Georgia will do lasting damage to Russia's relations with the EU? Brian: - In the short term, tensions will be high, but before long things will settle down smoothly again. Liz: - How can you be so positive? Bria:

~

"

,----- ~ -- - ----------,

STRATEJi

'

~

E. Diyalogda boşluktan önce yer alan soruya

ı

verilebilecek tek cevap bu seçenekte yer alır. r-----------

' ,__1

1

1 1 1 1 1

1

1 1

1 A) Russia's decision last year to reduce gas supplies to 1 Europe was based on economic considerations rather than 1 ,' 1 1 on any political aim. 1 1 1 1 B) Russia has always shown a keen interest in European 1 1 politics and often tries to influence it to its own advantage. 1 1 C) The response of France has been to construct several new 11 1 1 nuclear power stations. 1 / D) If we're to live side by side, there must be a good measure ,'/ of trust. ,, E) Very simple. Russia needs European goods andi technology as much as Europe needs Russian gas.

19. Ral ph: - l've learned that there are many details to learn about the maintenanca of home aguariums. Dick: Ral ph: - At fırst glance, it's true. But do you know that even the decorative materials used in aquariums should be placed properly? Otherwise, for example, they may obstruct the fılter pipes. Die k: - Really? 1hadn 't thought of that before.

1

------------------- ... ' STRATEJi C. there are =are there; maintenance of home aquariums =looking after

"

ı

an aquarium

ı

yapıları

eşleşmektedir.

,

'

'-~ 1

"

11

,-----------' "

, "

1

1

A) Yes. For example, fısh don't disrupt the cleanliness of the / ," home with messy fur or feathers. ' ," B) Right; routine maintenance only requires a few minutes of / , " your attention daily, supplemented by an hour or so once a / , "" week. :" C) Oh , are there? l've always thought that looking after an aguarium is very easy. D) Anyone knows that keeping an aquarium is expensive. E) In fact, 1am as interested as you are in aquariums.

342

\

""

"


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 20. Chris: - Did you know that several years ago Luciano Pavarotti released his first solo album of ltalian pop songs? Robert: - No, 1didn 't. 1wonder what other tenors thought of this . Chris:

,'

,,

1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

,

A. ve E. şıklarında diyalogda geçen "other tenors" kelimesi, "they" ile eşleşmektedir. Ancak diyalogda "also accepting" ifadesi yer

A) Well , at fırst they were not in favour of it, but now they are'-doing the same thing themselves! B) lt was at least 20 years ago that his record company asked him to make this album . C) As far as 1 know, it was the song "Caruso" that made him do it. D) He asked three well-known singers to join him, but for some reason they said no. E) 1 don't know. Presumably, they were annoyed .

aldığından, boşluğa

gelecek cümleye diğer tenörlerin de durumu kabul ettiğini gösteren bir cümle gelmelidir ve bu cümle A. 1 \ şıkkında yer almaktadır. \

21. Lee:

;

1

1

,'

, ' , _________________ ,. ,

~

------------------- ' STRATEJi

ı

D.

'1

şıkkındaki

"the body" konusu ile eşleşir. Ayrıca, diyalogda boşluktan sonra "how" sorusunun cevabı yer almaktadır. ___________ parçanın

\

'

'-~ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , 1 , 1 ,

A) 1 can say that it's a bit like a Mohican style. Do you know what it is made of? B) lt seems our ancestors were not so primitive that they didn 't ı ,' like to take care of themselves. C) 1 think this indicates he was a wealthy member of lrish ,'' society; do you agree? ı,' D) Oh, that's interesting. But how do they know so much 1 about the gel and the body? E) These fındings must be important. But what can we learn from them?


\

bütünlüğünü sağlamaktadır.

1

Ro n: - Well , the body has been preserved incredibly well in a peat bog because the bacteria that decompose flesh can't survive in that oxygen free environment. Even fıngerprints can be seen .

'

STRATEJi

A. other tenors = they D. three well-known singers =they E. other tenors = they eşleşmesi konu

Robert: - In which case , 1 suppose opera fans are also accepting the ı situation . ,'

-Do you know about the lron Age hair gel found on the head of a 2,300-year-old body discovered in lreland? Ro n: - Yes. 1 read that the body was found with its hair gelled unusually high above the head. Also , chemical analysis by scientists shows that the hair gel was made of a vegetable oil mixed with a resin probably imported from France or Spain. Lee:

,.--------------- - .... ,

,,

.... ~

,

,, , ,, , ,, , , ,,

343

YDS ŞiFRELERi 22. James: - How's your philosophy course going? Peter: - lt' s hard to say. lt certainly requires a lot of effort. James:

{"

STRATEJi E.

,"

Which of the great philosophers are you going to stud'y?.,.,"" But are you enjoying it? , /., ... "" Well, 1hope you're fınding it interesting! , ".,"""" ~~"" 1 mig ht take the course next year. Why? Are there a lot of facts to learn? • ~

"

şıkkındaki

....-\ bütünlüğü sağlar.

' , ___________________ .,,.

23. Mary: - What 1 look for in an airtine company is a punctual take-off and a punctuallanding. June:

'\

soru "yes/no" cevabı verilebilecek bir sorudur. Ayrıca diyalog ve seçenekte "facts" kelimesinin yer alması konu

~

Peter: - No. Quite the opposite. In the main, it consists of learning to , look at the old and familiar facts in a new and fresh way. , "'" A) B) C) D) E)

~------------------~,

,~--------------------,

'

STRATEJi ~ B. "Why not?" sorusu ancak olumsuz seçenekteki gibi bir cümlenin ardından , sorulabilir. ____________ .,"

Mary: - And why not? / June: - Thin k about it! Something as commen as bad weather can ' ; .;r _ _ _ - lead to delays. Would you care to take off in a hurricane? __ - _ _ _ -,"""' _.,.. .,."""'-A) What llook for is flight safety. ~_.,_ .... B) But face it; that's not always possible. C) For long flights they now provide beds in business class. D) However hard they try to please the passengers, 1 get bo red! E) You are hard to please, aren't you?

- --

24. Sue: - Did you know that the re are three types of zip and that each is used in a different way? Jane: Su e: - For instance, chain zips, largely suitable for luggage, have metal teeth and are, therefore, very strong. Jane: - 1see. 1didn't know that.

~

"'

,-------------------- ' STRATEJi

=

C. For instance can you give me an example eşleşmesi konu ı \

bütünlüğünü sağlar.

A) B) C) D) E)

344

ı ı

ı

ı

ı 1

'------------,

,---"

1

1 1

~

,"

"

"

As far as 1know, there are chain zips, coil zips and concealed zips. Right? ,' , "" W hat about coil zips? l've read something about them; they are lighter and synthetic. f," Really? Can you give me an example and say where it can be used? Well, some are ideal for fıne fabrics and others are for stronger ones. Does that mean that some of the m break easily?



TEST2 1.

John: - Have you seen the recent report released by the American Rivers Administration? Alien: - No, not yet. What's your opinion? John:

:

,---------------------, STRATEJi

ı

'

Alien: - So it becomes increasingly urgent for the authorities to put into effect far more efficient measures to improve their condition. Don't you think?

B. şıkkı diyalogdaki soruya cevap verilmiş olan tek seçenektir. '-~ 1 1

1

,

1

1

,

_../

,'

,'

,

Doctor: - Good to see you again. What's the problem this time? Patient: - Upon awakening, 1feel pain and tightness on the sides of my face . Doctor:

:

Patient: - 1hope !fs not serious and can be treated easily.

'

;

~--------------------

STRATEJi

'

C. a case like this ifadesi ile it zamiri eşleşmesi konu bütünlüğünü sağlar --/

,

/

/

A) Sleeping pills may be used occasionally to help people who ,' , "' have trouble sleeping because of pa in. , , , , "' B) How interesting! 1 have always stated that people can take , "' steps to break the habit of tooth grinding. ,;, "'"' C) 1 see. Generally, a case like this results from muscle /"' spasms brought on by repeated muscle or tooth elenching and tooth grinding. D) Of course, treatment is needed when a person has jaw pain or trouble maving his jaw. E) People with this condition need to suppress yawns, cut food into smail pieces, and eat food that' s easy to chew.


,------------

,

1

A) 1 am su re you know that the American Rivers , ,, Administration analyzes and studies the condition of the ,~' major rivers in the country. " B) Most comprehensively prepared. lt is very upsetting to know how endangered most of the nation's rivers are. C) lndeed , as you have just suggested , dams and canals can be harmful to fısh and wildlife populations. D) As 1 recall from previous reports , coal mining operations fıll streams with coal and dirt. E) lt has always been admitted that the use of rivers as a water supply for domestic and industrial needs causes much depletion.

ı

,

1

1

2.

,

~

,'

;

;

,------------'

345

;

'

YDS ŞiFRELERi

3.

Frank: - To learn a little bit about how to cope with physical allergies , l've done some reading. Celia: - Teli me in simple terms what you have learned . Frank: Celia: - Sounds very sensible , doesn't it?

~~--------------------, 1

~

STRATEJi D. Diyalogla konu bütünlüğünü sağlayan

kelimeler D.

'

almaktadır .

/ 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 ,

şıkkında

ortak yer

------------ .-'

A) Surely you are aware that photosensitivity, which is an allergy, may also resul! from cancurrent use of certain drugs or substances applied to the skin. B) My suggestion is that people who are very sensitive to sunlight should use sunscreens and minimize sun exposure. C) As far as 1 am concerned , itching , asthma , or nasal stuffiness are among the most common symptoms of physical allergy. /' D) The common point everyone agrees on is that the best way to deal with any physical allergy is to prevent it by avoiding whatever tends to cause it. E) As everybody knows , a physical allergy is a condition in which allergic symptoms develop in response to a physical stimulus.

4.

Jane: - The point is made in this article that we need a reliable source of electricity to meet o ur needs in the 21 st century. Larry: - But we also need clean air. Jane: Larry: - So you mean that nuclear power plants don't pollute the air. Right?

~

~-----------------,

/

STRATEJi

=

' \

A. nuclear energy nuclear power plants ile ve both reliable source of energy and clean air ile

=

eşleşmektedir.

B. şıkkında da "nuclear energy" ortak kelime k kt d" onumu na geçme e ır ancak seçenek "why not" ile başladığından, diyalogda boşluktan önceki cümlenin olumsuz olması gerekirdi.

A) Well , with nuclear energy, we can have both. ' B) Why not? Nuclear energy already generates more than 20\ per cent of America's electricity. ' C) Year by year there is a growing need for more energy \ nationwide . 'ı D) In other words , the development of new energy sources is \ very im portant to America's energy future. , / ' ... _________________ ... ~ E) 1 am afraid the world is fast heading towards a huge environmental disaster.

346

1



Charles: - Aircraft manufacturers are doing their best to build ever more efficient, more reliable, less polluting , quieter planes. Colleague: - Yes, but there isa long way before absolute reliability can be achieved! Charles:

~~-------------------,,

~

E. safest means of travel

reliability

'

1 1 1 1 1

A) Let me stress once again that, as the economy develops , / and per capita ineome rises , per capita travel rises even / 1 faster. , / B) Considered in technical terms, there have been few / / dramatic changes in large-aircraft design since the 1960s. ' / / 1 C) lt is a fact that, by the early 1940s, airplanes had made it possible to cross the Atlantic in one long day of travel. / / D) On the other hand, in the 1960s, touring families and 1 / students could fly from the US to Europe on overnight ' 1 1 charter flights. 1~ E) Agreed . However, despite occasional horrific crashes, ' modern airliners are about the safest means of travel ever devi sed.

Lu ey: - ls it true that China is slightly larger in area than the US? Ka te: - That's what l've read ina booklet on China. Lu ey:

=

eşlemesi

konu

bütünlüğünü sağlamaktadır .

Colleague: - There's no doubt about that. Yet every effort must be made for ultimate reliability.

6.

'ı

STRATEJi

ı

/

...

,

1 1

------------

.,.-'

1

1 1

~------------------

'

STRATEJi

'

'ı

B. mountainous ve Gobi desert ile varied topography

ı

eşleşmektedir.

Kate: - A varied topography indeed! Besides, the Yangtze River is the third-longest river in the world .

"A varied (çeşitli) topography" karşılığının 1 alınabilmesi için boşluğa 1 gelecek cümlede birden A) The principal mountain ranges are the Tien Shan , the / Kunlun chain, and the Trans-Himalaya. ' fazla coğrafi özellikten 1 .-ı B) Moreover, from the map one can see that the greater part,.,.- , bahsedilmelidir.

of the country is mountainous, and the Gobi Desert lies irf the North. C) 1 understand it has three great river systems: the Yellow River, the Yangtze River, and the Pearl River. D) The earliest recorded human settlements have been discovered in the Huang Ho basin. E) As you know, in the southwest is Tibet, which China annexed in 1950.


ı

'

-------------------

1

, ...

1

347

YDS ŞiFRELERi 7.

Sally: - Have you spoken to Bobby's parents yet? Rose: - Yes, 1have. But it wasn't a very satisfactory meeting. Sally:

:

~-------------------,

;

STRATEJi

'

~

B. "Unfortunately not" cevabının verilebileceği

soru B.

Rose: - Unfortunately not. They seemed determined to put me in the wrong!

...

'

şıkkında

tek

yer

almaktadır.

____________ .,.. ,

__ ;

; ; ;

A) B) C) D) E)

8.

1don't know what else 1can suggest. , -:_ ~ ~ 1can believe that. They are not very cooperative; are they?/~~ That's no surprise. Everyone knows how difficult they are. That's a shame. Bobby needs help. How was that?

Ada: - Are you an orchid-lover? Sandra:

:

~

"'.,..-- ----------------- ..... , STRATEJi ı D.

Diyalogda

cevabın

Ada: - 1feel the same way about them. 1prefer something more natural. Sandra: - Yes; and more graceful.

soru

-1

1

, /

1

1 A) Alli know about themis that they thrive in 60 per cent 1 humidity and die off if it drops below 40 per cent. 1 1 B) Yes ı am. Orchids are affected usually by air and 1 , temperature and draughts. 1 ,' 1 / C) No; but 1fınd the stories about their attributes quite 1' fascinating. J' D) Not really. 1suppose they are too exotic for my taste. What aboutyou? E) 1certainly am. But 1leave the growing of them to the experts.

Anna: -Are you in favour of what they now ca ll "educational play"? Alan: Anna: - ı do agree. A child that d islikes school is not likely ever to be successful there .

1

...

çizili tek yer

------------ ...

/

, ,

1

/ / ," , ,

--------------------- ' STRATEJi

ı

ı

E. "1 do agree" cevabının için bir fikir öne

alınabilmesi

sürülmüş olmalıdır.

' --,

,-------------"

1

, /

1

A) How can children learn all they have to learn if they waste 1 1 so much time playing? 1 B) What exactly is that? 1 , C) Yes, ı suppose so. As long as it' s not overdone. / ," D) No. 1don't believe in letting children have too much of their / ,/ own way. 1, E) Yes, 1am. lt isimportant to make learning pleasurabıe:

,

,

1 1

348

şıkkında

,

1

9.

alınabileceği

D.

almaktadır.

'

altı

,'

/ / / "


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 10. Jane: - 1don 't think we should go to Venice for our holiday this year. Steve: - Have you been reading that disturbing article on how Venice is sinking1 Jane:

~-----------------~

;

,'

/

'

STRATEJi

'

'ı

B. Diyalogda boşluktan önceki soruya cevap veren şıklar A. B. ve C. şıklarıdır. Ancak A. ve C. şıkları bir soru ile biterken , diyalogda boşluktan sonra "1know" kullanılmıştır. "1 know" bir

Steve: - 1know. lt's also in danger because sea levels are rising. A) No. Should 1? __ - 1 B) Yes. ı have. And it's not simply that Venice is sin king . ~~C) Yes. But 1think it grossly over-emphasizes the danger, ' , , don't you? ,, soruya cevap D) Oh , people have been talking about that for years, but it ' olamayacağınmdan doğru 1 won 't happen , will it? ' seçenek B şıkkıdır. / E) Su rely they could do something to save the city! ' , , _________________ _, "

11. Brian: -W hat is to be learned from the collapse of the viaduct when the tornado hit it? Harry: - Perhaps we should simply admit that we can't as yet build major structures capable of resisting tornadoes. Brian: Harry: - 1suppose it is. But 1believe it' s better to be safe than sorry.

{

;

,-------------------, '

''

bütünlüğü sağlanmaktadır. -~ / /

A) After all , it was an unusually violent tornado. ," , " B) Are you su re that we can't? /; ,.. "" C) Aren 't you overlocking the fact that the anchor-bolt systems , " , "" had started to corrode? "~"" D) Perhaps we can develop ways of doing so. ,~:" E) lsn't that being rather defeatist?


~

STRATEJi

E. Diyalogdaki boşluktan sonra gelen "it is" kullanımı E. seçeneğindeki ile eşleşerek konu

,"

;

,------------

;

/

349

YDS ŞiFRELERi 12. Cheryl: - Did Michelle teli you what happened to her on her vacation in Thailand? M ike:

1 ,

Cheryl: - Yes, that's it. She'd booked a hotel room online, and when she arrived the hotel was full. She had to spend four hours in the rain trying to fınd another place to stay.

~------------------

;

;

STRATEJi

1 1

Rachel: - l'm not su re that it does. In fact, 1 sometimes wonder about making a new start myself.

,,------------------- ..... {

STRATEJi

'ı

D. Diyalogda boşluktan sonra gelen "it does" yapısından dolayı boşluğa

gelecek cümleye "it+ ', present yapı" gelmelidir. ;

/

/ /

350

'

When d id she return from her trip? 1 She told me all about it. ,' ;ı No; what happened? ,' ; ; ',, ;; Thailand? 1 thought she went to lndonesia for her vacatiorv.; ------------------Wasn 't it something to do with her hotel reservation 1 /;

13. Gail: - Pat and Nigel seem set on seliing their house here and starting a new life in France. Ra c hel: - Yes, 1 know. lt seems to be quite the fashion now to make a new start. Gail:

A) B) C) D) E)

'

E. Diyalogda boşluktan sonra "yes" cevabı verildiğinden , boşluğa soru gelmelidir. Ayrıca, "hotel reservation" ="booked a hotel room" eşleşmesi de konu bütünlüğü sağlar.

1

A) B) C) D) E)

'

/ Have you ever thought of making a fresh start? / 1 couldn't possibly dig up my roots and start again . / ; ; ı imagine that very many people come to regret the move! / ; ; True. But it must take a lot of courage . 1 couldn't do it myself but 1 sometimes envy those who do.

;

;

;

;

;

;

------------

_...

; ;;



/,.------------------ .... ,

14. Jeff: - Are there considerable cultural differences in the way business is conducted between China and Western countries? Neal: - Oh yes, there are many differences and you have to be aware of these if you want to succeed in Ch ina. Jeff:

,'

ile

eşleşmektedir. Ayrıca

sonunda; önce "in Western-style business" ardından "In China" ifadelerinin gelmesi bu farklılıkları ortaya

/,

1

\

diyaloğun

Neal: - Well, in Western-style business, we focus on the deal, the ,' possibilities and the risks. In China, top businessmen spend a 1 good deal of time exploring what sort of person you are. Your ,' 1 character is more important than what you do. 1 A) B) C) D) E)

STRATEJi A. şıkkındaki "differences" kelimesi diyalogdaki konu

"

\

W hat sort of differences? Have you ever done business in China? How does one go about making business centacts there? What are the advantages of doing business in China? Which regions of China are the best for making high

;"

koymaktadır.

'

''------------------~"'

1

profıts?

15. Carol: - People appreciate the extraordinary beauty of butterflies, but their colours and shapes might also be functional, mightn 't they? Paul: - l've really no idea. In what way? Ca rol: Paul: - Really? That's interesting.

~

,.--------------------

ı

....

,

STRATEJi

' ı

B. şıkkındaki "For instance" cümlesi öncesinde "In what way?" sorusunun gelmesini

ı,,_g_e~ektirir. ___________ ~ ~" "

,

A) This specifıc chapter is on the evolution of patterns on the " " " --~ " wings of butterflies. "" B) For instance, the markings that resemble eyes on ~-"" butterflies may help them startle predators and then escape from them . C) This has to do with genetics. One should try to learn more about it. D) This book gives examples of all of this and more. E) Some dark forms of swallowtail butterflies mimic unrelated inedible species. ls that what you are referring to?

~~

~"

,,


351

YDS ŞiFRELERi 16. Helen: - 1 think forens ics programmas on TV are giving a distorted view of what forensic science can or cannot do. Mark:

(

,-------------------, '

/

ı ı

Hele n:

kullanıldığından. boşluğa gelecek cümlede "they+

- But they do. Some attorneys think that these forensics programmas can affect the jurors' demands and decisions. A) B) C) D) E)

simple present tense"

\ aranır. think most people are responsible enough not to be .... ~-, affected. / / You do? In what way? ,"' ..,.*""' Do you actually watch those programmes? / ...... Oh, come on . People don't take those programmes,. ~ ... seriously! What's on TV this evening? ı

17. Meghan: - Did you know that the government will reduce the amount of taxes you have to pay this year if your baby is born on or before December 31 st? Anna: - Well , mine's due on December 27th. Meghan:

ı'

STRATEJi

,

cevabı öncesinde yer alan cümlede "you" ve "it" zamirierine yer vermeyen

bir cümlenin gelmesini

gerektirir.

Well, 1 hope it' s not born after the deadline. .-Oh no, you might miss the deadline if it's overdue! How nice to have a baby born around the New Year. What does your daughter think about having a new little brother or sister? E) Well , that's all right, then .

A) B) C) D)

James: - One critic, Harold Bloom, says that it's because he teaches us more about ourseıves than any other writer. Allie: - That could be the reason.

/

A. Diyalogda boşluktan sonra gelen "me, too"

.,.,_____ , "' -- -\'

18. James: - Are you planning to attend any of the plays at the Shakespeare festival this year? All ie:

.,------------"

,.,.------- ---------- - .......... ,

Anna: "" - Me too. 1 could really use a bit of extra Mo ney for the bab)l'~" things. ., .-

,

~

;

1

/

_____________ _ ____ ... .-

,-----------------

;

.....

'

STRATEJi

1

'

'1

E. Diyaloğun ilk cümlesindeki soruya cevap içeren şıklar A. B. ve E.

seçenekleridir.

Diyaloğun

devamında yer alan altı

çizili ifadeler, boşluğa gelecek cümlede sebep bildiren bir yapı kullanımı gerektirir. Bu yapı da E. şıkkında görülmektedir.

A) l'd like to, but l'm not su re 1'11 have time. Why do you ask? B) No, but did you know that he wasn't really respected by the public during his own lifetime? lt was only a hundred years , later that he was taken seriously. , C) l'm planning to see all of them. In fact, l've already bought a '~-., season ticket D)You know Shakespeare's really not my ., " ... favourite thing . ., ":_ ... "" ... E) Yes, of course. 1 wonder what it is that makes his plays,-$'"" ... so popular, year after year.

352

'ı

STRATEJi

D. Diyalogda boşluktan sonra "they do"

ı

1 1

, /



Heıen:

~------------------,,

ı'

- How long have the TV's nature documentaries been going? Beth: - For at least 40 years, ı should think. ----

/

STRATEJi

Heıen:

ı

ı ı ,

ı

cevabı, boşluğa gelecek cümlede "they+ present perfect tense" kullanımı gerektirir.

/

A) The series explores the limits of animal endurance in / hostile environments. B) And over that time they've been transformed beyond '"" ""\ ' , __________________ recognition . C) Moreover, the fılms grow even more spectacular and sophisticated. D) Some of the world's leading wildlife camera teams are with the BBC's national history unit. E) Some remarkable footage has been shot.

20. Brian: - The aim of this articıe , apparently, is to show that Shakespeare isn't as special as he' s made out to be! Fred:

,' ı

STRATEJi

,'

/

'

'

'ı

C. Diyalogda yer alan this article konusu it zamiri ile eşleşmektedir. Aynı yapıyı kullanan şık C şıkkıdır. Ayrıca boşluktan sonraki

cümle ile devam ettiğinden, boşluğa gelecek şık seçenekteki gibi bir soru

olmalıdır.

/

'------------------ . . "

...

21. Reg:

Dave: - ı•ve noticed that. Mine actually wanted me to accept the initial offer, and that was really low.

,~

... ~------------------ .... /

Brian: - Well; .!! points out that Shakespeare's King Lear and Cervantes' Don Quixote were written in the same year, and then asks which is the best? ... , Fred: .......... ... - Yes . A tricky question. Thought-provoking, too. ... ... ... ... ... ... A) 1don't want to hear any more! ...... " --- -, B) 1 shan't bother to read it! / __ -----', C) How does it manage to do that? s~:.--D) That' s the fashionable approach at the moment! E) Didn 't Marlowe write his plays?

- Have you put your house up for sale yet? Dave: - Oh, yes. And l've had several offers. The estate agent is urging me to accept the last one. Reg:

'

B. Diyalogda boşluktan sonra gelen "they have"

:

- lndeed they have. In one of the latest they actually show a penguin chick developing inside its egg!

'

------------------- .... ' STRATEJi

'ı

A. Diyalogda boşluktan sonra "l've noticed that" ı

: ,' ,'

ifadesinin yer alması, boşluğa soru yerine yorum cümlesi getirilmesini gerektirir. Ayrıca

"they= the estate

A) That's typical. They like to get the sale over as soon as ' agent" eşleşmesi konu possible. ·- ~ bütünlüğü sağlamaktadır. B) Why is that? ', ,/ C) And why is that? Are they really offering a very good price? ... - - - -- - - -- -- - - - -- --" D) lt' s not a buyer's market at the moment. E) Don 't let him push you into a sale.


353

YDS ŞiFRELERi 22. Matthew: - l've been locking at this map of the world' s oil. George: - Yes. 1 took a look at that, too. What surprised you most? Matthew:

;

'

ı

E. Diyalogdaki sorunun cevabı ancak bir isim ya da ı noun ciause olabilir. Noun : ciause kullanımı E. ı, şıkkında yer almaktadır.

George: - Yes. 1hadn't realized that either. A) 1don 't thin k anything did. B) 1 don 't know. But production costs for North Sea Oil are going up. C) The newly discovered oil reserves in West Africa could have proved useful. D) Nothing really. E) THE FACT THAT central and South America come second, after the Middle East. for oil reserves

'\

STRATEJi

/

/ /

;

/ / / / /;

,"

;

,"

,"

;

;

J"

23. Sam: - Don't forget, "clean coal" means different things to different people. Charles: - 1 know it does. But at least people are beginning to realize that coal can be cleaned and, indeed, should be. Sam:

,----------------~,

;

/

'

STRATEJi

'ı

C. Diyalogdaki boşluktan sonar gelen "it used to be" ifadesi kullanılmış olması, boşluğa gelecek cümlede "lt" zamiri ile nitelenebilecek bir özne ve "be" fiili kullanımı gerektirir. C. şıkkı hem bu yapıyı hem de "expensive" ortak kelimesini içererek konu

ı

Charles: - lt used to be. But there are now new systems that are far more effıcient and far less expensive. A) What's the big problem , sulphur dioxide? B) Clean coal technologies fall into three categories . ı C) But isn't the cleaning of coal an extremely expensive,- ..! process? 1 D) Coal that has been "aged" gives out more heat and fewer \ gases. \ E) ls it really possible to "clean" coal? 1

bütünlüğünü sağlar.

E.

şıkkında

yapısı

1

konu 1

yer

ise "lt + be"

almasına rağmen

bütünlüğünü

sağlayacak

bir

kullanım

,'

\ yoktur.

''

354

' /

'-----------------~

/



;------------------,,

24. Sue: - ls your computer reasonably modern1. Wendy:

/

Su e: - Then it's terribly out of date! With computers there are new things happening all the time. Wendy: - That may be. But l'm comfortable with mine and have no intention of changing it.

STRATEJi

\

D. Diyalogdaki soruya cevap içeren seçenekler A. C. D. ve E. şıklarıdır. Ancak E. şıkkı, "terribly out of date = six years" eşleşmesine yer verdiğinden doğru cevaptır.

A) ı suppose so. l've never really thought about it. ', 8) Are you trying to seli me a new one? .,'~ .C) Probabıy not. ır s a bit sıow, though, and that can be .- .. annoyıng . .. .... D) Oh. yes. ı·ve had it about six years , that's all. ,/.. E) ı don't know. But it's been giving me a lot of trouble Iate!

------------ ., "

;;:---


355

YDS ŞiFRELERi

READING PASSAGE TESTS 3.

TESTI 1.

5.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

lt is clearly pointed out in the passage that the United States' decision in 1971 to give up the postwar gold standard ----.

cevaplayın ız.

A key feature of globalization has been the transformatian of the world economy, highlighted by the rapid integration of markets since 1970. In a series of historic changes, the international agreements that had regulated the movement of people, goods, and money since World War ll were overturned. To begin with, the postwar economic arrangements sealed by various treaties steadily eroded in the Iate 1960s, as Western industrial nations faced a double burden of inflation and economic stagnation. A crucial shift in monetary policy occurred in 1971, when the United States abandoned the postwar gold standard and allowed the dollar to range freely. As a result, formal regulations on currencies, international banking, and lending among states faded away. They were replaced with an informal network of arrangements managed autonomously by large private lenders, their political friends in leading Western states, and independent financial agencies such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. The economists and administrators who dominated these new networks steered away from the interventionist policies that had shaped postwar planning and recovery. lnstead, they relied ona broad of market-driven models termed range "neoliberalism." 1.

A) greatly undermined the process of globalization in the following decades and has since led the world economy into a serious erisis B) has been the primary cause of the chronic inflation and economic stagnation faced by the rest of the world C) was essentially inspired by new economic models based on free-market policies and neoliberal practices D) was extremely important, since it overturned international currency and banking regulations E) was the natural outcome of the wide range of economic arrangements made in the postwar period in the West

4.

A) have always been regarded with suspicion by industrialized Western nations B) develop policies that give priority to state intervention in the management of the economy C) have always introduced new formal regulations for currencies and international banking D) recruit only those economists who strongly support interventionist economic policies E) are fınancial bodies that are free from any intervention by an outside authority

lt is indicated in the passage that the economic performance in the postwar period

----.

A) totally eliminated the economic stagnation experienced by Western industrial nations B) primarily depended on policies formulated by the International Monetary Fund C) was mainly based on policies that allowed state intervention D) was so good that leading industrial states remained indifferent to neoliberalism E) had a positive impact on the development of international banking 5. 2.

As clearly stressed in the passage, the world economy ----.

As can be understood from the passage, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank----

lt is suggested neoliberalism ----.

A) A) underwent a process of radical change after 1970, with markets quickly integraling B) has never recovered from the adverse effects of inflation since World W ar ll C) is now fully managed only by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank D) was affected by globalization for only a relatively short period after 1970 E) is constantly manipulated by the United States and other leading Western countries

356

B) C) D) E)

in

the

passage

that

s i gnifıes

the economic policies that have been practised by the West si nce World W ar ll isa term that reters to widely different models of the market economy has always been disregarded by World Bank economists and administrators is primarily concerned with the free movement of people and goods in the world has been more dominant in the United States than in any of the other industrial nations



10.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

8.

cevaplayınız.

As can be seen from the passage, the war between Iran and Iraq ----. A) lasted under a decade and caused a great deal of bloodshed B) was actually a war of attrition, with no victory for either side C) greatly undermined the prosperity of the Iranian people D) made it necessary for the Iranian regime to use all its oil revenues for weapons E) was fought on both sides with weapons provided by the Soviets

During the latter part of 1980, Iraq invaded Iran and hoped to seize its southern oil fıelds . Iran counterattacked . The result was a murderous eightyear contıict marked by the use of chemical weapons and human waves of young Iranian radicals fıghting the Soviet-armed lraqis. The war ended with lran's defeat, but not the collapse of its theocratic regime. In the short term , their long defence of Iranian nationalism left the mullahs more entrenched at home, while abroad they used their oil revenues to back grass-roots radicalism in Lebanon and militants elsewhere who engaged in anti-Western terrorism . Over the years, the strongest threats to the Iranian regime ultimately have come from within, from a new generatian of young students and workers who have discovered that their prospects for prosperity and democratic rights have not changed much since the days of the shah.

9.

lt is stressed in the passage that, with the Money earned from oil exports, Iran ----. A)

6.

According to the passage, the Iranian regime B) A) has always been aware of the need to grant to the people their democratic rights B) was adversely affected by the war with Iraq and lost much of its power C) has introduced radical economic policies to increase its oil revenues D) has failed to gain the unanimous support of the people in the country E) wholly relies on young radicals in the country, who are inspired by nationalism

7.

lt is clear from the passage that lraq's invasion of Iran ----. A) led to a war, which , in the end, settled the issue of the southern oil field s B) was sheer aggression, motivated by an economic purpose C) signifıcantly weakened the authority of the Iranian mullahs D) was strongly opposed by the Soviet government of the time E) provoked Iranian students and workers into antiregime demonstrations


C) D) E)

fınanced

a series of projects to strengthen nationalism among young radicals made huge investments to upgrade the capacity of its southern oil fıelds re-armed its army and, thus , was able to resist the Iraq i invasion carried out economic retorms to improve the living standards of its people sponsored radical political movements in other Countries

10. According to the passage, some segments of Iranian society have ultimately become aware of the fact that ----. A) the Iran-Iraq war resulted from the Iranian regime's failure to cooperate with Iraq B) the Iranian government is wasting the country's oil revenues on unfeasible projects C) the new Iranian regime has not met their economic and political expectations D) the future of the regime in the country fundamentally depends on young radicals E) the power of the mullahs in the country is not so strong as has generally been assumed

357

YDS ŞiFRELERi 11.

-

15.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

cevaplayınız.

Until the Iate thirteenth century, European maritime commerce had been divided between a Mediterranean and a North Atlantic world . Starting araund 1270, however, ltalian merchants began to sail through the Strait of Gibraltar and on to the woolproducing regions of England and the Netherlands. This was the essential fırst step in the extension of Mediterranean commerce and colonization into the Atlantic Ocean. The second step was the discovery by Genoese sailors, during the fourteenth century, of the Atlantic isiand chains known as the Canaries and the Azores. Efforts to colonize the Canary lslands and to convert and enslave their inhabitants began almost immediately. But an effective conquest of the Canary lslands did not begin until the fıfteenth century, when it was undertaken by Portugal and completed by Spain . The Canaries, in turn, became the base from which further Portuguese voyages down the west coast of Africa proceeded . They were also the "jumping-off point" from which Christopher Columbus would sail westward across the Atlantic Ocean in hopes of reaching Asia .

12. lt is clear from the passage that the European discovery and conquest of the Canary lslands in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries ---.

A) actually had no commercial and maritime s i gnifıcance , but became the major cause of rivalry between Portugal and Spain B) strategically paved the way for further explorations along coastal West Africa and across the Atlantic Ocean C) could have been prevented if the natives had been politically united to resist canversion and colonization D) caused so much excitement across Europe that especially ltalian merchants were keen to use the islands as their commercial base E) had an adverse impact on the Netherlands' maritime trade with England and other countries in northern Europe

13. lt is asserted in the passage that, in the Iate thirteenth century, ----.

A) ltalian merchants were first able to carry their Mediterranean trade into England and the Netherlands B) the Strait of Gibraltar gained so much strategic importance that it became a territorial issue between Spain and Portugal C) the Europeans soon realized that there was a great deal of profıt to be made by slave trade across the Atlantic D) both England and the Netherlands emerged as the only major calanizing powers in the North Atlantic E) the ltalians absolutely dominated the trade in the Mediterranean and strongly opposed other nations' attempts to benefıt from it 11. As suggested in the passage, in medieval Europe before 1270, ----.

A) Spanish and Portuguese sailors had attempted to explore the west coast of Africa and enslave the natives B) only ltalian merchants had had the monopoly to import wool from England and the Netherlands C) some daring attempts had been made to conquer and colonize the Canaries and the Az o res D) there had been two major zones for maritime trade: the Mediterranean and the North Atlantic E) there had been continual efforts especially by the Portuguese to convert West African natives to Christianity

358

14. As stated in the passage, the Canary lslands

A) were more densely populated than the Azores, which played no part in transatlantic trade B) had already been Christianized before they were discovered and colonized C) were not so important as the Azares in the increase of trade along the West African coast D) did not interest Christopher Columbus at all in his voyages across the Atlantic E) were subjected to colonization soon after they were discovered by the Genoese


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi passage,

17. lt is suggested in the passage that, in their view of slavery, the Romans ----.

A) hoped that his westward voyage across the Atlantic would ultimately take him to Asia B) learned much from Genoese sailors about the locations of the Canaries and the Azores C) had taken part earlier in Portuguese voyages down the west coast of Africa D) paid little attention to the strategic and economic importance of the Canary lslands E) always dreamed of completely controlling all the maritime commerce with Asia

A) attached a great deal of importance to the military value of slaves B) had largely been inspired by the Greeks and some eastern peoples C) were not so sophisticated as the other peoples of the ancient world D) began to follow a different policy only after they had enslaved the Carthaginians E) d id not differ much from other ancient peoples

15. As can be inferred from Christopher Columbus ----.

the

18. lt is implied in the passage that the early Romans----. 16.

-

20.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

cevaplayınız.

Like nearly all the peoples of the ancient world, the Romans took slavery for granted. Nothing in Rome's earlier experience had prepared it, however, for the huge increase in slave numbers that resulted from its western and eastern conquests . In 146 B.C., fıfty-fıve thousand Carthaginians were enslaved after the destruction of their city; not long before, one hundred and fifty thousand Greek prisoners of war had met the same fate. By the end of the second century B.C. , there were a million slaves in ltaly alone, making Roman ltaly one of the most slave-based economies known to history. The majority of these slaves worked as agricultural labourers on the vast estates of the Roman aristocracy. Some of these estates were the result of earlier Roman conquests within ltaly itself. But others were constructed by aristocrats buying up the land holdings of thousands of smail farmers who found themselves unable to compete with the great estate-owners in producing grain for the market.

A) had no notion of slavery and knew nothing about it B) were not interested in farming and , therefore, imported their grain C) were so opposed to aristocrats that they protected smail farmers against them D) had one political goal: to conquer all the other peoples east and west E) had always been on friendly terms with all the peoples of the ancient world

19. lt is clear from the passage that, when the Romans began to extend their conquests, ----. A) they were seriously resisted by the Greeks, who had no fear of the m B) their immediate aim was to conquer and enslave the Carthaginians C) it led to an enormous increase in the number of slaves D) they depended heavily on slaves for their military campaigns E) it greatly pleased the Roman aristocracy, si nce they were able to own new estates

16. lt is pointed out in the passage that, in ancient Rome, ----. A) aristocrats always had the right to determine grain prices for the market B) most aristocrats preferred smail farmers to slaves as labourers on their farms C) the production of grain was solely the responsibility of large numbers of smail fa rm ers D) it was aristocrats that owned huge amounts of farming lands E) aristocrats were so hostile to smail farmers that they drove the m off the ir la nd s


20. As emphasized in the passage, slaves in ancient Rome ----. A) were totally of Greek and Carthaginian origin B) made up the backbone of the Roman economy C) formed what the author calls "smail farmers" D) were so great in number that aristocrats were uneasy about them E) knew fa rm ing so well that they produced grain in huge amounts

359

YDS ŞiFRELERi 21.

-

25.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

23. lt is claimed in the passage that Byzantine architecture ----.

The fınest example of Byzantine architecture is the church of Saint Sophia (Holy Wisdom) in Istanbul, constructed by the emperor Justinian in the sixth century. Evidently, its structuraı design was something altogether new in the history of architecture. The central feature of the design was the application of the dome principle to a building of square shape. The church was designed in the form of a cross, with a magnifıcent dome over its central square. The main problem for the architects was how to fıt the circumference of the dome to the square area it was supposed to cover. The solution was to have tour great arehes spring from pillars at the tour comers of the square. The rim of the dome was then made to rest on the keystones of the arches, with the curved triangular spaces between the arehes fılled with masonry. The result was an architectural framework of marvellous strength, which at the same time made possible a style of imposing grandeur and delicacy. The dome itself has a diametre of 107 feet and rises to a height of nearly 180 feet from the floor. So many windows are placed areund its rim that the dome appears to have no support at all but to be suspended in midair.

A) was stili in its early stage during the reign of Emperor Justinian

cevaplayın ız.

21. As emphasized in the passage, the design of the church of Saint Sophia in istanbul ensured that ----. A) it would serve as a model for the design of new churches in the future B) Emperor Justinian was greatly pleased by its structure and grandeur C) the rim of the dome had to have many Windows to let sunlight in D) the weight of the dome had to be reduced by tour great pillars E) architecturally its structure was unique and antirely unprecedented

22. According to the passage, the harmony of the dome and the square base on which the dome rested ----. A) had been a commen feature of Byzantine architecture before Saint Sophia B) was made possible by the use of four great arehes C) was never regarded as a crucial issue in the construction of Saint Sophia D) was not adequately taken into consideration during the design of Saint Sophia E) has always been a major problem throughout the history of architecture

360

B) began to improve and further develop after the construction of Saint Sophia C) was greatly influenced by the architecture that preceded the sixth century D) is best represented and exemplifıed by the church of Saint Sophia E) always made use of masonry in the construction of buildings with grandeur

24. As suggested in the passage, the perfect combination of the dome and the arehes in Saint Sophia ----. A) seemed to the architects to be precarious s ince the do me, with a diametre of 107 feet, was of an immense size and weight B) was sornewhat spoiled by the curved triangular spaces that could be seen between the arehes C) gave it not only amazing strength but also impressive magnifıcence and gracefulness D) enabled the architects to design and construct the whole structure in the form of a cross E) gave the architects themselves the impression that the dome was suspended in midair, with no support whatsoever

25. lt is clear that the passage ----. A) is a concise description of Saint Sophia's architectural features and overall exeellence B) mainly focuses on the distinctive aspects of Byzantine architecture in the sixth century C) gives a detailed account of Emperor Justinian's support for the construction of Saint Sophia D) discusses how Byzantine architects came to use the dome as a major structural element E) explains the reasons why Saint Sophia was designed in the form of a cross



TEST ll 1.

5.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

A) was best represented by Henry VIII, who followed a policy of friendship with other countries B) introduced a number of military retorms in order to build the strongest army in Europe C) focused its main attention on the improvement of agriculture in the country D) was represented by powerful sovereigns, who played a leading role in European politics E) came to power in the Iate fıfteenth century and ruled the country over a centur

cevaplayın ız.

The 16 th century in England is generally known as the Tudor period, which historically lasted from 1485 to 1603. Among the famous Tudor sovereigns were Henry VII, Henry VIII, and Elizabeth ı. In fact, the early years of the Tudor period were marked by signifıcant changes in trade and in the arts of war. Henry VII made commercial treaties with European countries. Economically, England, which had always been a sheep-raising country, was by now manufacturing and exporting signifıcant amounts of cloth. As lands were enclosed to permit grazing on a larger scale, people were driven off the land to the cities, and London grew into a metropolitan market with sophisticated commercial institutions. These changes had an impact on the traditional feudal social order, which also began to decline; also, due to the introduction of cannons and fırearms , the feudal system of warfare became obsolete. Yet, it would be a mistake to imagine these changes as sudden and dramatic. In fact, it was a slow and long process whereby England was transformed into a modern sta te. 1.

4.

lt is clear from the passage that, due to developments in cloth-making in Tudor England, ----. A) most farming lands were turned into grazing fıelds for the sheep B) English merchants began to look for new markets in order to export more goods C) rural people gave up farming and migrated to London in search of employment D) the economic prosperity of the people increased enormously E) many cities, including London, competed with each other for economic prosperity

According to the passage, it was during the Tudor period that ----. A) England's overseas trade was adversely affected by ongoing wars in Europe B) feudalism in England was further strengthened C) England's exports to European countries were signifıcantly in decline D) sheep-raising was introduced into England, which had large areas of grazing E) London was transformed into a major trade cent re

2.

One understands from the passage that the Tudor dynasty in England ----.

lt is pointed out in the passage that the changes that took place in Tudor England ----. A) were fundamentally inspired by the social and economic developments already being witnessed in Europe B) had far-reaching effects on social and economic life C) were mainly confıned to social life and improved the efficiency of the feudal social ord er D) initially resulted from a revision of the traditional arts of war that had depended on the use of cannons and fırearms E) greatly reduced all the political and legal powers that English sovereigns had traditionally enjoyed and used


5.

On the basis of the passage, one can state that, during the Tudor period, England ----. A) earned large amounts of revenue from its Exports B) took little interest in the affairs of continental Europe C) experienced a long process of social and economic transformatian D) emerged as a major sheep-raising country in Euro pe E) remained totally indifferent to the economic and political changes in Europe

361

YDS ŞiFRELERi 6.

10.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

8.

cevaplayın ız.

In the last third of the 19th century, new Technologies transformed the face of manufacturing in Europe, leading to new levels of economic growth and complex realignments among industry, labour and national governments. Like Europe's fırst industrial revolution , which began in the Iate 18th century and centred on coal , steam and iron, this "second" industrial revolution relied on innovation in three key areas: steel , electricity, and chemicals. For instance, steel , which was harder, stronger and more malleable than iron , had long been used as a construction material. But until the mid-nineteenth century, producing steel cheaply and in large quantities was impossible. That changed between the 1850s and 1870s, as new and different processes for refining and mass-producing alloy steel revolutionized the metallurgical industry. Although iron did not disappear overnight, it was soon edipsed by soaring steel production . So, steel began to be used for various purposes. In Britain , for example, shipbuilders made a quick and profitable switch to steel construction , and thus kept their lead in the industry. Germany and the US, however, dominated the rest of the steel industry. By 1901 , Germany was producing al most half as much steel as Britain and was able to build a massive national and industrial infrastructure. 6.

lt is stated in the passage that, in the Iate nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, ----. A) the steel industry in Europe surpassed all the other industries, including those of electricity and chemicals B) governments in Britain and Germany took severe measures to prevent radical labour movements C) the US produced so much steel that it began to manipulate the world steel market D) Britain's use of steel in the shipbuilding industry strengthened its dominant position in this sector E) the use of iron and steel as construction materials was wholly confıned to shipbuilding

7.

According to the passage, the first industrial revolution ----. A) caused so much labour unrest in Europe that the steel industry did not develop adequately B) came into being during the later decades of the eighteenth century C) originally began in Britain and, then, spread to Germany and other European countries D) led to the manufacture of a wide variety of goods, ranging from construction materials to chemicals E) did not last long , since it did not lead to the development of new Technologies

362

One understands from the passage that, before the mid-nineteenth century, ----. A) steel production had been costly and did not amount to much quantity B) the "second" industrial revolution had spread all over Europe C) Germany and Britain had been in fıerce competition in developing shipbuilding technologies D) Germany and the US collaborated against Britain for research in chemistry E) the manufacturing industry in Europe had benefıted a great deal from new Technologies

9.

According to the passage, in the second half of the nineteenth century, the metallurgical industry underwent a radical transformatian --

--.

A) although some countries , like Germany and the US, were stili using obsolete methods of production B) due to Germany's lead in the development of new steel production technologies C) because Britain 's shipbuilders had discovered new ways to build bigger but less expensive ships D) when alloy steel began to be refıned and massproduced through the introduction of innovative processes E) owing to new discoveries and technological prograss in the fıelds of electricity and chemistry

10. lt is suggested in the passage that, in the nineteenth century, innovative developments in the areas of steel, electricity, and chemicals

A) led to a lasting rivalry in shipping between Germany and Britain B) turned Germany into the strongest and most prosperous country in Europe C) brought about the "second" industrial revolution D) greatly contributed to the improvement of Britain's infrastructure E) became the main concern of national governments in Europe



-

12.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

12. lt is pointed out in the passage that not every politician in Britain ----.

In 1764, there was a serious quarrel over taxation between the British government and its colonies in America. The British government continued to think of the colonists as British subjects. In 1700, there had been only 200.000 colonists, but by 1770 this number rose to 2. 5 million. Obviously, such large numbers needed to be dealt with carefully. Some American colonists decided that it was not lawful for the British government to tax them without their agreement. Political opinion in Britain was divided. Some felt that the tax was fair because the money would be used to pay for the defence of the American colonies against French attack. But several important politicians agreed with the colonists that there should be "no taxation without representation". Hence, in 1773, at the port of Boston, a group of colonists threw a shipload of tea into the sea rather than pay tax on it. The event became known as "the Boston Tea Party''. The British government responded by closing the port. But the colonists then decided to prevent British goods from entering America until the port was opened again. The colonists' action was regarded as a rebellion, and the British government decided to defeat it by force . Thus, the American War of lndependence got underway. The war lasted from 1775 until 1783. The British government had no respect for the colonists' fighting ability. The result was a disastrous defeat for the British forces . At the end of the war, Britain lost all the American colonies except Canada.

A) supported the British government's decision to tax the American colonists against their will B) believed that the French would dare to invade the American colonies C) agreed that "the Boston Tea Party'' jeopardized trade with the colonies D) was convinced that the British forces in America were strong enough to defeat the colonists E) was of the opinion that the American colonists would ever dream of independence

cevaplayınız.

11. lt is clear from the passage that, since the American colonists were not represented in the British Parliament, ----. A) some politicians argued that Boston should be exempted from all kinds of taxation B) they refused to pay the tax required of them by the British government C) it was much easier for them to start a war of independence against Britain D) they did not have a standing army and, therefore, were unable to defeat the British forces E) they were not subject to the laws of Britain and felt free to take action against Britain


13. lt is stated in the passage that, within a period of almost three quarters of a century, ----. A) Britain and France got into a fierce competition in order to colonize a very large part of America B) Britain lost the war against the American colonies and had to grant their independence C) Canada grew demographically well ahead of the other American colonies D) Britain's trade with the American colonies reached a level well above all expectations E) the population of the American colonies increased to more than ten times the original Number

14. One understands from the passage that, because of the tax crisis, ----. A) the American colonists imposed sanctions on British goods B) the port of Boston was closed for over half a century C) Britain took urgent precautions in order to increase its military capacity in America D) the import of tea into the American colonies came under the British monopoly E) France expressed its willingness to aid the American colonies against Britain

363

YDS ŞiFRELERi 15. lt is stressed in the passage that, for the British government, ----. A) the port of Boston was of vital political importance for relations with the American colonies B) the political representation of the American colonies was fully dependent on their payment of taxes C) France's political aims in America had to be countered by the colonies themselves D) the people living in the American colonies were always considered to be British subjects E) a defence agreement with the American colonies had to be reached urgently against France

16.

-

20.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

cevaplayın ız.

The Mississippi is one of the world's great continental rivers, like the Amazon in South America, the Congo in Africa, or the Volga in Europe. lts waters are gathered from two-thirds of the US and, together with the Missouri, which is its chief western branch; the Mississippi flows some 6.400 kilometres from its northern sources in the Rocky Mountains to the Gulf of Mexico, which makes it one of the world's longest waterways. The Mississippi has been called the "father of waters". Through all its lower course , it wanders along, appearing lazy and harmless. But people who know the river are not deceived by its benign appearance, for they have had many bitter struggles with its floods. They have had to learn that nothing is to be gained by fighting against the rages of the mighty stream. To control it, Americans have had to accept some of the river's own terms and to undertake the patient work of conserving and rebuilding soil, grasslands and forests, far back where the waters begin to gather.

16. lt is clear from the passage that the sources of the Mississippi's waters ---. A) are so limited that the river seldom causes flooding along its banks B) are not as manyas those of other continental rivers in the world C) need to be conserved to protect the river from environmental pollution D) are spread over a great part of the US E) cannot be ascertained, since the Rocky Mountains have not been explored fully

364

17. lt is pointed out in the passage that, although in its lower course the Mississippi looks quiet and harmless, ----. A) most people believe that it may one day overflow its banks B) the people living along it are not aware of this C) actually it has caused much devastation D) pepple have always been indifferent to the threats it poses E) in its upper course it is extremely violent and destructive

18. In the passage, attention is drawn to the fact that the Mississippi's waters can best be controlled ----. A) if environmental measures are taken around its northern sources B) so long as its northern sources are definitely identifıed

C) provided that Americans know how to struggle with them D) only if the people living along its course are evacuated E) in the same way that the world 's other big rivers have been controlled

19. One understands from the passage that the Mississippi ----. A) has far more branches for the gathering of its waters than the Congo in Africa and the Volga in Europe B) differs from the Amazon in South America and the other continental rivers in the world largely because its waters are much shallower C) is far more navigable than the other continental rivers in the world and, therefore, becomes a commercially profıtable waterway in the US D) flows so fast throughout its course that, despite the long distance, it does not take long for its waters to get to the Gulf of Mexico E) cuts across the US from the Rocky Mountains in the north to the Gulf of Mexico in the South


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 20. lt is suggested in the passage that the American people ----.

22. According to the passage, the discovery of Earthlike settings in other parts of the universe ----.

A) have in the end learned how to get along with the Mississippi B) always boast of having the world's longest river in their country C) have a very strong sense of the environment and, therefore, conserve their forests D) think that, without the Missouri, the Mississippi would have been just a mere stream E) regard the Mississippi as "the father of waters" because it is fully navigable

A) is defınitely out of question, since the universe is extremely vast B) would no longer make the Earth seem like the only planet with life on it C) seems possible, but it would be very costly and dangerous to attempt it D) has been an obsession for scientists ever since the time of Copernicus E) was what Galileo was primarily interestad in the early seventeenth century

23. lt is pointed out in the passage that, in recent years, ----. 21.

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25.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

cevaplayın ız.

The Copemican revolution began over 500 years ago with the realization that the Earth was not the centre of the universe, but we stili await its grand fınale : the anticipated discovery of life elsewhere. Where else might we find life? The vast scale of the universe makes it virtually certain that there are other Earthlike settings. In our own solar system, Mars's distance from the Sun makes it sufficiently Earth-like; so, especially with increasing evidence for occasional liquid water, many are looking there for the fırst signs of extraterrestrial life. Recently, however, a new cantender has emerged, and surprisingly it is from the cold outer solar system: it is Jupiter's moon Europa. As one of the tour satellites of Jupiter, discovered by Galileo in 1610, Europa is now believed to have water in a liquid state, even though it is so far from the Sun. Thus , the possibility of liquid water on Europa has opened the door to speculation about life on this satellite of Jupiter.

21. One clearly understands from the passage that, until Copernicus in the sixteenth century

A) Mars had generally been regarded as the planet with life on it B) the search for life elsewhere in the solar system had been tutile C) it had been commonly believed that the centre of the universe was the Earth D) there had been many attempts to understand the outer solar system E) the planets in the solar system had all been discovered and studied


A) some scientists have come to regard Copernicus's contribution to astronomy as negligible B) scientists have come to understand the reasons for Galileo's discovery of Europa C) astronomers have focused on an in-depth study of the outer solar system D) there has been much controversy about the geological features of Mars E) it has been suggested that Jupiter's moon Europa may have liquid water on it

24. lt is stated in the passage that currently Mars

--.

A) has been established as the only planet with a vast amount of water under its surface B) is being fully explored because, as a planet, it is so close to the Earth C) has been partially studied , and so it stil maintains its mystery as a planet D) has been the main focus of the scientific search for extraterrestrial life E) and Europa provide a great deal of evidence for a better understanding of the sol ar system

25. According to the passage, it is hoped that ---. A) the amount of liquid water on Mars will be sufficient for life on the planet B) in the future only Europa will become man's new home in the universe C) one day Earth-like life will be discovered outside our own planet D) living beings will be found on one of Jupiter's satellites E) the search for extraterrestrial life in the universe will never be disrupted

365

YDS ŞiFRELERi 3.

TEST lll 1- 5.

soruları aşağıdaki

parçaya göre

cevaplayınız.

The major sciences of the Hellenistic Age were astronomy, mathematics, geography, medicine, and physics. The most renowned of the early Hellenistic astronomers was Aristarchus of Samos (310-230 B.C.), sametimes called the "Hellenistic Copernicus. " His primary accomplishment was his deduction that the Earth and the other planets revolve araund the Sun . This view was not accepted by his successors because it conflicted with the teachings of Aristotle and also with the Greek conviction that humanity, and therefore the Earth, must be at the centre of the universe. Later, in the second century A.D. , Aristarchus's fame was overshadowed by that of Ptolemy of Alexandria. Although Ptolemy made few original discoveries, he systematized the works of others. His principal writing, The Almagest, based on the view that all heavenly bodies revolve araund the Earth, was handed down to medieval Europe as the dassic summary of ancient astronomy.

1.

A) opened the way for the study of astronomy as a science B) was only repeating the traditional Greek idea C) did not differ from other Hellenistic astronomers D) had much influence on his contemporaries E) made an unprecedented breakthrough in Astronomy

4.

According to the passage, it was Ptolemy of Alexandria who ----.

One gathers from the passage that, in the Hellenistic Age, ----. A) Aristotle's writings and the works of other philosophers were edited and published B) astronomy was the science which received the most attention C) all astronomers held the same views about the Sun and the planets D) astronomy was just one of several sciences to be studied seriously E) it was commonly accepted that Aristarchus's ideas had mainly derived from Aristotle

366

lt is pointed out in the passage that the Greeks ---. A) regarded the Earth as the centre of the universe B) were extremely influenced by Aristarchus's ideas C) were not fully familiar with the teachings of Aristotle D) completely ruled out whatever Ptolemy said about the universe E) knew how the planets revolved araund the Sun

A) adequately summarized in his Almagest Aristarchus's ideas on astronomy B) was greatly inspired by Aristarchus's heliocentric view of the universe C) fundamentally shaped the European understanding of astronomy for the Middle Age s D) fırst studied and explained in The Almagest the movements of all the planets E) contributed extensively to the development of astronomy as a science

2.

lt is clear from the passage that, with his view of the universe, Aristarchus ----.

5.

One understands from the passage that Aristarchus's reputation as an astronomer

A) can be attributed to Copernicus's study of his work B) never lost its significance in the Middle Ages C) began to grow only after the second century A.D. D) became widespread through Ptolemy's famous work The Almagest E) has been acknowledged as correct by modern astronomers



10.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

7.

cevaplayın ız.

The most significant political change in eastern Europe during the Iate 1980s was the collapse of communism in East Germany and the unification of East and West Germany. Although long considered the most prosperous of the Soviet satellite countries, East Germany suffered from severe economic stagnation and environmental degradation . Waves of East Germans registered their discontent with worsening conditions by massive illegal emigration to the West. This exodus together with evidence of widespread official corruption led to the resignation of East Germany's long-time, hard-line premier, Erich Honecker. His successor, Egon Krenz, promised reforms, but he was nevertheless faced with continuing protests and continuing mass emigration . In the end , on 4 November 1989, the government, in a move that acknowledged its powerlessness to hold its citizens captive, opened its border with Czechoslovakia. This move effectively freed East Germans to travel to the West. In a matter of days, the Berlin Wall, wh ich had been the embodiment of the Cold War, the lron Curtain, and the division of East from West, was demolished by groups of ordinary citizens. Jubilant crowds from both sides walked through the gaping holes that now permitted men, women, and children to take the few steps that symbolized the return to freedom and a chance for national unity.

6.

lt is stressed in the passage that the Berlin Wall ----. A) had been built by the East German government in order to prevent any access to West Berlin B) not only divided East and West, but also, more importantly, symbolized the Cold War and the lron Curtain of C) signified both the powerlessness Honecker's government and the failure of his economic policies D) would have been demolished even if East Germany had retained communism E) gave rise to a great many ideological controversies between East and West Germany

8.

According to the passage, with the collapse of the Berlin Wall, ----. A) the Soviet satellite countries were exposed to Western ideas B) East and West Germany signed a treaty of reunification C) the economic prosperity of East Germany continued to increase D) the East Germans took up their fight against political corruption E) the East German people were, as it were, finally freed from captivity

As pointed out in the passage, in the Iate 1980s, -- . A) Haneeker and Krenz were fully committed to the ultimate unification of East and West Germany B) East Germany began to enjoy so much prosperity that the other Soviet satellite states became envious of its economic success C) the East German government, already corrupt and disliked by the people, was no longer able to prevent mass emigration to the West D) Haneeker introduced extremely austere economic measures in order to improve worsening conditions and get rid of corruption E) East Germany adopted a policy of cooperation with West Germany so that the effects of the Cold W ar could be eliminated


9.

lt is stated in the passage that East Germany

-- -.

A) made various attempts to fight corruption in the government, but failed B) had continually tried to be re-unified with West Germany before the fall of the Berlin W all C) had never regarded communism as an acceptable regime until the 1980s D) faced extremely severe economic and environmental problems in the 1980s E) had a considerable economic and political influence on other east European countries

367

YDS ŞiFRELERi 10. lt is made clear in the passage that Honecker's resignation from the government -

12. As pointed out in the passage, the new states in eastern Europe, created in accordance with the Versailles treaty, ----.

A) led to a serious political erisis in the country, which was fınally resolved by the intervention of his successor Egon Krenz B) was inevitable because he had failed to carry out the retorms urgently needed to improve the economy and the environment C) was required by his successor Egon Krenz, who was far more popular with the people and took the necessary precautions to stop illegal emigration D) was demanded because, without having consulted his colleagues, he had opened East Germany's border with Czechoslovakia E) took place as a result of widespread offıcial corruption and the massive illegal emigration to the West of the people of East German

A) became the source of many problems in Europe and caused much disillusionment B) were protected by the Allied powers against a possible German invasion C) formed an alliance in order to resist Germany's territorial demands D) maintained their independence until the start of World War ll E) did their best to be on good terms with Germany and so pursued a pro-German policy

---.

11.

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15.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

cevaplayınız.

The causes of World W ar ll were rooted in the peace settlement at Versailles in 1919-1920. The peace had created as many problems as it had solved. The senior Allied heads of state yielded to demands that involved annexing German territory and creating new states out of the eastern European empires. In doing so , the peacemakers created fresh bitterness and conflict. The Versailles treaty and its champions , such as US President Woodrow Wilson , proclaimed the principle of self-determination for the peoples of eastern and southern Europe. Yet the new states created by the treaty crossed ethnic boundaries, involved political compromises , and frustrated many of the expectations they had raised . The unsteady new boundaries would be redrawn by force in the 1930s. The Allied powers also kept up the naval blackade against Germany after the e nd of World W ar ı. This forced the new German government to accept harsh terms that deprived Germany of its political power in Europe. The blackade and its consequences created grievances that made the German people feel angry and completely humiliated . 11. lt is argued in the passage that the Versailles treaty, signed after World War 1, ----. A) went into effect soon after the Allied naval blackade against Germany had been lifted B) did not take into consideration Woodrow Wilson's principle of self-determination C) enabled Germany to regain its territories in eastern Europe and become militarily strong again D) was a total failure, since it ultimately led to WorldWar ll E) was accepted with great jubilation by the German government and people

368

13. According to the passage, in the face of the Allied naval blockade, ----. A) Germany openly refused to reach any political compromise with the Allied powers B) the German government gave up its demands for the annexation of the east European countries C) the newly-created east European countries soon began to disregard each other's boundaries D) the German people strongly opposed Woodrow Wilson's principle of selfdetermination E) Germany had no other choice but to agree to the severe conditions dictated by the Allies

14. lt is clear from the passage that, contrary to Allied expectations, ----. A) the Germans were able to overcome the grievances caused by the naval blockade B) the peace deal made at Versailles brought about new hostilities and conflicts C) Germany's political power in Europe became further strengthened by the Versailles treaty D) President Wilson was worried about the political future of the new states in eastern Europe E) Germany and the new east European states soon realized they had much in common and established good relationships


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 16. As one understands from the passage, the term "the lndustrial Revolution" ----.

15. Clearly, the passage ----. A) is a comprehensive assessment of the impact that the Allied naval blockade of Germany had on the Versailles treaty

A) was only used during the fırst half of the nineteenth century and has since been

B) is a detailed account of how Germany

replaced by new terms, such as "the fossil

prepared itself economically and politically for WorldWar ll C) focuses directly on the problems that faced the new east European states created after WorldWar ı D) is a detailed study of the European importance and consequences of Woodrow Wilson's principle of self-determination E) summarizes the developments in Europe in the aftermath of the Versailles treaty

fuel age" was invented after the lndustrial Revolution was completed always signified the process of urbanization in Europe, which was closely linked with the migratian of rural people to major cities was fırst invented by a group of European social thinkers who recognized that huge changes were occurring in the economic world essentially referred to the use of steam power in industry, but has today lost its original meaning completely

B) C)

D)

E)

16.

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20.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

cevaplayınız.

The French Revolution transformed the political and diplematic landscape of Europe suddenly and dramatically. The transformatian of industry came more gradually. By the 1830s or 1840s, however, writers and social thinkers in Europe were increasingly aware of unexpected and extraord inary changes in their economic world. They began to speak of an "industrial revolution ," one that seemed to parallel the revolution in politics. The term has stayed with us. The lndustrial Revolution spanned the hundred years after 1780. lt represented the fırst breakthrough from an agricultural and overwhelmingly rural economy to one characterized by large-scale manufacturing, more capital-intensive enterprises, and urbanization. lt involved new sources of energy and power, faster transportation , mechanization , higher productivity, and new ways of organizing human labour. lt triggered social changes with revolutionary consequences for the West and its relationship with the world. Of all these changes, perhaps the most important one was to be seen in energy. Over the space of two or three generations, a society and an economy that had traditionally drawn on water, wind, and wood for most of its energy needs came to depend on steam engines and coal. In other words , the lndustrial Revolution brought the beginnings of "the fossil fuel age."


17. As pointed out in the passage, compared with lndustrial the French Revolution, the Revolution -- A) was so sudden and unexpected that there emerged a desperate need for new sources of energy and more workers B) had no impact at all on the social changes which took place in Europe in the Iate eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries C) had so much influence on European politics in the nineteenth century that governments had to revise their development plans D) was primarily concerned with social welfare and forced many countries in Europe to introduce new benefıts for workers E) was a process of industrial, economic, and social transformatian in Europe, which covered a hundred years beginning with the Iate eighteenth century

369

YDS ŞiFRELERi 18. One learns from the passage that, with the lndustrial Revolution, ----. A) a great deal of improvement was made in transportation so that goods could be carried in large quantities all over the world B) the usual energy resources , such as wind, water, and wood, began to be used far more efficiently in order to meet growing energy needs C) the traditional rural economy was replaced by a capital-based economy of mass production andlabour D) economic affairs came to dominate politics and diplamatic relations in Europe so much that governments adopted policies for more cooperation with each other E) agriculture in Europe was fully modernized and , consequently, much higher productivity was achieved

19. lt is clear from the passage that coal-fired steam power ----. A) had not been used as a primary source of energy before the lndustrial Revolution B) was only used as a source of energy for industry in the 1830s and 1840s C) quickly lost its importance for industry after the advantages of fossil fuels became apparent D) was not regarded as a feasible source of energy during the lndustrial Revolution E) played a minimal role in the transport of goods during the lndustrial Revolution

20. As can be seen clearly, the passage ----. A) explains how the lndustrial Revolution transformed the landscape of European politics and relations B) gives a detailed account of the ways in which the French Revolution differs from the lndustrial Revolution C) extensively outlines the role which various sources of energy equally played in the lndustrial Revolution D) mainly deals with the meaning and the economic and social consequences of the lndustrial Revolution E) discusses in depth the political and economic causes of both the French Revolution and the lndustrial Revolution

370

21.

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25.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

cevaplayın ız.

The Renaissance originated in ltaly for several reasons. The most fundamental reason was that ltaly in the later Middle Ages was the most advanced urban society in all of Europe. Unlike aristocrats North of the Alps, ltalian aristocrats customarily lived in urban centres rather than in rural castles and consequently became fully involved in urban public affairs. Moreover, since the ltalian aristocracy built its palaces in the cities, the aristocratic class was less sharply set off from the class of rich merchants than in other European countries. Hence, whereas in France or Germany most aristocrats lived on the ineome from their lands while rich town dwellers, called bourgeois in French, gained their living from trade, in ltaly so many town-dwelling aristocrats engaged in banking or mercantile enterprises, and so many rich mercantile families imitated the manners of the aristocracy that, by the fourteenth and fıfteenth centuries , the aristocracy and upper bourgeoisie were becoming virtually indistinguishable. For instance, the noted Florentine family of the Medici, which had emerged as a family of physicians (as the name suggests), made its fortune in banking and commerce, and rose into the aristocracy in the fifteenth century. Obviously, social mobility as such brought about a great demand for education in the skills of reading and counting necessary to become a successful merchant, but the richest and most prominent families sought above all to fınd teachers who would impart to their sons the knowledge and skills necessary in politics and public life.

21. lt is suggested in the passage that, in the period before the Renaissance, ----. A) the aristocrats in Europe were indifferent to the quality of education offered at schools B) the Medici of Florence had been a poor mercantile family with no skills in politics C) France and Germany had many more aristocratic families than ltaly D) European banking was completely monopolized by the rich town-dwellers of France E) no other European country had an urban society as advanced as that of ltaly


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 22. According to the passage, unlike their French or German counterparts, ----.

25. lt is clear from the passage that banking and trade----.

A) medieval ltalian aristocrats lived in cities and mixed with the general public B) ltalian merchants in the Renaissance period were also engaged in trade north of the Alps C) distinguished ltalian families wished their sons to become successful merchants D) the Medici were actively involved in the politics and diplamatic relations of their time E) the ltalian upper bourgeoisie were strongly opposed to social mobility

A) contributed a great deal to social mobility in ltaly in the later Middle Ages B) were far more advanced in France and Germany than in ltaly during the Renaissance C) were major enterprises that medieval ltalian aristocrats chose to ignore D) fırst emerged in medieval ltaly, but were more professionally practised north of the Alps E) had much impact on the development of education throughout medieval Europe

23. lt is pointed out in the passage that wealthy medieval ltalian merchant families ----. A) deliberately avoided any involvement in the political affairs of their cities B) disliked urban centres and preferred to live in their castles built in rural areas C) never took an interest in the political activities of the aristocracy D) were greatly influenced in their habits and way of life by urban aristocrats E) were far more enterprising in trade than their French and German rivals

24. According to the passage, it was in ltaly that -

--.

A) what the French called bourgeois had the monopoly on banking B) merchants and aristocrats were clearly set ap art C) banking developed much faster than trade D) most aristocrats wanted their sons to learn only the skills associated with politics E) the rise of the Renaissance fırst took place


371

YDS ŞiFRELERi 4.

TEST IV 1.

5.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

cevaplayın ız.

In many primitive communities there is a taboo on mentioning a man's name except in certain special circumstances, because his name is believed to contain within it something of himself, which would be lost and wasted if his name were uttered without fırst taking special precautions. This belief about words is widespread. Among the more primitive and the uneducated, it is universal. A remarkably matter-offact practical application of it occurs even in the present day in the Tibetan prayer-wheel. If, thinks the Tibetan peasant, a prayer uttered once does some good, then the same prayer uttered many times will do more good. Therefore, since he assumes that the efficacy lies in the prayer as an entity in itself, he writes it raund the rim of a wheel, and then frugally employs the water of a mountain stream to turn it all day long, instead of wastefully em playing his own lungs and lips to say it again and again.

lt is clear from the passage that, among primitive societies, it is generally believed that a man's name ----. A) should be constantly repeated

B) has a wholesome effect upon his life C) will bring calamity to those who use it D) should only be spoken under appropriate circumstances E) is of little importance as it is so rarely used 5.

We can conclude from the passage that the Tibetan peasanı ----. A) is not tolerant of the religious beliefs of others B) bears no resemblance to other primitive peasants C) never calls any member of his family by name D) is not deeply religious and does not treat his religion seriously E) - though primitive - has a very practical attitude towards life

6.

1O.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

cevaplayın ız.

1.

In this passage, the author points out that ----. A) most societies in the world taday are stili very primitive B) in primitive societies, words are often felt to embody the idea they express C) the unsophisticated are no less intelligent than the sophisticated D) Tibetan peasants should not be regarded as primitive E) the Tibetan peasant does not really believe that the prayer-wheel can do any good

2.

As we understand from the passage, an underlying belief behind the Tibetan prayerwheel is that ----. A) for a prayer to be answered, it must be repeated many times B) man can achieve nothing without the help of stronger powers C) man is powerless against the forces of evil D) human effort can achieve almost anything E) the forces of nature must never be opposed

3.

The author uses the example of the Tibetan prayer-wheel to ----. A) show that all religions are fundamentally al ike B) demonstrate how unrealistic primitive peoples are C) illustrate just how powerful words are felt to be in primitive societies D) show how inventive primitive peoples are E) show how unique the natives of Tibet are

372

Thomas Edison began conducting experiments during his childhood. To start with, there were hundreds of unsuccessful experiments but Edison eventually invented and patented 2,500 items, including the electric lamp and phonograph. He was determined to "give laughter and light" to people, but, until he actually managed to do so, most people ridiculed him. W ithout losing hope, Edison attempted over 1,000 unsuccessful experiments in his efforts to make an electric lamp. When people told him he was wasting his time, energy, and money for nothing, Edison exclaimed, "For nothing! Every time 1 make an experiment, 1 get new results. Failures are stepping stones to success." Determined to give people electric lamps, Edison said he'd meet his goal by early 1880. In October, 1879, he created his fırst electric lamp, and in so doing, received much praise. People realized that Edison's invention was not affected by rain or wind, remaining constant through bad weather. Just as he had hoped, Edison provided people with lig ht and laughter. 6.

As we understand from the passage, Edison conducted many unsuccessful experimental trials, - --. A) most of which were very expensive and got him into fınancial difficulties B) but the list of his patental inventions is a long one C) most of which were related to the phonograph D) but the people who knew him encouraged him to keep on trying E) and on many occasions he felt his experiments were pointless



lt is clear from the passage that, o nce Edison had invented the electric lamp, ----. A) he lost interest in carrying out experiments B) he admitted that at one point he had very nearly given up the project C) he wasn't at all interested in what people felt about it D) people were particularly impressed by the fact that wind and rain had no damaging effect on it E) he felt discouraged because he had failed to meet the goal he had set himself for the completion of his invention

8.

As we understand from the passage, with the phrase, "Failures are stepping stones to success", Edison meant that ----. A) one should forget one's failures as soon as possible B) one cannot be successful every time C) success and failure are both a matter of chance D) there are two kinds of failure : those that lead to success and those that don't E) the knowledge and experience that one gains from failure contributes to success

9.

According to the passage, when Edison was working on an invention, he ----. A) was keen to pass on to others the knowledge he was accumulating B) was very secretive about what he was doing C) was not discouraged by the possibility of failure D) avoided friends and detractors alike E) felt embarrassed by periods of no progress

11.

-

15.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

cevaplayın ız.

Questions of education are frequently discussed as if they bore no relation to the social system in which and for which the education is carried on. This is one of the most comman reasons for the unsatisfactoriness of the answers. lt is only within a particular social system that a system of education has any meaning. If education today seems to deteriorate, if it seems to become more and more chaotic and meaningless, it is primarily because we have no settled and satisfactory arrangement of society, and because we have both vague and diverse opinions about the kind of society we want. Education is a subject which cannot be discussed in a void : our questions raise other questions, social , economic, fınanc i al, and political. And the bearings are on more ultimate problems even than these: to know what we want in education, we must know what we want in general, we must derive our theory of education from our philosophy of life.

11. The main point made in the passage is that education, ----. A) should be isolated from fınancial issues B) is becoming more and more meaningless C) will improve when the political and economic situation improves D) must be related to the social and political background in which it occurs E) will naturally evolve in accordance with the process of history

12. According to the writer, the present-day unsatisfactory and ineffectual state of education ----. 10. lt is clear from the passage that, when Edison was working on the electric lamp, ----. A) he worked slowly because he was disheartened B) he knew for certain that he would attain success very quickly C) no one felt that an electric lamp was in any way desirable D) he was hindered by rain and bad weather in general E) people didn 't believe that it was possible at all


A) can be regarded as a passing phase, and no action need be taken B) is a result of the disordered state of society and the fact that society does not know what it wants C) offers no real cause for concern D) has provoked a great deal of useful discussion about how it relates to the social system E) is receiving a great deal of much-needed attention

373

YDS ŞiFRELERi 13. The point is made in the passage that each and every system of education ----.

16.

-

20.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

cevaplayın ız.

A) needs to be tailor-made to fit the specific social system for which it is designed

The distinction between "journalism" and "literature" is quite futile, unless we are drawing such a violent

B) will inevitably have shortcomings or faults

contrast as that between Gibbon's History and today's

C) should be constantly updated D) should be designed on the basis of educational theory, not on the opinions of society at large E) has a great deal in comman with every other system of education

paper; and such a contrast itself is too violent to have meaning. You cannot, that is, draw any useful distinction between journalism and literature merely on a scale of literary values , as a difference between the well-written and the supremely wellwritten: a second-rate novel is not journalism, but it certainly is not literature. The term "journalism" has deteriorated , so let us try to recall it to its more permanent sense . To my thinking, the most accurate as well as most comprehensive definition of the term is to be obtained through considering the type of mind, concerned with writing what all would concede to be the best journalism. There's a type of mind, and 1 have a very close sympathy with it, which can only turn to writing , or only produce its best writing, under the pressure of an immediate occasion ; and it is this type of mind which 1 propose to treat as the journalist's. The underlying causes may differ: the cause may be an ardent preoccupation with affairs of the day, or it may be (as with myself) laziness requiring an immediate stimulus, or a habit formed by early necessity of earning smail sums quickly. lt is not so much that the journalist works on different material from that of other writers, as that he works from a different, no less and often more honourable, motive.

14. In this passage, the author aims to make us think about not only what we want from education, but also about ----.

A) how harmful is the effect it is having on society B) how far we are prepared to support it C) to what extent we have ourselves benefıted from it D) whether it really is deteriorating at a great speed E) what we want from life

16. In this passage, the writer asserts that ----. A) literature is far more valuable than journalism B) the difference between literature and journalism bears little relation to literary qualities C) he has all the qualities of a journalist D) the best stimulus for a journalist is the need for money E) one must be ardently concerned with the events of each day if one wants to be a journalist

17. The writer prefers to

15. The attitude of the author towards education is ----. A) B) C) D) E)

374

negative and disinterested angry and pessimistic critica! and constructive encouraging and hopeful scornful and destructive

defıne

journalism ----.

A) through a close study of violently centrasting examples B) while disregarding literary qualities C) by looking at the type of mind that produces good journalism D) after fırst drawing up a scale of literary values E) in a way that will help journalism to recover the respect it formerly enjoyed


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 18. lt is clear from the passage that the writer ---A) regards journalism as second-rate literature B) is very critica! of the motives of the journalist C) thinks one can best come to an understanding of journalism by centrasting it with literature D) is far more interested in literature than in journalism E) feels great respect for good journalism

19. The point is made in the passage that the journalist does his best writing when ----.

productive to the end . Leonardo , on the other hand, lived sixty-seven years, and left behind just a dozen paintings. And only a half of these are incontrovertibly one hundred per cent by him. In contrast, Rembrandt painted hundreds of paintings , 57 of himself alone; van Gogh created nine hundred paintings in a period of nine years. So how can we put Leonardo at the very pinnacle? The answer is really quite simple: his dozen or so paintings include the Number One and the Number Two most famous paintings in the history of art - The La st Supper and Mo na Lisa. 21. The passage geniuses" - --.

is

about

"transformative

A) events in his own life have stimulated him B) there is no pressure upon him C) he is closely involved in the affairs of the time D) under an obligation to do so E) he can choose his own material 20. According to the passage, what characterizes the work of the journalist is ----.

A) as they have affected the world of literature and science B) but the author feels that the way the public opinion ranks them is faulty C) and the massive changes they have brought to the world D) and instances of them are given in several

A) not the thing he writes about but why he writes about it B) the non-literary style of the writing C) the every-day nature of the material he chooses D) the desire to stimulate people to action E) his obsession for accuracy

E) and the times in which they lived and produced

fıelds

21.

-

25.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

cevaplayın ız.

Leonardo da Vinci is a member of a very smail class of "transformative geniuses, " not ordinary or common geniuses, who have contributed abundantly to their fields, but rather the ones who have created or defined entire fıelds . In literature, no one asks, 'Who was the greatest writer?" Honest debate can start at Number Two . Shakespeare, the consensus choice as greatest writer, is a member of this class of transformative geniuses. Similarly, lsaac Newton is recognized as the greatest among scientists and mathematicians; Ludwig van Beethoven, and possibly Bach and Mozart, are the transformative geniuses among composers. The most recent transformative genius the world has seen may have been Albert Einstein, a scientist like Newton - and Time Magazine' s "Man of the Century" for the 20th century. In ranking artists, one can start the debate at Number Three - a rank for which Raphael and Rembrandt are candidates , or perhaps one of the great French lmpressionists, or the 20th century's most famous artist, Picasso. The ranks of Number One and Number Two, however, are reserved for Leonardo and Michelangelo, taken in either order. These two are far above all other artists. Michelangelo lived a very long lifetime of eighty-nine years, and was


22. With the sentence, "Honest debate can start at Number Two", the writer is really saying

----.

A) one cannot expect popular opinion to judge fairly B) people don't always give their honest opinions C) Shakespeare doesn't deserve his position at the head of the list D) the relative merits of writers are very controversial E) the re can be no doubt about Number 1; that' s definitely Shakespeare's place

23. According to the passage, when it comes to ranking artists, ----. A) van Gogh comes very high on the list as a result of the great number of his paintings B) at least six artists have a claim to top place C) it is either Leonardo or Michelangelo who is Number One D) the third place defınitely goes to Raphael E) 20th-century ones come low on the list

375

YDS ŞiFRELERi 24. We learn from the passage that, although Leonardo left the world only a dozen or so paintings, ----. A) these include the world's two best-known paintings B) they are all of remarkably high quality C) he actually painted a great many more D) he knew they would keep his name alive to the end of civilization E) they rightly earned him the undisputed position of the world's Number One artist

25. lt is clear from the passage that Michelangelo

----.

A) richly deserves his Number One position as the best of the artists B) was a far more productive artist than Leonardo C) had a profound influence upon the next generatian of painters D) was jealous of the fame of Leonardo and strove to excel him E) has only been recognized as a great artist in recent times

376



TEST V 1.

5.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

cevaplayın ız.

Today, the Berlin Crisis of 1961, in which the Soviet Union demanded that Western powers cut their ties with Berlin, may be the most forgolten erisis in the annals of the Cold War. Even most Berliners who lived through the event remember little about it. Yet this erisis over Berlin brought America and the Soviet Union, the two superpowers of the post-World War ll period, close to war. In fact, since the very end of World War ll, Berlin had been the centrepiece of a struggle between these two superpowers. lt was here that World War ll ended in 1945 when, following the occupation and defeat of Nazi Germany by the allied armies of the United States, Britain, and France from the west, and the Soviet Union from the east, the city had been captured and divided into the separate zones of East and West Berlin. Soon afterwards Germany had itself split into East and West, and the border between the two had become the dividing line (the so-called "iron curtain") between Sovietcontrolled Eastern Europe and free, capitalist Western Europe. Thus, situated behind this iron curtain and stuck a hundred miles inside Eastern territory, West Berlin was claimed, protected and supplied by the Western powers. In 1948, Stalin imposed a blockade, cutting West Berlin off from its Western suppliers. The United States responded with an airlift, keeping the zone alive for more than 300 days before Allied access was restored.

A) resulted from the establishment of the socalled "iron curtain" between East and West Germany B) was one of a series of political crises, the most serious ofwhich was the one in 1961 C) followed the division of Germany into East and West D) clearly represented the final defeat and collapse of Nazi Germany E) completely undermined Nazi Germany's political and military ambitions to conquer Euro pe

3.

As one learns from the passage, West Berlin -

---.

A) received so much American aid during the Cold War that its people enjoyed a comfortable life B) was recognized by the Soviet Union during the Cold W ar asa separate American territory C) was, during the Cold War, far more prosperous and secure than East Berlin D) made an alliance during the Cold War with the United States against a possible Soviet invasion E) was able to survive the Soviet blockade in 1948 through relief provided by the United States


In the passage, the writer points out that, paradoxically, ----. A) even if America did not want the Soviet Union to capture Berlin completely, it acted fast and moved into West Berlin B) since the Allies and the Soviet Union fought in World War ll against Nazi Germany, in fact they cooperated in many respects, including the capture of Berlin C) although the 1961 Berlin erisis almost led to a military confrontation between America and the Soviet Union, for most residents of Berlin today it has lost its significance D) despite their alliance during World War ll , the United States, Britain and France each had conflicting policies towards Nazi Germany E) while Berliners experienced many hardships under the Soviet occupation of their city, they did not show any resistance

4. 1.

lt is clear from the passage that the fall of Berlin in 1945 to the Allies and the Soviet Union----.

The point is made in the passage that, during the early decades of the Cold W ar, ----. A) the United States and its allies were totally indifferent to the political implications of the socalled "iron-curtain" B) the United States and the Soviet Union were locked in political conflict over Berlin C) the Soviet Union followed a policy of peace and friendship towards the United States and its allies D) Berliners regarded the Allied and Soviet occupation of their city as a relief from the Nazi regime E) the United States and the Soviet Union reached an agreement on the question of how Germany was to be divided

377

YDS ŞiFRELERi 5.

As it is clear from the passage, in the aftermath of World W ar ll, ----.

7.

A) Europe was no langer an undivided continent, with Eastern Europe falling under Soviet rule B) the American presence throughout Europe rapidly increased and was strengthened to keep the Soviets under control C) the Eastern European countries willingly joined the Soviet Union and began to enjoy great economic prosperity D) the security of Berlin became so urgent that the western powers took a number of measures to protect it against an invasion E) while the Allied armies left Germany, the Soviet army remained in the country, continuing its occupation

6.

1O.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

As can be understood from the passage, the writer ----. A) points out that Narva is an attractive and wellknown centre for tourism in Estonia B) deseribes the hardships which the Baltic countries endured under the Russians in the eighteenth century C) stresses how the Russian expansion in the Baltics in the 1720s was prevented by Austria and Prussia D) draws a centrast between the present-day romantic appearance of Narva and its historic significance E) compares Riga with Narva and concludes that the Latvian capital is historically more important

göre

cevaplayın ız.

Narva is a quiet northeastern Estonian town bathed in sea breezes. Though smail , with a population of just over 72,000, it occupies a large place in Russian history. lt was here in 1700 that, by attacking the Swedes, who were then in control of much of the Baltic coast, Russia launched its final campaign in a centuries-long quest to become a European power. The battle ended in defeat for the Russians, but the war did not; by 1721 Russia had conquered the Baltic territories as far southwest as Riga, the capital of present-day Latvia , and had built a new capital, Saint Petersburg , on the Gulf of Finland . Later in that century, Russia, through a partition agreement with Austria and Prussia, gained control of the rest of the Baltics, and would retain them until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 .

6.

According to the passage, conquest of the Baltics ----.

the

As one learns from the passage, it was before 1721 that ----. A) the Russians re-captured Riga from the Swedes and made it the capital of Latvia B) Russia reached an agreement with Austria and Prussia for the partition of the whole Baltic region C) Russia became a major European power which completely dominated the Baltics D) the Swedes and the Russians agreed on their respective control of the Baltic territories E) the city of Saint Petersburg was founded by the Russians on the Gulf of Finland

Russian

A) forced both Austria and Prussia to give up their centuries-old claims on the Baltic territories and sign a treaty B) was finalized in the eighteenth century partly through war and partly through a multi-lateral treaty C) included only the region between Narva in northeastern Estonia and Saint Petersburg on the Gulf of Finland D) was several times resisted by the Swedes, whom the Russians were unable to defeat and drive out of the region E) involved a very long war with the Swedes on the one hand, and with Austria and Prussia on the other

378

8.

9.

lt is pointed out in the passage that ----. A) Russian possession of the Baltic territories lasted until the Iate twentieth century B) Prussian control of the Baltic territories lasted throughout the eighteenth century and after C) no European power in the eighteenth century was concerned about the Russian invasion of the Baltics D) the Swedes and the Russians were constantly at war with each other for the possession of the Baltics E) the Russian conquest of the Baltic territories has always been a controversial issue in Russian history


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 10. lt is clear from the passage that Russia's invasion of the Baltics in the early eighteenth century ----. A) put at risk the centuries-long good relations which she had maintained with other European powers B) was a thorough military campaign which lasted for many decades and failed to achieve its aims C) signified the final stage of her efforts towards becoming a European power that had gone on for centuries D) increased enormously the importance of both Narva and Riga as major military centres in the region E) so alarmed other European powers that they immediately made an alliance among themselves

11. According to the passage, Helen Dunmore's novel The Siege is mainly the story of ----. A) how the children of Leningrad in particular suffered extreme hardship when the Germans besieged the city in 1941 B) the famous actress Marina Petrovna, who was living in retirement when the Germans besieged Leningrad in 1941 C) the strong armed resistance that the people of Leningrad put up against the Germans when the city was besieged D) how a young artist, Anna Levin, struggled hard with her family to survive during the German siege of Leningrad in 1941 E) the romantic relationship between the actress Marina Petrovna and the writer Abraham Levin , who was a political activist

12. lt is emphasized in the passage that the novel

--.

11.

-

15.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

cevaplayınız.

Set in 1941 in Leningrad , Helen Dunmore's novel The Siege opens with deceptively gentle scenes of Chekhovian melancholy. After the death of her mother, 23-year-old Anna Levin, the protagonist, gives up her artistic studies to look after her 5-yearold brother and her politically suspect father Abraham , who, as a writer, has fallen out of favour with Stalin's cultural police. So she jumps at the chance to make a drawing of the retired actress Marina Petrovna, with whom Anna's father might once have had a romantic relationship. But Anna's worries about art and romance are soon swept away as the Germans besiege her native city. At this point, Dunmore's novel transforms abruptly as well , shifting from a romantic narrative into a study of survival under most extreme hardships. Anna's abundant artistic creativity is put to use providing food and fuel for her helpless family, and her drawing skills are called on to sketch a neighbour's starved baby so that the grieving mother might remember her lost child. lndeed, the novel presents a striking contrast between the gentle display of human emotions and the rude dietates of survival under the most inh uman circumstances.


A) never loses its romantic tone, even though some of the scenes deseribed can be very depressing and upsetting B) shows how Helen Dunmore differs from the Russian writer Chekhov in her detailed portrayal of characters C) is not only a narrative of romantic scenes, but also the depiction of a cruel reality in which human survival was almost impossible D) primarily focuses on the complexity of human emotions and tries to demonstrate this through the depiction of a wide range of characters number of E) is embedded with a inconsistencies as regards style and characterization , which make Dunmore's literary creativity rather superfıcial

13. lt is clear from the passage that Anna's study of art----. A) was supported by her father, who, as a political writer, often wrote against the cultural policies of Stalin 's regime B) was interrupted as , following her mother's death, she had to take care of her family C) was carried out under the most favourable circumstances , and her fame as a promising young artist soon spread throughout Leningrad D) was a great achievement for her, despite the fact that her artistic creativity had not been recognized at first E) took so long that, in the end , she gave it up to join the people of Leningrad in their defence of the city against the Germans

379

YDS ŞiFRELERi 14. lt is pointed out in the passage that, when the German siege of Leningrad began, ----.

16. As one finds out from the passage, it would be wrong to maintain that ----.

A) Anna's concern about her own artistic future was totally wiped out

A) many of the immigrants to Britain came from lndia and the other colonies

B) Anna's father Abraham 's love affair with

B) Africans arrived in Britain for the

Marina Petrovna came to an end C) Anna had already become famous because of her portrait of the actress Marina Petrovna D) Stalin's cultural palice arrested Abraham because of his subversive ideas E) the inhabitants made various arrangements to overcome the serious shortage of food and fuel in the city

the twentieth century C) European colonial rule in Africa ended in the po.st-World W ar ll period D) Britain was occupied and ruled by the Romans E) the domestic staff of the wealthy in Britain often included Africans and lndians

15. In the passage, the writer draws attention to the fact that, in Leningrad under siege, Anna -

.....

A) offered care to the mothers who lost their children because of the terrible food shortage B) was especially worried about the fate of children , most of whom starved to death C) helped many people to put up with the most extreme hardships of life D) seriously devoted herself to a study of Chekhov's literary works E) used her artistic capacity not only to support her family but alsoto represent human 16.

-

20.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

time in

17. lt is pointed out in the passage that the black communities living in some British port towns in the early years of the nineteenth century

A) were not always treated in a friendly way by the white population B) consisted solely of sailors who came mainly from Britain 's colonies in Africa C) were completely constituted by merchants who were involved in overseas trade with lndia D) were made up of travellers from Africa and lndia, who visited Britain for various reasons E) were essentially formed by colonial immigrants from Africa as well as lndia

göre

cevaplayınız.

Following World War ll , European countries largely gave up their colonial possessions and, by the 1950s and 1960s, had already begun to receive growing numbers of immigrants from their former colonies. In many instances, these included the descendants of the slaves in the colonies , who had been forced to work. In this respect, Britain isa case in point. Though in smail numbers, Africans and lndians had come to Britain long before the tens of thousands who came as colonial immigrants in the 1960s and thereafter. The fırst Africans who came to Britain were probably soldiers during the Roman possession of that country in antiquity. In modern times , especially in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries , African and lndian princes and scholars visited Britain. Others coming to Britain were in service positions; for instance, in the eighteenth century, black African and lndian young men were fashionable as servants in the homes of the wealthy. Africans and lndians also came to Britain as sailors and traders, and port towns, such as London, Glasgow, Bristol, Cardiff and Liverpool, developed smail black populations in the early nineteenth century, some of which persisted into the twentieth century. Relations between these populations and the native white population were varied , historians citing instances both of hostility and solidarity.

380

fırst

18. lt is stressed in the passage that Britain ----. A) was the only colonial power in Europe that objected to the practice of slavery B) was faced soan after World War ll with an enormous influx of immigrants C) had already passessed a large community of Africans under Roman rule D) began to receive huge numbers of colonial immigrants from the 1960s onwards of E) always welcomed large numbers immigrants from its colonies in Africa and elsewhere 19. As stated in the passage, many of the immigrants that arrived in Europe after World War ll----. A) were actually fleeing from the slave labour invariably practised in the colonies B) constituted smail minorities that became the target of white native hatred C) were the relatives of the former colonial slaves D) were interested in service positions and, hence, were mostly employed as servants E) were in fact the descendants of the slaves especially in lndia


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 20. lt is pointed out in the passage that, in the past, ----

22. One understands from the passage that NASA

A) Africans and lndians preferred Britain to other European countries for settlement and employment B) Britain passessed the largest and most densely populated colonies throughout the world C) the European countries rivalled Britain both in trade and in the colonization of Africa D) the European colonial powers, including Britain, refused to accept immigrants from their colonies E) among the early colonial visitors to Britain were students and members of the native nobility from Africa and lndia

A) and scientists have conflicting research objectives about the moon B) has already developed a multi-purpose research programme for the moon C) always consults the scientific community, but seldom takes its advice into consideration D) is planning to send robots to the moon before it sends astronauts E) has been indifferent to various recommendations made by scientists

21.

-

25.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

cevaplayın ız.

A couple of months ago NASA asked the scientific community what kinds of research it should conduct when it returns humans to the moon. In doing so , NASA wanted prioritized research objectives for the robotic orbiters and landers that will be used primarily for reconnaissance purposes prior to later explorations by astronauts of the lunar surface. Recommendations made by scientists varied greatly, but they can be summarized. The top priority that scientists have recommended is the development of programmes for lunar data analysis. Next is the exploration of the moon's south pole, which is called "the Aitken basin," an impact scar mostly on the moon's back side. Then comes an instrument network for probing the interior of the moon , and this is followed by rock sample returns , scientifıcally selected landing sites , and analysis of any icy polar deposits.

21. From the research recommendations summarized in the passage, it becomes clear that---. A) there is stili a lot that has to be learned about the moon B) scientists are extensively familiar with the structure of the moon C) the exploration of the lunar surface is not so urgent as understanding the inner structure of the moon D) the scientific community does not regard NASA's objectives about the moon as feasible E) NASA is determined to make the moon a new base for space exploration


23. As is clear from the passage, NASA's purpose in consulting scientists is to ----. A) make sure that its programmes for lunar data analysis are supported by them B) learn whether the moon has water deposited as ice under its poles C) find out about the kind of research which is primarily im portant for lu nar exploration D) encourage them to focus their attention on a full study of the Aitken basin E) give them the opportunity to discuss their research results about the moon 24. According to the passage, one of the recommendations made by the scientific community concerns ----. A) the scientific specification of the locations where robots or astronauts can land B) the problems related to the working of the robots orbiting the moon or landing on the surface C) the analysis of the rock samples that will be taken from the Aitken basin D) the tasks that will be performed by the astronauts when they explore the moon's South poJe E) the question of how NASA can benefıt from the results obtained from lunar explorations 25. lt is clearly stated astronauts ----.

in the passage that

A) will use a variety of instruments only to learn about the interior of the moon B) will be sent to the moon to investigate the lu nar surface C) will, in the first place, select a suitable spot for landing their craft D) are expected to discover icy deposits under the south pole E) have been trained to perform lunar data analysis

381

YDS ŞiFRELERi 3.

TEST VI 1.

5.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

A) have a number of drawbacks which make their use rather restricted B) can. in the long run. be replaced by technologically new and more effıcient clocks C) are technologically more advanced and teli time veryprecisely D) do not seem to have much efficiency and easily break down E) have ceased to be in widespread use due to same inexplicable technological shortcomings

cevaplayınız.

There seems no question but that the clock dial, which has existed in its present form since the seventeenth century and in earlier forms since ancient times, is on its way out. More and more comman are the digital clocks that mark off the hours, minutes, and seconds in ever-changing numbers. This certainly appears to be an advance in technology. You will no langer have to interpret the meaning of "the big hand on the eleven and the little hand on the five." Your digital clock will teli you at once that it is 4: 55. And yet there will be a lass in the canversion of dial to digital, and no one seems to be worrying about it. Actually, when something turns, it can turn in just one of two ways, clockwise or counter-clockwise, and we all know which is which. Clockwise is the normal turning directian of the hands of a clock, and counterclockwise is the opposite of that. Si nce we all stare at clocks {dial clocks, that is), we have no trouble fallawing directions or descriptions that include those words . But if dial clocks disappear, so will the meaning of those words for anyone who has never stared at anything but digitals. 1.

4.

The author maintains that, when dial clocks go out of use and only digitals are used, ----.

lt is pointed out in the passage that the use of the clock dial ----. A) is no langer practical since one is often confused about the meaning of the words "clockwise" and "counter-clockwise" B) was most popular in the seventeenth century but has since lost its importance C) is stili widely used despite the technological progress in the manufacture of digital clocks D) has improved enormously since the seventeenth century due to advances in technology E) has a very long history though at present it is becoming less and less popular

382

The author asserts that people ----. A) are not aware of the fact that in antiquity time was completely disregarded B) do not seem to be concerned about "the lass" that the replacement of dial clocks by digitals will cause C) can alsa define their position accurately by using digital clocks D) taday have a growing interest in dial clocks and value them very much E) have already stopped using the words "clockwise" and "counter-clockwise" to indicate directions

A) the words "clockwise" and "counter-clockwise" will cease to carry any meaning B) people will continue to use the words "clockwise" and "counter-clockwise" on a regular basis C) it will be quite confusing for everyone to teli the time right away D) most people will wonder about the meanings of the words "clockwise" and "counterclockwise" E) it will certainly be a major technological change unprecedented in the past 2.

In the passage, the author admits that digital clocks, compared with dial clocks, ----.

5.

As has been pointed out in the passage, the word "clockwise" ----. A) fırst came into use in the seventeenth century B) is used only in conjunction with the word "counter-clockwise" C) can alsa be used with reterence to a digital clock D) signifies the directian in which the hands of a dial clock move E) has no meaning unless it is used with reterence to a dial clock



6.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

8.

cevaplayın ız.

When Mozambique and South Africa ended their internal conflicts in the early 1990s, they enacted widescale amnesties, and in both countries the rule of law quickly improved . In each of them , political leaders opted to move past the violence and injustices of the past and to focus on the tasks of social and political reconstruction . As part of that reconstruction, each country became a multiparty democracy in which the accountability of leaders and other key norms of the rule of law could finally take root. The restaration of public security, meanwhile, allawed the provision of basic services. And though their criminal-justice systems remained woefully underfunded, both were finally able to start providing citizens with basic protections. While the legal , social and political improvements in South Africa between 1994 and 2004 were impressive, in poorer Mozambique, the improvement was smaller but stili marked.

A) both Mozambique and South Africa have focused on their past and begun to bring to justice those who are accountable for the crimes of the past B) the maintenance of the rule of law in Mozambique and South Africa has failed due to a growing rate of political misconduct C) one important change in Mozambique and South Africa in the Iate 1990s was the new political principle that leaders were to be held accountable for their policies D) violence and injustice in Mozambique have ceased completely while South Africa stili struggles with them E) the question of public security has been of little concern for political leaders since they have focus their efforts on party politics

9. 6.

lt is clear from the passage that both South Africa and Mozambique ----. A) underwent a very radical process of social , political and legal transformatian over a decade after the mid-1990s B) are stili extremely obsessed with their political past and have failed to adapt themselves to the norms of democracy C) are noted for their indifference to the rule of law and have introduced a series of nondemecratic measures D) have not solved their internal conflicts fully although they have made their criminal-justice systems very efficient through radical retorms E) have resorted to every conceivable means in their efforts to restore public security

7.

The author points out that, along with the institution of a multiparty democracy, ----.

lt is emphasized in the passage that, in the post-amnesties period, ----. A) radical political retorms in Mozambique are the major reason for the impressive improvements in the country's economic performance B) Mozambique, which is economically underdeveloped, has experienced some striking political improvements C) political improvements in South Africa became the model for political improvements in Mozambique D) Mozambique has excelled South Africa in the improvement of both its economy and political institutions E) Mozambique's political leaders were concerned not only with political retorms but also, more importantly, with the economic well-being of the country

lt is pointed out in the passage that, compared with Mozambique, South Africa has

----.

A) never been genuinely enthusiastic about the rule of law in the country and invariably attempted to undermine it B) upgraded their system of criminal justice and, thus , completely eliminated violence and injustice in society C) given priority to the cessation of internal conflicts in the country and the establishment of various political parties D) made enormous progress in the social and political reconstruction of their country E) never been held accountable for the violence and injustices they caused in the past


10. lt is implied in the passage that the provision of basic services in Mozambique and South Africa in the pre-amnesties period was ----. A) a priority for all the political parties B) far better than it has been in the postamnesties period C) regarded as an important factor in the process of democratization D) out of the question, owing to the absence of public security E) unaffected by serious and recurring economic problems

383

YDS ŞiFRELERi soruları

aşağıdaki

göre

12. The author claims that a great many people

No human dream is more universal than the longing for a paradise on earth, a place free of the ravages of time and disease, where the best in nature flourishes while the worst is forbidden to enter. By defınition , such magical lands can 't be near at hand; they must be remote and inaccessible - destinations to be reached by pilgrimage or a heroic journey. Ancient Tibetan Buddhist texts spoke of just such a kingdom , where wise kings , blessed with long life spans, await the day when they will take power over the world , ushering in a golden age of peace and justice. This mythical kingdom was called "Shambala," and its location was believed to be a valley in northern lndia. Said to be enclosed by a double ring of snow-capped mountains, this fabled valley of Shambala resembled a "mandala," which is Buddhism's circular symbol of the unity of all creation . Known only to a few th European enthusiasts of Asia in the 19 century, the

A) yearn for a distant land of absolute health, happiness and goodness B) imagine lndia as a land of plenty, where people lead a most prosperous and peaceful life C) go on long pilgrimages to very remote places such as Tibet, where the most popular religion is Buddhism D) have a mystical view of life which enables them to cope with the ravages of time and disease E) have a strong desire to make a pilgrimage to the mythical valley of Shambala in order to recover from their sorrows and sufferings

11.

-

15.

parçaya

cevaplayınız.

th

myth of Shambala was popularized in the 20 century by the famous Russian mystic, Madame Blavatsky, who claimed she received telepathic messages from the mystic valley. 11. lt is clear from the passage that the myth of Shambala ----. A) was originally introduced by those Europeans th in the 19 century who were interested in Buddhism and carried out extensive studies in lndia th B) began to be so popular in Europe in the 19 century that, with Madame Blavatsky, it turned into a mystical kind of rel igion C) had obviously been verv popular throughout th 'ttı Asia in the 19 and 20 centuries before it was discovered by the Europeans D) had originally been an lndian myth and was later adopted by Tibetan Buddhists into their own culture E) came to be known widely in Europe only in the last century, thanks to Madame Blavatsky

384

13. According to the passage, ancient Tibetan Buddhists ----. A) preferred to live in places which were very remote and not easily accessible for common people B) had a very strong longing for a world in which Buddhist values and ideas were shared by all human beings C) were most gifted writers who idealized life on earth and, in their writings , encouraged people to strive for peace and justice D) often made long pilgrimages and journeys to the valley of Shambala in lndia in order to have a mystical experience E) believed that a time would come when , under the rule of wise kings , peace and justice would prevail in the world

14. As one understands from the passage, the Russian mystic Madame Blavatsky ----. A) was clearly one of the few Europeans in the th 19 century who were seriously concerned with studies related to Asia B) developed her telepathic skill through her study of Buddhism and also by making innumerable journeys to the valley of Shambala C) constantly dreamed of a paradise on earth and made great efforts to make peace and justice dominant in the world D) helped to spread interest in the mythical kingdem of Shambala E) believed that a study of Tibetan Buddhist texts was indispensable for the acquisition and exercise of telepathic skills


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi for

17. According to the passage, it is China, more than lndia, that ----.

A) the wise kings of the valley of Shambala value peace and justice more than any other thing B) man can never enjoy absolute peace and justice in the world owing to his wickedness C) the valley of Shambala is a sacred place for pilgrimage and worship D) a paradise on earth can only be established in the distant future E) everything created in the universe was part of one whole, which was represented by the symbol of mandala

A) has historically resisted British imperialism in order to safeguard its own interests in Africa B) is in the fare front in Africa as a leading investor and trading partner C) was extremely pleased with the collapse of the Soviet bloc in 1989 D) has attached much importance to the views of the Western media E) has been most influenced in its ideology by the French Revolution

15. One learns from Buddhism, ----.

16-20.

soruları

the

aşağıdaki

passage

that,

parçaya

göre

cevaplayın ız

The Iate Chinese Prime Minister, Chou-En Lai , upon being asked whether the French Revolution had been a good thing in world history, was reported to have said: "lt is stili too early to teli ." Watching the Western media analyze the recent emergence of China as a major investor in Africa and likely to become a new factor to riva! the histarical Euro-American ascendancy in African politics, one is even more justifıed in saying that it is "too soan to teli" what the outcome of the Chinese love affair in Africa will be. Besides China , lndia is alsa increasingly mentioned as a new source of large-scale investments in Africa . For the moment, the emergence of the Asian superpowers, themselves once in the sphere of British imperialism, as investors and trading partners in Africa, seems to offer an opportunity of shaking the "marginalisation" into which most African countries have fallen since the collapse of the Soviet bloc in 1989.

16. lt is clear from the passage that, with the growing economic involvement of China and lndia in Africa, ----. A) the British economic and political interests in the region can only be maintained through more investments by Britain B) the Western superpowers have apparently lost their political influence in the region C) this continent has clearly been gaining in importance D) the Euro-American collaboration in the region will inevitably come to an end E) regional governments have begun to introduce radical measures for the improvement of the economy


18. The author points out that, historically, Africa

A) has always been on good terms with China , especially si nce the time of Chou-En Lai B) has always played a central role in world politics and economic rivalry C) was completely colonized by Britain but, later, came under the Soviet political influence D) has always been subject to the European and American political hegemony E) has suffered a great deal from British economic exploitation and political hegemony 19. One understands from the passage that the author ----. A) is not yet sure of the possible consequences of China's economic and political ascendancy in Africa B) is much impressed by the widespread political improvement in Africa that has been ushered in by China C) displays a hostile attitude towards the EuroAmerican ascendancy in Africa taday D) is particularly interested in Chou-En Lai's ideas and policies with regard to Africa E) is very biased in his assessment of the Chinese and lndian policies concerning the future of Africa 20. lt is indicated in the passage that, although China and lndia have become economically and politically most powerful in Asia, ----. A) they have failed to make an impact on African politics B) their influence throughout the world is confıned to Africa C) they were themselves , in fact, colonized and exploited by Britain in the past D) they have stili to upgrade themselves in order to be able to contribute to the improvement of life in most African countries E) their rivalry in Africa has undermined their struggle against the Euro-American alliance

385

YDS ŞiFRELERi 21.

-

25.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

24. We understand from the passage that an acquisitions editor, working on college texts, will probably ----.

Editors have two primary functions which sametimes overlap : finding/selecting manuscripts, then polishing them for publication. Acquisitions editors perform the first chore . The approach they adopt depends on several factors. The idea for a college text, for example , usually ariginates inside the publishing house; the acquisition editor's job is then to choose a suitable author to produce the manuscript. In a trade book division , on the other hand, the acquisitions editor may be more passive, carefully reading manuscripts and queries that are mailed in, then recommending the best of these for development as a book. In the former case, the acquisitions editor may be knowledgeable in a given area (economics , perhaps, or one of the sciences) while the second type might be more of a generalist. Copyeditors, who whip the manuscript into shape for the press , must possess a superb background in English and bring to their work high standards of accuracy and thoroughness along with a remarkable attention to deta il.

A) have far better skills and qualifications than copy editors B) have started hiscareerin one of the branches of the media C) have taken courses in marketing and advertising D) aim to go on to promote sales E) have a specialized knowledge of one or more

cevaplayın ız.

21. According to the passage, editors have two primary functions ----.

fıelds

25. lt is obvious from the passage that the work of a copyeditor ----. A) is one of the easier ones in the publishing business B) hardly differs from that of the acquisitions editor C) has been constantly underrated D) requires an excellent grasp of the English language and the ability to give precise expressian E) combines specialized knowledge with communication skills and the ability to summarize essential points

A) one of which is to write publicity announcements about the books which will be published B) the most crucial of them to prepare manuscripts for publication C) which occasionally merge into each other D) both of which are related to the selection of books to be published E) which few publishers can fulfıl

22. We learn from the passage that a college text

----.

A) usually has its starting point in a lecturer's notes B) is always assigned to an author by copyeditors C) can only be edited by the original author D) is harder to ed it than a trade book E) often has its origin in an editor's office

23. lt is clear from the passage that, the queries and manuscripts sent to an editor's office ----. A) are meticulously examined with a view to making books B) are rarely of any interest to the editorial staff C) will almost always result in a publication D) seldom receive the attention they deserve E) are of vital importance In the search for a suitable writer for a given text

386



TEST VII 1.

-5.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

Unlike the older forms of occultism , such as magic and astrology, organized occultism is a modern phenomenon. Few of the various organized occult movements have existed for more than 150 years ; some were formed as a belated countermovement to the Enlightenment, when people began to follow rational schools of thought. Today's occult views are based on the idea that there are events within nature, as well as within one's spiritual life, which seem mysterious and cannot be explained by science. Examples include extrasensory perceptions such as telepathy and telekinesis, and haunted places or people. Believers maintain that these phenomena stern from unknown powers that can often be accessed only by some people with special abilities.

4. We understand from the passage that adherents of occultism claim that certain people ----.

occult

lt is implied in the passage that magic and astrology ----. A) have failed as occult practices in explaining extrasensory perceptions B) are forms of occultism which can be traced back into the past C) lost their signifıcance with the rise of rationalism during the Enlightenment D) did not exist as occult practices prior to the Enlightenment E) have always been used in order to communicate with unknown powers

A) have extraordinary talents that allow them to have contact with the unknown B) practise magic and explain events by means of astrological signs C) were the pioneers of the anti-Enlightenment movements in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries D) can teli us what places are haunted and why E) can teach others what extrasensory perceptions are

2.

passage,

A) are particularly widespread among people who follow rational schools of thought B) have mostly focused on the mysteries of telepathy and telekinesis C) essentially stern from the occult movements of the past D) are concerned with phenomena which are thought to be scientifıcally inexplicable E) seem to benefıt from science in explaining natural phenomena

cevaplayın ız.

1.

As we learn from the practices in our time ----.

According to the passage, some of the organized occult movements in the past came into being ----. A) as a result of various magical and astrological practices B) since people in the past were seriously concerned about their extrasensory perception s C) because the public was not satisfıed with scientific explanations of events in nature D) due to the assumption that many phenomena in nature were related to man's spirituallife E) in reaction to the rational thinking style that characterized the Enlightenment


5.

lt is obvious from the passage that occultism

A) contributes enormously to a more comprehensive understanding of nature B) has gained far more popularity in modern times than in the past C) is an unscientifıc practice that doesn't rely on rationality D) can fully explain the spiritual side of humanity E) derives a great deal from magic and astrology

387

YDS ŞiFRELERi 6.

10.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

8.

cevaplayınız.

The assumption that a person's attitudes determine his or her behaviour is deeply ingrained in Western thinking , and in many instances the assumption holds. However, research has shown that the relationship between attitudes and behaviour is complex. A classic study conducted during the 1930s was the fırst to question the link. A white professor travelled across the US with a young Chinese couple. At that time, there was quite strong prejudice against Asians, and there were no laws against racial discrimination. The three travellers stopped at over 200 hotels, motels and restaurants, and were served at all the restaurants and all but one of the hotels and motels without problem . Later, a letter was sent to all of the establishments visited, asking them whether or not they would accept a Chinese couple as guests. Of the 128 replies received, 92 per cent said they would not. In other words, these proprietors expressed attitudes that were much more prejudiced than their behaviour.

A) were often harassed by the proprietors B) were doing research to fınd out whether a person's behaviour affects his or her attitudes C) encountered discriminatory behaviour only on one occasion D) were not upset at all by the proprietors' racist attitudes E) were extremely surprised by the proprietors' prejudice against them

9.

6.

One understands from the passage that the link between attitudes and behaviour ----. A) had already been established before the 1930s B) has always been a major topic of psychological research C) has aroused a great deal of controversy in the

us

lt is pointed out in the passage that, during their travels, the professor and the Chinese couple ----.

The point has been made in the passage that the American people ----. A) have always been remarkably hospitable to Asians visiting America B) in the 1930s really did dislike Asians C) have waged war against racial discrimination since the 1930s D) and the Asians have always discriminated against each other E) always do their best to provide comfort for their guests, no matter what their racial background

D) is an area which has been neglected and , indeed, deserves fresh study E) is not so defınite as has been generally assumed

7.

As one concludes from the passage, racial discrimination ----. A) is the way whereby the relationship between attitudes and behaviour can best be assessed B) has always been a major issue in the US and cannot be eradicated C) was a problem of the 1930s in the US, but has now disappeared altogether D) in the US and the rest of the world can be fought most effectively through legislation E) was not practised by a great majority of the proprietors visited by the professor and his Chinese companions

388

10. lt is clear from the passage that the replies the professor received from the proprietors to whom he sent letters ----. A) revealed a strong attitude of racial discrimination against the Chinese B) could not be regarded as an indication of prevalent racism in the US C) were not concerned with the interrelationship between one's attitudes and behaviour D) were confıned only to a very smail part of the

us E) clearly showed why one's attitudes determine one's behaviour



-

12.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

13. According to the passage, while the narrator was in New Zealand, he ----.

When you stay as a guest in someone's house, you give up your anonymity. This becomes quite a challenge if you are the kind of person who cherishes independence. However, when you and your host are on the same waveıength, you can have a trip more speciaı than money can buy. Some years ago when ı went to Auckıand , New Zeaıand , for the fırst time, my hosts were a coupıe , about my age, whom ı had met whiıe travelling in Europe. They had a full programme ıined up for me. They drove me areund and showed me their favourite hot springs and aıso the beach where a popuıar TV series had once been fıımed . At mealtimes, they introduced me to their favourite restaurants, where 1 sampled cheeses from south New Zealand that don't get exported, and fruits grown locally. Normally such a tight schedule would make me nervous, but 1 found myseıf happily relinquishing control to my hosts, who truly understood the pleasures of their native country and enjoyed sharing them . 1 couldn't have encountered this New Zealand on my own .

A) tried to fınd ways whereby he could travel independently B) had the opportunity to taste the native produce unique to the country C) was frustrated with the programme prepared for him by his hosts D) was particularly attracted by the location of a popular TV series E) did not have enough money to see the other parts of the country outside Auckland

cevaplayın ız.

14. lt is pointed out in the passage that the narrator and his hosts ----.

11. As we understand from the passage, the narrator ----. A) was a person who shamelessly exploited the couple's hospitality B) expected his hosts to meet all the expenses of his sightseeing in and areund Auckland C) and his hosts had similar tastes and interests, which made his trip most enjoyable D) was more interested in eating than visiting places E) enjoyed the beginning of the holiday but not the latter part

12. lt is suggested in the passage that a person with a sense of independence ----. A) B) C) D)

enjoys travelling together with other people can make friends easily while travelling soon mixes with other peopıe wants to be led around by friends who know the territory E) usually prefers to be anonymous when he or she travels


A) knew each other before he travelled to New Zealand B) had made a long journey together across many European countries C) spent a fortune to experience the pleasures of New Zealand D) were genuinely interested in sampling a large variety of New Zealand 's food and drinks E) were independent people who preferred to be on their own

15. lt is implied in the passage that the narrator usually likes ----. A) local food more than nationally popular food B) to be in New Zealand rather than in Europe or anywhere else C) to follow a full programme on his travels D) to see his travels as a challenge E) to travel in a relaxed and leisurely way

389

YDS ŞiFRELERi 16.

-

20.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

19. We see from the passage that Finland's economy ----.

In Finland now, everything is all right. Fifteen years after one of the worst recessions any European country has seen , triggered by the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Finns feel very content. Their smail country of a population of 5 million is the first in the World Economic Forum's list of the world's most competitive countries, and the second in its businesscompetitiveness index. lt is alsa the first in the OECD's world ranking of educational performance and has the second-highest share of research - and development spending in the European Union. Moreover, the country is reversing its demographic decline and, hence, its fertility rate is one of the highest in Europe. Perhaps best of all the Finns are taeing globalization without paranoia. Theirs is one of the few European countries to have succeeded in businesses in which international prices are taliing because of global competition and technological change. In most of Europe public opinion and even business elites seem gloomily resigned to being overwhelmed by lndia and China. Finland suggests that this fate is not inevitable.

A) is by far the strongest in the world B) remains unaffected by technological change C) is stili undergoing the effects of the fall of the Soviet Union D) has had a direct effect on its fertility rate E) hasn't always been stable

cevaplayın ız.

16. We learn from the passage that, in addition to Finland's recent economic success, ----. A) B) C) D) E)

it is alsa a popular tourist destination it is resigned to being overwhelmed by lndia it alsa ranks very high in education it remains in a deep recession its businesses are not globally competitive

17. lt is clear from the passage that Finland's previously weak economy ----. A) was caused by the collapse of the Soviet Union B) had no effect on the country's standing in the World Economic Forum C) caused the country to spend more on research and development D) improved dramatically fıfteen years ago E) became stronger after it began to reverse its demographic decline

20. According to the passage, one indicator of Finland's economic success is its ----. A) experience with recession B) high ranking within the World Forum C) parancia regarding globalization D) smail population E) public opinion regarding China

21.

-

25.

soruları

aşağıdaki

Economic

parçaya

göre

cevaplayın ız.

Until the giant American energy company Enron collapsed , and its director Kenneth Lay was imprisoned, his life had been a model of the American dream of rising from rags to riches on the strength of merit and hard work. His beginnings were socially and financially very modest. He was born in Tyrone, Missouri, in 1942, as the son of a preacher who was alsa a part-time salesman . He helped his father make ends meet by cutting grass and delivering papers. His start in the energy industry seemed similarly modest. After obtaining a doctoral degree in economics from the University of Houston, he got his start in the booming Texan oil industry. In 1985 he merged Houston Natural Gas with lnterNorth of Nebraska in order to form Enron. As Enron became stronger, Mr Lay turned increasingly to politics and was one of the biggest donors to the Bush-Cheney campaign . After Mr Bush entered the White House, Mr Lay had hopes of a seat in the cabinet, perhaps as energy secretary or even at the Treasury. However, for reasons that remain unclear, Mr Bush overlooked him, so his professionallife ended in frustration .

21. According to the passage, after Mr Bush was elected president of the US, Kenneth Lay ----. 18. We understand from the Finland's population ----.

passage

that

A) resents outside interference in its economy B) is becoming one of the highest in Europe C) is an extremely competitive one when it comes to internal trade D) is now increasing due to a higher birth rate E) is not well-educated by European standards

390

A) B) C) D)

turned increasingly to politics became involved in the Texan oil industry was not offered a cabinet seat obtained a doctoral degree from the University of Houston E) dissolved Enron, the company he had created


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 22. lt is clear from the passage that the giant American energy company Enron was founded through ----. A) Kenneth Lay's increasing interest in politics B) Kenneth Lay's dream of rising from rags to rich es C) the fact that Kenneth Lay had been imprisoned D) Kenneth Lay's modest beginnings as the son of a preacher and part-time salesrnan E) the merging of two companies : Houston Natural Gas and lnterNorth

23. We understand from the passage that, when Kenneth Lay was a child, he ----. A) worked asa part-time salesrnan together with his father B) wanted to become a preacher like his father C) moved with his family from Tyrone, Missouri, to Houston, Texas D) contributed to his family's ineome by working at part-time jobs E) dreamed of becoming an oil tycoon

24. We can infer from the passage that Kenneth Lay expected Mr Bush to offer him a high position in his administration because Mr Lay

A) had contributed a very large amount of money to Mr Bush's presidential campaign B) was an important player in the Texan oil industry C) was frustrated with his politicallife D) had obtained a high level of education , and was theretare quite knowledgeable E) had become very rich through his hard work

25. We see from the passage that Kenneth Lay's imprisonment was ----. A) the result of his involvement in the BushCheney campaign B) a miscarriage of justice C) due to a erime he had committed while studying at the University of Houston D) carried out despite the fact that he was a good friend of President Bush E) implemented at araund the same time that Enron , the company he had founded , collapsed


391

YDS ŞiFRELERi

TEST VIII 1. -5. soruları cevaplayın ız.

4. aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

Engineering is akin to writing or painting in that it is a creative endeavor that begins in the mind's eye and proceeds into new frontiers of thought and action, where it does not so much find as make new things. Just as the poet starts with a blank sheet of paper and the artist with a blank canvas , so the engineer taday begins with a blank computer screen . Until the outlines of a design are set down, however tentatively, there can be no appeal to science or to critica! analysis to judge or test the design. Scientific, rhetorical or aesthetic principles may be called on to inspire, refine and finish a design, but creative things do not come of applying the principles alone. Without the sketch of a thing or a diagram of a process, scientific facts and laws are of little use to engineers. Science may be the theater, but engineering is the action on the stage.

1.

2.

A) the creative process is complete B) he tends to lose interest in it C) he should wait a while before transcribing it onto a blank sheet of paper D) aesthetic principles may help him to intensify and complete it E) he must start to examine it for flaws and then remove them

5.

We understand from the passage that, for the engineer, scientific laws ----. A) only have a role to play after a design has taken same sort of form B) are only relevant in details canceming safety C) are a constant factor all through the creative process of design D) play an important role only when it comes to finalizing certain details E) are rarely applicable at any stage in his projects

6.

The point is made in the passage ' that aesthetic principles ----. A) B) C) D) E)

392

have no place in an engineer's design are central to the very best works of art and creativity are two very different things cannot be taught or learnt can infuse life into an ill-conceived poem

-

10.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

cevaplayın ız.

Just as every teenager thinks he is brighter than his parents, every decade considers itself superior to the one that came before. Over the past few months, we of the 2000 decade have made it quite clear that we are morally heads above those who lived in the 1990s. We've done it first by establishing a reigning eliche for that period . Just as the 1960s are known for student unrest, the 1980s for Reagan, Thatcher and the Yuppies, the 1990s will henceforth be known as the second Gilded Age. They will be known as the age when the real problems in the world were ignored while the illusions of the dotcom types were celebrated . lt was the age of effortless abundance, cell phones on every ear, stock markets that only went up and Mercedes sport utility vehicles. Never before had business leaders enjoyed so much prestige, and never before had capitalism had fewer mortal enemies. Bill Gates couldn't be on enough business-magazine covers; tycoons like him felt free to assume the role of global sages, writing boks with such weighty titles as "The Road Ahead ."

6. 3.

According to the writer of the passage, each act of creativity ----. A) necessitates the crossing of frontiers and entry into unknown regions B) is dependent upon a storehouse of closely related knowledge C) arises almost equally out of thought and inspiration and knowledge D) has same bearing on other acts of creativity E) in one sphere of endeavour has its counterpart in anather

The writer's main ai m in this passage is to ----. A) show how many different types of creativity there are B) stress the creative and constructive aspects of an engineer's work C) compare and centrast the way poets and painters work D) show that literary creativity is superior to the painter's creativity E) establish the fact that it is the engineers' scientific knowledge that makes him creative

lt can be inferred from the passage that, once a poet has achieved the basic core of his poem, ----.

According to the passage, the decade of the 1990s was characterized by ----. A) capitalism , blindness and possessions B) hard-work, greed and the need communicate C) indifference, immorality and selfishness D) generosity, spontaneity and individuality E) disagreements, competition and prejudice

to



In the opinion of the author of the passage, the 2000 decade ----.

A) differs very little from the decade of Reagan, Thatcher and the Yuppies B) inherited a failing global economy from the previous decade C) is far more moral than the preceding one D) stili admires the values of the business leaders of the 1990s and the books they wrote E) is fast losing its idealism and growing more and more like previous decades

8.

The term "Gilded Age" as it is used in the passage means ---.

A) B) C) D) E)

9.

to be admired golden age with moral principles with surface shine in bad taste

11.

-

15.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

cevaplayın ız.

BBC4, a comparatively new TV channel, has a character of its own . From the start it aimed to be "a place to think", and it was always designed as something "that the commercial market would never do", says Roly Keating, its controller and former!y head of arts at the BBC. lts fırst week's Schedule indeed verged on a parody of non-commercial TV, with township opera from South Africa and a performance by a Senegalese singer in a London church hall. A top-rated show will typically draw some 50,000 viewers - almost negligible in television terms . Yet that narrow appeal makes BBC4 a model of what a publicly fınanced broadcaster ought to do. lt has roamed into territory where its ratinqs-driven sister channel, BBC1 , seldamdares to tread. Despite a tiny 35m budget, it boasts an intelligent prime-time talk show and a world news programme so internationally minded that its London provenance is barely visible. BBC4 may wear its gravity a little too heavily at times, but it supplies a variety and thoughtfulness unavailable on prime time BBC1. The more the other BBC channels chase the ratings, and the more that BBC4 refuses to be dictated to by them, the more the channel looks like a model for what BBC television could look like.

We understand from the passage that, during the 1990s, ----.

A) there was a great deal of student unrest B) capitalism again fell into disrepute C) technological advance took the form of useful gadgets D) teenagers grew very critica! of the ir parents E) business tycoons received undue respect and were indeed almost idolized

11. lt is clear from the passage that, since BBC4 is publicly financed, it ----.

A) has to give viewers the kind of programmes they want B) has a large budget with which to work C) is under no pressure to attract large numbers ofviewers D) is under an obligation to offer a great variety of programme E) is often severely criticized for the subjectivity of its news programmes

10. One point made in the passage is that----.

A) with each passing decade life gets easier and more comfortable B) any hopes of the 2000 decade are not likely to survive the decade C) the business magazines of this decade differ very little from those of earlier decades D) each new decade regards itself as superior to the previous one E) the real problems of each decade are essentially the same


12. In the passage, BBC1 is deseribed as being "ratings-driven"; this means ----.

A) B) C) D) E)

it is obliged to put on popular programmes its appeal is a very narrowone it sees BBC4 as its greatest rival it feels very secure and can take risks it never experiments or tries out a new type of programme

393

YDS ŞiFRELERi 13. Before he took over the running of BBC4, Roly Keating ----.

16. We understand from the passage that, in summer, the isiand of Lewis •·•·.

A) was involved in commercial TV enterprises B) was criticized because his programmes were too intellectual and too serious C) was a severe eritic of the BBC1 channel D) had taken a firm stand against the trend to let ratings dictate programming E) was arts director at the BBC

A) attracts visitors as nature there has remained unspoiled B) enjoys a warm , wind-free climate C) is one of the most attractive of the islands that make up the Outer Hebrides D) has little to offer its inhabitants by way of a living other than fishing E) can offer its inhabitants even less in the way of a livelihood than it can in the winter

14. According to the passage, the programmes BBC4 has to offer ·•·•. A) rarely come up to expectations B) are varied, unusual and thought-provoking C) are mostly news programmes and Londonorientated D) are attracting very large numbers of viewers E) constitute a close riva! for BBC1 as regards Ratings

15. lt is clear that the writer of the passage ·•·•. A) feels BBC4 has not lived up to its aim to be "a place to think" B) regards BBC4's budget of [35m as excessive C) would like to see the BBC1 channel closed down D) is very impressed by the performance of the BBC4 channel E) was full of admiration for BBC4's choice of programme for the fırst week

16.

-

20.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

cevaplayınız.

The natives of the Lewis Isiand know wind sametimes too well. Every winter the Atlantic gales come blasting across the northern tip of Scotland's Outer Hebrides. The wind hardly slows down even after striking land; in the island's marshy interior, gusts regularly exceed 160kph. Everyone stays indoors but the sheep . Tourists arrive in summer, lured by mild temperatures and unspoiled countryside; even so, there's rarely a calm day. "The weather here is changeable", says Nigel Scott, spokesman for the local government. "But the wind is constant". The brutal climate could finally be Lewis's salvation. The place has been growing poorer and more desolate for generations, as young people seek sunnier prospects elsewhere. But now the energy industry has discovered the storm-swept island. The multinationals AMEC and British Energy are talking about plans to erect some 300 outsize wind turbines across a few thousand hectares of moorland. If the 500 million-pound project goes through, the array will be Europe's largest wind farm, capable of churning out roughly 1 per cent of Britain's total electrical needs - and generating some badly needed jobs and cas h for the people of Lewis.

394

17. lt's clear from the passage that for a long time now the young people of Lewis ----. A) have been locking forward to the establishment of a wind farm on their isiand B) have been leaving the isiand intent on fınding a better way of life elsewhere C) have realized that the island's most valuable asset is its climate D) have been reluctant to leave the isiand on a permanent basis E) feel no sympathy for the old traditions and ways of life of the isiand

18. According to the passage, Lewis Isiand ----. A) has the climate and conditions favourable to agriculture B) suffers more than any other isiand in Scotland's Outer Hebrides from Atlantic gales C) will undergo many important changes unless a wind farm is established there D) may one day be home to Europe's largest wind farm E) has an aging population that regards the windfarm scheme with distrust

19. If the energy industry carries out the Project deseribed in the passage and sets up 300 wind turbines on Lewis, ----. A) maintenance costs due to the gale force winds could cause fınancial failure B) the young people will want to leave their much loved isiand C) there will be a shortage of land for the sheep to graze on D) other windswept coastlines throughout Europe will probably follow su it E) these will provide Britain with roughly of 1 per cent of her total electrical needs


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 20. According to the passage, if the proposed wind farmis set up on Lewis, ----.

A) this could make the isiand unatiractive to summer visitors B) the idea could spread rapidly to neighbouring islands C) this will open up much needed employment opportunities for the isianders D) it will only function efficiently in the winter months E) the costs will be shared equally by AMEC and British Energy

21.

-

25.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

22. One point that is given emphasis in the passage is ----.

considerable

A) the need of all students to get acquainted with foreign cultures and global issues B) that the universities have a commitment to the pursuit of truth for its own sake C) that the universities are in a position to further greater global integration D) the incredible speed with which knowledge is increasing E) that universities must stick to the values that have made them successful in the past

göre

cevaplayın ız .

In this century, the wealth and success of nations will depend like never before on the ability to produce and use knowledge. Universities have long been instrumental in generating knowledge and ideas. But in an increasingly globalized world , and in the face of rapid scientific change, they will need to think about a set of new challenges and how best to prepare their students for the coming decades. Universities will need to teach a new kind of literacy, in which global awareness will play an important role . They also need to deal with the dilemmas posed by the accelerating pace of change brought on by scientific and technological advances. We are on the brink of oneein-human-history progress in combating disease through the application of modern science. Doctors will have at their disposal blood tests that will teli you with substantial predictive power how long you will live and from what diseases you are likely to suffer. The Internet and the application of information technology may well represent the most profound change in the way knowledge is disseminated since the printing press. We are close to understanding the first second of the history of the cosmos.

21. According to the passage, universities are under an obligation to ensure that their students ----.

A) have the chance to work alongside foreign students B) are equipped to deal with the changing conditions of the coming decades C) are introduced to international perspectives in every area of study D) are taught not specific facts as much as broad ways of thinking E) all have a good grounding in science and technology


23. lt is clear from the passage that science and the application of science ----.

A) will not help to further global awareness B) is largely confined within the universities C) has grown so complex that it is beyond the understanding of all but a very few D) cannot go on advancing at this rate E) is opening up startling new possibilities

24. The writer of the passage seems convinced that the current rapid developments in science and technology ----.

A) B) C) D)

will be accompanied by new problems cannot go on much fonger will bring more harm than good are largely concentrated in the field of medicine E) are beyond the grasp of most people in most countries

25. The phrase, "once-in-human-history progress" is saying ----.

A) we cannot expect or, indeed, hope for such progress ever to happen again B) this is only the first of many spurts of progress C) this is the first instance of a widespread application of science D) there has never been such progress ever before and there may not be again E) this is the highest possible peak of progress

395

YDS ŞiFRELERi

READING PASSAGE TESTS CEVAP ANAHTARI TESTI

TEST lll

TEST V

TEST VII

1. c 2.A 3.D 4.E 5.B 6.D 7.B 8.A 9. E 10.C 11. D 12.B 13. A 14.E 15. A 16.D 17.E 18. A 19.C 20.B 21. E 22.B 23.D 24.C 25.A

1. c 2. D 3.E 4.A 5. D 6.C 7. B 8. E 9.D 10.E 11. D 12. A 13.E 14.B 15. E 16.D 17.E 18.C 19. A 20.D 21.E 22.A 23.D 24.E 25.A

1. E 2.D 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.D 8.E 9.A 10.C 11. D 12. c 13.B 14.A 15. E 16.B 17.A 18.D 19. c 20.E 21. A 22.D 23.C 24.A 25.B

1. A 2.E 3. D 4.B 5.C 6.E 7.E 8.C 9.B 10. A 11. c 12.E 13.B 14.A 15. E 16.C 17.A 18.D 19.E 20. B 21.C 22.E 23.D 24.A 25.E

TEST ll

TEST IV

TEST VI

TEST VIII

1. E 2.B 3. E 4.A 5. c 6.D 7.B 8.A 9.D 10.C 11. B 12. A 13.E 14. A 15.D 16.D 17. c 18. A 19.E 20.A 21.C 22.B 23.E 24.D 25.C

1. B 2.A 3. c 4.D 5.E 6.B 7. D 8. E 9. c 10.E 11. D 12.B 13.A 14.E 15.C 16.B 17. c 18.E 19.D 20.A 21.D 22.E 23. c 24.A 25.B

1. A 2.E 3.C 4.B 5.D 6.A 7.D 8.C 9.B 10.D 11. E 12. A 13.E 14.D 15. E 16.C 17. B 18.D 19. A 20.C 21. c 22. E 23.A 24.E 25.D

1. B 2.A 3.C 4.D 5.A 6.A 7.C 8. D 9. E 10.D 11. c 12. A 13.E 14.B 15.D 16. A 17.B 18.D 19.E 20.C 21.B 22.D 23.E 24.A 25.0

396



READING

PASSAGE TEKNiKLERI®

ANA FİKİR CÜMLELERİ KONU EŞLEŞMESİ TEKNİGİ!® ./

PARÇANIN ÖZNESi (KONUSU) SORU ANAHTAR KELİMESİ OLARAK VERİLDİGİNDE; KONU EŞLEŞTİRMESİ İÇİN PARÇANIN ANA FİKİR CÜMLELERİ (İLK VE SON CÜMLELER) ELE ALINIR! İLK VE SON CÜMLEDEKi KONULAR İLE SEÇENEKTEKi KONULAR İLE EŞLEŞTİRİLİR!

./

SORU KÖKENiNDE ANAHTAR KELIME(PARÇADAN KELIME) VERILMEDIGINDE AYNI TEKNIK UYGULANMALIDIR VE PARÇANIN KONUSUNU(ÖZNESİNİ) İÇEREN EN GENEL SEÇENEK DOGRU CEVAP OLARAK TERCiH EDİLMELİDİR!

~~~~~ ~~ilı:lılıılı.ı.o.ilıılıllıılıa:.lj~ More than half of the red spruce trees in the mountains of the northern United States have died s'lrıce the mid-1970s. Other tree species, such as sugar maples, for example, are alsa dying. Many still-living trees'~e exhibiting symptoms of forest decline, characterized by a gradual deterioration and often eventual death. 1 symptoms of forest decline are reduced vigour and growth, but same as yellawing of needles in conifers. Air pollutants may or may not be the plants exhibit specifıc sym pri that results fa ct o

' 'ANAHTAR KELIME • .

PARÇANIN ANA KONUSUl

89. 1t is emphasized in the passage that jAıR POLLUTIONI----. (2010 SONBAHAR KPDS SORUSU) weakens the resistance of plants against environmental stresses in the northeastern United States has declined substantially over the years C) causes the spread of bacterial, fungal and viral diseases in the world D) plays a major role in the fa ll of winter temperatures E) prevents the detection of symptoms related to forest decline.

Soru Çözümü: ANA FiKiR CÜMLELERi KONU EŞLEŞMESi TEKNiGi!® SORU ANAHTAR KELIMESI: AIR POLLUTION PARÇANIN ANA KONUSU{ÖZNESi): AIR POLLUTION ANA FiKiR CÜMLLERi: iLK VE SON CÜMLELER ANA FiKiR CÜMLLERiNDEKi KELiMELERDEN iÇEREN SEÇENEK: A SEÇENEGi ESLESEN KELiMELER: SON CÜMLEDEN :weakens iLK CÜMLEDEN: plants, environmental stresses


397

YDS ŞiFRELERi

ANAHTAR KELiME CÜMLESiNDEN KONU(KELiME) EŞLEŞMESi TEKNiGi!® SORU KÖKÜNDE YER ALAN ANAHTAR KELİMELERİN ARADA İLK KEZ GEÇTİGİ CÜMLE BELİRLENİR!

PARÇADA

2. BELiRLENEN CÜMLEDEKi KELİME(LER), YAKIN ANLAMLlLARI İFADE SEÇENEKLERDE ARANIR!

BİR

YA DA

3. PARÇADA ANAHTAR KELİME İÇEREN CÜMLEDE 'INDEED', 'IN FACT', 'THEREFORE', 'THIS + VERB(FİİL), BY DOING SO/THIS ... iFADELERİ YER AllYOR İSE; BU İFADELERİN YER ALDlGI CÜMLE BİR ÖNCEKi CÜMLENİN AÇIKLAMASI DURUMUNDA OLDUGUNDAN; KONU(KELİME) EŞLEŞTİRMESİNDE HER İKİ CÜMLE DE BİRLİKTE AllNMALlDlR. 4. ANAHTAR KELİMENİN(LERİN) PARÇADA İLK KEZ GEÇTİGİ CÜMLEDEKi KELiMELER BİRDEN FAZLA SEÇENEKTE YER ALDIGINDA; PARÇADAKi CÜMLEDEN EN ÇOK KELİME İÇEREN SEÇENEK (CÜMLEYi DAHA KAPSAMLI ŞEKiLDE ÖZETLEMESİ NEDENi İLE) DOGRU CEVAP OLARAK TERCiH EDİLMELİDİR. CÜMLEDEKi KELİMELERDEN; CÜMLE GELEN KELİMEYİ İÇEREN SEÇENEK BELiRLEMEDE TERCİH EDİLMELİDİR.

ANAHTAR

ÖNCELİKLİ

SIRALAMASlNDA DOGRU CEVABI

KONU(KELiME) EŞLEŞ~iRMESi~DE KELiMELER BiREBiR ARANMAMALIDIR! KELIMELERIN EŞLEŞTIGI SEÇENEGiN PARÇADAKi CÜMLEDE VERiLMEK iSTENiLEN iFADEYi ÖZETLEYiP ÖZETLEMEDiGiNE DiKKAT EDiLMELiDiR! PARÇADA BELiRLENEN CÜMLEDE OLUMLU iFADEYE YER VERiLMiŞ iSE; SEÇENEKTE DE OLUMLU iFADEYE ARANMALlDlR. OLUMSUZ iFADEYE YER VERiLMiŞ iSE; SEÇENEGiN DE OLUMSUZ iFADEYi iÇERMESi GEREKiR! SORUDAKi ANAHTAR KELiMENiN(LERiN) PARÇADA iLK KEZ BiR ARADA YER ALDlGI CÜMLEDEKi KELiMELER YA DA YAKIN ANLAMLlLARI SEÇENEKLERDE BULUNAMADIGINDA; TAKiP EDEN CÜMLELER KONU EŞLEŞTiRMESi AÇlSlNDAN SIRASI iLE ELE ALlNMALlNMALlDlRI

398



ANAHTAR KELiME CÜMLESiNDEN KONU EŞLEŞMESi TEKNiGi!® When air pollution , including acid rain , is combined with other environmental stresses , such as low winter temperatures, prolonged droughts, insects, and bacterial , fungal, and viral diseases, it can cause plants to decline and die. More than half of the red spruce trees in the mountains of the northern United States have died since the mid-1970s. Other tree species, such as sugar maples, for example, are also dying. Many still-l iving trees are exhibiting symptoms of forest decline, characterized by a gradual deterioration and often eventual death. [B_§

ENERAL SYMPTOMS OF FOREST DECLIN

are

reduced vigour

and growth , but some plants exhibit

specifıc symptoms, such as yello · g of needles in conifers. ~r-pollutants may or may not be the primary stress that results in forest decline, but the ~~ence of air pallutian lower;"'pleQ! resistance to other stress factors. When one or more stresses weaken a tree, then'aQ additicnal stress may be endtı9Q to cause death.

'

~'=---------~

90. As it is clear from the passage, IQNE OF THE SYMPTOMSI that indicates !FOREST DECLINE) is----.

(2010 SONBAHAR KPDS SORUSU) A the growing number of insects the reduced vigour of trees C) lower winter temperatures D) prolonged droughts E) the increase of acid ra in 1

Soru Çözümü: KONU EŞLEŞMESi TEKNiGi!® SORUDA KOKENINDEKI 'ONE OF THE SYMPTOMS', 'FOREST DECLINE' ANAHYTAR KELIMELERIN PARÇADA YER ALDlGI CÜMLEDEKi 'REDUCED VIGOUR' KONUSU ILE B SEÇENEGiNDE YER ALMAKTADlR!


399

YDS ŞiFRELERi

ANAHTAR KELiME CÜMLESiNDEN iFADE EŞLEŞMESi TEKNiGi!® Government planners and social scientists from manv countries are developing a number of strategies to help us adapt to LOBAL WARMIN . For example, what should people living in coastal areas do? They can move iniand away from th dangers of storm surges, although this solution has high economic costs. An alternative plan, which is also e')tremely expensive, is to build dikes to protect coastal !and. The Dutch, who have been doing this sort of thing f<)l" several hundred years , have offered their technical expertise to several developing nations threatened by a riıe in sea level. We also have to adapt to shifting agricultural zones. Many temperate countries are in the proce~ of evaluating semitropical crops to determine the best ones to substitute for traditional crops if or when t~ı{ climate warms. Drought-resistant species of trees are being developed by large lumber companies now, bE)Cause the trees planted today will be harvested many decades later when global warming may already get mucjı worse. /

/

94. lt is stated in the passage that, for our adaptation to !GLOBAL WARMINGj, ----. A) an alternative strategy is that all the coastal areas in the world have to be evacuated so that the inhabitants can be safe from the dangers of storm surges B) many scientists and planners are involved in a series of activities that are primarily suitable for temperate countries C) not only the Dutch but also governments of many countries have devoted a great dea! of hard work to the development of urgent strategies D) new agricultural zones suitable for the growth of semitropical crops and also the development of droughtresistant trees are the only suitable strategies

state planners and social scientists of different nationalities are working to develop various strategies Soru Çözümü: iFADE EŞLEŞMESi TEKNiGi!® SORUDA IŞARETLI ANAHTAR KELIMENIN PARÇADA ILK KEZ GEÇTI 1 CUMLEDEKI IFADE ILE E SEÇENEGiNDEKi iFADE BiREBiR EŞLEŞMiŞTiRI

400



READING PASSAGE TEKNiKLERi TESTI A key feature of globalization has been the transformatian of the world economy, highlighted by the rapid integration of markets since 1970. In a series of historic changes. the international agreements that had regulated the mavement of people , goods, and money since World War ll were overturned. To begin with , the postwar economic arrangements sealed by a various treaties steadily eroded in the Iate 1960s, as western industrial nations faced a double burden of inflation and economic stagnation. A crucial shift in monetary policy occurred in 1971, when the United States abandoned the postwar gold standard and allawed the dollar to range freely. As a result, formal regulations on currencies , international banking , and lending among states faded away. They were replaced with an informal network of arrangements managed autonomously by large private lenders, their political friends in leading Western states, and independent financial agencies such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. The economists and administrators who dominated these new networks steered away from the interventionist policies that had shaped postwar planning and recovery. lnstead, they relied on a broad range of market-driven models termed "neoliberalism". To begin with , (1) THE POSTWAR ECONOMIC arrangements sealed by various treaties steadily eroded in the Iate 1960s, as Western industrial nations faced a double burden of inflation and economic sta nation. THE ECONOMISTS and administrators who dominated these new networks steered away from the interventionist policies that had shaped POSTWAR lannin and recove . 1.

lt is indicated in the passage that the ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE IN THE POSTWAR PERIOD----. A) totally eliminated the esaRamis stagRatiaR B) primarily depended on polioies

formı,ılated

exı:ıerienoed

ey Western indystrial natians

ey the International Monetary

F"ı,ınd

C) was mainly based on policies that allawed state intervention

O) was so §OOd that leadin§ indı,ıstrial states remained indifferant to neoliberalism E) had a ı:ıositive impaot on the development of international eankin§ TEKNiK: Soru cümlesinde geçen anahtar kelimelerden ECONOMY; POSTWAR parçada ilk kez altı çizili (1) no lu cümlede geçmektedir. Cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri açısından seçenekler irdelendiğinde ; A ŞIKKINDA economic stagnation, Western industrial nations kelimeleri eşleşmekte ancak seçenekteki kelimeler cümlenin fiili eliminata ile birlikte ele alındığında; ilk kutudaki cümlede verilen ifade ile seçenekteki cümlede yer alan ifadenin ilintili olmadığı anlaşılmaktadır . Bu nedenle soru anahtar kelimelerinin bir arada verildiğ i parçadaki bir diğer cümle ele alınmaktadır. ikinci cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçenekler arasında doğru cevap olan C SEÇENEGiNDE yer almaktadır. C ŞIKKINDA yer alan intervention, policies kelimeleri cümlede de geçmektedir.


Soru anahtar kelimelerinin parçada ilk kez bir arada yer aldığı cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri A seçeneğinde görülmektedir. Ancak kelimeler cümlede ifade edilmek istenileni ifade etmemektedir. Bu seçenek elendiğinden; soru anahtar kelimelerinin bir arada verildiği bir diğer cümle anahtar kelime taraması açısından ele alınmıştır. Ele alınan cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri cümle konusuna paralel şekilde C seçeneğinde verilmiştir.

401

YDS ŞiFRELERi A key feature of globalization has been the transformatian of (2) THE WORLD ECONOMY, highlighted by the rapid inte ratian of markets since 1970.

2.

As clearly stressed in the passage, THE WORLD ECONOMY ----. A) underwent a process of radical change after 1970, with markets quickty integrating B) C) D) E)

has novor rocovoros from the asvorso offocts of inflation si neo VVorls War ll is now fylly managos only by the International Monotary F'Yns ans the V\lorls Bank was affected by g/abalizatian for only a relatively short period after 1970 is constantly maniı;ıYiatos by the Unitos States ans other leasing Wostorn coYntrios

TEKNiK: Soru cümlesinde geçen anahtar kelimenin parçada ilk geçtiği (2) no'lu cümleye bakıldığında ; A VE D SEÇENEKLERiNDE bu cümlede geçen kelimeler yer almaktadır . D

ŞIKKINDA

yer alan globalization kelimesi preposition verilip özne durumunda olmadığından ve edilgen yapıda kullanıldığından seçenek elenmekledir ve elde kalan A SEÇENEGi sorunun doğru cevabı olarak kabul edilmektedir. sonrası

A crucial shift in monetary policy occurred IN 1971 , when THE UNITED STATES abandoned (3) THE POSTWAR GOLD STANDARD and allowed the dallar to ran e freel . 3.

lt is clearly pointed out in the passage that THE UNITED STATES' DECISION IN 1971 TO GIVE UP THE POSTWAR GOLD STANDARD ---- . A) groatly Ynsorminos the ı;ırocoss of globaliz:ation in the following socasos ans has sinco los the '.\'orls oconomy into a sorioys erisis B) has boon the ı;ırimary caYso of the chronic inflation ans oconomic stagnation facos by the rest of the wGfiG C) was ossontially insı;ıiros by now oconomic mosals basos on free market polisies ans neoliberal ı;ıractices

D) was extremely impartant, si nce it overturned international currency and banking regulations E) •.vas the natyral oytcome of the wise range of economic arrangements mase in the West TEKNiK: Soru cümlesinde soru boşluğuna yakın verilen POSTWAR GOLD STANDARD soru anahtar kelimesini içeren kutu içerisindeki cümlenin bütününde; anahtar kelimenin birebir kendisi ya da eş anlamiısı arandığında; C ŞIKKINDA free-market policies kelimesi cümledeki monetarv Q.Q.[jçy kelimesi ile eslesmemektedir. D ŞIKKINDA crucial ile impartant kelimeleri aynı anlama geldiğinden D ŞIKKI doğru seçenektir.

402

ı;ıostwar ı;ıerios

in the

Kutudaki cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinden birinin eş anlamiısı D şıkkındaki cümlede yer aldığı için seçenek doğru cevap olarak kabul edilir.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi They were replaced with an informal network of arrangements managed autonomously by large private lenders, their political friends in leading Western states, and independent financia/ agencies such as (4) THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF) AND THE WORLD BANK.

4.

As can be understood from the passage, THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND AND THE WORLD BANK----. A) have always been re9araea with suspicion by

iRflusuial!~efl

WesterR RatiaRs

B) aevelop policies that 9ive priority to state intervention in the mana9ement of the economy C) have always introduced new formal re9ulations for curroncies and international bankin9 D) recruit only those economists who stron9ly support interventionist economic policies E) are financial bodies that are free from any intervention by an outside authority TEKNiK: Sorudaki altı çizili anahtar kelime parçada ilk kez kutudaki cümle içerisinde geçmekte olup; A SEÇENEGiNDE Western nations ile kutudaki cümleden Western states kelimesi kelimesi; E SEÇENEGINDEKi financial kelimesi kutudaki işaretli anahtar kelime ile ve free kelimesi kutudan independence kelimesi ile eşleşmektedir . En çok anahtar kelimeyi içererek konuyu en iyi özetleyen E SEÇENEGi doğru cevaptır.

Kutudaki cümleden en çok anahtar kelimeyi içeren seçeneğin konu hakkında daha detaylı bilgi vermesi nedeni ile E seçeneği doğru cevap kabul edilir.

lnstead, they relied ona broad range of market-driven models termed (5) "NEOLIBERALISM." 5.

lt is suggested in the passage that NEOLIBERALISM ----. A) si9nifies the economic policies that have been practised by the VVest since 1Norld \'Var ll B) is a te rm that reters to widely different models of the market economy C) has always been disre9arded by World Bank economists and administrators D) is primarily concerned with the free movement of people and 90ods in the world E) has been mo re dominant in the United States than in any of the other industrial nations

TEKNiK: Soru konusu 'NEORIBERALISM' parçada ilk kez kutu içerisinde gösterilen cümlede geçmektedir. Cümledeki anahtar kelime market-driven models anahtar kelimesi B SEÇENEGiNDEKi models of market economy kelimesi ile eşleşmekte ve seçenek doğru cevap olarak kabul edilmektedir.


ı

Kutu içerisindeki cümledeki anahtar kelimeyi içeren B seçeneğidir.

403

YDS ŞiFRELERi During the latter part of 1980, Iraq invaded Iran and hoped to seize its southarn oil fıelds. Iran counterattacked. The result was a murderous eight-year conflict markod by the use of chemical weapons and human waves of young Iranian radicals fıghting the Soviet-armed lraqis. The war ended with lran 's defeat, but not the collapse of its theocratic regime. In the short term , their long defence of Iranian nationalism left the mullahs more entrenched at home, while abroad they used their oil revenues to back grass-roots radicalism in Lebanon and militants elsewhere who engaged in anti-Western terrorism . Over the years , the strongest threats to the Iranian regime ultimately have come from within , from a new generatian of young students and workers who have discovered that their prospects for prosperity and democratic rights have not changed much since the days of the Shah.

Over the years, the strongest threats to (6)THE IRANIAN REGIME ultimately have come from within, from a new generatian of young students and workers who have discovered that their prospects for prosperity and demecratic rights have not changed much si nce the days of the shah. 6.

According to the passage , THE IRANIAN REGIME ----. A) has always been aware of the need to grant to the peep/e their demoGratiG Fights B) was adversely affeoted by the war with Iraq and lost rmıoh of its power C) has introduoed radioal eoonomio polioies to inorease its oil revenues D) has fa i/ed to gain the unanimous support of the peop/e in the country

E) wholly relies on young rafliGals in the oountry, who are inspired by nationalism TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesi THE IRANIAN REGIME parçada kutu içerisinde verilen cümlede geçmektedir. Bu cümle irdelendiğinde ; threat to Iranian regime from young students cümlenin konusunu özetlemektedir. Seçenekler irdelendiğinde ; E SEÇENEGi; young radicals kelimesi ile sadece young students kelimesini nitelemektedir. D SEÇENEGiNDE ise; failed to gain support of the people ifadesi ile cümlenin konusu the strongest threats to the Iranian regime yakın anlam taşıyarak anlam bütünlüğü sağlamaktadır ve bu nedenle seçenek doğru cevap kabul edilmektedir. During the latter part of 1980, (7) IRAQ INVADED IRAN and hoped to seize its southern oil fields. 7.

lt is clear from the passage that IRAQ'S INVASION OF IRAN----. A) /ed to a war, whioh , in the end , settled the issue of the southem sil fie!ds B) was sheer aggression, motivated by an economic purpose C) signifioantly weakened the authority of the Iranian mullahs D) was strongly opposed by the Soviet goı1ernment of the time E) proı1oked Iranian students and workers into antiregime demonstrations

TEKNiK: Soru cümlesindeki anahtar kelime IRAQ'S INVASION OF IRAN parçada ilk kez kutu içerisindeki cümlede geçmektedir.Cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde irdelendiğinde ; C, D ve E SEÇENEKLERi ortak kelime ya da yakın anlamlı ifade içermemektedir. Cümle anahtar kelimelerinden to seize its southerm oil fields A SEÇENEGiNDE the southern oil fields olarak geçmektedir. Konu parçada ifade edilmek istenilen şekli ile doğru cevap olan B SEÇENEGiNDE economic purpose olarak özetlenmektedir.

404

Soru konusunun parçada ilk geçtiği cümle irdelendiğinde; cümle konusu ile B seçeneğinde yer alan ifadenin paralellik gösterdiği görülmektedir.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi During the latter part of 1980, (8) IRAQ INVADED IRAN and hoped to seize its southern oil fıelds. Iran counter attacked. THE RESUL T was a murderous eight-year conflict marked by the use of chemical weapons and human waves of young Iranian radicals fighting the Soviet-armed Iraq is. 8.

As can be seen from the passage, THE WAR BETWEEN IRAN AND IRAQ----. A) lasted under a decade ile and caused a great deal of b/oodshed B) C) D) E)

was astı:ıally a war of attrition , with no vistery for oither side 9reatly ı:ındermined the prosperity of the Iranian people made it nesessary for the Iranian re9ime to use all its sil rewmues for weap9R6 was fou9ht on eoth sides with weapons provided ey the S9wets

TEKNiK: Soru cümlesindeki THE WAR BETWEEN IRAN AND IRAQ anahtar kelimesi parçada ilk kez kutuda gösterilen cümlede geçmiştir . Cümle irdelendiğinde; B, C ve E SEÇENEKLERi kutu içerisindeki cümlede yer alan anahtar kelimeleri ya d~ yakın anlamlılarını içermemektedir.D SEÇENEGI kutudaki cümlede geçen oil kelimesini içermekte; ancak kutudaki cümle ile farklı bir ifadeye yer vermektedir. Kutudaki cümleden ortak anahtar kelime seçeneklerde bulunamadığı için; kutudaki diğer cümleler irdelenmelidir. Ikinci cümledeki Iran soru cümlesinde soru anahtar kelimesi olarak geçtiği için ortak kelime kabul edilmemekte; bu nedenle kutudaki bir diğer cümle olan olan üçüncü cümlenin anahtar kelime açısından incelenmesi önerilmektedir.

Soru anahtar kelimesinin parçada yer aldığı cümlenin kelimeleri ile seçeneklerde yer alan kelimeler arasında birebir ya da benzer anlamda eşleşme yok ise; cümle ile seçenekler arasında ortak kelime bulununcaya kadar; cümleler sırası ile irdelenir. Bu soruda, kutuda yer alan üçüncü cümledeki anahtar kelimeler ile A seçeneğindeki kelimeler benzer ifade taşımaktadır.

Üçüncü cümlede _geçen .ilk kelimelere bakıldığında ; elde kalan A SEÇENEGINDEKI decade ile cümledeki eight-year conflict kelimesi eşleşmekte ve bloodshed cümleden murderous kelimesi ile yakın anlam taşımaktadır. Doğru cevap bu nedenle A ŞIKKIDIR.


405

YDS ŞiFRELERi In the short term , their long defence of IRANIAN NATIONALISM left the mullahs more entrenched at home, (10) WHILE ABROAD THEY USED . THEIR OIL REVENUES to back grass-roots radicalism in Lebanon and militants elsewhere who engaged in anti-Western terrorism . 9.

lt is stressed in the passage that, W ITH THE MONEY EARNED FROM OIL EXPORTS. IRAN ----. A) financod a series of projeats to strongthon RalffaRalism amaRg yauRg rafliGals B) mado hugo invostmonts to upgrade the capacity of its southorn oil fiolds C) ro armod its army and , thus , was ablo to rosist the lraqi invasion D) carriod out oconomic retorms to improvo the living standards of its poople E) sponsored radical political movements in other countries

TEKNiK: Sorudaki anahtar kelimelerin benzer ifadelerinin geçtiğ i cümle kutu içerisinde gösterilmektedir. Cümleden abroad ile soru anahtar kelimesi export eşleşmekte ve aynı cümlede hem soru anahtar kelimelerinden hem Iran hem de oil kel imesi yer almaktadır . Seçenekler irdelendiğinde; B, C ve D SEÇENEKLERi cümledeki kelimelerle ortak kelimeye yer vermemekte ve bu nedenle elenmektedir. A SEÇENEGi anahtar kelime içeriyor görülmekte ancak preposition kullanımı ile konudan uzak bir anlam ifade etmektedir. nationalism kelimesi ortak kelime görünmekle beraber; seçenekteki nationalism among young radicals ile Iranian nationalism kelimeleri aniamca eşleşmemektedir. E SEÇENEGINDE ise; radical kelimesi cümleden radicalism kelimesi ile eşleşmekte ; political movements in other countries ise militants elsewhere kelimesi ile aniamca benzerlik göstermektedir.

Soru cümlesinde yer alan anahtar kelimelerin birebir aynısı parçada bulunamadığı takdirde; kelimelerin benzer anlamda olanlarını içeren cümle irdelenir. Kutu içerisinde yer alan cümlenin kelimeleri seçeneklerde aranır. Birebir ortak anahtar kelime seçeneklerde bulunamadığı için anlam ilişkisi içinde olan kelimeler ele alınmıştır . En çok yakın anlamda anahtar kelimeyi C seçeneği içermektedir.

Over the years, the strongest threats to the Iranian regime ultimately have come from within , from a (10) NEW GENERATION OF YOUNG STUDENTS AND WORKERS WHO HAVE DISCOVERED THAT their prospects for prosperity and democratic rights have not changed much since the days of the Shah. 10. According to the passage , SOME SEGMENTS OF THE IRANIAN SOCIETY HAVE UL TIMATELY BECOME AWARE OF THE FACT THAT----. A) the Iran Iraq war rosulted from the Iranian rogime 's failuro to sooperata with Iraq B) the Iranian government is wasting the country's oil rovenues on unfeasible projects C) the new Iranian regime has not met their economic and political expectations D) #he fulure af lhe regime in the country fundamentally depends on young radioals E) the power of the mullahs in the country is not so strong as has generally been assumed TEKNiK: Sorudaki anahtar kolimierin birebir aynısı parçada bulunamamakla beraber; yakın anlamlıları kutu içerisinde gösterilen cümlede geçmektedir. A, B ve E SEÇENEKLERi kıyaslandığında; C SEÇENEGi cümleden daha fazla kelime içermektedir. C ile D SEÇENEKLERi kıyaslandığında ; C SEÇENEGi cümleden daha fazla kelime içermektedir. C SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan economy ile cümleden prosperity kelimesi: political expectations ile cümleden demecratic rights , have not changed ile cümleden has not met; the day of Shah ile cümleden the new Iranian regime bezer anlamda eşleşmektedir . Cümleden en çok anahtar kelime içermesi nedeni ile doğru cevap C SEÇENEGiDiR.

406

Soruda verilen kelimelerin parça içerisinde birebir ya da yakın anlamda verildiği cümle kutu içerisinde gösterilmiştir. Bu cümle ile seçeneklerdeki cümleler ortak anahtar kelime açısından irdelendiğinde ; en çok ortak kelimeyi içeren E şıkkı doğru cevap olarak kabul edilir.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi Until the Iate th irteenth century, European maritime commerce had been divided between a Mediterranean and a North Atlantic world. Starting around 1270, however, ltalian merchants began to sail through the Strait of Gibraltar and on to the wool producing regions of England and the Netherlands. This was the essential first step in the extension of Mediterranean commerce and colonization into the Atlantic Ocean. The second step was the discovery by Genoese sailors , during the fourteenth century, of the Atlantic isiand chains known as the Canaries and the Azores. Efforts to colonize the Canary lslands and to convert and enslave their inhabitants began almost immediately. But an effective conquest of the Canary lslands d id not begin until the fıfteenth century, when it was undertakan by Portugal and completed by Spain. The Canaries , in turn , became the base from which further Portuguese voyages down the west coast of Africa proceeded . They were alsa the "jumping-off point" from which Christopher Columbus would sail westward across the Atlantic Ocean in hopes of reaching Asia .

(11) UNTIL THE LATE THIRTEENTH CENTURY, European maritime commerce had been divided between a Mediterranean anda North Atlantic world . Startin around 1270 ... ...... .... ... 11. As suggested in the passage , in medieval Europe BEFORE 1270, ----. A) Spanish and Portuguose sailors had attempted to explore the west coast of l\frica and enslave the Rativos B) only ltalian merchants had had the monopoly to import wool from England and the Netherlands C) same daring attempts had been made to conquer and coloni;ze the Canaries and the /\;zores D) there had been two major zones formaritime trade: the Mediterranean and the North Atlantic E) there had been continual efforts especially by the Portuguese to convert West l\frican natives to Christianity TEKNiK: Sorudaki anahtar kelime BEFORE 1270 irdelendiğinde ; 1270 yılı öncesi hakkında bilgi istendiği görülmektedir. Bu nedenle; 1270 kelimesinin geçtiği bir önceki cümlenin irdelenmesi gerekir. Kutudaki ilk cümle irdelend iğinde anahtar kelimelerin D SEÇENEGiNDE yer aldığı görülmektedir. ANLAM iLiSKiSi maritime trade maritime commerce Mediterranean Mediterranean North Atlantic North Atlantic

= =

=

'YDS ŞiFRESi . TEKNiKLERi'

Soru anahtar kelimeleri irdelenirken tarihierin ya da kelimelerin önüne AFTER, BEFORE, WHEN gibi zaman bağlaçlarının gelip gelmediğine bakılmalıdır. Bu soruda tarih öncesi Before kullanımından dolayı 1720 li cümlesinin bir önündeki cümle ele alınmış ve anahtar kelimeleri D seçeneğinde bulunabilmiştir.

407

YDS ŞiFRELERi The second step was the discovery by Genoese sailors, (12) DURING THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY, of the Atlantic isiand chains known as the Canaries and the Azores . But (12) AN EFFECTIVE CONQUEST OF THE CANARY ISLANDS DID NOT BEGIN UNTIL THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY, when it was undertaken by Portugal and completed by Spain. The Canaries, in turn, became the base from which further Portu uese vo a &s down th& w&st coast of Africa roceeded . 12. lt is clear from the passage that THE EUROPEAN DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST OF THE CANARY ISLANDS IN THE FOURTEENTH AND FIFTEENTH CENTURIES ----. A) actually had no commercial and maritime significance, but became the major cause of rivalry betVJeeR Portugal aml SpatR B) strategically paved the way for further explorations along coastal West Africa and across the Atlantic Ocean C) could have been prevented if the nati>,ıes had been politically united to resi st sonversion and colonization D) caused so much excitement across Europe that especially ltalian merchants ı.vere keen to use the islands as their commercial base E) had an adverse impact on the t>letherlands' maritime trade with England and other countries in northern ~

TEKNiK: Sorudaki anahtar kelimelerden THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY kronolojik sıralamada öncelik taşıdığından; bu kelime parçada ilk aranması gereken kelimedir. ilk kutuda verilen cümlede the discoverv ve fourteenth century kelimeleri yer almaktadır. Bu cümle irdelendiğinde; soru anahtar kelimesi the Atlantic isiand chains seçeneklerde B ŞIKKINDA yer almaktadır. Sorunun diğer anahtar kelimelerinden the conquest of Canary islands ve the fifteenth century 2. kutuda verilen cümlelerde geçmektedir. Bu kelimelerin parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümledeki anahtar kelimeler Portugal ve Spain A SEÇENEGiNDE yer almasına karşın ; A seçeneği the rivalry between Portugal and Spain ifadesi ile konudan uzaklaşmıştır; çünkü kutudaki cümlede bu iki ülke arasındaki rekabet anlatılmamaktadır. Kutudaki cümleden seçeneklerde ortak anahtar kelime yer için; bir sonraki cümle olan The Canaries, in turn .......... cümlesi irdelenir. Bu cümledeki anahtar kelimeler irdelendiğinde ; kelimeler sadece B SEÇENEGiNDE görülebilmektedir ve bu nedenle seçenek doğru cevaptır. almadığı

ANLAM iLiŞKiSi paved the way became the base, further explorations further voyages, along coastal West Africa = down the West coast of Africa

=

408

=


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi (13) STARTING AROUND 1270, however, ltalian merchants began to sail through the Strait of Gibraltar and on to the woolproducin re ions of England and the Netherlands. 13. lt is asserted in the passage that, IN THE LATE THIRTEENTH CENTURY,----. A) /ta/ian merchants were fırst able to carry their Mediterranean trade into England and the Netherlands B) the Strait of Gibraltar gained so much strategic importance that it became a territorial issue between Spain and Portugal C) the Europeans soan realized that there ·.vas a great doal of profit to be made by slave trade across the AttaRtiG O) 99th ERglam:J aRd the Nether/aRds emergsd as the only major calanizing powers in the ~lorth Atlantic E) the ltaliaRs absolutely dominated the trade in tho Mediterranean and stroRgly 9f3P9&ed other nations' attempts to bonefit from it TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesi IN THE LATE THIRTEENTH CENTURY olduğu için; parçada UNTIL THE LATE THIRTEENTH CENTURY cümlesinden sonra gelen ve kutu içerisinde gösterilen cümle irdelenmelidir. Cümledeki anahtar kelimeler seçeneklerde arandığında; A SEÇENEGi cümle ile 3 ortak kelime içermektedir. D SEÇENEGi ENGLAND ve THE NETHERLANDS kelimelerini içermektedir. E SEÇENEGiNDE kutudaki cümleden the ltalians kelimesi geçmekte ancak seçenek strongly opposed fiili ile kutudaki cümlenin konusundan uzaklaşmaktadır. B VE C SEÇENEKLERi kutudaki cümle ile ortak anahtar kelime içermemektedir. Kutudaki cümle ile ortak anahtar kelime içermesi nedeni ile doğru cevap A ŞIKKIDIR.

Soruda in the Iate thirteenth century kelimesi anahtar kelime olarak verildiği için; Until the Iate .. ... . . cümlesi sonrasında yer alan cümle irdelenmelidir. Cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri A seçeneğinde yer almaktadır.

The second step was the discovery by Genoese sailors, during the fourteenth century, of the Atlantic isiand chains known as (14) THE CANARiES and the Azores. Efforts to colonize THE CANARY ISLANDS and to convert and enslave their inhabitants began almost immediately. 14. Asstatedin the passage, THE CANARY ISLANDS ----. A) B) C) O)

were mora densely populated than the ,1\zores, which played no part in transatlantic trade had already been Christianized beforo they were disco•;ered and G919Rized 'A'ere not so important as the Azares in the increase of trado along the \'Vest African coast d id not interest Christopher Columbus at all in his voyages across the Atlantic

E) were subjected to colonization soon after they were discovered by the Genoese TEKNiK: Sorudaki THE CANARY ISLANDS kelimesinin parçada ilk geçtiği cümle kutu içerisinde gösterilmektedir. Bu cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde irdelendiğinde; cümledeki the discovery by the Genoese of the Canaries kelimesi sadece doğru cevap olan E SEÇENEGiNDE yer almaktadır.


Soru anahtar kelimesinin parçada ilk cümle irdelendiğinde; cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinin E seçeneğinde yer aldığı görülmektedir.

geçtiği

409

YDS ŞiFRELERi They were also the "jumping-off point" from which {15) CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS would sail westward across the Atlantic Ocean in ho es of reachin Asia . 15. As can be inferred from the passage, CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS----. A) hoped that his westward vayage across the Atlantic would ultimately take him to Asia B) C) D) E)

loarnod much from Geneoso saiters about tho locations of the Canarios and the Azeres had takon part oarlior in Portuguoso voyagos down the 'No st coast of Africa pa id littlo attontion to the stratogic and oconomic importanco of the Canary lslands ai•Nays droamod of complotoly controlling all the maritime GemmerGe with Asta

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesi CHRISTROPHER COLUMBUS parçada ilk kez kutu içerisinde verilen cümlede geçmektedir. Bu cümlenin.C!n~htar kelimeleri irdelendiğinde; A SEÇENEGININ cümledeki çoğu anahtar kelimeyi içerdiği görülmektedir. Kutudaki cümle ile ortak anahtar kelimeler içermesi nedeni ile A ŞIKKI doğru cevap olarak kabul edilir.

Soru anahtar kelimesinin parçada ilk cümle ile en çok ortak anahtar kelime içeren A seçeneğidir.

geçtiği

Like nearly all the peoples of the ancient world, the Romans took slavery for granted. Nothing in Rome's earlier experience had prepared it, however, for the huge increase in slave numbers that resulted from its western and eastern conquests. In 146 B. C., fıfty-five thousand Carthaginians were enslaved after the destruction of their city; not long before, one hundred and fifty thousand Greek prisoners of war had met the same fate. By the end of the second century B. C., there were a million slaves in ltaly alone, making Roman ltaly one of the most slave-based economies known to history. The majority of these slaves worked as agricultural labourers on the vast estates of the Roman aristocracy. Some of these estates were the result of earlier Roman conquests within ltaly itself. But others were constructed by aristocrats buying up the tand holdings of thousands of smail farmers who found themselves unablo to competo with the great estate-owners in producing grain for the market. {16) Like nearly all the peoples of the ANCIENT world, THE ROMANS took slavery for granted . .... . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .{16) But others were constructed by aristocrats buying up the land holdings of thousands of smail farmers who found themselves unablo to competo with the great estate-owners in producinq qrain for the market. 16. lt is pointed out in the passage that, IN ANCIENT ROME, ----. 1\) ar=isteGrats always had the right to dotormino graiR pr=iGes m~ the market B) most aristeGrats proforrod smail farme~s to slavos as laborors on thoir farms C) the produGti9R efgratn was sololy the rosponsibility of large numbors of smail farmers

D) it was aristocrats that owned huge amounts of farming lands E)

aristocrats woro so hestil o to smail fa rm ers that they drovo the m off their !aRds

TEKNiK: Soruda verilen IN ANCIENT ROME parçanın ana konusunu oluşturmaktadır . Bir parçanın ana fikri parçanın ilk ve son cümlesinde verilmektedir. Soruda parçanın ana konusu anahtar kelime olarak verildiğinden; parçanın ilk ve son cümlesindeki kelimelerin incelenmesi önerilmektedir. Parçanın ilk ve son cümlesi yani MAIN IDEA(ana fikir) cümleleri kutu içerisinde gösterilmektedir. Bu cümleterin anahtar kelimeleri irdelendiğinde ; A SEÇENEGi son cümleden aristocrats ve grain prices for the market kelimelerini içermektedir. Ancak son cümlede the prices of grain konusundan bahsedilmediği için bu şık elenmelidir. B, C ve E SEÇENEKLERi ortak kelimeler içermektedir; ancak konuyy tam ve doğru olarak özetleyen kelimeleri veren D SEÇENEGI doğru cevap kabul edilir.

410

Soru anahtar kelimesi parçanın genelinde yer alıyor yani parçanın konusu ise ; bir parçanın ana fikri ilk ve son cümlesinde gizli olduğu için bu iki cümlenin anahtar kelimeler ya da benzer ifade açısından irdelenmesi önerilir. Bu parçanın ilk ve son cümlelerinin kelimeleri seçeneklerde irdelenir. D seçeneğinin cümleleri özetleyen anahtar kelimeleri içerdiği ve bu nedenle sorunun doğru cevabı olduğu görülmektedir.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi Like nearly all the peoples of the ancient world, (17)THE ROMANS took SLAVERY for granted. 17. lt is suggested in the passage that, INTHEIR VIEW OF SLAVERY. THE ROMANS----. A) B) C) D)

attaohed a great doal of importanoe to the military value of slaves had largely eeen inspired ey the Greeks and same eastarn peoples were not so sophistioated as the other peoples of the aRGieRt world began to fallaw a different polioy only after they had enslaved the Carthaginians

E) did not differ much from other ancient peop/es

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesi ilk cümlede geçmektedir ve bu cümle irdelendiğinde ;

Anahtar kelimelerden the people of the ancient world C SEÇENEGiNDE; ancient peoples ise E SEÇENEGiNDE geçmektedir. Bu iki seçenek ile cümle anahtar kelimeleri karşılaştırıldığında ; cümledeki like the people of the ancient world, the Romans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ifadesi ile the Romans d id not differ from ancient peoples ifadelerinin yakın anlamda olduğu görülmektedir. Bu nedenle E SEÇENEGi doğru cevap olarak kabul edilir.

Soru cümlesinin anahtar kelimeleri parçada ilk kez ilk cümlede geçmektedir. Bu cümledeki anahtar kelimelerin verdiği ifade benzer şekilde E seçeneğinde yer almaktadır.

Nothing in ROM E' S EARLIER experience had prepared it, however, for the huge increase in slave numbers that resulted from its western and eastern con uests.

18. lt is implied in the passage that THEEARLY ROMANS----. A) had no notion of slavery and knew nothing about it B) C) D) E)

wore not interestad in farming and , thoreforo , imported their grain wero so opposod to aristoorats that they protootod smail farmars against thom had ono politioal goal : to oonquer all the other peoplos oast and wost had always been on friondly torms with all the pooplos of the anoient world

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimelerinin parçada ilk geçtiği yer kutu içerisinde gösterilmektedir. Bu cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri irdelendiğinde; A SEÇENEGiNiN en çok anahtar kelimeyi ve parçadaki slavery kelimesini niteleyen zamiri (pronoun) içermesi nedeni ile doğru cevap kabul edilmesi gerekir.


Sorudaki anahtar kelimelerin parçada ilk geçtiği cümleden en çok anahtar kelimeyi içerip cümle konusunu özetleyen A seçeneğidir.

411

YDS ŞiFRELERi ROME'S EARLIER {19) experience had prepared it, however, for the huge increase in slave numbers that resulted from its western and eastern con uests. 19. lt is clear from the passage that, when THE ROMANS began to extend their CONQUESTS, ----. A) they were serim.ısly resistad by the Greeks. who had no foar of them B) thoir immediata aim was to conquor and onslavo the Carthaginians C) it led to an enormous increase in the number of slaves D) they dopondod hoavily on slaves for thoir military campaigns E) it groatly ploasod the Roman aristocracy, sinco they '.vore ablo to own now ostates TEKNiK: Sorudaki anahtar kelimelerin parçada ilk kez verildiği cümle kutu içerisinde gösterilmiştir. Bu cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri irdelendiğinde; kelimelerin C VE D SEÇENEKLERiNDE verilen kelimeler ile yakın anlam taşıdığı görülmektedir. iki seçenek kıyaslandığında C SEÇENEGiNiN konuyu en çok anahtar kelime içermesi ile daha kapsamlı ve doğru anlamda özetiediği açıktır. C SEÇENEGi bu doğrultuda sorunun doğru cevabı olarak kabul edilir.

Soru anahtar kelimelerinin parçada ilk geçtiği cümledeki anahtar kelimelerden en çok içeren ve konuyu özetleyen C seçeneğidir.

{20) BY THE END OF THE SECOND CENTURY B.C., there were a million SLAVES in ltaly alone, making ROMAN ltal one of the most slave-based economies known to histo 20. As emphasized in the passage, SLAVES IN ANCIENT ROME----. A) woro totally of Grook and Carthaginian origin B) made up the backbone of the Roman economy C) formed what the author calls "smail farmors" D) woro so groat in number that aristocrats 'Ilere unoasy about thom E) know farming so well that they producod grain in hugo amounts TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimelerinin parçada ilk kez bir arada cümle kutu içerisinde gösterilmektedir. Bu cümlenin kelimeleri irdelendiğinde; B SEÇENEGiNiN bu cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinden içerdiği ve sorunun doğru cevabı olduğu görülmektedir.

412

Soru anahtar kelimeleri kutu içerisindeki cümlede verilmiştir. Bu cümledeki kelimelere yer veren B seçeneğidir. ı


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi The fınest example of Byzantine architecture is the church of Saint Sophia (Holy Wisdom) in Istanbul, constructed by the emperor Justinian in the sixth century. Evidently, its structural design was something altogether new in the history of architecture. The central feature of the design was the application of the dome principle to a building of square shape. The church was designed in the form of a cross, with a magnifıcent dome over its central square. The main problem for the architects was how to fıt the circumference of the dome to the square area it was supposed to cover. The solution was to have tour great arehes spring from pillars at the tour comers of the square. The rim of the dome was then made to rest on the keystones of the arches, with the curved triangular spaces between the arehes fılled with masonry. The result was an architectural framework of marvellous strength, which at the same time made possible a style of imposing grandeur and delicacy. The dome itself has a diametre of 107 feet and rises to a height of nearly 180 feet from the tt oor. So many windows are placed areund its ri m that the dome appears to have no support at all but to be suspended in midair. 1

Evidently, (20) ITS structural DESIGN was something altogether new in the history of architecture. 21. As emphasized in the passage, THE DESIGN OF THE CHURCH OF SAINT SOPHIA IN ISTANBUL ensured that----. A) B) C) D)

it would serve as a model for the desi§n of new churches in the future Em13eror Justinian was 9reat1y 13leased by its struGture and 9randeur the ri m of the deme had to have many VıJindows to lot sun li§ ht in the wei§ht of the deme had to bo roducod by four §Foat 13illars

E) architecturally its structure was unique and entirely unprecedented TEKNiK: Soru konusu THE DESIGN OF THE CHURCH OF SAINT SOPHIA IN ISTANBUL parçada kutu içerisindeki cümlede geçmektedir. Cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri irdelendiğinde; B ve E SEÇENEKLERi cümle ile ortak kelime içermektedir. B SEÇENEGI Emperor Justinian konusunu ele aldığı için elenmekte ve E SEÇENEGi içerdiği anahtar kelimeler kelimeleri ile cümlenin konusunu özetiernekte ve sorunun doğru cevabı olarak kabul edilmektedir.

Soruda the design of ... sorulduğu için parçada bu kelimenin ilk geçtiği cümle ele alınıp anahtar kelimeleri açısından irdelenir. E seçeneği anahtar kelimeleri cümle konusuna paralel olarak vermektedir.

The solution was to have tour great arehes sp ring from pillars at the tour corners of THE SQUARE. THE RIM OF THE DOME was then made to REST on the keystones of the arches, with the curved triangular spaces between the arehes fılled with masonry. 22. According to the passage, THE HARMONY OF THE DOME AND THE SQUARE BASE ON WHICH THE DOME RESTED----. A) had beon a commen foaturo of Byzantino architocturo boforo Saint So13hia B) was made possible by the use of four great arehes C) was novor ro§ardod as a crucial issuo in the construction of Saint So13hia D) was not aaequately taken into consiaeration aurin§ the desi§n of Saint So13hia E) has always beon a major j3roblem throu§hout the history of architecture TEKNiK: Sorudaki anahtar kelimelerin hepsi parçada tek bir cümle içerisinde yer almadıkları için bu kelimeleri ardışık düzende veren iki cümle kutu içerisinde ele alınmıştır. ilk cümle the sguare ikinci cümle de diğer anahtar kelimeleri içermektedir. Cümleler irdelendiğinde ; B SEÇENEGiNiN bu cümledeki anahtar kelimeleri içerdiği ve sorunun doğru cevabı olduğu görülmektedir. Bu nedenle B SEÇENEGi doğru cevaptır.


Soru anahtar kelimeleri parçada tek bir cümlede verilmemiş ise kelimelerin geçtiği cümleler sırası ile ele alınır. Bu soruda anahtar kelime içeren B seçeneğidir.

413

YDS ŞiFRELERi The finest example of (23) BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE is the church of Saint Sophia (Holy Wisdom) in istanbul , constructed b the Em eror Justinian in the sixth centu . 23. lt is claimed in the passage that BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE ----. A) ·.vas stili in its early stago during the rolgn of Emporor Justiniarı B) eegan te im13rove and further devele13 afte~ the GonstFUGtlon of Saint S&phia C) was greatly influenced ey the architecture that 13reGeded the sixth century D) is best represented and exemplified by the church of Saint Sophia

E) always made use ef masenry in the GonstFUGt!on ofiJui!dings with grandeur TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesinin parçada ilk kez yer aldığı cümle kutu içerisinde gösterilmiştir. Cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde irdelendiğinde ; tüm seçeneklerin anahtar kelimelerden i çerdiği görülmektedir ancak konuyu daha fazla anahtar kelime ile özetlernesi nedeni ile D SEÇENEGi doğru cevap olarak kabul edilmektedir.

Soru anahtar kelimesinin parçada ilk geçtiği cümle ele alınmalıdır. Tüm seçenekler anahtar kelime içeriyor ise; en çok anahtar kelimeyi ya da cümle sıralamasında önde yer alan kelimeleri içeren seçenek konuyu daha iyi özetlemektedir. Bu nedenlerden dolayı bu soruda doğru cevap D seçeneğidir.

{24) THE RIM OF THE DOME WAS THEN MADE TO REST ON THE KEYSTONES OF THE ARCHES, with the curved triangular spaces between the arehes filled with masonry. The result was an architectural framework of marvellous strength, which at the same time made possible a style of imposing grandeur and delicacy. 24. As suggested in the passage , THE PERFECT COMBINATION OF THE DOME AND THE ACHES IN SAINT SOPHIA ----. A) seemed te the architects te he wecarieus s ince the deme, with a diametre ef 107 feet, was ef an immense size and •,veight B) was semewhat spoi!ed IJy the Gur/-ed tF!angular S{JaGes that Geuld he see n IJetween the arGhes C) gave it not only amazing strength but also impressive magnificence and gracefulness D) onaeled the amhitects te design and censtruct the whele struGture in the form efa cress E) gave the architects themselves the im13ressien that the deme was sus13ended in midair, with ne SU1313ert whatseever TEKNiK: Sorudaki anahtar kelimelerin parçada bir arada veri ldiği cümle kutu içerisinde gösterilmektedir. Bu cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında ; Kelimeleri B SEÇENEGiNiN içerdiği görülmektedir; ancak bu seçenekte yer alan spoiled by kelimesi cümle konusu ile seçenekteki cümlenin ilgili olmadığını ortaya koymaktadır. Diğer seçenekler cümledekiler ile ortak anahtar kelime içermedikleri icin bir sonraki cümle irdelemeye alınır . Kutuda

yer

alan

ikinci

cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri !! zamiri ile Saint Sophia kelimesinin amazing strength ile cümlededen marvellous strength kelimelerinin eşleştiği görülmektedir. Doğru cevap bu nedenle C ŞIKKIDIR. irdelendiğinde ; C SEÇENEGiNDE

414

Soru anahtar kelimelerini içeren cümle ile seçeneklerdeki cümleler arasında ortak ya da benzer kelimeler yer almıyor ise; parçada bir sonraki cümleye bakılır . Bu soruda yukarıda verilen teknik ile bir sonraki cümlenin kelimeleri irdelenmiş ve ortak kelime içeren C seçeneği olmuştur.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi The finest example of Byzantine architecture is the church of Saint Sophia (Holy Wisdom) in Istanbul , constructed b the em eror Justinian in the sixth centu 25. lt is clear that the passage ----. A) is a concise description of Saint Sophia's architectural features and overall exeellence B) C) D) E)

mainly focuses on the distinctive aspects of Byzantine architecture in the sixth century gives a detailed account of Emperor Justinian's support for the construction of Saint Sophia discusses how Byzantine architects came to use the dome asa major structural element explains the reasons why Saint Sophia was designedin the form of a cross

TEKNiK: Soru cümlesinde anahtar kelime yer ilk cümlesine bakılması önerilir.

almadığı

ilk

için paragrafın cümledeki konu

irdelendiğinde;

A SEÇENEGi parçada Saint Sophia kilisesini tasvir etmektedir; B SEÇENEGi Emperor Justinian'ın kilise kurulmasında destek verd}5Jini, D SEÇENEGI Bizans mimarlarını , E SEÇENEGi ise; parçada Saint Sophia nın neden dizayn edildiğini açıklamaktadır .

Soruda anahtar kelime verilmediğinde; parçanın konusunu veren giriş cümlesi incelenmelidir ve bu cümledeki konuyu en iyi özetleyen seçenek doğru cevap olarak kabul edilmelidir. Bu soruda giriş cümlesini en iyi özetleyen A seçeneğidir.

Parçan ı n konusuna yer veren ilk cümlede Bizans mimarisinin en güzel yapıtlarından olan Saint Sophia kilisesi betimlenmektedir. A SEÇENEGi bu nedenle parçanın konusunu özetiernekte ve sorunun doğru cevabı olarak tercih edilmektedir.


415

YDS ŞiFRELERi

TEST ll The 16 th century in England is generally known as the Tudor period, which historically lasted from 1485 to 1603. Among the famous Tudor sovereigns were Henry VII , Henry VIII, and Elizabeth ı. In fact, the early years of the Tudor period were marked by significant changes in trade and in the arts of war. Henry VII made commercial treaties with European countries . Economically, England, which had always been a sheep-raising country, was by

now manufacturing and exporting significant amounts of cloth . As lands were enclosed to permit grazing on a larger scale, people were driven off the land to the cities, and London grew into a metropolitan market with sophisticated commercial institutions. These changes had an impact on the traditional feudal social order, which also began to decline; also, due to the introduction of cannons and fırearms, the feudal system of warfare became obsolete. Yet, it would be a mistake to imagine these changes as sudden and dramatic. In fact, it was a slow and long process whereby England was transformed into a modern state. The 16 th century in England is generally known as THE TUDOR PERIOD, which historically lasted from 1485 to 1603. Among the famous Tudor sovereigns were Henry VII, Henry VIII , and Elizabeth 1. In fact, (1) THE EARLY YEARS OF THE TUDOR PERIOD were marked by significant changes in trade and in the arts of war. 1.

According to the passage, it was DURING THE TUDOR PERIOD that ----. A) B) C) D)

England's overseas trade was adversely affected by ongoing wars in Europa feudalism iR england ·.vas further strengthened england's exports to European countries 'Ilere significantly in decline sheep raising was introduced into England, which had large areas of grazing

E) London was transformed into a major trade centre TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimelerinin parçada ilk geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri ile seçeneklerdeki anahtar kelimeler arasındaki ortaklık ya da benzerlik arandığında; B SEÇENEGiNDE ilk cümleden England kelimesi geçmekte ancak dikkatli irdelendiğinde; seçeneğin Feudalism in England konusundan bahsettiği aniaşılmakla ve bu nedenle bu seçenek anahtar kelime içermeyen diğer seçenekler gibi elenmektedir. Seçeneklerde ilk cümleden ortak ya da benzer anahtar kelime bulunamadığı için bir sonraki cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri irdelenir. ikinci cümleden ortak veya benzer anahtar kelime seçeneklerde yine bulunamadığı için bir sonraki yani üçüncü cümlenin irdelenmesi önerilir. Kutuda numaralandırılmış üçüncü cümle irdelendiğinde E SEÇENEGiNiN kutuda işaretli kelimeleri ve yakın anlamlılarını irdelediğinde; içerdiği görülmektedir. E SEÇENEGi cümleyi en iyi özetiediği için doğru cevap kabul edilir.

416

Soruda verilen anahtar kelimelerin parçada geçtiği cümle ile seçenekler arasında ortak kelime bulunarnıyer ise; ortak anahtar kelime bulununcaya dek cümleler sırası ile irdelenir. Bu soruda seçenekteki cümle ile ortak kelime ve benzer ifade içeren kutudaki üçüncü cümledir. E seçeneği anahtar kelimeleri ile üçüncü cümleyi konu bazında özetlemektedir.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi In fact, the early years of {2) THE TUDOR PERIOD WERE MARKED BY SIGNIFICANT CHANGES in trade and in the arts of war. 2.

lt is pointed out in the passage that THE CHANGES THAT TOOK PLACE IN TUDOR ENGLAND-----. A) were fundarrıentally inspired by the seGial aRd eGeRemiG develgpmeRts alçeady beiRg witRessed iR EuF&f'e B) had far-reaching effects on social and economic life

C) were rrıainly confined to sociallifo and irrıproved the efficiency of the foı:ıdal social ord er D) initially resı:ılted from a revision of the traditional arts of war that had depended on the ı:ıse of cannons and firearms E) greatly redı:ıced all the political and legal powers that English sovereigns had traditionally enjoyed and YSeG TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimelerinin parçada ilk kez bir arada verildiği cümle kutu içerisinde gösterilmektedir. Bu cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri irdelendiğinde ; A VE B SEÇENEKLERiNiN anahtar kelimelerden içerdiği; ancak A SEÇENEGi incelendiğinde cümlenin konusundan farklı bir konuyu ele aldığı anlaşılmaktadır.

B SEÇENEGiNDE economic life kelimesinin cümleden trade kelimesi ile eşleştiği görülmektedir ve bu nedenle benzer ifadeye yer veren tek seçenek olması nedeni ile doğru cevap B ŞIKKIDIR.

Soru anahtar kelimeleri tek bir cümlede bir dizin halinde yer almayabilir. Önemli olan soru anahtar kelimelerinin aynı cümle ya da ardışık cümle düzeni içerisinde bulunabilmesidir. Bu soruda soru anahtar kelimelerinin parçada ilk geçtiği cümle belirlenmiştir . Cümledeki anahtar kelimelerin birebir aynısı seçeneklerde bulunamayıp; cümledeki ile yakın anlamda kelimeyi B seçeneği içermektedir.

The 16 th century {3) IN ENGLAND is generally known as THE TUDOR period , which historically lasted from 1485 to 1603. 3.

One understands from the passage that THE TUDOR DYNASTY IN ENGLAND----. A) was eest represented ey Henry VIII, who followed a policy of friendship '""ith other coı:ıntries B) introdı:ıced a nı:ımeer of military raforms in order to eı:ıild the strongest army in Eı:ırope C) focı:ısed its main attention on the irrıprovement of agricı:ıltı:ıre in the coı:ıntry D) was represented ey powerfı:ıl sovereigns, •,yho played a leading role in Eı:ıropean politics E) ca me to power in the Iate fifteenth century and ruled the country over a century

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimelerinden THE TUDOR ve IN ENGLAND kelimelerinin parçada bir arada ilk kez kutu içerisindeki cümlede geçmektedir. Bu cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinden the 16th century ile E SEÇENEGiNDEN in the Iate sixteenth century, cümleden lasted from 1485 to 1603 ifadesi ile E SEÇENEGiNDEN ruled the country over a century ifadesi eşleşmektedir. Doğru cevap bu nedenle E ŞIKKIDIR .


Soru anahtar kelimelerinin tümü tek bir cümlede yer almamaktadır. Kelimelerin çoğunun bir arada yer aldığı cümlenin kelimeleri E seçeneğindekiler ile yakın anlamdadır.

417

YDS ŞiFRELERi Economically, England, which had always been a sheep-raising country, was by now (4) MANUFACTURING and exportin si nifıcant amounts of CLOTH. 4.

lt is clear from the passage that, due to developments in CLOTH-MAKING IN TUDOR ENGLAND----. A) most farming lands were turned into grazing fields for the sheep B) E:nglish n:ıerchants began to look for new n:ıarkets in order to eNfJ9Ft mere geeds C) rural poople gave up farn:ıing and n:ıigrated to london in search of en:ıployn:ıent D) the econon:ıic prosperity of the people increased onorn:ıously E:) n:ıany cities, including london, con:ıpeted wilh each other for econon:ıic prosperity

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimelerinin parçada ilk kez bir arada verildiği cümle kutu içerisinde gösterilmektedir. Bu cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde irdelendiğinde; A VE B SEÇENEKLERiNDE ortak kelimeler görülmektedir. B SEÇENEGi dikkatle irdelendiğinde; seçenekteki konunun cümlenin konusundan farklı olduğu anlaşılmaktadır . Doğru cevap bu nedenle A SEÇENEGiDiR.

Soru anahtar kelimeleri ilk kez bir arada cümlede geçmektedir. Bu cümlenin konusunu ifade eden ve ortak kelime içeren A seçeneğidir.

In fact, it was a slow and long process whereby England was transformed into a modern state. 5.

On the basis of the passage, one can state that, DURING THE TUDOR PERIOD, ENGLAND----. A) earned large an:ıounts of revenue fron:ı its Exports B) took little interest in the affairs of continental Europa C) experienced a /ong process of social and economic transformatian D) E)

en:ıerged ren:ıained

as a n:ıajor sheep raising country in Europa totally indifferant to the econon:ıic and pelilical changes in Europa

TEKNiK: Parçada göz gezdirildiğinde ;

parçanın

ana konusunun bu soruda verilen anahtar kelime

gibi soru konusu parçanın ana konusunu bir parçanın ana fikir cümlelerinden ilk ve son cümlelerinin soru çözümünde ortak anahtar kelime açısından irdelenmesi gerekir. Daha önce

irdelendiğinde; parçanın

ilk cümlesinin kelimeleri

şıklarda bulunamamaktadır; ancak, C SEÇENEGiNDE i şaretli

anahtar kelimelerin son cümledeki işaretli anahtar kelimeler ile eşleştiği görülmektedir. Bu nedenle doğru cevap C SEÇENEGiDiR.

418

görülmektedir.

belirtildiği

teşkil ettiğinde ;

Seçenekler

olduğu

Soru anahtar kelimesi parçanın bütününde geçen yani aniatılmak istenen konu ise; anahtar kelimeler açısından; bir parçanın ana fikrini MAIN IDEA içeren ilk ve son cümlelerinin irdelenmesi önerilir. Bu soruda ilk cümleden ortak kelime bulunamamaktadır ve son cümleden ortak anahtar kelime içeren seçeneğin C şıkkı olduğu görülmektedir.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi In the last third of the 19th century, new Technologies transformed the face of manufacturing in Europe, leading to new levels of economic growth and complex realignments among industry, labour and national governments. Like Europe's fırst industrial revolution , which began in the Iate 18th century and centred on coal , steam and iron, this "second" industrial revolution relied on innovation in three key areas: steel , electricity, and chemicals. For instance, steel , which was harder, stronger and more malleable than iron , had long been used as a construction material. But until the mid-nineteenth century, producing steel cheaply and in large quantities was impossible. That changed between the 1850s and 1870s, as new and different processes for refıningand mass-producing alloy steel revolutionized the metallurgical industry. Although iron did not disappear overnight, it was soon eclipsed by soaring steel production. So, steel began to be used for various purposes. In Britain , for example, sh ipbuilders made a quick and profitable switch to steel construction , and thus kept their lead in the industry. Germany and the US, however, dominated the rest of the steel industry. By 1901 , Germany was producing al most half as much steel as Britain and was able to build a massive national and industrial infrastructure. (6) THE LAST THIRD OF THE 19TH CENTURY, new Technologies transformed the face of manufacturing in Europe, leading to new levels of economic growth and complex realignments among industry, labour and national governments. (6) BY 1901, Germany was producing al most half as much steel as B rita in and was ab le to bui Id a massive national and industrial infrastructure. 6.

lt is stated in the passage that, IN THE LATE NINETEENTH AND EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURIES, ----. A) the steel industry in Europe surpassed all the other industries, including those of electricity and chernicals B) gm,ıornrnonts in Britain and Gorrnany took severe rneasures to prevent radicallabour rnovernents C) the US pmdused se mu sh steel that it began to rnanipulate the 'Norld steel rnarket D) Britain's use of steel in the shipbuilding industry strengthened its dominant position in this sector E) the use sf iroR aRd steel as G9RsiFuGii9R materials was wholly confinod to shipbuilding

TEKNiK: Soruda hem THE LATE NINNETEENTH hem de EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY hakkında bilgi istendiği için her iki zaman hakkında bilgi veren cümleler ele alınmıştır. ikinci kutuda 1901 yılı öncesi hakkında bilgi verilmistir ve ingiltere nin çelik üretimindeki basarısı vurgulamaktadır. Bu bilgiyi veren tek seçenek doğru cevap olan D ŞIKKIDIR.


Soruda iki ayrı yıl hakkında bilgi istenir ise; bu tarihler hakkında bilgi veren iki cümle anahtar kelime açısından irdelenmelidir. Bu soruda iki cümle anahtar kelimeleri açısından irdelendiğinde; ikinci cümledeki ifadenin sadece D seçeneğinde yer aldığı görülmektedir.

419

YDS ŞiFRELERi Like Europe's (7) FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, which began in the Iate 18th century and centred on coal, steam and iron, this "second" industrial revolution relied on innovation in three key areas: steel, electricity, and chemicals. 7.

According to the passage , THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ----. A) caused so much labour unrest in Europe that the steel iRdustry did Ret deve/ep adequately

B) ca me into being during the la ter decades of the eighteenth century C) originally began in Britain and, then, spread to Germany and other European countries D) led to the manufacture of a ',t.ıide variety of goods, ranging from construction materials to Ghemicals E) d id not last long, since it did not lead to the development of new Technologies TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesinin parçada ilk kez verilc!i~i cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri incelendiğinde; A SEÇENEGINDE ortak kelimeler bulunsa da cümle konusu ile seçeneğin ilgili olmadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Cümle konusunu en iyi özetleyen ortak kelimeleri ile doğru seçenek B ŞIKKIDIR.

Soru anahtar kelimesinin parçada ilk geçtiği cümle bizim için önem taşımaktadır. Cümle ile ortak anahtar kelime içeren her şık doğru cevap kabul edilemez. Bir seçenekte ortak anahtar kelime bulunduktan sonra seçeneğin cümle konusu ile ilgili olup olmadığına dikkat edilmesi gerekir. Bu soruda cümle konusunu anahtar kelimeleri ile en iyi ifade eden B seçeneğidir.

But (8) UNTIL THE MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY, producing steel cheaply and in large quantities was ossible. 8.

One understands from the passage that, BEFORE THE MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY, --. A) steel production had been costly and did not amount to much quantity B) C) D) E)

the "second" industrial revolution had spread all over Europa Germany and Britain had been in fierce competition in devalaping shipbuilding technologies Germany and the US collaborated against Britain for research in chemistry the manufacturing industry in Europa had benefited a great deal from new Technologies

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesi BEFORE THE MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY parçada ilk kez UNTIL THE MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY olarak geçmektedir. Bu cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri irdelendiğinde sadece A SEÇENEGiNDEKi anahtar kelimelerin cümlenin konusunu özetiediği görülmektedir ve bu nedenle bu seçenek sorunun doğru cevabı olarak kabul edilmektedir.

420

Soru anahtar kelimesi parçada birebir bulunamadığında bu soruda olduğu gibi soru konusunun yakın anlamiısı parçada aranmalıdır. Bu soruda cümle konusunu anahtar kelimeleri ile en iyi özetleyen A seçeneğidir.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi That changed BETWEEN THE 1850S AND 1870S, as new and different processes for refining and massroducin allo steel revolutionized the 9) METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY. 9.

According to the passage, in the second half of the nineteenth century, THE METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY underwent a radical transformatian ----. A) B) C)

althotı§Jh

soFAe cotıntries, like GerFAany and the US, wero stili tısin§J obsolete methods ofproduGtioR to GerFAany's lead in the developFAent of new steel prodtıction technolo§Jies becatıse Britain's shipbtıilders had discovered new ways to btıild bi§J§Jer btıt less expensive ships

dtıe

D) when al/oy stee/ began to be refined and massproduced through the introduction of innovative processes E) owin§J to new discoveries and technolo§Jical proEJress in the fields of electricity and TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesinin parçada ilk kez

geçtiği

cheFAistıy

cümle

irdelendiğinde ;

cümlenin A VE D SEÇENEKLERi ile ortak kelime içerdiği görülmektedir. A SECENEGiNDE ortak kelime production~ alsa da seçenekteki ifade cümlenin konusu ile ilgisizdir. D SEÇENEGi işaretli anahtar kelimeleri ile cümle konusunu en iyi şekilde özetiernektedir ve sorunun doğru cevabı olarak kabul edilmektedir.

Soru anahtar kelimesinin parçada ilk kez geçtiği kutu içerisinde verilen cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde aranır. D seçeneğinin konuyu en iyi şekilde özetleyerek sorunun tek doğru cevabı olduğu görülür.

Like Europe's fırst industrial revolution, which began in the Iate 18th century and centred on coal , steam and iron, this "second" industrial revolution relied on (10) INNOVATION IN THREE KEY AREAS: STEEL, ELECTRICITY, AND CHEMICALS. 10. lt is suggested in the passage that, in the nineteenth century, INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENTS IN THE AREAS OF STEEL. ELECTRICITY AND CHEMIGALS ----. A) led to a lastin§J rivalıy in shippin§J between GerFAany and Britain B) ttırned GerFAany into the stron§Jest and FAost prosperotıs cotıntıy in

Etırope

C) brought about the "second" industrial revolution D) §Jreatly contribtıted to the iFAproveFAent of Britain's infrastructtıre E) becaFAe the FAain concern of national §JOVernFAents in Etırope TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimelerinin parçada ilk kez bir arada verildiği kutu içerisindeki cümle irdelendiğinde; C SEÇENEGiNDEKi the second industrial revolution kelimesinin cümledeki konuyu özetleyen ortak anahtar kelime olduğu görülmektedir. Doğru cevap bu nedenle C ŞIKKIDIR.


Soru anahtar kelimelerinin parçada ilk kez bir arada geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde aranır. Anahtar kelimelerin C seçeneğinde yer aldığı görülmektedir.

421

YDS ŞiFRELERi In 1764, there was a serious quarrel over taxation between the British government and its colonies in America. The British government continued to think of the colonists as British subjects. In 1700, there had been only 200.000 colonists, but by 1770 this number rose to 2.5 million . Obviously, such large numbers needed to be dealt with carefully. Some American colonists decided that it was not lawful for the British government to tax them without their agreement. Political opinion in Britain was divided. Some felt that the tax was fa ir because the money would be used to pay for the defence of the American colonies against French attack. But several important politicians agreed with the coıonists that the re should be "no taxation without representation ". Hence, in 1773, at the port of Boston , a group of colonists threw a shipload of tea into the sea rather than pay tax on it. The event became known as "the Boston Tea Party''. The British government responded by dosing the port. But the colonists then decided to prevent British goods from entering America until the port was opened again. The colonists' action was regarded asa rebellion, and the British government decided to defeat it by force . Thus , the American War of lndependence got underway. The war lasted from 1775 until 1783. The British government had no respect for the colonists' fighting ability. The result was a disastrous defeat for the British forces . At the end of the war, Britain lost all the American colonies except Canada. But several im portant politicians agreed with the colonists that there should be "no taxation (11) without REPRESENT ATION". 11. lt is clear from the passage that, since THE AMERICAN COLONISTS WERE NOT REPRESENTED in the British Parliament, ----. A) somo politicians arguod that Bostan should bo oxemptod from all kinds af taxatian B) they refused to pay the tax required of them by the British government C) it was much oasior for thom to start a war of indepandon co against Britain D) they did not have a standing army and , thoroforo , wore unablo to dofeat the British forses E) they woro not subject to the laws of Britain and felt free to tako action against Britain TEKNiK: Soru konusunun THE AMERICAN COLONISTS WERE NOT REPRESENTED parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında ; B SEÇENEGiNDEKi they (The American Colonists)refused to pay the tax ifadesi ile cümledeki there should be no taxation ifadesinin aniamca eşleştigi ve bu nedenle doğru cevabın B ŞIKKI olduğu görülmektedir. (12) POLITICAL OPINION in Britain was divided . SOME FELT THAT the tax was fair because the money would be used to a for the defence of the American colonies a ai nst French attack. 12. lt is pointed out in the passage that NOT EVERY POLITICIAN IN BRITAIN ----. A) supported the British government's decision to tax the American colonists against the ir will B) C) D) E)

bolievod that the F'rench would dare to invado the AmeriGaR GoloRies agroed that "the Bostan Tea Party'' joopardizod trade with the colonios was convinced that the British forses in Amarica woro strong enough to dofeat the colonists was of the opinion that the American colonists would over droam of indepondonco

TEKNiK: Soru konusu NOT EVERY POLITICIAN IN BRITAIN parçada some politicians in Britain olarak geçmektedir. Bu cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri A VE B SEÇENEKLERiNDE yer almaktadır. B SEÇENEGi Fransızları konu alarak cümlenin konusundan farklı bir konuyu ele almaktadır. Konuyu anahtar kelimeleri ile özetlernesi nedeni ile cevabın A SEÇENEGi olduğu görülmektedir.

Sorudaki anahtar kelime birebir parçada yer almamasına rağmen NOT EVERY = SOME anlamına geldiği için Some felt that ---------- ile başlayan cümle anahtar kelime açısından seçeneklerde irdelenir. Cümlenin anahtar kelimelerine yer vererek konuyu özetiediği için doğru cevap A seçeneğidir.

422


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi (13) IN 1700, there had been only 200.000 colonists, but BY 1770 this number rose to 2.5 million. 13. lt is stated in the passage that, WITHIN A PERIOD OF ALMOST THREE QUARTERS OF A CENTURY,----. A) B) C) D)

Brita in and Franco got into a fiorco compotition in ordor ts GolsRilEe a '>"ery large paFt sfAmeriGa Brita in lost the v;ar agaiRst the AmeriGan Golonies and had to grant thoir independenoe Canada grew demsgr:aphiGally well ahead sf the other AmeriGan GstsRies BFitaiR's tFade vlith the AmeriGaR GslsRies reached a level well al:ıeve all expectatiens

E) the population of the American co/onies increased to more than ten times the original Number TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesi ile yakın anlam taşıyan kelimelerin parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümle ortak anahtar kelime açısından seçeneklerde irdelendiğinde; sadece E SEÇENEGiNiN cümledeki anahtar kelimelerin yakın anlamlılarına yer vererek cümle konusunu özetledği görülmemektedir.

In 1764, there was A SERIOUS QUARREL OVER TAXATION colonies in America. 14. One understands from the passage that, BECAUSE OF THE TAX CRISIS, ----. A) the American colonists imposed sanctions on British goods B) C) D) E)

the port of Bostan was closed for o·;er half a cenhıry BritaiR took urgent precautions in order to increase its military GapaGity iR AmeriGa the impsFt sf tea ffRts the AmeFiGaR GstsRffes cam e uRder the British msRspsly Fr:anGe expressed its willingness ts affd the AmeriGaR GslsRies agaiRst BritaiR

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesi birebir parçada geçmemekte ancak TAX kelimenin parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümleye bakılması önerilir.

konusu

olduğu

için ilk cümleye yani bu

gösterilmiş

bu ilk cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri tax konusunun British Government ile Colonies arasında geçt~~i.i görülmektedir. American Seçenekler irdelendiğinde; B SEÇENEGI anahtar kelime içermemektetir. Tüm seçenekler anahtar kelime içermesine karşın;C SEÇENEGiNDE konu military capacity,D SEÇENEGiNDE konu the import of tea,E SEÇENEGiNDE konu France olup cümle konusu ile ilqisizdir. Kutu içerisinde

parçanın

irdelendiğinde

Soru anahtar kelimesi parçada birebir verilmemiş ise; yakın anlam taşıyan kelimenin parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümle irdelenir. Bu soruda kutudaki cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinden çıkan anlam sadece E seçeneğinde verilmiştir.

Cümlenin the American colonists ile British arasındaki vergi konusu olmasını tek ifade eden seçenekA ŞIKKIDIR.


423

YDS ŞiFRELERi (15) THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT continued to thinkof the colonists as British subjects. 15. lt is stressed in the passage that, FOR THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT, ----. /\) the port of Bostan was of vital political im portance for Felafions vlilh lhe AmeFiGaR GoJonies

B) the pelitiGal repFeseRtatieR ef the AmeFiGaR G9l9Ries was fully dopandant on the ir paymont of taxos C) rrance 's political aims in Amarica haEI to 9e emıntereEl ey the colonies themselves D) the people living in the American colonies were always considered to be British subjects E) a defenGe agFeement wilh the AmeFiGaR Golonies haEI to 9e TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesinin parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümle anahtar kelimeler açısından i rdelendiğinde; Tüm seçenekler cümlenin anahtar kelimelerini içermekte ancak A, B, C ve E SEÇENEKLERi faklı konuları ele almaktadır. Ortak anahtar kelime içererek cümle konusunu doğru şekilde ifade etmesi nedeni ile doğru cevap D SEÇENEGiDiR.

reachetlı,ır!Jently

a9ainst rrance

Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında seçeneklerin birkaçında anahtar kelime yer alıyor ise cümle sıralamasında öncelikli yer alan kelimeler doğru cevabı belirlemede baz alınır. Bu sorunun cevabı bu teknik ile D şıkkıdır.

geçtiği

The Mississippi is one of the world 's great continental rivers, like the Amazon in South America , the Congo in Africa , or the Volga in Europe. lts waters are gathered from twothirds of the US and ,together with the Missouri, which is its chief western branch, the Mississippi flows some 6.400 kilometres from its northern sources in the Rocky Mountains to the Gulf of Mexico, which makes it one of the world's longest waterways . The Mississippi has been called the "father of waters". Through all its lower course, it wanders along , appearing lazy and harmless. But people who know the river are not deceived by its benign appearance , for they have had many bitter struggles with its floods. They have had to learn that nothing is to be gained by fighting against the rages of the mighty stream . To control it, Americans have had to accept some of the river's own terms and to undertake the patient work of conserving and rebuilding soil , grasslands and forests, far back where the waters begin to gather. (16) ITS WATERS are gathered from two-thirds of the US and , together with the Missouri , which is its chief western branch , the Mississippi flows some 6.400 kilometres from its northern sources in the Rocky Mountains to the Gulf of Mexico, which ma kes it one of the world's lonQest waterways. 16. lt is clear from the passage that THE SOURCES OF THE MISSISSIPPI'S WATERS ----. /\) are so limiteEI that the rivor selElem causes flooElin!J alon9 its 9anks B) are not as many as those of other continental rivers in tho woriEI C) neeEI to 9e conservoEI to protect tho river from environmental pallutian D) are spread over a great part of the US

E) cannot 9e ascertaineEI , since the RoGky Mountains have not 9een exploreEI fully TEKNiK: Sorudaki anahtar kelime THE MISSISSIPPI'S WATERS parçada ilk kez kutu içerisinde gösterilen cümlede geçmektedir. Bu cümlen in anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında ;

D VE E SEÇENEKLERiNiN kelimelerin yakın anlamlarını i çerdiğ i görülmektedir. D SEÇENEGiNDEKi anahtar kelimeler cümle sıralamasında E SEÇENEGiNDEKiLERE göre daha önde yer alan aldıklarından ve soru konusu hakkında bilgi verdiklerinden dolayı D SEÇENEGi sorunun doğru cevabıdır.

424

Soru anahtar kelimesinin parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde aranırken; seçeneklerin cümlenin anahtar kelimelerini konu ile ilintili şekilde verip vermediklerine bakılması önemlidir. Bu soruda cümlenin anahtar kelimelerine cümlenin konusu ile ilintili şekilde yer veren D seçeneğidir.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi THROUGH ALL ITS LOWER COURSE, it wanders along, appearing lazy and HARMLESS. (17) BUT people who know the river are not deceived by its benign appearance, for they have had many bitter struggles with its floods. 17. lt is pointed out in the passage that, AL THOUGH IN ITS LOWER COURSE THE MISSISSIPPI LOOKS QUIET AND HARMLESS, ----. A) most people bolievo that it may one day ovorflow its banks B) the peeple li'lin~ al on~ it are Ret avJare ef this C) actually it has caused much devastation D) pooplo have always boon indifferant to the throats it posos E) iR it& IJPPer Geurse it ts 9lftremely vie!eRt aRd de&truGtive

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimelerinin bir arada yer aldığı ve parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında;

C SEÇENEGi it has caused much devastation ifadesi ile cümledeki people had many bitter struggles with Mississippi's waters ifadesini özetlemektedir. E SEÇENEGiNDEKi in its upper course ifadesi cümlede yer almamaktadır. Doğru cevap cümlenin konusunu özetlernesi nedeni ile C SEÇENEGiDiR.

Soru anahtar kelimeleri parçada tek bir cümle içerisinde bulunmadığında , kelimelerin aynı içerikte yer aldığı cümle belirlenmelidir. Belirlenen cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri ve cümlede yer alan ifadeler seçeneklerde aranmalıdır. Bu soruda cümlenin konusunu özetleyen ifadeye yer vermesi nedeni ile C seçeneği sorunun doğru cevabıdır.

(18) TO CONTROL IT, Americans have had to accept some of the river's own terms and to undertake the patient work of conserving and rebuilding soil, grasslands and forests, far back where the waters begin to gather. 18. In the passage, attention is drawn to the fact that THE MISSISSIPPI'S WATERS CAN BEST BE CONTROLLEQ ----. A) if en viranmental measures are taken around its northern sources B) C) D) E)

so lon~ as its northern sourcos are dofinitoly identified providod that Amoricans know how to stru~~le with thom only if the pooplo livin~ al on~ its course are evacuated in the same way that the world' s other bi~ rivors have been controllsd

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimeleri parçada ilk kez kutu içerisinde verilen cümlede yer almaktadır . A SEÇENEGiNDEKi if environmental measures are taken cümleden to undertake the patient work of conserving and rebuilding soil, grasslands and forests ifadesini özetlemektedir. Cümlenin bu anahtar kelimeleri dikkatle irdelendiğinde ; konunun environmental measures olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Konuyu özetlernesi nedeni ile doğru cevap A SEÇENEGiDiR.


Soru anahtar kelimelerinin bir arada verildiği cümlenin kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında ve kelimeler seçeneklerde yer almadıklarında ; cümledeki ifadelerin benzeri seçeneklerde aranmalıdır. Bu soruda SOIL, LAND, FOREST kelimeleri ENVIRONMENT konusu ile ilişkili oldukları için A seçeneği doğru cevap kabul edilmelidir.

425

YDS ŞiFRELERi THE MISSISSIPPI is one of the world' s great continental rivers, like the Amazon in South America, the Co ngo in Africa, or the Volga in Europe.(19)1TS WATERS are gathered from two-thirds of the US and,together with the Missouri, which is its chief western branch , the Mississippi flows some 6.400 kilernetres from its northern sources in the Rocky Mountains to the Gulf of Mexico, which ma kes it one of the world 's longest waterways. 19. One understands from the passage that THE MISSISSIPPI ---- . A) has fa~ meFe hFaRGhes for the gathoring of its waters thaR the CeRge iR AfFiGa aRd Eumpe B) diffeFs from the AmazeR iR Seuth AmeFiGa aRd the etlıeF GeRtiReRtal FiveFs in the bocauso its waters are much shallowor C) is far mora navigablo than the other continontal rivors in the world and, thoroforo, GemmeFGially profitahle wateFway tR the US D) flmvs so fast throughout its courso that, dospito the long distanco, it doos not tako long for get te the Gulf ef MelfiGe

the 1/elga iR world largoly heGemes a its wateFs te

E) cuts across the US from the Rocky Mountains in the north to the Gulf of Mexico in the South

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesinin parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında ; kelimeler A SEÇENEGiNiN içerdiği görülmektedir. Ancak A SEÇENEGiNDEKi fiilin cümlenin konusu ile ilgili olmadığı anlaşılmaktadır. B SEÇENEGi anahtar kelime içermekle ancak fiili göz önünde bulundurulduğunda; seçeneğin cümlenin konusundan farklı bir konuyu ele aldığı anlaşılmaktadır. ilk cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri konuya paralel ve anlam bütünlüğü içerisinde seçeneklerde yer almadığından; bir diğer ITS WATERS ------------ cümlesi anahtar kelime ya da yakın anlam lı ifade açısından seçeneklerde irdelenmelidir.

Soru anahtar kelimesinin parçada ilk cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri ya da cümle konusuna paralel şekilde seçeneklerde bulanarnıyer ise bir diğer cümleye geçilir.Seçeneklerde ortak anahtar kelime ya da yakın ifade bulunasıya kadar cümleler sırası ile taranır.Bu soruda bu nedenle ikinci cümle incelenmiş ve anahtar kelimeleri içermesi nedeni ile E şıkkı doğru cevap olarak kabul edilmiştir. geçtiği

E SEÇENEGi kutudaki ikinci cümlenin anahtar kelimelerini anlam bütünlüğü içerisinde verdiğinden doğru cevaptır. To control it, (20) AMERICANS have had to accept some of the river's own terms and to undertake the patient work of conservin and rebuildin soil, rasslands and forests, far back where the waters be in to ather. 20. lt is suggested in the passage that THE AMERICAN PEOPLE ----. A) have in the end teamed how to get along with the Mississippi B) C) D) E)

always heasl efhaving the world's longest river in thoir country have a vety stroRg seRse of the onvironmont and, theroforo, consorvo the ir forests tiliRk that, without the Missouri, the Mississippi would have boon just a mora stroam Fegani the Mississippi as "the fathor of wators" bocauso it is fully navigablo

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesi THE AMERICAN PEOPLE parçada ilk kez kutuda gösterilen cümlede geçmektedir. Bu cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında cümledeki have had to accept fiilinin A SEÇENEGiNDEKi have in the end learned ile aynı anlama geldiği görülmektedir. Doğru cevap bu nedenle A ŞIKKIDIR.

426

Soru anahtar kelimesinin parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde aranırken ; yakın anlamda fiil , modal, .. . içeren seçenek doğru cevap kabul edilir. Bu soruda kutudaki cümlede yer alan HAD TO ACCEPT modal yapısı ile A şıkkındaki IN THE END LEARNED yakın anlam taşıdığı için doğru cevap A seçeneği olarak kabul edilmiştir.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi The Copemican revolution began over 500 years ago with the realization that the Earth was not the centre of the universe, but we stili await its grand fınale : the anticipated discovery of life elsewhere. Where else might we find life? The vast scale of the universe makes it virtually certain that there are other Earthlike settings. In our own salar system , Mars's distance from the Sun makes it sufficiently Earth-like; so , especially with increasing evidence for occasional liquid water, many are looking there for the fırst signs of extraterrestrial life. Recently, however, a new cantender has emerged , and surprisingly it is from the cold outersalar system: it is Jupiter's moon Europa. As one of the tour satellites of Jupiter, discovered by Galileo in 1610, Europa is now believed to have water ina liquid state, even though it is so far from the Sun. Thus , the possibility of liquid water on Europa has opened the door to speculation about life on this satellite of Jupiter. (21) The Copemican revolution began over 500 years ago with the realization that the Earth was not the centre of the universe, but we stili await its ra nd fınale: the antici ated discove of life elsewhere. 21. One clearly understands from the passage that, UNTIL COPERNICUS IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY, ----. A) MaFs had generally been regarded as the planet with life on it B) the seaFGh fer !ife else•.vhere in the sol ar system had been f1:1tile C) it had been commonly believed that the centre of the universe was the Earth D) thero had been many attempts to ~:~ nderstand tho o1:1tor salar system E) the planats in the salar system had all been dissovered and st1:1died TEKNiK: Sorudaki COPERNICUS konusunun parçada ilk kez ele alındığı cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında; A, B VE C SEÇENEKLERiNiN anahtar kelimelerden içerdiği ancak sadece C SEÇENEGiNiN cümlenin konusunu doğru sekilde özetiediği görülmektedir.

Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında; kelimelerin üç seçenekte de yer aldıkların görülmektedir. Cümlenin konusunu en iyi özetleyen C seçeneği seçenekler arasında doğru cevap olarak kabul edilmektedir. geçtiği

THE VAST SCALE OF THE UNIVERSE makes it virtually certain that there are (22) OTHER EARTHLIKE SETTINGS. 22. According to the passage, THE DISCOVERY OF EARTHLIKE SETTINGS IN OTHER PARTS OF THE UNIVERSE ----. A) is definitely o1:1t of q~:~estion, sinse the universe J.s eKtFemely vast B) would no fonger make the Earth seem like the only planet with life on it C) seems possible, bblt it woblld be very sostly and dangero1:1s to attempt it D) has been an absassian for ssientists over sin se the time of Copernisbls E) was what Galileo was primarily interestad in the early soventeenth sentblry TEKNiK: Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında ; A SEÇENEGiNDE cümledeki kelimeler görülmekte ancak since bağiacı seçeneğin konu dışı olduğunu göstermektedir. B Evrenin sonsuz genişliği keşfin nedeni değildir. SEÇENEGiNDEKi the discovery would no longer make the Earth the only planet with life on it ifadesi ile cümledeki there are other Earthlike settings ifadesi aynı anlama gelmektedir ve bu nedenle doğru cevap B SEÇENEGiDiR.


Soru anahtar kelimelerinin parçada ilk kez bir arada verildiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri cümle konusuna paralel kullanımda seçeneklerde verilmediğinde cümledeki ifadelerin yakın anlamiısı seçeneklerde aranır. Bu teknikle çözülen bu sorunun cevabı B şıkkıdır.

427

YDS ŞiFRELERi RECENTLY, however, a new cantender has emerged, and surprisingly it is from the cold outersalar system: it is Jupiter's moon Europa. As one of the four satellites of Jupiter, discovered by Galileo in 1610, (23) EUROPA IS NOW BELIEVED TO have water in a liquid state, even though it is so far from the Sun. 23. lt is pointed out in the passage that, IN RE CENT YEARS. ---.

A) B) C) D)

some scientists have come to re9ard Copernimıs ' s contrieution to astronomy as ne9li9iele scientists have come to understand the reasons ter Galileo's disco•;ery of Europa astronomers have tecused on an in depth study of the outersolar system there has eeen mu ch controversy aeout the 90olo9ical features of Mars

E) it has been suggested that Jupiter's moon Europa may have liguid water on it TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesinin parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında ;

Cümledeki EUROPA kelimesi E SEÇENEGiNDE görülmektedir. Europa konusunun ele alındığı ikinci cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri de aynı seçenek içerisinde yer almaktadır. Bu nedenle doğru cevap E ŞIKKIDIR.

Soru anahtar kelimesinin parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümlenin kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında; bulunan ortak kelimenin parçada konu olarak anlatıldığı bir diğer cümleye de bakılarak doğru cevabın teyit edilmesi önerilir. Doğru cevap bu teknik doğrultusunda E seçeneğidir.

In our own salar system, (24) MARS's distance from the Sun makes it sufficiently Earth-like; so, especially with increasing evidence for occasional liquid water, MANY ARE LOOKING there for the first signs of extraterrestrial life. 24. lt is stated in the passage that CURRENTLY MARS ----.

/\) has eeen estaelished as the only planet with a vast amount of water under its surface B) is eein9 fully e*plored eecause, as a planet, it is so close to the Earth C) has eeen partially studies, and se it stil maintains its mystery as a planet D) has been the main focus of the scientific search for extraterrestriallife

E) and Europa provide a 9reat doal of eviElence tera batter understandin9 of the solar system

TEKNiK: Soruda CURRENTL Y ve MARS anahtar kelimeleri verilmektedir. Currently zaman belirteci Present Continuous Tense ile kullanıldığından: Mars konusunun Simdiki zaman yapısı ile verildiği cümle anahtar kelime taraması açısından ele alınır.

Şimdiki zaman yapısı kullanımı ile verilen cümle hakkında bilgi sorulduğu için many are looking -------- cümlesindeki anahtar kelimelerin seçeneklerde aranması gereklidir. Bu cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında doğru cevabın D SEÇENEGi olduğu açıkça görülmektedir.

428

Soru kelimesi TIME EXPRESSION ile birlikte verilmiş ise verilen zaman belirtecinin kendisi parçada aranır. Zaman belirteci parçada yer almadığında; zaman belirtecinin nitelediği zaman(tense) yapısını içeren cümle irdelenmelidir. Tense yapısına sahip olan cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde tarandığında doğru cevap bu soruda D şıkkıdır.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi The Copemican revolution began over 500 years ago with the realization that the Earth was not the centre of the universe, but we stili await its rand fınale : 25 THE ANTICIPATED discove of life elsewhere. 25. According to the passage, IT IS HOPED THAT ----.

A) tt:ıe amount of lieıuiEl 'llater on Mars will be suffisient for lifo on tt:ıe planet B) in the future only liuropa will beGame maR'& Rew hame iR the uRiv:eFse C) one day Earth-like life wi/1 be discovered outside our own planet

D) li'ling t:ıeings willt:ıe rounEl on one of Juı:ıiter's satellites E) tt:ıe searst:ı ror e:ı«raterrestrialliro in the uni'lerse will ne'ler TEKNiK: Soru kelimesi IT IS HOP ED THAT parçada geçmemektedir ancak eş anlamiısı anticipated fiili kutu içerisinde verilen cümlede geçmektedir. Seçenekler anahtar kelime açısından arandığında;

B SEÇENEGiNDE anahtar kelimeler yer almakta ancak kelimeler Eurg(>a ile ilgili oldukları için seçenek elenmektedir. C SEÇENEGINDE verilen ifade ise the anticipated discovery of life elsewhere ifadesini özetlemektedir. Sorunun doğru cevabı bu nedenle C ŞIKKIDIR.


t:ıe Elisruı:ıteEl

Soru anahtar kelimesi parçada birebir bulunamadığında kelimelenin kendisi yada eş anlamiısı parçada aran ır ve bulunduğu cümle anahtar kelimeleri ya da benzer ifadeleri açısından seçeneklerde irdelenir. Bu sorunun yakın anlamiısı ve cümledeki ifadenin benzeri soru anahtar kelimesi C seçeneğinde bulunduğu için C şıkkı dogru cevaptır.

429

YDS ŞiFRELERi

TEST lll The major sciences of the Hallenistic Age were astronomy, mathematics, geography, medicine, and physics. The most renowned of the early Hallenistic astronomers was Aristarchus of Samos (310-230 B.C.), sametimes called the "Hellenistic Copernicus." His primary accomplishment was his deduction that the Earth and the other planets revolvo araund the Sun. This view was not accepted by his succassors because it conflicted with the teachings of Aristotle and alsa with the Greek conviction that humanity, and theretare the Earth, must be at the centre of the universe. Later, in the second century A.D ., Aristarchus's fame was overshadowed by that of Ptolemy of Alexandria . Although Ptolemy made few original discoveries, he systematized the works of others. His principal writing, The Almagest, based on the view that all heavenly bodies revolvo araund the Earth, was handed down to medieval Europe as the classic summary of ancient astronomy. Later, in the second century A.D ., Aristarchus's fame was overshadowed by that (1) OF PTOLEMY OF ALEXANDRIA. Although PTOLEMY made few original discoveries, he systematized the works of others. His principal writing, The Almagest, based on the view that all heavenly bodies revolvo araund the Earth , was handed down to medieval Europe as the classic summary of ancient astronomy. 1.

According to the passage, IT WAS PTOLEMY OF ALEXANDRIA WHO----. A) adequately summarizod in his Almagest AristarGhus's ideas on astranomy B) ·.vas greatly ins~ired by AristarGhus's helioGentTiG view of the universe C) fundamentally shaped the European u nderstanding of astronomy for the Middle Ages D) first studied and ox~lained in The Almagest the movements of all the ~lanets E) contributed oxtensivoly to the de-velopment of ast!'Onomy as a scionco

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesi PTOLEMY OF ALEXANDRIA parçada ilk kez kutu içerisinde verilen ilk cümlede geçmektedir ancak bu kişi hakkındaki detaylı bilgi bir diğer cümlede verildiği için kutudaki ikinci cümle anahtar kelime taraması açısından irdelenmelidir. Cümle irdelendiğinde ; he systematized the work of others ifadesi ile C SEÇENEGiNDEKi he shaped the European understanding of astronomy ifadesi benzer anlam taşımaktadır. Diğer seçenekler cümledeki anahtar kelimelerden içermesine karşın cümle konusundan farklı konuları ele almaktadır. Bu nedenle sorunun doğru cevabı C ŞIKKI kabul edilir.

430

Soru anahtar kelimesinin parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümlede soru konusu ele alınmış ancak konu hakkındaki detaylı bilgi bir diğer cümlede verilmiş ise konunun ayrıntısı ile ele alındığı ikinci cümle ortak anahtar kelime ya da benzer ifade açısından irdelenmelidir. Bu nedenle bu soruda soru anahtar kelimesinin geçtiği ikinci cümle baz alınmış ve cümle konusuna paralel ifadeye yer veren tek seçenek olan C şıkkı doğru cevap kabul edilmiştir .

e 'MDS

ŞiFRES iilf:E~NiK~ERi'

YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi The major sciences of (2) THE HELLENISTIC AGE were astronomy, mathematics, geography, medicine, and h sics. 2.

One gathers from the passage that, IN THE HELLENISTIC AGE , ----. A) Aristotle's writings and the works of other philosophers wero edited and pL-:Jblishod B) astronomy was the scionce which reGeived tf:ıe most attentton C) all astronomors hold the same vimvs aboL-:Jt the SL-:Jn and the planats D) astronomy was just one of several sciences to be studied seriously E) it was commonly accepted that AristarchL-:Js's ideas had mainly derived from Aristotle

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesi THE HELLENISTIC AGE parçada ilk kez kutu içerisinde gösterilen cümlede geçmektedir ve bu cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında; kelimeler A, B VE D SEÇENEKLERiNDE görülebilmektedir. B SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan ortak kelime astronomy D SEÇENEGiNDE geçen one of the several sciences anahtar kelimesinden cümle sıralamasında daha sonra geçtiği için D SEÇENEGi cümle konusunu aniamca en iyi ortaya koyan seçenek olarak sorunun doğru cevabı kabul edilir.

Soru anahtar kelimesinin parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde yer aldığında anahtar kelimelerden cümle sıralamasında öncelikli geleni ve konuyu en iyi ifade edeni baz alınır .

(3) His primary accomplishment was his deduction that the Earth and the other planets revolve around the Sun. THIS VIEW was not accepted by his successors because it conflicted with the teachings of Aristotle and also with the Greek conviction that humanity, and theretare the Earth, must be at the centre of the universe. 3.

lt is clear from the passage that, WITH HIS VIEW OF THE UNIVERSE. ARISTARCHUS ----. A) B) C) D)

opened the way for the stL-:Jdy of astronomy as a science was only repeating the traditional Greek idea d id not differ from other Hallenistic astronomers had mL-:Jch infiL-:Jence on his contemporaries

E) made an unprecedented breakthrough in astronomy (NEGATIVE) TEKNiK: Soru konusu Aristarchus yerine ARISTARCHUS'S VIEW olarak verildiği için parçada bu konunun ilk kez geçtiği cümle ele alınmalıdır. Parçada konu this view şeklinde geçtiği için this zamiri ile kastedilen bir önceki cümle anahtar kelime açısından irdelenmelidir. Cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçenekleri irdelendiğinde; cümlenin ilk kelimesi his primary accomplishment E SEÇENEGiNDE unprecented breakthrough ile benzer anlamda olduğundan E ŞIKKI sorunun doğru cevabı olarak kabul edilir.

'YDS Şi·FRESi ~EKNiKI.:ERi'

Soru konusunun parçada geçtiği cümlenin bir önceki cümlesinde konu hakkında bilgi verildiği için kutu içerisinde verilen ilk cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde aranmıştır. Yakın anlamda verilen anahtar kelimeyi içeren E seçeneği sorunun doğru cevabı olarak kabul edilmiştir.

431

YDS ŞiFRELERi This view was not accepted by his successors because it conflicted with the teachings of Aristotle and also with 4 THE GREEK conviction that humanit , and therefore the Earth, must be at the centre of the universe. 4.

lt is pointed out in the passage that THE GREEKS ----. A) regarded the Earth as the centre of the universe B) C) D) E)

woro oxtromoly influoncod by Aristarchus's idoas woro not fully familiar with the toachings of Aristotlo complotoly rulod out whatovor Ptolomy said about the know how the planats ro•,ıolvod around the Sun

ımiv.erse

TEKNiK: Soru konusu THE GREEKS parçada ilk kez kutudaki cümlede geçmekte olup;

Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri bu soruda iki seçenekte verilmiş olup daha fazla anahtar kelime içermesi ve cümle konusunu anlam bütünlüğü içersinde en iyi ifade etmesi nedeni ile A seçeneği doğru cevap kabul

geçtiği

cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinden the centre of the universe A SEÇENEGiNDE, the universe kelimesi ise E SEÇENEGiNDE yer almaktadır. Konuyu en iyi özetleyen anahtar kelimelerin yer aldığı A SEÇENEGi doğru şık olarak kabul edilir.

edilmiştir.

Later, in the second century A.D., ARISTARCHUS'S FAME was overshadowed by that of Ptolemy of Alexandria. 5.

One understands from the passage that ARISTARCHUS'S REPUTATION AS AN ASTRONOMER ----. A) can bo attributod to Copornicus's study of his work B) novor lost its significanco in the Middlo Agos C) bogan to grow only after the seGeRd GeRtflry A.D. D) became widespread through Ptolemy's famous work The Almagest E) has boon

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as corroct by modern astronomors

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesi ARISTARCHUS'S REPUTATION his fame ile aynı anlamda olduğu için ARISTARCHUS'S FAME kelimesinin parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümle seçeneklerde ortak anahtar kelime açısından incelenmelidir. Kutuda gösterilen cümlenin ortak anahtar kelimelerinden after the second century C SEÇENEGiNDE geçmektedir ancak cümlede after kullanımı olmadığı için seçenek elenmektedir. D SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan through Ptolemy's famous work cümle konusunu özetiediği için doğru seçenek D ŞIKKIDIR.

Soru anahtar kelimesinin eş parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümlenin konusunu en iyi özetlernesi nedeni ile D seçeneği doğru cevap olarak kabul edilmektedir.

432


anlamlısının

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YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi The most significant political change in eastern Europe during the Iate 1980s was the collapse of communism in East Germany and the unification of East and West Germany. Although long considered the most prosperous of the Soviet satellite countries , East Germany suffered from severe economic stagnation and environmental degradation. Waves of East Germans registered their discontent with worsening conditions by massive illegal emigration to the West. This exodus together with evidence of widespread official corruption led to the resignation of East Germany's long-time, hard-line premier, Erich Honecker. His successor, Egon Krenz, promised reforms, but he was nevertheless faced with continuing protests and continuing mass emigration. In the end, on 4 November 1989, the government, in a move that acknowledged its powerlessness to hold its citizens captive, opened its border with Czechoslovakia. This move effectively freed East Germans to travel to the West. In a matter of days, the Berlin Wall, which had been the embodiment of the Cold War, the lron Curtain , and the division of East from West, was demolished by groups of ordinary citizens . Jubilant crowds from both sides walked through the gaping holes that now permitted men, women , and children to take the few steps that symbolized the return to freedam and a chance for national unity. The most significant political change in eastern Europe (1) DURING THE LATE 19805 was the collapse of communism in East German and the unification of East and West German 6.

As pointed out in the passage, IN THE LATE 1980S, ----. A) HaneGker and Krenz were fully Gammitted te the flltimate fiRifiGatian af lia&t and We6t Germany B) lia&t Gemıany eegan ta enjay sa mu ch prasperity that the ather Saviet &ateUite &tate& eecama enviaus af its ecanamic success C) the East German government, already corrupt and disliked by the peop/e, was no langer able to prevent mass emigration to the West D) l=lanecker intraduced e>Gremely austera ecanamic measures in arder ta imprave warsening canditians and get rid af carruptian · E) lia&t Germany adepted a palisy af Gaeperatian with We6t Gemıany sa that the effects af the Cald War cauld ee eliminatea

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesi IN THE LATE 1980S parçada ilk kez kutu içerinde gösterilen cümlede geçmekte olup; cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında ; kelimeler A, B, C VE E SEÇENEKLERiNDE görülmektedir. Seçeneklerin diğer kelimelerine göz atıldığında; C SEÇENEGI hariç seçeneklerin cümle konusu ile ilgili olmadıkları açıkça anlaşılabilmektedir. C ve E SEÇENEKLERi cümlenin konusu ile ilintili anahtar kelimeleri içermekte ancak E SEÇENEGiNDE Cold War konusu ele alındığı için E SEÇENEGi cümle konusuna paralelellik göstermediğinden elenmektedir ve elde kalan C SEÇENEGi doğru cevap kabul edilmektedir.


433

YDS ŞiFRELERi In a matter of days, (7) THE BERLIN WALL, which had been the embodiment of the Cold War, the lron Curtain, and the division of East from West, was demolishad by roups of ordinary citizens. 7.

lt is stressed in the passage that THE BERLIN WALL ----. A) had been built by the East GermaR geverRmeRt in order to prevent any access to VVest Berlin B) not only divided East and West, but alsa, more importantly, symbolized the Co/d War and the lron Cu rta in ~onecker' s €JOvernment anEl the failure of his economic policies D) wouiEI have been ElemolisheEI even if liast GermaRY haEI retaineEI communism E) €Jave rise to a €Jreat many iEieelo€Jical G9Rtmversies betweeR East aRd West GermaRY

C) si€JnifieEI both the powerlessness of

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesi THE BERLIN WALL parçada ilk kez kutu içerisinde gösterilen cümlede geçmekte ve bu cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri işaretli dört seçenekte yer almasına karşın ; en çok anahtar kelimeyi cümle konusuna paralel olarak B SEÇENEGi vermekte ve seçenek sorunun doğru cevabı olarak kabul edilmektedir.

Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez bahsedildiği cümlenin anahtar kelimelerini birden fazla seçenek içerdiğinde ; cümle konusunu en iyi ortaya koyan ve en çok anahtar kelime içeren seçenek doğru cevaptır . Soruda bu nedenden dolayı doğru seçenek B şıkkıdır .

In a matter of days, (8) THE BERLIN WALL, which had been the embodiment of the Cold War, the Iran Curtain, and the division of East from West, was demolishad b groups of ordinary citizens . 8.

According to the passage, WITH THE COLLAPSE OF THE BERLIN WALL, ----. A) the Seviet satellite countries were eıı;poseEI te Western iEieas B) East aRd West GemıaRY sigRed a treaty sf reımifiGatieR C) the eGeRemiG presperity efEast GermaRY continueEI to increase D) the East GetmaR& teek up their fight a9ainst political sorruption E) the East•Germa people were, as it were, finally freed from captivity

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimelerinden COLLAPSE parçada THE BERLIN WALL kelimesi ile birlikte aynı cümlede geçmediği için THE BERLIN WALL kelimesinin parçada ilk geçtiği cümle ele alınmalıdır. Kutuda gösterilen bu cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri dört seçenekte de yer almaktadır ancak E SEÇENEGi hariç tüm seçeneklerde anahtar kelimeler cümle konusundan farklı konuları ele almaktadır. E SEÇENEGiNDE the East German freed from captivity ifadesi ile cümledeki the division of East from West ifadesi aynı anlama geldiği verdiği için doğru cevap E ŞIKKIDIR.

434

ı

Soru anahtar kelimele ri aynı cümle içerisinde parçada bir arada geçmiyor ise; soruda yer alan anahtar kelimen in ilk geçtiği cümle soru cözümlemesinde ele alınmalıdır. Soruda cümle anahtar kelimelerini içeren ve cümle konusunu en iyi ortaya koyan E seçeneği doğru cevaptır.

'YDS ŞiFRESi T:EKNiKL:ERi'

YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi Although long considered the most prosperous of the Soviet sateliile countries, (9) EAST GERMANY suffered from severe economic sta nation and environmenta/ de radation. 9.

lt is stated in the passage that EAST GERMANY ----. A) made various attempts to fight oorruption in tho govornment, but failed ~) had oontinually tried to be re unified with 1JI/est Germany befure the fa ll of the C) had never regarded oommunism as an aooeptable regime until tho 1Q80s

~erlin

\Al all

D) faced extremely severe economic and environmental problems in the 1980s E) had a considerable eGsnsmiG and pslitiGal influenGe sn sther east eurspean Gsuntr!es TEKNiK: Soru konusunun parçada ilk geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında ;

D ve E SEÇENEKLERiNiN cümledeki anahtar kelimeleri içerdiği görülmektedir. E SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan anahtar kelimeler farklı konu olan European countries konusunu nitelediğinden seçenek elenmekle ve doğru cevap anahtar kelimeleri ile cümle konusunu tam olarak ifade eden D SEÇENEGi olarak kabul edilmektedir.

This exodus together with evidence of widespread official corruption (10) LED TO THE RESIGNATION East Germany's lan -time, hard-line premier, ERICH HONECKER.

OF.,ı

10. lt is made clear in the passage that HONECKER'S RESIGNATION FROM THE GOVERNMENT----. '- ' A) led to a serious politioal srisis in the oountry, which was finally resolved by the intervention of his SUGGOSSOr Egon Krenz ' , ı ~) was inevitablo basause he had failed to oarry out the refurms urgently needed to improve tho eoonomy '' i and the environment C) was re~uired by his suooossor Egon Krenz, who was far more poj3ular with the people and took the neoessary weoautions to stop illegal emigration D) was demanded beoause, without having consulted his oolleagues, he had OI'Jened East Germany's border •.vith Czeohoslovakia E) took place as a result of widespread official corruption and the massive illegal emigration to the West of the people of East Germany TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimelerinin aynı cümle içerisinde yer aldığı ve parçada ilk kez geçti ği cümle kutu içerisinde gösterilmektedir. Cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında ; kelimeler E SEÇENEGiNDE görülmekte ve E ŞIKKI doğru cevap kabul edilmektedir.

'YDS ŞiF.RES i" f€KNiKLERi'

Bu soruda soru anahtar kelimeleri aynı cümlede bir arada geçmektedir ve doğru cevap parçada belirlenen cümlenin anahtar kelimelerini içermesi nedeni ile E şıkkıdır .

435

YDS ŞiFRELERi The causes of World War ll were rooted in the peace settlement at Versailles in 1919-1920. The peace had created as many problems as it had solved . The senior Allied heads of state yielded to demands that involved annexing German territory and creating new states out of the eastern European empires. In doing so, the peacemakers created fresh bitterness and conflict. The Versailles treaty and its champions, such as US President Woodrow Wilson , proclaimed the principle of self-determination for the peoples of eastern and southern Europe. Yet the new states created by the treaty crossed ethnic boundaries, involved political compromises, and frustrated many of the expectations they had raised. The unsteady new boundaries would be redrawn by force in the 1930s. The Allied powers also kept up the naval blockade against Germany after the e nd of World W ar ı. This forced the new German government to accept harsh terms that deprived Germany of its political power in Europe. The blockade and its consequences created grievances that made the German people feel angry and completely humiliated. 1

The causes of World War ll were rootedin the peace settlement at (11) VERSAILLES in 1919-1920. 11. lt is argued in the passage that THE VERSAILLES TREATY, signed AFTER WORLD WAR 1, -

.

A) 'Nent into effect soan after the AllieEI naval elockaEie a€Jainst Germany haEI sean lifteEI B) EliEI not take into consiEieration WooEirow'Nilson's principle of self Eletermination C) anasieEl Germany to re€Jain its territories in eastarn Europa anEl eecome militarily stron€J a€Jain D) was a total failure, since it ultimately /ed to World War ll E) 'Nas accepteEI with €JFOat jueilation ey the German €JOVernment anEl people TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimelerinden THE WORLD WAR 1 parçada geçmediğinden 1. Dünya Savası sonrasında 2. Dünya Savas ı meydana geldiğinden ve parcada savaştan ilk kez ilk cümlede bahsedildiğinden parçanın ilk cümlesi ele alınmalıdır. lik cümle aynı zamanda soru anahtar kelimelerinden VERSAILLES konusunun parçada ilk bahsedildiği yerdir. Cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında; D SEÇENEGiNiN cümledeki cause kelimesi ile eşleşen led to kelimesini ve world war ll anahtar sözcüğünü içerdiği görülmektedir. Bu nedenle doğru cevap D ŞIKKIDIR.

436



12. As pointed out in the passage, THE NEW STATES IN EASTERN EUROPE, created in accordanca with THE VERSAILLES TREATY, ----. A) became the source of many problems in Europe and ca used much disillusionment B) C) D) E)

wero ~roteste9 ey the Allie9 ~owers against a ~ossiele German in•,ıasion formeEl an allianse in areler to resist Germany's territorial 9eman9s maintaine9 the ir in9e~en9ense until the start of Worl9 War ll 9i9 their eest to ee on goo9 terms with Germany anEl so ~ursue9 a ~ro German

TEKNiK: Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez bir arada yer aldığı cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde yer almamaktad ır.

~olisy

Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez cümledeki anahtar kelimeler seçeneklerde yer almamaktadır. Ancak cümledeki ifadenin benzerine A seçeneği yer vermektedir. geçtiği

Ancak A SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan became the source of many problems ifadesi cümlede bahsedilen olumsuzlukları problems adı altında özetiernektedir ve bu nedenle sorunun doğru cevabı A ŞIKKIDIR.

THE ALLIED POWERS also kept up THE NAVAL BLOCKADE AGAINST GERMANY after the end of World War ı. (13) THIS forced the new German government to accept harsh terms that deprived Germany of its political power in Europe. 13. According to the passage, IN THE FACE OF THE ALLIED NAVAL BLOCKADE, ----. A) B) C) D)

Gel'many o~enly mfused to reash any ~olitisal som~romise with the Allie9 ~owers the Gei'RiaR gav-emmeRt gave up its demaRds fal' the aRRelf3tiaR af the east Euro~ean sountries the newly sreate9 east Euro~ean sountries soan eegan to Elisregarcl eash other's 9oun9aries the Gei'RiaR ~eo~le strongly appssed 1Noo9row Wilson's ~rinsi~le of self Eleterminalian

E) Germany had no other ch oice but to agree to the severe conditions dictated by the Allies TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimelerinin bir arada verildiği ve parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri dört seçenekte de geçmektedir, ancak seçeneklerin fiilieri irdelendiğinde;A, B VE D SEÇ.ENEKLERiNiN cümle konusu ile ilgili olmadığı ; E SEÇENEGINDE yer alan Germany had to agree severe conditions ifadesinin cümledeki this forced the new German government to accept harsh terms ifadesi ile aynı anlamda olduğu görülmektedir. Doğru cevap bu nedenle E ŞIKKIDIR.


Soru anahtar kelimelerinin bir arada cümledeki ifadeyi özetleyen E seçeneği sorunun doğru cevabı olarak kabul edilir. geçtiği

437

YDS ŞiFRELERi (14) THE senior ALLIED heads of state YIELDED TO DEMANDS that involved annexing German territory and creating new states out of the eastern European empires. IN DOING SO, the peacemakers created fresh bitterness and conflict. 14. lt is clear from the passage that, CONTRARY TO ALLIED EXPECTATIONS, ----. A) the GermaRs woro ab lo to oven;ome the grievaRGes causod by the naval blackade

B) the peace dea/ made at Versailles brought about new hostilities and conflicts C) GermaRy's pol5tiGal power iR Europe bocamo furthor strongthonod by the Varsaili os troaty D) Preside nt Wilson ·.vas worried about the politiGal future of the ReV'I states iR easterR Europa E) GermaRy amJ the ReV'/ east EuropeaR states soan roalizod they had much in commen and establishod good rolationships

TEKNiK: Soru kelimesi parçada birebir geçmeyip ALLIED EXPECTATIONS yerine ALLIED DEMANDS olarak geçmektedir. Parçada bu anahtar kelimelere yer veren cümlenin ardından gelen cümledeki IN DOING SO ifadesi belirlenen ilk cümlenin açıklaması olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu nedenle bu iki cümlenin de anahtar kelime açısından irdelenmesi önerilir.

Cümlelerin anahtar kelimeleri tüm seçeneklerde geçiyor görünse de; seçenekler cümlenin konusuna parallel şekilde incelendiğinde; seçeneklerin ele aldığı konuların cümlenin konusundan farklılık gösterdiği görülmektedir. Cümlenin anahtar kelimelerini cümle konusuna paralel şekilde yer veren B SEÇENEGi sorunun doğru cevabıdır.

1

Soru anahtar kelimesinin yakın parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümle ve belirlenen bu cümlenin ardından gelen açıklama cümlesi ele alınmaktadır. Cümlelerde bahsedilen konuları özetleyen B seçeneği sorunun doğru cevabıdır. anlamlısının

The causes of World War ll were rootedin THE PEACE SETTLEMENT AT VERSAILLES in 1919-1920.

15. Clearly, the passage ----. A) is a Gomprehensive assassmeRt of the impaGt that the A/lied naval bloGkade of GermaRy had on the 'lersailles treaty B) is a detailed aGGOURt of how GermaRy prepared itself eGoRomiGal!y and politffGally for World War=/1 C) f9Guses direGtly on the problem& that faGed the new east European states Greated after Wortd War

1 D) is a detai/ed study of the European importaRGe aRd GORsequeRGes of Woodrow Wilson'& priRGiple of solf dotormination E) summarizes the developments in Europe in the aftermath of the Versail/es treaty

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesi verilmediği için parçanın konusuna yer veren parçanın ilk cümlesine bakılması önerilir. Parçanın

ilk cümlesinde The Versatille Treaty konusunu ele

aldığından ve E SEÇENEGi de aynı konuya yer verdiğinden;

seçenek sorunun

438

doğru cevabıdır.

Soruda anahtar kelime verilmediğinde parçanın konusunu tanıtan ilk cümleye yani ana fikir cümlesine bakılması önerilir. Ana fikir cümlesini özetleyen E seçeneği sorunun doğru cevabı olarak kabul edilmektedir.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi The French Revolution transformed the political and diplamatic landscape of Europe suddenly and dramatically. The transformatian of industry came more gradually. By the 1830s or 1840s, however, writers and social thinkers in Europe were increasingly aware of unexpected and extraordinary changes in their economic world. They began to speak of an "industrial revolution," one that seemed to parallel the revolution in politics. The term has stayed with us. The lndustrial Revolution spanned the hundred years after 1780. lt represented the first breakthrough from an agricultural andoverwhelmingly rural economy to one characterized by large-scale manufacturing, more capital-intensive enterprises, and urbanization. lt involved new sources of energy and power, faster transportation , mechanization, higher productivity, and new ways of organizing human labour. lt triggered social changes with revolutionary consequences for the West and its rolatianship with the world. Of all these changes, perhaps the most important one was to be seenin energy. Over the space of two or three generations, a society and an economy that had traditionally drawn on water, wind, and wood for most of its energy needs came to depend on steam engines and coal. In other words, the lndustrial Revolution brought the beginnings of "the fossil fuel age." (16) They began to speak of an "INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION," one that seemed to parallel the revolution in politics. The term has stayed with us. The lndustrial Revolution spanned the hundred years after 1780. IT represented the first breakthrough from an agricultural andoverwhelmingly rural economy to one characterized by large-scale manufacturing, more capital-intensive enterprises, and urbanization. 16. As one understands from the passage, THE TERM ''THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION" -A) was only usod during the first half of the ninotoonth century and has sinco l3oon roplacod l3y now torms, such as "the fossil fuol age" B) was invontod aftor the lndustrial Revolution 'A'as complotod C) always signifiod the process of u~9aR~ati9R in Europa, which was closoly linkod with the migration of rural pooplo to major citios D) was first invented by a group of European social thinkers who recognized that huge changes were occurring in the economic world E) ossontially roforrod to the use of stoam power in industry, l3ut has today lost its original maaning complotoly TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesi THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION parçada ilk kez kutuda gösterilen ilk cümlede geçmektedir. Bu cümledeki anahtar kelimeler seçeneklerde yer almadığından; parçadaki bir diğer cümle anahtar kelime açısından irdelenmektedir. Seçenekteki cümleler ile ortak anahtar kelime içeren cümle kutu içerisinde gösterilen parçadan üçüncü cümle olup; C VE D SEÇENEKLERi cümle ile ortak anahtar kelime içermektedir. C SEÇENEGi içerdiği ortak anahtar kelimeleri ile kutudaki üçüncü cümlenin konusunu açık bir şekilde ifade ettiğinden sorunun doğru cevabıdır.


Soru anahtar kelimesine parçada ilk kez yer veren cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde yer almamaktadır . Bu nedenle irdelenen bir diğer cümlenin konusunu özetleyen C seçeneği sorunun doğru cevabı olarak kabul edilmektedir.

439

YDS ŞiFRELERi (17) THE FRENCH REVOLUTION transformed the political and diplamatic landscape of Europe suddenly and dramaticall . (17) By the 1830s or 1840s, HOWEVER, writers and social thinkers in Europe were increasingly aware of unexpected and extraordinary changes in their economic world. They began to speak of an "INDUSTRIAL

REVOLUTION," one that seemed toparallel the revolution in politics. 17. As pointed out in the passage, COMPARED WITH THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ----. A) was se st:ıdden and t:ıneıc:pested that there emergad a desperata need ter new set:ırses af energy and mera werkers 8) had na impaGt at all an the saGial Ghanges 'Nhish taek plase in Et:ırepe in the Iate eighteenth and early nineteenth sentt:ıries C) had se mt:ısh iRfluenGe an eui'Gpean palitiGS in the nineteenth sentt:ıry that gevernments had te revise their development plans O) was primarily senserned Vlith sesial •.velfare and tersed many set:ıntries in Et:ırepe te intredt:ıse new 9enefits ter werkers E) was a process of industrial, economic, and social transformatian in Europe, which covered a hundred years beginning with the Iate eighteenth century TEKNiK: Soru KONUSU FRENCH REVOLUTION ile INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION farklı konular olup; French revolution ilk kez parçanın ilk cümlesinde geçmektedir. lndustrial Revolution konusu ise bu iki konu arasındaki farklılığı However bağiacı ile ortaya koyan cümlenin ardındaki cümlede geçtiği için bu cümlelerin üçü de ele alınmalıdır . lik cümle ile seçenekler arasında ortak anahtar kelime cümlelerin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde yer almaktadır . Rakamsal olarak daha çok ortak anahtar kelime içeren ve cümlelerdeki ifadeleri özetleyen E ŞIKKI sorunun doğru cevabıdır. bulunamayıp; diğer

440

Soru anahtar kelimeleri aynı cümle içerisinde geçmediğinde ; hangi anahtar kelime parçada ilk kez geçmekte ise o cümle ilk olarak ele alınır. Ele alınması gereken diğer cümle ise sorunun diğer anahtar kelimelerini içeren cümle ya da cümlelerdir. Bu nedenle bu soruda anahtar kelimeleri ve kıyaslamayı ortaya koyan bağlaç yapısını parçada içeren üç cümle anahtar kelimeler açısından seçeneklerde irdelenmiştir. Kelimelere yer veren E seçeneği doğru cevap kabul edilmiştir.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi (18) THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION spanned the hundred years after 1780. lt represented the fırst breakthrough from an agricultural andoverwhelmingly rural economy to one characterized by large-scale manufacturing, more capital-intensive enterprises, and urbanization. 18. One learns from the passage that, WITH THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, ----. A) a gmat doal of iR'IpreveR'tent was R'tade in transportation so that goods could eo carried in large quantities all over the world Q) the usual energy resourcos, such as wind, water, and wood, eegan to eo used far R'tore efficiontly in order to meet grewing energy needs C) the traditional rural economy was replaced by a capital-based economy of mass production and Labour D) econoR'tic a#airs caR'to to deminato politics and diploR'tatic relations in Europa so R'tuch that governments adopted policies for R'IOre cooperation with each other E) agFiGulture iR Europe was fully R'todornizod and, consequently, R'luch higher productivity was achieved TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesinin konu bazında anlatıldığı cümle kutu içerisinde gösterilen cümledir. Cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında; Cümledeki rural economy kelimesinin C SEÇENEGiNDE yer ve cümleden manufacturing kelimesi ile C SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan mass production kelimesinin benzer anlam taşıdığı görülmektedir. Bu nedenle sorunun doğru cevabı C ŞIKKIDIR. aldığı

Soru anahtar kelimesinin konu olarak aniatıiğı cümle parçada kutu içerisine alıntı yapılmıştır. Bu cümlenin anahtar kelimelerine C seçeneğinde yer verilmiştir.

Over the space of two or three generations, a society and an economy that had traditionally drawn on water, wind, and wood for most of its ener needs came to depend on STEAM en ines and COAL. 19. lt is clear from the passage that COAL- FIRED STEAM POWER----. A) had not been u sed as a primary source of energy before the lndustrial Revolution Q) v~as onlyusedas a souFGe of eneFgy for industry in the 18JOs and 184 Os C) quiGkly lost !ts !mpot=tanGe feF industry after the advantages of fossil fuels eecaR'Ie apparent D) was not regaFded asa feasible souFGe ofeneFgy during the lndustrial Revolution E) played aminimal 1'9/e in the tFansport ofgood&duFing the lndustrial Revolution

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimeleri parçada bir arada ilk kez kutudaki cümle içerisindeki geçmektedir. Cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri tüm seçeneklerde görülse de; A SEÇENEGi dışındaki seçeneklerin koyu renkle işaretli kelimelere cümlenin konusuna paralel şekilde yer vermediği görülmektedir. Cümlede işaretli kelimelerin verdiği özetleyen A SEÇENEGi doğru cevaptır.

ifadeyi


tam

Soru anahtar kelimelerinin bir arada parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri ile verilmek istenilen ifade A seçeneğinde özetlenmektedir.

olarak

441

YDS ŞiFRELERi 1

In other words, THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION brought the beginnings of "the fossil fuel age." 20. As can be seen clearly, the passage ----. A) explaiR6

RSIII #ıe

ltuJusuial Revolution tFaR&fsFmed the laRd&Gape sf euFSpeaR psliti66 and

re/atiens B) gives a detaUed aGGsunt sf #ıe ways in whiGh #ıe FnmGh Revolution diffeFs from Revotution C) extensively outlines the role whish vaFisus ssuFGes sf eneFgy equally played in Revolution

#ıe

IRdustFial

#ıe

IRdu&tFial

D) mainly dea/s with the meaning and the economic and social consequences of the lndustrial Revolution E) disGusses in dep#ı lndustrial Revolution

#ıe

pslit5Gal and eGsnsmiG Gauses of both the F'ronsh Revolution and the

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesi verilmediğinde soruda parçanın ana konusu sorulmaktadır. Parçanın ilk cümlesi parçanın ana konusuna "THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION" yer vermediği için bir parçanın ana fikrini MAIN IDEA ortaya koyan son cümlesi ortak anahtar kelime açısından irdelenmelidir. Parçanın son cümlesindeki In Other Words bağlacı ; parçanın konusunun son cümlede özetiondiğini açıkça vurgulamaktadır . Son cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde yer almadığı için; cümlenin konusuna bakılmakta ve cümlenin The lndustrial Revolution konusunun yol açtığı sonuçları özetiediği görülmektedir. D SEÇENEGi parçanın son cümlesinde aniatılmak istenilen bilgiyi vermekte ve bu nedenle doğru cevap olarak kabul edilmektedir.

442

Soru anahtar kelimesinin verilmediği durumlarda parçanın genelinde anlatılan yani parçanın ana konusu ana fikir cümlelerinde gizli olduğu için ilk ve son cümlenin ortak anahtar kelime ya da benzer ifade açısından irdelenmesi gereklidir. Bu sorunun ilk cümlesi parçanın ana konusundan bahsetmediği için parçanın son cümlesi irdelenmektedir. Cümledeki ifadenin benzerine D seçeneğinde yer verilmektedir.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi The Renaissance originated in ltaly for several reasons. The most fundamental reason was that ltaly in the later Middle Ages was the most advanced urban society in all of Europe. Unlike aristocrats North of the Alps, ltalian aristocrats customarily lived in urban centres rather than in rural castles and consequently became fully involved in urban public affairs. Moreover, since the ltalian aristocracy built its palaces in the cities, the aristocratic class was less sharply set off from the class of rich merchants than in other European countries . Hence, whereas in France or Germany most aristocrats lived on the ineome from their lands while rich town dwellers, called bourgeois in French, gained their living from trade, in ltaly so many town-dwelling aristocrats engaged in banking or mercantile enterprises, and so many rich mercantile families imitated the manners of the aristocracy that, by the fourteenth and fıfteenth centuries , the aristocracy and upper bourgeoisie were becoming virtually indistinguishable. For instance, the noted Florentine family of the Medici, which had emerged as a family of physicians (as the name suggests), made its fortune in banking and commerce, and rose into the aristocracy in the fifteenth century. Obviously, social mobility as such brought about a great demand for education in the skills of reading and counting necessary to become a successful merchant, but the richest and most prominent families sought above all to find teachers who would impart to their sons the knowledge and skills necessary in politics and public life. (21) THE RENAISSANCE originated in ltaly for several reasons. The most fundamental reason was that ltaly in the later Middle A es was the most advanced urban socie in all of Euro e. 21. lt is suggested in the passage that, in the period BEFORE THE RENAISSANCE, ----. A) B) C) D)

the aristocrats in Europa were indifferant to the quality of ed usation offered at schools the Medisi of Florence had been a poor marsantile family with no skills in politics Franco and Germany had many more aristocratic families than ltaly European banking was complotoly monopolized by tho rich toı.vn dwollers of Franco

E) no other European country had an urban society as advanced as that of ltaly

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesinin parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümle ve soru konusunun nedenlerine yer veren bir diğer cümle ortak anahtar kelime açısından ele alındığında; E SEÇENEGiNiN cümledeki anahtar kelimeler ile verilmek istenilen ifadeyi özetiediği görülmektedir. Sorunun cevabı bu nedenle E ŞIKKIDIR.


Soru anahtar kelimesinin parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümle ortak anahtar kelimesi açısından irdelendiğinde; E seçeneğinde ltaly kelimesinin ortak kelime olduğu görülmektedir. Soru konusunun nedenleri parçada bir sonraki cümlede verildiği için bir sonraki cümlenin de irdelenmesi konuyu daha iyi özetlernemizde yardımcı olur. Bu teknik ile çözülen sorunun cevabı cümledeki ile benzer ifadeye yer veren E seçeneğidir .

443

YDS ŞiFRELERi (22) UNLIKE ARISTOCRATS North of the Alps, ltalian aristocrats customarily lived in urban centres rather than in rural eastfes and conse uentl became full involved in urban ublic affairs. 22. According to the passage, UNLIKE THEIR FRENCH OR GERMAN COUNTERPARTS, -A) medieval/ta/ian aristocrats lived in cities and mixed with the general public B) C) D) E)

ltaliaR mershaRts in the Renaissance period 'l.ıere alsa engaged in trade north of the Alps distinguished ltaliaR families wished their sons to become successful merchants the Medici ·.ve re active Iy involved in the politics and diplamatic relations of the ir time the lta!iaR upper bourgeoisie 'A'ere strongly opposed to social mobility

TEKNiK: Soruda kıyaslama yer aldığı için parçada kıyaslama yapılan ilk cümle ele alınmış ve bu cümlenin ortak anahtar kelimelerini içererek cümle konusunu özetleyen A SEÇENEGi sorunun doğru cevabı olarak kabul edilmiştir ..

Sorudaki bağlaçlar soru konusunu belirlemede önem taşırlar. Bu sorunun soru anahtar kelimeleri parçada bir arada aynı içerikte verilmediği için bağlaç konumundaki unlike parçada aranır. Bağlacın bulunduğu cümle ortak anahtar kelimeler açısından seçeneklerde irdelenir. Ortak anahtar kelimeleri ile cümle konusunu en iyi özetiernekte olan A seçeneği doğru cevap kabul edilmektedir.

Hence, whereas in France or Germany most aristocrats lived on the ineome from their lands while rich town dwellers, called bourgeois in French, gained their living from trade, in ltaly so many town-dwelling aristocrats engaged in banking or mercantile enterprises, and so many (23) RICH MERCANTILE FAMILIES imitated the manners of the aristocracy that, by the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the aristocracy and upper bourgeoisie were becoming virtually indistinguishable. 23. lt is pointed out in the passage that WEAL THY MEDfEVAL ITALIAN MERCHANT FAMILIES ----. A) deliberately avoided any involvement in the political affairs of the ir cities B) disliked urban centres and preferred to live in their eastfes built in rural areas C) never took an interest in the political activities of the aristocracy D) were great/y influenced in their habits and way of life by urban aristocrats E) were far mora enterprising in trade than their F"rench and German rivals TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesinin eş anlamlı kelimesinin parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümle; kutuda gösterilen and bağiacı sonrası gelen cümledir. Bu cümlede yer alan ortak anahtar kelimeler ile verilmek istenen ifade sadece D seçeneğinde özetlendiği için doğru cevap D ŞIKKIDIR.

444

Soru anahtar kelimeleri parçada birebir bulunamadığında; kelimelerin eş anlamlılarının parçada geçtiği cümle ele alınmalıdır. Bu soruda ele alınan kutudaki cümleyi anahtar kelimeleri ile anlarnca en iyi özetleyen D seçeneğidir.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 1

The Renaissance originated (24) IN ITALY for several reasons. 24. According to the passage, IT WAS IN ITAL Y that----. A) B) C) D)

what the French called bourgeoi& had the rnonopoly on banking rnorchants and aristocrats woro cloarly set apart banking developed rn~ch faster than trade rnost aristocrats wanted their sons to leam only the skills associated with politics

E) the rise of the Renaissance first took place

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesinin parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinden The Renaissance sadece doğru cevap olan E SEÇENEGiNDE geçmektedir.

Soru anahtar kelimesinin parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümle belirlenir. Belirlenen cümlenin kelimeleri ya da vermek istediği ifadenin benzeri seçeneklerde aranmaktadır. Bu teknik ile çözülen bu sorunun cevabı cümle ile ortak anahtar kelime içermesi nedeni ile E seçeneğidir.

Hence, whereas in France or Germany most aristocrats lived on the ineome from their lands while rich town dwellers, called bourgeois in French, gained their living from trade, in ltaly so many town-dwelling aristocrats engaged in (25) BANKING OR MERCANTILE ENTERPRISES, and ... ..... .. ...... .... ........... .. .... .. ..... ........ ..... ... ... ... .. . 25. lt is clear from the passage that BANKING AND TRADE----. A) contributed a great deal to social mobility in ltaly in the later Middle Ages B) C) D) E)

wero far more advaRGed iR Fl:aRGe aRd GermaRy than in ltaly d~ring the Renaissance were rnajor eRterprises that rnedieval/ta/iaR ari&teGrat& Gho&e to igRore first emerged iR medie•..alltaly, b~t were rnore profossionally practised north of the Alps had rn~ch irnpact on the developrnent of ed~cation thro~gho~t rnedieval E~rope

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimelerinden BANKING parçada geçmektedir ancak bu kelimenin geçtiği cümlede diğer soru anahtar kelimesi TRADE yerine yakın anlamiısı olan Mercantile ... geçmektedir. Cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri ile vermek istediği ifade A SEÇENEGiNDE verilmiştir. Cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri sosyal durum hakkında bilgi verdiğinde A SEÇENEGi doğru cevap olarak kabul edilmiştir. Diğer seçeneklerde bahsedilen konu cümle konusundan farklılık göstermektedir.


Soru anahtar kelimelerinin parçada bir arada verildiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde cümle konusuna paralel şekilde yer almamaktadır. Cümlede verilmek istenilen ifadenin benzerini içeren A seçeneğidir.

445

YDS ŞiFRELERi

TEST IV In many primitive communities there is a taboo on mentioning a man's name except in certain special circumstances, because his name is believed to contain within it something of himself, which would be lost and wasted if his name were uttered without fırst taking special precautions. This belief about words is widespread . Among the more primitive and the uneducated, it is universal. A remarkably matter-offact practical application of it occurs even in the present day in the Tibetan prayer-wheel. If, thinks the Tibetan peasant, a prayer uttered once does some good , then the same prayer uttered many times will do more good. Therefore, since he assumes that the efficacy lies in the prayer as an entity in itself, he writes it round the rim of a wheel, and then frugally employs the water of a mountain stream to turn it all day long, instead of wastefully employing his own lungs and lips to say it again and again . In many primitive communities there is a taboo on mentioning a man's name except in certain special circumstances, because his name is believed to contain within it something of himself, which would be lost and wasted if his name were uttered without first taking special precautions. This belief about wordsis widespread . 1.

In this passage, the author points out that---- . A) A'lost sosieties in the world today are stili very pr!mitiv.e B) in primitive societies, words are often felt to embody the idea they express

C) the unsophistisated are no lass intelli€Jent than the sophistisated D) Tibetan peasants should not be re€Jarded as priA'litive E) the Tibetan peasanı does not really believe that the prayer wheel san do any €JOOd

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesi verilmed i ği için parça konusunu veren ilk cümlenin ele alınması önerilir. Parçanın ilk cümlesini takip eden cümle ilk cümlenin açıklaması konumunda olduğu için ikinci cümlenin de ele alınması doğru alanıdır. iki cümle anahtar kelimeler açısından seçeneklerde irdelendiğinde; cümle anahtar kelimelerinden primitive societies ve words B SEÇENEGiNDE verilmektedir. Doğru cevap bu nedenle B ŞlKKlDlR

446

Soru anahtar kelimesi parça konusu hakkında bilgi veren ilk cümle ortak anahtar kelime açısından irdelenmelidir. Bu parçanın ikinci cümlesi ilk cümleyi açıkladığı için hem birinci hem de ikinci cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde aranmıştır. Doğru cevap olan B seçeneğinin anahtar kelimelerden ikisine yer verdiği görülmüştür. verilmediğinde


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi A remarkably matter-offact practical application of it occurs even in the present day (2) IN THE TIBETAN PRAYER-WHEEL. If, thinks the Tibetan peasant, a prayer uttered once does same good, then the same prayer uttered many times will do more_good. 2.

As we understand from the passage, an underlying belief behind THE TIBETAN PRAYER-WHEEL is that

A) for a prayerto be answered , it must be repeated many times B) C) D) E)

man can achie•te nothing without the help of stronger powers man is powerlass against the forcas of evil human effort can achieve almost anything the forcas of natura must never be opposod

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesi parçada ilk kez kutu içerisinde gösterilmekte olan cümlede geçmektedir ancak konunun açıklaması bir sonraki cümlede verildiği için iki cümle de ortak kelime açısından irdelenmelidir. Cümleler anahtar kelimeleri açısından seçeneklerde arandığında; sadece A SEÇENEGiNDE anahtar kelimeler görülmektedir ve bu nedenle A ŞIKKI doğru cevap olarak kabul edilmektedir.

Soru anahtar kelimesi parçada ilk kez kutudaki cümlenin sonunda verildiğinden; bu konunun açıklamasının hemen ardından geleceği göz önünde bulundurularak açıklama cümlesinin de anahtar kelime açısından ele alınması gerekir. Bu soruda A seçeneği anahtar kelimelerden içeren seçenek olup doğru cevaptır.

This belief about words is widespread . Among the more primitive and the uneducated, IT is universal. A remarkably matter-offact practical application of IT occurs even in the present day in the TIBETAN PRAYERWHEEL. 3.

The author uses THE EXAMPLE OF THE TIBETAN PRAYER-WHEEL TO---- . A) show that all religions are fundamentally alika B) dernonstrata how fJRr:ealffstiG pFimfftiv.e peop!es ar:e C) illustrate just how powerful words are felt to be in primitive societies D) show how 5R•.ıeRt5ve p#mitiv.e peoples ar:e E) show how flRiqfle the Rativ-es of Tibet ar:e

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesinde TIBETIAN WHEEL ÖRNEKLEMESiNiN NEDENi sorulmaktadır. Örneklemenin amacının bilinebilmesi için Tibetian Wheel konusunun geçtiği cümlenin önündeki cümlelere bakılması gereklidir. Bu cümleler kutu içerisinde anahtar kelime irdelenmesi amacı ile gösterilmektedir. Cümle anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında; anahtar kelimelerden words ve primitive C SEÇENEGiNDE görülebilmektedir. Doğru cevap bu nedenle C ŞIKKIDIR.


Soruda neden -sonuç ilişkisi soruluyor ise soru konusunun parçada geçtiği cümle ve neden ilişkisinin verildiği bir önündeki cümle anahtar kelime açısından irdelenmelidir. Bu soruda C seçeneği cümlelerin anahtar kelimelerinden ikisini içerdiği için doğru cevaptır.

447

YDS ŞiFRELERi (4) IN MANY PRIMITIVE COMMUNITIES there is a taboo on mentioning A MAN'S NAME except in certain special circumstances, because his name is believed to contain within it something of himself, which would be lost and wasted if his name were uttered without fırst taking special precautions. 4.

lt is clear from the passage that, AMONG PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES, IT IS GENERALLY BELIEVED THAT A MAN'S NAME ----. A) should bo sonstantly ropoatod B) has a wholosome offest upon his life C) will bring salamity to those who use it D) should only be spoken under appropriate circumstances E) is of littlo importanso as it is so raroly usod

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimeleri parçada aynı cümle içerisinde kutudaki cümlede geçmektedir. Cümle anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandı!lı!"lda; kelimelerden işaretle gösterilmiş olanları D SEÇENEGINDE yer almaktadır ve seçenek bu nedenle işaretlenmesi gereken doğru şıktır.

Soru anahtar kelimeleri parçada bir arada geçmiyor ise kelimelerin aynı içerikle verildiği cümlenin bulunması önerilir. Bu soruda belirlenen cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinden bazıları cümle konusuna paralel şekilde D seçeneğinde yer almaktadır.

A remarkably matter-offact practical application of it occurs even in the present day (5) IN THE TIBETAN PRAYER-WHEEL. IF, THINKS THE TIBETAN PEASANT, a prayer uttered once does same good, then the same praver uttered many times will do more çıood . 5.

We can conclude from the passage that THE TIBETAN PEASANT ----. A) B) C) D)

is not tolorant of the roligious beliats of othors boars no rosomblanso to other primitivo poasants no•1or salls any mombor of his family by name is not dooply roligious and doos not troat his roligion soriously

E) - though primitive - has a very practical attitude towards life TEKNiK: Soru konusunun parçada geçtiği cümlenin bir önündeki cümlede soru konusuna giriş yapıldığı için kutuda verilen bu iki cümle anahtar kelime taraması açısından ele alınmalıdır. Cümlelerin anahtar kelimelerinden içeren tek seçenek olması nedeni ile doğru cevap E ŞIKKIDIR.

448

Soru konusunun parçada geçtiği cümle belirlendikten sonra soru konusunun belirlenen cümlenin önündeki cümlede bahsedilip bahsedilmediğine dikkat edilmesi gerekir. Bu soruda soru konusunun açıklama cümlesi ile birlikte soru konusunun parçada geçtiği cümle birlikte ele alınmıştır . Cümlelerin anahtar kelimelerini içeren E seçeneği doğru cevap kabul edilmiştir.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi Thomas Edison began conducting experiments during his childhood . To start with, there were hundreds of unsuccessful experiments but Edison eventually invented and patented 2,500 items, including the electric lamp and phonograph. He was determined to "give laughter and light" to people, but, until he actually managed to do so, most people ridiculed him. W ithout losing hope, Edison attempted over 1,000 unsuccessful experiments in his efforts to make an electric lamp. When people told him he was wasting his time, energy, and money for nothing, Edison exclaimed, "For nothing! Every time 1 make an experiment, 1 get new results. Failures are stepping stones to success." Determined to give people electric lamps, Edison said he'd meet his goal by early 1880. In October, 1879, he created his first electric lamp, and in so doing, received much praise. People realized that Edison's invention was not affected by rain or wind, remaining constant through bad weather. Just as he had hoped, Edison provided people with light and laughter. THOMAS EDISON began conducting experiments during his childhood. To start with, there were (6) HUNDREDS OF UNSUCCESSFUL EXPERIMENTS but Edison eventually invented and patented 2,500 items, i ncludinçı the electric lamp and phonoçıraph . 6.

As we understand from the passage, EDISON CONDUCTED MANY UNSUCCESSFUL EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS, ----. A) mest ef which 'A'ere very expensive ana §et him inte financial aifficulties

B) but the list of his patental inventions is a long one

C) mest ef which were relatea te the phaR9!JFaph D) but the peeple whe knew him enceura§ea him te keep en tryin§ E) ana en many eccasiens he felt his experiments were peintless TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimelerinin bir arada geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında; cümledeki işaretli anahtar kelimelerin benzer olanlarını içeren seçeneğin B olduğu görülmektedir. Sorunun doğru cevabı bu nedenle B ŞIKKIDIR.


Soru anahtar kelimelerinin aynı cümle içerisinde bulunması gerekmektedir. Bu soruda soru anahtar kelimelerinin bir arada verildiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri B seçeneğinde bulunabilmiştir. C seçeneği anahtar kelime içermektedir ancak seçeneğin konusu cümlede aniatılmak istenilenden farklıdır .

449

YDS ŞiFRELERi j

In October, 1879, he (7) CREATED HIS FIRST ELECTRIC LAMP, and in so doing, received much praise. 7.

lt is clear from the passage that, ONCE EDISON HAD INVENTED THE ELECTRIC LAMP , ----. A) ho lost intorost in carrying out oxf)orimonts

B) he admitted that at one point he had very nearly given up the project C) ho wasn't at all interestad in what !JOO!Jio felt about it D) people were particularly impressed by the fact that wind and rain had no damaging effect on it E) ho felt discouragod bocauso ho had failod to moot the goal ho had set himsaif fer the GOAlf)lotion of his invontion TEKNiK: Soru konusunun parçada geçtiği cümle anahtar kelime ve benzer ortak ifade açısından seçenekler ile kıyaslandığında ; D SEÇENEGiNDEKi people were impressed ile cümledeki ifade received praise ifadesi benzerlik göstermektedir. Her iki cümlede de insanların icattan etkilendiği yani elektrik lambası icadının insanlar tarafından takdir edildiği ifade edilmektedir. Doğru cevap benzer ifadeyi veren D SEÇENEGiDiR.

Soru anahtar kelimelerinin bir arada cümlede verilmek istenen ifade D seçeneğinde de verilmiştir.

geçtiği

When people told him he was wasting his time , energy, and money for nothing , Edison exclaimed, "For nothing! Eve time 1 makean ex eriment, 1 et new results. 8 FAILURES ARE STEPPING STONES TO SUCCESS." 8.

As we understand from the passage , with the phrase , "FAILURES ARE STEPPING STONES TO SUCCESS", Edison meant that----. A) B) C) D)

one should forget one's failures as soon as possible one cannot be successful every time success and failure are both a matter of chance there are two kinds of failure: those that lead to success and those that don't

E) the knowledge and experience that one gains from failure contributes to success TEKNiK: Soruda verilen phrase parçada kutu içersinde gösterilen cümlede geçmektedir. Soruda verilen phrase anlamı sorulduğu için seçeneklerde cümle anahtar kelimeleri yerine cümlede aniatılmak istenen aranmalıd ı r. Cümlede verilen ifadeyi , olumlu ifadede vererek cümleyi özetleyen E SEÇENEGi içermektedir ve doğru cevap kabul edilmektedir.

450

Soruda parçada verilen bir deyimi n sorulur ise deyimin parçada verildiği cümle ele alınmalıdır. Cümlede, verilen deyimin ne anlama geldiği gizlidir. Bu nedenle o cümlede aniatılmak istenenin olumlu ya da olumsuz ifade olduğunu belirleyerek seçeneklerde olumlu ve olumsuz ifadeler aranmalıdır. Bu soruda cümlede verilmek istenilen olumlu ifade E seçeneğinde bulunabilmektedir. Diğer seçenekler olumsuz ifadeye yer vererek cümle konusunda uzaklaşmaktadır. anlamı


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi (9) WHEN people told him HE WAS WASTING HIS TIME, energy, and money for nothing, Edison exclaimed, "For nothin ! Eve time 1makean experiment, 1 et new results. 9.

According to the passage, WHEN EDISON WAS WORKING ON AN INVENTION, he----. A) was keeR te pass eR te ethel's the kRewledge he was accumulating B) was very seGFetive about what he was doing C) was not discouraged by the possibility of failure D) avoided frieRds aRd detr'aGtol's al5ke E:) felt embanassed by periods of RO progFess

TEKNiK: Cümle anahtar kelimelerinin hepsi parçada aynı cümle içerisinde geçmese de bazıları aynı cümle içerisinde bir arada kutu içerisinde gösterilen cümlede geçmektedir. Cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde yer almadığı için cümlede verilmek istenen ifade seçeneklerde aranmakta ve doğru cevap olan C SEÇENEGiNDE bulunabilmektedir.

Soru anahtar kelimelerinin hepsi aynı cümle içerisinde bulunamayabilir. Öneml i olan anahtar kelimelerin çoğunun bir arada geçtiği cümlenin parçada belirlenmesidir. Belirlenen cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde yer almadığında ; bu soruda olduğu gibi cümledeki ifadenin seçeneklerde bulunabilmesi gerekir. C seçeneği cümledeki ile en yakın ifadeyi vermektedir.

(10) WHEN people told him HE WAS WASTING HIS TIME, energy, and money for nothing, Edison exclaimed, "For nothin 1 Eve time 1makean experiment, 1 et new results. 10. lt is clear from the passage that, WHEN EDISON WAS WORKING ON THE ELECTRIC LAMP , ----. A) B) C) D)

he wol'ked slowly because he was disheartened he kRew for certain that he would attaiR suGGess ~~ty quiGkly RO ORe fe/t that aR e/eGtf'iG !amp V/US iR aRy way de&ffl'ab/e he v/Us hffRdeFed by NliR aRd bad weather in general

E) people didn't believe that it was possible at all TEKNiK: 1O. ve 9. soruların konusu aynı olup 9. soruda irdelenen parça cümlesi bu soruda da ele alınmaktadır. 9. soruda olduğu gibi bu soruda da cümlede verilen ifade seçeneklerde aranmalıdır. Cümlede aniatılmak istenilen ile E SEÇENEGiNDE verilmek istenen ifade aynı olup; her iki cümlede de insanların Edison'a inanmadığı i~ade edilmektedir. Sorunun cevabı bu nedenle E SEÇENEGIDIR.


9. ve 1 O. soruda aynı soru anahtar kelimeleri verildiği için iki cümlede de aynı cümlede aniatılmak istenen sorulmuştur. Belirlenen cümle ile aynı konuyu ele alan E seçeneğidir.

451

YDS ŞiFRELERi Questions of education are frequently discussed as if they bore no relation to the social system in which and for which the education is carried on . This is one of the most common reasons for the unsatisfactoriness of the answers. lt is only within a particular social system that a system of education has any meaning . If education today seems to deteriorate, if it seems to become more and more chaotic and meaningless, it is primarily because we have no settled and satisfactory arrangement of society, and because we have both vague and diverse

opinions about the kind of society we want. Education is a subject which cannot be discussed in a void: our questions raise other questions, social , economic, fınanci al , and political. And the bearings are on more ultimate problemseven than those: toknow what we want in education, we must know what we want in general , we must derive our theory of education from our philosophy of life. Questions of (11) EDUCATION are frequently discussed as if they bore no relation to the social system in which and for which the education is carried on. 11. The main point made in the passage is that EDUCATION, ----. A) sho~;~ld be isolated from finanoial iss~;~es B) is beoomin9 more and more meanin9less C) will improve when the politioal and eoonomio sit~;~ation improves D) must be related to the social and political background in which it occurs E) will

nat~;~rally

O'w
TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesinin parçada ilk geçtiği yer parçanın ilk cümlesi olup, parçanın ilk cümlesinin anahtar kelimeleri sadece doğru cevap olan D SEÇENEGiNDE verilmektedir.

Soru anahtar kelimesinin parçada ilk geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinden D seçeneğinde görülmektedir.

If (12) EDUCATION TODAY seems to deteriorate, if it seems to become more and more chaotic and meaningless, it is primarily because we have no settled and satisfactory arrangement of society, and because we have both vague and diverse opinions about the ki nd of society we want. 12. According to the writer, THE PRESENT-DAY UNSATISFACTORY AND INEFFECTUAL STATE OF EDUCATION ----. A) san be re9arded as a passin9 phase, and no aotion need be taken B) isa result of the disordered state of society and the fact that society does not know what it wants C) offers no real oa~;~se for oonoern D) has pro'w
452

Soru anahtar kelimeleri ile verilen zaman belirteci parçada incelenerek cümleyi belirlemede önem arz etmektedir. Bu soruda zaman belirteci ile verilen soru konusunun parçada ilk geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri cümle konusuna paralel olarak B seçeneğinde yer almaktadır.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi lt is only within a particular social system that (13) A SYSTEM OF EDUCATION has any meaning. 13. The point is made in the passage that EACH AND EVERY SYSTEM OF EDUCATION --. A) needs to be tailor-made to

fıt

the specific social system for which it is designed

B) '.Vi ll inevitably have shortcon:ıings or faı,ılts C) shoı,ıld be constantly ı,ıpdated D) shoı,ıld be designed on the basis of edı,ıcational theory, not on the opinions of society at large E) has a great deal in con:ımon ',vith every other systen:ı of edı,ıcation

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimelerinden SYSTEM OF EDUCATION kutuda gösterilen cümle içerisinde yer almaktadır ve cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri doğru cevap olan A SEÇENEGiNDE geçmektedir.

Soru konusunun parçada ilk geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinden üç tanesi A seçeneğinde yer almaktadır . Diğer seçeneklerde cümleden anahtar kelime bulunamamaktadır.

Questions of (14) EDUCATION are frequently discussed as if they bore no relation to the social system in which and for which the education is carried on . And the bearings are on more ultimate problems even than these: to know what we want in education , we must know what we want in general, we must derive our theory of education (14) FROM OUR PHILOSOPHY OF LIFE. 14. In this passage , THE AUTHOR AIMS TO MAKE US THINKABOUT NOT ONLY WHAT WE WANT FROM EDUCATION, BUT ALSO ABOUT ----. A) B) C) D)

how harmful is the effect it is having on society how far we are prepared to sı,ıpport it to what extent we have omselves benefited fron:ı it whether it really is datariorating at a great speed

E) what we want from life TEKNiK: Soruda yazarın parçayı yazmaktaki amacı sorulduğu için bir parçanın ana fikrini MAIN IDEA veren ilk ve son cümleleri anahtar kelime açısından irdelenmelidir. Parçanın ilk cümlesinde soruda verilen education, son cümlesinde de parça konularından philosophy of life verilmektedir. Parçanın konularından life sadece E SEÇENEGiNDE veri ldiğinden E SEÇENEGi doğru cevaptır.


Soruda yazarın ele almak istediği konu ya da konular sorulduğundan ana fikrin verildiği parçanın ilk ve son cümlesine bakılması gerekir. Soru konusunu veren seçenek bu soruda E şıkkıdır.

453

YDS ŞiFRELERi 15. THE ATTITUDE OF THE AUTHOR TOWARDS EDUCATION is----.

A) negative and rlisiRteresterJ B) angry and pessimistiG C) critica/ and constructive

D) E)

enco~raging

and

scornf~l

destr~ctive

and

hopef~l

TEKNiK: Soruda yazarın parça konusuna yaklaşımı sorulmaktadır . Parçanın geneli tarandığında parçada If Koşul cümlelerin bulunduğu görülmektedir. Koşul cümleleri göz önünde bulundurulduğunda yazarın olumsuzlukların hangi koşullarda giderilebileceğini ele aldığı gözlemlenmektedir. Bu nedenle yazarın ç?züm üreten yapıcı tavrını ortaya koyan C SEÇENEGI doğru cevap olarak tercih edilmelidir.

Soruda

yazarın

konu

anlatımındaki

yaklaşımı sorulduğunda parçanın

genelinde yer alan bağlaçlar ve koşul cümleleri yazarın yaklaşımını belirlemede önemli rol oynamaktadırlar. Koşul cümleleri ile ortaya konulabilen yazarın bu parçadaki yaklaşımı C seçeneğinde ifade edilmektedir.

The distinction between "journalism" and "literature" is quite futile, unless we are drawing such a violent contrast as that between Gibbon 's History and today's paper; and such a contrast itself is too violent to have meaning. You cannot, that is, draw any useful distinction between journalism and literature merely on a scale of literary values , as a difference between the well-written and the supremely wellwritten : a second-rate novel is not journalism, but it certainly is not literature. The term "journalism" has deteriorated, so let us try to recall it to its more permanent sense. To my thinking , the most accurate as well as most comprehensive definition of the term is to be obtained through considering the type of mind, concerned with writing what all would concede to be the best journalism. There's a type of mind, and 1 have a very close sympathy with it, which can only turn to writing , or only produce its best writing , under the pressure of an immediate occasion ; and it is this type of mind which 1 propose to treat as the journalist's. The underlying causes may differ: the cause may be an ardent preoccupation with affairs of the day, or it may be (as with myself) laziness requiring an immediale stimulus, or a habit formed by early necessity of earning smail sums quickly. lt is not so much that the journalist works on different material from that of other writers , as that he works from a different, no less and often more honourable, motive. The distinction between "journalism" and "literature" is quite futile, unless we are drawing such a violent contrast as that between Gibbon's History and today's paper; and such a contrast itself is too violent to have meaning .

16. In this passage, THE WRITER ASSERTS that----.

A) liteFatura is far msre

ı.ıaluable

thanjsuma!ism

B) the difference between literature and journalism bears little relation to literary qualities C) he has all the q~alities of a jsumalist D) the best stim~l~s mr a jsumalistis the ReerJ for msRey E) one m~st be ardently concerned with the events of each day ifsRe waRts ts be ajsumalist TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesi verilmediği için parça konusunu ortaya koyan giriş cümlesi ele alınmalıdır . Parçanın giriş cümlesinde the distinction between journalism and literature konu alınmakta ve bu konu doğru cevap olan B SEÇENEGiNDE benzer ifade ile verilmektedir.

Soru anahtar kelimesi verilmediğinde parçanın ana fikrini veren ilk ve son cümleler ele alınmaldır. Bu soruda parçanın konusu sadece ilk cümlede verilmekte ve ilk cümlede vurgulanan konu son cümlede özetlenmediği için son cümle ele alınmamaktadır. Ele alınan parçanın ilk cümlesinin konusu yani öznesi seçeneklerden B şıkkında yer almaktadır.

454


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi To my thinking, the most accurate as well as most comprehensive (17) DEFINITION OF THE TERM is to be obtained through considering the type of mind, concerned with writing what all would concede to be the best journalism. 17. The writer prefers to define JOURNALISM ----.

A) through a closo study of violontly centrasting B) whilo dieregarding litorary qualitios

oxan:ıplos

C) by fooking at the type of mind that produces good journalism D) after first drawing up a scale of literary valuos E) ina way that will helpjouma/ism to recoı~er the respost it forn:ıerly enjoyed

TEKNiK: Soru kelimesi parçada kutu içerinde gösterilen cümlede geçmekte olup cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinin bir çoğu C SEÇENEGiNDE yer almaktadır. Sorunun doğru cevabı bu nedenle C ŞIKKI kabul edilmektedir.

Soru konusunun parçada ilk geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri iki seçenekte geçmekte olup sayı olarak cümle konusuna paralel en çok anahtar kelimeyi içeren C seçeneği doğru cevap olarak tercih edilmektedir. Tek bir anahtar kelime içeren E şıkkı elenmektedir.

lt is not so much that the journalist works on different material from that of other writers, as that he works from a different, no less and often more honourable, motive.

18. lt is clear from the passage that THE WRITER ---A) B) C) D)

regardsjouma!ism as seGoRd Fate litel'ature is vety Gl'fftffGal of tRe motives of the joumalist thiRks oRe GaR best Gome to aR uRdel'staRdiRg ofjoumalism by GORtl'astffRg 5t w5th 15tel'ature is fal' more iRterested iR 15tel'ature tRaR iR joumalism

E) fee/s great respect for good journalism

TEKNiK: Soruda anahtar kelime verilmediği için parçanın ana fikrinin gizli olduğu ilk ve son cümle irdelenmelidir. Parçanın ilk cümlesinde yer alan gazetecilik ile edebiyat arasındaki farklılık konusu seçeneklerde ifade edilmediği için parçanın son cümlesinde verilmek istenen ifade seçeneklerde irdelenmektedir. Par_s:::ının son cümlesinde aniatılmak istenilen sadece E SEÇENEGINDE cümledeki honourable kelimesi ile eş l eşen respect kelimesi ile özetlenmektedir. Doğru cevap bu nedenle E SEÇENEGiDiR.


Soru anahtar kelimesinin ele alınan parçanın ilk ve son ana fikir cümlelerinde verilmek istenen ifade sadece E seçeneğinde verilmektedir. olmamasından dolayı

455

YDS ŞiFRELERi There's a type of mind , and 1 have a very close sympathy with it, which can only turn to writing, or only produce its (19) BEST WRITING, under the pressure of an immediate occasion ; and it is this type of mind which ı propose to treat as the journalist's.

19. The point is made in the passage that THE JOURNALlST DOES HIS BEST WRITING WHEN----. A) ovonts in his o'.ı.'n lifo have stim~o~lato9 him B) thoro is ne pre&&ure ı,ı~on him C) ho is closoly involvod in tho affairs of tho tim o D) under an obligation to do so E) ho can cheoso his own matarial TEKNiK: Soru konusunun parçada geçtiği kutu içerisinde gösterilen cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında; cümle under the pressure D anahtar kelimelerinden SEÇENEGiNDE under an obligation ile eşleşmektedir ve bu nedenle doğru cevap D SEÇENEGi kabul edilir.

Soru anahtar kelimelerinden HIS WRITING parçada ilk kez kutudaki cümlede geçmektedir. Cümle anahtar kelimelerinden D seçeneğinde de görülmektedir. Cümle konusunu en iyi ifade eden seçenek olarak D şıkkı doğru cevaptır.

lt is not so much that (20) THE JOURNALlST WORKS on different material from that of other writers, as that he works from a different, no less and often more honourable, motive. 20. According to the passage, what characterizes THE WORK OF THE JOURNALlST IS----. A) not the thing he writes about but why he writes about it B) C) D) E)

tho neR litetary &tyle ef the vniting tho ovory day nat~o~ro of tho matarial ho choosos tho dosira to stim~o~lato ~oo~lo to action his absassian for acc~o~racy

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesi THE WORK OF JOURNALlST parçada kutu içerisinde verilen cümlede geçmektedir. Cümlede an latılan konu A SEÇENEGiNDE özetlendiğinden doğru cevap A SEÇENEGiDiR.

456


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi Leonardo da Vinci is a member of a very smail class of "transformative geniuses," not ordinary or commen geniuses, who have contributed abundantly to their fıelds, but rather the ones who have created or defıned entire fıelds . In literature, no one asks, "Who was the greatest writer?" Honest debate can start at Number Two. Shakespeare, the consensus cheice as greatest writer, is a member of this class of transformative geniuses. Similarly, lsaac Newton is recognized as the greatest among scientists and mathematicians; Ludwig van Beethoven, and possibly Bach and Mozart, are the transformative geniuses among composers. The most recent transformative genius the world has seen may have been Albert Einstein, a scientist like Newton - and Time Magazine's "Man of the Century" for the 20th century. In ranking artists, one can start the debate at Number Three - a rank for which Raphael and Rembrandt are candidates , or perhaps one of the great French lmpressionists, or the 20th century's most famous artist, Picasso. The ranks of Number One and Number Two, however, are reserved for Leonardo and Michelangelo, taken in either order. These two are far above all other artists. Michelangelo lived a very long lifetime of eighty-nine years, and was productive to the end. Leonardo, on the other hand, lived sixty-seven years, and left behind just a dozen paintings. And only a half of these are incontrovertibly one hundred per cent by him. In contrast, Rembrandt painted hundreds of paintings, 57 of himself alone; van Gogh created nine hundred paintings in a period of nine years. So how can we put Leonardo at the very pinnacle? The answer is really quite simple: his dozen or so paintings include the Number One and the Number Two most fa mo us paintings in the history of art- The Last Supper and Mona Usa . Leonardo da Vinci isa member of a very smail class of (21) "TRANSFORMATIVE GENIUSES," not ordinary or commen geniuses, who have contributed abundantly to their fıelds , but rather the ones who have created or defıned entire fields. 21. The passage is about "TRANSFORMATIVE GENIUSES" ----.

A) as they have affected the world of literatura and science B) but the author feels that the way the public opinion ranks them is faulty C) and the massive changes they have brought to the world D) and instances of the m are given in several fields

E) and the times in which they lived and produced TEKNiK: Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında D SECENEGiNDEKi several fields kelimesinin cümledeki entire fields kelimesi ile eşleştiği görülmektedir ve bu nedenle doğru cevap D ŞlKKlDlR


Soru anahtar kelimesinin parçada cümledeki anahtar kelimeler seçeneklerde arandığında D seçeneğinin anahtar kelimelerden birini vererek cümledeki ifade edilmek istenileni özetiediği görülmektedir. geçtiği

457

YDS ŞiFRELERi In literature, no one asks, "Who was the greatest writer? (22) HONEST DEBATE CAN START AT NUMBER TWO. SHAKESPEARE, the consensus choice as greatest writer, is a member of this class of transformative geniuses. 22. With the sentence, "HONEST DEBATE CAN START AT NUMBER TWO", THE WRITER IS REALLY SAYING ----. A) B) C) D)

ono cannot oxpoct pop~lar opinion to j~dgo fairly pooplo don't always givo thoir honost opinions Shakespeare ooesR't deserve f:ıis pesitieR at the hoad of the list the rolati'IO morits of writors are vory controvorsial

E) there can be no doubt about Number 1; that's definite/y Shakespeare's p/ace TEKNiK: Soruda sözcük öbeği ile verilmek istenen ifade sorulduğu için sözcük öbeğinin parçada geçtiği cümle ve açıklamasının verilebileceği bir önceki ve bir sonraki cümleler anahtar kelime ya da benzer ifade açısından ele alınmaktadır. Cümleler irdelendiğinde; anahtar kelimelerinden E SEÇENEGiNDE verildiği ve sözcük öbeğinin HONEST DEBATE CAN START AT NUMBER TWO zıt anlamlı ifadesinin THERE CAN BE NO DOUBT ABOUT NUMBER ONE aynı seçenekte yer aldığı görülmektedir. Doğru cevap bu nedenle E ŞIKKIDIR.

Soruda bir deyim in ya da sözcük öbeğinin anlamı sorulduğunda

sorulanın

parçada geçtiği cümle ele ele alınan cümlenin bir önünde ve bir sonrasında verilen cümlelerin de anahtar kelime ya da benzer ifade açısından irdelenmesi önerilir. Bu soruda bu nedenle incelenen üç cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinden ve benzer ifadelerinden içeren seçenek C şıkkı doğru cevap kabul edilmiştir. alınırken

(23) IN RANKING ARTISTS, one can start the debate at Number Three - a rank for which Raphael and Rembrandt are candidates, or perhaps one of the great French lmpressionists, or the 20th century's most famous artist, Picasso. The ranks of Number One and Number Two, however, are reserved for Leonardo and Michelangelo, taken in either order. 23. According to the passage , when it comes to RANKING ARTISTS, ----. A) Van Gogh comos 'lory high on the list as a ros~lt of the groat B) at loast stK ar:tists have a claim to top placo

n~mbor

of his paintings

C) it is either Leonarda or Michelange/o who is Number One D) E)

tf:ıe tf:ıirrl plaGe defiRitely 20tf:ı GeRtllry eRes Geme

ge es te lew eR

Rapf:ıael

tf:ıe

list

TEKNiK: Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında B, D, E seçeneklerinde görülmektedir. Ancak B SEÇENEGiNDE six artists kelimesi olarak goçmediği ve E seçeneğindeki ifade cümledeki ile farklılık Q_~sterdiği için bu iki seçenek elenmektedir. D SEÇENEGINDE verilen definitely zarfı ile verilen ifade cümledeki candidate ve or perhaps kelimelerinin verdiği ifade ile çeliştiğinden D SEÇENEGi de elenmektedir. Cümledeki anahtar kelimeleri doğru kullanımda başka bir seçenek vermediği için soru anahtar kelimesinin geçtiği bir sonraki cümle incelenmelidir. Kutuda gösterilen bu ikinci cümlenin anahtar kelimelerini içeren C SEÇENEGi doğru cevap olarak tercih edilir.

458

Soru anahtar kelimesinin parçada ilk geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde doğru kullanımda verilmediğinde bir sonraki cümle anahtar kelime açısından irdelenir .Bu teknik ile çözülen bu soruda ortak anahtar kelime içeren C seçeneği doğru cevap kabul edilmiştir.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi The answer is really quite simple: (24) HIS DOZEN OR SO PAINTINGS include the Number One and the Number Two most famous paintin s in the histo of art- The Last Supper and Mona Lisa. 24. W e learn from the passage that, AL THOUGH LEONARDO LEFT THE WORLD ONLY A DOZEN OR SO PAINTINGS, ••••. A) these include the world's two best-known paintings B) C) D) E)

they are all of romarkably high quality he actually painted a groat many mora ho knO'A' they would koop his name ali'JO to the ond of civilization they rightly oarnod him the undisputod position of the world's Number Ono artist

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimelerinden LEONARDO'S DüZEN OR SO PAINTINGS kelimesi parçada ilk kez kutuda verilen cümlede geçmektedir. Cümlenin kelimelerinden içeren A seçeneği doğru cevap olarak tercih edilir.

Soru anahtar kelimelerini ya da bir içeren parça cümlesi ele alınır. Anahtar kelimelerinden içeren seçenek doğru cevap kabul edilir. Bu soruda A seçeneği cümle anahtar kelimelerini cümlede verilmek istenen ifade ile kısmını

doğru orantıda vermiştir.

25. lt is clear from the passage that MICHELANGELO ----. A) rich Iy dosorves his Number One position as the best of the artists B) was a far more productive artist than Leonarda C) had a protaund influonco upon the noxt genaration of paintors D) was jeal9us 9f the fame 9f L.e9Rard6 and stroı;o to excel him E) has only boon rocognizod as a great artist iR reseRt times TEKNiK: Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez bahsedildiği cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinden productive B SEÇENEGiNDE verilmektedir. Doğru cevabın teyidi için ele alınan ve soru konusu ile kıyaslama yapan diğer cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinden biri de aynı seçenekte görülmekte ve B SEÇENEGiNiN doğruluğu ispatlanmaktad ır .

Soru anahtar kelimesinin parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümlenin ardından gelen cümlede bir önceki cümlede anlatılanın kıyaslaması yapılıyor ise bu iki cümle anahtar kelimesi irdelemesi açısından birlikte ele alınmalıdır. Bu soruda iki cümlenin de anahtar kelimelerinden içeren tek seçenek B şıkkıdır.


459

YDS ŞiFRELERi

TEST V Today, the Berlin Crisis of 1961 , in which the Soviet Union demanded that Western powers cut their ties with Berlin, may be the most forgotten erisis in the annals of the Cold W ar. Even most Berliners who lived through the event remember little about it. Yet this erisis over Berlin brought America and the Soviet Union, the two superpowers of the post-World W ar ll period, close to war. In fact, since the very end of World W ar ll , Berlin had been the centrepiece of a struggle between these two superpowers. lt was here that World War llendedin 1945 when , following the occupation and defeat of Nazi Germany by the allied armies of the United States, Britain, and France from the west, and the Soviet Union from the east, the city had been captured and divided into the separate zones of East and West Berlin. Soon afterwards Germany had itself split into East and West, and the border between the two had become the dividing line (the so-called "iron curtain") between Sovietcontrolled Eastern Europe and free, capitalist Western Europe. Thus, situated behind this iron curtain and stuck a hundred miles inside Eastern territory, West Berlin was claimed , protected and supplied by the Western powers. In 1948, Stalin imposed a blockade, cutting West Berlin off from its Western suppliers. The United States responded with an airlift, keeping the zone alive for more than 300 days before Allied access was restored . Thus, situated behind this iro n cu rta in and stuck a hundred mil es inside Eastern territory, (1) WEST BERLIN was claimed, protected and supplied by the Western powers. In 1948, Stalin imposed a blockade, cutting (1) WEST BERLIN off from its Western suppliers. 1.

As one learns from the passage, WEST BERLIN----. A) B) C) D)

rocoivod so m ~o~ ch American aid d~o~ring the Cold W ar that its pooplo onjoyod a comfortablo lifo was recognized by the Soviet Union d ~o~ ring the Cold 1/Var as a saparata American territor)' was, d~o~ring the Cold War, far mora prosporoı,ıs and sec~o~re than East Berlin made an alliance d~o~ring the Cold War with the United States against a possiblo Soviet invasion

E) was able to survive the Soviet blackade in 1948 through re/iefprovided by the United States

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesinin konu olarak ele alındığ ı parça cümleleri kutuda gösterilmektedir. Kutuda gösterilen ilk cümlede bu konudan bahsedilmiş ancak ikinci cümlede konu hakkında detaylı bilgi verilmiştir . Bu cümleler anahtar kelimeleri açısından seçeneklerde irdelendiğinde; E SEÇENEGiNiN cümlelerdeki kelimeler ile ortak anahtar kelimeleri içerdiği ve bu nedenle sorunun sorunun doğru cevabı olduğu görülmektedir.

Soru konusunun parçada ilk geçtiği cümlede konu hakkında bilgi verilmemiş ve sadece konuya giriş y a pılmış ise ; bir sonrasında yer alan cümle de anahtar kelimeler açısından irdelenmelidir. Bu teknik ile çözülen soruda cümleleri konu bazında anahtar kelimeleri ile özetleyen E seçeneğidir.

460


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi IT WAS here that World War ll ended (2) IN 1945 when , following the occupation and defeat of Nazi Germany by THE ALLIED ARMIES OF the United States, Britain, and France from the west, and THE SOVIET UNION from the east, the city had been captured and divided into the separate zones of East and West Berlin. 2.

lt is clear from the passage that THE FALL OF BERLIN IN 1945 TO THE ALLI ES AND THE SOVIET UNION

A) res~lted from the establishment of the so salled "i ro n G~rtain" between East and VVest Germany B) was one of a series of politisal sri ses, the most serio~s of 'llhish was the one in 1961 C) followed the division of Germany into East and West D) clearly represented the E) sompletely

~ndermined

fınal

defeat and collapse of Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany's politisal and military ambitions to

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimelerinin parçada bir arada verildiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında; cümlenin konusuna paralel anlatımı ortaya koyan ortak anahtar kelimelerin yer aldığı D SEÇENEGiDiR.

sonq~er E~rope

Soru anahtar kelimelerinin parçada bir arada geçtiği cümle doğru cevabı belirlemede yardımcı olur. Cümledeki kelimeler ile ortak anahtar kelimeleri içeren D seçeneğidir .

Today, the Berlin Crisis of 1961, in which the Soviet Union demanded that Western powers cut their ties with Berlin, ma be the most for otten erisis in the annals of the Cold War. 3.

In the passage, the writer points out that, paradoxically, ----. A) eve n if Amerisa d id not want the Soviet IJtlioR to sa pt~ re BeFiiR sompletely, it aGted fast and moved into West Berlin B) sinse the Allies and the Soviet IJ.RioR fo~ght in World War ll against Nazi Germany, in fast they sooperated in many respeGts , insl~ding the Gapt~re of BerliR C) although the 1961 Berlin erisis almost led to a military confrontation between America and the Soviet Union, for most residents of Berlin taday it has lost its s i gnifıcance O) despite their allianse d~ring IJVorld VVar ll, the United States, Britain and F'ranse eash had sonflisting polisies towards Nazi Germany E) while Ber!iRers experiensed many hardships ~nder the Soviet OGG~pation of their sity, they d id not show any resistanse

TEKNiK: Soruda anahtar kelime verilmediği ıçın; parçanın ana fikrini ortaya koyan ilk cümle doğru cevabı belirlemede esas alınmalıdır. Cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri tüm seçeneklerde geçmekte olup en çok anahtar kelime içermesi ve anahtar kelimeleri cümlenin konusuna parallel kullanımda vermesi nedeni ile doğru cevap C SEÇENEGiDiR.


Soruda anahtar kelime yer konusunu ortaya koyan ilk cümle anahtar kelime ve benzer ifade açısından irdelenmelidir. Cümlenin anahtar kelimelerine en çok yer veren ve cümle konusunu özetleyen C seçeneğidir. almadığında ; parçanın

461

YDS ŞiFRELERi Today, the Berlin Grisis of 1961 , in which the Soviet Union demanded that Western powers cut their ties with Berlin, may be the most forgolten erisis in the annals of (4) THE COLD WAR. 4.

The point is made in the passage that, DURING THE EARLY DECADES OF THE COLD WAR, ----. A) the United States and its allies '.'ı'ere totally indifferent to the political implications of the socalled "iron ~

B) the United States and the Soviet Union were locked in political conflict over Berlin C) the Ssv.iet ıJ.nisR followed a policy of peace and friendship towards the United States and its allies D) Berliners regarded the Allied and Sswet occupation of their city as a relief from the Nazi regime E) the United States and the Soviet ıJ.nisR reached an agreement on the question of how Germany was to be divided

TEKNiK: Soru konusu COLD WAR parçada ilk kez ilk cümlede geçmektedir. Bu cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında;

Ortak anahtar kelimeler tüm seçeneklerde yer almakta ancak B SEÇENEGi dışında yer alan anahtar kelimeler cümledekinden farklı bir konuyu ifade etmektedir. Bu nedenle doğru cevap olan B SEÇENEGi dışındaki tüm seçenekler sorunun yanlış cevabı olarak elenmektedir.

Soru konusunun parçada ilk geçtiği giriş cümlesinin anahtar kelimeleri sadece B seçeneğinde cümle konusuna paralel kullanımda verilmiştir.

(5) SOON AFTERWARDS Germany had itself split into East and West, and the border between the two had become the dividing line (the so-called "iron curtain") between Sovietcontrolled Eastern Europe and free, capitalist Western Europe. 5.

As it is clear from the passage, IN THE AFTERMATH OF WORLD WAR ll,----. A) Europe was no /onger an undivided continent, with Eastern Europe taliing under Soviet rule B) the American presanca thrm.ıghout Europa rapidly increased and was strengthened to keep the Ssviets under control C) the Eastem 6ur:epeaR GSIIRt#es willingly joined the Sswet ıJ.nisR and began to enjoy great economic prosperity D) the security of Berlin became so urgent that the western powers took a number of measures to protect it against an invasion E) while the Allied armies left Germany, the SsYiet aFmy remained in the country, continuing its occupation

TEKNiK: Soruda 2. DÜNYA SAVASI SONRASI konu alındığı için; parçada ikinci Dünya Savasının ilk kez bahsedildiği cümlenin bir sonrasında yer alan ve SOON AFTERWARDS (IN THE AFRERMATH) bağiacı ile devam eden cümle ele alınmalıdır. Cümledeki anahtar kelimelere cümlenin konusuna ilintili şekilde yer veren A SEÇENEGi sorunun doğru cevabıdır.

Soruda yer alan zaman bağlaçları ele alınacak cümleyi belirlemede önem taşımaktadır. Bu soruda soru anahtar kelimesi ile verilen zaman bağiacı dikkate alınarak irdelenecek cümle belirlenmiştir. Belirlenen cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinden en çok içeren ve cümlenin konusunu en iyi özetleyen A seçeneği doğru cevap olarak kabul edilmiştir.

462


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi Narva is a quiet northeastern Estonian town bathed in sea breezes. Though smail , with a population of just over 72 ,000, it occupies a large place in Russian history. lt was here in 1700 that, by attacking the Swedes, who were then in control of much of the Baltic coast, Russia launched its final campaign in a centuries-long quest to become a European power. The battre ended in defeat for the Russians , but the war did not; by 1721 Russia had conquered the Baltic territories as far southwest as Riga , the capital of present-day Latvia , and had built a new capital , Saint Petersburg , on the Gulf of Finland. Later in that century, Russia , through a partition agreement with Austria and Prussia , gained control of the rest of the Baltics, and would retain them until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The battre ended in defeat for the Russians, but the war did not; by 1721 (6) RUSSIA had CONQUERED THE BALTIC TERRITORIES as far southwest as Riga , the capital of present-day Latvia, and had built a new capital , Saint Petersburg, on the Gulf of Finland . 6.

According to the passage , THE RUSSIAN CONQUEST OF THE BAL TICS ----.

/\) forGeri hsth Austr-ia and Prussia to givo up thoir conturios old claims on the Baltic torritorios and sign a tı:eaty

B) was finalized in the eighteenth century partly through war and partly through a multi-lateral treaty

C) included only the r-egtsn hetvteeR Narva in northoastorn Estonia and Saint Petershurg sn the Gulf sf FiRiaRd D) was sevoral times resistad by the Swedes, whom the Russians woro unablo to defeat and drive out of the

fe9ieR

E) in';olved a vory long war with the Swodos on the ono hand, and with Austria and Prussia on the other TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimeleri aynı cümle içerisinde parçada kutu içerisinde gösterilen cümlede geçmektedir. Bu cümlenin kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında ; Cümleden by 1721 ile B SEÇENEGiNDEKi in the eighteenth century eşlekmekte olup; cümle ile ortak through war kelimesi cümlenin konusunu ortaya koymakta yardımcı olmaktadır . Cümlenin konusunu özetleyen anahtar kelimeleri içeren seçeneğin B ŞIKKI olduğu görülmektedir.


Soru anahtar kelimelerinin parçada bir arada geçtiği cümlenin kelimelerinin seçeneklerde yer alması seçeneklerin doğru cevap olduğunu göstermez. Bir seçeneğin doğru cevap olabilmesi için cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinin parçadaki ifadesi ile paralellik göstermesi gereklidir. Bu soruda B seçeneği cümledeki anahtar kelimelere yer vererek parçanın konusunu özetlemektedir.

463

YDS ŞiFRELERi Narva is a guiet northeastern Estonian town bathed in sea breezes. Later in that century, Russia , through a partition agreement with Austria and Prussia, gained control of the rest of the Baltics, and would retain the m until the fa ll of the Soviet Union in 1991 . 7.

As can be understood from the passage, the writer ----. A) B) C) D) E)

points out that Narva is an attractive and wellknown centre for tourism in Estonia deseribes the hardships which the Baltic countries endured under the Russians in the eighteenth century stresses how the Russian expansion in the Baltics in the 1720s was prevented by Austria and Prussia draws a contrast between the present-day romantic appearance of Narva and its historic signifıcance compares Riga with Narva and concludes that the Latvian capital is historically more important

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesi verilmediği için ; parçanın genel konusu hakkında bilgi sorulmaktadır. Bir parçanın ana konusunu ortaya koyan parçanın ilk cümlesi ve son cümlesi yani ana fikir cümleleri parçanın genelinde aniatılmak istenilen konu hakkında bilgi vermektedir. ilk cümlede Narva konusu present zamanda anlatıldığından , konu günümüzdeki Narva kasabasıdır.

Son cümle irdelendiğinde ; cümlenin Narva konusu hakkında bilgi vermediği ancak tarihsel bilgi verdiği anlaşılabilmektedir. Özetle parçanın genel konusu Narva'nın ~eçmişi ve bugünü olup; bu konu sadece D SEÇENEGINDE ifade edilmektedir.

Soru kelimesi verilmediğinde parçanın ana konusunu ortaya koyan parçanın ilk cümlesi ve son cümlesi ele alınmalıdır. Bu soruda iki cümleden elde edilen bilgiler doğrultusunda parçanın konusu belirlenmiş ve belirlenen konu D seçeneğinde yer almıştır.

The battle ended in defeat for the Russians, but the war did not; (8) BY 1721 Russia had conquered the Baltic territories as far southwest as Riga, the capital of present-day Latvia, and had built a new capital, Saint Petersburg, on the Gulf of Finland. 8.

As one learns from the passage, IT WAS BEFORE 1721 that----. A) B) C) D)

the Rll&siaRs Fe saplllFed Riga fFGm lhe Svledes and m ade it the sapital of batvia Rllssia reaohed aR ag~emeRI wilh All&IFia aRd PFil&&ia far the partition of the '•'fhole BaltiG re9ion Rll&&ia besame a maj9r ~FGPeaR p9wer whish sompletely dominated the Baltiss the Swedes aRd the Rll&&iaRs agFeed 9R their respestive sontrol of the BaltiG territories

E) the city of Saint Petersburg was founded by the Russians on the Gulf of Finland TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesinin parçada geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimelerini cümlede verilmek istenilen ifade ile aynı doğrultuda ele alan tek seçenek E ŞIKKIDIR. Diğer seçenekler cümlenin anahtar kelimelerine yer vermelerine karşın ; cümlenin konusundan farklı konuları ele almaktadır. Sorunun doğru cevabı bu nedenle E SEÇENEGiDiR.

464

Soru anahtar kelimesi olarak verilen tarih parçada ilk kez kutudaki cümlede geçmektedir. Cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri konu paralelinde E seçeneğinde ele alınmıştır.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi Narva is a guiet northeastern Estonian town bathed in sea breezes. Later in that century, Russia, through a partition agreement with Austria and Prussia, gained control of the rest of the Baltics, and would retainthem until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. 9.

lt is pointed out in the passage that----. A) Russian possession of the Baltic territories lasted until the Iate twentieth century B) PrussiaR G9Rtmlef the BaltiG territeries lastod thrmıghoı:ıt the oightoonth oonhıry and aftor C) R9 EumpeaR pev.rer iR the eighteeRth GeRtury was G9RGerRed abeut the RussiaR iRvasieR of the 8altiGs D) the S11Jedes aRd the RussiaRs woro oonstantly at war with oaoh other for the possossion of the Baltios E) the RussiaR G9Rquest ef the BaltiG territeries has always boon a G9Rtmversial issue in Rı,ıssian Ristafy

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesi verilmediği için; ana fikri ortaya koyan parçanın ilk ve son cümlesi irdelenmek üzere ele alınmaktadır.

Soruda anahtar kelime yer irdelenmesi gereken cümleler bir parçanın ana fikri hakkında bilgi veren ilk ve son cümleleridir. Bu soruda parçanın ilk ve son cümlelerindeki konuyu anahtar kelimeleri ile özetleyen A seçeneğidir. almadığında ;

lik cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde yer almadığı için, kutuda gösterilen parçanın son cümlesi irdelenmektedir. Parçanın son cümlesinin anahtar kelimelerine cümlenin konusuna paralel şekilde yer veren A SEÇENEGi olup; diğer seçenekler farklı konuları ele almaktadırlar. Sorunun doğru cevabı bu nedenle A SEÇENEGiDiR.

lt was here in (1 O) 1700 that, by attacking the Swedes, who were the n in control of mu ch of the BALTIC coast, RUSSIA launched its final cam ai n in a centuries-lon uest to become a Euro ean ower. 10. lt is clear from the passage that RUSSIA'S INVASION OF THE BAL TICS IN THE EARLY EIGHTEENTH CENTURY----. A) pı,ıt at risk the oontı,ırios long good rolations whioh sho had maintained with other Eı,ıropoan powors B) was a thoroı,ıgh military oampaign whioh lastod for many desados and failod to aohieve its aims C)

signifıed the fina/ stage of her efforts towards becoming a European power that had gone on for centuries

D) inoreasod onormoı,ısly the importanoo of both Narva and Riga as major military centres in the region E) so alarmed etiler EurepeaR pewers that they immediatoly m ade an allianoo among thomsolvos TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimeleri RUSSIA, BAL TICS. IN THE EARLY EIGHTEENTH CENTURY parçada aynı içerikte kutuda gösterilen cümlede geçmektedir. Bu cümlenin konusunu ortaya koyan ko~~:~ renkle işaretli anahtar kelimeler sadece C SEÇENEGINDE cümlenin konusuna paralel şekilde yer almaktadır. Seçenek bu nedenle sorunun doğru cevabı olarak kabul edilir.


Soru anahtar kelimeleri soruda verildiği dizilirnde cümlede geçmeyebilir. Önemli olan anahtar kelimelerin ya da çoğunun aynı içerikte geçtiği cümlenin parçada belirlenmesidir. Bu soruda belirlenen cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri cümlede ifade ediliş şekli ile doğru orantıda C seçeneğinde yer almaktadır .

465

YDS ŞiFRELERi Set in 1941 in Leningrad, Helen Dunmore's novel The Siege opens with deceptively gentle scenes of Chekhovian melancholy. After the death of her mother, 23-year-old Anna Levin, the protagonist, gives up her artistic studies to look after her 5-yearold brother and her politically suspect father Abraham, who, as a writer, has fallen out of favour with Stalin's cultural police. So she jumps at the chance to make a drawing of the retired actress Marina Petrovna, with whom Anna's father might once have had a romantic relationship. But Anna's worries about art and romance are soon swept away as the Germans besiege her native city. At this point, Dunmore's novel transforms abruptly as well , shifting from a romantic narrative into a study of survival under most extreme hardships. Anna's abundant artistic creativity is put to use providing food and fuel for her helpless family, and her drawing skills are called on to sketch a neighbour's starved baby so that the grieving mother might remember her lost child . lndeed, the novel presents a striking contrast between the gentle display of human emotions and the rude dietates of survival u nder the most inhuman circumstances.

Set in 1941 in Leningrad, (11) HELEN DUNMORE'S NOVEL THE SIEGE opens with deceptively gentle scenes of Chekhovian melanchol . lndeed, (11) THE NOVEL presents a striking contrast between the gentle display of human emotions and the rude dietates of survival under the most in human circumstances. 11. According to the passage, HELEN DUNMORE'S NOVEL THE S/EGE IS MAINL Y THE STORY OF----. A) how tho children of Loningrad in particı,ılar sı,ıfforod oı
466

Soru anahtar kelimesi parçanın özne konumunda verilmiş yani parçanın konusu ise, parçada ana fikri ortaya koyan ilk ve son cümlelerin ele alınması gereklidir. Bu iki cümleden anahtar kelimeler içererek parçanın ana fikrini özetleyen D seçeneğidir.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi Set in 1941 in Leningrad , (12) HELEN DUNMORE'S NOVEL THE S/EGE opens with deceptively gentle scenes of Chekhovian melanchol . lndeed , (12) THE NOVEL presents a striking centrast between the gentle display of human emotions and the rude dietates of survival under the most inhuman circumstances. 12. lt is emphasized in the passage that THE NOVEL----. A) Rev-er !oses its romaRtiG toRe, ovon the~o~9h sema of the &GeRe& doseribed can bo 'IOF)' doprossin9 and ~o~psottin9

B) shews how HeleR DuRmor:e characters

d!~rs

from the

R~o~ssian

'.vritor Chekhov. in hor dotailod pertrayal of

C) is not only a narrative of romantic scenes, but alsa the depiction of a cruel reality in which human survival was al most impossib/e D) primarily focı,ısos en the cemploxity of humaR emotioRs and trios te domenstrato this thre1o19h the dopictien of a 'Nido ran9o of charactors E) is emboddod with a nı,ımbor of incensistoncios as ro9ards stylo and charactorizatien , which mako D~o~nmere ' s litorary croativity rathor sı,ıperfic i al TEKNiK: 11 . soruda

olduğu

gibi parçanın ana konusu hakkında bilgi yine ana fikir cümlelerinden ilk ve son cümleler seçeneklerde anahtar kelime irdelemesi açısından ele i stenildiğinden

alınmaktadır .

Cümlelerin anahtar kelimelerini cümlenin konusuna parallel kullanımda veren sadece C SEÇENEGiDiR. Diğer seçeneklerde i şaretli ortak kelimeler cümlelerdekinden farklı ifadelere yer verdiklerinden seçenekler elenmektedir.

Parçanın

konusu sorulduğunda ana fikrini özetleyen ilk ve son cümleler ele alınmalıdır. Bu soruda ilk ve son cümlelerden anahtar kelimeler içererek parçanın ana fikrini özetleyen C seçeneği olmuştur. parçanın

After the death of her mother, 23-year-old Anna Levin , the protagonist, gives up (13)HER ARTISTIC STUDIES to look after her 5-year old brother and her politically suspect father Abraham, who, as a writer, has fallen out of favour with Stalin 's cultural police. 13. lt is clear from the passage that ANNA' S STUDY OF ART ----. A)

supported 9y her fathe!', who, as a pelitical writor, etten '.vrete a9ainst the Stalin's ro9imo

lf/3&

c~o~ltı,ıral

pelicios of

B) was interrupted as , fol/owing her mother's death , she had to take care of her family C) was carriod eı,ıt ~o~ nder the most faveı,ırablo circı,ımstancos, and hor famo as a premisin9 ye~o~n9 artist sean sproad threı,ıgheı,ıt Lonin9rad D) was a 9roat achiovomont for hor, dospito the fact that hor artistic creativity had net boon roce9nizod at fifst E) taek se len9 that, in the and , sho 9avo it ı,ıp te jein the poeplo of Lonin9rad in thoir dotonca of the city a9ainst the Gormans TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimeleri parçada ilk kez kutu içerisinde gösterilmekte olan cümlede geçmektedir. Cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri A ve B SEÇENEKLERiNDE görülmekte ancak A SEÇENEGiNDEKI konu cümlenin konusundan farklı olduğu için A SEÇENEGi elenmekle ve cümlenin konusunu en iyi ifade eden B SEÇENEGi doğru cevap olarak kabul edilmektedir.


Soru anahtar kelimelerinin parçada ilk kez bir arada geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri A seçeneğinde cümlenin konusunu özetlemektedir.

467

YDS ŞiFRELERi 1

But Anna's worries about art and romance are soan swept away as THE GERMANS BESIEGE her native city. 14. lt is pointed out in the passage that, WHEN THE GERMAN SIEGE OF LENINGRAD BEGAN, ----. A) Anna's concern about her own artistic future was totally wiped out B) C) D) E)

Anna' s father Abraham's love af:fair with Marina Petrovna same to an end Anna had already besome fammıs becaı,ıse of her portrait of the actress Marina Petrevna Stalin's cı,ıltı,ıral pelice arrested Abraham becaı,ıse of his sı,ıbversive ideas the inhabitants made varioı,ıs arrangements to overcom e the serioı,ıs sh ortage of food and

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesi GERMAN BESIEGE parçada ilk kez kutu içerisinde gösterilmekte olan cümlede geçmektedir. Cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinin benzer ifadeleri concern (worry), wiped out (swept away) sadece A SEÇENEGiNDE yer almaktadır ve bu nedenle seçenek doğru cevap olarak kabul edilmektedir.

fı,ıel

in the city

Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinin benzer ifadeleri E seçeneğinde yer almaktadır. Sorunun doğru cevabı E seçeneği olarak kabul edilmektedir.

geçtiği

After the death of her mother, 23-year-old (15) ANNA LEVIN, the protagonist, gives up her artistic studies to look after her 5-yearold brother and her politically suspect father Abraham , who, as a writer, has fallen out of favour with Stalin's cultural police. 15. In the passage,

th~

writer draws attention to the fact that, IN LENINGRAD UNDER SI EGE. ANNA----.

A) offered sa re to the mothers who lost the ir shildren besaı,ıse of the terrible food shortage B) was espesially worried aboı,ıt the fate of shildren , most of whom starved to death C) helped many people to pı,ıt ı,ıp with the most eı«reme hardships of lifo D) serioı,ısly deı.ıoted herself to a stı,ıdy of Chekho•/s literary works E) used her artistic capacity not only to support her family but also to represent human

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimeleri bir arada aynı içerikte parçada yer almamakta ancak soru konusu ANNA parçada ilk kez kutu içerisinde gösterilen cümlede geçmektedir. Cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinden look after ile E SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan support kelimesi ile eşleşmektedir ve cümle ile E SEÇENEGi arasında family ve artistic gibi ortak anahtar kelimeler bulunmaktadır. Sorunun doğru cevabı bu nedenle E SEÇENEGiDiR.

468

Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez ele alındığı cümle doğru cevabı belirlemede irdelenmefidir. Bu soruda bu teknik ile belirlenen cümledeki anahtar kelimelerin benzer ifadeleri A seçeneğinde yer almaktadır .


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi Following World War ll , European countries largely gave up their colonial possessions and , by the 1950s and 1960s, had already begun to receive growing numbers of immigrants from their former colonies. In many instances, these included the descendants of the slaves in the colonies , who had been forced to work. In this respect, Britain isa case in point. Though in smail numbers, Africans and lndians had come to Britain long before the tens of thousands who came as colonial immigrants in the 1960s and thereafter. The fırst Africans who came to Britain were probably soldiers during the Roman possession of that country in antiquity. In modern times, especially in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, African and lndian princes and scholars visited Britain. Others coming to Britain were in service positions; for instance, in the eighteenth century, black African and lndian young men were fashionable as servants in the homes of the wealthy. Africans and lndians also came to Britain as sailors and traders, and port towns , such as London , Glasgow, Bristol, Cardiff and Liverpool , developed smail black populations in the early nineteenth century, some of which persisted into the twentieth century. Relations between these populations and the native white population were varied , historians citing instances both of hostility and solidarity. 16. As one fınds out from the passage, it would be WRONG to maintain that----. A) many of the immigrants to Britain came from lndia and the other colonies

B) Afrisans arrived in Britain for the first tirne iR the lvteRtielh GeRiury C) European colonial rule in Africa ended in the post-World War ll period D) Britain was occupied and ruled by the Romans E) the domestic staff of the wealthy in Britain often included Africans and lndians

TEKNiK: Soruda parçada yer almayan ifade sorulmaktadı r ve bu nedenle seçeneklerde yer alan ifadelerden parçada yer almayanı doğru cevap olarak kabul edilmelidir. Seçenekler irdelendiğinde ;

sadece B SEÇENEGiNDEKi ifadenin parçada yer almadığı görülmektedir. Seçenekte in the twentieth century zaman belirteci ile verilen konu parçada in the nineteenth century olarak geçtiğinden B SEÇENEGi yanlış bilgi veren seçenek olarak doğru cevap olarak kabul edilmektedir.


Soru yönergesi olarak IT IS WRONG THAT...ya da IT IS TRUE THAT ... . verilir ise; seçeneklerde doğru ya da yanlış olan cümleler sorulmaktadır . Bu soruda verilen yönerge doğrultusunda parçada verilen bilgiler ile çelişen seçenek bulunmaya çalışılmıştır . Bu nedenle her bir seçenek parçada tek tek aranmıştır. Parçadan yanlış bilgiye yer veren B seçeneği sorunun doğru cevabı olarak kabul edilmiştir.

469

YDS ŞiFRELERi Africans and lndians also came to (17) BRITAIN as sailors and traders, and PORT TOWNS, such as London, Glasgow, Bristol, Cardiff and Liverpool , developed smail BLACK POPULATIONS IN THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY, some of which persisted into the twentieth century. Relations between those populations and the native white population were varied , historians citing instances both of hostility and solidarity. 17. lt is pointed out in the passage that THE BLACK COMMUNITIES LIVING IN SOME BRITISH PORT TOWNS IN THE EARLY YEARS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY ----. A) were not always treated in a friendly way by the white population B) consisted solely of sailoFs who came main Iy from BFitaiR's GoloRies iR AfFiGa C) were completoly constituted by merchants •.ıvho were involved in 9'/eFseas tFade with IRdia D) •.ıvere made up of tFa~'elleFs from AfriGa aRd IRdia , •.ıvho visited B rita in for various reasons E) were essentially formed by GolaRial immigFaRts from AfF!Ga as well as IRdia

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimelerinin aynı içerikte verildiği cümle irdelendiğinde; anahtar kelimelerin tüm seçeneklerde yer aldığı görülmektedir. B SEÇENEGiNDEgeçen Britain 's colonies in Africa kutuda gösterilen cümlede African 's colonies in Britain olarak geçtiğinden ; C SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan anahtar kelimelerden overseas trade cümlede geçmediğ i nden ; D SEÇENEGINDEKi koyu renkle işaretli tamlama travelers from Africa and lndia cümlede sailors and traders from Africa and lndia olarak geçtiğinden ; E SEÇENEGiNDE anahtar kelimeler ile verilen tamlamadaki colonial immigrants kutudaki cümlede yer almadığından seçenekler elenmektedir. Seçenekler cümledeki ifadeye yer vermediğinden elenmekte ve soru konusuna yer veren bir diğer cümle kelime irdelemesi açısından ele alınmaktadır. Ele alınan cümle irdelendiğinde; A SEÇENEGiNDE geçen not treated friendly ifadesi parçadaki hostility kelimesi ile anlarnca

Soru anahtar kelimelerinin parçada aynı cümle içeriğinde geçmesi önemlidir. Bu soruda olduğu gibi soru kelimelerini içeren cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde cümle konusu ile ilgili olmaksızın kullanılmakta ise seçeneklerin hepsi elenip doğru cevap belirlenemeyeceğinden; soru konusunu anlatan bir sonraki cümle anahtar kelime irdelemesi açısından ele alınmalıdır. Kutuda bu nedenden dolayı ele alınan cümlenin anahtar kelimelerini doğru kullanımdaA seçeneği vermiştir .

eşleşmektedir

ve kutudaki cümlede yer alan white population kelimesi seçenekte de geçmektedir. Sorunun doğru cevabı bu nedenle AŞIKKIDIR.

470


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi In this respect, (18) BRITAIN is a case in point. Though in smail numbers, Africans and lndians had come to BRITAIN lan before the tens of thousands who came as colonial immi rants in the 1960s and thereafter. 18. lt is stressed in the passage that BRITAIN ----. A) was the only colonial power in E~rope that o9jected to the practice of sla>~ery 8 ) was faced soon after 1Norld War ll 'l>'ith an enormo~s infl~x of immigrants C) had already passessed a large comm~nity of AfriGaR& ımder RomaR rule D) began to receive huge numbers of colonial immigrants from the 1960s onwards E) always welcomed large Rumbers ofimmig:-aRts from its G919Rtes DR AfriGa and elsewhere

TEKNiK: Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde yer almadığı için cümlenin bir sonrasında yer alan cümle ele alınmalıdır. Kutuda gösterilen ikinci cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinden the tens of thousands D SEÇENEGiNDE huge numbers of kelimesi ile eşleşmekte ve cümledeki colonial immigrants ile 1960s seçenekte de yer almaktadır. Cümle E SEÇENEGiNDE bahsedilen Afrika göçmenlerini konu almadığı için seçenek elenmektedir. Cümlede verilmek istenilen ifadeyi ortak anahtar kelimeleri ile özetleyen D SEÇENEGi sorunun doğru cevabıdır.

Soru anahtar kelimesinin parçada ilk geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde yer almıyor ise; soru konusunu ele alan bir diğer cümle irdelenmelidir. Bu soruda anahtar kelimeleri ile cümle konusunu özetleyen D seçeneği olmuştur.

(19) FOLLOWING WORLD WAR ll, EUROPEAN countries largely gave up their colonial possessions and , by the 1950s and 1960s, had already begun to receive GROWING NUMBERS OF IMMIGRANTS from their former colonies. 19. As stated in the passage , MANY OF THE IMMIGRANTS THAT ARRIVED IN EUROPE AFTER WORLD WAR ll----. 1\) were act~ally fleeing from the slave labour invariably practised iR the G919Ries

8)

constit~ted

smail minorities that became the target of white native hatred

C) were the relatives of the former co/onial s/aves D) were interestad in service positions and , hence, were mostly employed as sorvants E) were in fact the descendants of the slaves especially in lndia TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimelerinin aynı içerikte bir arada geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri A VE C SEÇENEKLERiNDE yer almaktadır. A SEÇENEGiNDE slave labour konusu cümlede konu olarak ele alınmadığı için seçenek elenmekte ve işaretli ortak anahtar kelimesi ile C SEÇENEGi sorunun doğru cevabı olarak kabul edilmektedir.


Soru anahtar kelimelerinin aynı cümle içerisinde geçmesi irdelenecek cümleyi belirlemede önemlidir. Bu soruda soru konusunu içeren cümlenin anahtar kelimlerinden birine cümledeki ifade ile paralel doğrultuda yer veren C seçeneği olmuştur.

471

YDS ŞiFRELERi Relations between these populations and the native white population were varied , historians citing instances both of hostilit and solidarit . 20. lt is pointed out in the passage that, IN THE PAST, ----.

A) /\fricans and lndians proforrod Britain to otı:ıer E1:1roı:ıean coi:IRtries fur setılemeRt ang employment B) BritaiR possessed the largest and most deRsely pepfllated GoleRies throflghofll the world C) the EI:Jropean soi:Jntries rivalled Brita in both in trade and in the solonization of Afrisa D) the EI:Jropean solonial powers, insii:Jding Britain, rofused to asGept immigrants from their Golonies E) among the early colonial visitors to Britain were students and members of the native hostility from Africa and lndia. TEKNiK: Soruda IN THE PAST zaman belirteci ile parçada anlatılan konununun özeti istenmektedir. Bu nedenle parçanın sonuç cümlesi ele alınıp cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde aranmaktadır.

Cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri B VE E SEÇENEKLERiNDE yer almaktadır. B SEÇENEGiNDE ele alınan Britain konusu cümle

konusu ile ilgisizdir. Anahtar kelimeleri cümlede aniatılmak istenilen konuya ilintili şekilde veren E SEÇENEGi olduğundan; seçenek doğru cevap olarak kabul edilmektedir.

472

Soru konusu IN THE PAST ile parçadan çıkarım sorulmaktadır . Bir parçadan yapılacak çıkarım sonuç cümlesinden anlaşılabileceğinden; bu soruda sonuç cümlesi ele alınmış ve cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri cümlede ifade ediliş şekli ile E seçeneğinde yer almıştır .


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi A couple of months ago NASA asked the scientific community what kinds of research it should conduct when it returns humans to the moon. In doing so, NASA wanted prioritized research objectives for the robotic orbiters and landers that will be used primarily for reconnaissance purposes prior to later explorations by astronauts of the lunar surface. Recommendations made by scientists varied greatly, but they can be summarized. The top priority that scientists have recommended is the development of programmes for lunar data analysis. Next is the exploration of the moon's south pole, which is called "the Aitken basin." an impact scar mostly on the moon's back side. Then comes an instrument network for probing the interior of the moon, and this is followed by rock sample returns , scientifıcally selected landing sites, and analysis of any icy polar deposits.

(21) RECOMMENDATIONS made by scientists varied greatly, but they can be summarized. THE TOP PRIORITY THAT SCIENTISTS HAVE RECOMMENDED is the development of programmesfor lunardata analysis. NEXT is the exploration of the moon's south pole, which is called "the Aitken basin," an impact scar mostly on the moon 's back side. THEN comes an instrument network for probing the interior of the moon, and this is followed by rock sample returns , scientifıcally selected landing sites, and analysis of any icy polar deposits. 21. FROM THE RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS SUMMARIZED in the passage, it becomes clear that----. A) the re is stili a lot that has to be teamed about the moon B) sGieRtists are eıdensively famUiar= wfffh the stnJGhıre of the mooR C) the 9lCplorafioR of the luRar surfaGe is Rot so urgeRt as ı,ınEierstanEiing the iRRer struGfure of the I1U)QR

D) the sGieRfifiG GommuRity does Rot regard t>IAS/\'s o9jestives about the mooR as feasible E) NASA is ElotermineEI to make the mooR a ne'N basa for spase exploration

TEKNiK: Soruda ARAŞTIRMA ÖNERILERi hakkında bilgi istenmesi nedeni ile önerilerin üçünün de listelendiği cümleler ele alınmalıdır. öneri cümlelerinin ele aldıkları ortak konu the moon olup cümlelerde bu konu hakkında yapılması gereken araştırmalardan bahsedilmektedir. Yapılması gereken araştırmalar ay hakkında bilinmeyen çok fazla bilgi olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır ve A SEÇENEGi bu ifadeye yer vermektedir.


Soruda ÖNERiLER sorulmakta ve parçada üç ayrı cümlede öneriler listelenmektedir. Ele alınan cümlelerdeki önerilerden çıkan sonuç sadece A seçeneğinde ifade edilmektedir.

473

YDS ŞiFRELERi A couple of months ago NASA asked the scientific community what kinds of research it should conduct when it returns humans to the moon. IN DOING SO, NASA wanted prioritized research objectives for the robotic orbiters and landers that will be used primarily for reconnaissance purposes prior to later explorations by astronauts of the lu nar surface. 22. One understands from the passage that NASA -----

A) and ssieRıi&ts have G9RfliGtiRg researsh ebjestives about tho moon B) has a!-ready develeped a multi purpose researsh programme mr the meeR C) always G9RSI/Jts the ssieRtifis semm11Rity, but soldam takas its advice into considoration D) is planning to send robots to the moon before it sends astronauts

E) has been iRdiffereRt to various recommendations made by ssieRtists TEKNiK: Soru konusu NASA olduğu için konunun parçada ilk geçtiği cümle ele alınmaktadır . Ele alınan cümleyi parçada takip eden cümle konununun açıklama cümlesi olduğundan; bu iki cümlenin soru çözümünde birlikte irdelenmesi gereklidir.iki cümlenin anahtar kelimeri seçeneklerde arandığında; A, B, C ve E SEÇENEKLERiNDEKi işaretli anahtar kelimelerin faklı konuları ifade ettikleri görülmektedir. D SEÇENEGiNDE ise anahtar kelimeler cümlede verilmek istenilen ifadeyi özetlemektedir. Sorunun doğru cevabı bu nedenle D ŞIKKIDIR.

Soru konusunun parçada ilk geçtiği cümlenin ardından açıklama cümlesi geldiğinde; doğru cevabı belirlemede iki cümlenin birlikte ele alınması gereklidir. Bu teknik ile ele alınan cümlelerin anahtar kelimelerine cümlelerde verilmek istenilen ifadeye paralel kullanımda yer veren D seçeneği olmuştur.

A couple of months ago NASA asked the scientific community what kinds of research it should conduct when it returns humans to the moon. 23. As is clear from the passage, NASA'S PURPOSE IN CONSUL TING SCIENTISTS is to----.

A) make su re that its programmos for lu nar data analysis are supported by them B) learn whether the meeR has water depestted as ice under its poles C) find out about the kind of research which is primarily im portant for lu nar exploration

D) encourage them to focus the ir attention on a full study of the Aitkon basin E) give the m the opportunity to discuss their researsh res11lts aöe11t the meeR

TEKNiK: Soru konusu NASA olduğu için konunun parçada ilk geçtiği cümle ele alınmış ve ortak anahtar kelimeleri ile cümledeki ifadeyi özetleyen C SEÇENEGi olmuştur.

474

Soru konusu isim tamlaması olarak verildiğinden ve soru anahtar kelimeleri parçada aynı cümle içerisinde geçmediğinden soru konusu NASA nın parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümle ele alınmıştır. Cümlenin anahtar kelimelerine cümlede verilmek istenilen ifadeye paralel kullanımda yer veren C seçeneği olmuştur.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi (24) TOP PRIORITY THAT SCIENTISTS HAVE RECOMMENDED is the development of programmos forlunar data analysis. (24) NEXT is the exploration of the moon's south pole, which is called "the Aitken basin," an impact scar mostly on the moon's back side. (24) THEN comes an instrument network for probing the interior of the moon, and this is followed by rock sample returns, scientifıcally selected landing sites, and analysis of any icy polar deposits. 24. According to the passage, ONE OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS MADE BY THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY CONCERNS ----. A) the scientific specification of the locations where robots or astronauts can la nd B) C) D) E)

#he pFablems retated to the workiRg of #he Fabots orbitin§ the moon or landin§ on the surface the aRalysi5 of the FaGk samples that 'Ni ll bo ta kon from the Aitkon basin the tasks #hat vtil! be performed by #he asiFaRallis when they explore the moon's South polo #he q11estioR ofhow NASA saR beRefit from the res11lt& obtained from lunar oxplorations

TEKNiK: 21 . soruda olduğu gibi soruda ÖNERiLERDEN BiRi sorulduğu için parçada yer alan üç öneri cümlesi birlikte irdelenmelidir. Cümlelerde bahsedilen öneriler seçeneklerde arandığında ; Önerilerden birinin sadece doğru SEÇENEGiNDE geçtiği görülmektedir.

cevap

olan

A

21. sorudaki konu ile aynı soru konusunu içeren bu soruda da 21. sorudaki cümlelerin aynısı ele alınmıştır. Cümlelerde bahsedilen öneriler seçeneklerde arandığında sadece A seçeneğinin önerilerden birine yer verdiği görülmektedir.

25. lt is clearly stated in the passage that ASTRONAUTS ---- . A) 'Nill use a variety of instruments only to learn about the intorior of the moon B) will be sent to the moon to investigate the /u nar surface

C) will, in the first placo, soloct a suitablo spot for landin§ thoir craft D) are oxpoctod to d iseover icy doposits under the south pole E) have boon trainod to porform lunar data analysis

TEKNiK: Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümlenin anahtar explorations ile B SEÇENEGiNDEKi kelimelerinden investigate kelimesi eşleşmekte ve cümledeki lunar surface kelimesi cümledeki kullanımı ile B SEÇENEGiNDE yer almaktadır . Diğer seçenekler anahtar kelime jçermedikleri için elenmekte ve doğru cevap B SEÇENEGI olarak kabul edilmektedir.


Soru anahtar kelimesinin parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimelerine yer veren tek seçenek B şıkkı olmuştur.

475

YDS ŞiFRELERi

TEST VI There seems no question but that the clock dial , which has existed in its present form since the seventeenth century and in earlier forms since ancient times , is on its way out. More and more comman are the digital clocks that mark off the hours, minutes, and seconds in ever-changing numbers. This certainly appears to be an advance in technology. You will no langer have to interpret the meaning of "the big hand on the elevon and the little hand on the fıve ." Your digital clock will teli you at once that it is 4:55. And yet there will be a lass in the canversion of dial to digital, and no one seems to be worrying about it. Actually, when something turns, it can turn in just one of two ways, clockwise or counter-clockwise, and we all know which is which. Clockwise is the normal turning directian of the hands of a clock, and counter-clockwise is the opposite of that. S ince we all stare at clocks (dial clocks, that is), we have no trouble fallawing directions or descriptions that include those words. But if dial clocks disappear, so will the meaning of those word s for anyone who has never stared at anything but digitals.

But (1) IF DIAL CLOCKS DISAPPEAR, so will the meaning of those words for anyon e who has never stared at an hin but di itals. 1.

The author maintains that, WHEN DIAL CLOCKS GO OUT OF USE ANDONLY DIGITALS ARE USED, ----. A) the words "clockwise" and "counter-clockwise" wi/1 cease to carry any meaning B) C) D) E)

peopte will GeRt!Rue t9 use the werd& "clock'.viso" and "countor clockwiso" on a rogular basis it will bo quito confusing for ovoryone to teli the time right away most people vliU weRder abeut the meaRiRg& ef the word& "clockwiso" and "countor clock'.viso" it will cortainly bo a major tochnological change unprecedented in the past

TEKNiK: Soru konusu WHEN DIAL CLOCKS GO OUT OF USE parçada IF DIAL CLOCKS DISAPPEAR olarak geçmektedir. 1f dial clocks disappear ifadesi ile başlayan cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri A, B VE D SEÇENEKLERiNDE görülmektedir ancak B VE D SEÇENEKLERiNDE yer alan people will continue to use the word s ve people will wonder about the meanings of the words ifadeleri kutuda yer alan cümlede geçmemektedir. A SEÇENEGiNDE ifade edilen cümlenin konusunu özetiediğinden A ŞIKKI doğru cevap olarak kabul edilir.

476

Soru konusunun parçada geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri cümledeki ifade ediliş şekli ile A seçeneğinde yer almaktadır .


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi There seems no question but that (2) THE CLOCK DIAL, which has existed in its present form since the seventeenth centu and in earlier forms since ancient times, is on its wa out.

2.

lt is pointed out in the passage that THE USE OF THE CLOCK DIAL ----. gııe is gftQıı cgııfused abgut the msaning gf the wgrds "clockıııise" and "counter clock•.vise" B) was most popular in the se~enteenth sentury but has si nce lost its importance C) is stili widely used Elespite the technological prograss in the manufacture of Eligital clocks D) has impro~ed enormously sinse the seventeenth sentury Elue to aavances in technology

A) is ng /gnger pradical since

E) has a very long history though at present it is becoming less and /ess popu/ar TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimelerinden CLOCK DIAL parçada ilk kez kutuda gösterilen cümlede geçmekte olup A, B, C VE D SEÇENEKLERiNDE yer alan cümle anahtar kelimeleri farklı konuları ifade etmektedir ve bu nedenle seçenekler elenmektedir. E SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan long history kelimesi cümlede yer alan tarihler ile cümle konusunu özetiernektedir ve seçenekteki less popular kelimesi cümledeki clock dial is out ifadesi ile eşleşmektedir. Sorunun doğru cevabı bu nedenle E SEÇENEGiDiR.

Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri ile cümlede verilmek istenilen ifadeyi E seçeneği içermektedir.

geçtiği

More and more common are (3) THE DIGITAL CLOCKS that mark off the hours, minutes, and seconds in ever-ehan in numbers. This certainl a ears to be an advance in technolo 3.

In the passage, the author admits that DIGITAL CLOCKS. COMPARED W ITH DIAL CLOCKS, ----. A) ha·;e a number of Elrawbacks which make their use rather restriotea B) can, in the long run, be replased by teshnologisally new ana more efficient clocks C) are technologically more advanced and tel/ time very precise/y D) Ele not seem to have much efficiency ana easily break Elown E) have ceasea to be in wiaespreaa use Elue to some inexplicable technological shortcomings

TEKNiK: Soruda yer alan iki konu arasındaki kıyaslama parçada comparative (kıyaslama) yapılarının yer aldığı cümlede geçmektedir. Cümlede yer alan mark off the hours, minutes, and seconds C SEÇENEGiNDE teli time precisely ifadesi ile özetlenmekte ve advance in technology ile seçenekteki more advanced ifadeleri ile eşleşmektedir. B SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan anahtar kelimeler ile verilen ifade kutudaki cümlede yer almadığı için seçenek elenmektedir. Sorunun cevabı benzer ifade ve ortak anahtar kelime içermesi nedeni ile C ŞIKKIDIR.


Soruda kıyaslama verildiğ i nde ; zaman parçada comparative yapılarının ve zıtlık bildiren bağiaçiarın yer aldığı cümleye odaklanılması önerilir. Bu soruda verilen kıyaslamanın geçtiği cümle soru konularının COMPARATIVE yapı ile verildiği cümledir; cümlenin anahtar kelimelerini ve cümledeki benzer ifadeyi içeren C seçeneği olmuştur .

477

YDS ŞiFRELERi 1

And yet there will be a loss in the canversion of dial to digital, and (4) NO ONE seems to be worrying about it. 4.

The author asserts that PEOPLE ----. A) are not aware of the fact that in antiquity time was completely disregarded B) do not seem to be concerned about "the loss" that the replacement of dial clocks by digitals will cause C) can also define their position acsurately by using digital clocks D) taday have a growing interest in dial clocks and value them very mush E) have already stopped using the •.vords "closk•.vise" and "counter sloskwise" to indisate directions

TEKNiK: Soru konusu PEOPLE parçada NO ONE olarak geçmektedir. Bu cümlede yer alan no one seems to be worrying about the loss ifadesi sadece B SEÇENEGiNDE people do not seem to be concerned (worried) about şeklinde ifade edilmektedir. Cümledeki benzer ifadeyi içermesi nedeni ile doğru cevap B SEÇENEGiDiR.

Soru anahtar kelimesi PEOPLE parçada NO ONE cümlesinde geçmekte olup; cümledeki anahtar kelimelerin verdiği ifade B seçeneğinde yer almaktadır.

(5) CLOCKWISE is the normal turning directian of the hands of a clock, and counter-clockwise is the opposite of that. 5.

As has been pointed out in the passage, THE WORD "CLOCKWISE" ----. A) first same into use in the seventeenth century B) is used only iR GaRjuRGtiaR with the vrord "GauRte.r GlaGkwise" C) san also be used with reterence to a digital clock D) signifies the directian in which the hands of a dial clock mo ve

E) has no maaning unless it is used with reterence to a dial clock

TEKNiK: Soru konusu hakkında bilgi verilen cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri sadece D SEÇENEGiNDE cümle konusu ile ilintili olarak yer almaktadır ve bu nedenle seçenek sorunun doğru cevabı olarak kabul edilmektedir.

478

Parçada soru konusu hakkında bilgi verilen cümlede aniatılmak istenilen D seçeneğinde ifade edilmiştir. ı


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi When Mozambique and South Africa ended their internal conflicts in the early 1990s, they enacted widescale amnesties , and in both countries the rulo of law quickly improved. In each of them , political leaders opted to move past the violence and injustices of the pastand to focus on the tasks of social and political reconstruction . As part of that reconstruction , each country became a multiparty democracy in wh ich the accountability of leaders and other koy norms of the rulo of law could fınally take root. The restaration of public security, meanwhile, allawed the provision of basic services. And though their criminal-justice systems remained woefully underfunded, both were finally able to start providing citizens with basic protections. While the legal, social and political improvements in South Africa between 1994 and 2004 were impressive, in poorer Mozambique, the improvement was smaller but stili marked. When (6) MOZAMBIQUE AND SOUTH AFRICA ended their internal conflicts in the early 1990s, they enacted widescale amnesties, and in both countries the rulo of law quickly improved . IN EACH OF THEM, political leaders opted to move past the violence and injustices of the past and to focus on the tasks of social and political reconstruction. 6.

lt is clear from the passage that BOTH SOUTH AFRICA AND MOZAMBIQUE ----. A) underwent a very radical process of social, political and legal transformatian over a decade after the mid-1990s B) are stili oxtromoly oiJsessed with their politisal past and have failod to ada pt thomsolvos to the norm s of domocracy C) are notod for thoir iRdiffer:eRGe to the rule of law and have introdı,ıcod a series of non domocratic moası,ıros

D) have Rot so!ved their iRtemal GORfliGts fı,ılly althoı,ıgh they have mado thoir criminal vory officiont throı,ıgh radical retorms E) have rosortod to ovory concoivablo moans in thoir offorts to restoro pı,ıblic socı,ırity

TEKNiK: Soru konusunun parçada ilk geçtiği cümlenin ardından gelen cümlede konu hakkında bilgi verimeye devam edild i ği için , iki cümlenin de anahtar kelime açıs ı ndan irdelenmesi gereklidir. Seçeneklerde

yer

alan

cümlenin

anahtar

kelimeleri

irdelendiğinde; B, C VE D SEÇENEKLERiNDE yer alan

ifadelerin kutudaki cümlede yer almadığı görülmektedir. A SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan anahtar kelimeler cümlede ifade edilmek istenileni özetiediğinden A SEÇENEGi doğru cevap olarak kabul edilmektedir.


jı,ıstico

systoms

Soru anahtar kelimelerinin parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümle ele alınırken soru konusu hakkında bilgi veren bir sonraki cümlenin de soru çözümünde irdelenmesi önerilir. Soruda ele alınan cümlelerin anahtar kelimelerini cümle konusuna ilintili şekilde veren A seçeneği sorunun doğru cevabı olarak kabul edilmektedir.

479

YDS ŞiFRELERi WHILE the legal, social and political improvements in (7) SOUTH AFRICA between 1994 and 2004 were impressive, IN POORER MOZAMBIQUE, the improvement was smaller but stili marked. 7.

lt is pointed out in the passage that, COMPARED WITH MOZAMBIQUE. SOUTH AFRICA HAS----. A) novor boon gonı:ıinoly onthusiastic about the rulo of law in the country and invariably attomptod to undormino it B) upgraElo€1 thoir system of criminal justico anEl , thus, complotoly eliminateEl violonco anEl injustico in socioty C) givon priority to the cossation of internal conflicts in the country anEl the ostablishmont of various political

f*iFlies D) made enormous progress in the social and political reconstruction of their country E) novor boon hol€1 accountablo for the violonco anEl injusticos they causo€1 in the past TEKNiK: Soruda iki konu hakkında kıyaslama bilgisi sorulduğu için; sorudaki konuların zıtlık bildiren bağlaç ile birlikte verildiği cümle ele alınmalıdır. Parçada WHILE bağiacı ile başlayan cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri ve yakın anlamlıları doğru cevap olan D SEÇENEGiNDE yer almaktadır.

Soruda iki konunun kıyaslaması parçada comparative yapısının ,zıtlık bildiren bağlacın ve kıyaslanan konuların aynı içerikte verildiği cümle ele alınmalıdır. Bu soruda hem comparative yapının hem de zıtlık bildiren bağlacın yer aldığı cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri D seçeneğinde görülmektedir.

yapıldığında;

As part of that reconstruction, each country became (8) A MULTIPARTY DEMOCRACY in which the accountabilit of leaders and other ke norms of the rule of law could fina ll take root. 8.

The author points out that, ALONG W ITH THE INSTITUTION OF A MULTIPARTY DEMOCRACY, ---- . A) both Moz.ambi'JUO anEl South Africa have focuseEl on thoir past anEl bogun to bring to justico those who are accountablo for the erimos of the past B) the maintonaneo of the Fule 9f law in Moz.ambi'JUO anEl South Africa has failed Eluo to a growing rato of political misconEluct C) one important change in Mozambique and South Africa in the Iate 1990s was the new political principle that /eaders were to be he/d accountab/e for their policies D) violence anEl injustice in Moz.ambi'JUO have ceaso€1 complotoly whilo South I'Jrica stili strugglos with thom E) the 'JUOstion of public socurity has boon 9f liflle G9RGem f9F p91itisa! !eadeFs sinco they have focus their offorts on party politics

TEKNiK: Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinden en çok içeren ve cümledeki ifadeyi özetleyen C SEÇENEGiDiR. Di ğer seçenekler anahtar kelime içermekte ancak cümlede yer alan ifadeden farklı ifadelere yer verdiklerinden elenmektedir. Sorunun doğru cevabı bu nedenle C SEÇENEGiDiR.

480

Soru konusunun parçada geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimelerini içeren seçeneğin cümlenin konusu ile ilintili olması gereklidir. Bu soruda üç seçenek anahtar kelimelere yer vermektedir. Ancak kelimeleri cümlenin konusuna ilintili şekilde veren tek C seçeneğidir.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi While the legal, social and political improvements in South Africa (9) BETWEEN 1994 AND 2004 were impressive, in poorer Mozambi ue, the improvement was smaller but stili marked. 9.

lt is emphasized in the passage that, IN THE POST-AMNESTIES PERIOD, ----. A) radical politiGal retorms iR Mwami:Jiqfle are the major reasoR for the impressive impnwemeRts in the smıntry's esonomis performansa B) Mozambique, which is economically underdeve/oped, has experienced some striking politica/ improvements C) p91it!Gal impF9v:emeRts iR S9flth AfriGa heGame the m9del for politisal improvements in Mo;ı;ambique D) M9zamhiqfle has exGelled S9flth AfriGa in the improvement of both its esonomy and politisal institutions E) M9zamhiqfle's p91it5Ga! !eaders v~ere G9RGerRed not only with politisal retorms but also, more importantly, with the eG9R9miG v1e!l heing 9( the G9f1Rtry

TEKNiK: Soruda tarihsel bir dönem hakkında bilgi istendiği için parçada BETWEEN 1994 AND 2004 dönemini anlatan cümlenin soru konusu hakkında bilgi verdiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bu cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında;

Soru konusu olarak tarihsel bir dönem hakkında bilgi isteniyor ise; parçada belirli bir dönemi niteleyen tarihierin geçtiği cümle ele alınmalıdır. Bu soruda tarihsel dönemi anlatan cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri cümlenin konusuna ilintili şekilde B seçeneğinde yer almaktadır .

A SEÇENEGiNDEKi political retorms in Mozambique, C SEÇENEGiNDEKi political improvements in South Africa became the model for ... , D SEÇENEGiNDEKi Mozambique has excelled in South Africa, E SEÇENEGiNDEKi Mozambique's leaders were concerned with the economic well-being of the country ifadelerinin parçadaki cümlede l l i almadıkları görülmektedir. Seçenekler bu nedenle elenmektedir. B SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan ifadelerin cümlede de yer almaları nedeni ile seçenek doğru cevap olarak kabul edilmektedir.

/ The restaration of public security, meanwhile, allawed (10) THE PROVISION OF BASIC SERVICES. 10. lt is implied in the passage that THE PROVISION OF BASICSERVICESIN MOZAMBIQUE AND SOUTH AFRICA IN THE PRE-AMNESTIES PERIOD was ----. A) a priority for all the political parties B) far batter than it has been in the post amnesties period C) regarded as an important factor in the process of democrati;ı;ation D) out of the question, owing to the absence of public security E) una#osted by serious and resurring esonomis problems

TEKNiK: Soru konusu THE PROVISION OF BASIC SERVISES parçada ilk kez kutu içerisinde gösterilmekte olan cümlede geçmektedir. Cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında ;

Kelimeler sadece D SEÇENEGiNDE görülmektedir ve cümledeki ifadenin benzerine yer verdiği kolaylıkla anlaşılabilmektedir. Seçenek bu nedenle sorunun doğru cevabı olarak kabul edilmektedir. seçeneğin


Soru konusunun parçada geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimelerine cümle konusuna il intili şekilde yer veren D seçeneğidir.

481

YDS ŞiFRELERi No human dream is more universal than the longing for a paradise on earth , a place free of the ravages of time and disease, where the best in nature flourishes while the worst is forbidden to enter. By definition , such magical lands can't be near at hand ; they must be remote and inaccessible- destinations to be reached by pilgrimage or a heroic journey. Ancient Tibetan Buddhist texts spoke of just such a kingdom , where wise kings , blessed with long life spans , await the day when they will take power over the world , ushering in a golden age of peace and justice. This mythical kingdem was called "Shambala," and its location was believed to be a valley in northern lndia. Said to be enclosed by a double ring of snow-capped mountains, this fabled valley of Shambala resembled a "mandala," which is Buddhism's circular symbol of the unity of all creation . Known only to a few European 1 enthusiasts of Asia in the 191h century, the myth of Shambala was popularized in the 20 h century by the famous Russian mystic, Madame Blavatsky, who claimed she received telepathic messages from the mystic valley.

Known only to a few European enthusiasts of Asia in the 19 uı century, (11) THE MYTH OF SHAMBALA was 1 popularized in the 20 h century by the famous Russian mystic, Madame Blavatsky, who claimed she received telepathic messages from the mystic valley. 11. lt is clear from the passage that THE MYTH OF SHAMBALA ----. A) was originally intro9ı,ıso9 by those ewropeans iR the 19th-Gentflry whe were interestad iR Bwddhism ane sarrio9 oı,ıt oxtonsivo stı,ı9ios in ln9ia B) bogan to bo so pepwlar iR Eflrepe iR the 19th-Gentflry that, with Ma9amo Blavatsky, it tı,ırno9 into a mystisal kin9 of roligion C) has obvioı,ısly boon v.ery pepwlar throwghewt Asia iR the 1Q_aAG--20_sontı,ırios boforo it was SiSGO'IOFOS by the ewrepeaR6 D) has originally boon an Ineian myth ane was lator a9opto9 by Tibotan Bı,ı99hists into thoir own sı,ıltı,ıro E) came to be known widely in Europe only in the /ast century, thanks to Madame Blavatsky TEKNiK: Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri tüm seçeneklerde geçiyor görünse de; A, B, C VE D SEÇENEKLERiNDE yer alan koyu renkle işaretli ifadelerin parçadaki cümlede yer almadıkları görülmektedir. E SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan anahtar kelimeler ise parçadaki cümle ile_. aynı ifadeyi vermektedir. ifadeyi özetleyen E SEÇENEGIDIR.

482

Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde aranmış ve anahtar kelimeleri ile cümlede verilmek istenilen ifadeyi özetleyen E seçeneği geçtiği

olmuştur .


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi No (12) HUMAN DREAM is more universal than the longing for a paradise on earth, a place free of the ravages of time and disease, where the best in nature flourishes while the worst is forbidden to enter. BY DEFINITION, such magical lands can't be near at hand ; they must be remote and inaccessible - destinations to be reached by pilgrimage or a heroic journey.

12. The author claims that A GREAT MANY PEOPLE ----. A) yearn for a distant /and of absolute health, happinass and goodness B) C) D) E)

imagina lndia as a land of J')lonty, where J'lOOJ'liO load a most FJFOSJ'lorous and J')Oacofullifo go on long J')ilgrimagos to ''ory remeıe plases such as Tibot, where the most J'lOJ'lUiar roligion is Buddhism have a mystical viow of lifo which onabios thom ıe sepe wi#ı ıhe ::avages ef ıime aRd disease have a strong desire ıa make a pilgrimage to the mythical valloy of Shambala in ordor to rocovor from thoir sorrmvs and sufforings

TEKNiK: Soru konusu olan A GREAT MANY PEOPLE parçada insanlar hakkında bilgi verilen HUMAN DREAM cümlesinde geçmektedir. Bu cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında ;

A SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan distant land kelimesi ile cümledeki lands must be remote kelimesinin ve health ile parçadaki free of disease ifadelerinin eşleştiği görülmektedir. Diğer seçeneklerde yer alan anahtar kelimeler ile verilen ifadelerin cümlede yer almadıkları görülmektedir. Cümledeki ifadelerin benzerlerine yer veren A SEÇENEGi sorunun doğru cevabı olarak kabul edilmektedir.

(13) ANCIENT TIBETAN BUDDHIST texts spoke of just such a kingdom , where wise kings, blessed with long life spans , await the day when they will take power over the world, ushering in a golden age of peace and justice. 13. According to the passage , ANCIENT TIBETAN BUDDHISTS ----. A) woforrod to livo in J')lacos which woro vory romoto and not oasily accossiblo for comman J'lOOJ'liO B) had a vory strong longing for a world in v,ıhich Buddhist valuos and idoas woro sharod by all human

9eifl9S

C) woro most giftod writors who idoalizod lifo on oarth and, in thoir writings , oncauragad J'lOOJ'liO to strivo for pease aRdj11sıise D) ofton mado long J')ilgrimagos and jm.ırnoys to the valloy of Shambala in lndia in ordor to have a mystical OXFJOrionco E) believed that a time would come when , under the rule of wise kings, peace and justice would prevail in the world

TEKNiK: Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında; Kelimeler C VE E SEÇENEKLERiNDE görülmektedir. Cümleden en çok anahtar kelime içermesi ve cümledeki ile benzer ifadeye yer vermesi nedeni ile E SEÇENEGi sorunun doğru cevabı olarak kabul edilmektedir.


Soru anahtar kelimesinin parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinden en çok içeren E seçeneği sorunun doğru cevabıdır.

483

YDS ŞiFRELERi Known only to a few European enthusiasts of Asia in the 19"' century, the myth of Shambala was popularized in 1 the 20 h century by the famous (14) RUSSIAN MYSTIC, MADAME BLAVATSKY, who claimed she received telepathic messages from the mystic valley. 14. As one understands from the passage, THE RUSSIAN MYSTIC MADAME BLAVATSKY ----. A) was clearly one of the faw Europeans in the 19~~>-century who were seriously concerned with studies related to Asia B) developed her telepathic skill through her study of Buddhism and also by making innumerable jsurReys ts the valley sf Shambala C) constantly dreamed of a paradise on earth and made great efferts to make peace and justice dominant in the world D) helped to spread interest in the mythical kingdem of Shambala E) believed that a study of Tibetan Buddhist telepathis skills

teı«s

was indispensable far the acquisition and eNeFGi&e sf

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimelerinin parçada ilk geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri B, D VE E SEÇENEKLERiNDE yer almaktadır. B SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan journeys to the valley of Shambala ile E SEÇENEGiNDEKi exercise of telephatic skills kelimeleri parçadaki cümlede yer almadıklarından; bu seçenekler elenmektedir. D SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan kelime ve ifade cümlede verilmek istenilen ifade ile eşleştiğinden D SEÇENEGi doğru cevap olarak kabul edilmektedir.

Soru konusunun parçada bahsedildiği cümlenin anahtar kelimelerine cümlenin konusuna ilintili şekilde yer veren D seçeneğidir.

Said to be enclosed by a double ring of snow-capped mountains, this fabled valley of Shambala resembled a "mandala," which is 15 BUDDHISM's circular s bol of the unit of all creation . 15. One learns from the passage that, FOR BUDDHISM, ----. A) B) C) D)

the v:ise kiRg& sf the valley sf Shambala value pea ce and justice mo re than any other thing man can never enjoy absolute peace and justice in the world owing to his wickedness the valley sf Shambala is a sacred place far pilgrimage and worship a paradise on earth can only be established in the distant future

E) everything created in the universe was part of one whole, which was represented by the symbol of manda/a

TEKNiK: Soru konusu BUDDHISM parçada ilk kez kutu içerisinde gösterilen cümlede geçmektedir. Bu cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında ; A SEÇENEGiNDEKi the wise kings of the valley of Shambala ve C SEÇENEGiNDEKi the valley of Shambala is a sacred place ifadelerinin kutudaki cümlede yer almadıkları ve bu nedenle seçeneklerin elenmeleri gerektiği görülmektedir. Ortak anahtar kelime içermeyen B VE D SEÇENEKLERi de elenmektedir. Parçadaki cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinden içeren ve cümledeki ifadenin benzerini ortaya koyan E SEÇENEGi sorunun doğru cevabı olarak kabul edilmektedir.

484

Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez cümlenin anahtar kelimelerine cümlede verilmek istenilen ifadeye paralel kullanımda yer veren E seçeneği doğru cevap olarak kabul edilmektedir.

geçtiği


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi The Iate Chinese Prime Minister, Chou-En Lai, upon being asked whether the French Revolution had been a good thing in world history, was reported to have said : "lt is stili too early to teli. " Watching the Western media analyze the recent emergence of Ch ina as a major investor in Africa and likely to become a new factor to rival the histarical Euro-American ascendancy in African politics , one is even more justifıed in saying that it is "too soon to teli" what the outcome of the Chinese love affair in Africa will be. Besides China, lndia is also increasingly mentioned as a new source of large-scale investments in Africa. For the moment, the emergence of the Asian superpowers, themselves once in the sphere of British imperialism, as investors and trading partners in Africa, seems to offer an opportunity of shaking the "marginalisation" into which most African countries have fallen since the collapse of the Soviet bl oc in 1989.

(16) BESIDES CHINA, INDIA is also increasingly mentioned asa new source of large-scale investments in Africa. 16. lt is clear from the passage that, WITH THE GROWING ECONOMIC INVOLVEMENT OF CHINA AND INDIA IN AFRICA, ----. A) the British esonomis and politisal interests in the region san only be maintained through more investments by Britain B) the Western superpowers have apparently lost their politisal influense in the region C) this continent has clearly been gaining in importance D) the Euro Arnerisan sollaboration in the region will ine'litably some to an end E) regional governments have begun to introduse radisal measures for the improvement of the esonomy TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimelerinin bir arada parçada ilk kez cümle irdelendiğinde;

geçtiği

Cümlede verilen lndia is also increasii!QIY mentioned as a new source of..... ifadesi C SEÇENEGINDE yer alan this continent (lndia) has clearly been gaining importance ifadesi ile özetlenmektedir ve bu nedenle sorunun doğru cevabı C SEÇENEGiDiR.

Soru anahtar kelimelerinin parçada ilk kez aynı içerikle geçtiği cümlede verilmek istenilen ifade C seçeneğinde benzer şekilde verilmektedir.

Watching the Western media analyze the recent emergence of (17) CHINA as a major investor in Africa and likely to become a new factor to rival the histarical Euro-American ascendancy in African politics, one is even mo re justifıed in sayin çı that it is "too soo n to teli" what the outcome of the Chinese love afta ir in Africa will be. 17. According to the passage , IT IS CH INA, MORE THAN INDIA, that----. A) has historisally resistad British imperialism in order to safeguard its own interests in Afrisa B) is in the fo re front in Africa as a /eading investor and trading partner C) '.vas extremely pleased with the seliapse of the Soviet bios in 1989 D) has attashed mu sh importanse to the view& ef the WesteFR media E) has been most influensed in its ideology by the F"ronsh Revolution TEKNiK: Soru konusu CHINA parçada ilk kez kutu içerisinde gösterilen cümlede geçmektedir. Bu cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde kelimesi arandığında ; B SEÇENEGiNDEKi a leading investor in Africa cümlede a major investor in Africa olarak geçmektedir. D SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan the views of Western media ifadesi kutudaki cümlede yer almamakta ve bu nedenle seçenek elenmektedir. Cümlenin anahtar kelimelerini cümledeki ifade ediliş şekli ile ele alan B SEÇENEGi doğru cevaptır.


Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez cümlenin anahtar kelimelerine cümlenin konusuna paralel şekilde yer veren B seçeneğidir. geçtiği

485

YDS ŞiFRELERi Watching the Western media analyze the recent emergenco of China as a major investor in (18) AFRICA and likely to become a new factor to rival the histarical Euro-American ascendancy in African politics, one is even mo re justifıed in saying that it is "too soon to teli" what the outcome of the Chinese love afta ir in Africa will be. 18. The author points out that, historically, AFRICA ----. A) has always beon on good torms with Ch ina, ospocially sinco the time of Choı:ı En Lai ~) has al',yays playod a GeRtral role iR world polfftiGs aRd eGoRomiG Fivalry C) was complotoly colonizod by ~rita in bı:ıt , lator, same ı:ındor the Soviet political inflı:ıonco D) has always been subject to the European and American politica/ hegemony E) has

sı:ıfforod

a groat doal from BFitish eGoRomtG exploitatioR aRd politiGal hegemoRy

TEKNiK: Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez bahsedildiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında ; A VE C SEÇENEKLERiNDE cümledeki anahtar kelimelerin yer almadığı , B SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan ifadenin cümlede China became a central role şeklinde verilip seçenekteki ifadenin cümledeki ifade ile iligisiz olduğu , E SEÇENEGiNDEKi British economic exploitation and political hegonomy ifadesinin parçadaki cümlede yer almadığı görülmektedir.D SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan anahtar kelimelerin verdiği ifade cümlede aniatılmak istenilenin benzeri olması nedeni ile doğru cevap D SEÇENEGi olarak tercih edilmektedir.

19. One understands from the passage that THE AUTHOR ----. A) is not yet sure of the possible consequences of China's economic and political ascendancy in Africa ~) is mfiGh imwessed by the widosproad political improvomont in Africa that has boon ı:ıshorod in by Ch ina C) displays a hostile attiwde towards the Eı:ıro American assondaney in Africa taday D) is paFtiGfllaFiy iRteFested in Choı:ı En La i' s idoas and policios with rogard to Africa E) is Y:ety biased in his assossmont of the Chinoso and Ind ian policios concorning tho futı:ıro of Africa

TEKNiK: Soruda seçeneklerden de anlaşılabileceği gibi yazarın konuyu ele alış biçimi , yani konuya yaklaşımı sorulmaktadır . Parçada yazarın yaklaşımını ortaya koyan LIKEL Y, TOO SOON TO TELL, SEEMS TO OFFER... ifadeleri yazarın ifade etmek istediklerini ihtimal dahilinde anlattığı anlaşılmaktadır. Yazarın konuyu ele alırken bu ifadelere yer verdiğini vurgulayan A SEÇENEGi doğru cevaptır.

486

Soruda yazarın parçayı ele alış biçimi yani konuya yaklaşımı sorulduğunda; parça genelinde yer alan yapılar ve bağlaçlar yazarın yaklaşımını

belirlemede yardımcı olurlar. Bu soruda yazarın düşüncelerinden emin olmadığına dair ifadelere yer verdiği görülmektedir. Bu yaklaşım biçimi A seçeneğinde ortaya konulmaktadır .


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi For the moment, (20) THE EMERGENCE OF THE ASlAN SUPERPOWERS, themselves once in the sphere of British imperialism, as investors and trading partners in Africa, seems to offer an opportunity of shaking the "marginalisation" into which most African countries have fallen since the collapse of the Soviet bloc in 1989. 20. lt is indicated in the passage that, AL THOUGH CHINA AND INDIA HAVE BECOME ECONOMICALL Y AND POLITICALL Y MOST POWERFUL IN ASlA, ----. /\) they have fai!ed le make aR impasl 9R AfFiGaR peliliGs B) #ıeir ffRfluense throi:Jghmıt the world is G9RfiRed 19 AfFffGa C) they were themselves, in fact, colonized and exploited by Britain in the past D) they have stili to I:J~grado thomsolvos in ordor to eo aelo to sontriei:Jto to the imprev.emeRI efl!fe iR mest AfriGaR G9URI:oies E) thoir rivalry in /\frisa has I:Jndorminod #ıeiD' slruggle agaiR&I the twre AmeriGaR alliaRGe TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimelerinin parçada bir arada geçtiği cümlede verilmek istenilen ifade sadece doğru cevap olan C SEÇENEGiNDE yer almaktadır ve diğer seçeneklerde yer alan ifadeler parçadaki cümlede geçmedikleri için seçenekler elenmektedir.

Soru anahtar kelimeleri parçanın genelinde geçmekte olup anahtar kelimelerden ASlA parçada tek bir cümlede geçtiği için bu kelimenin yer aldığı cümle irdelenmiştir. Cümlede anltılmak istenilen ile benzer ifadeye yer veren C seçeneği olmuştur .

Editors have two primary functions which sometimes overlap: fınding/selecting manuscripts, then polishing them for publication . Acquisitions editors perform the fırst chore. The approach they adopt depends on several factors. The idea for a college text, for example, usually eriginates inside the publishing house; the acquisition editor's job is then to choose a suitable author to produce the manuscript. In a trade book division, on the other hand, the acquisitions editor may be more passive , carefully reading manuscripts and queries that are mailed in , then recommending the best of these for development as a book. In the former case , the acquisitions editor may be knowledgeable ina given area (economics, perhaps, or one of the sciences) while the second type might be more of a generalist. Copyeditors, who whip the manuscript into shape for the press, must possess a superb background in English and bring to their work high standards of accuracy and thoroughness along with a remarkable attention to detail. (21) EDITORS HAVE TWO PRIMARY FUNCTIONS which sametimes overlap: then olishin them for ublication.

fınding/selecting

manuscripts,

21. According to the passage , EDITORS HAVE TWO PRIMARY FUNCTIONS ----. /\) ono of .,..,hish is to write publisity aRR9URGement6 abeul the beeks whish will eo B) the mest GruGial ef #ıem to pro~aro mani:Jssri~ts for ~I:Jelisation

~I:Jelishod

C) which occasionally merge into each other D) be#J ef whish are related 19 the seleGtieR ef beeks to eo E) whish few publishers san fi:Jifil TEKNiK: Soru konusu parçanın ilk cümlesinde geçmektedir. Cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri cümlede verilmek istenilen ifadeye paralel kullanımda seçeneklerde arandığında;

~I:Jelishod

Soru konusun parçada yer aldığı cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri elimle konusuna paralel şekilde seçeneklerde arandığında . cümledeki ifadenin benzerine yer veren C seçeneği

A SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan publicity announcements about the books konusunun ve B SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan the most crucial of them ifad~~inin cymlede ele alınmadığı olmuştur. görülmektedir. D SEÇENEGINDEKI both of primary functions are related to the selection of books ifadesi parçadaki cümlede one of the functions..... olarak yer almamaktadır. E SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan few publishers kelimesi parçadaki cümlede C SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan ifade ile cümle konusu özetlenmektedir ve bu nedenle doğru cevap C ŞIKKI olarak kabul edilmektedir.


487

YDS ŞiFRELERi The idea for (22) A COLLEGE TEXT, for example, usually eriginates inside the publishing house; the ac uisition editor's 'ob is then to choose a suitable author to roduce the manuscri t. 22. W e learn from the passage that A COLLEGE TEXT----. A) B) C) D)

usually has its starting p9iRt iR a teGturer's R9tes is always assi9nod to aR aut#ıer by Gepyediters san only bo edited by the erigiRal auther is harder te edit tlıaR a trade be ek

E) often has its origin in an editor's office

TEKNiK: Soru konusunun parçada bahsedildiği kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında;

cümlenin

anahtar

A, B, C VE D SEÇENEKLERiNDEKi işaretli anahtar kelimelerin verdiği ifadelerin parçadaki cümlede yer almadıkları görülmektedir. Cümledeki anahtar kelimelerden içeren ve bu anahtar kelimeler ile cümlede ifade edilmek istenileni ortaya koyan E SEÇENEGi doğru cevap olarak kabul edilmektedir.

Bu soruda ele alınan cümlenin anahtar kelimelerine cümlede verilmek istenilen ifade çerçevesinde yer veren A seçeneği olmuştur.

In a trade book division, on the other hand, the acquisitions editar may be more passive, carefully reading (23) MANUSCRIPTS AND QUERIES THAT ARE MAILED IN, then recommending the best of these for development as a book. 23. lt is clear from the passage that, THE QUERIES AND MANUSCRIPTS SENT TO AN EDITOR'S OFFICE----. A) are meticulously examined with a view to making books B) C) D) E)

are raroly of any intorost to the oditorial staff will al most always roslollt in a plolblisation soldom rosoivo the attontion they dosorvo are of vital importanso in the search for a slolitablo writor for a 9ivon text

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimelerinin parçada bir arada anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında ;

geçtiği

cümlenin

E SEÇENEGiNiN cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinden içerdiği ve cümledeki ifadenin benzerine yer verdiği görülmektedir. Seçenek bu nedenle doğru cevap olarak kabul edilmektedir.

488

Soru anahtar kelimelerinin bir arada yer aldığı cümlenin kelimeleri ve kelimelerin yakın anlamiısı sadece E seçeneğinde geçmektedir.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi (24) IN THE FORMER CASE, THE ACQUISITIONS EDITOR MAY be knowledgeable in a given area economics, perhaps, or one of the sciences while the second t pe mig ht be more of a eneralist. 24. We understand from the passage that AN ACQUISITIONS EDITOR. WORKING ON COLLEGE TEXTS. WILL PROBABLY ----. A) B) C) D)

hava far battar skills and qualificatians than cepyediters hava startad his care ar in ana af the branchas af the madia have taken courses in marketing and advertising aim to go on to promote salas

E) rave a specialized knowledge of one or more fields

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimelerinin bir arada yer aldığı cümledeki IN THE FORMER CASE ile THE ACQUISITIONS EDITOR WHO WORK ON COLLEGE TEXTS ifade edilmektedir. Cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri ya da cümlede yer alan ifadenin benzeri seçeneklerde arandığında;

Soru anahtar kelimelerinin aynı içerikte verildiği cümlenin kelimelerinden içeren ve cümledeki ifadenin benzerine yer veren E seçeneği olmuştur.

E SEÇENEGiNDE cümledeki ifadenin benzeri görülmektedir. Sorunun doğru cevabı bu nedenle E ŞIKKIDIR.

(25) COPYEDITORS, who whip the manuscript into shape for the press, must possess a superb background in English and bring to their work high standards of accuracy and thoroughness along with a romarkablo attention to detail. 25. lt is obvious from the passage that THE WORK OF A COPYEDITüR ----. A) is ono of the easier on es in the publishing business B) hardly differs from that of the acquisitions editor C) has baan constantly undarratad D) requires an excellent grasp of the English language and the ability to give precise expressian E) combines specializad knowledge with communication skills and the ability to summarize assential points TEKNiK: Soru konusu parçanın son cümlesinde bahsedilmekte olup bu cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında ; D SEÇENEGiNDEKi require ile cümledeki must possess kelimelerinin , precise ile cümledeki accuracy kelimelerinin, grasp of the English language ile cümledeki superb background in English ifadelerinin anlarnca eşleştikleri görülmektedir ve bu nedenle seçenek doğru cevap olarak kabul edilmektedir.


489

YDS ŞiFRELERi

TEST VII Unlike the older forms of occultism, such as magic and astrology, organized occultism isa modern phenomenon. Few of the various organized occult movements have existed for more than 150 years; some were formed as a belated countermovement to the Enlightenment, when people began to follow rational schools of thought. Today's occult views are based on the idea that there are events within nature, as well as within one's spiritual life, which seem mysterious and cannot be explained by science. Examples include extrasensory perceptions such as telepathy and telekinesis, and haunted places or people. Believers maintain that these phenomena stern from un known powers that can often be accessed only by same people with special abilities. (1) BELIEVERS maintain that THESE PHENOMENA ste m from un known powers that can often be accessed onl BY SOME PEOPLE WITH SPECIAL ABILITIES. 1.

We understand from the passage that ADHERENTS OF OCCUL TISM CLAIM THAT CERTAIN PEOPLE ----. A) have extraordinary talents that allow the m to have contact with the un known B) C) D) E)

wactise ma9ic and explain events by means of astrolo§ical si9ns ·.ve re the pioneers of the anti Enli§htenment movoments in the ei§hteenth and nineteenth can teli us what places are haunted and why can teach others what extrasensory perceptions are

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimelerinin parçada ilk kez bir arada yer aldıkları cümlenin kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında; A SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan extraordinary talents kelimesi ile cümledeki unknown powers kelimesi aniamca eşleşmekte ve bu nedenle A SEÇENEGi doğru cevap olarak tercih edilmektedir.

centı:ıries

Soru anahtar kelimeleri parçanın ilk cümlesinde bir arada yer almaktadır. Cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinden birinin yakın anlamlısını içeren A seçeneğidir.

Few of the various organized (2) OCCULT MOVEMENTS have existed for more than 150 years; SOME were formed as a belated countermovement to the Enlightenment, when people began to follow rational schools of thought. 2.

According to the passage, SOME OF THE ORGANIZED OCCUL T MOVEMENTS IN THE PAST CAME INTO BEING ----. A) B) C) D)

as a result of various ma§ical and astrolo§ical practices s ince people in the past were seriously concerned about their extrasensory perceptions because the public '.Vas not satisf-ied with scientif-ic explanations of events in nature due to the assumption that many phenomena in nature were related to man's spirituallife

E) in reaction to the rational thinking style that characterized the Enlightenment TEKNiK: Soru konusu OCCUL T MOVEMENTS parçada ilk kez kutu içerisinde gösterilen cümlede geçmektedir. Cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında; E SEÇENEGiNiN cümlede işaretli anahtar kelimeleri içerdiği ve bu nedenle doğru cevap olduğu görülmektedir.

490

Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez bahsedildiği cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinden E seçenegi içermektedir.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi (3) TODAY'S OCCULT VIEWS are based on the idea that there are events within nature, as well as within one's s iritual life , wh ich seem m sterious and cannot be ex lained b science. 3.

As we learn from the passage, OCCUL T PRACTICES IN OUR TIME ----. A) am partimılarly widespmad among people who follow rational schools of thought B) have mestly focused on the mysteries of telepathy and telekinesis C) essentially stem from the occult movements of the past D) are concerned with phenomena which are thought to be scientifically inexplicab/e E) seem to IJenefit ft:em sGienGe in explaining natural phenomena

TEKNiK: Soru konusu OCCUL T PRACTISES IN OUR TIME parçada TODAY'S OCCUL T VIEWS olarak geçmektedir. Bu cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri cümlenin konusuna ilintili olarak seçeneklerde arandığında;

Soru anahtar kelimelerinin zaman belirteci ile verilmesi nedeni ile parçada bu kelimelerin aynı zaman belirteci ile birlikte yer aldığı cümle ele alınmıştır. Cümlenin anahtar kelimelerini cümle konusuna paralel kullanımda D seçeneği vermektedir.

D SEÇENEGiNiN cümle anahtar kelimelerini içerdiği görülmektedir. D i ğer seçenekler cümlenin anahtar kelimelerini içermemektedir ve ·E SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan anahtar kelimenin verdiği ifade parçadaki cümlede yer almamaktadır. Sorunun doğru cevabı bu nedenle D ŞIKKIDIR.

Unlike the older forms of occultism, such as (4) MAGIC AND ASTROLOGY, organized occultism is a modern henomenon. 4.

lt is implied in the passage that MAGIC AND ASTROLOGY ----. A) have failed as occult practices in explaining extrasensory perceptions B) are forms of occultism which can be traced back into the past C) lost their significance with the rise of rationalism during the Enlightenment D) d id not exist as occult practices prior to the Enlightenment E) have always been used in order to communicate with un known powers

TEKNiK: Soru kelimelerinin parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri sadece doğru cevap olan B SEÇENEGiNDE yer almaktadır .


Soru anahtar kelimelerinin parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümlenin kelimeleri B seçeneğinde görülmektedir.

491

YDS ŞiFRELERi Unlike the older forms of (5) OCCULTISM, such as magic and astrology, organized occultism is a modern henomenon. Believers maintain that these phenomena stern from unknown powers that can often be accessed only by some eo le with s ecial abilities. 5.

lt is obvious from the passage that OCCUL Tl SM----. A) seRtril=:ıı,ıtes eRermeı,ısly te a mere sempreheRsive ı,ım:lerstaRdiRg ef Ratı,ıre B) has gaiRed far mere pepı,ılarity iR medem times thaR iR the past C) is an unscientific practice that doesn't rely on rationality O) saR fully explaiR the spiritı,ıal side ef hı,ımaRity E) derives a gH~at deal fram magiG and astFQ/ogy

TEKNiK: Soru konusu parçanın ilk cümlesinin öznesi olup, parçanın ana konusu konumunda olması nedeni ile soru çözümlemesinde parçanın ana fikrini ortaya koyan ilk ve son cümlelerin ele alınmas ı gerekmektedir. Cümlelerin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında ; kelimeler C VE E SEÇENEKLERiNDE görülmektedir. C SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan unscientifıc practice kelimesi ile cümledeki unknown powers kelimesinin benzer anlam taşıdığı görülmektedir. E SEÇENEGiNDE occultism derives a great deal from magic and astrology ifadesinin cümlede yer almadığ ı ; cümlede magic ve astrology konularının occultism konusuna örnek teşkil ettikleri görülmektedir. Parça konusunu özetleyen C SEÇENEGi sorunun doğru cevabı olarak kabul edilmektedir.

492

Soru konusu parçanın ana konusu için parçanın ana konusunun özetlendiği ilk ve son cümleler anahtar kelime irdelemesi açısından ele alınmalıdır. Bu soruda ele alınan bu iki cümlede verilmek istenilen ifade sadece C seçeneğinde özetlenmektedir. olduğu


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi The assumption that a person's attitudes determine his or her behaviour is deeply ingrained in Western thinking, and in many instances the assumption holds. However, research has shown that the relationship between attitudes and behaviour is complex. A classic study conducted during the 1930s was the first to question the link. A white professor travelled across the US with a young Chinese couple. At that time, there was quite strong prejudice against Asians, and there were no laws against racial discrimination. The three travellers stopped at over 200 hotels, motels and restaurants, and were served at all the restaurants and all but one of the hotels and motels without problem . Later, a letter was sent to all of the establishments visited , asking them whether or not they would accept a Chinese couple as guests. Of the 128 replies received , 92 per cent said they would not. In other words , these proprietors expressed attitudes that were much more prejudiced than their behaviour. However, research has shown that (6) THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOUR is com lex. 6.

One understands from the passage that THE LINK BETWEEN ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOUR---. A) B) C) D)

had already l:ıeen estal:ılished l:ıefore the 1930s has always l:ıeen a major topis of psysholo9isal researsh has aroused a 9reat deal of sontroversy in the US is an area whish has l:ıeen ne9lested and , indeed, deserves fresh study

E) is not so definite as has been generally assumed

TEKNiK: Soru konusu THE LINK BETWEEN ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR ile kastedilen parçadaki THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR ifadesidir. Bu ifadenin parçada yer aldığı cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinden complex E SEÇENEGiNDE not so definite şeklinde ifade edilmiştir . Sorunun doğru cevabı bu nedenle E SEÇENEGiDiR.

Soru konusunun benzer ifadesinin parçada yer aldığı cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde aranmıştır. Cümlede yer alan ifadenin benzeri E seçeneğinde görülmüştür.

(7) IN OTHER WORDS, these proprietors expressed attitudes that were much more prejudiced than their behaviour. 7.

As ONE CONCLUDES from the passage, RACIAL DISCRIMINATION ----. A) B) C) D)

is the way where ay the relati9Rship betv.reeR attitudes aRd behaw9fiF san l:ıest l:ıe assassed has always l:ıeen a major issue in the US and sannot l:ıe eradisated 'Nas a prol:ılem of the 1930s in the US, l:ıut has now di sappeared alto9ether in the US and the rest of the world san l:ıe fou9ht most effestively throu!Jh le9islation

E) was not practised by a great majority of the proprietors visited by the professor and his Chinese companions TEKNiK: Sorudaki ONE CONCLUDES THAT.... soru yönergesi Çıkarım sorusu olması nedeni ile soru sorunun çıkarım sorusu olduğunu göstermektedir ve bu konusu hakkında çıkarımda nedenle RACIAL DISCRIMINATION konusunun anlatıldığı bulunabilinmesi için soru konusunun cümlelerin sonuncusu soru çözümünde ele alınmaktadır. A ele alındığı cümlelerin en sonuncusu SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan the relationship between irdelenmiştir . Cümlenin anahtar attitudes and behaviour ifadesi cümlede yer almamaktadır. kelimeleri seçeneklerde aranmış ve B, C VE D SEÇENEKLERiNDE cümle ile ortak ya da benzer cümlede verilen ifadenin benzeri E anahtar kelimeler görülmemektedir. E SEÇENEGiNDE yer seçeneğinde bulunmuştur. alan ortak anahtar kelime ve ifade cümledeki ile eşleşmektedir. Bu nedenle sorunun doğru cevabı E SEÇENEGiDiR.


493

YDS ŞiFRELERi (8) A WHITE PROFESSOR travelled across the US with a young CHINESE COUPLE. AT THAT TIME, there was quite strong prejudice against Asians , and there were no laws against racial discrimination. THE THREE TRAVELLERS stopped at over 200 hotels, motels and restaurants , and were served at all the restaurants and all but one of the hotels and motels without problem. 8.

lt is pointed out in the passage that, DURING THEIR TRAVELS, THE PROFESSOR AND THE CHINESE COUPLE ----. A) woro ofton harasseEl by the propriotors B) woro 9oing rosearch to fin9 e~oJt whethor a person's

bohavio~oJr

affocts his or hor

attit~oJ9os

C) encountered discriminatory behaviour only on one occasion O) woro not ~oJpsot at all by the proprietors' racist attit~oJ9os E) wore oıGremoly surp!'ised by the proprietsrs' prejudiGe against thom

TEKNiK: Soruda ye alan zaman belirteci soru konusunun anlatıldığı tüm cümlelerin ele alınmasını gerekli kılmaktadır . Parçada soru konusu üç cümlede aniatılmakla olup; bu üç cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında ; Sadece C SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan ifadenin cümlelerde ifade edilmek istenileni özetiediği ve bu nedenle seçeneğin doğru cevap olarak tercih edilmesi gerektiği görülmektedir.

Soru konusu ile verilen zaman belirteçleri parçada irdelenecek cümleyi ya da cümleleri belirlemede önem taşır. Bu soruda yer alan DURING ... zaman belirteci konunun anlatıldığı üç cümlenin de irdelenmesini gerekli kılmıştır. Cümlelerdeki ifadenin benzerine yer veren C seçeneği olmuştur.

A white professor travelled (9) ACROSS THE US with a young Chinese couple . AT THAT TIME, there was quite stron pre'udice a ainst Asians, and there were no laws a ainst racial discrimination. 9.

The point has been made in the passage that THE AMERICAN PEOPLE ----. A) have always beeR remarkab!y hsspitab!e to Asians visiting Amarica B) in the 1930s really did dislike Asians C) have wago9 war against racial 9iscrimination sinco the 1930s O) an9 the AsiaRs have always disGrimiRated against oach other E) always 9o thoir best to provi9o comfort for thoir g~oJosts , no matter ·.vhat their racial

TEKNiK: Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez ele

alındığı

cümle ele

alınırken ;

AT THAT TIME zaman belirteci ile soru konusunun ilk kez ele alındığı cümlenin açıklaması olan bir diğer cümle de soru çözümünde ele alınmalıdır. Kutu içerisinde gösterilen bu iki cümlenin geemis zamana ait bilgi vermeleri nedeni ile su anı niteleyen A, C VE D SEÇENEKLERi ve cümlelerin anahtar kelimelerini içermeyen E SEÇENEGi elenmelidir. B SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan koyu renkle işaretli ifadenin cümledeki there was prejudice against Asians ifadesi ile eşleşmesi nedeni ile doğru cevap B SEÇENEGi olarak kabul edilmektedir.

494

backgro~oJn9

Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez ele cümle ve cümlenin ardından gelen ve konu hakkında detaylı bilgi veren açıklama cümlesi anahtar kelime açısından irdelenmektedir. Cümlelerin tense yapısı ile seçeneklerinki kıyaslanmış ve cümle ile aynı zaman yapısına sahip seçeneğin aynı zamanda cümlede verilmak istenilen ifadeyi özetiediği görülmüştür. alındığı


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi Later, (10) ALETTER was sent to all of the establishments visited, asking them whether or not they would accept a Chinese couple as guests. Of the 128 REPLIES received, 92 per cent said they would not. IN OTHER WORDS, these PROPRIETORS expressed attitudes that were much more prej_udiced than their behaviour. 10. lt is clear from the passage that THE REPLIES THE PROFESSOR RECEIVED FROM THE PROPRIETORS TO WHOM HE SENT LETTERS ----. A) revealed a strong attitude of racial discrimination against the Chinese B) C) O) E)

could not be regarded as an indication of prevalent racism in the US were not GORGerned with the iRte!'relaUonship between one's attitudes and behaviour were confined only to a very smail part of the US clearly shovted why one's attitudes determtne one's behav-iour

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimeleri parçada aynı cümle içerisinde geçmeyip ardı ardına gelen üç ayrı cümlelde yer almaktadır . Sorunun çözümlemesinde bu üç cümle birlikte ele alındığında;

Cümlelerde yer alan anahtar kelimeleri ve ifadeterin benzerini içeren seçeneğin A ŞIKKI olduğu görülmektedir. Diğer seçeneklerde yer alan ifadeterin cümlelerde geçmemeleri nedeni ile seçenekler elenmekte ve doğru cevap A SEÇENEGi olarak kabul edilmektedir.


Soru anahtar kelimeleri aynı cümle içerisinde bir arada yer almadığında; anahtar kelimelerin geçtiği tüm cümleler irdelenmelidir. Soruda ele alınan cümlelerden birinde geçen ifadenin benzerini ve cümleterin anahtar kelimelerini içeren seçeneğin A şıkkı olduğu görülmüştür.

495

YDS ŞiFRELERi When you stay as a guest in someone's house, you give up your anonymity. This becomes quite a challenge if you are the kind of person who cherishes independence. However, when you and your host are on the same wavelength, you can have a trip more special than money can buy. Some years ago when ı went to Auckland, New Zealand , for the first time, my hosts were a couple, about my age, whom 1had met while travelling in Europe. They had a full programme lined up for me. They drove me areund and showed me their favourite hot springs and

also the beach where a popular TV series had once been filmed. At mealtimes. they introduced me to their favourite restaurants , where 1sampled cheeses from south New Zealand that don't get exported , and fruits grown locally. Normally such a tight schedule would make me nervous, but 1found myself happily relinquishing control to my hosts, who truly understood the pleasures of their native country and enjoyed sharing them. 1 couldn't have encountered this New Zealand on my own.

Normally such a tight schedule would make me nervous, but 1 found myself happily relinquishing control to my hosts, who trul understood the pleasures of their native count and en·o ed sharin them.

11. As we understand from the passage, THE NARRATOR ----. A) ·.vas a porson who sharnolossly oxploitod the couple's hospitality B) oxpoctod his hosts to rnoot all the oxponsos of his sightseoing in and areund Auckland C) and his hosts had simi/ar tastes and interests, which made his trip most enjoyable O) was rnore interestad in aating than visiting placos E) eRj9)'ed tlıe begiRRiRg of the holiday l:ıut not the lattor part

TEKNiK: Soruda yazar ile ilgili bilgi sorulmaktadır. Yazarın duygularının ifade edildiği cümle soru çözümünde irdelenmek üzere kutu içerisinde gösterilmektedir. Kutu içerisinde gösterilen cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri ve cümlede verilmek istenilen ifade seçeneklerde arandığında; Kelimeler ve ifade sadece doğru cevap olan C SEÇENEGiNDE görülmektedir.

Soruda yazar hakkında bilgi parçada yazarın duygularını ifade eden son cümleler ele alınmalıdır. Soruda yazarın duygularını payşaltığı cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri ve cümledeki ifadenin benzeri C seçeneğinde yer istendiğinde;

almaktadır .

When you stay as a guest in someone's house, you give up your anonymity. THIS becomes quite a challenge if ou are the kind of erson who cherishes 12 INDEPENDENCE.

12. lt is suggested in the passage that A PERSON WITH A SENSE OF INDEPENDENCE ----. A) B) C) O)

onjoys travolling togothor with other peoplo can rnako frionds oasily •,vhilo travolling soan rnixos with other pooplo \Vants to l:ıo lod areund l:ıy frionds who know the torritory

E) usually prefers to be anonymous when he or she travels TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesinin parça da geçtiği cümlenin THIS ..... . zamiri ile başlaması zamir cümlesinin öncesinde yer alan cümlenin açıklaması olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu nedenle soru çözümünde soru anahtar kelimesinin yer aldığı cümle ve açıklama cümlesi birlikte ele alınmalıdır. Cümlelerin anahtar kelimelerinden içeren tek seçenek doğru cevap olan E ŞIKKIDIR.

Soru konusunun parçada geçtiği cümleyi takip eden cümle bir önceki cümle hakkında açıklamada bulunuyor ise ; soru çözümlemesinde iki cümle birlikte ele alınmalıdır . Soruda bu teknik ile ele alınan iki cümlenin anahtar kelimelerini içeren E seçeneği olmuştur.

496


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 13. According to the passage, WHILE THE NARRATOR WAS IN NEW ZEALAND. HE----. A) tried to find ways where by he Gould trav-el independently

B) had the opportunity to taste the native produce unique to the country C) v.t-as frustrated vi-ith the progFamme preparod for him by his hosts D) was partiGularly attraGted by the loGation of a popular TV series E) dffd not hav-e enough money to see the other par-ts of the sountry outside Au skiand TEKNiK: Soruda yazarın New Zealand'daki deneyimleri hakkında bilgi istenmesi nedeni ile seçeneklerde yer alan ifadelerin parçadaki geçip geçmediklerine bakılmalıdır. Cümlede geçen ifadenin benzerine yer veren sadece doğru cevap olan B SEÇENEGi olarak görülmektedir.

deneyimler bilgi sorulduğunda; seçeneklerde yer alan ifadeler parçanın genelinde aranmalıdır. Soruda B seçeneğindeki ifadenin parçada yazarın yaşadığı deneyimlerden biri olduğu görülmektedir.

Soruda

yazarın yaşadığı

hakkında

Some years ago when (14) 1went to Auckland, New Zealand, for the m a e, whom ı had met while travellin in Euro e.

fırst

time, MY HOSTS were a couple, about

14. lt is pointed out in the passage that THE NARRATOR AND HIS HOSTS ----. A) knew each other before he travelled to New Zealand B) C) D) E)

had mado a long journoy togothor asross many European sountrios spent a fortune to oxporionso the pleasures of Nev: Zealand woro gonuinoly interestad in sampling a large v-ariety of Nev: Zealand's food and drinks woro independent poople who proforrod to bo on thoir own

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimelerinin parçada bir arada yer aldığı cümledeki my hosts whom ı had met whiıe travelling ifadesi A SEÇENEGiNDE the narrator and the hosts knew each other before travelling ifadesi ile özetlenmektedir. Sorunun doğru cevabı bu nedenle A SEÇENEGi olarak kabul edilir.


Soru anahtar kelimelerinin parçada aynı içerikte geçtiği cümlenin kelimeleri ve cümledeki ifadenin benzeri sadece A seçeneğinde geçtiği görülmektedir.

497

YDS ŞiFRELERi Normally such a tight schedule would make me nervous, but 1 found myself happily relinquishing control to m hosts, who trul u nderstood the leasures of their native count and en'o ed sharin them .

15. lt is implied in the passage that THE NARRATOR USUALLY LIKES ----. A) B) C) O)

lo sal food mora than nationally pop1:1lar food to be in Na•lı.' Zaaland rathar than in E1:1ropa or any:whara alsa to follow a full programma on his travals to see his travals as a ahallengo

E) to travel in a relaxed and leisurely way TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimeleri ile birlikte verilen zaman zarfı parçada NORMALLY zarfı US UALL Y olarak geçmektedir. Bu zarfın ve soru konusu olan NARRATOR kelimesinin geçtiği cümledeki such a tight schedule {travelling schedule) would make me nervous ifadesi E SEÇENEGiNDE he usually likes to travel in a relaxed way şeklinde özetlenmektedir. Cümledeki ifadenin zıt anlamlısının yer aldığı E SEÇENEGi doğru cevap olarak kabul edilmekted ir.

Soru anahtar kelimeleri ile birlikte verilen BAGLAÇ , ZAMAN BELiRTEÇLERi VE ZAMAN ZARFLARI parçada irdelenmesi gereken cümlenin belirlenmesinde büyük rol oynamaktadırlar. Soruda verilen zaman zarfının eş anlamlısının soru konusu ile birlikte yer aldığı cümlede verilen ifadenin benzeri E seçeneğinde yer almaktadır .

In Finland now, everything is all right. Fifteen years after one of the worst recessions any European country has seen , triggered by the collapse of the Soviet Union , the Finns feel very content. Their smail country of a population of 5 million is the fırst in the World Economic Forum's list of the world's most competitive countries, and the second in its business-competitiveness index. lt is also the fırst in the OECD's world ranking of educational performance and has the second-highest share of research - and - development spending in the European Union. Moreover, the country is reversing its demographic decline and, hence, its fertility rate is one of the highest in Europe. Perhaps best of all the Finns are facing globalization without paranoia.Theirs is one of the few European countries to have succeeded in businesses in which international prices are falling because of global competition and technological change. In most of Europe public opinion and even business elites seem gloomily resigned to being overwhelmed by lndia and China . Finland suggests that this fate is not inevitable.

{16) IT IS ALSO the first in the OECD's world ranking of educational performance and has the second-highest share of research- and- develo ment s endin in the Euro ean Union.

16. We learn from the passage that, IN ADDITION TO FINLAND'S RECENT ECONOMIC SUCCESS, ----. A) it is also a pop1:1lar to1:1rist dostination B) it is rasigned to baing ovePIJhalmad by lndia C) it also ranks very high in education O) it ramains in a daap rasession E) its b1:1sinessas ara not globally sompatitive TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimeleri ile verilen 'IN ADDITION' bağiacı parçada soru konusu ile birlikte ALSO şeklinde geçmektedir. Bu cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinden ranking ve educational performance sadece C SEÇENEGiNDE yer almaktadır.

498

Soru konusu ile birlikte verilen bağlacın ya da benzer görevde olanının parçada yer aldığı cümle soru çözümlemesinde ele alınmalıdır . Sorudaki bağlaç ile soru konusunun bir arada yer aldığı cümlenin anahtar kelimelerini C seçeneği içermektedir.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi (17) FIFTEEN YEARS AFTER one of the worst recessions any European country has seen, triggered by the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Finns feel very content. 17. lt is clear from the passage that FINLAND'S PREVIOUSLY WEAK ECONOMY ----. A) was ca u sed by the collapse of the Soviet Union B) C) D) E)

had no effect on the country's standing in the VVorld Economic ı:=orum caused the country to spend more on research and development improved dramatically fifteen years ago became stronger after it began to reverse its demographic desline

TEKNiK: Soruda yer alan PREVIOUSLY zarfı ile geçmiş hakkında bilgi istenmektedir. Bu nedenle parçada geçmiş zamanda bilgi veren ilk cümle ele alınmalıdır. Bu soruda FIFTEEN YEARS AFTER zaman belirteci parçanın ilk cümlesinde geçmektedir ve cümlenin anahtar kelimelerini içeren A SEÇENEGiDiR.

Soruda geçmiş ya da şu anı niteleyen bir zaman zarfı yer aldığında; parçada bu zamanı niteleyen zarf, zaman belirteci ya da zaman cümleciği aranmalıdır. Bu soruda parçanın ilk cümlesinde geçmişe ait zaman yapısına yer veren cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri A seçeneğinde görülmektedir.

(18) THEIR SMALL COUNTRY OF A POPULATION of 5 million is the first in the World Economic Forum's list of the world 's most com etitive countries, and the second in its business-com etitiveness index. MOREOVER, the country is reversing its (18) DEMOGRAPHIC DECLINE and, hence, its fertility rate is one of the hi hest in Euro e.

18. We understand from the passage that FINLAND'S POPULATION ----. A) resents outside interference in its economy B) ts hesomiRg 9Re of the highest iR Europe C) is an extremely competitive one when it comes to internal trade D) is now increasing due to a higher birth rate E) is not 'Nell oducated by European standards

TEKNiK: Soruda FINLANDIYA'NIN NÜFUSU hakkında bilgi istenmesi nedeni ile parçada nüfus hakkında bilgi veren ya da rakamsal değer içeren iki cümle ele alınmaktadır. ilk cümle population diğer cümle de decline kelimeleri ile nüfus hakkında sayısal değer leri ortaya koymaktadır. Bu iki cümledeki anahtar kelimeler seçeneklerde birebir bulunamamaktadır, ancak cümlede işaretli is reversing; decline; the highest fertility rate kelimelerinin yakın anlamlıları (is increasing; a higher birth rate) D SEÇENEGiNDE yer almaktadır.


Soru konusu NÜFUS olarak konunun parçada geçtiği ve nüfus ile ilgili sayısal değerlerin yer aldığı cümleler soru çözümünde ele alınmalıdır. Bu soruda ele alınan cümlelerin ilkinde yer alan anahtar kelimeler seçeneklerde görülmemekledir ancak ikinci cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri ve cümledeki ifadelerin benzeri D seçeneğinde yer almaktadır.

verildiğinden

499

YDS ŞiFRELERi Their smail country of a population of 5 million is the fırst in (19) THE WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM'S list of the world's most competitive countries , and the second in its business-competitiveness index. lt is ALSO the first in the OECD's world ranking of educational performanca and has the second-highest share of research - and development spending in the European Union . MOREOVER, the country is reversing its demographic decline and, hence, its fertility rate is one of the highest in Europe. 19. We see from the passage that FINLAND'S ECONOMY ----. A) B) C) D)

is by far the strongest in the y,ıorld remains unaffeGted by technological change is stili undargoing the effects of the fall of the Soviet Union has had a d5FeGt eff.eGt 9R its fertility Fate

E) hasn't always been stable

TEKNiK: Soruda FiNLANDIYA EKONOMiSi hakkında bilgi istenmesi nedeni ile konunun parçada ilk geçtiği cümle ile birlikte ALSO ve MOREOVER bağlaçlarının yer aldığı açıklama cümleleri de soru çözümünde ele alınmaktadır. Bu üç cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında; Kelimeler seçeneklerde birebir bulunamamaktadır, ancak cümlelerde yer alan anahtar kelimelerin verdiğ i ifade E SEÇENEGiNDE özetlenmektedir. Cümlelerde yer alan the first, the second, decline kelimeleri ekonomideki değişkenliği ortaya koymaktadır ve E SEÇENEGiNDEKi not stable kelimesi bu değişkenliği ifade etmektedir.

Soru konusunun parçada ilk geçtiği cümle ele alınırken; cümleyi takip eden açıklama cümleleri de soru çözümünde ele alınmalıdır. Cümleledeki anahtar kelimelerin cümlelere yüklediği ifade E seçeneğinde yer almaktadır.

Their smail country of a population of 5 million is the first in the World ECONOMIC Forum's list of the world's most com etitive countries , and the second in its business-com etitiveness index. 20. According to the passage, ONE INDICATOR OF FINLAND'S ECONOMIC SUCCESS IS ITS ----. A) experience with recession B) high ranking within the World Economic Forum

C) paranoia regarding globalization D) smail population E) public opinion regarding China TEKNiK: Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümlenin koyu renkle işaretli anahtar kelimelerini içeren B SEÇENEGiDiR. Seçenek bu teknik doğrultusunda sorunun doğru cevabıdır.

soo

Soru konusunun parçada ilk geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimelerini B seçeneği içermektedir.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi /

Until the giant American energy company Enron collapsed, and its director Kenneth Lay was imprisoned , his life had been a model of the American dream of rising from rags to riches on the strength of merit and hard work. His beginnings were socially and fınancially very modest. He was born in Tyrone, Missouri, in 1942, as the son of a preacher who was also a part-time salesman . He helped his father make ends meet by cutting grass and delivering papers. His start in the energy industry seemed similarly modest. After obtaining a doctoral degree in economics from the University of Houston , he got his start in the booming Texan oil industry. In 1985 he merged Houston Natural Gas with lnterNorth of Nebraska in order to form Enron. As Enron became stronger, Mr Lay turned increasingly to politics and was one of the biggest donors to the Bush-Cheney campaign . After Mr Bush entered the White House, Mr Lay had hopes of a seat in the cabinet, perhaps as energy secretary or even at the Treasury. However, for reasons that remain unclear, Mr Bush overlooked him, so his professional life ended in trustratian .

(21) AFTER MR BUSH entered the White House, MR LAY had hopes of a seat in the cabinet, perhaps as energy secretary or even at the Treasury. However, for reasons that remain unclear, Mr Bush overlooked him, so his professionallife ended in frustration. 21. According to the passage , AFTER MR BUSH WAS ELECTED PRESIDENT OF THE US, KENNETH LAY

A) turned incroasingly to politics B) eocamo involvod in tho Toxan oil industry C) was not offered a cabinet seat D) oetainod a doctoral dogroo from tho University of Houston E) dissolvod Enron, tho company ho had croatod

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimelerini soruda yer alan zaman bağiacı AFTER ile birlikte aynı içerikte veren cümledeki kelimelerden biri ve ardından gelen açıklama cümlesindeki ifadenin benzeri doğru cevap olan C SEÇENEGiNDE yer almaktadır.

Soru anahtar kelimelerinin bir arada geçtiği cümle ve ardından gelen açıklama cümlesi irdelenir; cümlelerin anahtar kelimelerini ve cümlelerden birinde yer alan ifadeyi C seçeneği içermektedir ..

In 1985 he merged Houston Natural Gas with lnterNorth of Nebraska in order to form (22) ENRON. 22. lt is clear from the passage that THE GIANT AMERICAN ENERGY COMPANY ENRON WAS FOUNDED THROUGH ----. A) B) C) D)

Konnoth Lay's incroasing intorost in politics Konnoth Lay's droam of rising from rags to richos tho fact that Konnoth Lay had eoon imprisonod Konnoth Lay's modost eoginnings as tho son of a proachor and part time salosman

E) the merging of two companies: Houston Natural Gas and lnterNorth TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimelerinin parçada bir arada yer aldığı cümle anahtar kelimeri açısından seçeneklerde irdelendiğinde ;

Anahtar kelimeleri E SEÇENEGiNiN içerdiği görülmektedir. Cümlede verilmek istenilen ifadeyi içeren E SEÇENEGi sorunun doğru cevabı olarak kabul edilmektedir.


Soru anahtar kelimelerinin parçada ilk kez bir arada yer aldığı cümle irdelenmelidir. Bu soruda ele alınan parçanın ilk cümlesinin anahtar kelimeleri E seçeneğinde görülmektedir.

501

YDS ŞiFRELERi He was born) n Tyrone, Missouri, in 1942, (23) AS THE SON of a preacher who was also a part-time salesman . He helped his father make ends meet b cuttin rass and deliverin papers. 23. We understand from the passage that, WHEN KENNETH LAY WAS A CHILD, he----. A) vrorlfed asa part t5me sa/esmaR togothor with his fathor B) waRied 19 beG9me a preaGher /ike his falher C) movod with his family from Tyrone , Misseı:ıri , to Houston, Texas D) contributed to his family's ineome by working at part-time jobs

E) dreamed of laesoming an oil tysoon TEKNiK: Soruda KENNETH LAY'in COCUKLUGU hakkında bilgi istenmektedir. Born, son, father gibi anahtar kelimeler konunun bahsedildiği cümleleri belirlemede yardımcı olmaktadır. Cümlelerin birinde yer alan he helped his father ifadesi D SEÇENEGiNDE yer almaktadır.

Soru konusu parçada iki cümle içerisinde ele alındığı için; iki cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri ve cümlelerde yer alan ifadeler seçeneklerde aranmıştır . Cümlelerde verilmek istenilen ifade D seçeneğinde yer almaktadır .

As Enron became stronger, (24) MR LAY turned increasingly to politics and was one of the biggest donors to the BUSH-Cheney cam ai n. 24. We can infer from the passage that KENNETH LAY EXPECTED MR BUSH TO OFFER HIM A HIGH POSITION IN HIS ADMINISTRATION BECAUSE MR LAY----. A) had contributed a very large amount of money to Mr Bush's presidential campaign B) C) D) E)

was an important player in the Texan oil industry was frusıraled vl-ilh his p91itiGallife had olatained a high level of edusation, and was therefore quite knowledgealale had laosome very rich through his hard work

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimelerinin parçada ilk kez bir arada yer aldığı cümlenin kelimelerini sadece A SEÇENEGi içermektedir. Cümledeki donor ile seçenekteki a large amount of money kelimeleri aniamca eşleşmekte ve cümledeki campaign kelimesi seçenekte de yer almaktadır . Sorunun doğru cevabı bu nedenle A ŞIKKKIDIR.

502

Soru anahtar kelimelerinin parçada ilk kez bir arada geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimelerini A seçeneği içermektedir.


1

YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi Until the giant American energy company Enron collapsed, and its director (25) KENNETH LAY WAS IMPRISONED, his life had been a model of the American dream of rising from rags to riches on the strength of merit and hard work. 25. We see from the passage that KENNETH LAY'S IMPRISONMENT WAS ----. A) the res~:ılt of his in•Jolvemont in the B~:ısh Cheney campaign B) a missarriage ofj~:ıstise C) d~:ıe to a erime he had sommitted •,ıvhile st~:ıdying at the University of l=lo~:ıston D) sarried o~:ıt despite the fast that he was a good friend of President B~:ısh E) implemented at araund the same time that Enron, the company he had founded, cal/apsed

TEKNiK: Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinden Enron, founded (director) ve collapsed sadece doğru cevap olan E SEÇENEGiNDE yer almaktadır.


ı

Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez ele cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri E seçeneğinde gorülmektedir.

alındığı

503

YDS ŞiFRELERi

TEST VIII Engineering is akin to writing or painting in that it is a creative endeavor that begins in the mind's eye and proceeds into new frontiers of thought and action , where it does not so much find as make new things. Just as the poet starts with a blank sheet of paper and the artist with a blank canvas, so the engineer today begins with a blank computer screen . Until the outlines of a design are set down, however tentatively, there can be no appeal to science or to critica! analysis to judge or test the design. Scientific, rhetorical or aesthetic principles may be called on to inspire, retine and finish a design, but creative things do not come of applying the principles alone. Without the sketch of a thing or a diagram of a process, scientific facts and laws are of little use to engineers. Science may be the theater, but engineering is the action on the stage.

(1) ENGINEERING is akin to writing or painting in that it is a creative endeavor that begins in the mind 's eye and roceeds into new frontiers of thou ht and action, where it does not so much find as make new thin s. Science may be the theater, but (1) ENGINEERING is the action on the stage.

1.

THE WRITER'S MAIN AIM in this passage is to --. A) show how many diffenmt types 9f Greativity there are B) stress the creative and constructive aspects of an engineer's work C) compara and centrast the way p9ets aRd paiRtel's vmrk D) show that literary creativity is sı,ıperior to the paiRter's Greativity E) establish the fact that it is the eRgiReers' SGieRtifiG kR9ıtlledge that makes him Greative

TEKNiK: Soruda yazarın amacı sorulması nedeni ile bir parçanın konusunu ve ana fikrini veren ilk ve son cümleleri ele alınmalıdır. Parçanın ilk ve son cümlelerinde yer alan engineering ortak kelimesi parçanın konusu olup kelime B VE E SEÇENEKLERiNDE yer almaktadır. Parçanın konusunu içermeyen diğer seçenekler elenmektedir. Bu iki seçenek irdelendiğinde;

E SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan ifadenin cümlelerde geçmediği ancak B SEÇENEGiNDEKi ifadenin cümlelerde ele alınan konuyu içerdiği görülmektedir. Parçanın yazılma amacını ortak anahtar kelimeleri ile ortaya koyan B SEÇENEGi doğru cevap olarak kabul edilmektedir.

504

Soruda

yazarın parçayı

yazmadaki bir parçanın ana fikrini ortaya koyan ilk ve son cümleler soru çözümünde ele alınmalıdır . Bu soruda ele alınan cümlelerden çıkarımda bulunularak parçanın konusu belirlenmiş ve yazarın amacını ortaya koyan parça konusu B seçeneğinde ifade edilmiştir. amacı sorulduğunda;


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi (2) SCIENTIFIC, rhetorical or aesthetic PRINCIPLES may be called on to inspire, retine and fın i sh a design, but creative things do not come of applying the principles alone. Without the sketch of a thing or a diagram of a process, scientific facts and laws are of little use to eng ineers. 2.

We understand from the passage that, for the eng ineer, SCIENTIFIC LAWS ----. A) only have a role to play after a design has taken some sort of form B) C) D) E)

are only rele>~ant in details concerning safety are a constant factor all throı:ıgh the creative proGess of desigR play an im portant role only when it comes to finalizing certain details are rarely applicable at any stage in his projects

TEKNiK: Soru konusu SCIENTIFIC LAWS parçada ilk kez SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES olarak kutu içerisinde gösterilen cümlede geçmektedir. Cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinden design A VE C SEÇENEKLERiNDE geçmektedir. C SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan process of design kelimesi cümlede yer almadığı icin seçenek elenmektedir. A SEÇENEGi dışındaki seçenekler cümle anahtar kelimelerini içermemekte ve bu nedenle parçadaki bir diğer cümle anahtar kelime ya da benzer ifade açısından irdelenmelidir. ikinci cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinin cümleye yüklediği anlam doğru cevap olan A SEÇENEGiNDE yer almaktadır .

Soru konusunun parçada ilk geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinden birinin seçenekte yer alması soru çözümlemesinde yeterli olmayabilir. Cümlede verilen ifade seçeneklerde yer almıyor ise; parçanın konusu hakkında bilgi veren açıklama cümlesi ele alınmalıdır. Soruda ilk cümleden anahtar kelime içeren ve açıklama cümlesindeki ifadenin benzerine yer veren A seçeneği olmuştur .

Scientific, rhetorical or (3) AESTHETIC PRINCIPLES may be called on to inspire, retine and fınish a design , but creative thin s do not come of a ı in the rinci les alone. 3.

The point is made in the passage that AESTHETIC PRINCIPLES ----. A) haı,ıe R9 plaGe iR aR eRgiReer's desigR B) are central to the very best works of art

C) and creativity are two very different things D) cannot be taı:ıght or learnt E) can infı:ıse life into an ili conceiı~ed poem TEKNiK: Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümlen in anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında ; Cümledeki koyu renkle işaretli anahtar kelimenin ve cümlede verilmek istenilen ifadenin doğru cevap olan C SEÇENEGiNDE yer aldığı görülmektedir.


Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez bahsedildiği cümlenin anahtar kelimelerine cümle konusuna paralel kullanımda yer veren C seçeneği olmuştur.

505

YDS ŞiFRELERi Just as (4) THE POET starts with a blank sheet of paper and the artist with a blank canvas, so the engineer today begins with a blank computer screen. Until the outlines of a design are set down, however tentatively, there can be no appeal to science or to critica! analysis to judge or test the design. Scientific, rhetorical or aesthetic principles may be called on to inspire, refine and finish a design, but creative things do not come of applying the principles alone.

4.

lt can be inferred from the passage that, ONCE A POET HAS ACHIEVED THE BASIC CORE OF HIS POEM , ---- .

A) the creative process is coR'lplete B) ho tends to lose interest in it C) he s#Jauld wait a w#Jile 9efeFe tFansGri9ing it anta a 9/ank s#Jeet afpaper D) aesthetic princip/es may help him to intensify and complete it E) he Fflust start to exaFfline it for flaws and than reFflove theFfl TEKNiK: Soru konusu POET parçada ilk kez kutu içerisinde gösterilen cümlede geçmektedir. Cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri arandığında; kelimeler sadece C seçeneklerde SEÇENEGiNDE görülebilmektedir. Ancak seçenekteki anahtar kelimelerin verdiği ifade cümlede yer almamaktadır. Ortak

anahtar kelime ve ifade için; soru konusunun ile irdelenmelidir.

bulunamadığı sırası

belirlenen geçtiği

diğer

cümlede cümleler

Cümleler sırası ile irdelendiğinde; kutu içerisinde gösterilen üçüncü cümledeki anahtar kelimelerin ve cümledeki ifadenin benzerinin doğru cevap olan D SEÇENEGiNDE yer aldığı görülmektedir.

Soru konusunun parçada ilk geçtiği cümle ile seçenekler arasında cümle konusuna paralel kullanımda ortak anahtar kelime bulunamadığında ; cümleyi takip eden diğer cümleler ortak anahtar kelime irdelemesi açısından sırayla incelenmelidir. Soruda üçüncü cümleden anahtar kelime içeren D seçeneği olmuştur.

Engineering is akin to writing or painting in that it isa (5) CREATIVE endeavor that begins in the mind 's eye and roceeds into new frontiers of thou ht and action, where it does not so much find as make new thin

5.

According to the writer of the passage, EACH ACT OF CREATIVITY ----. A) necessitates the crossing of frontiers and entry into un known regions B) C) D) E)

is dependent upon a storehouse of closely related knowledge arises aiFflost equally out of thought and inspiration and knowledge has soR'le bearing on other acts of creativity in ane spheFe af endeav-aur has its Gaunterpart in anather

TEKNiK: Soru konusunun parçada ilk geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri A ve E SEÇENEKLERiNDE yer almakta ancak E SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan ifadenin cümlede geçmediği görülmektedir. Ortak anahtar kelime ve cümledeki ile benzer ifade içeren A SEÇENEGi doğru cevap kabul edilmektedir.

506

Soru konusunun parçada geçtiği cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde cümlenin konusuna paralel kullanımda yer almalıdır. Soruda cümlede verilmek istenilen ifadeyi ortak anahtar kelimeleri ile özetleyen A seçeneğidir.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi Just as every teenager thinks he is brighter than his parents, every decade considers itself superior to the one that came before. Over the past few months, we of the 2000 decade have made it quite clear that we are morally heads above those who lived in the 1990s. We've done it first by establishing a reigning eliche for that period. Just as the 1960s are known for student unrest, the 1980s for Reagan, Thatcher and the Yuppies , the 1990s will henceforth be known as the second Gilded Age. They will be known as the age when the real problems in the world were ignored while the illusions of the dotcom types were celebrated . lt was the age of effortless abundance, cell phones on every ear, stock markets that only went up and Mercedes sport utility vehicles . Never before had business leaders enjoyed so much prestige , and never before had capitalism had fewer mortal enemies. Bill Gates couldn't be on enough business-magazine covers ; tycoons like him felt free to assume the role of global sages , writing boks with such weighty titles as "The Road Ahead ."

(6) IT WAS THE AGE of effortless abundance, cell phones on every ear, stock markets that only went up and Mercedes sport utility vehicles NEVER BEFORE had business leaders enjoyed so much prestige , and never before had capitalism had fewer mortal enemies. 6.

According to the passage, THE DECADE OF THE 1990S WAS CHARACTERIZED BY----. A) capitalism, blindness and possessions B) C) D) E)

hard work, greed and the need to communicate indifference, immorality and selfishness generosity, spontaneity and individuality disagreements, competition and prejudice

TEKNiK: 1990 DÖNEMi soru konusu olduğu için bu dönem hakkında bilgi veren cümleler soru çözümünde ele alınmaktadır . Parçada dönemin anlatıldığı kutu içerisinde gösterilen bu iki cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinden ca.P.italism ve possessions doğru cevap olan A SEÇENEGINDE yer almaktadır ve diğer seçenekler anahtar kelime içermemeleri nedeni ile elenmektedir.

Soru konusu olarak belirli bir dönem hakkında bilgi istendiğinde; soru çözümünde parçadan tek bir cümle ele alınmayıp, dönem hakkında bilgi veren tüm cümleler irdelenmelidir. Soruda irdelenen ve soru konusu hakkında bilgi veren cümlelerden anahtar kelime içeren A seçeneği olmuştur.

Over the past few months, we of (7) THE 2000 DECADE have made it quite clear that we are morally heads above those who lived in the 1990s. 7.

In the opinion of the author of the passage, THE 2000 DE CAD E----. A) differs vept little from the decade of Reagan , Thatcher and the Yuppies B) inherited a failing global economy from the previous decade C) is far more moral than the preceding one D) stili ad m ires the ';alu es of #he I:JusiRe&& leadeFs ef #he 19905 and the books they wrote E) is fast losing its idealism and growing more and moro like previous decades

TEKNiK: Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümledeki anahtar kelimelere; cümlede verilmek istenilen ifadeye paralel doğrultuda yer veren C SEÇENEGi sorunun doğru cevabı olarak kabul edilmektedir.


Soru konusunun parçada ik kez cümle ile ortak anahtar kelime ve cümledeki ifadenin benzeri C seçeneğinde görülmektedir.

bahsededildiği

507

YDS ŞiFRELERi Just as the 1960s are known for student unrest, the 1980s for Reagan , Thatcher and the Yuppies, the 1990s will henceforth be known as the second GILDED AGE. They will be known as (8) THE AGE WHEN the real problem s in the world were i no red while the illusions of the dotcom t es were celebrated . 8.

The term "GILDED AGE" as it is usedin the passage means ----.

J\) to be admired B) §Oiden a§e C) with moral principles D) with surface shine E) in bad taste TEKNiK: Soru konusu parçada ilk kez kutu içerisindeki ilk cümlede geçmekte ancak konu hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi bir sonraki cümlede ele alınmaktadır. Bu nedenle soru çözümlemesinde konu hakkında bilgi veren kutudaki ikinci cümle irdelenmelidir. Cümledeki anahtar kelimeler seçeneklerde yer almamaktadır ancak soru çıkarım sorusu olduğundan cümlede verilmek istenilen ifade önem taşımaktadır. Cümlede yüzyılın problemli olduğu ancak problemierin göz ardı edildiği ifade edilmektedir. Dönemde ya§!'lnan problemler göz ardı edildiği için E SEÇENEGI elenmektedir. Döneme ait problemierin vurgulanması A VE B SEÇENEKLERiNDE verilen ifadeler ile çelişmekte ve bu nedenle bu seçenekler de elenmektedir. C SEÇENEGiNDEKi moral principles konusu cümlede ele alınmamaktadır. Dönemde yaşanan problemlere rağmen dışarıdan bakıldığında yüzyıl iyi olarak değerlendirildiği için D SEÇENEGi doğru cevap olarak tercih edilmektedir.

Soru konusunun parçada ilk geçtiği cümlede konu hakkında bilgi verilmiyar ise ; konunun ele alındığı bir sonraki cümlenin irdelenmesi önerilir. Sorunun betimleme sorusu olması nedeni ile cümlede yer alan ifadeye paralel betimlemeye yer veren D seçeneği olmuştur .

(9) IT WAS THE AGE OF effortless abundance, cell phones on every ear, stock markets that only went up and Mercedes sport utility vehicles. NEVER BEFORE had business leaders enjoyed so much prestige, and never before had capitalism had fewer mortal enemies. 9.

We understand from the passage that, DURING THE 1990S, ---- .

J\) B) C) D)

the re '"''as a §FOat doal of student un rest capitalism a§ain fell into disropute technolo§ical advance took the form of useful §ad§ets teena§ers §rew very critica! of the ir parents

E) business tycoons received undue respect and were indeed almost idolized TEKNiK: Soru konusu 6. sorudaki konu ile aynı olup soru çözümlemesinde 6. soruda ele alınan cümlelerin aynısı ele alınmaktadır. Cümlelerin anahtar kelimelerinden içeren ve cümlede koyu renkle işaretli ifadeye yer veren E SEÇENEGi doğru cevap olarak kabul edilmektedir.

508

Soru 6. soru ile aynı olup yine aynı çözüm tekniği ile çözülmekted ir. Kutuda işaretli ifadenin benzerin i ve ortak anahtar kelimeyi içeren E seçeneği olmuştur ..


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi Just as every teenager thinks he is brighter than his parents, every decade considers itself superior to the one that came before. 10. One point made in the passage is that----. eaGf:ı passiRg deGade life gets easier aRd m ere Gemfertaele B) aRy tıepes of fl:ıe 2000 deGafle are Rat likely te sı~rvive the de6ade C) #Je eusiRess maga;!iRes of #his deGade differ very little from those of earlier desades

A) with

D) each new decade regards itself as superior to the previous one E) the real preelems af eaGh deGade are essentially the same TEKNiK: Soruda anahtar kelime verilmemesi nedeni ile soru konusunu ortaya koyan ilk ve son cümleler soru çözümlemesinde ele alınmalıdır , ancak bu soruda son cümle parça konusunu ele almadığı için ilk cümle irdelenmelidir. Parçanın ilk cümlesinde yer alan anahtar kelimelere _ye ifadeye yer veren seçenek doğru cevap olan D SEÇENEGI olarak görülmektedir.

Soruda anahtar kelime yer ana konusunu ortaya koyan ana fikir cümlelerinden ilk cümleye ve son cümleye bakılması gereklidir. ilk cümledeverilen parça konusu son cümlede ele alınmıyor ise; soru çözümlemesinde sadece ilk cümle irdelenmelidir. Bu soruda ilk cümle ile ortak anahtar kelime ve ifade içeren D seçeneği olmuştur . almadığında; parçanın

BBC4, a comparatively new TV channel, has a character of its own . From the start it aimed to be "a place to think", and it was always designed as something "that the commercial market would never do", says Roly Keating , its controller and formerly head of arts at the BBC. lts fırst week's Schedule indeed verged on a parody of noncommercial TV, with township opera from South Africa and a performanca by a Senegalese singer in a London church hall. A top-rated show will typically draw some 50,000 viewers- almost negligible in television terms. Yet that narrow appeal makes BBC4 a model of what a publicly fınanced broadcaster ought to do. lt has roamed into territory where its ratinqs-driven sister channel , BBC1 , seldom dares to tread . Despite a tiny 35m budget, it boasts an intelligent prime-time talk show and a world news programme so internationally minded that its London provenance is barely visible. BBC4 may wear its gravity a little too heavily at times, but it supplies a variety and thoughtfulness unavailable on prime time BBC1. The more the other BBC channels chase the ratings, and the more that BBC4 refuses to be dictated to by them, the more the channel looks like a model for what BBC television could look like. A top-rated show will typically draw some 50,000 viewers - almost negligible in television terms . YET THAT narrow APPEAL makes 11 BBC4 A MODEL OF WHAT A PUBLICL Y FINANCED broadcaster ou ht to do. 11. lt is clear from the passage that, S INCE BBC4 IS PUBLICLY FINANCED, it----. A) has to 9i•~e viewers the kind of pro9rammes they want B) has a laF§e bud9et •.vith whioh to work C) is under no press ure to attract large numbers of viewers D) is under an obli9ation to offer a weat variety of pro9ramme E) is often severely oritioized for the subjeotivity of its news pro9ramme TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimelerinin parçada ilk kez bir arada THAT APPEAL ile başlayan cümlede yer almaktadır. THAT işaret zamiri ile nitelenen konu bir önceki cümlede ele alındığı için soru çözümlemesinde her iki cümle de irdelenmelidir. Ele alınan cüml~l~rirı anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde arandığında; C SEÇENEGININ koyu renkle işaretli ortak anahtar kelimeleri içerdiği ve doğru cevap olduğu görülmektedir.


Soru anahtar kelimelerinin parçada içerikte geçtiği cümle THIS, THAT işaret zamirieri ile başlıyor ise; bu zamirler ile nitelenen konu bir önceki cümlede yer almaktadır . Soru çözümünde bu iki cümlenin de ele alınması önerilir. Bu soruda cümleler ile ortak anahtar kelime ve benzer ifade içeren C seçeneğidir.

aynı

509

YDS ŞiFRELERi lt has roamed into territory where its (12) RATINGS-DRIVEN sister channel , BBC1, seldamdares to tread . 12. In the passage , BBC1 IS DESGRIBED AS BEING "RATINGS-DRIVEN"; this means ---- . A) it is obliged to put on popu/ar programmes B) C) D) E)

its appeal is a very narrowone it sees BBC4 as its greatest riva! it feels very sesı,ıre and saR lake risks it never experirnents or tries oı,ıt a new type of prograrnrne

TEKNiK: Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez bahsedildiği cümlede verilmek istenilen Ratings-driven (popular programmes) ifadesi doğru cevap olan A SEÇENEGiNDE görülmektedir. D SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan koyu renkle işaretli ifade cümledeki ifade ile çelişmektedir ve diğer seçeneklerdeki ifadeler cümlede yer almamaktadır .

Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez cümlede verilmek istenilen ifade sadece A seçeneğinde görülmektedir.

geçtiği

From the start it aimed to be "a place to think", and it was always designed as something "that the commercial market would never do", sa s 13 ROLY KEATING, its controller and formeri head of arts at the BBC. 13. BEFORE HE TOOK OVER THE RUNNING OF BBC4, ROLY KEATING ----. A) B) C) D)

was iR\'elved iR semmersial TV eRterprises was sriticized becaı,ıse his pregrarnrnes were too intellectı,ıal and teo serioı,ıs was a severe sritis of the BBC1 shannel had taken a firrn stand against the trend to let ratings distate prograrnrning

E) was arts director at the BBC

TEKNiK: Soru konusu ROLY KEATING parçada ilk kez kutu içerisinde gösterilen cümlede geçmektedir. Cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinin cümleye yüklediği ifadeye yer veren E SEÇENEGi doğru cevap olarak kabul edilmektedir. A SEÇENEGiNDEKi commercial kelimesi cümlede geçmektedir ancak seçenekteki he was involved in commercial TV enterprises ifadesi cümlede yer

Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez cümle ile ortak anahtar kelime ve benzer ifade içeren E

bahsedildiği

seçeneği doğru cevaptır .

almamaktadır .

510


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi (14) BBC4, a comparatively new TV channel, has a character of its own . (14) From the start it aimed to be "a place to think", and it was always designed as something "that the commercial market would never do", says Roly Keatinçı , its controller and formerly head of artsat the BBC. 14. According to the passage, THE PROGRAMMES BBC4 HAS TO OFFER ----. A) rarely come up to expectations B) are varied, unusual and thought-provoking C) are mostly news pro9rammes and Londonorientated D) are attractin§ Y.ePf lar9e numbers of viewers E) constitute a close rival for BBC1 as re§ards ratin§s TEKNiK: Soru konusu BBC4 parçada ilk kez kutu içerisinde gösterilen ilk cümlede geçmektedir. Bu cümle ile ortak anahtar kelime ve benzer ifade seçeneklerde yer almadığı için BBC4 ile başlayan yani konu hakkında bilgi veren bir diğer cümle irdelenmelidir. Ele alınan diğer cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri seçeneklerde

Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri ve cümledeki benzer ifade seçeneklerde bulunamadığında; soru konusuna özne konumunda yer vererek konu hakkında detaylı bilgi veren bir diğer cümlenin irdelenmesi önerilir. Bu soruda irdelenen ikinci cümle ile ortak anahtar kelime içeren B seçeneği geçtiği

arandığında ;

B SEÇENEGiNDEKi thought-provoking ifadesinin cümledeki a place to think ifadesi ile eşleştiğiJ;ıörülmekte ve bu nedenle sorunun doğru cevabı B SEÇENEGI olarak kabul edilmektedir.

olmuştur.

BBC4, a comparatively new TV channel, has a character of its own . The more the other BBC channels chase the ratings, and the more that BBC4 refuses to be dictated to by them , the more the channellooks like a model for what BBC television could look like. 15. lt is clear that THE WRITER OF THE PASSAGE ----. A) feels BBC4 has Ret J.ived up te its aim to be "a place to think" B) re§ards BBC4'sbudget of f;;!5m as excessive C) would like to see the BBC1 channel elesed down D) is very impressed by the performance of the BBC4 channel E) was full of admiFatieR fer BBC4's GReiGe efpr:egramme for the first week

TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimesi soruda yer almadığı için parçanın ana fikrini ve yazarın yaklaşımını ortaya koyan ilk ve son cümleler soru çözümünde ele alınmalıdır. Cümlelerdeki ifadeler ird elendiğinde ; yazarın

konuya olumlu bir yaklaşımı olduğu cümledeki ifade veren kelimelerden anlaşılabilmektedir . Bu yaklaşımı ortaya koyan seçeneğin D ŞIKKI olduğu görülmektedir. iki cümlenin ortak anahtar kelimesi yani oarcanın konusu BBC4 yine doğru cevap olan D SEÇENEGINDE yer almaktadır. olumlu


Soru anahtar kelimesi verilmediğinde; parçanın ana fikri ve yazarın konuya yaklaşımı hakkında bilgi istenmektedir. Parçanın ana fikrini ortaya koyan parçanın ilk ve son cümleleri ele alınmalıdır. Cümlelerde geçen olumlu ifadeler ve cümlenin konusu bu soruda D seçeneğinde yer almaktadır.

511

YDS ŞiFRELERi The natives of the Lewis Isiand know wind - sametimes too well. Every winter the Atlantic gales come blasting across the northern tip of Scotland's Outer Hebrides. The wind hardly slows down even after striking land; in the island's marshy interior, gusts regularly exceed 160kph. Everyone stays indoors but the sheep. Tourists arrive in summer, lured by mild temperatures and unspoiled countryside; even so, there's rarely a calm day. "The weather here is changeable", says Nigel Scott, spokesman for the local government. "But the wind is constant". The brutal

climate could

fınally

be Lewis's salvation. The place has been growing poorer and more desaiate for generations,

as young people seek sunnier prospects elsewhere. But now the energy industry has discovered the storm-swept island . The multinationals AMEC and British Energy are talking about plans to erect some 300 outsize wind turbines across a few thousand hectares of moorland. If the 500 million-pound project goes through, the array will be Europe's largest wind farm, capable of churning out roughly 1 per cent of Britain 's total electrical needs - and generating same badly needed jobs and ca sh for the people of Lewis. Tourists arrive (16) IN SUMMER, lured by mild temperatures and unspoiled countryside; even so, there's rarely a calmda . 16. We understand from the passage that, IN SUMMER, THE ISLAND OF LEWIS ----. A) attracts visitors as nature there has remained unspoiled B) C) D) E)

onjoys a warm, wind free elirnato is ono of the most attractivo of the islands that make 1:1p the 01:1ter Hobridos has littlo to offor its inhabitants by way of a living other than fishing can offor its inhabitants ovon loss in the way of a livolihood than it can in the •.vintor

TEKNiK: Soru konusu zaman yapısı ile birlikte verildiğinden zaman belirtecinin parçada geçtiği cümle soru çözümlemesinde ele alınmaktadır. Cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinden içeren A SEÇENEGi doğru cevap olarak kabul edilmektedir.

Soruda soru konusu ile birlikte zaman yapısı yer aldığında; parçada zaman belirtecinin yer aldığı cümle soru çözümlemesinde ele alınmalıdır . Bu soruda zaman yapısının parçada ilk kez yer aldığı cümlenin anahtar kelimeleri A seçeneğinde görülebilmektedir.

The place has been growing poorer and more desaiate for generations, as (17) YOUNG PEOPLE seek sunnier prospects elsewhere. 17. lt's clear from the passage that FOR A LONG TIME NOW THE YOUNG PEOPLE OF LEWIS ----. l\) have beon looking forward to the esta91ishmeRt af a wiR d fa6'm aR thei6' isiaRd

B) have been leaving the isiand intent on finding a better way of life elsewhere C) have realized that the tslaRd's mast valua91e asset is its Glimate D) have been rol~:~ctant to lea·;o the isiand on a pormanant basis E) fool no sympathy for the ald traditieRs aRd vJ-ays afli~ af the isiaRd

TEKNiK: Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez ifadeler seçeneklerde arandığında;

geçtiği

cümlede yer alan

A, C, D VE E SEÇENEKLERiNDE yer alan ifadelerin cümlede geçmediği ancak doğru cevap olan B SEÇENEGiNDE yer alan anahtar kelimeler ile verilen ifadenin cümlede yer aldığı görülmektedir.

512

Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez cümlenin anahtar kelimelerini ve cüm ledeki ifadenin benzerini içeren B seçeneği olmuştur. geçtiği


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi 1

THE NATIVES OF THE LEWIS ISLAND know wind- sametimes too well. If the 500 million-pound project goes through , the array will be Europe's largest wind farm, capable of churning out roughly 1 per cent of Britain 's total electrical needs - and generating some badly needed jobs and cash for the people of Lewis. 18. According to the passage , LEWIS ISLAND ----. A) has the elimata and conditions favoı:ıraelo to agrimıltı,ıro B) sı,ıffors moro than any other isiand in Scotland's Oı,ıtor Hoeridos from Atlantic galos C) will ı,ındorgo many important changes ı,ınloss a wind farm is ostaelishod thoro D) may one day be home to Europe's largest wind farm E) has an aging

popı,ılation

that rogards the windfarm schomo with

TEKNiK: Soru konusunun parçanın ana konusu olması nedeni ile parçanın ana fikrini ortaya koyan ilk ve son cümleler soru çözümünde ele alınmaktadır. Ele alınan cümlelerdeki anahtar kelimeleri içeren sadece doğru cevap olan D SEÇENEGiDiR.

distrı,ıst

Soru konusu

ana konusu konusu hakkında bilgi veren ilk ve son cümleler soru çözümünde irdelenmelidir. Bu soruda irdelenen cümleler ile ortak anahtar kelime içeren D seçeneği olmuştur . parçanın

olduğundan ; parçanın

The multinationals AMEC and British Energy are talking about plans to erect some (19) 300 OUTSIZE WIND TURBINES across a few thousand hectares of moorland. IF the 500 million-pound project goes through , the array will be Europe's largest wind farm , capable of churning out roughly 1 per cent of Britain's total electrical needs - and generating some badly needed jobs and cash for the people of LEWIS. 19. IF THE ENERGY INDUSTRY CARRIES OUT THE PROJECT DESGRIBED IN THE PASSAGE AND SETS UP 300 Wl ND TURBIN ES ON LEWIS, ----. A) B) C) D)

maintonaneo costs dı,ıo to the galo forco wtnds Gould Gause finanGialla#u!=e the yoı,ıng pooplo will want to loavo thoir mı,ıch lovoa isiand thoro will eo a shortago of land for the shoop to grazo on other windswopt Goastlines throughout liurope will proeaely follow sı,ıit

E) those will provide Brita in with roughly of 1 per cent of her total e/ectrica/ needs TEKNiK: Soruda IF CLAUSE yapısı olması nedeni ile parçada soru anahtar kelimelerini ve IF CLAUSE yapısını içeren cümle ele alınmalıdır. Kutu içerisinde ele alınan cümledeki anahtar kelimelerin vermek istediği ifade doğru cevap olan E SEÇENEGiNDE yer almaktadır.

Soru anahtar kelimeleri ile birlikte verilen gramer yapıları soru çözümündeoirdelenecek cümleyi belirlemede önemli rol oynar. Bu soruda verilen IF koşul yapısının parçada geçtiği cümle belirlenir. Cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinin cümleye yüklediği ifade sadece E seçeneğinde görülmüştür.


513

YDS ŞiFRELERi (20) IF THE 500 million-pound PROJECT goes through , the array will be Europe's largest wind farm, capable of churning out roughly 1 per cent of Britain's total electrical needs -and generating some badly needed jobs and cash for the people of Lewis. 20. According to the passage , IF THE PROPOSED WIND FARM IS SET UP ON LEWIS, ----. A) this cmıiEI mako the isianEl unatıractive to summor visitors B) the iEioa couiEI sproaEI rapiEIIy to noighbouring islanEis C) this wi/1 open up much needed employment opportunities for the isianders D) it will only function officiontly in the wintor months E) the costs will bo sharoEI oqually by AMEC anEl British Enorgy TEKNiK: 19. soruda olduğu gibi yine koşul cümleciğinin yer aldığı cümle açısından ortak anahtar kelime ve benzer ifade irdelenmektedir. Cümlede yer alan ifadenin benzerine sadece C SEÇENEGi yer vermektedir ve bu nedenle seçenek sorunun doğru cevabı olarak tercih edilmektedir.

Soruda irdelenmesi gereken cümle 19. soruda izlenen teknik ile belirlenmiş olup cümledeki anahtar kelimelereve ifadeye yer veren C seçeneği olmuştur ..

In this century, the wealth and success of nations will depend like never before on the ability to produce and use knowledge. Universities have long been instrumental in generating knowledge and ideas. But in an increasingly globalized world, and in the face of rapid scientific change, they will need to think about a set of new challenges and how best to prepare their students for the coming decades. Universities will need to teach a new kind of literacy, in which global awareness will play an important role . They also need to dea! with the dilemmas posed by the accelerating pace of change brought on by scientific and technological advances. We are on the brink of onee-in-human-history progress in combating disease through the application of modern science. Doctors will have at their disposal blood tests that will teli you with substantial predictive power how long you will live and from what diseases you are likely to suffer. The Internet and the application of information technology may well represent the most profound change in the way knowledge is disseminated since the printing press. W e are close to understanding the first second of the history of the cosmos .

But in an increasingly globalized world, and in the face of rapid scientific change, (21) THEY will NEED TO think about a set of new challenges and how best to prepare THEIR STUDENTS for the coming decades.

21. According to the passage , UNIVERSITIES ARE UNDER AN OBLIGATION TO ENSURE THAT THEIR STUDENTS ----. A) have the chanco to work alongsiEie foreign stuEionts B) are equipped to deal with the changing conditions of the coming decades C) are introduced to international perspecti·tes in every area of study D) are taught not spocific facts as much as broaEI ways of thinking E) all have a gooEI grounEiing in scionce anEl technology TEKNiK: Soru anahtar kelimelerinin parçada bir arada yer aldığı cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinden the coming decades kelimesi ve cümledeki ifadenin benzeri doğru cevap olan B SEÇENEGiNDE yer almaktadır.

514

Soru konusunun parçada bahsedildiği cümle ile ortak anahtar kelime ve ifade içeren B seçeneğidir.


YDS READING TEST TEKNiKLERi In this century, the wealth and success of nations will depend like never before on the ability to produce and use knowled e. 1

W e are close to understand ing the first second of the history of the cosmos . 22. One point that is given considerable emphasis in the passage is----. A) the need of all stbldents to ~et acqblainted with forei~n Gblltblres and ~loeal issbles B) that the blniversities have a cornrnitrnent to the pblrsblit of trblth for its O'llA sake C) that the blniversities are in a position to further ~reater ~loeal inte~ration D) the incredible speed with which knowledge is increasing E) that blniversities rnblst stick to the valbles that have rnade thern Sblccessfbll in the past

TEKNiK: Soruda anahtar kelime verilmediğinden; parçanın ana fikrini ortaya koyan ilk ve son cümleler ele alınmalıdır. ilk cümledeki ifadesi the ability to p_roduce and use knowledge doğru cevap olan D SEÇENEGINDE yer almaktadır.

Soruda anahtar kelime ilk ve son cümleleri ele alınmıştır. Parçanın ana konusunu içeren D seçeneği doğru cevap olarak kabul edilmiştir. verilmediğinden parçanın

But in an increasingly globalized world, and in the face of rapid (23) SCIENTIFIC change, they will need to think about a set of new challen es and how best to re are their students for the comin decades. 23. lt is clear from the passage that SCIENCE AND THE APPLICATION OF SCIENCE ----. A) B) C) D)

will not help to fblrther ~loeal awareness is lar~ely confined within the blniversities has ~rown so cornplex that it is 9eyond the cannot ~o on advancin~ at this rate

blnderstandin~

of all 9blt a very few

E) is opening up startling new possibilities TEKNiK: Soru konusunun parçada ilk kez bahsedildiği cümlenin anahtar kelimelerinden new challenges E SEÇENEGiNDE new possibilities olarak geçmektedir ve bu nedenle sorunun doğru cevabı E SEÇENEGi olarak kabul edilmektedir.


Soru anahtar kelimesinin parçada ilk kez geçtiği cümledeki ifadenin benzerine yer veren E seçeneğidir.

515

YDS ŞiFRELERi They also need to deal with the dilemmas posed by the accelerating pace of change brought on by (24) SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES.

24. The writer of the passage seems convinced that THE CURRENT RAPID DEVELOPMENTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ••••. A) will be accompanied by new prob/ems B) C) D) E)

sannot go on mush longer 'Nill bring more harm than good are largely sonsentrated in the field of medisine are beyond the grasp of most people in most sountries

TEKNiK: Soru konusunun parçada geçtiği cümlede verilmek istenilen ifade; cümledeki 'dilemma' anahtar kelimesinin yakın anlamiısı olan 'new problems' kelimesi ile doğru cevap olan A SEÇENEGiNDE özetlenmektedir.

Soru anahtar kelimeleri aynı içerikte parçada ilk kez kutu içerisinde gösterilen cümlede geçmektedir. Cümleden anahtar kelime içeren ve cümledeki ifadenin benzerine yer veren A seçeneği olmuştur.

We are on the brink of (25) ONCE-IN-HUMAN-HISTORY PROGRESS in combating disease through the lication of modern science. 25. The phrase , "ONCE-IN-HUMAN-HISTORY PROGRESS" is saying ----. A) we sannot expest or, indeed, hope for sush progross over to happon again B) this is only the first efmany spur:ts efpragress C) this is the first instanse of a widespread applisation of ssiense D) there has never been such progress ever before and there may not be again E) this is the highest pessihle peak efprogress

TEKNiK: Soruda yer

alan ifadenin parçaya yüklediği anlam Bu nedene! soru ifadesi ile aniatılmak istenilen seçeneklerde aranır. Bu sorudaki ifadede yer alan zaman belirteci once ile aniatılmak istenilen sadece doğru cevap olan D SEÇENEGiNDE never before zaman belirteci ile verilmektedir. sorulmaktadır .

516

Soruda parçada yer alan bir ifadenin anlamı sorulduğunda; parçada ifadenin özetlendiği cümle seçeneklerde aranır. Sorudaki ifadede yer alan ONCE zaman belirteci ile aniatılmak istenilen EVER BEFORE zaman belirteci ile D seçeneğinde özetlenmektedir.


••

••

IV. BOLUM YDS VOCABULARY/ KELIME •.

YDS VOCABULARY/KELiME

YDS VOCABULARY TEST 1.

Many cell phones now have the same ---- as personal computers. A) B) C) D) E)

2.

3.

Cities in China are growing fast as millions of people ----to urban areas. A) B) C) D) E)

5.

gather migrate occupy issue increase

Located in Central Europe, Germany is ---- of the North German Plain, the Central German Uplands, and the Southern German Highlands. A) B) C) D) E)

6.

Necessarily Adequately Accurately Tentatively Desperately

spread out brought together held out made up taken down

Few Arab governments have any legal ---- to monitor arms trade. A) B) C) D) E)

European companies are stepping up their investment in the Libyan gas sector, as the Libyan government is increasingly ---- to welcome them. A) B) C) D) E)

8.

unpredictable various brief excessive successive

---- poor after World War ll, Crete is now thriving from tourism. A) B) C) D) E)

4.

functionality ambition care worry attentiveness

During the 1970s, the West African state of Niger's economy flourished from uranium production, but when uranium prices fell in the 1980s, its ----period of prosperity ended. A) B) C) D) E)

7.

Consumers in the Gulf countries have ---higher real purchasing power because of sustained low inflation. A) B) C) D) E)

9.

tentative essential obvious similar keen

inclusively pensively considerably faintly bilaterally

For the world's automotive industry, this year's Dubai Motor Show is a rare opportunity to serious business with wealthy customers in the Middle East. A) B) C) D) E)

lift purchase relate conduct satisfy

10. The major component of most gallstones is cholesterol, though some are ---- of calcium salts. A) B) C) D) E)

swept away kept away broken down looked after made up

11. Good leadership is about tackling big challenges, and the first and most important step in this process is recognizing which ---should take precedence over the others. A) B) C) D) E)

obsessions debates emissions candidates issues

interpretation framework judgement adeption obsession


519

YDS ŞiFRELERi 12. By the 14th century, the Holy Roman Empire was little more than a ---- federation of the German princes who elected the Holy Roman emperor. A) B) C) D) E)

negotiable current prescriptive loose recurrent

13. Roman numerals are expressed by letters of the alphabel and are ---- used today except for formality or variety. A) B) C) D) E)

courteously arguably consecutively equivalently rarely

14. The Gulf, the lndian Ocean and the South China Sea are increasingly seen as potential trouble zones that could ---- energy supplies from the Middle East to Asia. A) B) C) D) E)

increase disrupt consume involve expand

15. Dublin isa fairly easy city to---- because of its frequent and efficient bus and underground services. A) B) C) D) E)

get around make over set up get on go with

16. The genetic fingerprinting technique, which was developed in the UK and is now used as a ---- of legal identification, determines the pattern of certain parts of the genetic material DNA that is unique to each individual. A) B) C) D) E)

520

benefıt

structure sufficiency combination means

17. In existentialism, it is argued that people are responsible for, and the --- judge of, their actions. A) B) C) D) E)

expansive sole previous irresistible prevalent

18. By the start of the 1990s, popular music had become ---- globalized, with seventy per cent of all production resting in the hands of just five companies. A) B) C) D) E)

possibly rarely negligently signifıcantly

respectively

19. The League of Nations, established in Geneva in 1920, included representatives from states throughout the world, but was severely weakened by the US decision not to become a member, and had no power to ---- its decisions. A) B) C) D) E)

impress compel accomplish implicate enforce

20. In the resort areas of Greece, travel agents offer a wide range of excursions on airconditioned coaches ---- qualified guides. A) B) C) D) E)

accompanied by put up with adapted to designed for turned into

21. Anthony Powell, the contemporary British novelist, shows in his writing great familiarity with the work of Proust while avoiding much direct ----to him. A) B) C) D) E)

interest dependence quotation reterence obsession


YDS VOCABULARY/KELiME 22. Despite its smail population and remoteness, Australia occupies a powerful position in global science in general and life science in particular.

27. China and lndia serve as models for Africa because their experiences hold lessons for developing countries on how to manage---economic and political transformation .

A) ultimate

A) deceitful

B) C) D) E)

B) C) D) E)

sizeable relative extensive recurrent

23. The Allied bombing campaign against Germany in World War ll exacted terrible damage on the country's factories, transportation network, population, and ---very limited fuel-production capacity.

A) already B) C) D) E)

solely immediately inadequately rightly

24. Soccer's many creative possibilities ---- in part from its being played on such a large field. A) B) C) D) E)

entail consist conclude claim derive

25. Kosrae is the smallest of the tour isiand states that ---- the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), the largest and most populous political entity that emerged after World War ll. A) B) C) D) E)

keep away tie up with make up set down take on

26. Volcanoes are built by the ---- of their own eruptive products, which are lava, ash flows, airborne ash and dust. 2007 m A) B) C) D) E)

accumulation destruction explosion instability growth


persuasive accessible irregular gradual

28. In the largely closed economies of the Gulf, private as well as public funds have ----turned to real estate and equity markets, fuelling a dangerous speculative boom. A) B) C) D) E)

unlikely nominally rapidly stili tightly

29. Certain nations have ---- the use of prenatal diagnostic techniques to select the sex of an unborn child; but, bribery and human ingenuity have made it easy for prospective parents to by-pass the statute. A) B) C) D) E)

removed outlawed explored sustained retained

30. Cells convert energy from one form to another and use that energy to ---- various activities, ranging from mechanical work to chemical synthesis. A) B) C) D) E)

turn off use up take in carry out pick up

31. A strong ---- exists between a country's wealth and the freedom afforded its citizens. A) B) C) D) E)

coincidence correlation consideration determination interpretation

521

YDS ŞiFRELERi 32. Satellite television transmission now makes it ---- for us to watch events as they unfold in other countries. A) B) C) D) E)

worldwide substantial aware commonplace liable

33. Latin American countries on average export only about 10 per cent of their products to other Latin American countries but ---- 20 per cent of them to the US. A) B) C) D) E)

almost fairly respectively initially extensively

34. Until the sixteenth century, when the first international postal agreement was ----, there was no postal system as we know it today. A) B) C) D) E)

assigned maintained enacted seized conducted

35. There has been increasing pressure in the US to ---- the amount of funding allocated to foreign aid, and instead, use the funds to improve the domestic economy. A) B) C) D) E)

make up for point out to keep up with cut down on take up with

37. At present, interest rates are comparatively --; let's hope they remain that way. A) frequent B) uneasy

C) consecutive D) comprehensive E) steady

38. In some parts of Western Europe, ---- in France, Denmark and Sweden, cohabitation has become almost as common as marriage. A) B) C) D) E)

completely deceptively notably voluntarily relatively

39. What are some of the things that differentially affect siblings and help ---- their success or failure? A) B) C) D) E)

pursue recognize recreate determine reinstate

40. Solar heating never ---- in the US because of the cost and limited winter sunlight in most areas. A) B) C) D) E)

caught on played up turned over waited on looked back

36. The laws concerning the breeding of animals for research could turn out to be to the ---- of medical research. A) B) C) D) E)

522

admission detriment exclusion preference cohesion



VOCABULARY TEST- CEVAP ANAHTARI

1.A 2.C 3.E 4.8 5.0 6.8 7.E 8.C 9.0 10.E 11.E 12.0 13.E 14.8 15.A 16.E 17.8

18.0 19.E 20.A 21.0 22.C 23.A 24.E 25.C 26.A 27.E 28.C 29.8 30.0 31.8 32.0 33.A 34.C 35.0 36.8 37.E 38.C 39.0 40.A


523

YDS ŞiFRELERi

YDS KELiME LiSTESi

A 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 . 21. 22 . 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28 . 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48.

524

Abandon Abbreviate Abolish Abrupt Absolute Absorb Abstain from Abundance Abundant Accelerate Accept Access Accessible(to) Accommodate Accomodation Accompany Accomplish Accumulate Accumulation Accuracy Accurate Accurately Accuse (of) Accustomed to Achieve Acknowledge Acquainted with Acquire Acquisition Activate Acute Ada pt Addi ct Addiction Addition Additionally Adequate Adequately Adjacent Adjust Administrate Admire Ad mit Admission Ad o pt Adoption Ad o re Ad va nce

terk etmek ( leave) 1 vazgeçmek kısaltmak

kaldırmak, sona erdirmek (do away with) ani mutlak içine çekmek, emmek ---den sakınmak/ uzak durmak (avoid) bolluk, bereket bol, bereketli hızlandırmak, ivme kazandırmak kabul etmek, razı olmak erişmek, ulaşmak ulaşılabilir, erişilebilir ağırlamak

1 kalacak yer sağlamak ( put someone up) kalacak yer eşlik etmek, arkadaşlık etmek başarmak ( achieve) birikmek, çoğaltmak, biriktirmek birikim doğruluk, kesinlik doğru (correct) tam olarak, doğru olarak suçlamak, itharn etmek ( blame somebody for something) alışkın olmak başarmak

kabul etmek, tanımak, bildirmek aşina olmak, haberdar olmak (familiar with) edinmek, kazanmak (obtain, attain) edin im faaliyete geçirmek keskin 1 şiddetli 1 akut uyarlamak, uydurmak, uyum sağlamak (adjust) bağımlı bağımlılık

ilave, ek bununla birlikte (furthermore, moreover) yeterli ( sufficient) yeterince ayrıca,

bitişik

uyarlamak, uyum sağlamak (adapt) idare etmek, yönetmek hayran olmak kabul etmek, itiraf etmek kabul/ giriş izni evlat edinmek 1 (önlem , tedbir vs .. ) almak 1 benimsernek benimseme , kabullenme çok sevmek ilerlemek, gelişmek


YDS VOCABULARY/KELiME 49. 50. 51 . 52 . 53. 54. 55. 56. 57 . 58. 59 . 60. 61. 62 . 63 . 64. 65. 66 . 67 . 68 . 69. 70 . 71. 72 . 73. 74. 75 . 76 . 77. 78 . 79 . 80. 81 . 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87 . 88. 89. 90 . 91. 92 . 93 . 94. 95. 96 . 97. 98 . 99 . 100 . 101. 102 . 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108.

Ad verse Advocate Affable Affair Affect Affectionate Afflict Affluent Aggravate Agree Aggressive Ai d Ailment Ai m Alliance Allocate Ally Alter Alteration Ambiguous Ambition Ambitious Am e nd Ample Announce Annual Anticipate Apologize Appalling Apparel Appeal Appoint Appointment Appreciate Apprehension Approach Appropriate Approve (of) Approval Arguably Argue Argument Arrange Article Artefa ct As ce nd Aspire Assemble Assassinate Assess Ass et Assign Associate (with) Ass u me Assumption Ass u re Astonished (at) Atta ch Atta c k Atta in

zıt,

kötü savunmak (defend) içten , nazik, dostça olay,mesele 1 ilişki etkilemek (influence) sevecen , şefkatli sarsmak , acı vermek zengin, varlıklı (wealthy) gittikçe kötüye gitmek, fenalaşmak (deteriorate, worsen) anlaşmak, mutabı olmak saldırgan, sinirli yardım etmek (help) hastalık

amaç ittifak tahsis etmek müttefik, dost değiştirmek değişiklik anlamı

net olmayan

hırs hırslı değişiklik, düzenleme yapmak bol ilan etmek (declare) yıllık

ummak, beklemek özür dilemek çok kötü , korkunç (dreadful) kılık kıyafet

cezbetmek, ilgisini çekmek atamak atama 1 randevu takdir etmek kaygı 1 anlama,idrak yaklaşmak 1 yaklaşım uygun (suitable) onaylama k onay muhtemelen, tartışmalı olarak iddia etmek sav 1 tartışma düzenlemek, ayarlamak makale 1 madde- fıkra insan eliyle yapılmış nesne yukarı çıkmak , yükselrnek (go up) çok isternek bir araya gelmek/ toplamak ( gather) suikast düzenlemek ölçmek kıymetli şey 1 erdem 1 kazanç atamak, görevlendirmek bağdaştırmak , çağrıştırmak

farzetmek 1 üstlenmek varsayım

garanti vermek, emin şaşırmış 1 şaşkın iliştirmek, eklemek

kılmak

saldırmak , saldırı

elde etmek


525

YDS ŞiFRELERi 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119.

Attainment Attempt Attend Attentiveness Attract Attribute (to) Available Avert Avoid Avidity Award

başarı

1 kazanım etmek. denemek

teşebbüs katılmak

dikkatlilik, hazır bulunuşluk ilgisini,dikkatini çekmek atfetmek. dayandırmak. bağlamak mevcut, musait engellemek. yönünü değiştırrnek kaçınmak, uzak durmak gayret, hırs ödül 1 ödüllendirmek

B 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 . 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

526

Bargain Barren Base Basic Belong (to) Belonging Benefit Beneficial Bilaterally Bizarre Blame Blaze Blossom Border Branch Breakthrough Bre ed Bribery Brief Broadcast Brutal Budget Bury Burial Burn

pazarlık 1 pazarlık etmek 1 kelepir kurak, verimsiz (infertile, arid) temel, esas 1 askeri üs temel (fundamental ) ait olmak eşya (possession) fayda

faydalı

iki taraflı tuhaf (weird, strange) suçlamak ateş, alev 1 parlamak canlanmak 1 çiçek açmak sınır

dal, branş büyük buluş yavrulamak 1 hayvan

yetiştirmek

rüşvet

kısa,

öz 1 yayın yapmak zalim (cruel) bütçe gömmek d efi n yakmak 1 yanmak yayın


YDS VOCABULARY/KELiME 12. 13 . 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 .

Cease Census Chance Charge Charge ... with

sona erdirmek, durdurmak nüfus sayımı

Charity

hayır

şans, fırsat

ücret 1 şarj .. . ile itharn etmek,

yargılamak

kurumu

Chase takip etmek 19. Cheer neşe seçenek 20 . Choice dolaşmak (kan, hava vs ..) 21 . Circulate değinmek , bahsetmek 22 . Cite vatandaş 23 . Citizen açıklamak 24 . Clarify 25. Close (to) yakın 26 . Closure kapanış uyum , anlam bütünlüğü 27 . Cohesion tesadüf etmek 28. Coincide (with) tesadüf 29 . Coincidence 30 . Collapse çökmek iş arkadaşı 31 . Colleague çarpışmak 32 . Collide (with) birleştirmek 33 . Combine başlamak, başlatmak 34. Commence yorum yapmak 35. Comment (on) ticaret 36. Commerce ticari 37. Commercial yeltenrnek (intihara vs) 1 işiemek (suç) 1 kendini 38 . Commit 39. Common ortak 1 sıradan 1 yaygın iş ile ev arasında gidip gelmek 40 . Commute 41. Companian arkadaş 1 eşlik eden kimse 42 . Compare karşılaştırmak 43. Compel zorlamak 44. Compensation (for) telafi 1 tazminat 45 . Compete yarışmak yetenekli, becerikli 46 . Competent 47 . Compile derlemek, bir araya getirmek 48. Complain(to somebody about something) : şikayet etmek 49 . Complaint şikayet 50. Comply (with) bir şeye uymak 51 . Compose oluşturmak , meydana getirmek 52 . Comprise içermek uzlaşmak 53 . Compromise hesaplamak 54. Compute 55. Conceal gizlemek algılamak 56. Conceive 57 . Conclude sonuç çıkarmak 58. Conclusion sonuç, yargı 59 . Candense yoğunlaşmak belirli şartlara bağlı olarak 60 . Conditionally 61 . Conduct idare etmek, yürütmek itiraf etmek 62 . Confess 63. Confident emin 64. Canfidence güven gizli 65. Confidential 66 . Confine hapsetmek, sınırlamak onaylama k 67 . Confirm 68. Conflict (with) çatışma 1 çatışmak , çelişmek uymak, uyuşmak 69 . Conform (to) karşılaşmak 70. Co n front fethetmek 71 Conquer


birşeye

adamak

527

YDS ŞiFRELERi 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80 . 81 . 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87 . 88. 89. 90. 91 . 92. 93. 94 . 95. 96 . 97. 98. 99. 100. 101 . 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109 . 110 . 111. 112. 113 . 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119 . 120 . 121 . 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130 . 131 . 132. 133 .

528

Consent (to) Conscientious Consecutively Consequence Conserve Consider Considerable Considerably Considerate Consist (of) Consistent Conspire (against) Constant Constitute Constitution Constrain Construct Constrcutive Consult Consume Contaminate Contemporary Content (with) Contest Contradict Contradictory Contribute (to) Controversial Controversy Conventional Converse Conversation Convert (into) Convict Convince Cooperate Correspond (to) Counterpart Course Courteous Courteously Coward Cra sh Crawl Create Creative Credible C rime Criminal Crippled Crooked Crop Crowd Cruel Cruelty Crumble Cultivate Currency Current Curve Custom Customs

razı olmak 1 izin,rıza dikkatli 1 vicdanlı peşpeşe

sonuç korumak göz önünde bulundurmak, düşünmek büyük ölçüde, kayda deger oldukça düşüneeli

... 'den

oluşmak

tutarlı, devamlı

komplo kurmak sürekli oluşturmak

anayasa zorlamak inşa etmek, yapmak yapıcı , olumlu danışmak

tüketmek kirletmek çağdaş

memnun yarışma

çelişmek çelişkili katkıda

bulunmak

tartışmalı

fikir ayrılığı geleneksel karşıt , zıt

1 konuşmak

konuşma dönüştürmek

mahkum 1 suçlu bulmak ikna etmek işbirliği yapmak tekabül etmek, bir şeyle karşılık , denk gidişat 1 kurs ,ders ki bar nazikçe korkak kaza 1 çarpmak em eklemek yaratmak

uyuşmak

yaratıcı

güvenilir suç suçlu kötürüm eğri

mahsul kalabalık

zalim zalimlik, acımasızlık ufalanmak tarım yapmak para birimi 1 döviz akım 1 şimdiki , güncel eğim, eğmek

gelenek gümrük



D 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1 o. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32 . 33 . 34. 35. 36. 37. 38 . 39 . 40. 41 . 42 . 43. 44 . 45 . 46. 47 . 48 . 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56.

Deadline De al Deal (with) Debate De bt Decade Deceit Deceitful Deceive Deceptive Decipher Declare Decline Dedicate (to) Deduce Deduction Deepen Defeat Defect Defend Define Deficiency Del ay Delicate Delight Delightful Deliver Demand Demolis h Demonstrate Deny Dep i ct Deplore Depress Derive (from) Des ce nd Deserve Desire Desolate Desperate Desperately Despondent Destination Destiny Destroy Destruction Detain Detect Deter (from) Deteriorate Determine Determination Detest Detriment Devastate Develop

son teslim tarihi anlaşma

1alışveriş

uğraşmak, tartışmak

ilgilenmek 1 tartışma

borç on yıl hilekarlık

hilekar kandırmak yanıltıcı

anlamını

ortaya çıkarmak ilan etmek azalmak kendini bir şeye adamak Sonuç çıkarmak , anlamak tümevarım, sonuç derinleştirmek, derinleşrnek

yenmek 1 yenilgi bozukluk, kusur savunmak tanımlamak

eksiklik geciktirmek zarif/hassas, narin haz hoş

teslim etmek, vermek talep 1 isternek kaldırmak, yıkmak

göstermek 1 gösteri yapmak /protesto etmek inkar etmek betimlemek üzülmek üzmek 1 bastırmak ... den türemek, gelmek , kaynaklanmak inmek, azalmak hak etmek istek, arzu yalnız ,ıssız, terkedilmiş

çaresiz, ümitsiz ümitsizce, aşırı umutsuz varılacak yer kader yıkmak, yok etmek tahrip, yıkım, yok etme alıkoymak

tespit etmek engel olmak,

caydırmak

kötüleşrnek

belirlemek 1 karar vermek azi m nefret etmek hasar yıkmak, tahrip etmek geliş(tir)mek


529

YDS ŞiFRELERi 57 . 58 . 59. 60. 61 .

62. 63. 64 . 65. 66 . 67 . 68 . 69. 70 . 71 . 72 . 73. 74. 75. 76 . 77 . 78 . 79. 80. 81 . 82. 83 . 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89 . 90 . 91 . 92. 93 . 94 . 95 . 96. 97. 98 . 99. 100. 101. 102. 103.

sapmak Deviate Device alet Devise icat etmek Devote adamak Diagnose teşhis etmek Differentiate ayırt etmek Diminish azalmak Direct yönlendirmek, yönetmek Disappear ortadan kaybolmak Disclose açığa çıkarmak Discover keşfetmek Discreet saygılı 1 ketum Discriminate (against) : ayrımcılık yapmak Discuss tartışmak Disease hastalık Disgrace gözden düşmek tiksindirmek Disgust Dishonest sahtekar parçlamak, bölmek Disintegrate Dismiss kovmak Dispatch göndermek 1 dağıtmak Display göstermek, sergilemek Dispose (of) elden çıkarmak, kurtulmak Disposition eğilim, mizaç Dispute tartışmak Disqualify elernek Disrupt aksatmak, bozmak Disseminate yaymak, dağıymak çözünmek, erimek, yok olmak Dissolve farklı 1 net Distinct ayırmak, farkını görmek Distinguish çarpıtmak 1 bozmak Distort üzmek, endişelendirmek Distress Distribute dağıtmak yönünü değiştirmek Divert Divide bölmek, ayırmak deşifre etmek Divulge D oc ile uysal hakim olmak, baskın olmak Dominate bağış yapmak Dona te Donation bağış şüphe 1 şüphelenmek Doubt kayda değer, önemli Dramatic sürüklenmek Drift Drug ilaç 1 uyuşturucu madde çoğaltmak, kopyalamak Duplicate azalmak Dwindle

E 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

530

Eagerness Earthquake Ed ge Ed it Educate Effect Efficient

istek, şevk deprem kenar 1 avantaj düzenlemek, yayına

hazırlamak

eğitmek

etki verimli


YDS VOCABULARY/KELiME 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 . 19. 20. 21. 22 . 23. 24 . 25. 26 . 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37 . 38. 39. 40. 41. 42 . 43. 44. 45. 46. 47 . 48 . 49. 50. 51 . 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57 . 58. 59. 60 . 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66 . 67 .

Ele ct Eliminate Embark (on) Embarrassment Embrace Emerge Emission Emit Emphasize Employ Em u Iate Enable Enclose Encounter Encourage Endure Enforce En ha nce Enlarge Enlighten Enquire Enslave Ensure Enact Entail Entertain Enthusiastic Entirely Envy Epidemic Equality Equate Equip Equipment Equivalently Equivocal E ro de Erupt Espionage Essential Establish Estimate Eternal Evaluate Evident Evolve Exaggerate Examine Excavate Exceed Excessive Exchange Exclude Exclusion Exeuse Exempt (from) Exhausted Exhibit Exist Expand

seçmek ortadan kaldırmak, yok etmek gemiye binrnek 1 başlamak mahcubiyet, utanma kucaklamak 1 benimsernek meydana çıkmak yayma, emisyon yaymak vurgulamak işe almak 1 employ a method: bir yönteme özenmek, imrenmek mümkün kılmak, sağlamak çevresini sarmak 1 eklemek

başvurmak

karşılaşmak

teşvik

etmek dayanmak güçlendirmek 1 zorlamak 1 uygulamak arttırmak (gücünü , değerini vs.) büyütmek, genişletmek aydınlatmak araştırmak

köleleştirmek

temin etmek, garanti vermek kanun çıkarmak 1 karar vermek gerektirmek, zorunlu kılmak eğlendirmek

istekli, hevesli tamamen kıskanmak salgın hastalık eşitlik

eşitlemek

donatmak donanım ,

techizat bir şekilde birden fazla anlama gelebilen

eşit

aşın(dır)mak

patlama k casusluk gerekli kurmak tahminde bulunmak e be di değerlendirmek açık,

net

geliş(tir)mek, değişrnek

abartma k incelemek 1 muayene etmek kazı yapmak aşmak aşırı

takas etmek çıkarmak

hariç tutma, çıkarma mazeret muaf tutmak yorgun sergilemek var olmak genişle(t)mek


531

YDS ŞiFRELERi 68. 69 . 70. 71. 72 . 73. 74 . 75 . 76 . 77 . 78 . 79 . 80 . 81. 82. 83 . 84. 85. 86 . 87 .

Expansive Expect Expedition Expense Experience Expire Explicit Explode Exploit Explore Explosion Export Expose(to) Express Extend Extensive Extensively Extreme Extract Extraordinary

yaygın, genişleyen

ummak yolculuk masraf, gider tecrübe 1 tecrübe etmek süresi dolmak açık , belli patlama k sömürmek kesfetrnek patlama ihrac etmek maruz bırakmak 1 teşhir etmek ifade etmek genişletmek kapsamlı

derinlemesine,

kapsamlı

bir

şekilde

aşırı

çıkarmak

(özünü, suyunu vs.) 1 alıntı yapmak

olağandışı, alışılmadık

F 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 . 11 . 12. 13 . 14. 15. 16 . 17 . 18 . 19 . 20 . 21 . 22 . 23 . 24 . 25. 26. 27 . 28 . 29. 30. 31 . 32 . 33. 34.

532

Fabric Fabricate Facilitate Fa ct Fade Failure Fa int Faintly Fa ir Fairly Falsify Familiar Famine Famish Fare Fatal Fatigue Favour Fearsome Feasible Feeble Fertile Fertilize Fertilizer Fetch Fever Field Fierce Figure Filthy Fine Fiscal Fit Fiatter

kumaş

uydurmak, sahtesini yapmak kolaylaştırmak

gerçek, olgu solmak başarısızlık bayılmak

hafifçe adil oldukça üzerinde oynamak , sahtecilik yapmak aşina, tanıdık kıtlık açlık

çekmek bilet ücreti ölümcül yorgunluk desteklemek 1 iyilik, korkunç yapılabilir, mümkün

yardım

cılız

verimli verimlileştirmek

gübre gidip getirmek ateş

alan, saha şiddetli

rakam 1 şekil kirli iyi, hoş 1 para cezası mali formda 1 uymak, yakışmak pohpohlamak


YDS VOCABULARY/KELiME 35. 36 . 37 . 38 . 39. 40. 41. 42. 43 . 44 . 45. 46. 47. 48 . 49 . 50. 51. 52. 53 . 54. 55. 56 . 57 . 58. 59. 60. 61 .

Flawless Flee Float Flow Fluctuate

kusursuz kaçmak su üstünde kalmak akmak dalgalanmak, istikrarsız hareket etmek

Focus (on)

odaklanmak

Fold Forbid Force Forecast Forge Forgery Form Form er Forthcoming Fortify Fortunate Fortune Fracture Frail Framework Frank Fulfil Functional Functionality Fundamental Futile

katlama k yasaklamak güç 1 zorlamak önceden tahmin etmek Sahtesini yapmak sahtekarlık, kalpazanlık oluşturmak,

meydana getirmek 1 biçimlendirmek

önceki yaklaşan , yakında gerçekleşecek

olan

sağlamlaştırmak

talihli servet çatlama k zayıf

çerçeve, taslak, yapı dürüst, açık sözlü yerine getirmek fonsiyonel , işlevsel işlevsellik

esas boşuna ,

nafile

G 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1 O. 11 . 12. 13 . 14. 15. 16 . 17 . 18. 19. 20 . 21 . 22. 23 .

Gain Gather Gender Generate Giant Gift Gist Glance Gloomy Glorify Goal Goods Govern Government Grab Gradual Grant Grasp Grave Grief Grievance Grow Growth

kazanmak , elde etmek toplamak, bir araya getirmek 1 bir araya gelmek cinsiyet üretmek, meydana getirmek çok büyük hediye 1 yetenek ana fikir 1 öz göz atmak kasvetli yüceltmek hedef, amaç mallar, eşya yönetmek hükümet kapmak 1 kavramak 1 el koymak aşamalı , yavaş yavaş

vermek kavramak mezar keder, hüzün sorun , şikayet yetiştirmek 1 büyürnek 1 artmak büyüme , gelişme


533

YDS ŞiFRELERi

H 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 . 12 . 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

H alt Harass Harbour Hardship Harsh Harvest Hassle Hasten Hazardous Heal He at Hectic Herd Hesitate H ide Hi nder Hint Hi re Hollow Homeless Hostile H u ge Humorous Humiliate Hurricane

durdurmak saldırmak

liman 1 barındırmak 1 korumak zorluk sert hasat 1 ekin toplamak sıkıntı, zorluk acele et(tir)mek tehlikeli iyileş(tir)mek ısı /ısıtmak telaşlı,

hareketli sürü tereddüt etmek saklamak engellemek ima 1 ima etmek kiralamak delik, oyuk evs iz düşmanca

iri komik küçük

düşürmek, aşağılamak

kasırga

1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1 o. 11. 12 . 13 . 14. 15. 16. 17 . 18. 19. 20 . 21 . 22 . 23 . 24. 25.

534

ldentify ldl e lgnore lllustrate lmitate lmmature lmmediate Immense lmmigrant lmmobilize Immoral lmmunity lmpact lmpair lmpartial lmpede lmplant lmplement lmplicate lmply lmport lmpose lmprecise lmpression lmprison

belirlemek 1 tanımlamak 1 kimliğini saptamak 1 işsiz önemsememek 1 görmezden gelmek göstermek 1 örneklemek taklit etmek atıl/ boş

olgunlaşmamış

derhal, hemen çok büyük, muazzam göçmen hareketsizleştirmek

ahlaka

aykırı

bağışıklık

etki zarar vermek tarafsız

ket vurmak nakletmek 1 yerleştirmek uygulamak, gerçekleştirmek bir işe (suç vs ..) bulaştırmak ima etmek ithal etmek dayatmak, zorla benimsetmek net olmayan etki, izienim hapse atmak


YDS VOCABULARY/KELiME 26. 27. 28 . 29 . 30.

31. 32 . 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43 . 44. 45. 46 . 47 . 48 . 49 . 50. 51 . 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57 . 58. 59. 60 . 61 . 62. 63 . 64 . 65 . 66. 67 . 68 . 69 . 70 . 71 . 72. 73 . 74 . 75 . 76 . 77 . 78. 79 . 80. 81 . 82. 83 . 84. 85.

lmproper lmprove lnadequately lnapplicable lnclination(to /for) Ineline lnclude lnclusively Ineome lnconvenient lnconsistent lncrease lncredible lndicate lndifferent (to) lndispensable lndividual lndolent lnduce lndustrious In ert lnevitable lnfer lnflammable lnfluence In ha bit Inhale lnherent lnherit lnhibit lnitial lnitiate Innocent Innovation lnquire In sert lnsist(on) lnspect lnspire lnstability lnstable lnstinct lnstitution lnstruct lnsulate lnsult lntegrate lntensify lntention lntentionally lnteraction Intertere lntermittent lnterpret lnterpretation lnterrupt lntervene lntimate lnvade lnvalid

hatalı

1 uygunsuz

geliştirmek

yetersiz

şekilde

1 uygulanamaz meyil eğilrnek 1 eğim içe rm ek kapsamlı olarak gelir uygunsuz 1 zahmetli

alakasız eğilim,

tutarsız

artmak 1 artış inanılmaz

göstermek duyarsız

vazgeçilmez birey tembel sevk etmek (birini

birşey

yapmaya) 1 neden olmak

çalışkan

hareketsiz kaçınılmaz

anlam çıkarmak, ... sonucuna varmak yan ıcı, kolay tutuşan etki 1 etkilemek ikamet etmek, yaşamak içine çekmek, teneffüs etmek doğuştan olan, yaradılıştan gelen mirasa konmak engellemek, kısıtlamak ilk 1 başlangıç başlatmak

masum yenilik soruşturmak

1 eklemek etmek incelemek ilham vermek, esin kaynağı olmak

yerleştirmek ısrar

istikrarsızlık istikrarsız

içgüdü kurum talimat vermek . bilgilendirmek yalıtmak

hakaret etmek kaynaştırmak, birleştirmek yoğunlaştırmak

niyet kasten, bilerek etkileşim karışmak ,

müdahale etmek kesik kesik yorumlamak. tercüme etmek açıklama, yorum kesmek , araya girmek müdahale etmek, karışmak samimi işgal etmek geçersiz aralıklı,


535

YDS ŞiFRELERi 86. 87. 88. 89. 90 . 91 . 92 . 93 . 94. 95 . 96 .

536

In ve nt lnvest lnvestigate lnvolve lrregular lrrelevant lrresistable lrritate Isoiate ls s u e lt em

icat etmek yapmak

yatırım

araştırmak

içermek, dahil etmek düzensiz alakasız, ilgisiz karşı konulamaz sinirlendirmek , rahatsız etmek izole etmek, ayırmak konu, sorun madde, fıkra


YDS VOCABULARY/KELiME akla uygun 1 meşru azaltmak sorumlu 1 muhtemel

15. 16. 17. 18 . 19.

Legitimate Lessen Liable Lift Likely

20.

Lin k

bağlantı, ilişki

21 . 22. 23 . 24 . 25. 26 . 27. 28. 29. 30 . 31. 32.

Lite ra te Litter Loathe Locate Locatio n Lock Logical Lo o se Lo w Loyal Luckily Luxurious

okur yazar 1 eğitimli çöp nefret etmek

kaldırmak

muhtemel

yerleştirmek

yer, mevki kilit 1 kilitiemek mantıklı gevşek 1 gevşetmek alçak 1 düşük sadık

neyseki, lüks

şans

eseri

M 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1 O. 11. 12. 13 . 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 . 19. 20 . 21 . 22. 23. 24. 25 . 26 . 27. 28. 29. 30. 31 . 32. 33. 34. 35. 36.

Magnificient Mainstream Maintain Major Majority Malfunction Malnutrition Manage Manipulate Manner Manufacture March Mark Marvellous Massive Masterpiece M ean Means Measure Meddie Me lt Mem o rize Men d Mention Merge M erit Messy Migrate Military M inistry Minor Misbehave Mistake Misunderstand Misuse Moderate

görkemli, etkileyici genel toplumsal eğilim sürdürmek, korumak 1 savunmak, iddia etmek ana, asıl, büyük çoğunluk aksaklık,arıza

dengesiz beslenme yönetmek 1 başarmak idare etmek, kendi çıkarları için kullanmak davranış, tutum üretmek ilerlemek, yürümek iz 1 işaretiemek mükemmel çok büyük baş yapıt anlamına

gelmek 1 .. kastetmek, amaçlamak araç , yol, yöntem ölçmek 1 önlem karışmak, burnunu sokmak erime k ezberlemek tamir etmek bahsetmek birleşrnek

erdem,

değer

dağınık ,

düzensiz göç etmek askeri bakanlık

daha küçük, ikincil kötü davranmak hata 1 yanılmak 1 birini bir başkasıyla yanlış anlamak suistimal etmek, yanlış kullanmak

karıştırmak

ılımlı


537

YDS ŞiFRELERi 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48.

538

Modest Modify Moisture M old mood Moral Mu d Municipality Murder M use le Mystery Myth

mütevazı

değiştirmek

nem şekil

vermek 1 küf ruh hali ahlaki çamur belediye cinayet 1 öldürmek kas gizem efsane




539

YDS ŞiFRELERi 26. 27 . 28 . 29 . 30. 31 . 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37 . 38. 39. 40. 41. 42 . 43 . 44. 45 . 46. 47. 48. 49. 50 . 51. 52 . 53 . 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61 . 62 . 63 . 64. 65 . 66 . 67 . 68 . 69 . 70 . 71 . 72 . 73 . 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81 . 82. 83. 84. 85.

540

Pessimistic Pe st Phase Pillage Pioneer Plain Plant Plentiful Plug Po et Poison Po le Policy Polis h Pollute Port Po se Possess Possibly Postpone Praise Precation Precede Precious Precise Predict Preference Prejudice Preliminary Prescribe Prescriptive Present Preserve Press u re Presume Pretend Prevalent Prevent Previous Pride Primary Priority Prior (to) Private Privilage Probable Probation Proceed Process Proclaim Profit Profound Progress Promote Prompt Prone (to) Proof Proper Property Proposal

kötümser böcek aşama , safha yağmalamak

öncü düz, sade 1 ova bitki 1 ağaç dikmek 1 işletme, fabrika bol priz şair

zehir 1 zehiriemek kutup 1 uç politika , ilke cilalamak , pariatmak kirletmek liman ortaya çıkarmak 1 poz vermek sahip olmak muhtemelen ertelernek övmek önlem ... den önce gelmek değerli

kesin , tam , doğru tahmin etmek tercih ön yargı ön, hazırlayıcı, başlangıç niteliğindeki ilaç yazmak 1 buyurmak, emretmek yerleşik , yapılagelen 1 kuralcı sunmak 1 mevcut korumak baskı 1 basınç farzetmek, varsaymak ... mış gibi davranmak , rol yapmak çok rastlanan, yaygın engellemek önceki, eski gurur ana , asıl, birincil öncelik ..den önce özel , şahsa ait imtiyaz muhtemel şartlı tahliye ilerlemek işiemek 1 süreç , işlem beyan etmek , duyurmak kar 1 kar yapmak derin, etkileyici/ bilgili ilerleme, aşama kaydetme terfi ettirmek 1 teşvik etmek acele 1 teşvik etmek, harekete geçirmek -e meyilli kanıt

tam , düzgün mal mülk öneri, teklif




541

YDS ŞiFRELERi 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41 . 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81 . 82. 83.

542

Recreate Recruit Recurrent Redemption Red u ce Redundant Refer (to) Reflect Retres h Refugee Retund Refute Regard (as) Region Register Regret Regular Regulate Regulation Rehearse Reign Reinforce Reinstate Reject Relate Relative Relatively Release Relentless Relevant Reliable Relieve Reluctant Remain Remark Remarkable Reminiscent (of) Remote Remove Renovation Replace(with) Reply Represent Request Require Research Reside Reside nt Resign Resi st Resolve Respect Respective Respectively Respond Response Responsible Rest Restless Restrict

canlandırmak,

tazelemek almak tekrarlanan, nükseden geri alma, telafi etme azaltmak işe

işsiz atıfta

bulunmak,

değinmek,

yönlendirmek

yansıtmak canlandırmak,

ferahlatmak mülteci geri ödeme(k) yalanlamak, çürütmek ... olarak görmek, kabul etmek bölge kayıt etmek /olmak pişman olmak 1 pişmanlık düzenli 1 düzgün düzenlemek, denetim altına almak kural, yönetmelik prova yapmak hükümdarlık dönemi pekiştirmek, güçlendirmek eski haline getirmek reddetmek bağlantı kurmak akraba 1 göreceli nispeten serbest bırakmak 1 piyasaya sürmek acımasız

ilgili, alakalı güvenilir rahatlatmak isteksiz kalıntı 1 kalmak belirtmek 1 düşünce kayda değer -i andıran uzak çıkarmak, ortadan kaldırmak yenileme ... nın yerine koymak cevap vermek 1 cevap temsil etmek rica gerektirrnek araştırma

i karnet etmek, yerleşmek Bir yerde ikamet eden kişi, sakin istifa etmek d irenrnek karar vermek 1 çözmek saygı duymak 1 saygı ayrı, kişisel, şahsi

ayrı ayrı, sırasıyla

cevaplamak cevap sorumlu dinlenmek 1 kalan, artan huzursuz, tedirgin kısıtlamak


YDS VOCABULARY/KELiME 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91 . 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97 . 98 . 99. 100. 101 . 102. 103. 104. 105.

Res u lt Retain Retire Retreat Reveal Reve n ge Revers e Review Revise Revolution Revolve Reward Ridiculous Ri se Rival Root Rotten Rub Ruin Rule Rus h Ruthless

sonuç elde tutmak, korumak, muhafaza etmek emekli olmak geri çekilmek açığa çıkarmak

intikam tersine çevirmek görüş

gözden geçirmek devrim, değişim dönmek ödül saçma, komik artmak, yükselrnek 1 artış rakip kök 1 köken çürük ovmak mahvetmek 1 kalıntı kural/ hükmetmek hızla koşmak

gaddar

s 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19 . 20. 21. 22 . 23 . 24. 25. 26. 27. 28 . 29. 30. 31 . 32.

Sac k Sacred Sacrifice Salary Salute Sample Sanction Sateliile Satisfactıry

Satisfy Saturale Scale Scarce Scarcely Seatter Scenery Sceptical Schedule Scholarship Sc old Scratch Search Sedate See d See k See m Seemingiy Se ize Select Sen se Sensible Sensitive(to)

kovmak kutsal fedakarlık

1 feda etmek, kurban etmek

maaş

selamlamak örnek, numune izin uydu memnun edici, tatmin edici tatmin etmek ıslatmak, doygun hale getirmek ölçek nadir, seyrek nadiren dağıtmak, saçmak manzara şüpheci

program burs azarlamak kazımak 1 çizmek 1 tahriş etmek 1 tırmalamak araştırmak

sakin leştirrnek tohum aramak görünmek görünüşe göre ele geçirmek seçmek his, duygu 1 duyu mantıklı

hassas


543

YDS ŞiFRELERi 33. 34. 35. 36. 37 . 38. 39. 40 . 41 . 42 . 43 . 44. 45. 46 . 47. 48 . 49 . 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60 . 61 . 62 . 63 . 64. 65 . 66. 67. 68 . 69 . 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81 . 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87 . 88. 89. 90. 91. 92 .

544

Senten ce Separate Sequence Sere ne Session Severe Shade Shape S harp S hatter Shattered Shift Sh o re Shortcoming S horten Sickness Sigh Sight Sign Significant Significantly Sim i lar Simple Simply Simpl ify Simulate Sineere Sin k Situation Size Sizeabi e Ski ll Skillful S kin S kip Slaughter Slave Slavery Slightly Slip Slippery Slope S Iy Smash Smooth Smuggle Socialize So il Solely Solid Sol itary Soothe Sophisticated Sorrow Soul Sovereign Sp are Spectacular Sp ili S pin

hapse atmak 1 ceza vermek 1 cümle ayırmak

1 ayrı

sıra

sakin oturum, seans şiddetli

gölge şekil

keskin 1 ani paramparça etmek, paramparça olmak bitkin, mahvolmuş yön değiştirmek 1 vardiya deniz kenarı eksik, kusur kısaltmak

hastalık

iç çekmek görüş, görme yetisi işaret 1 imzalamak önemli önemli ölçüde benzer basit kolaylıkla 1 tamamen 1 sadece basitleştirmek

... gibi yapmak 1 taklit etmek sıcak, samimi batmak durum e bat ayarlanabilir 1 oldukça büyük beceri becerikli cilt, deri atlamak hayvan kesrnek 1 katıetmek köle kölelik az miktarda, hafifçe kaymak kaygan eğim, yamaç sinsi parçalamak yumuşak , düz, pürüzsüz, kolay kaçakçılık yapmak sosyalleşrnek

toprak yalnızca katı

(only)

1 somut

yalnız,

kendi

başına

yatıştırmak

çok yönlü, detaylı üzüntü ruh egemen , yüce yedek görkemli, şahane dökmek, dökülmek dönmek


YDS VOCABULARY/KELiME 93 . 94. 95. 96. 97.

98 . 99 . 100 . 101. 102 . 103. 104. 105. 106 . 107. 108 . 109 . 11 O. 111 . 112 . 113 . 114. 115. 116 . 117. 118 . 119 . 120 . 121 . 122 . 123. 124. 125. 126 . 127 . 128 . 129 . 130 131 132. 133 134 . 135 136 137 . 138 . 139 140 . 141 . 142 . 143 . 144. 145. 146 . 14 7. 148 . 149 . 150 . 151 . 152 .

Spiritual Split Spoil Spontaneous Spouse Spread Square Squeeze Stability Stable Staff S ta ge S ta le S ta re Stark S ta te S tatement Statue Steady Steadily S te ep St em Stern (from) Stimulate S tir Stitch Stockholder St o re St o rm Straight Straighten Strain Stray Strict Strike Strive Struggle Stubborn Subject Subject (to) Subsıdize

Substantially Subtle Succeed (in) Successive Successor Su e Suffer (from) Sufficient Suggestion Su it Suitable Su m mary Su m mit Superficial Superio r (to) Supplement Supply Support Suppose

ruhani ayırmak

berbat etmek, bozmak, bozulmak 1 şımartmak ani eş

yaymak, yayılmak kare 1 meydan sıkmak

istikrar sabit personel sahne 1 aşama bayat, bozuk dik dik bakmak katı, keskin , şiddetli devlet 1 durum 1 ifade etmek, söylemek demeç, ifade heykel sabit sabit bir şekilde dik gövde ...den kaynaklanmak teşvik etmek karıştırmak

dikmek 1 dikiş hissedar depolamak fırtına

düz doğrultmak

1 düzleşmek, düzleştirmek burkmak 1 çabalamak , gayret etmek başıboş, evsiz katı, kuralcı

grev 1 vurmak . çarpmak çabalama k çabalamak . mücadele etmek inatçı

konu . ders maruz bırakmak ödenek vermek, mali destek sağlamak önemli ölçüde ince , ustaca yapılmış başarmak ardışık

halef dava etmek acı çekmek . muzdarip olmak yeterli öneri ya kışmak 1 takım elbise uygun özet zirve yüzeysel daha üstün ek . ilave sağlamak , tedarik etmek ( supply sth to sb 1 supply sb with sth) desteklemek zannetmek


545

YDS ŞiFRELERi

Survıve

almak 1 durdurmak Listesinden gelmek ustı.in olmak . aşmak teslım olmak hayatta kalmak

158

Su~ceprıble ıto)

duyarlı ,

1'>9 . 160

Suspend

askıya

Suspıcıon

şuphe

Hı1

Sustaırı

devanı ettırmek .

162 161

Swell Symptorn

kabarmak , be lı rtı

153 . 154 155 156 157

Su press Surmouııt

Sur pas!> Surrender

baskı altına

hassas

almak . ertelernek korumak çogalmak

şışmek .

T 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. 9 10 11 12 13 14 . 15. 16 . 17 . 18 . 19. 20 . 21 . 22 . 23 24 . 25 . 26 27 28 . 29 30 31 32 . 33 34 15 . 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

546

Tac k le ustesınden gelmek Talent yetenek 1 anıe evcilleştırmek Targel hedef Task görev. iş Tasteful zevk lı Tasty lezzetli Tax vergi Tear yırtnıak 1 gozyaşı Temple tapınak Tempt ayartmak, aklını çelrnek Tend egilimı olmak , meyilli olmak Tendeney (toltowards) : egilım Tender hassas, merhametli Tentative belirsiz, deneme amaçlı , geçici Tentatively geçici olarak Termınate

soniandırmak

Terrain Terrify

toprak , arazi korkutmak arazi, bölge tanıklık etmek 1 kanıtlamak ifade, tanıklık tam, eksiksiz adamakıllı, tamamen

Terrıtory

Testify Testimony Thorough Thoroughly Thought Thoughtful Thoughtless Threat Threaten Thrıfty

düşünce düşüneeli

düşüncesiz

tehdit tehdit etmek tutumlu. idareli büyümek, gelişmek taht

Thrive Throne Throng Throughout Throw

boyunca atmak

Tıght

sıkı

kalabalık

Tıghtly

sıkıca

Tıny

çok küçı.ik mezar

Tom b Torn Tough Tower Trace

yırtık

sert, kule

katı. dayanıklı

ız/ ızını

surrnek


YDS VOCABULARY/KELiME 44 . 45 . 46 . 47 48 . 49 . 50 51 . 52 53 . 54. 55 . 56 57 58 59. 60 61 62 . 63 64 . 65 .

Trade Tradition Trail Traın Tranquıl

Transactıon Transmıt

Treachery Treasure Tre at Treatment Treaty Tremendous Trial

ticaret gelenek süruklemek . izlemek egitmek. antreman yapmak sakin ış gorme. ışlem iletmek,gondermek 1 bulaştırmak ıhanet

hazine davranmak 1 tedavi etmek muamele /tedavi anlaşma

Trıck

çok büyük deneme 1 duruşma hile

Tribe Triumph Trivial Troop Trust Trustworthy Truth

zafer 1 başarı önemsiz askeri bırlık güven 1 güvenmek güvenilir gerçek, hakikat

kabıle

u 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 . 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17 18. 19. 20 . 21 . 22 . 23 . 24 . 25 . 26 . 27

Ultımate

Unattended Unaware (of) Unbearable Underestimate U ndermine Underrate Undertake Undo Uneasy Unfortunate Unfortunately Union Unique Unlikely Unpleasant Unpredictable Unreliable Unrestrained Unwilling Unwillingly Uphold Urge Urgent Useless Utılize

Utmost

nihaı , en son 1 en üst sahipsiz habersiz 1 farkında olmayan

dayanılmaz, katlanılmaz

hafife almak, gerçek değerinin altında degerlendirmek gücünü azaltmak , baltalamak küçümsemek, hafife almak üstlenmek, sorumluluğunu almak çözmek (bağcık vs) 1 geri almak, mahvetmek gergin, huzursuz talihsiz maalesef birlik 1 sendika zayıflatmak,

eşsiz olası

olmayan na hoş önceden kestirilemez , tahmın edılemez güvenilmez kontrolsüz isteksiz istemeyerek desteklemek, onaylamak ısrarla tavsiye etmek , baskı yapmak acil fayda s ız faydalanmak . kullanmak en yüksek 1 son derece


547

YDS ŞiFRELERi

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1O. 11 . 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 . 21 . 22 . 23 . 24. 25 . 26. 27 . 28 . 29 . 30 . 31. 32 .

Vacancy Vacant Vacation Vague Vanish Vanity Variable Variety Various Vary Va st Vehicle Versatile Vessel Vexed Vibration Victim Victory Vi ew Vigorously Violate Violence Violent Virtually Virtue Vital Voluntarily V o mit Vote (for 1 against) Voyage V ulgar Vulnerable

boş

oda

boş

tatil belirsiz ortadan kaybolmak kibir değişken çeşitlilik çeşitli değişrnek 1 çeşitlilik göstermek çok büyük, geniş araç becerikli , çok yönlü gemi sinirli, üzgün

titreşim

kurban zafer görüş 1 manzara dinamik bir şekilde, kuvvetiice bozmak , ihlal etmek şiddet

şiddetli,

sert neredeyse erdem hayati, çok önemli gönüllü olarak kusmak oy kullanmak gemi yolculuğu bayağı , zevksiz hassas, kırılgan

w 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1O. 11 . 12 . 13 . 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

548

W age Wander Wantonly Warfare Waste Weak Weakness Wealthy Weapon W elfare Wheel Wholly W ide Widely Widespread Willing Wisdom W ise

yevmiye gezinmek kasten 1 düşüncesizce savaş

atık

1 israf /israf etmek güçsüz

zayıf ,

zayıflık

zengin silah refah tekerlek tamamen geniş geniş

çapta

yaygın

istekli bilgelik,

sağduyu , akıllılık

akıllı, mantıklı


YDS VOCABULARY/KELiME 19.

20. 21. 22 . 23 . 24. 25. 26. 27.

Withdraw Witness Wonder Worry Worship Worthless Worthy (of) Wound Wrinkle

çekmek, çekilmek tanık

merak etmek 1 mucize endişe

1 endişenlendirmek

tapınmak,

ibadet etmek

değersiz layık

yara 1 yaralamak kırışık 1 kınşmak


/buruşturmak

549

YDS ŞiFRELERi

PHRASALVERBS Abide by Account for Act on/upon Act up Add up to Allow for Answerfor Ask around Ask someone over : Ask someone out :

Back down Back out Back up Bail out Bawl out

Bear out Bearup Bear with Beat down Blowin Blow off Blow over Blow up Break away from Break down Breakin Break into Break off Break out Break out (of) Break out in Break up Bring about Bring around Bring down Bring forth Bring off Bring out Bring together Bring up Brush up on Build on Build up Bum into

550

uymak

1 oluşturmak uymak, -e göre davranmak 1 etkilemek sorun çıkarmak, tekiemek ... anlamına gelmek hesaba katmak hesabını vermek, sorumluluğunu üstlenmek çevredekilere sormak eve davet etmek çıkma teklif etmek açıklamak

caymak, vazgeçmek sözünden dönmek desteklemek 1 yedeklemek 1 geriye doğru hareket ... n ... ı.ı• kurtarmak azarlamak bastırmak 1 çaba sarf etmek ... ile ilgili olmak onaylamak, doğrulamak dayanmak, göğüs germek sabırlı olmak bastırmak 1 pazarlıkla fiyatı indirtmek ansızın çıkagelmek

sinirlenmek sona ermek 1 unutulmak patla(t)mak 1 şişirmek 1 abartmak .. den ayrılmak bozulmak 1 çok üzülmek 1 parçalara, bölümlere ayırmak eğitmek 1 araya girmek, sözünü kesrnek bir yere zorla girmek 1 bir işe girmek 1 araya girmek aniden soniandırmak birden ortaya çıkmak, patlak vermek (savaş,hasta vs.) bir yerden kaçmak (hapis vs.) ... ile kaplanmakl... içinde kalmak ayrılmak 1 bitirmek sebep olmak ikna etmek azaltmak 1 (yönetimi/hükümeti vs.) devirmek sebep olmak 1 meydana getirmek 1 öne sürmek başarmak, yürütmek ortaya çıkarmak bir araya getirmek yetiştirmek, büyütmek (çocuk) 1 bahsetmek bilgiyi tazelemek dayandırmak arttırmak, geliştirmek

rastlamak



Call for Call off Call on/upon Callup

istemek, gerektirrnek iptal etmek ziyaret etmek 1 davet etmek, çağrıda bulunmak anımsatmak 1 çağırmak (askere,göreve vs.)/ tel etmek etkisini yok etmek, sıfırlamak kazanmak 1 üstesinden gelmek 1 ölümüne olmak devam etmek uygulamak, yerine getirmek beğenilmek, tutulmak 1 anlamak arayı kapatmak, aynı seviyeye ulaşmak

Caneel out Carry off Carry on Carry out Catch on Catch up with Change into Cheer up Clear away Clear up

dönüşrnek neşelendirmek

ortadan kaldırmak 1 yok olmak düzelmek, iyileşrnek 1 açığa kavuşturmak, çözme açıklamak

Close down Close up Come about Come across Com e around 1 ro und : Come by Come downon Come down to Come down with Come in for Come out

(işyeri, iş)

kapatmak, kapanmak

soniandırmak

meydana gelmek, olmak karşılaşmak

ayılmak

1 ziyaret etmek 1 yola gelmek elde etmek azarlamak indirgemek hastalığa yakalanmak maruz kalmak yayımlanmak, ortaya çıkmak 1 son ,,. ••'""'"'ıc aniaşılmak

Come up with Counton Cut down Cut down (on)

Deal with Die out Do awaywith Do by Dowith Draw into Draw on Draw out Drive at Drive back 1 off: Drop by 1 in Drop off Drop out of Dry up

bulmak, üretmek güvenmek yok etmek azaltmak

ilgilenmek, ele almak 1 üstesinden gelmek nesli tükenmek, yok olmak kaldırmak, yok etmek, kurtulmak davranmak ihtiyacı olmak, yararlanmak çekmek 1 girişrnek /dahil etmek yaklaşmak 1 yararlanmak uzatmak 1 çıkarmak 1 konuşturmak 1 çekmek kastetmek püskürtrnek uğramak

azalmak 1 birini arabayla bir yere

bırakmak

çıkmak, ayrılmak

tükenmek 1 kurumak


551

YDS ŞiFRELERi

Fall apart Fall away Fall back Fall behind Fall for Fall off Fall on Fall out Feed on Figure out Fill in for Find out Fit in with Fix on/upon Fix up Follow out Follow through:

parçalara ayrılmak, dağılmak gerilemek, azalmak geri çekilmek geri kalmak 1 gecikmek aldanmak 1 aşık olmak azalmak saldırmak 1 denk gelmek 1 tecrübe etmek ortaya çıkmak 1 tartışmak, bozuşmak ... ile beslenmek anlamak birinin yerine geçmek, yerini doldurmak öğrenmek, keşfetmek

-e uymak (topluma, bir gruba vs ..) kararlaştırmak

ayarlamak 1 onarmak gerçekleştirmek

bir

Get about/around Get across Get ahead Get at Get away Get away with Get by Get down Get down to Get into Get off Geton Get on 1 along (with) Get out of Get over Get through Give away Give in Give off Give out Give up Go along Go along with Go by Go down Gooff Go on Go over Go through Go under Go up Growon Grow out of Grow up

552

işin

sonunu getirmek

gezinmek,

dolaşmak/ yayılmak

açıklamak, netleştirmek, aniaşılmasını sağlamak

önüne geçmek 1 başarmak, ilerlemek, gelişmek 1 ima etmek 1 ortaya çıkarmak kaçmak, kurtulmak yanına kar kalmak geçmek 1 geçimini sağlamak, idare etmek moralini bozmak, üzmek 1 yutmak erişmek

başlamak

binrnek 1 girmek inmek 1 cezadan kurtulmak, yırtmak binrnek 1 yaşlanmak 1 ilerlemek birbiriyle geçinmek, anlaşmak inmek 1 çıkmak 1 kaçınmak , sıyrılmak 1 elde etmek iyileşmek, düzelmek, atiatmak bağlantı sağlamak 1 üstesinden gelmek, bitirmek açığa çıkarmak, ele vermek 1 hibe etmek pes etmek, boyun eğmek 1 teslim etmek saçmak, yaymak ilan etmek 1 yaymak 1 dağıtmak 1 tükenmek vazgeçmek, bırakmak ilerlemek eşlik etmek 1 aynı fıkirde olmak, desteklemek geçip gitmek 1 -e göre davranmak azalmak, düşmek 1 yenilmek bozulma k 1 patlama k 1 kesilmek, durmak devam etmek gözden geçirmek, incelemek geçirmek ( zor zaman/ hastalık vs .. ) 1 kontrol etmek batmak, iflas etmek yükselmek, artmak zamanla hoşuna gitmek ..den türemek, kaynaklanmak 1 büyük gelmek büyümek, yetişrnek 1 oluşmak, vuku bulmak



Hand down karar vermek Hand down from : kuşaktan kuşağa geçmek, aktanlmak Handin teslim etmek Hand out dağıtmak, vermek Hand over teslim etmek 1 devretmek Hang on dayanmak, sürdürmek 1 tutunmak 1 beklemek Hang out sarmak 1 asmak 1 takılmak, vakit geçirmek Hang up ertelemek, geciktirmek 1 telefonu kapatmak misilierne yapmak Hit back Hiton tesadüfen bulmak Hold back tutmak, engellemek 1 gizlemek Hold off gecikmek, ertelernek 1 uzakta tutmak Hold out uzatmak 1 sürmek, yetmek 1 di renrnek Hold over süresini uzatmak Hold up geciktirmek, engellemek 1 soymak, soygun yapmak Hold with doğrulamak, aynı fikirde olmak

Keep at Keep down Keep off Keep on Keepto Keep up Keep up with Knock down

devam etmek, sürdürmek kontrol altında tutmak uzak tutmak devam etmek bağlı kalmak, uymak ayakta tutmak, devam ettirmek, seviyesini korumak yetişrnek 1 ayak uydurmak (çağa, zamana vs .. ) yere serrnek 1 yıkmak

Landon Lay aside Lay away Laydown Lay off Lay out Lay over up

yere inmek, karaya çıkmak 1 azarlamak bir kenara atmak ayırmak 1 saklamak 1 biriktirmek bırakmak 1 kural koymak işten çıkarmak 1 bir şeyi yapmaya son vermek tasarlamak, düzenlemek sonraya bırakmak, ara vermek biriktirmek 1 yatağa bağlı kalmak ( hastalık

•ınıı>nıı•niyle)

Lead off başlatmak 1yol göstermek Lead on inandırmak, kandırmak, ayartmak Lead to sebep olmak Lean on dayanmak 1 baskı yapmak 1 azarlamak Leave off bırakmak, kesrnek Leave out hariç tutmak, çıkarmak Let down hayal kırıklığına uğratmak 1 ihanet etmek Live on geçimini sürdürmek 1 ... ile geçinmek Live up to ulaşmak 1 karşılamak Look after bakmak, ilgilenmek Look downon küçümsemek Look for aramak Look forward to : iple çekmek, hevesle beklemek Look into araştırmak, incelemek Look over gözden geçirmek Look through göz atmak Look up gelişmek 1 sözlükte, kitapta vs. aramak Look u to imrenm olmak


553

YDS ŞiFRELERi

Make away with : çalmak Makefor -e yönelmek 1 -e sebep olmak Make off kaçmak Make out anlamak Make up düzenlemek 1 uydurmak 1 makyaj

yapmak

oluşturmak

Make up for telafi etmek Make upwith barışmak , arayı düzeltmek Match up (with) : ... ile eşleşmek , örtüşmek Measure up to ... kadar iyi olmak Melt away kaybolmak, yok olmak Move on to yeni konuya, seviyeye vs. geçmek

Pick at Pick out Pick up

karışmak, kusur bulmak 1 isteksizce yemek seçmek 1 ayırt etmek kaldırmak 1 dil öğrenmek 1 arabayla birini almak algılamak

Pick up gelişmek, hızlanmak, ilerlemek Point out işaret etmek 1 belirtmek Pull apart parçalamak, koparmak, ayırmak Pull down yıkmak Push up arttırmak Put across açıklamak, anlatmak biriktirmek, bir kenara kaldırmak Put aside Put away yerine kaldırmak 1 bırakmak, vazgeçmek kaydetmek, yazmak 1 bastırmak 1 değerlendirmek Put down Put forward : öne sürmek 1 desteklemek ertelernek Putoff Put on giyme k söndürmek 1 kızdırmak 1 üretmek Put out arttırmak 1 inşa etmek 1 misafir etmek 1 önermek, Put up göstermek Put up with : katlanmak

baştan sona dikkatlice okumak Read over derinlemesine düşünmek Reflect on Rise up ayaklanmak Run across : rastlamak kaçmak Run away Run into çarpma k 1 karşılaşmak ilerlemek, devam etmek Run on tüketmek Run out of Run over üzerinden geçmek, çiğnemek

554



See off Seli out Set in Set off Set out Set up Settle down Setle down to : Show up Shut off Sign up for Slip away Sort out Speak out 1 up: Stand by Stand for Stand on Stand up for Stick out Stick to

Take over Take down Take off Take on Take over Take up Tearapart Tear down Thinkup Throw away : Throw out Try out Turn down Turn into Turn up

Walk out Waste away: Wearaway Weardown Wipe out Work out

uğurlamak malı

bütün

satmak, tüketmek 1 bastırmak (karanlık, yorgunluk vs.) yola çıkmak 1 ateşlemek, patlatmak 1 belirginleştirmek yola çıkmak 1 göstermek, sergilemek kurmak, düzenlemek yerleşmek 1 sakinleşmek, uslanmak bir işe koyulmak görünmek, boy göstermek 1 belli olmak, gözükmek durmak, kapanmak kaydolmak başlamak

sıvışmak

çözmek, sınıflandırmak ne düşündüğünü açıkça söylemek desteklemek, yanında olmak ... anlamına gelmek 1 desteklemek -e dayanmak savunmak göze çarpmak 1 uzatmak, öne çıkarmak -e bağlı kalmak

benzemek, anımsatmak not etmek 1 yıkmak, devirmek çıkarmak 1 havalanmak, yükselrnek almak, üstlenmek ele geçirmek 1 devralmak zaman almak, yer kaplamak 1 bir işe, hobiye

başlamak

yırtmak, ayırmak yıkmak

bulmak, tasarlamak atmak 1 boşa harcamak dışarı atmak denemek reddetmek 1 azaltmak

-e

dönüşrnek

çıkagelmek

1 bulmak

greve gitmek 1 terk etmek erimek, tükenmek aşınmak, yıpranmak, yavaşça yok olmak eskitmek, yıpratmak yok etmek kavramak, anlamak 1 sonuçlanmak 1 hesaplamak yavaş yavaş


555

2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE ÇÖZÜMÜ

2010 iLKBAHAR KPDS SINAVI 1. - 15. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulun uz. 1.

The body loses large amounts of iron when red blood cells are lost through bleeding, and this causes a ---- of iron. A) B) C) D) E)

2.

excessive accurate sole initial adequate

reluctantly prosperously brutally previously heavily

No achievement can please lslamic extremists more than a break with what they ---- as the Christian West. A) B) C) D) E)

5.

7.

exclude confirm abolish view establish

After World War ll, the United States began to •••• Britain's role as the leading foreign player in Iranian politics. A) take over B) hold up C) put off D) keep out E) look after


More than 50 years ago, six European nations ---- to submit their coal and steel industries to common management, so that no single country ---- the weapons of war to be used against another. A) have agreed 1 had fabricated B) agreed 1 could fabricate C) had agreed 1 have fabricated D) agree 1 will fabricate E) may have agreed 1 had been fabricating North Korea stili---- a vast police state that---a network of concentration camps spanning the country. A) was maintaining 1 has included B) had maintained 1 would include C) is maintaining 1 had included D) maintains 1 i ncludes E) maintained 1 will include

8.

The economies of most oil-producing nations in the Middle East rely ---- on exporting oil, just as the economy of the West, particularly that of the United States, depends on petroleum imports. A) B) C) D) E)

4.

deficiency display failure supplement recurrence

With the Soviet Union in decline in 1990, the United States emerged as the ---- superpower. A) B) C) D) E)

3.

6.

Most anthropologists think man ---- South America around 12,000 years ago, although some ---- it much earlier. A) has settled 1 may have put B) settles 1 are putting C) had settled 1 were putting D) was settling 1 had put E) settled 1 have put

9.

some cancers, the best therapy is a combination ---- surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. A) B) C) D) E)

With 1 through About 1 in For 1 of At 1 within On 1 to

10. The modern era of Shakespeare scholarship has been marked ---- an enormous amount of investigation ---- the authorship, text, and chronology of his plays. A) from 1 at B) by 1 into C) down 1 over D) out 1 of E) in 1 for

559

YDS ŞiFRELERi 11. Soil pollution is caused by the presence of toxic compounds, chemicals, salts, radioactive materials, or disease-causing agents ---- enter the soil through industrial waste and pesticides.

A) when B) whereby C) just as D) while E) that

12. The search for new sources of energy is a continuing one, ---- the one provided by the fossil fuels will eventually run out.

A) s ince B) so that C) even if D) unless E) whenever

sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz. 16.

-

20.

numaralanmış

People who (16)---- in malaria-infested areas or who travel to them can take certain (17)----. They can use long-lasting insecticide sprays in homes and outbuildings, place screens (18)---- doors and windows, use mosquito netting over their beds, and apply mosquito repellents on their skin . They can (19)---- wear enough clothing , (20)---- after sundown, to protect as much of the skin as possible against mosquito bites.

16. A) B) C)

D) E)

reduce live discharge expose persist

17. precautions supplements C) occurrences D) setbacks E) levels

A) B)

13. In the Renaissance period, there was a wide range of classical texts available to humanist scholars, ---- some of these texts had survived only in fragments or were only available in Greek.

18. beyond of C) with D) on E) till

A) B)

A) so long as B) before C) whether D) in case E) but

19. A) B)

either more than C) als o D) as such E) as well as

14. China's art market is growing bigger all the time, and it is doing ---- at the expense of America and Britain. A) B) C) D) E)

so as well as such just in case almost

15. In art history, primitivism isa notion crucial to 20th-century art and modern thinking ---- a specific mavement or group of artists. A) B) C) D) E)

560

20. A) B) C) D) E)

similarly extraordinarily commonly fairly particularly

in that instead of the same as rather than whereas


2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE ÇÖZÜMÜ sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.

21.

-

25.

numaralanmış

(21 )---- there are dozens of indigenous languages spoken throughout South America, this is, with the (22)---of Portuguese-speaking Brazil, a Spanishspeaking continent. However, the Spanish one hears in South America does not always conform (23)---- what one has learned in the classroom or heard on a cassette, and even competent Spanishspeakers fınd it takes a bit of getting used to. (24 )---the odd differences in pronunciation, words from native languages as well as various European languages (25)---- the different dialects of South American Spanish, giving them each their own unique character. 21. A) If B) Although C) When D) Whereas E) Just as

26.- 35. sorularda, verilen cümleyi şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz.

26. ----, but they provide a wonderful way to see the countryside and the wildlife. A) B) C) D) E)

A)

B)

C)

D)

23. A) up B) at C) by D) in E) to 24. A) In case of B) So far as C) In addition to D) By means of E) Inaccordance with

E)

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)


lt is true that Leonardo da Vinci lived in Milan until 1499 when the city was captured by the French forces Leonardo da Vinci was born in or near the smail town of Vinci, a day's journey from Florence Leonardo da Vinci's writings on painting were fırst published in 1651 in Paris from his scattered notes as Treatise on Painting Leonardo da Vinci is one of the very few artists whose reputation has from his own time onwards always remained at the highest level When Leonardo da Vinci came to Florence as a young man, he became the Florentine painter Verrocchio's apprentice

28. ---- that either depend on those hormones or are inhibited by them.

25. A) would infıltrate B) had infıltrated C) infıltrated D) have infıltrated E) were infıltrating

Hitchhiking is stili fairly common in some European countries There are several ferry services between France and Britain One of the fınest ways to get a taste of life in Finland is to go boating on a lake Cycling is certainly a most enjoyable way of seeing parts of central France Trains in Argentina are much less frequent and efficient than buses

27. ----, even though the number of paintings he produced wasn't large.

22. A) exception B) contribution C) involvement D) partition E) convention

uygun

Hormone therapies raise or lower levels of certain hormones to limit the growth of cancers In the opinion of most physicians, surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy play defınite roles in treating tumours Unfortunately, some tumours , such as those in the stomach, pancreas, or kidney, respond only partially to radiation therapy Progress in cancer therapy has come with better combinations of drugs, altered dosages, and better coordination with radiation therapy Almost everyone who receives chemotherapy or radiation therapy experiences certain side effects, such as nausea or vomiting,

561

YDS ŞiFRELERi 29. ----, just as his sister represented female excellence. A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

30.

Homer's epic The 1/iad, in which the Olympian gods are portrayed, refers to Apolle as the god who sends disease with his arrows Apolle was one of the twelve gods of Olympus and , during the Trojan War, he supported the Trojans against the Greeks In mythology, Apollo, who was the twin brother of Artemis, known also as Diana, was considered to represent masculine physical perfection Among the ancient Greeks, Apollo was worshipped not only as the god of poetic and musical inspiration but also as the god of the sun In antiquity, Apollo's temple at Delphi was often visited by large crowds because it was a major centre for prophesies

because the Byzantine empire was the uninterrupted successor of the Roman state. A) B) C) D)

E)

A new period in the history of Western civilizations began in the seventh century lt is impossible to date the beginning of Byzantine history with any precision The history of Western civilizations is largely a story of rivalries and interactions In medieval ltaly, commerce and cities continued to flourish due to trade with the East By 650 the Arabs had taken most of the Byzantine territories, including Jerusalem 31 . Our knowledge of the Etruscans is severely limited --- .

31. Our knowledge of the Etruscans is severely limited ----.

32. In the Iate 1920s, many politicians were cautiously optimistic ----. A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

33. ----, the Vietnam War, which relied on a disproportionate number of black soldiers, magnified racial inequality in the United States. A) B) C) D) E)

B) C)

D) E)

562

that, by the sixth century B.C., the Etruscans had established a canfederation of independent citystates white Etruscan women enjoyed a comparatively elevated place in society whether the Etruscans shared with the Greeks a religion based on the worship of gods in human form just as it appears that Etruscan settlements in ltaly go back to the Iate Bronze Age since their language, although written in a Greek alphabet, has not yet been fully deciphered

When President Johnson began the strategic bombing of North Vietnam As Martin Luther King , Jr., pointed out in the 1960s Although the South Vietnamese government resisted efforts at reform Even if the peace talks in Paris between the United States and North Vietnam failed Since the 1954 Geneva Accords divided Vietnam into North and South

34. Following World War ll, Japan emerged as a major industrial power because large state subsidies supported the success of Japanese firms, ----. A)

A)

if the Nazis tried to eliminate the influences of American popular culture, which they regarded as an example of cultural degeneracy in case the Nazis, !ike other authoritarian governments, had used mass media as an efficient means of indoctrination and control that the economic troubles and political turmoil, which had been brought about by World War 1, could easily be overcome just as one powerful influence on the artists and intellectuals of the time was neither social nor political, but scientific so that artists might continue to focus on subjective experiences, multiplicities of meaning, and personal expressian

B)

C)

D)

E)

if the Japanese government launched a series of austere economic measures to reduce unemployment unless the firms themselves concentrated on the efficiency and technical reliability of their products even though every Japanese government regarded the creation of prosperity as a fundamental patriotic duty white a well-funded programme of technical education aided research and the development of new goods whereas Japan, as a fully industrialized country, not only led the way but also became the most influential model of success


2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE ÇÖZÜMÜ 35. Galileo observed sunspots, ----.

E)

Evrende

karmaşık mekanizmaların işleyişine

ilişkin

A) which he sketched and documented as real irregularities on the surface of the sun B) since he claimed that the craters of the moon were the features of its landscape C) even if, with the support of the Medici family, he was able to pursue his work on astronomy D) so long as his ideas on astronomy brought him into conflict with powerful opponents E) whether he was already a famous mathematician at the University of Padua

duyulan hayranlığın Rönesans hümanizmasının oldukça önemlidir.

38. Music in Western Europe in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries reached such a high point of development that, like painting and sculpture, it constituted one of the most brilliant aspects of the era. A)

A)

Kepler'in de inandığı gibi, insan ruhu ve gezegenlerin yörüngeleri de dahil , dünyadaki her şey , matematik yasalarıyla uyumlu olarak yaratılmıştır .

B) Kepler'in inancına göre, insan ruhu ve gezegenlerin yörüngeleri dahil her şey , yasalarına uygun olarak matematik yaratılmıştır .

C) Kepler'e göre, insan ruhu ve gezegenlerin yörüngeleri de dahil her şey , matematik yasalarıyla tam bir uyum içinde yaratılmıştır. D) Kepler, her şeyin , matematik yasalarına uygun yaratıldığına ve buna , insan ruhu ile gezegenlerin yörüngelerinin de dahil olduğuna inanıyordu.

E) Kepler, insan ruhundan gezegenlerin yörüngelerine kadar, yaratılmış olan her şeyin , matematik yasalarına göre yaratılmış olduğuna inanıyordu .

37. Renaissance humanism played some role in the growing fascination with the intricate mechanisms at work in the universe.

Batı

Avrupa'da müzik, on beşinci ve on yüzyıllarda yüksek bir gel işme noktasına ulaşmış olup, resim ve heykelin yanı sıra , döneminin parlak bir yönünü ortaya altıncı

36. - 40. sorularda, verilen ingilizce cümleye aniamca en yakın Türkçe cümleyi bulunuz. 36. Kepler believed that everything in creation, from human souls to the orbits of the planets, had been created according to mathematical laws.

artmasında , oynadığı rol

koymuştur .

B) On beşinci ve on altıncı yüzyıllarda Batı Avrupa' da müzik, öylesine yüksek bir gelişme noktasına ulaştı ki , resim ve heykel gibi , dönemin en parlak yönlerinden birini oluşturmuştur.

C) Müzik, on beşinci ve on altıncı yüzyıllarda , resim ve heykele benzer yüksek bir gelişme göstermiş ve döneminin parlak bir yönünü oluşturmuştur .

D) On beşinci ve on altıncı yüzyıllarda Batı Avrupa ' da yüksek bir gelişme gösteren müzik, tıpkı resim ve heykel gibi, döneminin en parlak yönünü temsil etmektedir. E) Müziğ i n , on beşinci ve on altıncı yüzyıllarda Batı Avrupa'da yüksek bir gelişme düzeyine ulaşmış olması , tıpkı resim ve heykel gibi, dönemin çok parlak bir yönünü ortaya koymaktadır.

39. In the 1960s, organized terrorist tactics became an important part of political conflict in the Middle East, Europe, and Latin America. A) Orta Doğu , Avrupa ve Latin Amerika'daki siyasal çatışmaların önemli bir yönü olan örgütlü terörist taktikleri, 1960'1arda ortaya çıkmıştır.

B)

örgütlü teröristlere özgü taktikler, 1960 ' 1arın Orta Doğu, Avrupa ve Latin Amerika ' sındaki siyasal çatışmaların önemli bir boyutunu oluşturmuştur.

bir şekilde işleyen mekanizmaların oluşturduğu evrene hayranlık duyulmasında , Rönesans hümanizmasının oynadığı rol önemlidir. karmaşık mekanizmalardan B) Evrenin oluştuğuna ilişkin düşüncenin giderek gelişmesinde , Rönesans hümanizmasının oynadığı rol hayranlık vericidir. C) Rönesans hümanizması , evreni oluşturan karmaşık mekanizmaların işleyişine duyulan hayranlıkla önemli rol oynamıştır. D) Rönesans hümanizması , evrende işleyen karmaşık mekanizmalara ilişkin giderek artan hayranlıkla biraz rol oynamıştır .

A)

Karmaşık


C)

1960'1arda, örgütlü terörist taktikler, Orta Doğu , Avrupa ve Latin Amerika'da siyasal çatışmanın önemli bir parçası olmuştur. D) örgütlü teröristlerin taktikleri , 1960'1arda Orta Doğu , Avrupa ve Latin Amerika'daki siyasal mücadelelerde önemli bir yer tutmuştur. E) Orta Doğu , Avrupa ve Latin Amerika 'da 1960' lardaki siyasal mücadeleleri n temelini. önemli ölçüde , örgütlü terörislierin kullandığı taktikler oluşturmuştur.

563

YDS ŞiFRELERi 40. Most historians have argued that the causes and outcomes of the French Revolution should be understood in terms of class interests.

42. 1870'1erden itibaren, pazar, mal ve nüfuz arayışı, Avrupalı sanayileşmiş ülkelerin emperyalist yayılışını körüklemiş ve sonuçta onları çoğu kez birbirleriyle karşı karşıya getirmiştir.

A) Çoğu tarihçi, Fransız ihtilali'nin nedenlerinin ve

sonuçlarının ,

sınıf çıkarları

bağ l amında

A)

an l aşılması gerektiğini

B)

ileri sürmüşlerdir . Hemen hemen tüm tarihçiler, Fransız Ihtilali'nin nedenlerini ve sonuçlarını , sınıf çıkarları ile bağlantılı olarak anlamak gerektiğini vurgulamışlardır.

C)

B)

Pek çok tarihçi, Fransız Ihtilali'nin nedenlerinin ve sonuçlarının anlaşılabilmes i ı çın , sınıf çıkarlarının esas alınması ge rektiğin i belirtm i ştir.

D) Fransız Ihtilali'nin nedenlerini ve sonuçlarını anlayabilmek için, tarihçilerin çoğu , sınıf çıkarlarını temel alma gereği duymuştur. E) Tarihçilerin çoğu , Fransız ihtilali'nin nedenlerini ve sonuçlarını, sınıf çıkarları bağlamında anlama gereği duymuştur. 41 . 45. sorularda , verilen Türkçe cümleye aniamca en yakın ingilizce cümleyi bulunuz.

41. On üç bin yıl kadar önce, buzullar yavaş yavaş çekilirken, Akdeniz'in doğu ucunda, bataklıklar, otlaklar ve evcil hayvanlardan oluşan yeni bir ekolojik alan ortaya çıkmıştır. A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

564

When glaciers receded over a period of thirteen thousand years, marshes, grasslands and domestic animals made up a new ecological area at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea. lt was exactly thirteen thousand years ago that, as glaciers began to slowly disappear, there emerged at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea a new ecological area, which consisted of marshes, arable lands, and domesticated animals. As glaciers slowly disappeared thirteen thousand years ago, the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea turned into a new ecological area that accommodated marshes, arable lands, and domestic animals. As glaciers began to recede slowly, the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea witnessed , about thirteen thousand years ago, the development of a new ecological of marshes, grasslands and area domesticated animals. About thirteen thousand years ago, when glaciers slowly receded , a new ecological area of marshes, grasslands and domestic animals emerged at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea.

C)

D)

E)

From the 1870s on , search for markets, goods, and influence fuelled the imperial expansion of the European industrialized countries and, consequently, often put them at odds with each other. During the decades following the 1870s, the imperial expansion of the European mainly industrialized countries was characterized through search for markets, goods, and influence, which frequently led these countries into hostilities. As of 1870, the industrialized countries of Europe got into a search for markets, goods, and influence and were, therefore, involved in imperial expansion that made them hostile to each other. The imperial expansion of the European industrialized countries gained much momentum after the 1870s as they were in search of markets, goods, and influence and, consequently, acted most aggressively against each other. Search by the European industrialized countries in the 1870s for markets, goods, and influence led to imperial expansion and brought them into serious hostilities.


2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE ÇÖZÜMÜ 43. Pek çok 1930'1arda

başka

insan gibi, 1920'1erde ve

romancılar, şairler ve oyun yazarları, 1. Dünya Savaşı'nın insanlık dışı koşullarından ve zaferin, vaatlerini yerine getirememesinden düş kırıklığına uğramışlardır.

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

lt was because of the unbearable conditions of World W ar 1that, in the 1920s and 1930s, novelists, poets, and dramatists as well as many other people felt disillusioned and did not believe that victory would fulfıl its promises. Like many other people, novelists, poets and dramatists in the 1920s and 1930s were disillusioned by the inhuman conditions of World War 1 and by the failure of victory to fulfıl its promises. In the 1920s and 1930s, not only novelists, poets and dramatists, but alsa many other people were so disillusioned by the harsh facts of World War 1 that, for them, the promises of victory could not be fulfılled. Besides the in human circumstances of World War 1, the failure of victory to fulfıl its promises made novelists, poets, dramatists and many other people in the 1920s and 1930s extremely disillusioned. The brute circumstances of World W ar 1 and the failure of victory to fulfıl its promises made novelists, poets, dramatists and various other people feel very disillusioned in the 1920s and 1930s.

44. Dadaist sanatçılar, eserlerinin anlamsız ve gayriciddi olduğunu iddia etmişlerdir, ancak eleştirmenler, farklı düşünüyor ve onların eserlerini bilinçaltının ifadeleri olarak görüyorlardı.

A)

Upon dadaist artists' claim that their works were devoid of any meaning or serious purpose, critics objected and asserted that dadaist works essentially represented the subconscious. B) Although, for dadaist artists, their works had no meaning or serious purpose, critics differed from them and claimed that dadaist works represented the subconscious. C) Despite the fact that dadaist artists regarded their works as meaningless and playful, critics had a completely different view and argued that dadaist works were actually concerned with the subconscious. D) Dadaist artists claimed that their works were meaningless and playful, but critics thought otherwise and regarded their works as expressions of the subconscious. E) Contrary to the dadaist artists' claim that in their works there was no meaning or serious purpose, critics maintained that dadaist works were all expressions of the subconscious.


45. Tüm zamanların en büyük düşünürlerinden biri kabul edilen Einstein, yirminci yüzyılın başlarında, bizzat geleneksel fiziğin temellerini sorgulamaya başlamıştır. A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

In the early years of the twentieth century, Einstein , who had begun to question traditional physics and its fundamentals, was regarded as the greatest intellect of his time. Einstein, who has long been considered to be one of the great thinkers of our age, was seriously concerned with traditional physics , which he began to question in the early years of the twentieth century. lt was at the beginning of the twentieth century that Einstein, commonly regarded as a great intellect of his time, began to ask questions about the fundamentals of traditional physics. As one of the greatest scientists of all time, Einstein began in the early years of the twentieth century to be concerned with the fundamentals of traditional physics. Recognized as one of the greatest intellects of all time, Einstein began to question the very foundations of traditional physics early in the twentieth century.

46. - 51. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçada bütünlüğünü sağlamak için anlam getirilebilecek cümleyi bulunuz. 46. One of the causes of World War ll was the failure to create lasting, binding standards for peace and security in Europe in particular and in the world at large. Diplomats spent the 1920s, trying to restore such standards. Some put their faith in the legal and moral authority of the League of Nations. ---- Throughout the decade, a number of leading European statesmen tried to reach a set of agreements that would stabilize the peace and prevent rearmament. Despite the good faith of many statesmen involved, none of these agreements carried any real weight. B) Economic conditions in Europe were anather important cause of renewed conflict. C) Others saw disarmament as the most promising means of guaranteeing peace. D) Politicians feared international relations would be undermined by the growing imbalance of power in Europe. E) Moreover, the economic depression of the 1930s contributed in several ways to the coming of the war.

A)

565

YDS ŞiFRELERi 47. Youth culture in America in the 1950s and 1960s owed much to the hybrid musical style known as "rock and roll." During the 1930s and 1940s, the synthesis of music produced by whites and African Americans in the American South found its way into northern cities. lndeed, from the 1950s onwards, black rhythm and blues musicians and white Southern performers found much wider audiences through the use of new technology, such as electric guitars, better equipment for studio recording, and wideband radio stations in large cities. The blend of styles and sounds and the cultural daring of white teenagers came to create rock and roll. ----

49. Nineteenth-century liberals had canfidence in science. Not only did science deliver technological and material progress, but it also confirmed liberals' faith in the power of human reason to uncover and command the laws of nature. ---- Evolutionary theory, psychology and social sciences all introduced visions of humanity that were sharply at odds with conventional liberal wisdom. At the same time, artists and intellectuals mounted their own revolt against nineteenth-century conventions. Morals, manners, institutions, and traditions: all established values and assumptions were under question. A)

A)

This new music was exciting, sametimes aggressive, but full of energy and with great appeal for young listeners. B) Much of the new "mass culture" of the 1960s depended on the spending habits and desires of the new generation. C) The postwar desire to break with the past created further impetus for change in every sense, including politics. D) In the 1950s, governments rather than markets determined how consumer goods would be distributed. E) By the mid-1950s portable radios were being sold in the United States and Europe.

48. ---- Like the French Revolution, they brought down not only a regime, but an empire. Like the French Revolution, they gave way to violence. And again like the French Revolution, they had sweeping international consequences. These revolutions and the fall of the Soviet Union marked the end of the Cold War, which had structured international politics and shaped the everyday lives of millions of people since the end of World War ll. A) B) C) D)

E)

566

The Iran Curtain had established one of the most rigid borders in European history. The Eastern European revolutions of 1989 and the subsequent collapse of the Soviet Union were a revolutionary turning point. The collapse of the Soviet Union opened up both Russia and its former imperial dominions. In the 1970s and 1980s, the Eastern European nations faced serious fınancial difficulties. The Czechs staged demonstrations against Soviet damination towards the end of 1988.

B) C)

D) E)

Geologists have always challenged the Biblical account of creation. These upheavals in the world of ideas unsettled older conceptions of individuality. Towards the end of the century, however, scientific developments defıed these expectations. The scientists of the time held the view that the world had been formed over millions of years. The implications of Darwin 's writings went far beyand the domain of the evolutionary sciences.

50. In ancient Egypt most people were poor, living in crowded conditions in simple mudbrick dwellings. During the period of prosperity, however, skilled artisans, such as jewellers, goldsmiths, and the like, could elevate themselves and enjoy nicer surroundings. ---- The vast majority of Egyptians, however, were peasants who, as unskilled labourers, provided the brute force necessary for agriculture and construction. Beneath them were slaves, typically captives from foreign wars rather than native Egyptians. A)

There can be little doubt that the massive investment of labour and wealth required to build the great pyramids put grave strains on Egyptian society. B) The pyramids were in fact raised by tens of thousands of peasant workers, who most probably participated willingly in the building projects. C) Governmental control over the lives of individual Egyptians was very strict, and the number of administrative officials employed by the state was quite high. D) Potters, weavers , masons, bricklayers , brewers , merchants, and schoolteachers alsa enjoyed a higher standard of living. E) Gender divisions may have been less clearly defined among the peasantry than they were among the elites.


2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE ÇÖZÜMÜ 51. In antiquity, Miletus was a centre for speculative thinking and philosophy. Beginning in the sixth century B.C., a series of thinkers known as "the pre-Socratics" raised serious questions about the relationship between the natural world, the gods, and men. The most famous of the preSocratics were Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes, who represented the so-called Milesian School. They seem to have been remarkably familiar with Babylonian astronomy. ---- In other words, through their observations, they began to formuiate rational theories to explain the physical universe. The Milesians were very active in Egypt, where they founded many colonies which became their main trading outposts. B) Stimulated by the cosmopolitanism of their city, they alsa began to rethink their place in the human world . C) Calculating and observing the movements of the heavens, they sought physical explanations for what they saw. D) After the Persian conquest of Anatolia, many of the Milesian philosophers fled to Sicily and southern ltaly. E) Miletus had long been a part of the Greek world , but Babylonian influences alsa shaped Milesian culture in important ways.

53. At a panel of historians, a controversial issue is u nder discussion. One of the historians has referred to a number of documents as evidence to defend his point of view. You notice that the contents of the documents significantly differ from each other and are mostly irrelevant. So you intervene by saying to this historian: A)

B)

A)

52.- 57. sorularda, verilen durumda

C)

D)

E)

1 don't think any of us has had the opportunity to see these documents, which obviously contain much evidence about the issue under d iscussion. The documents you have presented as evidence throw much light on the issue we have been discussing. As one can see from the documents you have presented, you must have carried out a great deal of careful research on the issue. Like my colleagues here, 1 have much respect for the quality of your research and have no objection to the evidence you have presented here. 1 am afraid the evidence you have presented through these documents is contradictory and has nothing to do with the issue under discussion .

söylenmiş

olabilecek sözü bulunuz.

52. One of the research assistants in your department has written an abstract for a paper, which he wishes to submit at an international conference. He asks you to have a look at it and advise him. You've read the abstract and are impressed by the originality of the topic. You say to him: A)

In dealing with this topic, is it your purpose to provoke the conference participants? B) As far as 1 am concerned , the way you present the topic is rather dull and fiat. C) ı wonder why you have decided to choose such a controversial topic for your paper. D) ı find your topic most unusual, and it will certainly arause much interest. E) The abstract needs to have more clarity although the topic itself is a comman one.

54. As a specialist on Middle Eastern affairs, you are being interviewed by a journalist and are asked about Western governments' attitude towards the Middle East. You think for a while and then state in general terms: A)

B)

C)

D)

E)


Well, let me see. Alli can say is that Western governments have always treated the Middle East as a vital strategic centre of gravity because of its rich oil reserves. 1 can teli you right away that the West's needs for oil have encouraged international corporations to seek concessions from Middle Eastern states. Your question involves various issues. However, let me say this: in the Middle East, processes of modernization and globalization have produced an anti-Western attitude. Certainly, the oil boom brought about by the increasing Western demand in the 1980s and 1990s has ultimately led to fierce competition among Middle Eastern producer states. lt is a fact that Western powers are always prepared to intervene by force if the stability of oil production is jeopardized .

567

YDS ŞiFRELERi 55. Your new book on Shakespeare has been much acclaimed by critics. So you have often been invited to give talks, but now you feel that these talks are very tiring and need to be limited. You discuss this with your wife and say: A)

Because critics have praised my book on Shakespeare, 1 have been overwhelmed by a flood of invitations to give talks, which 1 indeed fınd very thrilling . B) Since Shakespeare has been my major academic interest, dear, 1 am glad that 1 have fınally written a comprehensive book on him, which has brought me much popularity. C) My dear, 1 would never refrain from giving talks on Shakespeare although they can be extremely exhausting and take all my free time. D) Dear, much has already been written on Shakespeare, but my recent book, which has made me famous, is actually the product of long and painstaking research . E) The publication of my book on Shakespeare has put me in the limelight, and 1 am constantly being invited to give talks. But 1 fınd this exhausting ; so , dear, l'm going to turn down most invitations.

57. At a company meeting today, you are expected to present your report on the new trends in marketing. However, your little boy is suddenly taken ili and, therefore, it will be impossible for you to attend the meeting. So you call the director and ask him to exeuse you, proposing that you submit the report at the next meeting. You say: Unfortunately, my little one is not well , and my apologies for not being able to attend the meeting. 1 should be grateful if you could exeuse me, and 1 can present my marketing report at the next meeting. B) ı am afraid you will have to exeuse metoday since my little one is very ili. As for the report about marketing, 1 can present it any time you wish me to. C) 1 am calling you to teli you that 1 cannot present my marketing report today at the meeting because my boy is seriously ili. 1 can defınitely present the report at the next meeting. D) Let me teli you right away that 1 won't be at the meeting today because of my boy's illness. My report on marketing is ready and can be presented at the next meeting . E) Since my little boy is not feeling well, 1 have decided not to attend the meeting today. However, if you agree, 1 can present the report at the meeting next week.

A)

58. 56. A graduate student of yours is doing research on Napoleon's imperial aims. You wish to give him a guideline so that his research might not drift into other matters about Napoleon. So you say to him: A)

One can suggest that the main moral cause of Napoleon's fall as an emperor was his unmasterable ambition. B) 1 think the essence of Napoleon's imperialism was to reconstitute Europe as a new Roman empire, ruled from Paris. C) Like the Roman emperors, Napoleon erected triumphal columns and arehes to commemorate his victories. D) lt is true that Napoleon made his brothers and sisters the monarchs of his newly created kingdoms. E) In military terms, Napoleon was a master of welltimed , well-directed shock attacks on the battlefıeld.

568

63.

okunduğunda

sorularda, parçanın

cümleler sırasıyla anlam bütünlüğünü

bozan cümleyi bulunuz. 58. (1) British dominance of the slave trade in the · Iate seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries gave it decisive economic advantages over other nations. (ll) As one Englishman wrote in 1749, the slave trade had provided "an inexhaustible fund of wealth to this nation." (lll) But evenapart from the slave trade, the value of colonial commerce was increasing dramatically during the eighteenth century. (IV) Like the Spanish colonies, the French colonies in the New World were established and administered as direct crown enterprises. (V) For instance, British foreign trade increased in value from [10 million in the 1730s to [40 million in the 1750s.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V


2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE ÇÖZÜMÜ 59. (1) Between 1800 and the middle of the

62. (1) During the Late Bronze Age, trade became

twentieth century, the worldwide population roughly tripled, rising from 1 to 3 billion. (ll) Like past scientific investigations directed at humankind, genetics has raised fundamental questions about ethics and humanity. (lll) Between 1960 and 2000, however, the population doubled again, to 6 billion or more. (IV) Obviously, improvements in basic standards of health have contributed to this dramatic increase. (V) Yet such growth has strained the capacity of social services, public-health facilities, and urban infrastructures.

an increasingly important aspect of international relations. (ll) Seaborne trade flourished up and down the coast of the eastern Mediterranean, allowing smaller, seaside centres to become powerful merchant city-states. (lll) The great coastal cities of the eastern Mediterranean became wealthy entrepôts for the exchange of a bewildering variety of goods. (IV) Bronze Age Greece was an important and wellintegrated part of the Med iterranean world. (V) At the same time, the great states of the region continued to exploit their control of overland trade routes, relying more than ever on moving goods to an international market.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

60. (1) Cervantes's masterpiece, the satirical novel Don Quixote, recounts the adventures of a Spanish gentleman, Don Quixote of La Mancha. (ll) lndeed, Cervantes was fully aware of the developments of the novel as a new literary form. (lll) In the novel, Don Quixote is fifty years old and has already become unbalanced by his constant reading of chivalric epics. (IV) His mind is filled with all kinds of tantastic adventures. (V) So, he sets out on a knightly adventure, imagining windmills to be giants, and flocks of sheep to be armies of infidels. A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

61. (1) Between 1540 and 1660, Europe was racked by a combination of religious wars, political rebellions, and economic crises. (ll) Hence, canfidence in traditional structures of social, religious, and political authority was undermined. (lll) The result was fear, scepticism, and a search for new, more certain foundations on which to rebuild the social, political, and religious order of Europe. (IV) However, for artists and intellectuals, the period proved to be one of the most creative epochs in the history of Europe. (V) Like Shakespeare, Rembrandt knew that life's journey is full of perils, but his most mature paintings suggest that these can be mastered with a courageous awareness of one's human shortcomings.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V


63. (1) The Mongols were one of a number of nomadic peoples inhabiting the steppes of Central Asia. (ll) Although closely connected with various Turkishspeaking peoples with whom they frequently intermarried, the Mongols spoke their own distinctive language and had their own homeland to the north of the Gobi Desert in present-day Mongolia. (lll) In fact, it was not until the Iate thirteenth century that Europeans began to establish direct trading connections with lndia, China, and the "Spice lslands" of the lndonesian archipelago. (IV) Like many nomadic peoples throughout history, they were highly accomplished cavalry soldiers and constantly raided the sedentary peoples to their south. (V) lt was in part to control such raiding from Mongolia that the Chinese built the famous GreatWall.

A) 1

B) ll

C) lll

D) IV

E) V

569

YDS ŞiFRELERi 64. - 69. sorularda, verilen cümleye aniamca en olan cümleyi bulunuz.

yakın

64. Historians emphasize Byzantine trade and industry because these provided most of the surplus wealth that supported the state. A)

There is a general cansensus among historians that the economic importance of trade and industry in the Byzantine empire cannot be ignored. B) According to historians, in the Byzantine empire, trade and industry played a relatively important role in the economy. C) As far as historians are concerned , the economic prosperity of the Byzantine state depended, to some extent, on commercial and industrial activities. D) lt is comrnonly recognized by historians that the Byzantine state could not have survived without the economic contributions of trade and industry. E) Since the Byzantine state largely depended on the revenues generated by trade and industry, historians attach much importance to them .

65. No sooner did lsrael declare its independence in May 1948 than its five neighbouring states invaded it. A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

570

As soon as lsrael declared its independence in May 1948, it was invaded by the fıve countries bordering it. The invasion of lsrael by its fıve neighbours had already been decided before its independence was declared in May 1948. lt was in May 1948 that, following its declaration of independence, lsrael faced an invasion by its fıve neighbours. When lsrael declared its independence in May 1948, its five neighbours decided to invade it. Upon lsrael's declaration of independence in May 1948, the five states that bordered it jointly invaded it.

66. The very term "postcolonial" underlines the fact that colonialism's legacies have endured in former colonies even after independence. A)

As can be understood from the term "postcolonial," the independence of former colonies has been undermined by the continuation of colonial practices. B) Although former colonies have gained their independence, it is true that, as the term "postcolonial" itself indicates, they stili feel the impact of colonialism . C) What is meant by the term "postcolonial" is that former colonies , which are now independent, have failed to preserve their colonial institutions. D) The fact that former colonies, which have all gained their independence, have got rid of their colonial past is indicated by the term "postcolonial." E) Since the independence of former colonies has enabled them to be aware of their colonial past, this is best defıned by the term "postcolonial. "

67. The global demand for oil increased enormously during the postwar era and has accelerated since. A)

In the decades following World War ll, there was a dramatic increase in the demand for oil throughout the world, and this has continued at an even faster rate . B) There was a serious increase in the demand for oil after World War ll, and in fact the demand has never slowed down. C) The worldwide demand for oil, which has never stopped, was particularly high in the years following World W ar ll . D) Soon after World W ar ll, the demand for oil in the world was quite high and has seldem fa Ilen . E) Following World War ll , oil became so important that there was an increasing demand for it, and today the demand for oil is stili very high.


2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE ÇÖZÜMÜ 68. Though the Germans were not the most enthusiastic colonialists, they were stili fascinated by other European powers' imperial policies. A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

The imperial policies put into effect by other European powers exceedingly exasperated the Germans who were themselves utterly indifferent to colonialism . The Germans did not cherish a keen interest in colonialism, but they were immensely interested in the imperial policies pursued by other European powers. Since colonialism did not appeal to the Germans, their interest in the imperial policies of other European powers was rather superficial. The Germans, for whom colonialism did not matter much, were fully aware of the imperial policies that other European powers were pursuing. While the Germans refused to practise colonialism , other European powers developed imperial policies that caught the German attention.

70. - 75. sorularda, bırakılan

The possibility that terrorist groups such as al Qaeda might resort to chemical, biological and even nuclear weapons gives rise to continuing fears. B) The use by al Qaeda and other terrorist groups of such weapons as chemical , biological and alsa nuclear causes a great deal of widespread fear. C) lt is just possible that al Qaeda and other similar terrorist groups might get hold of chemical, biological and nuclear weapons, and this is the main reason why they are feared . D) So long as al Qaeda and other terrorist groups have the opportunity to have access to chemical, biological and alsa nuclear weapons, there can be no end to the prevailing fears. E) If terrorist groups, including al Qaeda, come to possess chemical, biological and nuclear weapons, this will certainly give rise to much fear.


ifadeyi

70. John - Good morning, Christine. By the way, have you seen this article on North Korea? Christine - l've just come to the office. You know mornings are always a rush . Teli me what the main argument is. John Christine - Besides that, there may alsa be other hidden reasons such as the provision of nuclear weapons to international terrorist groups. A)

B)

D)

A)

karşılıklı konuşmanın boş

tamamiayabiiecek

bulunuz.

C)

69. The persistent fears in connection with such terrorist groups as al Qaeda have to do with the chemical, biological , and also nuclear weapons that they mig ht use.

kısmını

E)

Let me teli you this: historically, at the end of World War ll , the Soviet Union occupied the northern part of the Korean peninsula , while the Americans held the south . You know that, after the lass in 1991 of Soviet patronage, the isolated North Korean government faced a very serious economic disaster, with verified reports of local starvation in same regions of the country. lt emphasizes that the North Korean government has pursued the development of a nuclear arsenal not for self-defence, but as a bargaining chip against Japan and the United States. As you may recall, in June 1950, the communist North Korean troops attacked across the border that divided the Korean peninsula and crushed resistance in the south. Agreed . Yet Japan and the Western states have always teared that North Korea may be secretly helping Iran and other rogue states to develop nuclear weapons.

571

YDS ŞiFRELERi 71. Terence : - lt is a fact that the overseas maritime explorations in the Iate fıfteenth and early sixteenth centuries improved our knowledge of geography tremendously. Jim : - Well, we all know it. Why do you

bring it up? Terence : - ---Jim : - Naturally, the same view was held by the Church and alsa the crusaders. A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

Ancient geographers divided the earth into fıve climatic zones that are stili recognized taday. Actually, in antiquity, geography owed most of its development to the Hellenistic astronomer Eratosthenes. The amazing thing is that, by means of sundials placed same hundreds of miles apart, the astronomer Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the earth. For the simple reason that the world was understood differently and wrongly in the Middle Ages. For instance, medieval geographers regarded Jerusalem as the centre of the earth. In fact, it was the Hellenistic astronomer and geographer Eratosthenes that fırst suggested the possibility of reaching eastern Asia by sailing west.

72. George : - Recently 1 have been much interested in the social history of the marketplace in medieval England, on which 1 plan to write a book. Juliet The social history of the marketplace? lt is rather a dull subject, isn't it? George : - ---Juliet : - Really? Then 1 take back what l've just said. 1'11 be keenly interested in what you write about it. A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

572

Well, in a way, yes. In the past and taday, the marketplace was just a site for the buying and seliing of cornmodities. On the contrary. In fact, the heart of the matter is that the marketplace served as a place to socialize and a forum for interaction among people from all walks of life. At first glance, it would seem that there are many differences between the marketplaces of the past and the marketplaces of taday. Unfortunately, the stock and commodities exchanges and malls have none of the spirit of the traditional marketplace. Exactly. lt is hard to define the purpose and goal of the marketplace not only in England but alsa in the rest of Europe.

73. Fred : - 1 have been doing same research for a paper on the emergence of fascism in ltaly. There is a vast amount of material that 1 have to consult. A tough job. Colleague : - 1 agree. Not an easy one. You know, like many European nations, ltaly emerged from World W ar ı at a heavy cost, but su rely there were various causes for the rise of fascism in the country. Fred Colleague : - 1 am sure, as 1 gather from what you are saying, your paper will provide us with a full account of how ltaly turned to fascism . A)

B) C) D) E)

Under Mussolini, the ltalian economy was placed under the management of twenty-two corporations, each responsible for a major industrial enterprise. In fact, 1 will mainly focus on how ltaly was divided into a prosperous industrialized north and a poor agrarian south. To teli you the truth, World War 1 had cost ltaly nearly seven hundred thousand lives and over $15 billion. In my opinion, you are mistaken when you claim that the ltalian fascist mavement depended heavily on Mussolini's leadership. Undoubtedly. Among them can be mentioned political corruption , weaknesses of parliamentary democracy, high inflation, rising unemployment, and nationwide strikes.

74. Harry: - Taday, at the conference, two professors were involved in a fıerce debate about the Marshall Plan. They really got on each other's nerves. Jan et: - Sorry, dear. 1 know nothing about the Marshall Plan. You must fırst teli me about it. Harry: - ---Janet: - 1 see. S ince it was certainly to the benefıt of Europe, 1can't understand why the two professors should quarrel about it. A)

As far as 1 am concerned, among the most striking aspects of World War ll's aftermath was the speed with which Germany was reintegrated into Europe. B) lndeed, the United States countered the expansion of Soviet power and kept communist movements based in Europe. C) lt was an American programme that started in 1948 and provided $13 billion in aid for the industrial redevelopment and economic recovery of Europe. D) The American government forced certain terms on the countries participating in the Marshall Plan such as decontrol of prices, restraints on wages , and balanced budgets. E) On the other hand, the Soviets viewed the Marshall Plan as the United States' deliberate intervention in Europe's affairs and , therefore, strongly objected to it.


2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE ÇÖZÜMÜ 75. Philip : - 1 see that you are reading Homer's great epic The 1/iad? By the way, have you ever heard about Heinrich Schliemann? Edward : - Yes , 1 have. He was an amaleur German archaeologist, who lived in the nineteenth century. Philip Edward : - How come? 1wonder what details in The 1/iad must have led him to such a discovery. A) As an amateur archaeologist, many of Schliemann 's perceptions of Bronze Age Greece were mistaken and superficial. B) What else? Let me teli you the most intriguing thing about him. By using The 1/iad as his guide, he found the site of Troy near the coast of northwest Anatolia. C) Since the ancient Greeks treasured many legends about their heroic and distant past, Homer's epics appealed to them a great de al. D) Actually, Schliemann was right in believing that the legendary king Agamemnon was buried with a gold mask. E) In Homer's epics, it is the Mycenaean civilization of Bronze Age Greece that is represented , but this civilization came to an end around the end of the twelfth century B.C.

76. -

80.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya göre

cevaplayın ız.

The heroic myths and epics of a society teach its members the appropriate attitudes, behaviour, and values of that culture. These myths are of particular interest and value to us. Not only are they exciting adventure stories, but in these myths we see ourselves, drawn larger and grander than we are, yet with our human weaknesses as well as our strengths. As for heroes, they are the models of human behaviour for their society. They earn lasting fame by performing great deeds that help their community, and they inspire others to emulate them. Heroes are forced by circumstance to make critica! choices where they must balance one set of values against competing values. They achieve heroic stature in part from their accomplishments and in part because they emerge from their trials as more sensitive and thoughtful human beings. Yet heroes are not the same throughout the world . They come from cultures where individuals may earn fame in a variety of ways. This permits them to express their individuality. However, in spite of their extraordinary abilities, no hero is perfect. Yet their human weaknesses are often as instructive as their heroic qualities. Their imperfections allow ordinary people to identify with them and to like them, since everyone has similar psychological needs and conflicts.


76. lt is suggested in the passage that the trials that heroes undergo ----. A)

are usually the outcome of conflicting values in society and can therefore be most painful B) make up the contents of those myths and epics which have survived to our time C) can be deseribed in a variety of ways , although they are mainly related to their needs D) have a positive impact on their character whereby they attain a high moral status E) enable a society to become aware of its weaknesses and fınd ways to get rid of them

77. As stressed in the passage, heroic myths and epics ----. can be understood from various angles since they are the products of different cultures B) represent different attitudes that heroes adopt during the course of their adventures C) illustrate various sets of values that are always contrary to each other D) essentially show why heroes' moral imperfections become the cause of their downfall E) are morally useful because one learns from them how to conduct oneself properly

A)

78. One understands from myths ----.

the passage that

A) are not as instructive as epics, which in fact deseribe heroes that, from a moral point of view, are absolutely perfect B) appeal to very few people because they are mere fıctions that contain nothing but only adventures C) are a kind of mirror through which are reflected not only our virtues but also our shortcomings D) are so concerned with human weaknesses that even ordinary people do not identify themselves with mythical heroes E) represent only universal values and attitudes, as they do not belong to a specifıc society or culture

573

YDS ŞiFRELERi 79. lt is pointed out in the passage that a hero's fame ----. A)

derives from his achievements that are for the good of his people B) does not last long, since he is easily overcome by his weaknesses C) is recognized throughout the world because of his extraordinary abilities D) encourages ordinary people to identify themselves with him E) depends on his ability to accomplish the impossible

81. As

clearly stated in the Mycenaean economy ----.

passage,

the

A)

is best represented by various objects discovered by archaeologists B) can be fully understood from archaeological excavations C) depended not so much on agriculture as on piracy and plunder D) was so strong that people invested heavily in jewelry and weapons E) has been a major concern of investigation among archaeologists

82. According to the passage, the geography of the Mycenaean civilization ----.

80. As asserted in the passage, we can learn ----. A) has caused a great deal of controversy A) from myths why and how heroes perform great deeds B) both from heroes' imperfections and from their heroic qualities C) from heroes' adventures that there are various ways to understand our weaknesses D) the history of a community through a close study of its heroic past E) from epics whether every here earns lasting fame in the same way

among archaeologists was defıned only after the Linear B clay tablets were deciphered C) was unknown to Homer, who was interested in Troy alone D) made up only a very smail portion of Greece E) was not limited to Greece only B)

83. lt

is clear from the passage Mycenaean civilization ----.

that

the

was culturally and economically very complicated and , therefore, little known B) reached its elimax when the Linear B language was introduced into Greece C) can best be studied through Homer's descriptions of it D) was far more advanced and powerful than many other Greek civilizations E) did not last long because of the raids made upon it by other communities

A)

85.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya

göre

cevaplayın ız.

Our knowledge of the Mycenaean civilization in Greece is based primarily upon what archaeologists have been able to discover. Fortunately, they have located and studied the ruins of a number of important Mycenaean sites both in Greece and in Troy, the site of Homer's "llium" in Turkey. The material available to archaeologists is very limited , due to the ravages of time, weather, fire, and theft. The materials that have survived include objects such as jewelry, pottery, metal utensils, and various kinds of weapons . In addition , archaeologists have found a large number of clay tablets, inscribed with a language called "Linear B," which they can read. lt now becomes clear that the Mycenaean civilization in full bloom far surpassed in complexity and wealth many of the Greek civilizations that followed it. The Mycenaeans were an aggressive people who loved fıghting, hunting, and athletic contests . Their land was mountainous and their soil rocky and dry. Therefore , they took to the sea and became fearsome raiders of other communities. In this way they acquired extraordinary wealth .

574

84. As asserted in the passage, the Mycenaeans -

---.

seem to have been very skilled in the art of jewelry B) were noted for their warlike character C) attacked Troy, which Homer reters to as "Ili um" D) surpassed all the other Greek peoples in athletic contests E) were much advanced in the making of all kinds of weapons

A)


2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE ÇÖZÜMÜ 85. As stated in the passage, archaeological discoveries ----. A) B) C) D) E)

86. -

are the primary source of information on the Mycenaean civilization have provided us with plenty of evidence about the Mycenaean arts have thrown much light on the structure of the Linear B language show that Troy was an extremely prosperous city clearly indicate that the Mycenaeans were the founders of various Greek cities

90.

soruları

aşağıdaki

87. According to the passage, compared with other continents, Europe ----. A) B) C) D)

E)

is far more advanced in the improvement of its farming practices owns a far greater area of wetlands and forests with a wide range of animal species is the only continent to have had its ecosystems most extensively damaged has suffered so much lass in its biodiversity that its variety of plant species has declined a great deal has been able to sustain the diversity of its animal species despite the spread of urbanization

parçaya göre

cevaplayın ız.

The lass of global biodiversity is occurring at an alarming rate. Since the 1970s, the area of tropical forests destroyed worldwide exceeds the land mass of the European Union . Anima l and plant species are disappearing. Overfishing has depleted stocks araund the world. Poor farming practices have depleted soils while allowing the invasion of harmful species. Destruction of wetlands has left low-lying areas extremely vulnerable to storms and natural disasters. Especially in Europe, ecosystems have suffered more human-induced damage than those on any other continent. Only about 3 per cent of Europe's forests can be classified as undisturbed by humans, and the continent has lost more than half of its wetlands. The spread of urbanization and the over-exploitation of resources is having an enormous impact on biodiversity.

86. In the passage, attention is drawn to the fact that a very smail percentage of the forests in Europe ----. A)

seem to have been over-exploited and , therefore, ecologically damaged B) have been reserved for animal and plant species C) have been used for urbanization and exploited D) can be considered to be ecologically suitable for biodiversity E) have remained untouched by human exploitation


88. As clearly stressed in the passage, the biodiversity in the world ----. A)

has been completely immune from any kind of human-induced damage B) can only be sustained through the preservation of forests as well as wetlands C) can be preserved intact only if poor farming practices can be prevented globally D) is dedining so fast that its effects can be observed in various ways E) can best be observed in tropical forests , which alsa contain large areas of wetlands

89. lt is claimed in the passage that the depletion of global fish stocks ----. A)

has mainly resulted from the loss of wetlands on all the continents B) has an adverse impact on the world's biodiversity C) has caused much damage to Europe's ecosystems in particular D) is far more alarming in the tropical regions than in any other part of the world E) cannot be prevented unless overfishing is forbidden worldwide

575

YDS ŞiFRELERi 90. lt is clear that the passage ----. A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

91. As clearly pointed out in the passage, while Marx was studying in Berlin, ----.

is primarily concerned with the overexploitation of resources in the world and its damaging effects on global biodiversity is a detailed discussion of the range of measures that need to be taken in order to sustain the current state of global biodiversity deseribes in detail how, due to the spread of urbanization, the area of the forests in Europe has been reduced enormously is a full account of the major causes of soil depletion and puts forward a number of suggestions for prevention essentially focuses on the causes as well as the consequences of the loss of biodiversity in the world in general and in Europe in particular

A)

it was not in law, but in philosophy, that his interests lay B) he discovered that Germany's university system was largely inspired by Hegel's ideas C) the Young Hegelians began to demand radical retorms in the German university system D) he turned to journalism and constantly criticized the government's repression of radicalism E) he noticed that there was a great deal of antisemitism among the Young Hegelians

92. One understands from the passage that, because Marx's paper opposed the policies of the Prussian government, ----. A)

he was completely deprived of his legal rights B) it faced much political repression before it was fınally closed down C) he was denied the right to apply for a post at the University of Berlin D) he was punished by exile out of Germany E) it was no longer allowed to publish political debates

91. -

95.

soruları

aşağıdaki

parçaya göre

cevaplayın ız.

The father of modern socialism , Karl Marx (18181883) was barely known in the early nineteenth century. His reputation rose later, after 1848, when a wave of revolutions and violent confrontation seemed to confırm his distinctive theory of history and make earlier socialists' emphasis on peaceful reorganization of industrial society seem naive. As a child, he grew up in Trier, in the western seetion of Germany, in a region and a family keenly interested in the political debates and movements of the revolutionary era. His family was Jewish, but his father had converted to Protestantism in order to be able to work as a lawyer. Marx studied law briefly at the University of Berlin before turning instead to philosophy and particularly to the ideas of Hegel. With the so-called Young Hegelian, a group of rebellious students who hated the narrow thinking of a deeply conservative Prussian university system , Marx appropriated Hegel's concepts for his radical politics. His radicalism made it impossible for him to get a post in the university. He became a journalist and , from 1842 to 1843, edited the Rheinische Zeitung (Rhineland Gazette) . The paper's criticism of legal privilege and political repression put it on a collision course with the Prussian government, which closed it down and sent Marx into exile - first in Paris, then Brussels, and eventually London .

576

93. According to the passage, Marx's novel idea of history ----. A)

was wholly based on his experiences of life and politics in Trier where he grew up B) ruled out the former sodalist view that it was possible to reorganize industrial society peacefully C) was most effectively spread through the newspaper that he edited in 1842 and 1843 D) was strongly opposed by the Young Hegelians who hated radicalism and revolution s E) did not have much impact on the rise and development of modern socialism

94. lt is implied in the passage that, in his radicalism, Marx was ----. A)

so much ahead of his contemporaries that he was often misunderstood by them B) primarily inspired by the debates and revolutionary movements of earlier socialists C) never influenced by the revolutions and violent confrontations of 1848 D) so inspired by the rebellions of the Young Hegelians that he actively took part in them E) originally influenced by his family that took much interest in radical politics


2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE ÇÖZÜMÜ 95. lt is clear from the passage that, since Marx's father was Jewish, ----.

97. As suggested in the passage, oil ----. A)

A) B) C) D) E)

96. -

he was allawed to work as a lawyer only in Trier, but not in any other region of Germany he was constantly harassed and intimidated by the Prussian government it was impossible for him to practise law in Germany unless he became a Protestant there was much discrimination against him at the University of Berlin, where he studied law he and his family preferred to live in Trier, where there was no political repression at all

100.

soruları

aşağıdaki

B)

C) D)

E)

was so manipulated politically a century ago that its production was often disrupted has unfortunately lost its economic value due to the fact that the oil age has come to an e nd has been the major cause of political instability in the world for nearly a century has always been a major source of affordable energy and had a positive impact on our lives is produced currently in enormous amounts in order to meet the soaring global demand for cleaner energy

parçaya göre

cevaplayın ız.

Oil has provided humanity with many benefıts, including affordable energy to reduce our workloads and improve our mobility. Because oil is such an important and visible part of our daily lives, and because it is exceptionally open to political manipulations, it often receives an enormous amount of attention. This is especially true whenever its price increases sharply, and experts immediately get to work to diagnose the cause and consequences of the price increase. In fact, the future of oil is not that much different from its past: undoubtedly, oil production and consumption will become cleaner and more efficient, but prices will continue to be volatile, and the oil industry will continue to be blamed for conflicts, corruption, and pollution. And for all the current talk about the end of the oil age, it will remain a vital source of energy as it is now, nearly a century after the fırst warnings about soaring consumption and limited resources .

98. In the passage, ----. A)

the writer makes a strong defence of the oil industry and does not consider it to be responsible for any wrongdoing B) the main emphasis has been put on the indispensable uses of oil for man's comfort and prosperity C) there is much concern expressed about the consequences of current oil consumption in the world D) some hope is expressed about the improvement and increasing effıciency of global energy resources E) much attention has been given to the importance of experts' work in diagnosing the cause of increasing oil prices

96. According to the passage, warnings were first given almost a century ago that ----. A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

there would be a sharp decline in oil consumption throughout the world as alternative energy resources became available there could be serious disruptions of global oil supply in the future owing to pol itical manipulations and conflicts the consequences of soaring prices for oil would be extremely unbearable unless new economic measures were put into effect oil would cease to be a vital source of energy in the near future because of the growing rate of pollution oil consumption would continue to increase enormously and that the resources for oil were not infınite


99. As can be understood from the passage, the writer does not believe that, ----. in view of limited energy resources, the amount of oil consumed yearly will have to be restricted B) despite volatile oil prices, there will be a noticeable increase in current oil production C) contrary to ongoing discussions taday, the age of o il has drawn to a close D) similar to other industries, the oil industry is to be blamed for political manipulations in the world E) like other sources of energy, oil can be regarded as a major cause of environmental pollution

A)

577

YDS ŞiFRELERi 100.1t is stressed in the production of oil ----. A) B) C) D) E)

578

passage

that the

is no langer important since much cleaner energy resources are available taday must be absolutely free from any kind of political manipulation has changed very little in amount and price over a century has been adversely affected by currently volatile prices will certainly be carried out in a cleaner and more efficient manner in the future



2010 KPDS iLKBAHAR SINAVI CEVAP ANAHTARI 1.

A

c

51.

c

52. D

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

E D A B

53. E 54. A 55. E

7. 8.

D E

57. A

9. c 10. B 11 . E

12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

A E A D B

17. A

18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

D

c

E B A E

c

25. D 26. E

27. D 28. A 29. c 30. B

31. E 32. c 33. B 34. D

35. A 36. E 37. D

38. 39. 40. 41. 42.

B

c

A E A 43. B 44. D 45. E 46. c 47. A 48. B 49. c 50. D


56. B

58. D

59. B 60. B 61. E 62. D 63. c 64. E 65. A

66. 67. 68. 69. 70.

B A B A

c

71. D

72. B 73. E

74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84.

c B D E

c

A B

c

E D B

85. A

86. E 87. c 88. D 89. B 90. E 91. A 92. D 93. B 94. E 95. c 96. E 97. D 98. B 99. c 100.E

579

YDS ŞiFRELERi

2010 iLKBAHAR KPDS SINAVI TEKNiKLER iLE ÇÖZÜMÜ 1

1. -15. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz. 1.

2.

The body loses large amounts of iron when red blood cells are lost through bleeding, and this causes a ----of iro n.

A)

deficiency

:eksiklik

B) C) D) E)

display failure supplement recurrence

: gösteri,gösteri m ,tanıtım : başarısızlık : ilave,ek : tekrar, başa dönme

With the Soviet Union in decline in 1990, the United States emerged as the ---- superpower. A) B) C) D) E)

3.

sole

=only

reluctantly prosperously brutally previously

heavily

=ağırlıklı olarak

: isteksizce : refah içinde : vahşice : önceden : çok,şiddetli

No achievement can please lslamic extremists more than a break with what they ---- as the Christian West. : dahil etmemek : doğrulamak : kaldırmak , feshetmek : bir şey üzerinde düşünmek : oluştumak . kurmak

After World War ll , the United States began to ---- Britain's role as the leading foreign player in Iranian politics. A) B) C) D) E)

580

: tek,sadece : başlangıç , başlangıçtaki : yeterli

initial adequate

A) exclude B) confırm C) abolish D) view E) establish

5.

: aşırı , haddinden fazla : yanlışsız

The economies of most oil-producing nations in the Middle East rely---- on exporting oil, just as the economy of the West, particularly that of the United States, depends on petroleum imports. A) B) C) D) E)

4.

excessive accurate

take over

:devralmak

hold up put off keep out look after

: engellemek : oyalamak, ertelernek : uzak durmak, hariç tutmak : bakımını üstlenmek


2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE ÇÖZÜMÜ O, six European nations ---- to submit their coal and steel industries to comman

6.

management,o,.z;:....:::...:..:::..:.t..:._'no single country ---- the weapons of war to be used against another.

S.PAST ENSE A) B) C) D) E)

7.

f~

could/might/would gelir!

agreed 1 could fabricate

had agreed 1 have fabricated agree 1will fabricate may have agreed 1 had been fabricating

_ TEKNIK!cüm1 ede zaman belirteci North

A) B) C) D) E)

8.

have a reed 1 had

ardından

K~rea

stili __

a vast palice state that ---- a network of concentration camps spanning the country.

olmadığında

s. present tense

kullanımı!

was maintaining 1 has included had maintained 1would include is maintaining 1 had included

maintains 1 includes maintained 1will include

Most anthropologists think man---- South America araund 12,000 years earlier.

ago, although same---- it much 1

S. PAST TENSE A) B) C) D)

has settled 1 may have put settles 1 are putting had settled 1 were putting was settling 1 had put

E)

se,led 1 have~

'ALTOUGH' BAGLACI iLE TENSE UYUMU OLMAYABiLiR!

S. PAST TENSE 9.

---- same cancers, the best therapy is

a combination ---- surgery,

------

'a noun OF noun'

A) With 1 through B) About 1 in

radiation, and chemotherapy.

kuralı!(isim tamlaması)

C) For 1 of D) At 1 within E) On 1 to

10. The modern era of Shakespeare scholarship

has been marked ----

an enormous amount of

investigation ----the authorship, text, and chronology of h s plays. investiJate into A)

yapıda fiil sonrası 'by' kullanımı!

from 1 at

B)

by 1 into

C) D)

down 1 over out 1 of in 1 for

E)

passive


581

YDS ŞiFRELERi 11. Soil pallutian is caused by the presence of toxic compounds, chemicals, salts, radioactive materials, or disease-causing agents ----enter the soil through industrial waste and pesticides.

noun'isim ( A) B) C) D) E)

ı rdından relative ciause gelir!)

when whereby just as while

that:-----__]

12. The search for new sources of energy is a continuing one , ---- the one provided by the fossil fuels will eventually run out. A) B) C) D) E)

B. öncesinde virgül gelen so that yapısı sonuç bildirdiğinden; ardından gelecek cümleye zaman yapısı 'will' gelmez! c. zatlik bildinnl.y orl

since so that even if unless whenever

13. In the Renaissance period , there was a wide range of classical texts available to humanist scholars , ---- same of these texts had survived only in fragments or were only available in Greek. --------------~

A) B) C) D) E)

A. If yapısı olup, soru cümlesinde if görülmemeklediri B. before yapısının yer aldığı cümlede perfect tense gelmez!

so long as before whether in case

yapısı

but

14. China's art market is growing bigger all the time , and~---- at the expense of America and Britain .

A) B) C) O) E)

so as well as such just in case almost

doing so

B. cümle sonunda yer alır! C. ardından isim geliri

15. In art history, primitivism is a notian crucial to 20th-century art and modern thinking ----

a specific

mavement or group of artists.

ı

noun(isim) A) B) C) D) E)

582

in that instead of the same as

rather than whereas

A. benzerlik ve kullanılır! B. ardından

farklılıkları kıyaslamada

V-ing (isim fiil) geliri

C. the ume as öncesinde "to be" fiili


2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE ÇÖZÜMÜ 16.-20. sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada numaralanmış yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.

gn take certain (17) screens (18) ---- doors

People who (16) ---- in malaria-infested areas or who travel to them

----. They can use

long-lasting insecticide sprays in homes and outbuildings , place

and windows, use

mosquito netting over their beds, and apply mosquito repellents on their skin . They can (19) ---- wear enough clothing , 20) ---- after sundown , to protect as much of the skin as ossible against mosquito bites. 16. can: S. Present tense 18. creen o A) reduce A) beyand B) of B) live C) discharge C) with D) expose D) on E) persist E) till

17. P-_recaution: ön/e A) B) C) D) E)

19.

precautions supplements occurrences setbacks levels

ear: verb(fiil) also: adverb{zarfi A) B) C) D) E)

:takviye : olay : yenilgi : seviye

either more than

also fiil öncesi zarf kullammt! as such as well as

20. !p_!rticularly_:özellikle A) B) C) D) E)

21. - 25. sorularda,

aşağıdaki

parçada

numaralanmış

similarly extraordinarily commonly fairly

particu/arly

yerlere uygun

düşen

sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.

(21) --·- the re are dozens of indigenous languages spoken throughout South America, this is, with the (22) ---Portuguese-speaking Brazil, a Spanishspeaking continent. However, the Spanish one hears in South America does not always conform (23) ---- what one has learned in the classroom or heard on a cassette, and even competent Spanish-speakers find it takes a bit of getting used to. (24) ---- the odd differences in pronunciation, words from native languages as well as various European languages (25) ---- the different dialects of South American Sı;ıanish giving them each their own unique character. 21. exeeRtton for: olumsuzluk blldlrirı A) If:If yapısı yok 24. A) In case of :V-ing B) Although:zıtlık bildiriyor B) So far as :cümle kıyaslama bildirmiyar C) When :zaman bildirmiyar C) In addition to :buna ek olarak! D) Whereas:cümle başında yer almaz :V-ing 1 noun(isim) D) By means of E) Just as:ardından continuous yapı gelir E) Inaccordance with :noun (isim)

22.

25. A) exception B) contribution C) involvement D) partition E) convention

+for +to +in +in

23.


583

1

YDS ŞiFRELERi 1

26. 35. sorularda, verilen cümleyi uygun şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz.

26. - , but the~ provide a wonderful way_ to see the count side and the wildlife.

A) B) C) D)

Hitchh king is stili irly common in some European countries There re several erry services between France and Britain One o the fınest ays to get a taste of life in Finland is to go boating on a lake Cyclin is certainl a most enjoyable way of seeing parts of central France

Özne u yu m u

E)

+ t e nse

uyumu(s . present)

. ı T raıns in Argentina are much less frequent and effıcient than buses

27. - . even though the number of ~lntings he PAST FORM

A) B)

Milan until1499 when the city was captured by the French forces all town of Vinci, a day's journey from Florence

lt is true that Leonardo da

re

C)

fırst

published in 1651 in Paris from his scattered notes

as Treatise o Painting Even though ( Kon u uyumu te kniği!) D) Leonardo da Vinci is one of the very few artists whose reputation has from his own time onwards always remained at the highest level PAST FORM E) When Leonardo da Vinci came to Florence as a young man, he became the Florentine painter Verrocchio's apprentice

28. -

[G![Ieither de~nd on those

ı

hormon.::e.::s;...:o:.:r_.:a::.:r~e~in::..:h::.:ib:o::it.:::: ed::...::.bı..::..th~e;.;m.;.;.._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __. ı

rel a tive ciause

(önces inde i s i m gelir!) - - - - -A)

L_

ortak konu -

present tense

- - ----,

Hormone therapies raise or lower levels of certain ı

hormones

to limit the growth of cancers

present te n se B) In the opinion of most physicians, surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy play defınite roles in treating tumours C) Unfortunately, some tumours , such as those in the stomach, pancreas, or kidney, respond only partially to.radiation therapy t ekil i sim(s i ng u l ar nounır D) Progress in cancer therapy has come with better combinations of drugs, altered dosages, and better coordination with radiation therapy t e kil isim (singular noun!) E) Almost everyone who receives chemotherapy or radiation therapy experiences certain side effects, such as nausea or vomiting

584



. ust as his sister A) B)

Homer's epi The /liad, in which the Olympian gods are portrayed, refers to Apollo as the god who sends disease with his arrows Apollo was ne of the twelve gods of Olympus and, during the Trojan W ar, he supported the Trojans against the Greeks

kıy C)

female excellence.

s ma bildirir!

(Apofk? ile

kız kardeşi kıyaslanıyor)

In mythology, Apollo. who was the twin brother considered to represent masculine physical perfection

of Artemis.

known also as Diana, was

D) Among the ancient Greeks, Apollo was worshipped not only as the god of poetic and musical inspiration but also as the god of the sun E) In antiquity, Apollo's temple at Delphi was often visited by large crowds because it was a major centre for prophesies

i::!!::...=::.!ı!~:!!l!!2!!e~th m ewB ~mntine

ı

özne uyumu A)

tekniği!

em ire was the uninterrul'-!ed successor of the Roman state.

(as, because, since)

A new period in the history of Western civilizatitns began in the seventh century

B) lt is impossible to date the beginning of Byzantine

history with any precision

C) The history of Western civilizations is largely a story of rivalries and interactions D) In medieval ltaly, commerce and cities continued to flourish due to trade with the East E) By 650 the Arabs had taken most of the Byzantine territories, including Jerusalem 31. Our knowledge of the Etruscans is severely limited ----.

limited-.

1. Ourk PRESENTT

century B.C. , the Etruscans had established a canfederation of independent citystates PASTTENSE B) while Etrusca women enjoyed a comparatively elevated place in society

A)

C) whether th Etruscans shared with the Greeks a religion based on the worship of gods in human form PASTTENSE D) just as · appears that Etruscan settlements in ltaly go back to the Iate Bronze Age

\ ardınd E)

n continuous tense gelmeliydi! PRESENT TENSE si ce their language, although written ina Greek alphabet, has not yet been fully deciphered PRESENT TENSE

özne uyumu

tekniği!


585

YDS ŞiFRELERi P.Qiiticians were,-=c= autiou =· =s:::.l'-'O;:;..:::;.::tl::.:m~i:.::S;.::ti:.:C~-~·-------~--__ı

32.

1

verb(fiil) ardından noun ciause gelir! A) B)

C)

if the Nazis tried to eliminata the influences of American popular culture , which they regarded as an example of cultural degeneracy in case the Nazis, like other authoritarian governments, had used mass media as an efficient means of indoctrination and control

nqun ciause (öncesinde fiil gel ir!) that the economic troubles and political turmoil , which

had been brought about by World War 1, could easily

be overcome D) just as one powerful influence on the artists and intellectuals of the time was neither social nor political , but scientific E) so that artists might continue to focus on subjective experiences , multiplicities of meaning , and personal expressian

33. --,

·

the Vietnam War,

which relied ona disproportionate number of black soldiers, magnified racial

.-~l~S~~re~s~·--~--------~-----------------------~------------

A) When Presjdent Johnson began the strategic bombing of North Vietnam konu uyumu tekniğ i!

B)

As Mart n Luther King, Jr.,

pointed out in the 1960s

C) Although the South Vietnamese government resistad efforts at reform D) Even if the peace talks in Paris between the United States and North Vietnam failed E) Since the 1954 Geneva Accords divided Vietnam into North and South

Following World War ll, Japan emergad as a major industrial power because large suQQQrted the success of Ja anese fırms - .

state subsid"

A) if the Japanese govemme t launched a series of austere economic measures to reduce unemployment B) unless the fırms themselv s concentrated on the efficiency and technical reliability of their products C) even though every Japan se government regarded the creation of prosperity as a fundamental patriotic duty

D) while a well-funded prog amme of technical education aided research and the development of new goods E) whereas Japan, as a fully industrial ized country, not only led the way but also became the influential model of success

A. If ciause type ll görülmüyor!

yapısı

seçenekte

B. unless öncesi would ya da past

modal gelrnellycll_l

586



noun/isim A)

which

L_ B) C) D) E)

1

(ardından

relative ciause

kullanımı!)

he sketched and documented as real irregularities on the surface of the sun

relative ciause yapısı!

si nce he claimed that the craters of the moon were the features of its landscape even if, with the support of the Medici family, he was able to pursue his work on astronomy so long as hisideason astronomy brought him into conflict with powerful opponents whether he was already a famous mathematician at the University of Padua

36. - 40. soru larda, verilen Ingilizce cümleye anlarnca en yakın Türkçe cümleyi bulun uz. 36.

KEPLER believed that everything in creation , from human souls to the orbits of the planets, had been created according to mathematical laws.

A)

Kepler'in de inandığı gibi, insan ruhu ve gezegenlerin yörüngeleri de dahil , dünyadaki her şey , matematik yasalarıyla uyumlu olarak yaratılmıştır. Kepler'in inancına göre, insan ruhu ve gezegenlerin yörüngeleri dahil her şey, matematik yasalarına uygun olarak yaratılmıştır. Kepler'e göre, insan ruhu ve gezegenlerin yörüngeleri de dahil her şey , matematik yasalarıyla tam bir uyum içinde yaratılmıştır. Kepler, her şeyin , matematik yasalarına uygun yaratıldığına ve buna, insan ruhu ile gezegenlerin yörüngelerinin de dahil olduğuna inanıyordu.

B) C) D)

E)

KEPLER, insan ruhundan gezegenlerin yörüngelerine kadar, herşeyin,

yaratılmış

olan

matematik yasalarına göre yaratılmış olduğuna inanıyordu.

37.

Renaissance humanism PLAYED SOME ROLE IN the growing fasdnation with the intricate mechanisms at work in the universe.

A)

evrene hayranlık Rönesans hümanizmasının oynadığı rol önemlidir. Evrenin karmaşık mekanizmalardan oluştuğuna ilişkin düşüncenin giderek gelişmesinde, Rönesans hümanizmasının oynadığı rol hayranlık vericidir.

Karmaşık

bir

şekilde işleyen mekanizmaların oluşturduğu

duyulmasında ,

B)

C)

Rönesans

D)

Rönesans hümanizması, evrende işleyen karmaşık mekanizmalara ilişkin giderek artan hayranlıkla BIRAZ ROL OYNAMlŞTlR.

E)

hümanizması, evreni oluşturan karmaşık mekanizmaların işleyişine duyulan hayranlıkla ÖNEMli ROl OYNAMlŞTlR.

Evrende

karmaşık

artmasında ,


mekanizmaların

Rönesans

işleyişine

hümanizmasının oynadığı

ilişkin duyulan hayranlığın rol oldukça önemlidir.

587

YDS ŞiFRELERi 38. MUSIC IN WESTERN EUROPE IN THE FIFTEENTH AND SIXTEENTH CENTURIES reached such a high point of development that, like painting and sculpture, it constituted one of the most brilliant aspects of the era. A)

Batı Avrupa'da müzik, on beşinci ve on altıncı yüzyıllarda yüksek bir gelişme noktasına ulaşmış olup, resim ve heykelin yanı sıra, döneminin parlak bir

yönünü ortaya

B)

koymuştur.

ON BEŞINCI VE ON ALTINCI YÜZYILLARDA BATI AVRUPA' DA MÜZIK, öylesine yüksek bir gelişme noktasına ulaştı ki , resim ve heykel gibi, dönemin en parlak yönlerinden birini

C)

oluşturmuştur.

ve on altıncı yüzyıllarda , resim ve heykele benzer yüksek bir ve döneminin parlak bir yönünü oluşturmuştur. On beşinci ve on altıncı yüzyıllarda Batı Avrupa' da yüksek bir gelişme gösteren müzik, tıpkı resim ve heykel gibi , döneminin en parlak yönünü temsil etmektedir. Müzik, on

beşinci

gelişme göstermiş

D)

E)

Müziğin , on beşinci ve on altıncı yüzyıllarda Batı Avrupa'da yüksek bir gelişme düzeyine ulaşmış olması, tıpkı resim ve heykel gibi, dönemin çok parlak bir yönünü ortaya koymaktadır.

39.

IN THE 19608, organized terrorist tactics became an important part of political conflict in the Middle East, Europe, and Latin America .

A) B)

C)

Orta Doğu , Avrupa ve Latin Amerika'daki siyasal çatışmaların önemli bir yönü olan örgütlü terörist taktikleri, 1960'1 arda ortaya çıkmıştır. Örgütlü teröristlere özgü taktikler, 1960' 1arın Orta Doğu, Avrupa ve Latin Amerika ' sındaki siyasal çatışmaların önemli bir boyutunu oluşturmuştur.

1960'LARDA, örgütlü terörist taktikler, Orta Amerika'da siyasal

D) E)

çatışmanın

önemli bir

Doğu ,

Avrupa ve Latin

parçası olmuştur.

Örgütlü terörislierin taktikleri, 1960'1arda Orta Doğu , Avrupa ve Latin Amerika'daki siyasal mücadelelerde önemli bir yer tutmuştur. Orta Doğu , Avrupa ve Latin Amerika'da 1960' lardaki siyasal mücadelelerin temelini, önemli ölçüde , örgütlü terörislierin kullandığı taktikler oluşturmuştur.

40. MOST HISTORIANS have argued that the causes and outcomes of the French Revolution should be understood in terms of class interests.

A)

ÇOGU TARIHÇI , Fransız Ihtilali'nin nedenlerinin ve sonuçlarının, sınıf çıkarları bağlamında anlaşılması gerektiğini

B)

ileri

sürmüşlerdir .

Hemen hemen tüm tarihçiler, Fransız Ihtilali'nin nedenlerini ve sonuçlarını, ile bağlantılı olarak anlamak gerektiğini vurgulam ışiard ır. Pek çok tarihçi , Fransız ihtilali'nin nedenlerinin ve sonuçlarının anlaşılabilmesi için, sınıf çıkarlarının esas alınması gerektiğini belirtmiştir. Fransız ihtilali'nin nedenlerini ve sonuçlarını anlayabilmek için, tarihçilerin çoğu, sınıf çıkarlarını temel alma gereği duymuştur. Tarihçilerin çoğu , Fransız Ihtilali'nin nedenlerini ve sonuçlarını , sınıf çıkarları bağlamında anlama gereği duymuştur. sınıf ç ı karları

C) D) E)

588


2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE ÇÖZÜMÜ 1

41.-45. sorularda, verilen Türkçe cümleye anlarnca en yakın Ingilizce cümleyi bulunuz. 41. ON ÜÇ BIN YIL KADAR ÖNCE, buzullar yavaş yavaş çekilirken , Akdeniz'in doğu ucunda, bataklıklar, otlaklar ve evcil hayvanlardan

oluşan

yeni bir ekolojik alan ortaya

çıkmıştır.

A) When glaciers receded over a period of thirteen thousand years, marshes, grasslands and domestic animals made up a new ecological area at the eastern e nd of the Mediterranean Sea. B) lt was exactly thirteen thousand years ago that, as glaciers began to slowly disappear, there emerged at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea a new ecological area, which consisted of marshes, arable lands, and domesticated animals. C) As glaciers slowly disappeared thirteen thousand years ago, the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea turned into a new ecological area that accommodated marshes, arable lands, and domestic animals. D) As glaciers began to recede slowly, the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea witnessed , about thirteen thousand years ago, the development of a new ecological area of marshes, grasslands and domesticated animals.

E) ABOUT THIRTEEN THOUSAND YEARS AGO, when glaciers slowly receded, a new ecological area of marshes, grasslands and domestic animals emerged at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea.

42. 1870'LERDEN ITIBAREN, pazar, mal ve nüfuz yayılışını

körüklemiş

ve sonuçta

onları çoğu

arayısı , Avrupalı sanayileşmiş ülkelerin emperyalist

kez birbirleriyle

karşı karşıya getirmiştir.

A) FROM THE 1870S ON, search for markets. goods, and influence fuelled the imperial expansion of the European industrialized countries and, consequently, often put them at odds with each other. B) During the decades following the 1870s, the imperial expansion of the European industrialized countries was mainly characterized through search for markets, goods, and influence, which frequently led these countries into hostilities. C) As of 1870, the industrialized countries of Europe got into a search for markets, goods, and influence and were, therefore, involved in imperial expansion that made them hostile to each other. D) The imperial expansion of the European industrialized countries gained much mo mentum after the 1870s as they were in search of markets, goods, and influence and, consequently, acted most aggressively against each other. E) Search by the European industrialized countries in the 1870s for markets, goods, and influence led to imperial expansion and brought them into serious hostilities.


589

YDS ŞiFRELERi 43. Pek çok başka insan GIBI, 1920'1erde ve 1930'1arda romancılar, şairler ve oyun yazarları, ı. Dünya Savaşı ' nın insanlık dışı koşullarından ve zaferin , vaatlerini yerine gelirememesinden düş kırıklığına uğramışlardır .

A)

lt was because of the unbearable conditions of World War 1 that, in the 1920s and 1930s, novelists, poets, and dramatists as well as many other people felt disillusioned and did not believe that victory would fulfıl its promises.

B) LIKE many other people, novelists, poets and dramatists in the 1920s and 1930s were disillusioned by the inhuman conditions of World W ar 1and by the failure of victory to fulfıl its promises. C) In the 1920s and 1930s, not only novelists, poets and dramatists, but also many other people were so disillusioned by the harsh facts of World W ar 1that, for the m, the promises of victory could not be fulfılled . D) Besides the inhuman circumstances of World War 1, the failure of victory to fulfıl its promises made novelists, poets, dramatists and many other people in the 1920s and 1930s extremely disillusioned. E) The brute circumstances of World War 1 and the failure of victory to fulfıl its promises made novelists, poets, dramatists and various other people feel very disillusioned in the 1920s and 1930s.

44. DADAIST SANATÇlLAR, eserlerinin eleştirmenler,

farklı düşünüyor

ve

onların

anlamsız

eserlerini

ve gayriciddi olduğunu iddia etmişlerdir , ancak ifadeleri olarak görüyorlardı.

bilinçaltının

A)

Upon dadaist artists' claim that their works were devoid of any meaning or serious purpose, critics objected and asserted that dadaist works essentially represented the subconscious. B) Although , for dadaist artists, their works had no meaning or serious purpose , critics differed from them and claimed that dadaist works represented the subconscious. C) Despite the fact that dadaist artists regarded their works as meaningless and playful, critics had a completely different view and argued that dadaist works were actually concerned with the subconscious.

D) DADAIST ARTISTS claimed that their works were meaningless and playful, but critics thought otherwise and regarded their works as expressions of the subconscious. E)

590

Contrary to the dadaist artists' claim that in their works there was no meaning or serious purpose , critics maintained that dadaist works were all expressions of the subconscious.



45. TÜM ZAMANLARlN EN BÜYÜK DÜŞÜNÜRLERlNDEN BIRI KABUL EDILEN Einstein, yirminci yüzyılın

A) B) C) D) E)

başlarında,

bizzat geleneksel

fıziğin

temellerini sorgulamaya

başlamıştır .

In the early years of the twentieth century, Einstein, who had begun to question traditional physics and its fundamentals, was regarded as the greatest intellect of his time. Einstein, who has long been considered to be one of the great thinkers of our age, was seriously concerned with traditional physics , which he began to question in the early years of the twentieth century. lt was at the beginning of the twentieth century that Einstein, commonly regarded as a great intellect of his time, began to as k questions about the fundamentals of traditional physics. As one of the greatest scientists of all time, Einstein began in the early years of the twentieth century to be concerned with the fundamentals of traditional physics. RECOGNIZED AS ONE OF THE GREATEST INTELLECTS OF ALL TIME , Einstein began to question the very foundations of traditional physics early in the twentieth century.

Tanımlama tekniği!

(Relative ciause yapıları aynı) Recognized as one of the greatest intellects of all time (reduced relative clause)

46. - 51. sorularda,

boş bırakılan

yere, parçada anlam

bütünlüğünü sağlamak

için getirilebilecek cümleyi

bulun uz.

46. One of the causes of World War ll was the failure to create lasting, binding standards for peace and security in Europe in particular and in the world at large. Diplamats spent the 1920s, trying to restore such standards. SOME put their faith in the legal and moral authority of the League of Nations. ---Throughout the de ade, a number of leading European statesmen tried to reach a set of agreements that would stabil iz the peace and prevent rearmament. SOME iLE BAŞL YAN CÜMLE OTHERS iLE DEVAM EDER! 1 NiTELEME TEKNiGi! A) B)

Despite the goo faith of many statesmen involved, none of these agreements carried any real weight. Economic condi ions in Europe were another important cause of renewed conflict.

C) OTHERS saw disarmament as the most promising means of guaranteeing peace.

D) Politicians teared international relations would be undermined by the growing imbalance of power in Europe. E) Moreover, the economic depression of the 1930s contributed in several ways to the coming of the war.


591

YOS ŞiFRELERi 47. YOUTH ULTURE in America in the 1950s and 1960s owed much to the hybrid musical style known as " rock and roll." During the 1930s and 1940s, the synthesis of music produced by whites and African American in the American South found its way into northern cities . lndeed, from the 1950s onwards, black rhythm a d blues musicians and white Southern performers found much wider audiences through the use of new tech ology, such as electric guitars, better equipment for studio recording, and wide-band radio stations in large ities. The blend of styles and SOUNDS and the cultural daring of white teenagers came to create r k and roll. ---A) This new MUSIC was exciting, sametim YOUNG LISTENERS.

aggressive, but full of energy and with great appeal for

B) Much of the new "mass culture" of the 1960s depended on the spending habits and desires of the new generation. C) The postwar desire to break with the past created further impetus for change in every sense, including politics . D) In the 1950s, governments rather than markets determined how consumer goods would be distributed. E) By the mid-1950s portable radios were being sold in the United States and Europe.

i

1>---

ANA KONU

EŞLEŞMESi +ORTAK KELiME EŞLEŞMESi TEKNiGi!

48. ---- Like the FRENCH REVOLUTION, they brought down not only a regime, but an empire. Like the French REVOLUTION, they ave way to violence. And again like the French Revolution, they had sweeping inte national cons quences. These revolutions and the fall of the Soviet Union marked the end of the Cold W r, which had ructured international politics and shaped the everyday lives of millions of people since th end of World ar ll. A)

The lron C rta in had estab ished one of the most rigid borders in European history.

B) The Easte n European REVOLUTIONS of 1989 and the subsequent collapse of the Soviet Union were a REVOLUTIONARY turning point. C) The collapse of the Soviet Union opened up both Russia and its former imperial dominions. D) In the 1970s and 1980s, the Eastern European nations faced serious fınancial difficulties. E) The Czechs staged demonstrations against Soviet damination towards the end of 1988.

i

>ORTAK KONU

EŞLEŞMESi TEKNiGi!

!..!.!!-=.!..==:...:..:...:-==.:r.:..:...:..--=Lc:!IB::..:E=:!R~A=LS~had

canfidence in SCIENCE. Not only did science deliver technological and aterial progress, but it also cantirmed li erals' faith in the power of human reason to uncover nd command the laws of nature. --- Evolu onary theory, psychology and social sciences all intro ced visions of humanity that were sharp y at odds with conventional liberal wisdom. At the sa e time, artists and intellectuals mounted thei own revalt against nineteenth-century conventions. Morals, manners, institutions, and traditions: all establis ed values and assumptions were under question.

A) Geologists have always challenged the Biblical account of creati n. B) These upheaval in the world of ideas unsettled older conceptio s of individuality. C) Towards THE END OF THE CENTURY, however, SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENTS expectations.

defıed

these

D) The scientists of the time held the view that the world had been formed over millions of years. E) The implications of Darwin's writings went far beyond the domain of the evolutionary sciences.

592


2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE ÇÖZÜMÜ 50. In ancient Egypt most people were POOR, LIVING in crowded conditions in simple mud-brick dwellings. During the period of prosperity, like, could elevate themselves and enjoy ni were peasants who, as unskilled labou construction. Beneath them were slaves,

however, skilled artisans, such as jewellers, goldsmiths, and the er surroundings. ---- The vast majority of Egyptians, however, ers, provided the brute force necessary for agriculture and pically captives from foreign wars rather than native Egyptians.

There can be little doubt that the ma pyramids put grave strains on Egyptian B) The pyramids were in fact raised b participated willingly in the building proj C) Governmental control over the lives administrative officials employed by th

ive investment of labour and wealth required to build the great society. tens of thousands of peasant workers, who most probably cts. of individual Egyptians was very strict, and the number of state was quite high.

A)

D) Potters, weavers , masons, bricklayers brewers, merchants, and schoolteachers alsa enjoyed a higher standard of LIVING.

i E)

)>

ORTAK KELiME EŞLEŞMESi TEKNiGi!

Gender divisions may have been less clearly elites.

defıned

among the peasantry than they were among the

51. In antiquity, Miletus was a centre for speculative thinking and philosophy. Baginning in the sixth century B. C., a series of thinkars known as "the pre-Socratics" raised se rio us questions about the relationship between the natural world, the gods, and men. The most famous of the pre-Socratics were Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes, who represented the so-called Milesian School. They seem to have been remarkably familiar with Babylonian astronomy. --- In other words, through THEIR observations, they began to formuiate rational theories to explain the physical universe. A) The Milesians were very active in Egypt, where they f unded many colonies which became their main trading outposts. B) Stimulated by the cosmopolitanism of their city, they Iso began to rethink their place in the human world . C) Calculating and observing the movements of the heavens, THEY sought physical explanations for what they saw. D) After the Persian conquest of Anatolia, many of the Milesian philosophers fled to Sicily and southarn ltaly. E) Miletus had long been a part of the Greek world , but Babylonian influences also shaped Milesian culture in important ways.

)>

i

NiTELEME TEKNiGi!

52.-57. sorularda, verilen durumda

söylenmiş

olabilecek sözü bulunuz.

52. One of the research assistants in your department has written an abstract for a paper, which he wishes to submit at an international conference. He asks you to have a look at it and advise him. You've read the abstract and are impressed by the originality of THE TOPIC . You say to him: A) B) C) D) E)

In dealing with this topic, is it your purpose to provoke the centerence participants? As far as 1 am concerned , the way you present the topic is rather dull and fiat. 1 wonder why you have decided to choose such a controversial topic for your paper. 1 fınd YOUR TOPIC most unusual, and it will certainly arouse much interest. The abstract needs to have more clarity although the topic itself is a common one.

YOU ARE IMPRESSED BY THE TOPIC


IT W/LL CERTAINLY INTEREST

AROUSE

MUCH

593

YDS ŞiFRELERi 53. At a panel of historians, a controversial issue is under discussion . One of the historians has referred to a number of documents as evidence to defend his point of view. You notice that the contents of the documents signifıcantly differ from each other and are mostly irrelevant. So YOU INTERVENE by saying to this historian: 1 don 't think any of us has had the opportunity to see these documents, which obviously contain much evidence about the issue under discussion. B) The documents you have presented as evidence throw much light on the issue we have been discussing. C) As one can see from the documents you have presented , you must have carried out a great deal of careful research on the issue. D) Like my colleagues here, 1 have much respect for the quality of your research and have no objection to the evidence you have presented here. E) 1 AM AFRAID the evidence you have presented through these documents is contradictory and has nothing to do with the issue under d ·

A)

YOUINTERVENE 54. As a specialist on Middle Eastern affairs, you are being interviewed by a journalist and are asked about Western governments' attitude towards the Middle East. YOU THINK FOR A WHILE and then state in general terms: WELL, LET ME SEE . All 1can say is that Western governments have always treated the Middle East as a vital strategic centre of gravity because of its rich oil reserves. B) 1 can teli you right away that the West's needs for oil have encouraged international corporations to seek concessions from Middle Eastern states. C) Your question involves various issues. However, let me say this : in the Middle East, processes of modernization and globalization have produced an anti-Western attitude. D) Certainly, the oil boom brought about by the increasing Western demand in the 1980s and 1990s has ultimately led to fıerce competition among Middle Eastern producer states. E) lt is a fact that Western powers are always prepared to intervene by force if the stability of oil production is jeopardized.

A)

YOU THINK FOR A WHILE

55. Your new book on Shakespeare has been much acclaimed by critics . So you have often been invited to give talks , but now you feel that these talks are very tiring and need to be limited. YOU DISCUSS this with your wife and say: A)

Because critics have praised my book on Shakespeare, 1 have been ove helmed by a flood of invitations to give talks , which 1 indeed fınd ve thrilling. B) Since Shakespeare has been my major aca emic interest, dear, 1 am glad th t 1 have fınally written a comprehensive book on him , which has brou ht me much popularity. C) My dear, ı would never refrain from giving talks on Shakespeare although they can be extremely exhausting and take all my free time. D) Dear, much has already been written on Sha speare , but my recent book, whi h has made me famous , is actually the product of long and painstaking research. E)

594

The publication of my book on Shakespear has put me in the limelight, an 1 am constantly being invited to give talks. BUT 1 fınd this exhausting; so, dear, l'm going to turn down most invitations.


2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE ÇÖZÜMÜ 56. A graduate student of yours is doing research on Na oleon's im erial aims. You wish to give him a guideline so that his research might not drift into other matt rs about Napoleon. So you say to him:

KONU UYUMU! A) B)

One can suggest that the main moral cause of Nap leon's fall as an emperor was his unmasterable ambition. ı think the essence of Na ruled from Paris.

C) Like the Roman emperors, Napoleon erected triumphal columns and arehes to commemorate his victories . D) lt is true that Napoleon made his brothers and sisters the monarchs of his newly created kingdoms. E) In military terms, Napoleon was a master of welltimed , well-directed shock attacks on the battlefıeld .

57. At a company meeting today, you are expected to present your report on the new trends in

. :..:..ı===..a

However, your little boy is suddenly taken ili and, therefore, it will be impossible for you to attend th So you call the director and ASK HIM TO EXCUSE YOU , proposing that you submit the report meeting . You say: A)

Unfortunatel , my little one is not well, and MY APOLOGIES for not being able to attend the eeting. 1 should be grateful if you could exeuse me, and 1 can present my marketing r port at the next meeting .

B)

1 am afraid you will have to exeuse me today since my little one is very ili. As for the report about marketing, 1 can present it any time you wish me to. C) 1 am calling you to teli you that 1 cannot present my marketing report today at the meeting because my boy is seriously ili. 1 can defınitely present the report at the next meeting. D) Let me teli you right away that 1 won't be at the meeting today because of my boy's illness. My report on marketing is ready and can be presented at the next meeting. E) Since my little boy is not feeling well , 1 have decided not to attend the meeting today. However, if you agree, 1 can present the report at the meeting next week.

58. - 63. sorularda, cümleler bulunuz.

sırasıyla

okunduğunda

parçanın

anlam

bütünlüğünü

bozan cümleyi

58. (1) !BRITISH COMINANCE OF THE SLAVE TRADEj in the Iate seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries gave it decisive economic advantages over other nations. (ll) As one Englishman wrote in 1749, HE SLAVE ~had provided "an inexhaustible fund of wealth to this nation." (lll) But even apart from HE SLAVE ~' the value of colonial commerce was increasing dramatically during the eighteenth century. (IV) Like the Spanish colonies, the French colonies in the New World were established and administered as direct crown enterprises. (V) For instance, British foreign trade increased in value from f1 O million in the 1730s to E40 million in the 1750s.

A) 1 B) ll C) lll D) IV E) V


4' TE 2 TEKNiGi! The slave trade/the eighteenth century

595

YDS ŞiFRELERi 59. (~) .Between 1800 and the middle of the twentieth century, [HE WORLDWIDE POPULATION/ roughly tripled, rısıng from 1 to 3 billion. (ll) Like past scientific investigations directed at humankind, genetics has raised fundamental questions about ethics and humanity. (lll) Between 1960 and 2000, however, tTH§ JPOPULATION ~oubled again , to 6 billion or more. (IV) Obviously, improvements in basic standards of health have contributed to this dramatic increase. (V) Yet such growth has strained the capacity of social services, public-health facilities, and urban infrastructures.

A) B) C) D) E)

1 ll lll IV V

4' TE 2 TEKNiGi! The worldwide population 1 imorevementlthe arowthl

60. (1) Cervantes's masterpiece, [HE SATIRICAL NOVEQ Don Quixote, recounts the adventures of a Spanish gentleman, Don Quixote of La Mancha. ll lndeed, Gervantes was fully aware of the developments of the novel as a new literary form . (lll) IN THE NOVE , Don Quixote is fıfty years old and has already become unbalanced by his constant reading of chivalric epics. (IV) His mind is fılled with all kinds of tantastic adventures. (V) So, He sets out on a knightly adventure, imagining windmills to be giants, and flocks of sheep to be armies of infıdels .

A) 1 B) ll C) lll D) IV E) V

4' TE 2 TEKNiGi! Don quixote 1 the novel

61. (1) Between 1540 and 1660, Europe was racked by a combination of religious wars, POLITICA rebellions, and economic crises. (ll) Hence, confıdence in traditional structures of social, religious, and POLITICA authority was undermined. (lll) The result was fear, scepticism, and a search for new, more certain foundations on which to rebuild the social, /POLITICAL,/ and religious order of Europe. (IV) However, for artists and intellectuals, the period proved to be one of the most creative epochs in the history of Europe. (V) Like Shakespeare, Rembrandt knew that life's journey is full of perils, but his most mature paintings suggest that these can be mastered with a courageous awareness of one's human shortcomings.

A) B) C) D) E)

1 ll lll IV V

A)

1

4' TE 2 TEKNiGi! The period 1540s and 1660s 1 political rebellions

62.

B) ll C) lll D) IV E) V

596

4' TE 2 TEKNiGi! Trade in the Late Bronze Age 1 the coast of the eastern Mediterranean


2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE ÇÖZÜMÜ 63. (1) The Mongols were one of a number of nomadic peoples inhabiting the steppes of Central Asia. (ll) Although closely connected with various Turkishspeaking peoples with whom they frequently intermarried, the Mongols s oke their own distinctive language and had their own homeland to the north of the Gobi Desert in PRESENT-DAY MONGOLI . (lll) In fact, it was notuntil the Iate thirteenth century that Europeans began to establish direct trading connections with lndia, China , and the "Spice lslands" of the lndonesian archipelago. (IV) Like many namadie peoples throughout history, they were highly accomplished cavalry soldiers and constantly raided the sedentary peoples to their south. (V) lt was in part to control such raiding from lMONGOLIAj that the Chinese built the famous Great Wall .

A) B) C) D) E) 1

1 ll lll IV V

4' TE 2 TEKNiGi! The Mongols 1 Mongolia

64. - 69. soru larda, verilen cümleye aniamca en yakın olan cümleyi bulunuz. 64. Historians emphasize Byzantine trade and industry BECAUSE these provided most of the surplus wealth that supported the state. BECAUSE = SINCE AYNI BAGLAÇ YAPISINA SAHIP! A)

There is a general cansensus among historians that the economic importance of trade and industry in the Byzantine empire cannot be ignored. B) According to historians, in the Byzantine empire, trade and industry played a relatively important role in the economy. C) As far as historians are concerned , the economic prosperity of the Byzantine state depended, to some extent, on commercial and industrial activities. D) lt is commonly recognized by historians that the Byzantine state could not have survived without the economic contributions of trade and industry. E) SINCE the Byzantine state largely depended on the revenues generated by trade and industry, historians attach much importance to them.

65. NO SOONER did lsrael declare its independence in May 1948 THAN its fıve neighbouring states invaded it. AYNI FIILE SAHIP! (invaded it= it was invaded) AYNI ZAMAN BAGLACINA SAHiP! (no sooner than= as soan as) A) AS SOON AS lsrael declared its independence in May 1948, it was invaded by the fıve countries bordering it. B) The invasion of lsrael by its fıve neighbours had already been decided before its independence was declared in May 1948. C) lt was in May 1948 that, following its declaration of independence, lsrael faced an invasion by its fıve neighbours. D) When lsrael declared its independence in May 1948, its fıve neighbours deGided ta invade it. E) Upo n lsrael's declaration of independence in May 1948, the fıve states that bordered it jointly invaded it.


597

YDS ŞiFRELERi 66. The very term "postcolonial" underlines the fact that colonialism's legacies have endured in former colonies EVEN after independence. IKI CU MLE DE ZlTLlK BILDIRIYOR! (EVEN = AL THOUGH) A) As can be understood from the term "postcolonial," the independence of former colonies has been undermined by the continuation of colonial practices. B) AL THOUGH former colonies have gained their independence, it is true that, as the term "postcolonial" itself indicates, they stili feel the impact of colonialism . C) What is meant by the term "postcolonial" is that former colonies , which are now independent, have failed to preserve their colonial institutions. D) The fact that former colonies, which have all gained their independence, have got rid of their colonial past is indicated by the term "postcolonial." E) Since the independence of former colonies has enabled them to be aware of their colonial past, this is best defıned by the term "postcolonial. " 67. The global demand for oil increased enormously during the postwar era and HAS ACCELERATED SI NCE. FIILLER AYNI! (has accelerated since =this has continued at an even faster rate) A) B) C) D) E)

In the decades following World War ll , there was a dramatic increase in the demand for oil throughout the world , and THIS HAS CONTINUED AT AN EVEN FASTER RATE. There was a serious increase in the demand for oil after World War ll , and in fact the demand HAS NEVER SlOWED DOWN. The worldwide demand for oil , which has never stopped , WAS PARTICYlARlY HIGH in the years following World W ar ll. Soon after World W ar ll, the demand for oil in the world was quite high and HAS SElDOM FAllEN . Following World War ll , oil became so important that there was an increasing demand for it, and today the demand for oiiiS STill VERY HIGH.

68. THOUGH the Germans were not the most enthusiastic colonialists, they were stili fascinated by other European powers' imperial policies.

IKI CÜMLE DE ZlTLlK BILDIREN BAGLAÇ YAPISINA SAHIP! (though = but) FiiLLER AYNI! (were fascinated by= were interested in) A) B) C) D) E)

598

The imperial policies put into effect by other European powers exceedingly exasperated the Germans who were themselves utterly indifferant to colonialism. The Germans did not cherish a keen interest in colonialism , BUT they were immensely interestad in the imperial policies pursued by other European powers. Since colonialism did not appeal to the Germans, their interest in the imperial policies of other European powers was rather superfıcial. The Germans, for whom colonialism did not matter much, were fully aware of the imperial policies that other European powers were pursuing. While the Germans refused to practise colonialism, other European powers developed imperial policies that caught the German attention.


2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE ÇÖZÜMÜ 69. The persistent fears in connection with such terrorist groups as al Qaeda have to do with the chemical, biological , and alsa nuclear weapons that they MIG HT use.

IKI CÜMLEDE IHTiMAL BILDIREN might MODAL YAPISINA SAHIP! FiiLLER AYNI! (might use= might resort) A) THE POSSIBILITY that terrorist groups such as al Qaeda MIGHT resort to chemical , biological and even nuclear weapons gives rise to continuing fears. B) The use by al Qaeda and other terrorist groups of such weapons as chemical , biological and also nuclear ca uses a great deal of widespread fear. C) IT IS JYS+ POSSIBLE that al Qaeda and other similar terrorist groups MIG HT get hold of chemical , biological and nuclear weapons, and this is the main reason why they are feared. D) So long as al Qaeda and other terrorist groups have the opportunity to have access to chemical, biological and also nuclear weapons, there can be no end to the prevailing fears. E) If terrorist groups, including al Qaeda, come to possess chemical , biological and nuclear weapons, this will certainly give rise to much fear.

1

70. - 75. sorularda, karşılıklı konuşmanın boş bırakılan kısmını tamamiayabiiecek ifadeyi bulunuz. 70. John: - Good morning, Christine. By the way, have you seen this article on North Korea? Christine: - l've just come to the office. You know mornings are always a rush. Teli me what the main argument is. John: - ---Christine: - Besides that, there may alsa be other hidden reasons such as the provision of nuclear weapons to international terrorist groups. A) B) C) D) E)

Let me teli you this: historically, at the end of World W ar ll, the Soviet Union occupied the northern part of the Korean peninsula, while the Americans held the south. You know that, after the lass in 1991 of Soviet patronage, the isolated North Korean government faced a very serious economic disaster, with verifıed reports of local starvation in same region s of the country. lt emphasizes that the North Korean government has pursued the development of a nuclear arsenal not for self-defence, but as a bargaining chip against Japan and the United States. As you may recall , in June 1950, the communist North Korean troops attacked across the border that divided the Korean peninsula and crushed resistance in the south. Agreed . Yet Japan and the Western states have always teared that North Korea may be secretly helping Iran and other rogue states to develop nuclear weapons.


599

YDS ŞiFRELERi 71. Terence: - lt isa fact that the overseas maritime explorations in the Iate fıfteenth and early sixteenth centuries improved our knowledge of geography tremendously. Jim: -Well, we all know it. Why do you bring it up? Terence: - ---Jim: - Naturally, the same view was held by the Church and alsa the crusaders . A) Ancient geographers divided the earth into fıve climatic zones that are stili recognized taday. B) Actually, in antiquity, geography owed most of its development to the Hellenistic astronomer Eratosthenes. C) The amazing thing is that, by means of sundials placed same hundreds of miles apart, the astronomer Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the earth . D) For the simple reason that the world was understood differently and wrongly in the Middle Ages. For instance, medieval geographers regarded Jerusalem as the centre of the earth . E) In fact, it was the Hellenistic astronomer and geographer Eratosthenes that fırst suggested the possibility of reaching eastern Asia by sailing west.

72. George: - Recently 1have been much interested in the social history of the marketplace in medieval England, on which 1plan to write a book. Juliet: -The social history of the marketplace? lt is rather a dull subject, isn't it? George: - ---Juliet:- Really? Then 1take back what l've just said. 1'11 be keenly interested in what you write about it. A)

B) C) D) E)

600

Well , in a way, yes. In the pastand taday, the marketplace was just a site for the buying and seliing of commodities. On the contrary. In fact, the heart of the matter is that the marketplace served as a place to socialize and a forum for interaction among people from all walks of life. At fırst glance, it would seem that there are many differences between the marketplaces of the past and the marketplaces of taday. Unfortunately, the stock and commodities exchanges and malls have none of the spirit of the traditional marketplace. Exactly. lt is hard to defıne the purpose and goal of the marketplace not only in England but alsa in the rest of Europe.


2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE

<;OZ0M0

73. Fred: - 1 have been doing some research for a paper on the emergence of fascism in Italy. There is a vast amount of material that I have to consult. A tough job. Colleague: - I agree. Not an easy one. You know, like many European nations, Italy emerged from World War I at a heavy cost, but surely there were various causes for the rise of fascism in the country. Fred: - ---Colleague: - I am sure, as I gather from what you are saying , your paper will provide us with a full account of how Italy turned to fascism. A) B) C) D) E)

Under Mussolini, the Italian economy was placed under the management of twenty-two corporations, each responsible for a major industrial enterprise. In fact, I will mainly focus on how Italy was divided into a prosperous industrialized north and a poor agrarian south. To tell you the truth, World War I had cost Italy nearly seven hundred thousand lives and over $15 billion. In my opinion, you are mistaken when you claim that the Italian fascist movement depended heavily on Mussolini's leadership. Undoubtedly. Among them can be mentioned political corruption, weaknesses of parliamentary democracy, high inflation, rising unemployment, and nationwide strikes.

STRATEJi 'Vari ous causes' konusu ile se<;:enekteki 'them' ayn1 konular! I'm sure= undoubtedly

74. Harry: - Today, at the conference, two professors were involved in a fierce debate about the Marshall Plan. They really got on each other's nerves. Janet: - Sorry, dear. I know nothing about the Marshall Plan. You must first tell me about it. Harry: - ---Janet: - I see. Since it was certainly to the benefit of Europe, I can't understand why the two professors should quarrel about !l A) As far as I am concerned, among the most striking aspects of World War ll's aftermath was the speed with which Germany was reintegrated into Europe. B) Indeed, the United States countered the expansion of Soviet power and kept communist movements based in Europe. C) !! was an American programme that started in 1948 and provided $13 billion in aid for the industrial redevelopment and economic recovery of Europe. D) The American government forced certain terms on the countries participating in the Marshall Plan such as decontrol of prices, restraints on wages, and balanced budgets. E) On the other hand, the Soviets viewed the Marshall Plan as the United States' deliberate intervention in Europe's affairs and, strongly nh,,<>rlt<>n


601

YDS ~iFRELERi 75. Philip: - I see that you are reading Homer's great epic The Iliad? By the way, have you ever heard about Heinrich Schliemann? Edward : - Yes, I have. He was an amateur German archaeologist, who lived in the nineteenth century. Philip: - ---Edward: - How come? I wonder what details in The Iliad must have led him to such a discovery. A) B) C) D) E)

I 76. -

As an amateur archaeologist, many of Schliemann 's perceptions of Bronze Age Greece were mistaken and superficial. What else? Let me tell you the most intriguing thing about him. By using The Iliad as his guide, he found the site of Troy near the coast of northwest Anatolia . Since the ancient Greeks treasured many legends about their heroic and distant past, Homer's epics appealed to them a great deal. Actually, Schliemann was right in believing that the legendary king Agamemnon was buried with a gold mask. In Homer's epics, it is the Mycenaean civilization of Bronze Age Greece that is represented, but this civilization came to an end around the end of the twelfth century B.C.

80. sorulan a§aQ•daki par!;aya gore cevaplaym1z.

The heroic myths and epics of a society teach its members the appropriate attitudes, behaviour, and values of that culture. These myths are of particular interest and value to us. Not only are they exciting adventure stories, but in these myths we see ourselves, drawn larger and grander than we are, yet with our human weaknesses as well as our strengths. As for heroes, they are the models of human behaviour for their society. They earn lasting fame by performing great deeds that help their community, and they inspire others to emulate them. Heroes are forced by circumstance to make critical choices where they must balance one set of values against competing values . They achieve heroic stature in part from their accomplishments and in part because they emerge from their trials as more sensitive and thoughtful human beings. Yet heroes are not the same throughout the world . They come from cultures where individuals may earn fame in a variety of ways. This permits them to express their individuality. However, in spite of their extraordinary abilities, no hero is perfect. Yet their human weaknesses are often as instructive as their heroic qualities. Their imperfections allow ordinary people to identify with them and to like them , since everyone has similar psychological needs and conflicts.

rials that heroes undergo ----. A) B) C) D) E)

602

are usually the outcome of conflicting values in society and can therefore be most painful make up the contents of those myths and epics which have survived to our time can be described in a variety of ways, although they are mainly related to their needs have a positive impact on their character whereby they attain a high moral status enable a society to become aware of its weaknesses and find ways to get rid of them

ANAHTAR KELiME CUMLESiNDEN ORTAK KELiME E~LE~MESi TEKNiGi! Soru anahtar kelimelerinin par~ada ilk ge~tigi cl.imle! (trial)

Ortak anahtar kelime: their accomplishments

= a positive impact



c;oz0M0

The heroic mY.,ths and epics of a society teach its members the appropriate attitudes, behaviour, and values of that culture . hs and epics ----.

77.

can be understood from various angles since they are the products of different cultures B) represent different attitudes that heroes adopt during the course of their adventures C) illustrate various sets of values that are always contrary to each other D) essentially show why heroes' moral imperfections become the cause of their downfall E) are morally useful because one learns from them how to conduct oneself properly

A)

ANAHTAR KELiME CUMLESiNDEN ORTAK KELiME E$LE$MESi TEKNiGi! Soru anahtar kelimelerinin parc;ada gec;tigi ci.imle! Konuyu ozetleyen teach kelimesi sec;eneklerdeki learn kelimesi ile e§le§mekte ve teach anahtar kelimesi sec;eneklerde yer alan ortak kelimelere k1yasla ci.imle Slralamasmda tinde gelmektedir!

These myths are of particular interest and value to us. iLK COMLE Not only are they exciting adventure stories. but in these myths we see ourselves. drawn larger and grander than we are. yet with our human weaknesses as well as our strengths. SON COMLE

78. One understands from the passage that myths----. A) are not as instructive as epics, which in fact describe heroes that, from a moral point of view, are absolutely perfect B) appeal to very few people because they are mere fictions that contain nothing but only adventures C) are a kind of mirror through which are reflected not only our virtues but also our shortcomings D) are so concerned with human weaknesses that even ordinary people do not identify themselves with mythical heroes E) represent only universal values and attitudes, as they do not belong to a specific society or culture

ANA FiKiR C0MLELERi KONU E$LE$MESi TEKNiGi! Soru konusunun parc;ada ele ahnd1g1 ilk ci.imleler! Ele ahnan ci.imledeki anahtar kelimeler ci.imle konusuna paralel §ekilde sec;eneklerde yer almad1gmdan, belirlenen ci.imlenin ardmdan gelen ci.imle ele ahnmakta ve kelimeler C sec;eneginde gori.ilmektedir. Ortak anahtar kelime: We see ourselves

=

a kind of mirror reflectinQ our virtues

They earn lasting fame by performing great deeds that help their community, and they inspire others to emulate them.

79.

arne----. A) B) C) D) E)

derives from his achievements that are for the good of his people does not last long, since he is easily overcome by his weaknesses is recognized throughout the world because of his extraordinary abilities encourages ordinary people to identify themselves with him depends on his ability to accomplish the impossible


Positive Negative Negative Positive Negative

603

YDS ~iFRELERi The hero1c myths and ep1cs of a soc1ety teach 1ts members the appropnate att1tudes . behav1our and values of that culture . iLK CUMLE! ~allow

ordinary people to 1dent1fy w1th them and to like them . smce everyone has s1milar psychological needs and conflicts SON CUMLE!

80. As asserted in the passage, we can learn ----. A) from myths why and how heroes perform great deeds B) both from heroes' imperfections and from their heroic qualities C) from heroes' adventures that there are various ways to understand our weaknesses D) the history of a community through a close study of its heroic past E) from epics whether every hero earns lasting fame in the same way

I 81.-

ANA FiKiR CUMLELERi KONU E~LE~MESi TEKNiGi! Soru anahtar kelimesi verilmediginden; ana fikir cumleleri ele ahnm1~t1r. B se~eneginde son cumlede yer alan heroes' imperfections kelimesi ortak anahtar kelime konumunda yer almaktad1r.

85. sorulan a§aQ1daki par9aya gore cevaplaym1z.

Our knowledge of the Mycenaean civilization in Greece is based primarily upon what archaeologists have been able to discover. Fortunately, they have located and studied the ruins of a number of important Mycenaean sites both in Greece and in Troy, the site of Homer's "Ilium" in Turkey. The material available to archaeologists is very limited, due to the ravages of time, weather, fire, and theft. The materials that have survived include objects such as jewelry, pottery, metal utensils, and various kinds of weapons. In addition, archaeologists have found a large number of clay tablets, inscribed with a language called "Linear 8," which they can read . It now becomes clear that the Mycenaean civilization in full bloom far surpassed in complexity and wealth many of the Greek civilizations that followed it. The Mycenaeans were an aggressive people who loved fighting, hunting, and athletic contests. Their land was mountainous and their soil rocky and dry. Therefore, they took to the sea and became fearsome raiders of other communities. In this way they acquired extraordinary wealth.

Their land was mountainous and their soil rocky and dry. Therefore, they took to the sea and became fearsome raiders of other communities. In this wa the ac uired extraordina wealth.

81. As clearly stated in the passage, the Mycenaean economy----. A) B) C) D) E)

604

is best represented by various objects discovered by archaeologists can be fully understood from archaeological excavations depended not so much on agriculture as on piracy and plunder was so strong that people invested heavily in jewelry and weapons has been a major concern of investigation among archaeologists

ANAHTAR KELiME CUMLESiNDEN ORTAK iFADE E~LE~MESi TEKNiGi! Soru konusu hakkmda bilgi veren ilk cumle! Ekonomi ile ilgili ele ahnan cumlelerdeki anahtar kelimeler olan toprak ile C se~enegindeki tanm ifadesi e§le§mektedir!



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Fortunately, ~have located and studied the ruins of a number of important Mycenaean sites both in Greece and in Tro , the site of Hom ' "Ilium" in Turke . 82. According to civilization ----.

...

.

. . ....

.

. .. . . .

Mycenaean

A) has caused a great deal of controversy among archaeologists B) was defined only after the Linear B clay tablets were deciphered C) was unknown to Homer, who was interested in Troy alone D) made up only a very small portion of Greece E) was not limited to Greece only

ANAHTAR KELiME CUMLESiNDEN ORTAK iFADE E~LE~MESi TEKNiGi! Cografi bilginin verildigi ikinci ci.imlenin kelimeleri irdelendiginde; cumledeki located both in Greece and in Tro ifadesinin E se(feneginde was not limited onl ifadesi ile ozetlendigi gori.ilmektedir.

It now becomes clear that the Mycenaean civilization in full bloom far surpassed in complexity and wealth man of the Greek civilizations that followed it. 83.

It is clear from the passage that the Mycenaean civilization ----. A) B) C) D) E)

was culturally and economically very complicated therefore, little known reached its climax when the Linear B language introduced into Greece can best be studied through Homer's descriptions of it was far more advanced and powerful than many Greek civilizations did not last long because of the raids made upon it by communities

and , was

other other

ANAHTAR KELiME CUMLESiNDEN ORTAK KELiME E~LE~MESi TEKNiGi! Soru kelimesinin par(fada konu olarak ilk kez ahnd1g1 ci.imle! Ortak anahtar kelimeler: the Greek civilizations , far surpassed in complexity and wealth =far more advanced and powerful

84.

e Mycenaeans ----. A) B) C) D) E)

seem to have been very skilled in the art of jewelry were noted for their warlike character attacked Troy, which Homer refers to as "Ilium" surpassed all the other Greek peoples in athletic contests were much advanced in the making of all kinds of weapons


ANAHT AR KELiME CUMLESiNDEN ORTAK iFADE E~LE~MESi TEKNiGi! The M cenaeans anahtar kelimesinin par(fada konu olarak ilk kez ele ahnd1g1 ci.imlenin anahtar kelimelerinden fi htin and huntin kelimeleri ile B se(fenegindekiwarlike character ifadesi eslesmektedir.

605

YDS ~iFRELERi Our knowledge of the Mycenaean civilization in Greece is based primarily upon what a haeo/ogists have been able to discover. 85.

As stated in the passage, archaeological discoverie

A) are the primary source of information on the Mycenaean civilization have provided us with plenty of evidence about the Mycenaean arts C) have thrown much light on the structure of the Linear B language D) show that Troy was an extremely prosperous city E) clearly indicate that the Mycenaeans were the founders of various Greek cities B)

ANAHTAR KELiME C0MLESiNDEN ORTAK KELiME E~LE~MESi TEKNiGi! Soru kelimesinin par~ada konu olarak ele ahnd1Q1 ilk cumle! Ortak anahtar kelime : the Mycenaean civilization knowledge

86. - 90. sorulan

a~aQ1daki par~aya

gore cevaplaym1z.

The loss of global biodiversity is occurring at an alarming rate. Since the 1970s, the area of tropical forests destroyed worldwide exceeds the land mass of the European Union . Animal and plant species are disappearing. Overfishing has depleted stocks around the world . Poor farming practices have depleted soils while allowing the invasion of harmful species. Destruction of wetlands has left low-lying areas extremely vulnerable to storms and natural disasters. Especially in Europe, ecosystems have suffered more human-induced damage than those on any other continent. Only about 3 per cent of Europe's forests can be classified as undisturbed by humans, and the continent has lost more than half of its wetlands. The spread of urbanization and the over-exploitation of resources is having an enormous impact on biodiversity. Only about 3 p cent of Europe's forests can be classified as undisturbed by humans, and the continent has lost more than half of its w 86.

In the passage, attention is drawn to the fact that a very small pe A)

entage of the forests in Europe----.

seem to have been over-exploited and, therefore, ecologically damaged B) have been reserved for animal and plant species C) have been used for urbanization and exploited D) can be considered to be ecologically suitable for biodiversity E) have remained untouched by human exploitation

ANAHTAR KELiME CUMLESiNDEN ORTAK KELiME E~LE~MESi TEKNiGi! Soru anahtar kelimelerinin par~ada bir arada ge~tigi ilk cumle! undisturbed b humans ile human ex loitation kelimeleri anlamca e~le~erek cumle konusunu 07P.tiP.mP.ktP.rfi r .

606


2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE Especially in Europe, ecosystems continent. 87.

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damage than those on any other

According to the passage, compared with other continents, Europe----. A)

is far more advanced in the improvement of its farming practices B) owns a far greater area of wetlands and forests with a wide range of animal species C) is the only continent to have had its ecosystems most extensively damaged D) has suffered so much loss in its biodiversity that its variety of plant species has declined a great deal E) has been able to sustain the diversity of its animal species despite the spread of urbanization

ANAHTAR KELiME CUMLESiNDEN ORTAK iFADE E~LE~MESi TEKNiGi! Sorudaki kryaslama pan;:ada especially ... cOmlesindeki more ... than yaprsr ile ifade edilmektedir. Ortak anahtar kelimeler: continent, ecosystems, damage

The loss of global biodiversity is occurring at an alarming rate. iLK COMLE! The spread of urbanization and the over-exploitation of resources is having an enormous im act on biodiversity. SON CUMLE! 88.

As clearly stressed in the passage , the biodiversity in the world ----. has been completely immune from any kind of human-induced damage B) can only be sustained through the preservation of forests as well as wetlands C) can be preserved intact only if poor farming practices can be prevented globally D) is declining so fast that its effects can be observed in various ways E) can best be observed in tropical forests , which also contain large areas of wetlands

A)


ANA FiKiR C0MLELERi KONU E~LE~MESi TEKNiGi! Par!(a konusu the loss of biodiversity! ilk ve son cOmleler ele alrnrr! impact = is declining so fast, effects

607

YDS ~iFRELERi Overfishi g has depleted stocks around the world. Poor farming practices have depleted soils while allowing the harmful species. 89. It is claimed in the passage that the deplet on of global fish stocks ----. A) B) C) D)

has mainly resulted from the loss of wetlands on all the continents has an adverse impact on the world's biodiversity NEGATIVE has caused much damage to Europe's ecosystems in particular is far more alarming in the tropical regions than in any other part of the world E) cannot be prevented unless overfishing is forbidden worldwide

ANAHTAR KELiME CUMLESiNDEN ORTAK KELiME E$LE$MESi TEKNiGi! Soru anahtar kelimesinin par~ada ilk kez ge~ t igi cumleden e~le~tirme yap1lamad1gmda ; bir sonraki cumleden e~le~tirme yap1lm•~t1r!

harmful= adverse

Th I

f

I b I b" d.

"t

IS

occurnng at an alarm1ng rate iLK CUMLE!

The spread of urban1zat1on and the ove r-explo1tat1on of resources 1s havmg an enormous

~

~SONCUMLE !

90. It is clear that the passage ----. A)

is primarily concerned with the over-exploitation of resources in the world and its damaging effects on global biodiversity B) is a detailed discussion of the range of measures that need to be taken in order to sustain the current state of global biodiversity C) describes in detail how, due to the spread of urbanization, the area of the forests in Europe has been reduced enormously D) is a full account of the major causes of soil depletion and puts forward a number of suggestions for prevention E) essentially focuses on the causes as well as the consequences of the loss of biodiversity in the world in general and in Europe in particular

608

ANA FiKiR CUMLELERi KONU E$LE$MESi TEKNiGi! Soru anahtar kelimesi verilmediginden ana fikir cumleleri ele almm1~ ve cumlelerdeki im act on biodiversit ifadesi E se~eneginde yer almaktad1r!



I 91. -

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95. sorulart aia9•daki pargaya gore cevaplaym1z.

The father of modern socialism , Karl Marx (1818- 1883) was barely known in the early nineteenth century. His reputation rose later, after 1848, when a wave of revolutions and violent confrontation seemed to confirm his distinctive theory of history and make earlier socialists' emphasis on peaceful reorganization of industrial society seem naive. As a child, he grew up in Trier. in the western section of Germany, in a region and a family keenly interested in the political debates and movements of the revolutionary era. His family was Jewish , but his father had converted to Protestantism in order to be able to work as a lawyer. Marx studied law briefly at the University of Berlin before turning instead to philosophy and particularly to the ideas of Hegel. With the so-called Young Hegelian, a group of rebellious students who hated the narrow thinking of a deeply conservative Prussian university system, Marx appropriated Hegel's concepts for his radical politics. His radicalism made it impossible for him to get a post in the university. He became a journalist and, from 1842 to 1843, edited the Rheinische Zeitung (Rhineland Gazette). The paper's criticism of legal privilege and political repression put it on a collision course with the Prussian government, which closed it down and sent Marx into exile -first in Paris, then Brussels, and eventually London. studied law briefly at the University of Ber. in before turning instead to philosophy and particularly to the of He el.

91. As clearly pointed out in the passage, while Marx was studying in Berlin, ----. A) it was not in law, but in philosophy, that his interests lay B) he discovered that Germany's university system was largely inspired by Hegel's ideas C) the Young Hegelians began to demand radical reforms in the German university system D) he turned to journalism and constantly criticized the government's repression of radicalism E) he noticed that there was a great deal of antisemitism among the Young Hegelians

ANAHTAR KELiME CUMLESiNDENORTAK KELiME E~LE~MESi TEKNiGi! Marx hakkmda bilgi verilen ci.imle! Ortak anahtar kelimeler: law,philosophy

The paper's criticism of legal privilege and political repression put it on a collision course with the Prussian govern nent, which closed it down and sent Marx into exile - first in Paris, then Brussels, and eventually London

92. One understands from the passage that, because Marx's pa er opposed the policies of the Prussian government, ----. A) B) C) D) E)

he was completely deprived of his legal rights it faced much political repression before it was finally closed down he was denied the right to apply for a post at the University of Berlin he was punished by exile out of Germany it was no longer allowed to publish political debates


ANAHTAR KELiME CUMLESiNDEN ORTAK iFADE E~LE~MESi TEKNiGi! Soru anahtar kelimelerin pan;:ada bir arada yer ald•9• ilk ci.imle! B. ci.imlede vurgulanmak istenilen olitical re ression konusu degil! D. sent Marx into exile ortak anahtar kelime! E. negative!

609

YDS ~iFRELERi Karl Marx (1818-1883) was barely known in the early nineteenth

93. According to the passage, Marx's novel idea of history ----.

A) was wholly based on his experiences of life and politics in Trier where he grew up ruled out the former socialist view that it was possible to reorganize industrial society peacefully C) was most effectively spread through the newspaper that he edited in 1842 and 1843 D) was strongly opposed by the Young Hegelians who hated radicalism and revolutions E) did not have much impact on the rise and development of modern socialism B)

ANAHTAR KELiME CUMLESiNDEN ORTAK KELiME E~LE~MESi TEKNiGi! Marx konusunun ge.;tigi ilk cumle! Ortak anahtar kelimeler: socialism

= society,socialist

grew up in Trier, in the western section of Germany, in a region and a family keenly interested in ebates and movements of the revolution a 94. It is implied in the passage that, in his radicalism , Ma

was ---.

A)

so much ahead of his contemporaries that he was often misunderstood by them B) primarily inspired by the debates and revolutionary movements of earlier socialists C) never influenced by the revolutions and violent confrontations of 1848 D) so inspired by the rebellions of the Young Hegelians that he actively took part in them E) originally influenced by his family that took much interest in radical politics

ANAHTAR KELiME CUMLESiNDEN ORTAK KELiME E LE MESI TEKNIGi! Ortak anahtar kelime: politics family

His family was Jewish, but his fath r had converted to Protestantism in order to be able to work as !! law er. 95. It is clear from the passage that, since Marx's father was Jewish, ----. A)

he was allowed to work as a lawyer only in Trier, but not in any other region of Germany B) he was constantly harassed and intimidated by the Prussian government C) it was impossible for him to practise law in Germany unless he became a Protestant D) there was much discrimination against him at the University of Berlin, where he studied law E) he and his family preferred to live in Trier, where there was no political repression at all

610

ANAHTAR KELiME CUMLESiNDEN ORTAK KELiME E~LE~MESi TEKNiGi! Soru anahtar kelimelerinin par.;ada bir arada verildigi ilk cumle! Ortak anahtar kelimeler: law protestanism



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I 96.-100. sorulan a§aQ1daki pargaya gore cevaplaym1z. Oil has provided humanity with many benefits, including affordable energy to reduce our workloads and improve our mobility. Because oil is such an important and visible part of our daily lives, and because it is exceptionally open to political manipulations, it often receives an enormous amount of attention. This is especially true whenever its price increases sharply, and experts immediately get to work to diagnose the cause and consequences of the price increase. In fact, the future of oil is not that much different from its past: undoubtedly, oil production and consumption will become cleaner and more efficient, but prices will continue to be volatile, and the oil industry will continue to be blamed for conflicts, corruption , and pollution. And for all the current talk about the end of the oil age, it will remain a vital source of energy as it is now, nearly a century after the first warnings about soaring consumption and limited resources .

96. According to the passage, warm gs were first given almost a century ago that ----. A)

there would be a sharp decline in oil consumption throughout the world as alternative energy resources became available B) there could be serious disruptions of global oil supply in the future owing to political manipulations and conflicts C) the consequences of soaring prices for oil would be extremely unbearable unless new economic measures were put into effect D) oil would cease to be a vital source of energy in the near future because of the growing rate of pollution E) oil consumption would continue to increase enormously and that the resources for oil were not infinite

ANAHTAR KELiME CUMLESiNDEN ORTAK KELiME E$LE$MESi TEKNiGi! Soru konusunun parc;:ada ilk gec;:tigi cumle ! Ortak anahtar kelimeler: consumption, resources, were not infinite

Oil has prov1ded humanity w1th many benefits . 1nclud1ng affordable energy to reduce ou r workloads and 1mprove our mob1l1ty iLK CUMLE

And fo r all the curren t talk about the end of the oil age, 1t w1ll remam a v1tal sou rce of~ as 1t 1s now, nea rly a century afte r the f1rst warn1 ngs about soa nng consumpt1on and il m1ted resou rces SON CUMLE 97. As suggested in the passage, oil----. A)

was so manipulated politically a century ago that its production was often disrupted B) has unfortunately lost its economic value due to the fact that the oil age has come to an end C) has been the major cause of political instability in the world for nearly a century D) has always been a major source of affordable energy and had !! positive impact on our lives E) is produced currently in enormous amounts in order to meet the soaring global demand for cleaner energy

ANA FiKiR CUMLELERi KONU E$LE$MESi TEKNiGi! Soru konusunun parc;:anm ana konusu olmas1 nedeni ile parc;:anm ana fikir cumleleri ele ahnm1§t1r! iki cumleden ortak anahtar kelimeler: affordable, energy, a possitive impact (benefits)


611

YDS $iFRELERi Oil has prov1ded human1ty w1th many benef1ts. including affordable energy to reduce our workloads and 1mprove our mob1l1ty iLK CUMLE ! . 1t w1ll rema1n a v1tal source of energy as 1t is now. And for all the current talk abo t the end of the o 'l nearly a century after the f1rst warnings about soanng ~ and l1m1ted resources SON CUMLE! 98. In the passage, ----. A) B) C) D) E)

the writer makes a strong defence of the oil industry and does not consider it to be responsible for any wrongdoing the main emphasis has been put on the indispensable uses of oil for man's comfort and prosperity there is much concern expressed about the consequences of current oil consumption in the world some hope is expressed about the improvement and increasing efficiency of global energy resources much attention has been given to the importance of experts' work in diagnosing the cause of increasing oil prices

ANA FiKiR CUMLELER i iFADE E~LE~MESi TEKNiGi ! Son ciimle yazann d ii~ii nces i!

Ortak anahtar kelimele r: the oil age , all the cu rrent talk about

And for all the current talk about the end of the oil age, it will remain a vital source of energy as it is now, nearly a century after the first warnings about soaring consumption and limited resources . SON CUMLE! YAZARIN DO UNCESI 99. As can be understood from the passage , the writer does not believe that, ----. A)

in view of limited energy resources, the amount of oil consumed yearly will have to be restricted B) despite volatile oil prices, there will be a noticeable increase in current oil production C) contrary to ongoing discussions today. the age of oil has drawn to a close D) similar to other industries, the oil industry is to be blamed for political manipulations in the world E) like other sources of energy, oil can be regarded as a major cause of environmental pollution

In fact, the future of oil is not that much different from its past: undoubtedly, "/production and consumption will become cleaner and more efficient, but prices will continue to be v e, and the oil industry will continue to be blamed for conflicts, corru tion, and ollution.

100. It is stressed in the passage that the production of oil ----. A) B) C) D) E)

is no longer important since much cleaner energy resources are available today must be absolutely free from any kind of political manipulation has changed very little in amount and price over a century has been adversely affected by currently volatile prices will certainly be carried out in a cleaner and more efficient manner in the future

ANAHTAR KELiME CUMLESiNDEN ORTAK KELiME E~LE~MESi TEKNiGi! Soru konu sunun pa rc:rada ele alrnd1g1 ilk ciimle! Ortak anahtar kelimeler: cleaner and more efficient, the future

612



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2010 SONBAHAR KPDS SINAVI 1. - 15. sorularda, cumlede bo~ b1rak1lan yerlere uygun du~en sozcuk ya da ifadeyi bulunuz. 1. Skin has a rich blood supply that delivers oxygen to all its ••••. A) symptoms B) shifts C) nutrients D) layers E) supplements

2. Through the ages, drugs have been enormously ---- in relieving suffering and in preventing and treating diseases. A) B) C) D) E)

current persistent beneficial excessive profound

3. The average life expectancy has increased ---in most developed countries, especially in the United States. A) B) C) D) E)

severely appropriately defectively accurately dramatically

4. To achieve and ····fitness, a person needs to exercise only 30 minutes three times a week. A) B) C) D) E)

maintain determine include demonstrate train

5. Often thought of as the smallest unit of living organisms, a cell is •••• of many even smaller parts, each with its own function. A) B) C) D) E)

6. To the astronomers of the Middle Ages, the most important classical authorities on natural philosophy •••• Aristotle and Ptolemy, since both -··· frameworks that explained the whole universe. A) B) C) D) E)

had been I created are I have created were I had created have been I create may have been I were creating

7. Though warfare ---- a characteristic feature of international relations in the Late Bronze Age, the most powerful states of the time in the Mediterranean basin ---- a balance of power that stabilized trade and diplomacy. A) B) C) D) E)

had remained I were creating remained I created has remained I would have created remains I had created must have remained I have created

8. Although their responses ---- as obvious as those of animals, plants ---- the capacity to respond to light, gravity, water, touch, and other stimuli. A) B) C) D) E)

may not be I have have not been I had were not I have had had not been I are having would not be I would have had

9. Homer ---- the Byzantines was simultaneously a literary model, an instructional textbook, and a guide ---- personal morality and wisdom. A) B) C) D) E)

into I within through I around down I before after I above for I to

broken down made up run out taken after turned up


613

YDS ~iFRELERi 10. From the mid-fifteenth century ----, Lisbon

15. The solar calendar the Egyptians developed

began to emerge as a significant market ---slavery.

was •••• accurate and sophisticated than the Mesopotamian lunar calendar.

A) B) C) D) E)

11. •••• the causes of alcoholism are various, alcohol use is a major factor. A) B) C) D) E)

A) B) C) D) E)

up I about away I in out I round on I of over I at

When Although Just as If Whether

12. Much of the immune system's machinery is

the most most the more more as

16.20. sorularda, a§ag1daki par!(ada numaralanml§ yerlere uygun dl.i§en sozcuk ya da ifadeyi bulunuz. We must not (16) ---- the element of pleasure and enjoyment which comes from the reading of literature. This is surely itself one of the great benefits which (17) ---- from being an educated person . But, over and above that, let us recognize (18) ---- certain other fundamental skills and capacities are developed (19)--- the reading of literature, which are important to us all as educated people, (20) ---- in our private pleasures or our personal philosophies, but also in the day-to-day exercise of our responsibilities.

geared towards killing or eliminating invading microbes ····they have been recognized.

16. A) B) C) D) E)

once although even if in case whereby

A) subside C) interpret

B) assert D) witness E) underestimate

17.

13. The structures around the eye protect it ----

B) comes A) had come C) would have come D) came E) was coming

allowing it to move freely in all directions. A) since B) while C) even though D) because E) whereas

18. B) in case D) that

A) so that C) just as E) although

14. The age at which puberty begins seems to be influenced by a child's general health and nutrition ---- by socioeconomic and hereditary factors. A) B) C) D) E)

also so long as as well as both either

19. B) in D) over

A) at C) through

E) to

20. B) either D) more

A) not only C) both E) as well as

614


2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE 21. 25. sorularda, a!?ag1daki par!(ada numaralanm1!? yerlere uygun dli!?en sozcuk ya da ifadeyi bulunuz. (21) ---- all the political ideologies of the early nineteenth century, nationalism is the most difficult to grasp. Its (22) ---- are elusive . What, exactly, counted as a nation? Who demanded a nation, and what did their demand mean? In the early nineteenth century, nationalism was usually aligned with liberalism. (23) --- the century progressed, (24) ----, it became increasingly clear that nationalism (25) ---- to fit any doctrine.

21. A) By C) From

B) About D) For

COZ0M0

26.- 35. sorularda, verilen cumleyi !?ekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz.

uygun

26. During the early decades of the Industrial Revolution, ----, while in France it was checked not only by government interference but also by the bounty of its sources. A) it took nearly a fortnight to travel from London to Edinburgh B) textiles made up over 50 per cent of Britain 's exports C) the steam engine, invented by James Watt, supplied continuous and reliable power D) technology in Britain was developed by new industrial requirements E) Britain had a transport network without parallel in Europe

E) Of

27. According to Marx's theory of history, when the French Revolution overthrew the old order, ushering in bourgeois political power and industrial capitalism, ----.

22. A) credentials C) premises

B) comments D) subsidies E) amendments

23. A) As C) Even if

B) Because D) If E) Whether

24.

A) the stage of feudal or aristocratic property relations ended B) world history had passed through three major stages , each characterized by conflict between social groups C) the revolutionary character of capitalism would undermine the bourgeois economic order D) recurring economic crises would bring capitalism to collapse E) each individual best understood his or her own interests and was therefore left free

28. ---- that space and motion are relative to each other instead of being absolute. A) furthermore C) moreover

B) however D) therefore E) so

25. A) B) C) D) E)

defined has been defined is defined could be defined defines


A) As early as 1905 Einstein became convinced of the equivalence of mass and energy B) Einstein 's most famous theory, the principle of relativity, states C) By 1915 Einstein had proposed entirely new ways of thinking about matter, time , and gravity D) Einstein 's theories paved the way for revolutionary developments in physics E) Einstein devoted much of his life to promoting peace and social justice

615

YDS ~iFRELERi 29. ---- whether it is a work of high quality or just a worthless piece of writing. A) Today in Europe and America , there is a tremendous outpouring of printed books from the publishers B) The appreciation of literature is surely concerned with judgement of complete works C) The majority of works of literature are lengthy novels, plays , and poems D) Experienced literary critics can tell with some certainty from just the first paragraph of a novel E) The English language has resources which enable us to express thoughts in different ways

30. ----, but the two forms of writing are so unlike each other that they probably developed independently. A) Some historical linguists have postulated that early Egyptian might represent the survival of a root language B) Among the many facets of Egyptian culture that have fascinated archaeologists is the Egyptian system of pictographic writing C) The photographic nature of Egyptian hieroglyphics may indicate an early influence from the Sumerian cuneiform script D) Contrary to the Sumerian cuneiform script, Egyptian hieroglyphics never evolved very far towards a system of phonograms E) As in Sumer, writing technology quickly became an important tool for Egyptian government and administration

31. Medieval scholars knew as Roman authors only Virgil, Ovid, and Cicero, ----. A) but during the Renaissance the works of others such as Livy, Tacitus, and Lucretius were rediscovered and made familiar B) whether Greek scientific and philosophical writings became available to Westerners in Latin translations through Islam C) because Renaissance thinkers not only knew many more classical texts but they also used them in new ways D) whereby Renaissance writers were more aware of the conceptual and chronological gap that separated their world from that of their classical sources E) since Renaissance humanism was a programme of studies that aimed to replace medieval scholastic emphasis on logic and metaphysics

616

32.

Mozart, who was one of the leading representatives of the "Classical" style in music, was only thirty-five ----. A) because the Church continued to provide support for music B) as opera flourished in the eighteenth century C) when he died of rheumatic fever D) even though Bach was certainly the greatest composer of Baroque music E) just as Rousseau composed music and wrote an opera

33. ----, infectious disease continued to kill half of all Europeans before they reached the age of twenty. A) Although famines became less common and less widespread in Europe in the eighteenth century B) Unless the total number of urban dwellers across Europe as a whole did not change markedly between 1600 and 1800 C) Because improved sanitation, together with a better diet, may have played some role in the rise of Europe's population in the 1820s D) Since Naples went from a population of 300.000 in 1600 to nearly half a million by the late eighteenth century E) Just as many of the million or so men and women employed in the textile trade in northern France in the seventeenth century lived in cities

34. In his famous work Novum Organum, Francis Bacon emphasized that natural science could not advance ----. A) so that this could mean gaining knowledge of nature through the senses B) whether the knowledge of ancient authorities was the best guide to truth C) if knowledge was best gained through cooperation among researchers D) unless it cast off the inherited errors of the past E) whereby he left a deep mark on the development of modern science


2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE 35.1n the mid-1930s, ----, unemployment dropped from over 6 million to under two hundred thousand. A) if Hitler was to maintain power and enjoy a sizeable amount of popular support B) so long as Hitler promised to lead Germany back to national greatness C) as the Nazis built the entire German military infrastructure D) unless Hitler's plans for national recovery called for full-scale rearmament E) since Hitler, like Mussolini, moved to abolish class conflict in Germany

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37. Many of the concepts, terms, and issues related to social classes are also used in Marxist criticism, which stems from the works of the nineteenth-century German philosopher Karl Marx. A) Marxist ele~tiri , ondokuzuncu yozyll Alman filozofu Karl Marx'm eserlerine dayanmakta olup, toplumsal s1mflara ili~kin bir ~ok kavram, terim ve konuyu i~erir . B) Toplumsal sm1flara ili~kin olarak kullan1lan ~e~itli kavramlar, terimler ve konular, ondokuzuncu yOzy1l Alman filozofu Karl Marx'm eserlerine dayanan Marxist ele~tiri ile OrtO~mektedir .

C) Ondokuzuncu yOzy1l Alman filozofu Karl Marx'm eserlerinden ortaya ~1kan Marxist ele~tiri, toplumsal sm1flara ili~kin kullan1lan ~ogu kavram , terim ve konunun temelini olu~turur .

D) Toplumsal s1mflara ili~kin pek ~ok kavram, terim ve konu, ondokuzuncu yOzy1l Alman filozofu Karl Marx'm eserlerinden kaynaklanan Marxist ele~tiride de kullamlmaktad1r. E) Toplumsal s1mflan tammlamada kullamlan degi~ik kavram, terim ve konular, ondokuzuncu yOzyll Alman filozofu Karl Marx'm ~all~malanndan esinlenen Marxist ele~tirinin kapsamm1 belirler.

36. -40. sorularda, verilen ingilizce cumleye anlamca en yakm Turk~e cumleyi bulunuz.

36. The Romantic movement in the arts, inspired in part by the American and French revolutions, emerged towards the end of the eighteenth century. A) Onsekizinci yOzy1lm sonuna dogru ortaya ~1kan Romantik ak1m, esas itibariyle Amerikan ve Frans1z devrimlerinden kaynaklanarak sanatta geli~mi~tir. B) Sanatta Romantik ak1m, k1smen Amerikan ve Frans1z devrimlerinden esinlenmi~ olup, onsekizinci yOzy1lm sonuna dogru ortaya ~1km1~t1r.

C) Romantik ak1mm sanatta ortaya ~1k1~1 . Amerikan ve Frans1z devrimlerinden gO~ alarak, onsekizinci yOzy1lm sonuna dogru olmu~tur.

D) Sanatta olu~an Romantik ak1m, onsekizinci yOzy11in sonuna dogru ortaya ~1karak , tamamen Amerikan ve Frans1z devrimlerine dayanm1~t1r.

E) Bir bak1ma Amerikan ve Frans1z devrimlerine dayanan Romantik ak1m , onsekizinci yOzyllm sonuna dogru oncelikle sanatta gorOimO~tOr.


38. Although Plato loves Homer and regularly cites from his epics, he insists on the censorship of those passages that represent morally controversial behaviour. A) Platon , Homeros'u sevmesine ve onun dOzenli olarak almt1lar destanlanndan yapmasma ragmen , ahlaki bak1mdan tart1~mall davram~lan yans1tan boiOmlerin sansOr edilmesinde 1srar eder. B) Homeros'u seven Platon , onun destanlanna sOrekli at1fta bulunsa da ahlaki anlamda zararll davran1~lan tasvir eden boiOmlerin sansOr edilmesi i~in ~ok ~aba gostermi~tir. C) Platon , bir yandan Homeros'u sevmi~ . bir yandan da onun destanlanndaki ahlaka ayk1r1 davram~lan i~eren boiOmlere i~aret ederek, bunlann sansor edilmesi i~in sOrekli talepte bulunmu~tur.

D) Homeros'u sevmi~ olmasma ragmen, Platon, onun destanlanndaki ahlaki bak1mdan kabul edilemez b610mleri ele~tirerek, bunlann sansOr edilmesi gerektigini vurgular. E) Platon, Homeros'u sevmi~ olsa bile , onun destanlanm sOrekli ele~tirerek , ahlaka aykm davram~lan one ~1karan boiOmlerin tamamen sansor edilmesinin ~art oldugunu ileri sOrer.

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YDS ~iFRELERi 39. Politics and economics were primary concerns of writers and intellectuals in America during the 1930s, because the stock market crash in October 1929 had precipitated a total collapse in the economy. A) Ekim 1929'da borsa yere gak1lmca, ekonomide tam bir gtikO~ ya~and1 ve bu nedenle, siyaset ve iktisat, 1930'1arda Amerika'da yazar ve aydmlann en ba~ta gelen ilgi alanlan idi. B) Ekim 1929'da borsanm yere gak1lmas1 sonucu , ekonomi tam bir gtikO~ ya~ad1g1 igin, 1930'1ar boyunca Amerika'da yazar ve aydmlann en gok Ozerinde durdugu konular, siyaset ve iktisatt1. C) Siyaset ve iktisat, 1930'1arda Amerika'da yazarlann ve aydmlann tincelikli konulan idi, gunku borsanm Ekim 1929'da yere gak1lmas1 , ekonomide tam bir gtikO~e yol agm1~t1. D) 1930'1u y1llarda Amerika 'da yazar ve aydmlann en gok ilgilendigi konular siyaset ve iktisat oldu, gunku borsa Ekim 1929'da yere gak1lm1~ ve dolay1s1yla ekonomi tamamen gtikmu~to . E) Ekim 1929'da borsa tamamen yere gak1lmca , ekonomide gtirulmemi~ bir gtikO~ olmu~ ve bu nedenle siyaset ve iktisat, 1930'1u y1llarda Amerika'da yazar ve aydmlarca en gok ele alman konular arasmda olmu~tur.

41. -45. sorularda, verilen Turkc;;e cumleye anlamca en yakm ingilizce cumleyi bulunuz. 41. Su ve binalan 1s1tmak ve elektrik uretmek ic;;in kullamlabilen gOne~ enerjisi, tukenmez bir kaynaktlr ve fosil yak1tlanndan daha az c;;evre sorunlarma neden olur. A) Compared with fossil fuels, solar energy causes a few environmental problems , but it is an inexhaustible source that can be used for the heating of water and buildings and also to generate electricity. B) As an inexhaustible source, solar energy, which can be used for the generation of electricity and also for the heating of water as well as buildings , has fewer environmental problems than do fosil fuels . C) Solar energy, which can be used to heat water and buildings and generate electricity, is an inexhaustible source and causes fewer environmental problems than do fosil fuels . D) Although solar energy has much fewer environmental problems than do fosil fuels , it is indeed an inexhaustible source that can be used to heat water and buildings and generate electricity. E) Solar energy is so inexhaustible a source that, since it causes fewer environmental problems than do fosil fuels , it can be used to heat water and buildings and generate plenty of electricity.

42. Atmosferde karbon dioksit ve diger sera gazlannm art1~1, onumuzdeki y1llarda olabilecek c;;ok daha ciddi bir kuresel 1smma hakkmda kayg1lara neden olmaktad1r.

40. The amount and severity of global warming depend on how much greenhouse gas we add to the atmosphere. A) Atmosfere ne kadar sera gaz1 ilave edersek, buna bagll olarak, kuresel 1smmanm miktan ve yogunlugu degi~ir. B) Kuresel 1smmanm miktan ve ~iddeti , atmosfere ne kadar sera gaz1 ilave ettigimize bagl1d1r. C) Kuresel 1smmanm miktanna ve ~iddetine bagll olarak, atmosfere ne kadar sera gaz1 ilave ettigimiz anla~1labilir . D) Atmosfere ilave ettigimiz sera gazmm ne miktarda oldugu , kuresel 1smmanm miktar ve yogunluguna baglld1r. E) Atmosfere ne tilgude sera gaz1 ilave ettigimize bagll olarak, kuresel 1smmanm miktan ve ~iddeti anla~11ir .

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A) As carbon dioxide and various other greenhouse gases increase in the atmosphere, there are serious concerns that a major global warming will happen in the near future . B) The increase of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are causing concerns about a much more serious global warming that may occur in the years ahead . C) Because of the increase of carbon dioxide and various other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, a great deal of serious concern is expressed about a major global warming that may happen in a few years. D) There are many concerns that a very serious global warming will occur in the years ahead owing to the increased carbon dioxide and various other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. E) Since carbon dioxide and many other greenhouse gases have increased in the atmosphere, there is a great deal of serious concern about the possibility of a major global warming in the near future.



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43. Sel ve yuksek dalgalara yol a~m·~ olan tropikal f1rtmalardan dolay1, 1970'den bu yana, Banglade~'te en az 300.000 insan olmu~tur.

45. Gezegenimizdeki ya~am tarihi hakkmda bildiklerimizin ~ogunu, bize, jeolojik kamtlar, ozellikle fosil kayltlan saglamaktadlr.

A) Tropical storms, causing flooding and high waves, have killed up to 300.000 people in Bangladesh since 1970. B) Up to 300.000 people have died in Bangladesh since 1970, as tropical storms have caused much flooding and high waves . C) In Bangladesh after 1970, more or less 300.000 people have been killed because of the flooding and high waves caused by tropical storms. D) The death of about 300.000 people in Bangladesh after 1970 has been caused by tropical storms that have led to flooding and high waves . E) Since 1970, at least 300.000 people have died in Bangladesh due to tropical storms that have caused flooding and high waves.

A) Fossil records as well as other geological evidence provide us with all the knowledge we have of the history of life on the planet. B) It is through geological evidence, mostly by fossil records, that we have come to know the history of life on our planet. C) Our knowledge of the history of life on this planet is completely based on geological evidence, especially on fossil records. D) Much of what we know about the history of life on our planet is provided to us by geological evidence, in particular fossil records. E) The history of life on our planet can best be understood through our study of fossil records and other kinds of geological evidence.

46.- 51. sorularda, bo~ b1rak1lan yere, anlam butuniUgunu saglamak getirilebilecek cumleyi bulunuz. 44. Dunyadaki yagmur ormanlan, ozellikle Amazon ve Kongo lrmag1 havzalarmda olanlar, insanhk tarihinde gorulmemi~ bir h1zla yok edilmekte ve yak1lmaktad1r. A) In the world today, especially the rain forests of the Amazon and Congo River basins have been destroyed and burned to the extent that there is no precedence in human history. B) Rain forests in the world , particularly those in the Amazon and Congo River basins, are being destroyed and burned at a rate unprecedented in human history. C) In human history, there has never been so much destruction and burning of rain forests as can be seen in the Amazon and Congo River basins. D) The world's rain forests, including those in the Amazon and Congo River basins, have been destroyed and burned so extensively that there is no other example of it in human history. E) Human history does not record the kind of destruction and burning that the world's rain forests, especially those in the Amazon and Congo River basins , have undergone so far.


par~ada

i~in

46. The cell theory, one of the fundamental unifying concepts of biology, states that all living organisms are composed of basic units called "cells" and of substances produced by cells. Although they vary greatly in size and appearance, all organisms are composed of those small building blocks. Some of the simplest life forms, such as bacteria, are unicellular: they consist of a single cell. ---- In these complex multicellular organisms, life processes depend on the coordinated functions of the component cells. A) Although plants do not move about in the way we associate with animals , they do move. B) One of the remarkable aspects of the growth process is that each part of the organism continues to function as it grows. C) Humans and many other organisms begin life as a fertilized egg, which then grows and develops specialized structures and body form . D) In contrast, the body of a human or an animal or a tree is made of billions of cells . E) Energy is required to maintain the precise order that characterizes living systems.

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YDS $iFRELERi 47. Gregor Mendel was not the first plant breeder. At the time he began his work, hybrid plants and animals had been known for a long time. Mendel's genius lay in his ability to recognize a pattern in the way the parental traits reappear in the offspring of hybrids. ---A) It is true that Mendel was a clergyman who bred pea plants in his monastery garden at Brno, Czech Republic. B) Therefore, at that time biology was largely a descriptive science, and biologists had little interest in experimental studies. C) So it is clear that Mendel's "hereditary factors" are essentially what we call "genes" today, which is one of the major subjects of modern biology. D) In fact, geneticists study not only the transmission of genes, but also the expression of genetic information. E) No one before him had categorized and counted the offspring and analyzed these regular patterns over several generations.

48. From about 1300 until about the middle of the fifteenth century, disasters struck throughout western Europe with appalling severity and dismaying persistence. •••• Then came the most terrible natural disaster of all: the dreadful plague known as "the Black Death." It reduced the total population of western Europe by at least one half and caused great hardships for most of the survivors. A) Europe emerged in the later fifteenth century with a healthier economy. B) Of these disasters, famine was the most widespread and persistent. C) There was a limit to the amount of land that could be cleared for farming. D) Overcrowding made Europe's cities particularly vulnerable to the plague. E) Large-scale banking had already emerged during the thirteenth century.

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49.1n 1915 the German scientist Alfred Wegener, who had noted a similarity between the geographical shapes of South America and Africa, proposed that all the land masses had at one time been joined into one huge supercontinent. He called this supercontinent "Pangea." •••• Wegener did not know of any mechanism that could have caused continental drift. So his idea, although debated initially, was largely ignored. A) He further suggested that Pangea had subsequently broken apart and that various land masses had separated in a process known as "continental drift." B) Earth's crust is composed of seven large plates, plus a few smaller ones , that float on the mantle which is the solid layer of Earth lying beneath the crust and above the core. C) As the plates move, the continents change their relative positions, and this movement of the crustal plates is termed "plate tectonics ." D) When two plates grind together, one of them is sometimes buried under the other in a process known as "subduction ." E) As the continents began to drift apart, populations became geographically isolated in different environmental conditions and began to diverge along separate evolutionary pathways.

50. The economic depression of the 1930s forced many writers to re-examine the style and purpose of their work. Among threats of economic devastation, totalitarianism, and war, literature became increasingly politicized. Authors were largely interested in the depiction of injustice and cruelty and felt obliged to point the way to a better society. •••• A) In his great poem The Waste Land the AngloAmerican poet T.S. Eliot presented a philosophy that was close to despair. B) In his novel The Sun Also Rises, Hemingway gave the public a powerful description of the socalled "lost generation". C) Moreover, they no longer directed their work to fellow intellectuals alone, but to ordinary men and women as well. D) Furthermore, Virginia Woolfs essays and novels offered an eloquent and severe critique of Britain's institutions and universities. E) As for Bertolt Brecht, he rebelled against high culture and bourgeois values, but he also protested against the pretentious elitism of his contemporaries.



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51. The development of genetic engineering has stemmed from the discovery of DNA in the 1950s. By the 1990s, several laboratories in the West were engaged in the most ambitious medical research ever attempted: the mapping of the human genome, that is, the entire architecture of chromosomes and genes contained in basic human DNA. ·•·• For instance, infertile couples could now conceive through out-of-body medical procedures.

D) After so many years, I hardly remember you . If you feel that you have to see me, you have to wait until next weekend because I am going away for a conference. E) You should have called me earlier as I am going away for a conference. Can you come next week? It has been a long time since I saw you last.

A) As a new form of knowledge in an age of global interconnection, genetic engineering has forced many nations to make changes in their laws and regulations concerning medical practices. B) In Africa, Latin America , and elsewhere, political chaos, imbalances of trade, and the practices of some pharmaceutical companies have often resulted in shortages of medicine. C) As AIDS became a global health crisis in the 1980s, international organizations recognized the need for an early, swift, and comprehensive response to future outbreaks of disease. D) Through this process and alongside it, genetic engineers developed methods to alter the biology of living things, including humans. E) Moreover, genetically engineered human growth hormone is required by some children to overcome growth deficiencies.

53. Your nephew, who is yet at high school, is very interested in history. You feel that you ought to encourage him to study history when he goes up to the university. So you say to him: A) Although you seem to like history, you are not qualified enough to specialize in it. B) Since history appeals to you so much, I strongly recommend it for you to choose as your field of study when you enter the university. C) History is a very broad field, and I am afraid you will soon be fed up with it. D) Since you're determined to study history at the university, there is nothing I can do for you . E) As far as I am concerned, your interest in history is hardly genuine and will soon disappear.

52. -57. sorularda, verilen durumda soylenmi§ olabilecek sozu bulunuz. 52. An old friend of yours, whom you haven't seen for years, wishes to see you as soon as possible and, on the telephone, asks for an appointment. Since you will be away for a few days for a conference, you wonder whether an appointment sometime next week will be alright for him. As you will also be very pleased to see him after such a long time, you say to him politely: A) Unfortunately, I won't be here for a week as I will be attending a conference abroad. Besides, I can't remember you well. Anyway, come next week to see me. B) Actually I am extremely busy. Besides, there is a conference I have to attend. I suggest we meet sometime later next week. Sorry, not earlier. C) I am going away for a conference. How nice of you to call me! Will it be convenient for you if we meet sometime next week? After so many years, I will indeed be most delighted to see you again


54. As an eminent scholar in political science, you have been asked by the organizing committee of an international conference to be one of their plenary speakers. You are pleased with the invitation and wish to express your thanks to the committee for honouring you. You say: A) You have been very kind indeed to consider me as a plenary speaker. Unless something unexpected comes up, I will attend the conference. B) In view of my publications and senior position, I think I deserve such an invitation. I will get to work right away. C) Your invitation has come at the right time as I have been doing research on a subject that best suits your conference. D) Actually I was expecting to receive an invitation from your committee . It will be a wonderful opportunity for me to address your distinguished audience. E) Let me say how glad I am for the invitation you have extended to me. I really feel privileged to speak at the plenary session. I am grateful to you all.

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YDS ~iFRELERi 55. One of your colleagues has been promoted to associate professor. As you have always been very impressed by the academic quality of his work, you think that he fully deserves the promotion. So you say to him: A) My congratulations on your promotion , which I knew you would get as I have always thought that your work is academically perfect. B) Given the academic quality of your work, I would refrain from making any comment on your promotion, but I simply express my congratulations. C) Even though I would like to congratulate you on your promotion, I must draw your attention to the fact that you must upgrade the academic quality of your work. D) I congratulate you on your promotion as associate professor, but I would advise you to work harder to improve the quality of your research. E) I am very pleased with your promotion. Yet, as far as I am concerned, you ought to be more concerned about the academic quality of your work.

57.At a panel, you are discussing with another colleague the uses and abuses of nuclear power. You notice that your colleague focuses completely on the benefits of nuclear power, without referring to a major problem, which is the safe disposal of nuclear waste. So you wish to draw attention to this problem and say: A) You seem to be approaching the subject only from one angle and ignore the serious question of how to dispose of nuclear waste safely. B) I fully share your views about the uses of nuclear power, and I think we should also look at the financial problems . C) Certainly, nuclear power is cheap, clean and environmentally harmless. However, there are a number of problems about it and we have to consider them in detail. D) I completely agree with you that the most serious question concerning nuclear power is how to get rid of nuclear waste. E) As you have just indicated , the safe disposal of nuclear waste is a problem that needs to be discussed extensively.

58. 63. sorularda, okundugunda par~anm bozan cumleyi bulunuz.

56. Your friend's son is getting married. You have been invited to the wedding, which will take place on the very day you are going abroad on urgent business that cannot be postponed. So, to apologize, you call your friend and say: A) I am sure there will be many people at the wedding . As for me, on the day of the wedding I will be travelling abroad on urgent business. I know you will understand. B) I received your invitation. Yet, due to my forthcoming trip abroad on urgent business, I will not be able to attend your son's wedding. Clear? C) This forthcoming business trip abroad that I have to make cannot be cancelled. So it will be impossible for me to attend the wedding . D) Thank you so much for your invitation . On the very day the wedding takes place, I will be abroad for urgent business. E) Thanks for the invitation . How unfortunate it is that the wedding coincides with my urgent business trip abroad, which I cannot put off! Therefore, I am indeed very sorry I can 't attend the wedding.

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s1ras1yla cumleler anlam bOtOniOgOnO

58. (I) One of the major strategies to manage global warming is prevention. (II) Prevention of global warming involves developing ways to prevent the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. (Ill) It is the ultimate and best solution because it is permanent. (IV) However, it requires new technologies that have not yet been developed . (V) Most of all , environmental problems are connected to overpopulation . A) I

B) II

C) Ill

D) IV

E) V

59. (I) The global ocean is a huge body of salt water that surrounds the continents and covers almost threefourths of Earth's surface. (II) It is a single, continuous body of water. (Ill) Not surprisingly, aquatic life zones are different in almost all respects from terrestrial ecosystems. (IV) Yet, geographers have divided it into four sections (the Pasific, Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic oceans), separated by the continents. (V) The Pasific Ocean is the largest by far: it covers one-third of Earth 's surface and contains more than half of Earth 's water.

A) I

B) II

C) Ill

D) IV

E) V


2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE 60. (I) On average, 30% of the solar radiation that falls on Earth is immediately reflected away by clouds and surfaces , especially snow, ice, and ocean. (II) Trees of tropical rain forests are usually evergreen flowering plants. (Ill) The remaining 70% is absorbed by Earth and runs the water cycle. drives winds and ocean currents, powers photosynthesis , and warms the planet. (IV) Ultimately, however, all of this energy is lost by the continual radiation of long-wave infrared energy into space. (V) In fact, if heat gains from solar radiation were not balanced by losses, the Earth would heat up or cool down . A) I

B) II

C) Ill

D) IV

B) II

C) Ill

D) IV

E) V

Life in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was largely shaped by the combined effects of war, trade , and a steadily growing population. (II) Especially the practice of free trade led to the establishment of overseas colonies and opened up new markets for European industry. (Ill) Additionally, agricultural productivity increased, making it possible for Europe to feed a population that had now reached unprecedented levels. (IV) The dominant artistic school of southern Europe from about 1600 until the early 1700s was that of the Baroque, a school not only of painting but of sculpture and architecture. (V) Moreover, population growth in turn enabled European governments to wage more frequent wars and employ larger and larger armies.

62. (I)

A) I

B) II

C) Ill

D) IV


63. (I) Modern historians of science consider Newton's

law of universal gravitation to be the greatest contribution to physics ever made by a single person. (II) The praise for his discovery was just as great in Newton's own time. (Ill) In the eyes of his contemporaries he was a national hero. (IV) During the seventeenth century, the most innovative scientific work came out of the universities. (V) He was also celebrated across Europe, particularly in France. A) I

B) II

C) Ill

D) IV

E) V

E) V

61. (I) Among the fundamental themes of Greek tragedy were justice, law, and the conflicting demands of piety and obligation that drove a heroic man or woman to destruction. (II) They were mostly derived from Homer. (Ill) Most tragedies were the dramatization of well-known myths and legends from the past. (IV) But decidedly contemporary issues and events were also represented in some tragedies. (V) Epic and lyric poetry were already wellestablished Greek literary forms when the fifth century B.C. began . A) I

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E) V

64. - 69. sorularda, verilen cumleye anlamca en yakm olan cumleyi bulunuz. 64.1n his famous work The Wealth of Nations, the eighteenth-century Scottish economist Adam Smith spelled out, in more technical and historical detail, the different stages of economic development in the past. A) Adam Smith, an economist of the Scottish origin in the eighteenth century, gave, in his wellknown work The Wealth of Nations, a technically and historically detailed account of the various phases through which the economy had developed before his time. B) In The Wealth of Nations, a controversial work written by Adam Smith, who was a Scottish economist in the eighteenth century, a full description was given of how the economic progress had taken place in the past. C) The Scottish economist Adam Smith's great work The Wealth of Nations, written in the eighteenth century, is essentially a technical and historical description of the economic development and its changing phases in the past. D) Adam Smith , who was an eighteenth-century economist born in Scotland , wrote his celebrated work The Wealth of Nations in order to explain, in technical terms, the historical stages of the economic progress. E) In his controversial work The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith , who was an economist born in Scotland in the eighteenth century, described both technical and historical phases that made up the economic progress in the past.

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YDS $iFRELERi 65. In the 1960s, the emergence of new black nations in Africa and the Caribbean was paralleled by the civil rights movement of the blacks in America.

67. The finest example of Byzantine architecture is the church of Saint Sophia in Istanbul, constructed at enormous cost by the emperor Justinian in the sixth century.

A) So many new black nations emerged in the 1960s in Africa and the Caribbean that the American blacks were influenced by them and soon began to fight for their civil rights . B) When new black nations came into being in the 1960s in Africa and the Caribbean , also the blacks in America started the civil rights movement. C) In the 1960s, the American blacks were so encouraged by the rise of various black nations in Africa and the Caribbean that they all joined in the civil rights movement. D) The civil rights movement, started by the blacks in America in the 1960s, was largely inspired by the rise of new African and Caribbean nations. E) The civil rights movement of the American blacks in the 1960s was extremely influenced by the new nations that had emerged in Africa and the Caribbean.

A) The church of Saint Sophia was constructed by emperor Justinian in the sixth century and cost him a lot of money even though Byzantine architecture has come to be represented by it. B) The construction of the church of Saint Sophia in the sixth century cost the emperor Justinian a huge amount of money, and it is a significant example of Byzantine architecture. C) In the sixth century, emperor Justinian spent so much money on the construction of the church of Saint Sophia that he wanted it to be the most excellent work of Byzantine architects. D) Byzantine architecture is best represented by the church of Saint Sophia in Istanbul, for the construction of which, in the sixth century, emperor Justinian spent a lot of money. E) A huge amount of money was spent by the emperor Justinian for the construction of the church of Saint Sophia in the sixth century, which in fact became a major work of Byzantine architecture. 68. At the peak of their prosperity, between about 6500 and 5500 B.C., the residents of ~atal Huyuk produced a wide range of agricultural food stuffs, including peas, lentils, fruits, and cereal crops.

66. Despite their declaration of intellectual independence from the past, Enlightenment thinkers owed a great debt to their predecessors. A) Enlightenment intellectuals asserted that they were totally indifferent to the past, but they owed a great deal to the thinkers of the past. B) Contrary to what they thought about the past, Enlightenment thinkers were much influenced by those who had come before them . C) Even though Enlightenment thinkers openly claimed that intellectually they were free from the past, they were greatly indebted to those thinkers who had preceded them. D) The past never aroused any interest in Enlightenment intellectuals, although they were essentially inspired by the thinkers of the past. E) Although Enlightenment intellectuals took no interest in the past, they were much involved in the study of their predecessors' ideas.

624

A) A large variety of agricultural foodstuffs, such as peas, lentils, fruits and cereal crops, were produced by the <;atal Huyuk inhabitants, whose prosperity reached its climax during the period between roughly 6500 and 5500 B.C. B) Peas, lentils, fruits, and cereal crops were the only agricultural foodstuffs that the people of <;atal HOyOk, already very prosperous, produced during the period from 6500 to 5500 B.C. C) The people at <;atal HOyOk were so prosperous that, during the period from 6500 to 5500 B.C., they produced various kinds of agricultural foodstuffs, especially peas, lentils, fruits and cereal crops. D) Among the agricultural foodstuffs produced by the extremely prosperous peasants of <;atal HOyuk during the period from 6500 to 5500 B.C. were peas , lentils, fruits, and cereal crops. E) At <;atal HOyOk, where there was much prosperity between 6500 and 5500 B.C., only those agricultural foodstuffs, which consisted of peas, lentils, fruits and cereal crops, were produced by the people.


2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE 69. Unlike his contemporaries, who favoured quiet urban scenes, the sixteenth-century Dutch painter Bruegel exulted in depicting the ordinary life of the peasantry. A) Although it was Bruegel alone among the Dutch painters in the sixteenth century that was primarily interested in the representation of rural scenes , his contemporaries continued to deal in their works with various aspects of urban life. B) The Dutch painter Bruegel in the sixteenth century mainly focused on the representation of ordinary scenes from rural life, just as his contemporaries were much interested in depicting urban life. C) The representation of rural scenes from the life of the peasants was the Dutch painter Bruegel's primary interest, but his contemporaries in the sixteenth century took urban life as their main subject. D) Urban life with its happy scenes was one of the major interests of the Dutch painters in the sixteenth century, but Bruegel differed from them to some extent by his depiction of peasants' hard life. E) Contrary to the painters of his time, who preferred in the first place to represent peaceful scenes from urban life, the Dutch painter Bruegel , who lived in the sixteenth century, took much joy in the depiction of scenes from the simple life of the peasants. 70. - 75. sorularda, kar§lhkh konu§mamn bo§ b1rak1lan k1smm1 tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bulunuz. 70.John : - The economic rather than political aspect of European colonialism has always interested me. Francis : -I know. It is clear from most of the papers you have presented so far. So you think that colonial exploitation in the past was the major source of Europe's economic prosperity. John : Francis : - Agreed. Indeed, it is impossible to imagine this prosperity without them. A) Actually, Britain's American colonies had no significant mineral wealth and, therefore , they turned to agriculture. B) Moreover, as far as I am concerned , the Spanish colonial economy was dominated by mining. C) On the other hand , the Portuguese government allowed only Portuguese merchants to trade with their own colonies.


COZ0M0

D) Absolutely. For instance, Europe's growing wealth in the eighteenth century was simply the result of its colonial possessions. E) To compete with the British, the French government encouraged the development of sugar-producing colonies in the West Indies. 71. Mary : - Recently I have been reading Jean-Jacques Rousseau's political treatise The Social Contract, published in 1762. In his political views, he was certainly more radical than most of his contemporaries. Susan: - Yes, he was, indeed. For instance, he was probably the first person in his time to talk about popular sovereignty and democracy. Mary: Susan : - Because of his radical views as such, he caused a great deal of controversy in eighteenth-century France. A) His famous novel Emile tells the story of how a young man learns virtue and freedom . B) I didn't know that he was better known for his writing on education and moral virtue. C) We know that Enlightenment thinkers considered education key to human progress. D) The Social Contract was the least understood of his works , wasn't it? E) Obviously, he believed that legitimate authority arose from the people alone. 72. Robert : - Did you know that the first recorded Olympic Games took place in the Valley of Olympia in Greece in 776 B.C.? Ted : - No, I didn't. But I know that in antiquity they were held at four-year intervals. Robert: Ted : - Then, boxing, wrestling, and many other sports must have been added over time. A) I wonder to what extent the modern Olympic Games were driven by economics and politics. B) Do you think the goals of modern olympism as stated by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) are still valid? C) The ancient Greeks believed that human life was completely controlled by the gods. D) True . Unfortunately, they were abolished by the Roman emperor Theodosius I in 394 A.D .. Interestingly, the first Olympics contained only one event: the foot race. E) As you know, many cities in the world compete with each other for the honour and prestige of hosting the Olympic Games.

625

YDS ~iFRELERi 73. Jack : - In the British empire, India was the first colony to win its independence soon after World War II, wasn't it? Robin:

D) How does transpiration by trees influence the local temperature of forests? E) What are the factors that determine climate?

-Yes. it was. Actually, the extraordinary Indian nationalist Mahatma Gandhi had been at work in India since the 1920s and had pioneered anticolonial ideas. Jack : Robin : - Principally, his strategy was nonviolent noncooperation. So he urged the Indian people to withdraw from the imperial economy and develop their own means of resistance such as going on strike, refusing to pay taxes, or boycotting British goods. A) In the face of colonial domination, how did he set about the anticolonial movement for the independence of India? B) Gandhi's strategy for independence provided a model for many liberation struggles in other colonies. C) Hadn't he already led a nonviolent campaign for the political rights of the Indian community in South Africa between 1894 and 1914? D) By 1947 Gandhi had gained such widespread support that the British found it impossible to continue in power in India. E) Yet, in June 1947, British India was partitioned into the nations of India and Pakistan, and the process of partition brought brutal religious and ethnic warfare . 74. Stephen : - By the way, what does the term "hydrologic cycle" mean? Can you explain it? Martin: - Basicly it means that water cycles from the oceans and land to the atmosphere, and then back to the oceans, and land. It is a complex cycle, which provides us with a renewable supply of purified water on land. Stephen: Martin: - Certainly, and also an important one. As you might expect, forests release substantial amounts of moisture into the atmosphere by transpiration, which then falls as precipitation. A) When a forest is burned or cut down, how is the climate of the region affected? B) Do you think forests influence an area's climate? C) Do forests play a role in this cycle?

626

75. Harry : - It is true that, in the nineteenth century, Britain and France were Europe's two great overseas empires. Charles: - Why do you think so? Besides them, there were other colonial powers in Europe that also owned territories overseas. Harry : Charles: - I see what you mean. In other words, the Germans were reluctant to engage in a colonial enterprise. Right? A) The new political and economic relationships between colonies and dependent states on the one hand and the colonizing power on the other ran both ways, bringing changes to both sides. B) The convergence of technology, money, and politics involved in the construction of the Suez Canal represents the interplay of economics and empire in late nineteenth-century Europe. C) The years from 1870 to 1914 brought both rapid industrialization throughout the West and the stunningly rapid expansion of Western power abroad. D) In terms of colonial power politics, they counted little. As for Germany, which was the strongest emerging power inside Europe, its governments did not believe that colonization overseas would yield economic and political advantages. So, Germany was not a colonial empire. E) The nineteenth-century empires developed against the backdrop of economic and political changes such as industrialization, liberal revolutions, and the rise of nation-states, which transformed Europe and European imperialism.


2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE 76. - 80. sorulan a§ag•daki cevaplaym1z.

par~aya

gore

In antiquity, prior to the third century B.C., physics had been a branch of philosophy. It was made a separate, experimental science by Archimedes of Syracuse, who lived between 287 and 212 B.C .. He not only discovered the law of floating objects, or specific gravity, but also formulated with scientific exactness the principles of the lever, the pulley, and the screw. Among his memorable inventions were the compound pulley and the screw propeller for ships. Although he has been considered the greatest technical genius of antiquity, in fact he preferred to devote himself to pure scientific research . Tradition relates that he discovered "Archimedes' principle, " that is, specific gravity, while pondering possible theories in his bath ; when he reached his stunning insight, he dashed out naked into the street crying "Eureka! " ("I have found it! ").

78. As it is clear from the passage, Archimedes

----.

A) was so seriously concerned with technical issues that he often neglected his scientific research B) can be described as a man who openly opposed the study of philosophy C) was more interested in the theoretical aspect of science than in its practical uses D) was particularly indifferent to questions of navigation and shipbuilding E) taught the people of Syracuse how to use the compound pulley most efficiently

79.1t is pointed out in the Archimedes' inventions ----. 76. As one understands from the passage, Archimedes was so thrilled by his unexpected discovery of specific gravity that ----. A) he immediately announced it to the public in an unusual fashion B) he described every detail of it to the people with scientific exactness C) the people in the street joined him in the celebration of his discovery D) most of his contemporaries regarded it as a perfect example of pure scientific research E) his theory of specific gravity was soon applied in shipbuilding

77. According to the passage, until Archimedes, --

A) there had been some scientific research on the law of floating objects B) physics had not been considered to be a science separate from philosophy C) the use in ships of the screw propeller had already been known D) various theories had been proposed about floating objects E) the study of philosophy had been confined only to physics


COZ0M0

passage

that

A) were not related to the theories that he had already formulated B) have qualified him to be regarded as "the greatest genius of antiquity" C) were put into use when, following several scientific tests, they proved to be very efficient D) were all based on his theory of specific gravity, which he had been pondering for a long time E) were described in detail in his writings

80. As clearly pointed out in the passage, like the principles of the pulley and the screw, the principle of the lever ----. A) has been traditionally attributed to Archimedes, but it had been known to other physicists in antiquity B) can also be considered to be one of Archimedes' least scientific formulations C) aroused so much interest in the public that he was rightly proud of his scientific discovery D) was also defined by Archimedes in absolutely scientific terms E) was formulated by Archimedes only after he carried out a series of complicated experiments

627

YDS ~iFRELERi 81. - 85. sorulan cevaplayrnrz.

a~agrdaki

par~aya

gore

The Romans were descended from a cluster of peoples who had crossed the Alps into Italy during the second millenium B.C. and spoke a variety of IndoEuropean dialects. Recent archaeological research has pushed the origins of the city of Rome back to at least the tenth century B.C., several centuries earlier than the traditional date 753 B.C., which the Romans themselves considered their city's foundation year. Rome's strategic location along the Tiber River brought it many different advantages. Trading ships could navigate the Tiber as far as Rome, but no farther; the city could thus serve as a port without being threatened by attack from the sea. Rome's famous hills increased the defensibility of the site. In other words, as a city, Rome was situated at a junction across the Tiber, making it a major land and river crossroads.

81. According to the passage, Rome was founded at a site along the Tiber, which ----.

A) was vulnerable to attacks from the hills around B) provided a perfect crossing across the river C) had been a major trading centre even before the tenth century B.C. D) enabled merchant ships to sail far into the country E) was most exposed to the dangers from the sea

83. It is stated in the passage that archaeological evidence obtained so far ----.

A) indicates the tenth century B.C. as the date of the foundation of Rome B) clearly proves how and when various IndoEuropean peoples crossed the Alps into Italy C) shows why the earlier Romans decided to found their city at a site up the Tiber River D) proves conclusively how Rome came to be a major port for trading ships E) answers the question of why the original natives of Italy collaborated with the IndoEuropean invaders

84.1t is indicated in the passage that the Romans -

---.

A) built strong defences on the hills surrounding Rome B) attributed the foundation of their city to one specific year C) maintained their Indo-European identity for centuries D) were not a strategically-minded people and never took security into account E) benefited from the Tiber only in terms of its economic advantages.

85. One understands from the passage that the Tiber in antiquity ----. 82. It is pointed out in the passage that the ancestors of the Romans ----.

A) believed that the Alps would provide perfect defence against invasions from the North B) came from the North and settled in Italy around the tenth century B.C. C) first looked for a strategic location where they could safely settle D) were a sea-going people who were particularly interested in overseas trade E) were the peoples who spoke various dialects of the same language

628

A) had been used as a waterway for trade even before Rome was founded on it B) was the only river in Italy, on which trading ships of any size could sail safely C) played an important role in the defence of Rome whenever the city was attacked from the sea D) provided a number of crossings whereby the Romans were able to transport their forces across it E) was partially navigable and provided Rome with an economic advantage


2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE 86. - 90. sorulan cevaplaym1z.

a~ag1daki

par~aya

gore

When air pollution, including acid rain, is combined with other environmental stresses, such as low winter temperatures, prolonged droughts, insects, and bacterial, fungal , and viral diseases, it can cause plants to decline and die. More than half of the red spruce trees in the mountains of the northern United States have died since the mid-1970s. Other tree species , such as sugar maples, for example, are also dying. Many still-living trees are exhibiting symptoms of forest decline, characterized by a gradual deterioration and often eventual death. The general symptoms of forest decline are reduced vigour and growth, but some plants exhibit specific symptoms, such as yellowing of needles in conifers . Air pollutants may or may not be the primary stress that results in forest decline, but the presence of air pollution lowers plant resistance to other stress factors. When one or more stresses weaken a tree, then an additional stress may be enough to cause death. 86.1t is suggested pollutants ·•·•.

in

the

COZ0M0

88. It is implied in the passage that the death of the red spruce in the northeastern United States ----. A) is a clear indication of how forest decline can turn into a major disaster B) has been caused primarily by bacterial and viral diseases in the region C) was also noticed in the mid-1970s when the trees showed a great deal of reduced vigour D) was preceded first by reduced growth and then a long period of deterioration E) has resulted from the joint effects of air pollution and environmental factors

passage that air

A) become very destructive for all kinds of trees when they turn into acid rain B) have been the primary cause of the deterioration of various tree species C) can cause forest decline when they act together with other environmental stresses D) show their adverse effect on trees most clearly when there are prolonged droughts E) are particularly effective on sugar maples and conifers but not other species

89. It is emphasized in the passage that air pollution ----. A) weakens the resistance of plants against environmental stresses B) in the northeastern United States has declined substantially over the years C) causes the spread of bacterial, fungal and viral diseases in the world D) plays a major role in the fall of winter temperatures E) prevents the detection of symptoms related to forest decline.

87.According to the passage, when the trees in a forest fail to grow properly, ••··. A) this is directly related to low winter temperatures B) this is mostly the result of a fungal disease C) its immediate effect can be detected right away D) this can be a symptom of forest decline E) it is inevitable that bacterial diseases will emerge soon


90. As it is clear from the passage, one of, the symptoms that indicates forest decline is ·•·•. A) B) C) D)

the growing number of insects the reduced vigour of trees lower winter temperatures prolonged droughts E) the increase of acid rain

629

YDS $iFRELERi a~ag1daki

par~aya

gore

Government planners and social scientists from many countries are developing a number of strategies to help us adapt to global warming. For example, what should people living in coastal areas do? They can

move inland away from the dangers of storm surges , although this solution has high economic costs. An alternative plan , which is also extremely expensive , is to build dikes to protect coastal land. The Dutch , who have been doing this sort of thing for several hundred years , have offered their technical expertise to several developing nations threatened by a rise in sea level. We also have to adapt to shifting agricultural zones. Many temperate countries are in the process of evaluating semitropical crops to determine the best ones to substitute for traditional crops if or when the climate warms . Drought-resistant species of trees are being developed by large lumber companies now, because the trees planted today will be harvested many decades later when global warming may already get much worse .

91 . It is pointed out in the passage that a large number of countries with a temperate climate -

---.

A) have already applied to the Dutch government to help them protect their coastal areas against a rise in sea level owing to global warming B) have urgently developed some costly strategies in order to protect themselves from the extreme effects of global warming C) are developing new agricultural zones for semitropical crops , since they are economically more profitable than traditional crops D) are experimenting with semitropical crops for the replacement of their traditional crops in case the climate gets warmer E) are exposed to the dangers of storm surges and have therefore taken radical measures to rescue their people in coastal areas

92. One understands from the passage that the development of tree species that can resist droughts----. A) is being carefully studied by government planners and scientists as an alternative solution B) is a precaution that major lumber firms are taking against global warming C) has been so costly that governments of temperate countries have given it up D) is indispensable because , due to global warming , most forests will disappear in a few decades

630

E) is important for countries where agricultural zones have been badly affected by global warming

93. As implied in the passage, the Dutch ----. A) have a long history of experience in the construction of dikes B) are very concerned about some coastal areas threatened by a rise in sea level C) have been reluctant to cooperate technically with some developing countries D) learned how to build dikes about a hundred years ago to protect their coastal areas E) think that it is extremely expensive for developing countries to build dikes

94.1t is stated in the passage that, for our adaptation to global warming, ·•·•. A) an alternative strategy is that all the coastal areas in the world have to be evacuated so that the inhabitants can be safe from the dangers of storm surges B) many scientists and planners are involved in a series of activities that are primarily suitable for temperate countries C) not only the Dutch but also governments of many countries have devoted a great deal of hard work to the development of urgent strategies D) new agricultural zones suitable for the growth of semitropical crops and also the development of drought-resistant trees are the only suitable strategies E) state planners and social scientists of different nationalities are working to develop various strategies

95.1t is suggested in the passage that, in several decades,····. A) government planners and social scientists will see their planning efforts rewarded B) most developing countries can experience a severe decline in their agricultural production C) most coastal areas may be flooded unless they are protected by dikes D) the effects of global warming may be much more adverse E) lumber companies may go out of business due to the heavy costs incurred by the planting of trees

'YDS SiFRESi TEKNiKLERi'

2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE 96.- 100. sorulan cevaplaym1z.

a~ag1daki

par!(aya gore

In England , transportation had improved a great deal during the years before 1830, but moving heavy materials, particularly coal, remained a problem. It is therefore significant that the first modern railway, built in 1825 for the transportation of coal, ran from the Durham coal field of Stockton to Darlington near the coast. Coal had traditionally been transported short distances via tramways , or tracks along which horses pulled coal carts . The Stockton-to-Darlington railway was a logical extension of a tramway, designed to answer the transportation needs arising from constantly expanding industrialization. The man primarily responsible for the design of the first steam railway was George Stephenson, a self-educated engineer who had not learned to read until he was seventeen. The locomotives on the StocktonDarlington line travelled at fifteen miles an hour, the fastest rate at which machines had yet moved goods overland. Soon they would move people as well, transforming transportation in the process .

COZ0M0

98. According to the passage, much improvement

A) was needed for an efficient use of tramways in the transportation of all sorts of goods B) had been achieved in transportation by 1830 in England C) was not expected in the transportation of coal when the first railway was built in 1825 D) was needed in the construction of railways for the development of England E) had been made before Stephenson in the design of locomotives

99. Attention is drawn in the passage to the fact that, in the early decades of the nineteenth century, ----. 96.1t is emphasized in the passage that George Stephenson, who designed the first steam railway, ----. A) developed new techniques in order to increase the speed of locomotives B) was one of the partners who owned the Durham coal field of Stockton C) had been previously involved in the solution of various other problems concerning transportation D) had already distinguished himself by his achievements as an engineer E) had not received formal education to become an engineer

97.1t is pointed out in the passage that the primary aim in the contruction of the StocktonDarlington railway was to ····. A) give George Stephenson an opportunity to demonstrate his engineering skills B) enable people to travel more comfortably and cheaply C) transport more goods overland so that the costs could be much lower D) make the transportation of coal more efficient for the industry E) get rid of the use of horses in the transportation of heavy materials


A) England made great advances in the design and manufacture of machines B) the production of coal in England was technically much improved C) Darlington developed into a major port for England's export of coal D) England was in a continuous process of industrial growth E) engineering was not yet a profession that was popular in England

100. It is clear from the passage that the steam railway----. A) had been in use in England before Stephenson introduced new techniques B) remained a local facility and played no role in the industrialization of England C) was a solution to meet the transportation needs of England's industry D) was invented in the first place for travel between Stockton and Darlington E) had little impact on the transformation of transportation in nineteenth-century England

631

YDS ~iFRELERi

2010 KPDS SONBAHAR SINAVI CEVAP ANAHTARI 1. 0

2.C 3.E

51. 0 52.C 53.8

4.A

54. E

5.8 6.C 7.8

55. A 56.E 57. A 58.E 59.C 60.8 61.E 62.0 63.0

8.A

9.E 10.0 11. 8

12. A 13.8 14.C 15.0 16.E 17.8 18.0 19.C 20.A 21. E 22.C 23.A 24.8 25.0 26.0 27.A 28.8 29.0 30.C 31. A 32.C 33.A 34.0 35.C 36.8 37.0 38.A 39. c 40.8 41.C 42.8 43.E 44.8 45.0 46.0 47.E

48.8 49.A 50.C

632

64.A

65.8 66.C 67.0 68.A

69.E 70.0 71.E 72.0 73.A 74.C 75.0 76.A 77.8

78.C 79.8 80.0 81. 8 82. E 83.A 84.8 85.E 86.C 87.0 88. E

89.A 90.8 91.0 92.8 93.A 94.E 95. 0 96.E 97.0 98.8 99.0 100.C



2010 KPDS SONBAHAR SINAVI TEKNiKLER iLE

(;OZ0M0

COZ0M0

11.-15. Sorularda, cumlede bo~ b1rak1lan yerlere uygun du~en sozcuk ya da ifadeyi bulunuz. 1. l$ki nJ has a rich blood supply that delivers oxygen to alllits

~---.

A) symptoms B) shifts C) nutrients

!layers!: skin layers (deri tabakalan) E) supplements

2.

relieving suffering and in preventing and

D) excessive E) profound

3.

4. To achieve and ---- ~itnessl, a person needs to exercise only 30 minutes three times a week. !maintain:! korumak, muhafaza etmek B determine C) include D) demonstrate E) train 5. Often thought of as the smallest unit of living organisms, a cell is ---- ~ many even smaller parts, each with its own function. A) broken down !made upj + C) run out D) taken after E) turned up

of : olu~mak

6. To the astronomers of he Middle A es, the most important classical authorities on natural philosophy ---- Aristotle and Ptolemy, since bot ----frameworks that explained the whole universe. A) had been I created B) are I have created ere/ had created S. PAST TENSE D) have been I create E) may have been I were creating


633

YDS ~iFRELERi

in the Late Bronze A e, he time in the Mediterranean basin - -a balance of power

7. Though warfare •••• a characteristic feature of international relations the most powerful states of that stabilized trade and diplomacy. A) had remained I were creating

Iremained I created!-------- S.PAST TENSE C) has remained I would have created D) remains I had created E) must have remained I have created

8.

Although their responses ---- as obvious as those of animals, plants •••• the capacity to respond to light, gravity, water, touch, and other stimuli.

!may not be I have! B) C) D) E)

have not been I had were not I have had had not been I are having would not be I would have had

AS, BECAUSE, SINCE, ALT THOUGH, EVEN THOUGH

9. Homer ---- the Byzantines was simultaneously a literary model, an instructional textbook, and

!guide! ---

~

ersonal morality and wisdom.

A) into I within B) through I around C) down I before D) after I above

'a guide to'

for~ tol 10. From the mid-fifteenth century····, Lisbon began to emerge as

~ignificant market---- slavery.

A) up I about B) away I in C) out I round

on/~

E) over I at

11.

----~he causes of alcoholism! are various, !alcohol usel is a major factor. A when although C) just as D) if E) whether

OZNE UYUMU TEKNiGi!

12. Much of the immune system's machinery is geared towards killing or eliminating invading microbes •• --they !have

!Once! B) C) D) E)

634

been! recognized.

~ENT PERFECT

although even if in case whereby



COZ0M0

13. The structures around the eye protect it---- ~llowingJ it to move freely in all directions.

I

~ ~~

Whne I

C) even though D) because E) whereas

CONTINUOUS FORM

I health and nutrition ----

15. The solar calendar the Egyptians developed was ---- accurate and sophisticate

~hanl

the

Mesopotamian lunar calendar. A ) the most B) most C) the more

!morel_ _ _ more than COMPARISON! (K1yaslama) E) as

16. - 20. Sorularda,

a~ag1daki par~ada numaralanm1~

yerlere uygun du~en sozcuk ya da ifadeyi

bulunuz. We must not (16) ---- the element of pleasure and enjoyment wh ich comes from the reading of literature. Th is~ surely itself one of the great benefits which (17) ---- from being an educated person. But, over and above that, let

us lrecogniz~ (18) ---- certain other fundamental skills and capacities la rel ldeveloped 1(19) ---- the reading of literature, which are important to us all as educated people, (20) ---- in our private pleasures or our personal philosophies , J b ut

also! in the day-to-day exercise of our responsibilities .

16. A) subside B) assert C) interpret D) witness

lunderestimat~: goz ard1 etmek 17. A) had come

!comes! --+SIMPLE C) would have come D) came E) was coming

PRESENT " IS" SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE OLDUGUNDAN SORU BO~LUGUNA DA SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE GELMELiDiR!

A ) so that B) in case C) just as

CUMLE FiiL iLE "RECOGNIZE" BiTTiGiNDEN SORU BO~ L UGUNA NOUN CLAUSE "THAT"

18.

~

GELMELiDiR!

E) although


635

YDS ~iFRELERi 19. A) at B) r-ein_ _____,

BE DEVELOPED + THROUGH KULLANIMI!

~hroughl

D) over E) to

20.

lnot onlY! B) either C) both D) more E) as well as

"NOT ONLY ... BUT ALSO" KOMBiNASYONU!

21. - 25. Sorularda, a§ag1daki parc;ada numaralanml§ yerlere uygun dii§en sozcuk ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.

(21) ----~II the! political ideologies of the early nineteenth century, nationalism is ~he most difficul~ to grasp. Its (22) ----are elusive. What, exactly, counted as a nation? Who demanded a nation, and what did their demand mean? In the early nineteenth century, nationalism was usually aligned with liberalism. (23) ----

~

lcentui"YI progressed , (24) ----,lit became! increasingly clear that nationalism (25) ----to fit rnoctrine 21. A) By

C) From

B) About

D) For

"OF ALL"+ SUPERLATIVE YAPI KURALI!

22. A) credentials

!premises!

B) comments

D) subsidies

E) amendments

23.

~

B) Because

C) Even if

"THE CENTURY ... " "IT ... "

D) If

E) Whether

KONU (OZNE) UYUMU TEKNiGi!

B. CUMLE BA$1NDA KULLANILMAZ. C. C0MLELERDEN BIRINDE OLUMSUZ YAPI YER ALMALIYDI; CELI$Ki YOK.

24. A) furthermore

lhoweveij

C) moreover

D) therefore

E) so

""'n.um•u,..~..,. GELEN CUMLECiKTE OLUMSUZLUK

"ANY" GELDIGINDEN; COMLELER

636



COZ0M0

25. A) defined

B) has been defined

C) is defined

!could be defined!

E) defines

D. SORU BO$LUGU ONCESiNDE YER ALAN CUMLE "BECAME" FiiLiNDEN DOLAYI "SIMPLE PAST TENSE" OLUP· B~LUK SONRASINA DA TENSE

I 26. -

35. Sorularda, verilen cumleyi uygun ~ekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz.

26. During the early decades of the Industrial Revolution, ----, while in France government interference but also by the bounty of its sources.

~was checked

not only by

A) it took nearly a fortnight to travel from London to Edinburgh S. PAST B) textiles made up over 50 per cent of Britain's exports S. PAST C) the steam en~ine, invented by James Watt, supplied continuous and reliable powerS. PAST

~echnolo ~in Britain~ developed by new industrial requirements

S. PAST

E) Britain had a transport network without parallel in Europe S. PAST

"it" zamirini nitelemektedir! 27. According to Marx's theory of .,...~iiM!!J• when the French Revolution ~~-----' the old order, ushering in bourgeois political po and industrial capitalism, ----.

h§!t.Fm

the stage of or • property relations nded S.PAST TENSE B) world history had passed through three major stages, each characterized by conflict between social groups C) the revolutionary character of capitalism would undermine the bourgeois economic order WOULD D) recurring economic crises would bring capitalism to collapse WOULD E) each individual best understood his or her own interests and was therefore left freeS. PAST TENSE

ha

space and motion are relative to each other instead of being absolute. noun clause "that" oncesi fiil gelir! A) As early as 1905 Einstein became · e equivalence of mass and energy

28. ----

Einstein's most famous theory, the principle of relativity, states FiiL (VERB) C) By 1915 Einstein had proposed entirely new ways of thinking about matter, time, and gravity D) Einstein's theories paved the way for revolutionary developments in physics E) Einstein devoted much of his life to promoting peace and social justice


637

YDS ~iFRELERi 29. ----

hethe

it is a work of high quality or just a worthless piece of writing. CRITICS + 'WHETHER' KULLANIMI!

A) Today in Europ nd America , there is a tremendous outpouring of printed books from the publishers B) The appreciation o iterature is surely concerned with judgement of complete works C) The majority of work of literature are lengthy novels, plays , and poems Experienced literary lcriticsl can tell with some certainty from just the first paragraph of a novel

•

E) The English language has resources which enable us to express thoughts in different ways 30.----, but the /tWo independently.

forms of writing! are

so unlike each other that they probably developed

I S. PRESENT

A) Some historical linguists have postu ted that early Egyptian might represent the survival of a root language PERFECT B) Among the many facets of Egyptian c lture that have fascinated archaeologists is the Egyptian system of pictographic writing PERFEC r--:T_ ___,'------ ----, • The photographic nature of E tian hiero I hies may indicate an early influence from the

Sumerian cuneiform scri D) Contrary to the Sumerian cuneiform script, Egyptian hieroglyphics never evolved very far towards a system of phonograms S. PAST E) As in Sumer, writing technology quickly became an important tool for Egyptian government and administrations S. PAST

TEKNiK: ORTAK KONU & TENSE UYUMU!(!) D. SORU CUMLESi "UNLIKE" VE SECENEK "CONTRARY TO" BAGLACINDAN DOLAYI OLUMSUZLUK BiLDiRDiGiNDEN; CUMLELER ARASINDA CELi~Ki YER ALMAMAKTADIR VE SORUDAKi "BUT" BAGLACININ GEREKTiRDiGi ZITLIK iFADE EDiLMEMEKTEDiR; TENSE UYUMU YOKTURI

• B) C) D) E)

638

but during the Renaissance the works of others such as Livy, Tacitus , and Lucretius were rediscovered and made familiar S. PAST whether Greek scientific and philosophical writings became available to Westerners in Latin translations through Islam S. PAST because Renaissance thinkers not only knew many more classical texts but they also used them in new ways S. PAST whereby Renaissance writers ~ more aware of the conceptual and chronological gap that separated their world from that of their classical sources S. PAST since Renaissance humanism was a programme of studies that aimed to replace medieval scholastic emphasis on logic and metaphysics S. PAST



<;OZ0M0

A) beca e the Church continued to provide support for music S.PAST B) as ope flourished in the eighteenth century S.PAST •

15)

when~ died of rheumatic fever S.PAST

even though Bach was certainly the greatest composer of Baroque music S. PAST E) just as Rousseau composed music and wrote an opera S.PAST TOM SECENEKLER SORU iLE AYNI "TENSE" YAPISINA SAHiPTiR! A, B, D CUMLELERINiN KONULARI (QZNELERi) FARKLIDIR; SECENEKLER BECAUSE, ALTHOUGH BAGLACLARI

33. ----, !infectious disease! continued to kill half of all Europeans before they reached the age of twenty. ~ OZNE UYUMI TEKNiGi! s. PAST TENSE

.J

B) C) D) E)

Although ~aminesl became less common and less widespread in Europe in the eighteenth century S. PAST Unless the total number of urban dwellers across Europe as a whole did not change markedly between 1600 and 1800 S. PAST Because improved sanitation , together with a better diet, may have played some role in the rise of Europe's population in the 1820s PRESENT Since Naples went from a population of 300.000 in 1600 to nearly half a million by the late eighteenth century S. PAST Just as many of the million or so men and women employed in the textile trade in northern France in the seventeenth century lived in cities S. PAST A. ALTHOUGH, THOUGH, EVEN THOUGH" BAGLACLARI iLE AYNI OZNE (KONU) TEKNiGi! (INFECTIOUS DISEASE= FAMINES) B. UNLESS CUMLESiNE OLUMSUZ YAPIDA FilL 'DID NOT CHANGE' GELEMEZI

C. TENSE UYUMU YOKI

34.1n his famous work Novum Organum, Francis Bacon emphasized that natural SCience could not advance ----.

A) so that this could mean gaining k ge of nature through the senses B) whether the knowledge 1ent authorities was the best guide to truth C) if knowledge st gained through cooperation among researchers unless~ cast off the inherited errors of the past E) whereby he left a deep mark on the development of modern science

II

OZNELERi (ANA KONULARI) AYNI!


II 639

YDS ~iFRELERi 35.1n the mid-1930s, ----,unemployment dropped from over 6 million to under two hundred thousand. S. PAST TENSE A) if Hitler was to maintain power and enjoy a sizeable amount of popular supportS. PAST B) so long as Hitler promised to lead Germany back to national greatness S.PAST as the Nazis built the entire German military infrastructure 5. PAST D) unless Hitler's plans for national recovery called for full-scale rearmament S.PAST E) since Hitler, like Mussolini, moved to abolish class conflict in Germany PRESENT SECENEKLERiNDEKi "lf","SO LONG AS" KO~UL SORU COMLESI ILE UYUM G0STERMiYORI

I 36. 36.

40. Sorularda, veri len ingilizce cumleye anlamca en yakm Turk~e cumleyi bulunuz.

he Romantic movement in the arts, inspired in part by the American and French revolutions, em rged towards the end of the eighteenth century. OZNE UYUMUTEKNiGil A) On sekizinci Ozy1lm sonuna dogru ortaya <;:1kan Romantik ak1m, esas itibariyle Amerikan ve Frans1z devrimlerinde kaynaklanarak sanatta geli~mi~tir .

ISanatta Romantik ak1ml. k1smen Amerikan ve Frans1z devrimlerinden esinlenmi~ olup , onsekizinci yuzy1lm sonuna dogru ortaya <;:1km1~t1r. C) Romantik ak1mm sanatta ortaya <;:lkl~l, Amerikan ve Frans1z devrimlerinden gO<;: alarak, onsekizinci yuzy1hn sonuna dogru olmu~tur. D) Sanatta olu~an Romantik ak1m , onsekizinci yuzy1hn sonuna dogru ortaya <;:1karak, tamamen Amerikan ve Frans1z devrimlerine dayanm1~t1r. E) Bir bak1ma Amerikan ve Frans1z devrimlerine dayanan Romantik ak1m, onsekizinci yuzy1hn sonuna dogru oncelikle sanatta gorOimO~tor.

37. Man of the concepts, terms, and issues !related tOI social classes are also used in Marxist criticism, which s s from the works of the nineteenth-century German philosopher Karl Marx. TANIMLAMA + OZNE UYUMU TEKNiGil D RELATIVE! TANIMLAMA BiLGiSi CUMLE BA~INA GELiR) A) Marxist ele~tiri, ondokuzuncu y Alman filozofu Karl Marx'm eserlerine dayanmakta olup, toplumsal uyu ic;:erir. slmflara ili~kin bir c;:ok kavram, terim ve B) Toplumsal Slnlflara ili~kin olarak kullamlan • · kavramlar, terimler ve konular, ondokuzuncu yuzy1l Alman filozofu Karl Marx'm eserlerine dayanan Marxist ele~tiri ile ortO~mektedir. C) Ondokuzuncu yuzy1l Alman filozofu Karl Marx'm eserlerinden ortaya <;:1kan Marxist ele~tiri, toplumsal s1mflara iii kin kullamlan o-u kavram, terim ve konunun temelini olu~turur.

o lumsal Slnlflara iii kin PEK COK kavram, terim ve konu, ondokuzuncu yuzy1l Alman filozofu Karl Marx'm eserlerinden kaynaklanan Marxist ele~tiride de kullamlmaktad1r. E) Toplumsal s1n1flan tammlamada kullamlan degi~ik kavram , terim ve konular, ondokuzuncu yuzy1l Alman filozofu Karl Marx'm c;:ah~malanndan esinlenen Marxist ele~tirinin kapsamm1 belirler.

640


2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE <;OZ0M0 38.1Aithoughl Plato loves Homer and regularly cites from his epics, he insists on the censorship of those pass morally controversial behaviour.

BAGLAC UYUMU TE B) C) D) E)

Platon, Homeros'u sevmesine ve onun destanlanndan duzenli olarak almt1lar yapmasma .___....___---" ahlaki bak1mdan tarh§mall davranl§lan yans1tan bolumlerin sansi.ir edilmesinde 1srar eder. Homeros'u seven Platon, onun destanlanna si.irekli at1fta bulunsa da ahlaki anlamda zararll davran1~lan tasvir eden bolumlerin sansur edilmesi ic;:in c;:ok c;:aba gostermi~tir. Platon, bir yandan Homeros'u sevmi~ . bir yandan da onun destanlanndaki ahlaka aykm davram~lan ic;:eren bolumlere i~aret ederek, bunlann sansur edilmesi ic;:in surekli talepte bulunmu~tur. Homeros'u sevmi~ olmasma ragmen, Platon, onun destanlanndaki ahlaki bak1mdan kabul edilemez bolumleri ele~tirerek, bunlann sansur edilmesi gerektigini vurgular. Platon, Homeros'u sevmi~ olsa bile, onun destanlann1 si.irekli ele~tirerek , ahlaka ayk1n davran1~lan one c;:1karan bolumlerin tamamen sansur edilmesinin ~art oldugunu ileri surer.

39.1Politics and economics! were primary concerns of writers and intellectuals in America during the 1930s because the stock market crash in October 1929 had precipitated a total collapse in the economy.

OZNE UYUMUTEKNiGi! A) Ekim 1 1930'1a B) Ekim 1 Amerik

29'da borsa yere c;:ak1lmca , ekonomide tam bir c;:oki.i~ ya~and1 ve bu nedenle, siyaset ve iktisat, da Amerika'da yazar ve aydmlann en ba~ta gelen ilgi alanlan idi. 29'da borsanm yere c;:ak1lmas1 sonucu , ekonomi tam bir c;:oku~ ya~ad1g1 ic;:in, 1930'1ar boyunca 'da azar ve a dmlann en c;:ok uzerinde durdugu konular, siyaset ve iktisatt1.

Si aset ve iktisa ' 1930'1arda Amerika'da yazarlann ve aydmlarm oncelikli konulan idi, c;:unku borsanm Ekim 1929'da yere c;:ak1lmas1 , ekonomide tam bir c;:oku~e yol ac;:m1~t1. D) 1930'1u y1llarda Amerika'da yazar ve aydmlann en c;:ok ilgilendigi konular siyaset ve iktisat oldu , c;:unku borsa Ekim 1929'da yere c;:akllm1~ ve dolay1s1yla ekonomi tamamen c;:okmu~tu. E) Ekim 1929'da borsa tamamen yere c;:ak1lmca, ekonomide gorUimemi~ bir c;:oku~ olmu~ ve bu nedenle siyaset ve iktisat, 1930'1u y1llarda Amerika'da yazar ve aydmlarca en c;:ok ele alman konular arasmda olmu~tur.

4o.[he amount and severity of global warming! depend on how much greenhouse gas we add to the atmosphele.

OZNE UYUMU TEKNiGi! A) Atmosfere ne kad r sera gaz1 ilave edersek, buna bagll olarak, kuresel 1smmamn miktan ve yogunlugu de-i ir.

Kuresel1smmanm miktan ve iddeti, atmosfere ne kadar sera gaz1 ilave ettigimize baglld1r. C) Kuresel 1smmanm miktanna ve ~iddetine bagll olarak, atmosfere ne kadar sera gaz1 ilave ettigimiz anla~1labilir .

D) Atmosfere ilave ettigimiz sera gazmm ne miktarda oldugu, kuresel 1smmanm miktar ve yogunluguna baglld1r. E) Atmosfere ne olc;:ude sera gaz1 ilave ettigimize bagll olarak, kuresel 1smmanm miktan ve ~iddeti anla~11ir.


641

YDS $iFRELERi

I 41.-45. Sorularda, verilen Ti.irkc;re ci.imleye anlamca en yakm ingilizce ci.imleyi bulunuz. 41. Su ve binalan 1s1tmak ve elektrik i.iretmek ic;rin kullamlabilen lgune§ kaynakt1r ve fosil yak1tlanndan daha az c;revre sorunlarm eden olur.

enerjisil,

ti.ikenmez bir

TANIMLAMA + OZNE UYUMU TEKNiGi! (RELATIVE CLAUSE YAPISI! TANI

MA BiLGiSi OZNEDEN SONRA GELiR)

A) Compared with fossil fuels, solar energy ses a few environmental problems , but it is an inexhaustible source that can be used for the heating water and buildings and also to generate electricity. B) As an inexhaustible source, solar en gy, which can be used for the generation of electricity and also for the heatin of water as well as bui ngs, has fewer environmental problems than do fossil fuels.

Solar ener , which can be used to heat water and buildings and generate electricity, is an inexhaustible source and causes fewer environmental problems than do fossil fuels . D) Although solar energy has much fewer environmental problems than do fossil fuels , it is indeed an inexhaustible source that can be used to heat water and buildings and generate electricity. E) Solar energy is so inexhaustible a source that, since it causes fewer environmental problems than do fossil fuels, it can be used to heat water and buildings and generate plenty of electricity. 42. Atmosferde karbon dioksit ve diger sera gazlarmm ciddi bir ki.iresel 1smma hakkmda kayg1lara neden

artJ

I, oni.imi.izdeki y1llarda olabilecek c;rok daha aktad1r.

OZNE UYUMU TEKNiGi! A) As carbon dioxide and vario ther greenhouse gases increase in the atmosphere, there are serious concerns that a ma·or I warming will happen in the near future.

he increase 0 carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are causing concerns about a much more serious global warming that may occur in the years ahead. C) Because of the increase of carbon dioxide and various other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, a great deal of serious concern is expressed about a major global warming that may happen in a few years. D) There are many concerns that a very serious global warming will occur in the years ahead owing to the increased carbon dioxide and various other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. E) Since carbon dioxide and many other greenhouse gases have increased in the atmosphere, there is a great deal of serious concern about the possibility of a major global warming in the near future. 43. Sel ve yi.iksek dalgalara yol ac;rm1~ olan tropikal f1rtmalardan

ola 1, 1970'den bu yana, Banglade~· te

lEN AZ 300.000 insanl olmi.i~ti.ir. OZNE + BAGLAC UYUMU TEKNiG " A) Tropical storms, causing flooding and high s, have killed up to 300.000 people in Bangladesh since 1970. ngladesh since 1970, as tropical storms have caused much flooding B) Up to 300.000 people have died i and high waves. C) In Bangladesh after 197 , ore or less 300.000 people have been killed because of the flooding and high waves caused by t cal storms. D) The death of out 300.000 people in Bangladesh after 1970 has been caused by tropical storms that have le ooding and high waves . Since 1970, IAT LEAST 300.000 people! have died in Bangladesh due to tropical storms that have caused flooding and high waves.

642



COZ0M0

44.1Dunyadaki yagmur ormanlanl. insanhk tarihind

gori.ilmemi~

ozellikle Amazon ve Kongo lrmag1 havzalarmda olanlar, bir h1zla yok edilmekte ve yak1lmaktad1r.

OZNE UYUMU TEKNiGi! A) In the world to ay, especially the ra in forests of the Amazon and Congo River basins have been destroyed and burned to he extent that there is no precedence in human history.

Rain forests in the world, particularly those in the Amazon and Congo River basins, are being destroyed and burned at a rate unprecedented in human history. C) In human history, there has never been so much destruction and burning of rain forests as can be seen in the Amazon and Congo River basins. D) The world 's rain forests , including those in the Amazon and Congo River basins, have been destroyed and burned so extensively that there is no other example of it in human history. E) Human history does not record the kind of destruction and burning that the world 's rain forests, especially those in the Amazon and Congo River basins , have undergone so far. 45. Gezegenimizdeki ya~am tarihi hakkmda fosil kay1tlan saglamaktad1r.

lbildiklerimizin ~ogunul,

bize, jeolojik kamtlar, ozellikle

OZNE UYUMU TEKNiGi ! A) Fossil records as well as other g ological evidence provide us with all the knowledge we have of the history of life on the planet. B) It is through geological evidenc , mostly by fossil records, that we have come to know the history of life on our planet. C) Our knowledge of the histo of life on this planet is completely based on geological evidence, especially on fossil records.

Much of what we about the history of life on our planet is provided to us by geological evidence , in particular fossil records. E) The history of life on our planet can best be understood through our study of fossil records and other kinds of geological evidence. 46. - 51. Sorularda, ci.imleyi bulunuz. 46.

bo~

b1rak1lan yere, parc;ada anlam bi.iti.inli.igi.ini.i saglamak ic;in getirilebilecek

THE CELL THEORY

one of the fundamental unifying concepts of biology, states that all living organisms are composed of basic units called "cells" and of substances produced by cells .

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

...

about in the way we associate with animals:tne)£.do move. of the growth process is that each part of the. ...organism continues to

... ...

which then gro~ ... ~nd develops

... ...


643

YDS ~iFRELERi

: ANA KONU E~LE~MESi + ORTAK KELiME TEKNiGi! I

A) It is true that Mendel was a clergyman who bred pea plants in his monastery garden at Brno, Czech Republic. : B) Therefore , at that time biology was largely a descriptive science , and biologists had little interest in experimental studie$. C) So it is clear that Mendel's "hereditary factors" are essentially what we call "genes" today, which is one of the major subjects modern biology. D) In fact, geneticistj stud~ not only the transmission of genes, but also th~ ex ression of genetic information.

at

No one before

HIM

had categorized and counted the

ffs rm

and analyzed these regular

lpatternsl over several generations. 48. From about 1300 until about the m1ddle of the fifteenth century . DISASTERS struck throughout western Europe with appalling severity and dismaying persistence.~ the most terrible natural disaster of all: the dreadful plague known as "the Black Death."/lt reduced the total population o estern Europe by at least one half and caused great hardships for most of the survivors .

...... ...

... ...

t::l~"fi:LEME +ANA KONU E~LE~MESi TEKNiGi!

Euro e emer ed in the later fifte~nth century with a healthier economy.

OF THESE DISASTERS, famine was the most widespread and persistent. C) There was a limit to the amount of land that could be cleared for farming . D) Overcrowding made Europe's cities particularly vulnerable to the plague. E) Large-scale banking had already emerged during the thirteenth century.

49. In 1915 the German scientist ALFRED WEGENER who had noted a similarity between the geographical shapes of South America and Africa, proposed that all the land masses had at one time

e ener did

been joined into one huge supercontinent. not_ know of any mechanism that could have c
... ...

----------

--- --- ----__ ---------ANA KONU E~LE~MESi TEKNiGi!

.,. ,."" ...

IH~ ;urther suggested

that Pangea had subsequently broken apart and that various land masses had

I"

"I

separated in a process known as continental drift. B) Earth's crust is composed of seven large plates , plus a few smaller ones , that float on the mantle which is the solid layer of Earth lying beneath the crust and above the core. C) As the plates move, the continents change their relative positions , and this movement of the crustal plates is termed "plate tectonics." D) When two plates grind together, one of them is sometimes buried under the other in a process known as "subduction ." E) As the continents began to drift apart, populations became geographically isolated in different environmental conditions and began to diverge along separate evolutionary pathways.

644



COZ0M0

50.

,. " " " , .. --"" ANA KONU E$LE$MESi TEKNiGi!

/ ~

~

// /

/

""

A) In his great po_e m The 'f'astej~nd the Anglo- American poet T.S . Eliot presented a philosophy that was close to despair. / ," B) In his novel The Sun/~186 Rises, Hemingway gave the public a powerful description of the socalled "lost /:"" generation".

[HE'IIno

Moreover, longer directed their work to fellow intellectuals alone, but to ordinary men and women as well . D) Furthermore, Virginia Woolfs essays and novels offered an eloquent and severe critique of Britain's institutions and universities. E) As for Bertolt Brecht, he rebelled against high culture and bourgeois values, but he also protested against the pretentious elitism of his contemporaries .

chromosomes and

ANA KONU E$LE$MESi TEKNiGi!

EME TEKNiGi! I

A) As a new form of knowledge in an age of global inte~ponnection , genetic e has forced many nations to make changes in their laws and regulations concerning medical pra B) In Africa, Latin America, and elsewhere, political chao~. imbalances of trade, an pharmaceutical companies have often resulted in shortages of medicine. C) As AIDS became a global health crisis in the 1980s, int~rnational organizations r<>rnnr•7"'n early, swift, and comprehensive response to future outbreaks of disease. through this process and alongside it,IGENETIC ENGINEERS! developed !methods ~o alter the biology of living things, including humans. E) Moreover, genetically engineered human growth hormone is required by some children to overcome growth deficiencies.


645

YDS ~iFRELERi

I 52. -57. Sorularda, verilen durumda soylenmi§ olabilecek sozu bulunuz. 52. An old friend of yours, whom youhaven't seen for years, wishes to see you as soon as possible and, on the telephone, asks for an appointment. Since you will be away for a few days for a conference, you wonder whether an appointment sometime next week will be alright for him. As

rz.illt'JIIbM·•i;m

after such a long time, you say to him politely: A)

Besides, I can 't

B)

·sa conference I have to attend . I suggest we meet sometime

we meet sometime next week? L-----------~~~--~ again D) After so many years, I hardly remember you. If you feel that you have to see me, you have to wait until next weekend because I am going away for a conference. E) You should have called me earlier as I am going away for a conference. Can you come next week? It has been a long time since I saw you last.

to encourage him to study

A) Since history appeals to you so much, I stron I field of study when you enter the university. C) History is a very broad field , and I am afraid you will soon be fed up with it. D) Since you 're determined to study history at the university, there is nothing I can do for you . E) As far as I am concerned, your interest in history is hardly genuine and will soon disappear. ~~~~~~~~~~~~----~~

A) You have been very kind ndeed to consider me as a plenary speaker. Unless something unexpected comes up, I will attend the onference . B) In view of my publications nd senior position , I think I deserve such an invitation . I will get to work right the right time as I have been doing research on a subject that best suits your

to me. 11

646

really feell



COZ0M0

B) Given the academic quality of your work, I wouli.J::tEifrain from making any comment on your promotion, but I simply express my congratulations . NEGATIVE C) Even though I would like to congratulate you on your promotion , I must draw your attention to the fact ~ou must upgrade the academic quality of your work. NEGATIVI; D) I congratulate you on your promotion as associate professor, ~I would advise you to work harder to improve the quality of your research. NEGATI_YE E) I am very pleased with your promotion. Yll!( as far as I am concerned , you ought to be more concerned about the academic quality of your work . NEGATIVE 56. Your friend's son is getting married. You have been invited to the wedding, which will take place on the very day you are going abroad on urgent business that cannot be postponed. So,

~

.._._..,,...·.. you call your friend and say:

will be many people at the wedding . As for me, on the day of the wedding I will be A) I am sure th travelling abroad o rgent business. I know you will understand. B) I received your invitat1 Yet, due to my forthcoming trip abroad on urgent business, I will not be able to attend your son's wedding. ar? C) This forthcoming business trip oad that I have to make cannot be cancelled . So it will be impossible for me to attend the wedding . D) Thank you so much for your invitation. he very day the wedding takes place , I will be abroad for urgent business. Thanks for the invitation. How unfortunate it is t the weddin coincides with my urgent business trip abroad , which I cannot put off! Therefore, I am

ou seem to be a B) C) D) E)

indeed ve

I can 't attend the wedding .

from one an le

and ignore the

serious question of how to dispose of nuclear waste safely. I fully share your views about the uses of nuclear power, and I think we should also look at the financial problems. Certainly, nuclear power is cheap, clean and environmentally harmless. However, there are a number of problems about it and we have to consider them in detail. I completely agree with you that the most serious question concerning nuclear power is how to get rid of nuclear waste . As you have just indicated, the safe disposal of nuclear waste is a problem that needs to be discussed extensively.


647

YDS $iFRELERi 58.- 63. Sorularda, cumleler Slraslyla okundugunda par!;amn an lam butuniOgunO bozan cumleyi bulunuz. 58. (I) One of the major strategies to manage !global warming! is prevention. {II) Prevention of

lobal

IWarmingl involves developing ways to prevent the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. {Ill)

I

is the ultimate and best solution because it is permanent. (IV) However, []requires new technologies that have not yet been developed. (V) Most of all, environmental problems are connected to overpopulation. A) I B) II C) Ill D) IV V

4' TE 4 TEKNiGi! DORT SECENEKTE KONU AYNIDIR; GLOBAL WARMING! 59. (I) [he global ocean! is a huge body of salt water that surrounds the continents and covers almost threefourths of Earth's surface. (II)

~ is

a single, continuous body of water. (Ill) Not surprisingly, aquatic life

zones are different in almost all respects from terrestrial ecosystems. (IV) Yet, geographers have diviftd into four sections (the Pasific, Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic oceans), separated by the continents. (V

~

he

!Pacific Ocean lis the largest by far: it covers one-third of Earth's surface and contains more than half of Earth's water. A) I B) II Ill D) IV E) V

4' TE 4 TEKNiGi! DORT SECENEKTE KONU AYNIDIR; THE GLOBAL OCEAN!

4' TE TEKNiGI! DORT SECENEKTE KONU AYNIDIR; SOLAR RADIATION! 61. (I) Among the fundamental themes of Greek tragedy were justice, law, and the conflicting demands of piety and obligation that drove a heroic man or woman to destruction. (II) iih$.ere mostly derived from Homer. (Ill) !Most tragedies! were the dramatization of well-known myths and legends from the past. (IV) But decidedly contemporary issues and events were also represented in !Some tragedies.! (V) Epic and lyric poetry were already well established Greek literary forms when the fifth century B.C. began. A) I B) II C) Ill D) IV V

(I)- (II) ORTAK KONUSU THE FUNDAMENTAL THEMES OF GREEK TRAGEDY! (Ill)- (IV) ORTAK KONUSU THE TRAGEDIES!

648

4'TE 2 TEKNiGi!


2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE COZ0M0 62. (I) Life in Europe in the seventeenth and eiteenth centuries was largely shaped by the combined effects of

war. ~radel. and a steadily G!i,@)j,J,j~ (II) Especially the practice of ~ree tradelled to the establishment of overseas colonies and opened up new markets for European industry. {Ill) Additionally,

,h!FfiU,hi

agricultural productivity increased, making it possible for Europe to feed that had now reached unprecedented levels. (IV) The dominant artistic school of southern Europe from about 1600 until the early 1700s was that of the Baroque, a school not only of painting but of sculpture and architecture. (V) Moreover, population growth in turn enabled European governments to wage more frequent wars and employ larger and larger armies. A) I B) II C) Ill IV E) V

(I)- (II) ORTAK KONUSU TRADE!

o

4' TE 2 TEKNiGI!

(I)- (II)- (Ill) ORTAK KONUSU GROWING POPULATION! 63. {I) Modern historians of science consider ~

law of universal gravitation to be the greatest contribution to physics ever made by a single person. (II) The praise for ID!Idiscovery was just as great in Newton's own time. (Ill) In the eyes of ID!Icontemporaries he was a national hero. {IV)

During the seventeenth century, the most innovative scientific work came out of the universities. (V) [Jllwas also celebrated across Europe, particularly in France. A) I B) II C) Ill IV E) V

4' TE 4 TEKNIGI! DORT SECENEKTE KONU AYNIDIR; NEWTON!

I 64. -

69. Sorularda, verilen cumleye anlamca en yakm olan cumleyi bulunuz.

64. In his famous work the Wealth of Nations, the eighteenth-century Scottish economist '-----,.------' spelled out, in more technical and historical detail, the different stages of economic dev the past.

OZNELER VE RELATIVE CLAUSE YAPILARI AYNI!

~dam Smithl. an economist of the Scottish origin in the eighteenth century, gave, in his wellknown work The Wealth of Nations, a technically and historically detailed account of the various phases through which the economy had developed before his time. B) In The Wealth of Nations, a controversial work written by Adam Smith , who was a Scottish economist in the eighteenth century, a full description was given of how the economic progress had taken place in the past. C) The Scottish economist Adam Smith's great work The Wealth of Nations, written in the eighteenth century, is essentially a technical and historical description of the economic development and its changing phases in the past.

~dam Smithl,

who was an eighteenth-century economist bom in Scotland, wrote his celebrated work The Wealth of Nations in order to explain, in technical terms, the historical stages of the economic progress. E) In his controversial work The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith , who was an economist born in Scotland in the eighteenth century, described both technical and historical phases that made up the economic progress in the past.

D)


649

YDS $iFRELERi

ss.ln the 1960s, the emergence of new black nations in !AFRICA AND THE! CARIBBEAN was paralleled by the civil rights movement of the blacks in America. OZNELERi AYNI! A) So m ny new black nations emerged in the 1960s in Africa and the Caribbean that the American blacks fluenced by them and soon began to fight for their civil rights.

new black nations came into being in the 1960s in AFRICA AND THE IBBEAN, also the blacks in America started the civil rights movement. C) In the 1960s, the American blacks were so encouraged by the rise of various black nations in Africa and the Caribbean that they all joined in the civil rights movement. D) The civil rights movement, started by the blacks in America in the 1960s, was largely inspired by the rise of new African and Caribbean nations. E) The civil rights movement of the American blacks in the 1960s was extremely influenced by the new nations that had emerged in Africa and the Caribbean.

nlightenment thinkers were much influenced by those who

ENT THINKERS openly claimed that intellectually they were free from the past, they were greatly indebted to those thinkers who had preceded them . D) The past never aroused any interest in Enlightenment intellectuals, although they were essentially inspired ~the thinkers of the past. E)lthoughi ENLIGHTENMENT INTEllECTUAlS took no interest in the past, they were much involved in the study of their predecessors' ideas.

67. The finest example of BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE is the church of Saint Sophia in Istanbul, constructed at enormou cost by the emperor Justinian in the sixth century.

OZNELERi AYNI! A) The church of Saint Sophia was money even though Byzantine a B) The construction of the church amount of money, and it is a sig C) In the sixth century, emperor J So hia that he wanted it to be th

onstructed by emperor Justinian in the sixth century and cost him a lot of hitecture has come to be represented by it. f Saint Sophia in the sixth century cost the emperor Justinian a huge ficant example of Byzantine architecture. tinian spent so much money on the construction of the church of Saint most excellent work of Byzantine architects.

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE is best represented by the church of Saint sophia in Istanbul, for the construction of which, in the sixth century, emperor Justinian spent a lot of money. E) A huge amount of money was spent by the emperor Justinian for the construction of the church of Saint Sophia in the sixth century, which in fact became a major work of Byzantine architecture.

650


2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE COZ0M0

OZNELERiAYNII OLDUGUNDAN COMLE SIRALAMALARI FARKLI!)

•

ural foodstuffs,

such as peas, lentils, fruits and cereal crops,

were produced

B) C) D) E)

by the <;atal Hi.iyi.ik inhabitants, whose prosperity reached its climax during the period between roughly 6500 and 5500 B.C. Peas, lentils, fruits , and cereal crops were the only agricultural foodstuffs that the people of <;atal Hi.iyi.ik, already very prosperous, produced during the period from 6500 to 5500 B.C. The people at <;atal Hi.iyi.ik were so prosperous that, during the period from 6500 to 5500 B.C., they produced various kinds of agricultural foodstuffs , especially peas, lentils, fruits and cereal crops . Among the agricultural foodstuffs produced by the extremely prosperous peasants of <;atal Hi.iyi.ik during the period from 6500 to 5500 B.C. were peas, lentils, fruits , and cereal crops. At <;atal HOyi.ik, where there was much prosperity between 6500 and 5500 B.C., only those agricultural foodstuffs, which consisted of peas, lentils, fruits and cereal crops, were produced by the people.

69.1Unlikel his

contemporaries, who favoured quiet urban scenes, the sixteenth-century Dutch painter Brue el exulted in depicting the ordinary life of the peasantry.

BAGLACLARIAYNI! ough it was Bruegel alone among the Dutch painters in the sixteenth century that was primarily rested in the representation of rural scenes, his contemporaries continued to deal in their works with ious aspects of urban life. Dutch painter Bruegel in the sixteenth century mainly focused on the representation of ordinary nes from rural life, just as his contemporaries were much interested in depicting urban life. representation of rural scenes from the life of the peasants was the Dutch painter Bruegel's primary rest, but his contemporaries in the sixteenth century took urban life as their main subject. an life with its happy scenes was one of the major interests of the Dutch painters in the sixteenth c tu , but Bruegel differed from them to some extent by his depiction of peasants' hard life.

Contra to the painters of his time, who preferred in the first place to represent peaceful scenes from urban life, the Dutch painter Bruegel, who lived in the sixteenth century, took much joy in the depiction of scenes from the simple life of the peasants.


651

YDS ~iFRELERi 70. - 75. Sorularda, kanjlhkh

konu~manm bo~

b1rak1lan k1smm1 tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bulunuz.

70. John: -The economic rather than political aspect of European colonialism has always interested me. Francis: - I know. It is clear from most of the papers you have presented so far. So you think that colonial exploitation in the past was the major source of Europe's economic prosperity. John: Francis: -IAgreed.llndeed, it is impossible to imagine this prosperity without them •

... ZAMiR NiTELEYiCiSi!

...

";

A) Actually, Britain's American colonies had no sig~i~canf ;.,ineral wealth and, therefore, they turned to agriculture. , B) Moreover, as far as I am concerned , the S~nlsh colonial economy was dominated by mining . C) On the other hand, the Portuguese g9vetnment allowed only Portuguese merchants to trade with their own colonies. ... ...... L---...:c--,--:--:L-l

For

i~sJance(Europe's growing wealth

in the eighteenth century was simply the result of

~~~~~~~~~~s~. French government encouraged the development of sugar-producing -;:

71. Mary: - Recently I have been reading Jean-Jacques Rousseau's political treatise The Social Contract, published in 1762. In his political views, he was certainly more radical than most of his contemporaries. Susan: -Yes, he was, indeed. For instance, he was probably the first person in his time to talk about popular sovereignty and democracy. Mary: Susan: - Because of his radical views as SUCh, he caused a great deal of controversy in eighteenthcentury France. 1

: ORTAK KONU ! I

A) B) C) D)

652

His famous nct-'el Emile tells the story of how a young man learns virtue and freedom . I didn 't know tlnat he was better known for his writing on education and moral virtue. We know that fnlightenment thinkers considered education key to human progress. The Social Contract was the least understood of his works , wasn't it? Obviously, he believed that legitimate authority arose from the people alone.



COZ0M0

72. Robert: • Did you know that the first recorded Olympic Games took place in the Valley of Olympia in Greece in 776 B.C.? Ted : Robert: "

"

" ""

""

were driven by economics and politics. , " " as stated by the International Olympic Comn'iittee (IOC) are

A) I wonder to what extent the modern 0 B) Do you think the goals of modern still valid? C) The ancient Greeks believed

life was completely controlled by the gods." "

""

" Unfortunately, they were abolished by the Roman emperor JK"eodosius I in 394 A.D. " inter stingly, the first Olympics contained only one event: the foot race. , " E) As yc»u know, many cities in the world compete with each other for the.tronour and prestige of hosting the Olyrripic Games. , "" rue.

"" "TRUE" iFADESi ONCESi YORUM CUMLESi GELiR!

73. Jack: • In the British Empire, India was the first colony to win its independence soon after World War II, wasn't it? Robin : ·Yes, it was. Actually, the extraordinary Indian nationalist Mahatma Gandhi had been at work in India since the 1920s and had pioneered anticolonial ideas. Jack: SORUDA YONTEM ACIKLANIYOR + ORTAK KONUI Robin :

·Principally, his strategy was nonviolent noncooperation. So he urged the llndianl people to withdraw from the imperiai ~SQ.nomy and develop their own means of resistapeE( such as going on strike, refusing to pay taxes, or boVGqtting British goods. ... ...... """ '

how

...

did he set abo_11t.1ne""" anticolonial independence of llndial ·------------------- , """""" ...

n the face of colonial domination,

movement for the

B) Gandhi's strategy for independence provided a model for many liberation struggles in other colonies. C) Hadn't he already led a nonviolent campaign for the political rights of the Indian community in South Africa between 1894 and 1914? D) By 1947 Gandhi had gained such widespread support that the British found it impossible to continue in power in India. E) Yet, in June 1947, British India was partitioned into the nations of India and Pakistan, and the process of partition brought brutal religious and ethnic warfare.


653

YDS $iFRELERi 74. Stephen: - By the way, what does the term "hydrologic cycle" mean? Can you explain it? Martin: - Basicly it means that water cycles from the oceans and land to the atmosphere, and then back to the oceans, and land. It is a complex cycle, which provides us with a renewable supply of purified water on land. Stephen: Martin:

- Certainly, and also ian important onel. As you might expect, forests release substantial amountslof moisture into the atmo~J)here by transpiration, which then falls as precipitation. A) Whenla forest is burned or cut d6wn, how is the climate of the region affected? B) Do yo\.J think forests influenc&an area's climate? Do (orests play~ rolel in this cycle? D) How does transpiration by trees influence the local temperature of forests? E) What are the factors that determine climate? ES/NO QUESTION+ ORTAK KONU!

75. Harry: - It is true that, in the nineteenth century, Britain and France were Europe's two great overseas empires. Charles: - Why do you think so? Besides them, there were other colonial powers in Europe that also owned territories overseas. Harry: Charles: - I see what you mean. In other words, ~he Germans! were reluctant to engage in a colonial enterprise. Right? : A) The new political and economic relationships between colonie!> and dependent states on the one hand and the colonizing power on the other ran both ways, bringing cha~ges to both sides. B) The convergence of technology, money, and politics invol-ted in the construction of the Suez Canal represents the interplay of economics and empire in late ninet~enth-century Europe. C) The years from 1870 to 1914 brought both rapid industrialization throughout the West and the stunningly 1 rapid expansion of Western power abroad. r-~-----------.

In terms of colonial power politics, they counted little. S for German , which was the strongest emerging power inside Europe, its governments did -not be eve that colonization overseas would yield

economic and political advantages. So, !Germany ~as not:a colonial empire. E) The nineteenth-century empires developed against the backdrop of economic and political changes such as industrialization, liberal revolutions, and the rise of na~ion-states , which transformed Europe and European imperialism.

654


2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE COZ0M0 76. - 80. Sorulan

a~ag1daki

parc;aya gore cevaplaym1z. from the passage , was so thrilled by his of ISPECIFICI DISCOVER

B) C) D) E)

In antiquity, prior to the third century B.C., physics had been a branch of philosophy. 1! was made a se arate, science by RCHIMEDES OF experimental ISYRACUSEI, who lived between 287 and 212 B.C. He not only discovered the law of floating objects , or specific gravity, but also formulated with scientific exactness the principles of the lever, the pulley, and the screw. Among his memorable inventions were the compound pulley and the screw propeller for ships. Although he has been considered the greatest technical genius of antiquity, in fact he preferred to devote himself to pure scientific research . Tradition relates that he discovered "Archimedes' principle, " that is, specific gravity, while pondering possible theories in his bath when he reached his stunning insight, he dashed out naked into the street crying "Eureka!" ("I

.

...

he immediately announced it to the public in an unusual fashion he described every detail of it to the people with scientific exactness the people in the street joined him in the celebration of his discovery most of his contemporaries regarded it as a perfect example of pure scientific research his theory of specific gravity was soon applied in shipbuilding

77. According to the passage, \ARCHIMEDES,!----. A) there had been some scientific research on the law of floating objects physics had not been considered to be ~ science separate from philosophy C) the use in ships of the screw propeller had already been known D) various theories had been proposed about floating objects E) the study of philosophy had been confined only to physics

..

ANAHTAR KELiME COMLESiNDEN KONU E'LE,MESi TEKNiGi! SORUDA i~ARETLi ANAHTAR KELiMENiN PARCADA iLK KEZ GECTiGi C0MLEDEKi KELiMELERDEN EN COK iCEREN B SECENEGiDiR.


655

YDS ~iFRELERi In antiquity, prior to the third century B.C., physics had been a branch of philosophy . .!! was made a se arate, experimental science by RCHIMEDES OF iSYRACUSEj, who lived between 287 and 212 B.C. He not only discovered the law of floating objects, or specific gravity, but also formulated with scientific

exactness the principles of the lever, the pulley, and the screw. Among his memorable inventions were the compound pulley and the screw propeller for ships. Although he has been considered the greatest technical genius of antiquity, in fact he preferred to devote himself to pure scientific research . Tradition relates that he discovered "Archimedes' principle, " that is, specific gravity, while pondering possible theories in his bath when he reached his stunning insight, he dashed out naked into the street crying "Eureka!" ("I have found it!").

78. As it is clear from the passage, !ARCHIMEDES! -A) was so seriously concerned with technical issues that he often neglested his scientific research B) can be described as a man who openly opposed the study of philosophy was more interested in the theoretical aspect of science than in its practical uses D) was particularly indifferent to questions of navigation and shipbuilding E) taught the people of Syracuse how to use the compound pulley most efficiently

ANAHTAR KELiME C0MLESiNDEN KONU E'LE,M ESi TEKNiGi! SORUDA i~ARETLi ANAHTAR KELiMENiN PARCADA iLK KEZ GECTiGi CUMLE iLE SECENEK ARASINDAKi ORTAK KELiMELER E~LE~TiRiLMi~TiR.

In antiquity, prior to the third century B.C., physics had been a branch of philosophy. It was made a separate, experimental science by Archimedes of Syracuse, who lived between 287 and 212 B.C. He not only discovered the law of floating objects, or specific gravity, but also formulated with scientific exactness the princi les of the lever, the ulle , and the screw. Among HIS MEMORABLE INVENTIONS were the compound pulley and the screw propeller for ships. Although he has been considered the greatest technical genius of antiquity, in fact he preferred to devote himself to pure scientific research. Tradition relates that he discovered "Archimedes' principle," that is, specific gravity, while pondering possible theories in his bath ; when he reached his stunning insight, he dashed out naked into the street crying "Eureka!" ("I have found it!").

were not related to the theories that he had already formulated have qualified him to be regarded as "the greatest genius of antiquity" C) were put into use when, following several scientific tests, they proved to be very efficient D) were all based on his theory of specific gravity, which he had been pondering for a long time E) were described in detail in his writings

ANAHYAR KELiME C0MLESiNDEN KONU E'LE,MESi TEKNiGi! SORUDA i~ARETLi ANAHTAR KELiMELERiN PARCADA iLK KEZ GECTiGi CUMLE iLE SECENEK ARASINDA ORTAK KONU E~LE~MESi YAPILAMADIGINDAN, BiR SONRAKi CUMLE E~LE~TiRME ic,;:iN ELE ALINMI~TIR.

656


2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE COZ0M0 In antiquity, prior to the third century B.C., physics had been a branch of philosophy. It was made a separate , experimental science by Archimedes of Syracuse, who lived between 287 and 212 B.C. He not only discovered the law of floating objects , or specific ravit , but also formulated with scientific exactness HE PRINCIPLES OF THE LEVER, THE PULLEY, NO THE SCRE . Among his memorable inventions were the compound pulley and the screw propeller for ships . Although he has been considered the greatest technical genius of antiquity, in fact he preferred to devote himself to pure scientific research. Tradition relates that he discovered "Archimedes' principle ," that is, specific gravity, while pondering possible theories in his bath ; when he reached his stunning insight, he dashed out naked into the street crying "Eureka! " ("I

-.

..

has been traditionally attributed to Archimedes, but it had been known to other physicists in antiquity B) can also be considered to be one of Archimedes' least scientific formulations C) aroused so much interest in the public that he was rightly proud of his scientific discovery was also defined by Archimedes in absolutely scientific terms HE FORMULATED WITH E) was formulated by Archimedes only after he carried out a series of complicated experiments

=

ANAHTAR KELiME C0MLESiNDEN iFADE E'LE,MESi TEKNiGi! SORUDA i~ARETLi ANAHT AR KELiMELERiNiN PARCADA iLK KEZ GECTiGi C0MLEDEKi iFADE iLE SECENEKTEKi iFADE E~LE~TiRiLMi~TiR.

I 81 . - 85. Sorulan a~ag1daki par~aya gore cevaplaym1z. The Romans were descended from a cluster of peoples who had crossed the Alps into Italy during the second millennium B.C. and spoke a variety of Indo-European dialects. Recent archaeological research has pushed the origins of the city of Rome back to at least the tenth century B.C. , several centuries earlier than the traditional date 753 B.C. , which the Romans themselves considered their city's foundation year. !ROME'S ~trategic location along (THE TIBERI River brought it many different advantages. Trading ships could navigate the Tiber as far as Rome, but no farther; the city could thus serve as a port without being threatened by attack from the sea . Rome's famous hills increased the defensibility of the site. In other words, as a city, Rome was situated at a junction across the Tiber, making it a major land and river crossroads.

81. According to the passage, IROMEj was founded at a site along the~. which ----. A was vulnerable to attacks from the hills around provided a perfect crossing across the river had been a major trading centre even before the tenth century B.C. D) enabled merchant ships to sail far into the country E) was most exposed to the dangers from the sea

ANAHTAR KELiME COMLESiNDEN iFADE E'LE,MESi TEKNiGi! SORUDA i~ARETLi ANAHTAR KELiMELERiN PARCADA iLK KEZ GECTiGi C0MLEDEKi KELiMELER iLE SECENEKTEKi KELiMELER E~LE~TiRiLMi~TiR.


657

YDS ~iFRELERi

[HE ROMANSIIWERE DESCENDED! from a cluster of peoples who had crossed the Alps into Italy during the second millennium B.C. and spoke a variety of IndoEuropean dialects. Recent archaeological research has pushed the origins of the city of Rome back to at least the tenth century B.C., several centuries earlier than the traditional date 753 B.C., which the Romans themselves considered their city's foundation year. Rome's strategic location along The Tiber River brought it many different advantages. Trading ships could navigate the Tiber as far as Rome, but no farther; the city could thus serve as a port without being threatened by attack from the sea. Rome's famous hills increased the defensibility of the site. In other words, as a city, Rome was situated at a junction across the Tiber, making it a major land and river crossroads

82. It is pointed out in the passage that ttB.§ !ANCESTORS! of tfHE ROMANS!----. A) believed that the Alps would provide perfect defence against invasions from the North B) came from the North and settled in Italy around the tenth century B.C. C) first looked for a strategic location where they could safely settle D) were a sea-going people who were particularly interested in overseas trade were the peoples who spoke various dialects of the same language

ANAHTAK KI:LIME CUMLESiNDEN iFADE

EfLEfMESi TEKNiGil i~ARETLi ANAHTAR KELiMENiN PARCADA iLK KEZ GE<;TiGi CUMLEDEKi iFADE; SECENEKTEKi iFADE iLE E~LE~TiRiLMi~TiR.

The Romans were descended from a cluster of peoples who had crossed the Alps into Italy during the second millennium B.C. and s oke a variet of lndo-Euro ean dialects. IRECEN"fl RCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH has pushed the origins of the city of Rome back to at least the tenth centurv B.C., several centuries earlier than the traditional date 753 B.C., which the Romans themselves considered their city's foundation year. Rome's strategic location along the Tiber River brought it many different advantages. Trading ships could navigate the Tiber as far as Rome , but no farther; the city could thus serve as a port without being threatened by attack from the sea . Rome's famous hills increased the defensibility of the site. In other words , as a city, Rome was situated at a junction across the Tiber, • I • • I • I and river crossroads .

83.

It is stated in the passage that m!1AEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE! obtained ~

FAR ---.

B) C) D) E)

indicates the tenth century B.C. as the date of the foundation of Rome clearly proves how and when various IndoEuropean peoples crossed the Alps into Italy shows why the earlier Romans decided to found their city at a site up the Tiber River proves conclusively how Rome came to be a major port for trading ships answers the question of why the original natives of Italy collaborated with the Indo-European invaders

ANAHTAR KELiME CUMLESiNDEN KONU EfLEfMESi TEKNiGil SORUDA i~ARETLi ANAHTAR KELiMELERiN PARCADA iLK KEZ GE<;TiGi CUMLEDEKi KELiMELER iLE SECENEKTEKi ORTAK KELiMELER E~LE~TiRiLMi~TiR!

658


2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE COZ0M0 The Romans were descended from a cluster of peoples who had crossed the Alps into Italy during the second millennium B.C. and spoke a variety of Indo-European dialects. Recent archaeological research has pushed the origins of the city of Rome back to at least the tenth century B.C., several centuries earlier than the traditional date 753 B.C., which tfHE ROMANS! themselves considered their city's foundation year. Rome's strategic location along the Tiber River brought it many different advantages. Trading ships could navigate the Tiber as far as Rome , but no farther; the city could thus serve as a port without being threatened by attack from the sea . Rome's famous hills increased the defensibility of the site. In other words, as a city, Rome was situated at a junction across the Tiber, . it a m land and river crossroads.

84. It is indicated in the passage that [HE ROMANS!

----.

A) built strong defences on the hills surrounding Rome attributed the foundation of their city to one specific year C) maintained their Indo-European identity for centuries D) were not a strategically-minded people and never took security into account E) benefited from the Tiber only in terms of its economic advantages.

.

ANAHTAR KELiME CUMLESiNDEN KONU E'LE,MESi TEKNiGi! SORUDA i~ARETLi ANAHTAR KELiMENiN iLK KEZ GECTiGi CUMLEDEKi KELiMELER VE VERiLMEK iSTENiLEN iFADE SECENEKELERDE BULUNAMADIGINDAN; BiR SONRAKi C0MLEDEKi KELiMELER iLE SECENEKTEKi KELiMELER E~LE~Mi~TiR.

The Romans were descended from a cluster of peoples who had crossed the Alps into Italy during the second millennium B.C. and spoke a variety of Indo-European dialects. Recent archaeological research has pushed the origins of the city of Rome back to at least the tenth century B.C., several centuries earlier than the traditional date 753 B.C., which the Romans themselves considered their city's foundation year. Rome's strategic location along the Tiber River brought it many different advanta es. Trading ships could navigate HE TIBE as far as Rome, but no farther; the city could thus serve as a port without being threatened by attack from the sea . Rome's famous hills increased the defensibility of the site. In other words , as a city, Rome was situated at a junction across the Tiber it a m land and river crossroads .

85. One understands from the passage that [HEI ~ in antiquity ----. A) had been used as a waterway for trade even before Rome was founded on it B) was the only river in Italy, on which trading ships of any size could sail safely C) played an important role in the defence of Rome whenever the city was attacked from the sea D) provided a number of crossings whereby the Romans were able to transport their forces across it was partially navigable and provided Rome with an economic advantage

ANA"TAK KI:LIME CUMLESi NDEN KONU E'LE,MESi TEKNiGi! SORUDA i~ARETLi ANAHTAR KELiMELERiN PARCADA iLK KEZ GECTiGi CUMLEDEKi KELiMELER iLE SECENEKTEKi ORTAK KELiMELER E~LE~TiRiLMi~TiR.


659

YDS ~iFRELERi

I 86. -

90. Sorulan a§ag1daki parc;,aya gore cevaplaym1z.

When air pollution, including acid rain, is combined with other environmental stresses , such as low winter temperatures , prolonged droughts, insects, and bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases, it can cause plants to decline and die. More than half of the red spruce trees in the mountains of the northern United States have died since the mid-1970s. Other tree species, such as sugar maples, for example, are also dying . Many still-living trees are exhibiting symptoms of forest decline, characterized by a gradual deterioration and often eventual death . The general symptoms of forest decline are reduced vigour and growth, but some plants exhibit specific s m toms , such as yellowing of needles in conifers. IR POLLUTANTS may or may not be the primary stress that results in forest decline, but the presence of air pollution lowers plant resistance to other stress factors. When one or more stresses weaken a tree, then an additional stress may bee to cause death.

86. It is suggested in the passage that ~ IPOLLUTANTS!----. A) become very destructive for all kinds of trees when they turn into acid rain B) have been the primary cause of the deterioration of various tree species can cause forest decline when they act together with other environmental stresses D) show their adverse effect on trees most clearly when there are prolonged droughts E) are particularly effective on sugar maples and conifers but not other species

ANAHTAR KELiME C0MLESiNDEN KONU E'LE,MESi TEKNiGil SORUDA i~ARETLi ANAHTAR KELiMELERiN PAR<;ADA iLK KEZ GE<;TiGi CUMLEDEKi KELiMELER iLE SE<;ENEKTEKi KELiMELER E~LE~TiRiLMi~TiR.

are symptoms of FOREST ecline, characterized by a gradual deterioration and often eventual death . The general symptoms of forest decline are reduced vigour and growth, but some plants exhibit specific symptoms, such as yellowing of needles in conifers. Air pollutants may or may not be the primary stress that results in forest decline, but the presence of air pollution lowers plant resistance to other stress factors . When one or more stresses weaken a tree, then an additional stress be h to cause death .

87.According to the passage, when [HE TREES INI lA FORESTj fail to grow properly, ----. A) this is directly related to low winter temperatures B) this is mostly the result of a fungal disease C) its immediate effect can be detected right away this can be a symptom of forest decline it is inevitable that bacterial diseases will emerge soon

ANAHTAK KELiME COMLESiNDEN KONU E'LE,MESi TEKNiGil SORUDAKi ANAHTAR KELiMELERiN PAR<;ADA iLK KEZ GE<;TiGi CUMLEDE VERiLEN iFADE iLE SE<;ENEKTEKi iFADE iLE E~LE~TiRiLMi~TiR.

660


2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE COZ0M0

have died since the mid-1970s. Other tree species, such as sugar maples, for example, are also dying. Many still-living trees are exhibiting symptoms of forest decline, characterized by a gradual deterioration and often eventual death. The general symptoms of forest decline are reduced vigour and growth, but some plants exhibit specific symptoms, such as yellowing of needles in conifers . Air pollutants may or may not be the primary stress that results in forest decline, but the presence of air pollution lowers plant resistance to other stress factors. When one or more stresses weaken a tree, then an additional stress be to cause death. ~~~~~~~~~~~

A) is a clear indication of how forest decline can turn into a major disaster B) has been caused primarily by bacterial and viral diseases in the region C) was also noticed'it:l the...l'Rid-1970s when the trees showed a great deal of reduced vigour (PARCADA! SINCE THE MIND-1970! OLARAK GECiYOR. " IN" iLGECi iLE DEGILI)

D) was preceded first by reduced growth and then a long period of deterioration has resulted from the joint effects of air pollution and environmental factors

ANAHTAR KELiME COMLESiNDEN KONU E'LE,MESi TEKNiGil SORUDA i~ARETLi ANAHTAR KELiMELERiN VE iFADENiN PAR<;ADA iLK KEZ GE<;TiGi CUMLE BELiRLENMi~TiR. CUMLEDEKi iFADE "RED SPRUCE TREES HAVE DIED" OLDUGUNDAN; OLOMON NEDENiNE YER VEREN BiR ONCEKi CUMLE; KONU E~LE~TiRMESi A<;ISINDAN ELE ALINMI~TIR.


661

YDS ~iFRELERi hen

AIR POLLUTION,

combined

with

other

including acid rain, is

environmental

stresses, such as low winter temperatures, prolonged droughts, insects, and bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases, it can cause plants to decline and die. More than half of the red spruce trees in the mountains of the northern United States have died since the mid-1970s. Other tree species, such as sugar maples, for example, are also dying. Many still-living trees are exhibiting symptoms of forest decline, characterized by a gradual deterioration and often eventual death . The general symptoms of forest decline are reduced vigour and growth, but some plants exhibit specific symptoms , such as yellowing of needles in conifers. Air pollutants may or may not be the primary stress that results in forest decline, but the presence of air pollution lowers lant resistance to

When air pollution, including acid rain , is combined with other environmental stresses, such as low winter temperatures, prolonged droughts, insects, and bacterial, fungal , and viral diseases, it can cause plants to decline and die. More than half of the red spruce trees in the mountains of the northern United States have died since the mid-1970s. Other tree species, such as sugar maples, for example, are also dying. Many still-living trees are exhibiting symptoms of forest decline, characterized by a gradual deterioration and often eventual death. tfHE GENERAL SYMPTOMS OFI !FOREST DECLINE! are reduced vigour and growth, but some plants exhibit specific symptoms, such as yellowing of needles in conifers. Air pollutants may or may not be the primary stress that results in forest decline, but the presence of air pollution lowers plant resistance to other stress factors. When one or more stresses weaken a tree, then an additional stress may be h to cause death.

89. It is emphasized in the passage that air pollution ----. weakens the resistance of plants against environmental stresses B) in the northeastern United States has declined substantially over the years C) causes the spread of bacterial, fungal and viral diseases in the world D) plays a major role in the fall of winter temperatures E) prevents the detection of symptoms related to forest decline.

----. A

A) the growing number of insects the reduced vigour of trees C) lower winter temperatures D) prolonged droughts E) the increase of acid rain

ANAnTAR KELiME COMLESiNDEN KONU

E'LE,MESi TEKNiGi! SORUDA i~ARETLi ANAHTAR KELiMELERiN PAR<;ADA iLK KEZ BiR ARADA GE<;TiGi CUMLEDEKi KELiME iLE SE<;ENEKTEKi KELiME E~LE~TiRiLMi~TiR.

662


2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE COZ0M0 \ 91. -95. Sorulan a§ag•daki parc;aya gore cevaplaym1z. Government planners and social scientists from many countries are developing a number of strategies to help us adapt to global warming. For example, what should people living in coastal areas do? They can move inland away from the dangers of storm surges , although this solution has high economic costs . An alternative plan, which is also extremely expensive, is to build dikes to protect coastal land. The Dutch, who have been doing this sort of thing for several hundred years , have offered their technical expertise to several developing nations threatened by a rise in sea level. We also have to ada t to shiftin agricultural zones . MANY TEMPERATE COUNTRIES rein the process of evaluating semitropical crops to determine the best ones to substitute for traditional crops if or when tfHEI \CLIMATEj warms . Drought-resistant species of trees are being developed by large lumber companies now, because the trees planted today will be harvested many decades later when global warming may already much worse .

.-

have already applied to the Dutch government to help them protect their coastal areas against a rise in sea level owing to global warming B) have urgently developed some costly strategies in order to protect themselves from the extreme effects of global warming C) are developing new agricultural zones for semitropical crops, since they are economically more profitable than traditional crops are experimenting with semitropical crops for the replacement of their traditional crops in case the climate gets warmer E) are exposed to the dangers of storm surges and have therefore taken radical measures to rescue their people in coastal areas

ANAHTAR KELiME CUMLESiNDEN KONU EfLEfMESi TEKNiGil SORUDA i~ARETLi ANAHTAR KELiMELERiN PARCADA iLK KEZ GECTiGi C0MLEDEKi KELiMELER iLE SECENEKTEKi KELiMELER E~LE~TiRiLMi~TiR. Government planners and social scientists from many countries are developing a number of strategies to help us adapt to global warming. For example, what should people living in coastal areas do? They can move inland away from the dangers of storm surges , although this solution has high economic costs. An alternative plan , which is also extremely expensive, is to build dikes to protect coastal land. The Dutch, who have been doing this sort of thing for several hundred years , have offered their technical expertise to several developing nations threatened by a rise in sea level. We also have to adapt to shifting agricultural zones. Many temperate countries are in the process of evaluating semitropical crops to determine the best ones to substitute for traditional cro s if or when the climate warms. DROUGHT-RESISTANT SPECIES OF tfREES\ are being developed by large lumber companies now, because the trees planted today will be harvested many decades later when global U!J.lJ.llllll!:' • .. - • • • much worse .

92. One understands from the passage that the development of tfREE SPECIES\ that can resist \DROUGHTS\----. A) is being carefully studied by government planners and scientists as an alternative solution is a precaution that major lumber firms are taking against global warming C) has been so costly that governments of temperate countries have given it up D) is indispensable because, due to global warming , most forests will disappear in a few decades E) is important for countries where agricultural zones have been badly affected by global warming

ANAHTAR KELiME CUMLESiNDEN KONU EfLEfMESi TEKNiGil SORUDA i~ARETLi ANAHTAR KELiMELERiN PARCADA iLK KEZ GECTiGi CUMLEDEKi KELiMELER iLE SECENEKTEKi KELiMELER E~LE~TiRiLMi~TiR.


663

YDS ~iFRELERi Government planners and social scientists from many countries are developing a number of strategies to help us adapt to global warming. For example, what should people living in coastal areas do? They can move inland away from the dangers of storm surges , although this solution has high economic costs. An alternative plan , which is also extremely ex ensive, i.§ to build dikes to protect coastal land. HE DUTCH !Who have been doing THIS! sort of thing for several hundred years, have offered their technical expertise to several developing nations threatened by a rise in sea level. We also have to adapt to shifting agricultural zones . Many temperate countries are in the process of evaluating semitropical crops to determine the best ones to substitute for traditional crops if or when the climate warms. Drought-resistant species of trees are being developed by large lumber companies now, because the trees planted today will be harvested many decades later when global warming may already much worse .

man countries are develo in a number of strategies to help us adapt to LOBAL WARMING. For example , what should people living in coastal areas do? They can move inland away from the dangers of storm surges , although this solution has high economic costs . An alternative plan, which is also extremely expensive, is to build dikes to protect coastal land. The Dutch , who have been doing this sort of thing for several hundred years, have offered their technical expertise to several developing nations threatened by a rise in sea level. We also have to adapt to shifting agricultural zones . Many temperate countries are in the process of evaluating semitropical crops to determine the best ones to substitute for traditional crops if or when the climate warms . Drought-resistant species of trees are being developed by large lumber companies now, because the trees planted today will be harvested many decades later when global warming may already get much worse.

664

93. As implied in the passage, [HE DUTCH!----. have a long history of experience in the construction of dikes B) are very concerned about some coastal areas threatened by a rise in sea level C) have been reluctant to cooperate technically with some developing countries D) learned how to build dikes about a hundred years ago to protect their coastal areas E) think that it is extremely expensive for developing countries to build dikes

an alternative strategy is that all the coastal areas in the world have to be evacuated so that the inhabitants can be safe from the dangers of storm surges B) many scientists and planners are involved in a series of activities that are primarily suitable for temperate countries C) not only the Dutch but also governments of many countries have devoted a great deal of hard work to the development of urgent strategies D) new agricultural zones suitable for the growth of semitropical crops and also the development of drought-resistant trees are the only suitable strategies state planners and social scientists of different nationalities are working to develop



Government planners and social scientists from many countries are developing a number of strategies to help us adapt to global warming. For example, what should people living in coastal areas do? They can move inland away from the dangers of storm surges, although this solution has high economic costs. An alternative plan, which is also extremely expensive, is to build dikes to protect coastal land. The Dutch, who have been doing this sort of thing for several hundred years, have offered their technical expertise to several developing nations threatened by a rise in sea level. We also have to adapt to shifting agricultural zones. Many temperate countries are in the process of evaluating semitropical crops to determine the best ones to substitute for traditional crops if or when the climate warms. Drought-resistant species of trees are being developed by large lumber companies now; because the trees today will be harvested ~~~~~~~~~~when global warming may

.. - .

COZUMU

95. It is suggested in the passage that, liN SEVERAQ !DECADES!, ----. A) government planners and social scientists will see their planning efforts rewarded B) most developing countries can experience a severe decline in their agricultural production C) most coastal areas may be flooded unless they are protected by dikes the effects of global warming may be much more adverse E) lumber companies may go out of business due to the heavy costs incurred by the planting of trees

. .-

ANAHTAR KELiME COMLESiNDEN KONU E~LE~MESi TEKNiGi! SORUDA i$ARETLi ANAHTAR KELiMELERiN PAR<;ADA iLK KEZ GE<;TiGi CUMLEDEKi KELiMELER iLE SE<;ENEKTEKi ORTAK KELiMELER E$LE$TiRiLMi$TiR.

96.-100. Sorulan a!1ag1daki

par~aya

gore cevaplaym1z.

In England, transportation had improved a great deal during the years before 1830, but moving heavy materials, particularly coal, remained a problem. It is therefore significant that the first modern railway, built in 1825 for the transportation of coal, ran from the Durham coal field of Stockton to Darlington near the coast. Coal had traditionally been transported short distances via tramways, or tracks along which horses pulled coal carts. The Stockton-to-Darlington railway was a logical extension of a tramway, designed to answer the transportation needs arising from constantly expanding industrialization. The for the n of the


A) developed new techniques in order to increase the speed of locomotives B) was one of the partners who owned the Durham coal field of Stockton C) had been previously involved in the solution of various other problems concerning transportation D) had already distinguished himself by his achievements as an engineer had not r · formal educatio to

665

YDS ~iFRELERi

In England , transportation had improved a great deal during the years before 1830, but moving heavy materials, particularly coal , remained a problem . It is therefore significant that the first modern railway, built in 1825 for the transportation of coal , ran from the Durham coal field of Stockton to Darlington near the coast. Coal had traditionally been transported short distances via tramwa s, or tracks alon which horses pulled coal carts. HE STOCKTON-TO-DARLINGTON RAILWA was a logical extension of a tramway, DESIGNED T answer the transportation needs arising from constantly expanding industrialization. The man primarily responsible for the design of the first steam railway was George Stephenson , a selfeducated engineer who had not learned to read until he was seventeen . The locomotives on the StocktonDarlington line travelled at fifteen miles an hour, the fastest rate at which machines had yet moved goods overland . Soon they would move people as well , transforming transportation in the process.

97.1t is pointed out in the passage th,..,a-=t__.__,.,....,.., PRIMARY AIM in the construction F THE TOCKTON-DARLINGTON RAILWAY WAST A) give George Stephenson an opportunity to demonstrate his engineering skills B) enable people to travel more comfortably and cheaply C) transport more goods overland so that the costs could be much lower make the transportation of coal more efficient for the industry E) get rid of the use of horses in the transportation of heavy materials

ANAHTAR KELiME COMLESiNDEN KONU E~LE~MESi TEKNiGi! SORUDA i~ARETLi ANAHTAR KELiMENiN PAR<;ADA iLK KEZ GE<;TiGi CUMLEDEKi iFADE iLE SE<;ENEKTEKiKELiMELER E~LE~TiRiLMi~TiR.

In England, transportation !HAD IMPROVED! a great deal during the years before 1830, but moving heavy materials, particularly coal , remained a problem . It is therefore significant that the first modern railway, built in 1825 for the transportation of coal , ran from the Durham coal field of Stockton to Darlington near the coast. Coal had traditionally been transported short distances via tramways , or tracks along which horses pulled coal carts . The Stockton-to-Darlington railway was a logical extension of a tramway, designed to answer the transportation needs arising from constantly expanding industrialization . The man primarily responsible for the design of the first steam railway was George Stephenson, a self-educated engineer who had not learned to read until he was seventeen . The locomotives on the Stockton- Darlington line travelled at fifteen miles an hour, the fastest rate at which machines had yet moved goods overland. Soon they would move people as well , transforming transportation in the process.

to the passage, !MUCH! 98. According !IMPROVEMENT)----. A) was needed for an efficient use of tramways in the transportation of all sorts of goods had been achieved in transportation by 1830 in England C) was not expected in the transportation of coal when the first railway was built in 1825 D) was needed in the construction of railways for the development of England E) had been made before Stephenson in the design of locomotives

ANAHTAR KELiME COMLESiNDEN KONU E~LE~MESi TEKNiGi! SORUDA i~ARETLi ANAHTAR KELiMELERiN PAR<;ADA iLK KEZ GE<;TiGi CUMLEDEKi KELiMELER iLE SE<;ENEKTEKi KELiMELER E~LE~TiRiLMi~TiR.

666


2010 KPDS SINAVI VE TEKNiKLER iLE <;OZ0M0

It is therefore significant that the first modern railway, built in 1825 for the transportation of coal, ran from the Durham coal field of Stockton to Darlington near the coast. Coal had traditionally been transported short distances via tramways , or tracks along which horses pulled coa l carts . The Stockton-to-Darlington railway was a logical extension of a tramway, designed to answer the transportation needs arising from constantly expanding industrialization . The man primarily responsible for the design of the first steam railway was George Stephenson , a self-educated engineer who had not learned to read until he was seventeen . The locomotives on the Stockton- Darlington line travelled at fifteen miles an hour, the

In England , transportation had improved a great deal during the years before 1830, but moving heavy materials, particularly coal, remained a problem. It is therefore significant that the first modern railway, built in 1825 for the transportation of coal, ran from the Durham coal field of Stockton to Darlington near the coast. Coal had traditionally been transported short distances via tramwa s, or tracks alon which horses ulled coal carts . HE STOCKTON-TO-DARLINGTON RAILWA was a logical extension of a tramway, designed to answer the transportation needs arising from constantly expanding industrialization. The man primarily responsible for the design of the first steam railway was George Stephenson, a selfeducated engineer who had not learned to read until he was seventeen . The locomotives on the Stockton- Darlington line travelled at fifteen miles an hour, the fastest rate at which machines had yet moved goods overland. Soon they would move people as well, transforming transportation in the process.

England made great advances in the design and manufacture of machines B) the production of coal in England was technically much improved C) Darlington developed into a major port for England's export of coal England was in a continuous process of industrial growth E) engineering was not yet a profession that was popular in England

100. It is clear from the passage that [HEI !STEAM RAILWAY~---. A) had been in use in England before Stephenson introduced new techniques B) remained a local facility and played no role in the industrialization of England was a solution to meet the • transportation needs of England's industry D) was invented in the first place for travel between Stockton and Darlington E) had little impact on the transformation of transportation in nineteenth-century England

CUMLESiNDEN iFADE E~LE~MESi TEKNiGi!

ANAHTAR KELIME

SORUDA i~ARETLi ANAHTAR KELiME PAR<;ADA iLK KEZ " THE STOCKTON-TO-DARLINGTON RAILWAY " OLARAK GE<;MEKTEDiR. BU CUMLEDEKi iFADE SE<;ENEKTEKi iFADE iLE BiREBiR E~LE~Mi~TiR.


667

YDS DENEME SINAVLARI

DENEMEI 1-14. sorularda bo!§ b1rak1lan yerlere uygun di.i!§en

5.

In the past 30 years, our knowledge of the ancient Maya civilization has increased ---- as a result of the decipherment of a newly discovered script. A) significantly B) alternatively C) suspiciously D) persuasively E) conditionally

6.

---- providing luxury on every imaginable level, a five-star hotel should also have the ability to take you by surprise. A) With a view to B) In excess of C) Consequent on D) In need of E) In addition to

7.

Ancient Peruvian textiles have survived in an excellent state of preservation ---- the dry conditions of much of the country. A) with regard to B) in comparison with C) in case of D) owing to E) in opposition to

8.

Exciting new research is transforming industrial robotics, offering the promise of whole new generation of ---- intelligent machines. A) more B) much C) any D) mostly E) too

ifadeyi bulunuz.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Their Prime Minister has been able to act more aggressively in the past year because he has ---- his power within the government. A) recommended B) reduced C) compelled D) consolidated E) impaired

Pakistan ---- the Indus and its tributaries for almost half of its irrigation supplies. A) turns back B) waits for C) takes to D) pulls up E) relies on

The auroras are caused by the ---- of solar winds with gases in the Earth's atmosphere. A) intersection B) completion C) interaction D) perception E) distraction

It seems strange to us now that miners and others employed in dangerous work should not have demanded the provision of ---headgear. A) forceful B) obstructive C) relentless D) protective E) intensive


671

YDS ~iFRELERi 9.

He is hoping that, by the time he ---- for the grant, his book on Egyptians, silverwork ----. A) has to apply I will have been published B) had applied I had been published C) was to apply I has been published D) will be applying I would have been published E) would have applied I will be published

10.

It seems that, even if big western companies ---- to help develop lifesaving GM (genetically modified) seeds for the underdeveloped countries, only South Africa ---- to accept them. A) will be willing I is ready B) has been willing I will be ready C) had been willing I would be ready D) would be willing I was ready E) were willing I would be ready

11.

13.

Recent findings have suggested that, in ancient times too, man was capable ---causing rapid and decisive changes ---- the genetic make-up of staple crops. A) in I for B) to I of C) of I in D) from I over E) with I into

14.

----helmets had been revived for soldiers and extended to many workers, safety head coverings for athletes almost inevitably followed. A) While B) Before C) Although D) Once E) Until

The big test ---- over the next few weeks when the government ---- to introduce a plan to include drug coverage in Medicare. A) is coming/ will be expected B) comes/ was expected C) has come/ is expecting D) will come I is expected E) would come I would be expected

12. The software has been designed to help detectives solve complex cases prompting them to explore lines ---- enquiry other than the obvious ones. A) through I to B) by I of C) from/ into D) over I with E) into I for

672


YDS DENEME SINAVLARI a~ag1daki

parc;ada sozcl.ik ya da

20. 24. sorularda, a§ag•daki par~ada numaralanml§, yerlere uygun di.hjen sozcuk ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.

In the pharmaceutical industry, vaccines have long been poor stepsisters to big, glamorous drugs. Immunization campaign; have worked wonders. (15)--- scourges such as polio. (16)--- annual global sales of vaccines have fallen off during (17)---- years and the number of major companies (18)--- them has shrunk from 20 in the 1980s to just 4. This is a sure sign that it (90)---- an economic business to be in.

In Britain, firemen have been on partial strike for months, demanding a huge pay increase (20) -bitterly resisting changes to their working conditions. Tony Blair's labor government has watched with (21) -- alarm as a series of elections has put militant leaders (22) ---- the top jobs at some of the biggest unions. In April, Kevin Curran (23) ---- the more moderate John Edmonds as leader of the GMB, Britain's fourth-largest union; and in May a left-winger defeated the (24) --- favored by the Labor Party for the leadership of the powerful T&G union.

15.

-

19.

sorularda , yerlere uygun ifadeyi bulunuz. numaralanm1~

di.i~en

15. A) B) C) D) E)

committing pulling down wiping out interfering with exposing

20.

A) B) C) D) E)

Yet Consequently Apparently As far as Regarding

21.

A) B) C) D) E)

present contemporary latter recent final

22.

A) B) C) D) E)

to sell having sold to be selling to have sold selling

23.

A) B) C) D) E)

didn't have to be hasn't been wouldn't be didn't use to be shouldn't be

24.

A) B) C) D) E)

when while for as whether

A) B) C) D) E)

some any such an as

A) B) C) D) E)

over up past into by

A) B) C) D) E)

succeeding has succeeded would succeed having succeeded succeeded

A) B) C) D) E)

candidate applicant nominee client participant

16.

17.

18.

19.


673

YDS ~iFRELERi

25.

26.

27.

~ekilde

28.

Unlike most animals, the baby elephant very ottenhas to be up on its feet and moving with the herd __ . A) whether it is fully functional straight away B) so it has an amazing ability to learn and remember things C) as if there were a long period of juvenile dependency D) before it is even an hour old E) because a nomadic life-style necessitated such practices

__, urban farms are usually far more productive than their rural counterparts. A) If city authorities and agricultural researchers continue to ignore urban fanning B) Because they tend to be small and carefully looked after C) Even though most farmers didn't use yieldboosting chemicals D) While the highest productivity has been on the smallest plots E) As better child nutrition can be linked to the local production of food in urban areas

29.

According to the newspapers, the investigators, who visited Ukraine over the sale of radardetection equipment to Iraq, complained __ . A) until considerable incriminating evidence has been discovered B) though some officials have admittedly cooperated C) that vital information was being withheld D) whether other countries ought to come under their scrutiny E) though effective action would have been forthcoming

It has only recently been accepted __ . A) just as in Huntington's disease a defective protein kills brain cells B) why the nerve cells of the adult human brain were long thought to be too specialized to regenerate C) because now it appears that the brain can greatly increase production in an attempt to repair damage D) in case the discovery raises the possibility of developing drugs to encourage cells to regenerate faster and sooner E) that adult human brains can generate new cells

30.

as one does not know the contents of the next chapter! A) He should have weighed the matter more carefully at the start B) The writing of any kind of contemporary history is always a dangerous business C) The subject he chose was a highly controversial one D) The speech aroused no response whatsoever in the audience E) He'll probably keep within the limits set down by his adviser

25 -34 . sorularda , verilen cumleyi uygun tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz.

Japan has produced two hi-tech stadiums A) that has been designed to serve several purposes B) which display the sort of innovation-for-fun treatment we expect from that country C) neither of them is designed with the fans in mind D) whenever there is novelty for the sake of novelty E) as there is provision for novel waterproofing systems which are highly effective

674


YDS DENEME SINAVLARI 31. Though the UK possesses a third of all Europe's wind energy potential __ .

33.

Although relatively few people have outright food allergies, __. A) there are many who have difficulty in digesting certain foods B) peanuts are among the most allergenic foods C) biotechnologists are altering some foods genetically in an attempt to eliminate the proteins D) the majority took a firm stand against genetically modified foods E) the number of people who experience a reaction to vegetables is very negligible

34.

If only the tax return over the year had been as high as had been predicted, __ . A) this can easily be accounted for B) they have underestimated their economic commitments C) some people regard accounting as an art, not a science D) companies are no longer the unified, selfcontained organizations that they used to be E) such increased government outlays on public services would have been feasible

A) Denmark was leading the world in wind technology B) most of the industrial world had been slow to recogn ize the benefits of wind C) it still produces far less than other European countries D) hydroelectric power is another renewable energy resource E) there could have been a drop of around 7% in the gas emissions

32. _ _ , a multitude of new developments are underway.

residential

A) Unless the first impression is a good one B) Once the new marina had started C) If there were a reception center to greet prospective customers D) Since Dubai would like to persuade people to stay on a more permanent basis E) As if they have benefited from the swimming pool and sports facilities


675

YDS $iFRELERi 35. - 38. sorulan cevaplaym1z.

a!?ag1daki

pan;aya

gore

Behavioural biologist Jane Atkinson and her colleagues have been studying the subtleties of how crows steal food from one another. Atkinson had been watching the birds at the beach as they fed on fish, clams and other small animals in the intertidal zone. She noticed that if a crow had found a particularly large meal that couldn't be eaten in a single gulp, another crow would often come by and try to steal the food away. Food theft is fairly common in the bird world, so the crows' thievery wasn't unexpected. What really intrigued Atkinson was that the birds employed two different tactics to take the food. In some instances, the thieving bird would take an aggressive approach - typically involving some chasing or physical contact, such as pecking in other exchanges, however, the thief would use a more passive method: merely approaching the other bird secretively and stealing the food without any commotion at all. What the team wanted to know was: how did these tactics fit into the group foraging practices of the crows?

35.

According to the passage, the question that interested the research team was__ A) whether the crows' stealing practices were instinctive or acquired B) wry the crows chose to steal C) related to the crows' foraging practices D) whether the nature of the food affected the degree of attempted theft E) whether the stealing practices of crows differed from those of other birds

36.

It is clear from the passage that the research team was not surprised that the crows were trying to steal from each other common __ A) because this is a practice among birds B) since there was a scarcity of food at the time C) though crows don't steal food as often as other birds do D) but it was surprised at their rate of success E) but the bitterness of the fight came as a surprise

676

37. According to the passage, when one crow plans to steal food from another one, __ A) this is really a means of establishing its superiority B) it will invariably try to do so in the first place without being seen C) there will inevitably be a fight between the two D) this is a sure sign that both crows are really hungry E) it will sometimes approach quite openly and boldly

38.

We understand from the passage that so long as a crow __ . A) can swallow its food at one gulp, it will encounter no challenge B) can find food easily, it will not steal from another crow C) can get food by stealing, it won't look elsewhere for it D) has eaten well, it is unlikely to try to steal food E) is able to steal food without fighting, this is the method it will favour


YDS DENEME SINAVLARI 39 - 42. sorulan cevaplaymaz .

al?ag1daki

pan;aya

gore

Although women have made huge strides in catching up with men in the workplace, a gender gap still persists both in wages and levels of advancement. Commonly cited explanations for this gap range from charges of sex discrimination to claims that women are more sensitive than men to work versus family conflicts and thus less inclined to make sacrifices for their careers. Now, however, two new studies suggest that another factor may be at work: a deeply ingrained difference in the way men and women react to competition that manifests itself even at an early age. Apparently, females tend to be far less responsive to competition than males - a tendency with important implications for women and business. It may hurt women in highly competitive labor markets, for example, and hamper efficient job placement especially for positions in which competitiveness is not a useful trait.

39.

On the whole, according to the passage, women in the workplace ----. A) are content to let the men compete among themselves B) inspire a competitive spirit in men C) receive the treatment they naturally deserve D) have rapidly attained a position approaching that of men E) keep themselves up-to-date with developments in the labor market

40.

As we learn from the passage, it seems likely that women --. A) are about to rally against the gender gap in the workplace B) become seriously concerned, at a very early age, about their future careers C) will fight determinedly for their rights in the workplace D) will, due to their passive nature, find it hard to get the promotion they deserve E) have less of the competitive spirit than men do


41.

We understand from the passage that, when a choice has to be made between work and family, ----. A) men are less likely, than women to risk their careers B) most career women naturally give precedence to work C) women expect men to give the priority to the family D) it is the women, rather than the men, who find making that choice hard E) neither the men nor the women can readily makeup their minds

42.

According to the passage, in working life today, A) women are preferred for certain jobs that require sensitivity B) there still exists considerable discrimination against women C) men feel they have a right to higher wages and quicker advancement D) family concerns are what drive men to work harder and earn more E) fair competition is to be encouraged while sex discrimination is to be banned

677

YDS :SiFRELERi 43. - 46. sorulan cevaplaym1z.

a~ag1daki

pan;aya gore

The Sahara desert takes up most of Egypt's land, so overcrowding is a huge problem. Sixty-two million

As it is pointed out in the passage, one of the benefits of the New Valley will be that ----. A) Egypt will change from an agricultural country into a fully industrial one B) Egypt can at last start a tourist industry

people live squeezed together into the six million

C) the overcrowding in Cairo and the Nile delta

fertile acres along the Nile delta and narrow river valley - just five per cent of the total area of Egypt. Between 12 and 15 million people live in Cairo alone. Until recently, it was impractical and dangerous to even consider moving into the southern desert, where temperatures regularly rise above 50 C and water is scarce and can only be reached using carefully placed irrigation wells . But in the last 20 years a "New Valley" has slowly been taking shape. Towns with industrial centres, tourist areas and spacious apartment blocks are being constructed, factories are springing up. The main development making this possible is the construction of the vast Sheikh Zayed canal, also known as the Toshka canal. Named for Sheikh Zayed al Nahya, president of the United Arab Emirates, which is financially backing the project, the canal is part of the irrigation scheme dreamed up by the Egyptian government to make it possible for people to move away from the traffic, pollution and bustle of Cairo. If a "second Nile" cuts through the desert and water is distributed to surrounding land, people and crops can thrive there as they do around the existing Nile. The area is becoming known as the New Valley.

area will be reduced D) the hot, dry desert climate of Egypt will be rapidly modified E) it will set an example for the developed world to invest in desert projects

43.

678

We understand from the passage that the canal under construction ----. A) is designed to meet the water needs of Cairo and other cities B) constitutes just a portion of a massive irrigation project C) will bring fertility to the whole of the Sahara D) will irrigate only 5% of the total area of Egypt E) passes through an overcrowded part of the country

44.

45.

We can conclude from the passage that the New Valley project, which has been underway for roughly two decades, ----. A) was originally proposed by Sheikh Zayed al Nahya of the United Arab Emirates B) has already started to transform the economic potential of Egypt C) is primarily an agricultural one, and industrial activity is not provided for D) is very near to completion and large numbers of people have already moved in E) is proving far more problematic than was originally foreseen

46.

It is clearly stated in the passage that almost the whole of Egypt's population ----, A) lives along the Nile Valley and its delta B) wants to move into the New Valley C) is engaged in agricultural activities rather than in industrial ones D) holds Sheikh Zayed al Nahya in great esteem E) is dubious about the outcome of the New Valley project


YDS DENEME SINAVLARI 47 . - 50. sorulan cevaplaymrz.

a~agrdaki

parc;aya

gore

The US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) will soon be testing a controversial theory about the collapse of the World Trade Center towers. According to an analysis by a leading firesafety expert, had the fire-proofing insulation on the towers' steel structures been thicker, the towers would have survived longer and might even have remained standing after they were hit by the hijacked planes. The work is being seized on by lawyers representing victims' families and insurance companies . If confirmed, it could also lead to changes in building codes . NIST is responsible for drawing up the final report on the towers' collapses and recommending if any changes are needed . It is widely accepted that the collapses were caused by the failure of the buildings' steel structure as it was weakened by the heat of the fires.

47.

As it is pointed out in the passage, it is commonly recognized that the main cause for the collapse of the twin towers -. A) will only be understood after the release of a detailed report by NIST B) can never be established beyond doubt C) was the weakening of the steel structure due to the heat of the fire D) was not f-o much due to the heat of the fires as to the force of the impact of the hijacked planes E) is of special interest to insurance companies

48.

It is clear from the passage that -. A) the strength or the steel structure of the towers had been questioned when the designs we/e drawn up B) NIST has already made a thorough study of the collapse of the towers C) the reason for the sudden collapse of the two towers is still under debate D) the structure of the twin towers was in many respects well below standard E) the hijacked planes hit the weakest parts of the twin towers


49.

As we learn from the passage, a specialist in firesafety -. A) puts the blame for the collapse of the towers on the thin fire-proofing insulation B) is to blame for negligence as regards the burning of the twin towers C) has been cooperating with the victims' lawyers to start legal procedures D) has been commissioned to prepare a report on the collapse of the towers E) should have been aware of the structural weakness of the towers and given due warning

50.

As is pointed out in the passage, the inadequacy of the fire-proofing insulation of the towers -. A) has been accepted by NIST as the main cause of the collapse B) has aroused a great deal of legal attention C) is less important than the weakness of the steel structure as the cause of the collapse D) had long been recognized by fire-safety experts as the weakest point in their construction E) has never been considered by any serious body

679

YDS ~iFRELERi 51 . - 54. sorularr a!?ag1daki pan;aya gore cevaplaym1z . The long-expected decline in the dollar is now well under way. For years economists have predicted that America's huge current-account deficit would eventually cause its currency to plunge. So far the dollar's slide has been fairly gradual: it is down by 13% in trade-weighted terms over the past year, though it has dropped by almost twice as much against the euro since its 2001 peak. As the decline seemed to pick up speed this week, John Snow, George Bush's Treasury Secretary, declared that he favors a "strong dollar policy". That was surely the wrong answer even leaving aside the debatable issue of whether cabinet secretaries can influence the level of exchange rates. A weaker, not a stronger dollar, is what the world needs now - so long as policymakers elsewhere respond appropriately. America promoted a strong dollar throughout the 1990s, when inflation was still thought to be the main enemy. Today it makes less sense. Even after its recent slide, the dollar seems overvalued. Moreover, with ample space capacity in America, deflation looks a bigger risk than inflation.

51.

680

It is pointed out in the passage that the American policy, in the 1990s, for a strong dollar __ A) seems less rational now than it did then B) has proved successful in boosting the economy C) has been reversed by the Treasury Secretary, John Snow D) has frequently been disregarded by American economists E) has been a major reason for the decline of the euro

52.

It is stressed in the passage that for the American economy, __ . A) John Snow's policies promise a great deal of hope B) it is not inflation but deflation that in fact may pose the more serious problem C) the global level of exchange rates constitutes a major threat D) and for the world economy, a strong dollar is of vital importance E) policy makers agree that deflation has been responsible for many of the problems

53.

As we understand from the passage, the decline in the value of the American dollar has __ A) had an adverse effect upon the value of the euro B) bolstered American trade C) been foreseen by economists over a long period of time D) been a major headache for policy makers E) followed an unpredictable pattern

54.

In the passage, with the phrase "the wrong answer" is meant __ A) the American government's indifference to the decline of the dollar B) the policy of keeping the dollar in line with the euro C) keeping the dollar strong through trade D) permitting the current-account deficit to continue E) the Treasury Secretary's preference for a strong dollar policy


YDS DENEME SINAVLARI 55. - 58. sorularda , kar~11ikll konu~manm bo~ b1rak1lan k1smm1 tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bulunuz. 55.

57.

Jennifer: You know I took a course in finance, but lreally cannot follow these arguments that are going on concerning the stock markets. Colin: That's because in finance text books, markets are perfect and stock prices reflect all available financial information. Jennifer:

Gary: That wouldn't be as easy as it sounds. A fair proportion of their lower house of parliament are union officials. Patrick: Is that so? A) I didn't know that- So what's the problem? B) Then why doesn't the government simply stand up to the unions? C) So the unions can't have much power! D) Then why is their power so great that they are regarded as a kind of shadow government? E) But they still make their presence felt in various ways.

Colin: Exactly A) Can't they do something to ensure that individual stocks are more accurately valued? B) But how are investors reacting? C) Are genuine earnings actually appreciably lower than investors have been led to believe? D) I suppose you're actually saying that in the real world this is not the case; is that it? E) Actually, I reckon the buying and selling of stocks is basically a form of gambling; what do you think? 56.

Giles: I see the question of immigration continues to carry a lot of weight in Switzerland. Chris: Giles: Yes; they are not allowed to forget that; and they've developed a complex about it. Chris : Still, immigration is a problem for them, and a fifth of the Swiss population is now foreign. A) Last year some 12% of asylum applications were accepted, this being an increase on previous years. B) The party's supporters nearly all come from the German-speaking cantons. C) Voters have again reacted proposals by rightwingers who are seeking to limit immigration. D) That's because the authorities turned back Jewish refugees at the height of the genocide during World War II. E) They continue to be sensitive about criticism abroad on this issue.


Gary: In Germany, only one in five workers is a trade union member. Patrick:

58.

Alec : How are you getting on with that book of short stories James gave you? Malcolm : Alec: Why was that? Malcolm : Well, all the stories make strange things seem ordinary and ordinary things strange. It's rather disturbing at first. A) Fine now, but found it a bit difficult to get into at first. B) I haven't even begun to read it. C) It's too modern for me; it's also too literary. D) To be honest, I don't really like autobiography. E) Grand . Irish Murdoch is one of my favourite writers.

681

YDS ~iFRELERi 59. - 62. sorularda , verilen ci.imleye anlamca en yakm olan ci.imleyi bulunuz. 59.

60.

682

61.

China's determination to put people in space dates back to the 1960's. A) it was only in the 1 960s that China could contemplate travel in space B) China has been resolutely sending people into space ever since the early 1960s. C) As far back as the 1960s, China also recognized the need to send people into space. D) From the 1960s onwards, China has been captivated by space travel. E) China has been set on getting people into space ever since the 1960s.

They held a dinner party to mark the occasion of their fortieth wedding anniversary. A) The dinner party they gave was to commemorate forty years of marriage. B) They have been married for forty years and the dinner party is by way of celebration . C) When they have been married for forty years they will give a dinner party to celebrate the fact. D) At the dinner party, everyone congratulated them on forty years of marriage. E) They have been married for forty years and a dinner party was held in their honour.

He got to the top at last because there was literally nobody standing in his path. A) It was a long, hard grind to the top, but he finally made it. B) If there had been any serious competition, it's not likely that he'd have made it to the top.

C) As there was absolutely no one to prevent him from doing so, he finally made it to the top. D) As there was no opposition, he quickly rose to the top. E) Since he faced no serious competition, it was inevitable that he should get to the top.

62.

Information systems technology is one of several tools available to managers for coping with change. A) The best means by wh ich managers can cope with change is Information systems technology. B) Information systems technology is the one medium which managers turn to when change becomes inevitable. C) With the introduction of information systems technology managers now have a tool to ensure they can cope with change. D) Information systems technology is one of a number of mediums which managers can turn to when faced with change. E) With the assistance of, for instance, information systems technology, managers find they can keep control over change.


YDS DENEME SINAVLARI 63. - 66. sorularda, verilen durumda olabilecek sozi.i bulunuz.

soylenmi~

63.

The son of a friend of yours has come to you to get your opinion on whether it's time to start looking for a new job. You are glad to hear him say this as you think he's wasted in his present position. So you urge him to start looking elsewhere and say: A) Why not? Every now and again everyone benefits from a change. B) Do you think he'd listen to you? C) It's high time you started to think of a change. The present job doesn't offer you anything in the way of a challenge . D) I'm not sure. Don't get a reputation for changing your job every year or so. Employers want employees who stay. E) It's not a bad idea! Do you have anything special in mind?

64.

A friend has come to your hometown, Bursa, for a couple of days. He phones you in the hope of fixing a meeting. Unfortunately your time is fully booked up. You explain thisandthan so that this won't happen-again, you go on to say: A) I'm not usually this busy. Perhaps we can manage to meet another time. B) Well , at least we've been able to talk for a few minutes, and-that's better than nothing. C) I'm really very sorry about this. How often do you come to Bursa? D) Next time you plan to come to Bursa be sure to let me know in advance and I'll make quite sure we can meet. E) John was here last week; also on business. I managed to see him


65.

A friend wants you to rent her apartment from her. You don't like the apartment at all but you don't want to offend your friend by saying so. You decide to refuse her offer on the grounds that the apartment is not centrally located, and you say: A) It's the area that's the problem for us. Getting the children to school every day would be too much of a problem. B) The apartment is fine . It's light and it's roomy But it's really not big enough for us. C) It would be convenient for keeping an eye on mother, but I always feel nervous in a ground floor apartment. D) It would have been ideal for us. But yesterday we signed the contract for renting an apartment and can't go back on it. E) Let me see it first, and then we can talk about it.

66.

A newly married couple are thinking of emigrating to Canada and have come to you to see if you think it's a good idea or not. You don't want to influence them either way, but you do want them to think about it carefully before deciding; so you say: A) My advice to you is, quite simply, forget the pros and the cons, and just go. B) If you have children they'll probably be grateful to you for having the courage to make the break. C) If you find you don't like it there you can always come back. You have nothing to lose. D) I imagine the advantages and disadvantages balance each other out. If you are both keen to go, then go. E) It's a big step to take and the decision must be yours. But do think it over together very carefully before you decide.

683

YDS ~iFRELERi 67.- 70. sorularda, bos b1rak1lan yere, par(fanm anlam bi.iti.inli.igi.ini.i saglamak i(fin getirilebilecek ci.imleyi bulunuz.

67.

68.

684

69.

Cloning could be crucial when a species is threatened with extinction. For instance, a few years ago, the last remaining bucardo mountain-goats in Spain were rounded up for a captive breeding programme. ----. This species is now extinct but could have been saved by the cloning technology we have today. A) Unfortunately, however, they were wiped out by disease B) Habitat protection is the cornerstone of conservation C) Scientists made the world's first healthy clone of an endangered species in 2003 D) Literally a hundred species become extinct every day E) There are cases in which cloning may prevent extinction

70.

Andy Stern runs the largest and fastestgrowing labour union in the US. ----. But today you probably do not. For his activities receive almost no coverage in the press. A) Actually, only 8.2 per cent of the privatesector workforce is still enrolled in unions B) If this were 25 or 50 or 100 years ago, you would surely know of a labour leader like Stern C) Unless organized labour's constitution is overhauled the movement will keep on withering D) Low-wage hospital and clerical workers really do need a union E) More innovative labour proposals include a global minimum wage

The world's oldest cave paintings date back some 35,000 years. They lie buried in the side of a hill close to Verona in north Italy. ---. Now, new archaeological research is also proving that the ancients were adept, not only at the visual arts, but also at the art of sound. A) Stone Age ears must have appreciated the "echo-chamber" properties of the sites B) Archaeologists can use acoustics to study ancient sites in the following two ways C) Similarly, the stones of Stonehenge in the south of England have been found to have sonic qualities D) They prove that art was already part of the way of life for the early civilizations of the time E) Indeed, some of the stalactites in these caves issue bell-like notes when struck

The new discipline of ethnoclimatology acknowledges that some folklore is surprisingly good at predicting the weather. --. For them, if the stars are bright, they look forward to a normal rainy season; if dim, to a late, sparse one. A) One must remember, however, that weather lore does not travel well Uganda, increases in overnight B) In temperatures traditionally presage rain two weeks later C) One famous saying runs: "Red at night, shepherds' delight, red in the morning, shepherds' warning D) For example, in western India local people use the flowering of a particular tree to predict the start of the monsoon 45 days later E) For example, in the Andes, potato farmers use the clarity of the Pleiades star cluster in June to predict the timing of the rainy season


YDS DENEME SINAVLARI 71. - 76. sorularda, verilen lngilizce cumlenin Turkc:;esini, Turk<;e cumlenin ingilizcesini bulunuz. 71.

Hala tarb~mah olsa da gokbilimciler, evrenin 40 ile 50 milyar galaksi i~erebilecegini tahmin etmi$1erdir. A) Many astronomers are still of the opinion that the universe contains 40 to 50 billion galaxies though these figures are controversial. B) Though still controversial, astronomers have estimated that the universe could contain 40 to 50 billion galaxies. C) The controversy continues among astronomers as to whether there are 40 or 50 billion galaxies in the universe. D) Some astronomers have estimated that there are 40 to 50 billion galaxies in the universe, but the figures remain controversial. E) It is still a matter of contention , but astronomers believe there are between 40 and 50 billion galaxies in the universe.

72.

olan on y1lhk sald1rmazhk ragmen, Naziler Polonya'ya 1 EyiUI1939'da sald1rd1. A) Even if they had signed a ten-year nonaggression pact in 1934, the Nazis would stil have marched into Poland on 1 September 1939. B) Though they had signed a ten-year nonaggression pact in 1934, the Nazis stil wanted to march into Poland on 1 September 1939. C) The ten-year nonaggression pact signed in 1934 did not prevent the Nazis from invading Poland on 1 September 1939. D) The Nazis would have invaded Poland on 1 September 1939 if it hadn't been for the tenyear nonaggression pact signed in 1934. E) Despite a ten-year nonaggression pact signed in 1934, the Nazis attacked Poland on 1 September 1939.

1934'de

imzalanm1~

antla~masma


73.

Volkanbilimciler, Yellowstone'da gelecekteki bir yanardag patlamasmm, bildigimiz patlamalardan binlerce kat daha gu~IU olacagmdan korkmaktad1r. A) Volcanologists fear that a future volcanic eruption at Yellowstone will be thousands of times more powerful than the eruptions we are familiar with. B) Volcanologists suspect that any future volcanic eruption at Yellowstone could be far more powerful than any eruption we have experienced to date. C) If the volcano at Yellowstone erupts again , then the eruption could , in the opinion of volcanologists, be a thousand times more powerful than any we have so far experienced. D) Volcanologists are concerned about the force of any future volcanic eruption at Yellowstone since it could be a thousand times more powerful than earlier ones of our experience. E) Should the volcano at Yellowstone erupt again, volcanologists fear the force of the eruption could be thousands of times more powerful than any earlier one of our experience.

74.

In an economic recession, most companies know what they need to do. A) Ekonomik bir durgunlukta, ~irketler genellikle ne yapacaklanm bilir. B) Ekonomik bir durgunluk durumunda, ~irketlerin ~ogu, yapmas1 gerekenleri bildigini samr. C) Ekonomik bir durgunlukta, ~ogu ~irket ne yapmas1 gerektigini bilir. D) Ekonomik bir durgunluk surecinde ne yap1lmas1 gerektigini hemen hemen tom ~irketler bilir. E) Ekonomi ile ilgili bir durgunlukta ne yap11acagm1, ~irketlerin hepsi bilir.

685

YDS $iFRELERi 75.

76.

686

When slave ships took thousands of Africans to the Caribbean, these people were deprived of a link with their own native history. A) Binlerce Afrikah , kole gemileriyle Karayiplere ta91nd1g1 zaman , bu insanlann kendi yerel tarihleriyle baglan yok edildi. B) Kole gemilerinin binlerce Afrikahy1 Karayiplere ta91mas1 bu insanlann kendi yerel tarihleriyle baglannm kopmasma neden oldu. Afrikahy1 C) Kole gemilerinin binlerce Karayiplere ta91mas1 sonucu, bOtun bu insanlann kendi yerel tarihleriyle baglan tamamen koptu . D) Kale gemileri binlerce Afrikahy1 Karayiplere ta91ymca, bu insanlar kendi yerel tarihleriyle bir bag kurmaktan yoksun kald1lar. E) Kale gemilerinin binlerce Afrikahy1 Karayiplere ta91mas1 Ozerine, bu insanlar kendi yerel tarihleriyle olan baglanndan kopanhp at1ld1lar.

Around the world today, a house is increasingly viewed not just as place to live in but at the same time as a high-return investment. A) BugOn dOnyada ev, giderek, sadece i<;:inde ya9anacak bir yer olarak degil ayn1 zamanda yat1nm olarak yOksek getirili bir garOimektedir. B) GOnOmOz dOnyasmda, ev, i<;:inde ya9anacak bir yer olmaktan <;:ok, getirisi yOksek bir yatmm olarak alg1lanmaya ba9lam19t1r. C) BugOn dOnyada ev, getiri9i yOksek bir yat1nm olarak alglland1g1 i<;:in sadece i<;:inde ya9anacak bir yer olmaktan <;:1km19t1r. D) GOnOmOz dOnyas1nda ev, sadece i<;:inde ya9anacak bir yer degildir; ayn1 zamanda yOksek getiri saglayan bir yat1nm imkam olarak alg1lanmaktad1r. E) BugOn dOnyada, yOksek getirili bir yat1nm olarak garOien ev, sadece i<;:inde ya9anacak bir yer olarak alg1lanmahd1r.

77. 80. sorularda, ci.imleler s1ras1yla okundugunda pan;anm anlam butLiniOgOnu bozan cl.imleyi bulunuz. 77.

(I) In the 1996 movie Phenomenon , John Travolta plays a small-town mechanic, George, who experiences a remarkable transformation . (II) For many people, IQ is the definition of intelligence and high IQ is an unquestioned good . (Ill) Knocked unconscious by a mysterious flash of light, George Malley awakens to find himself a genius. (IV) Previously, he had been a man of simple interests and modest accomplishments, but suddenly he becomes intellectually insatiable. (V) He devours several books a day, creates invention after invention , beats his former mentor at chess and cracks security codes in his spare time. A) I B) II C) Ill D) IV E) V

78.

(I) Countries throughout the world appear to be determined to avoid war at any cost. (II) In both France and Germany, governments are seeking to introduce more flexibility into the labour markets. (Ill) Germany plans to make it easier to fire workers, at least in small firms. (IV} It also plans to curb unemployment and make jobseekers take unattractive jobs. (V) The French are working on similar lines, but hampered by their 35-hour-week. A) I B) II C) Ill D) IV E) V

79.

(I) The risks of flying and driving are influenced by different parameters. (II) The risk of driving depends largely on the distance travelled . (Ill) Most people do, in fact, realize that flying is safer than driving, but stil gel nervous about it. (IV) The risk of flying is primarily affected by the number of take offs and landings. (V) Indeed , over a 10-year period , 95 per cent of all airline fatalities occurred either during take off or during landing. C) Ill D) IV E) V B) II A) I

80.

(I) Artists were much admired ancient Greek society for their skill . (II) For example, in the case of vase painting, it was quite common for the painter to sign the vessel in paint before it was fired. (Ill) This means that numerous vessels are known to be the work of specific artists. (IV) Obviously, art is not restricted to the depiction of scenes or objects. (V) In fact, for the Attic black figure style , twelve painters are known by name. A) I B) II C) Ill D) IV E) V



DENEME II

5.

As Egypt ---- its biggest irrigation project, the Pharaohs' dream of spreading their kingdoms into the deserts coming true. A) puts off B) embarks on C) breaks up D) tries on E) shows up

6.

China's economic boom ---- a growing need for energy that ····only foreign supplies. A) will produce I used to satisfy B) produced I had satisfied C) is producing I could satisfy D) has produced I can satisfy E) would produce I would have satisfied

7.

They hope that by surrounding city centres and likely terrorist targets with "soft walls", they - it impossible for hijacked planes •••• anywhere near them. A) will make I to get B) make I having got C) make /to have got D) have made I to be got E) are making I getting

8.

New DNA evidence hints that "African Eve", the 150,000-year-old female ancestor of every person on Earth, ---- in Tanzania or Ethiopia. A) has lived B) is used to living C) may have lived D) would live E) would be living

9.

Socrates that we with the improvement of our souls. A) must have said I would be concerned B) had said I had to be concerned C) was saying I should have been concerned D) has said I had been concerned E) said I should be concerned

1. • 14. sorularda , cumlede bo::? btraktlan yerlere uygun du~en sozcuk ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.

1.

2.

3.

4.

These novels illustrate the author's •••• for the struggles of young people and the proper help that should be given. A) deceit B) obligation C) alteration D) disturbance E) concern

The quartet's rendering of Mozart is •••• good, but I have mixed feelings about the Schubert collection. A) exceptionally B) sensitively C) preferably D) impulsively E) impartially

The book is surprisingly lucid and manages to make the controversial field of evolutionary psychology •••• to the average intelligent reader. A) susceptible B) conducive C) available D) indulgent E) exclusive

America's subsidies to its cotton farmers have long been a noteworthy example of the harm that rich countries' subsidies ---- on the poor. A) enforce B) provide C) exceed D) Inflict E) employ


687

YDS ~iFRELERi 10.

---- its vast forests, Myanmar was thought to possess the largest number of tigers --India. A) For I with B) In I for C) At I to D) With I after E) Through I by

14. The most devastating human impact on environments can be seen on islands ---settlers have introduced new animals and plants. A) which B) to whom C) what D) to which E) whom

11. Though the most important factors in pricing decisions are production costs and the level ---- demand, broader company objectives must also be taken ---- consideration. A) in I out of B) of I into C) with I for D) between I by E) on I under

12.

Until people realize that they have to develop new skills, there's no way the economy can improve, ----? A) is there B) can there C) can it D) have they E) can they

13.

---- they are accessible by boat only, these islands are still largely undeveloped. A) Even B) As if C) Although D) Consequently E) Since

688


YDS DENEME SINAVLARI sorularda a~ag1daki par<;ada yerlere uygun di.i~en sozci.ik yada ifadeyi bulunuz.

15

-

19.

numaralanm1~

Satellite-servicing technology is being used to upgrade the Hubble Space Telescope to perform beyond its initial design requirements. Twice astronauts have replaced the telescope's solar panels (15) higherperformance ones. The most impressive improvement, however, has come with the (16) ---- of a new camera to record the images seen by the Hubble. Its increased sensitivity makes it ten (17) ---as powerful as its predecessor, and it (18) --dramatically sharper images, some of them of stars and galaxies that were (19) --to the old Hubble.

15. A) B) C) D) E)

from with to against over

20- 24. sorularda a~ag1daki par<;ada numaralanm1~ yerlere uygun du~en sozcuk yada ifadeyi bulunuz. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803- 1882) was a sage, not a scientist, but he was more keenly interested in the scientific advances of his day than is commonly realized . One of his early aspirations was to be "a naturalist", and he started his career (20) ---- a lecturer- essayist by giving talks on natural science, (21) ---- one focused on the chemical composition of water. (22) ---- Emerson went on to make his mark primarily in the areas of literature, religion, philosophy, and social reform ; he remained an eager lifelong student of both traditional and contemporary natural and social science. To date, however, this side of Emerson's thought and life (23) ---- only a handful of significant scholarly discussions. Emerson's Life In Science is the best of books (24) ---- this aspect of Emerson that have marked the bicentennial of his birth, and it is one that will endure.

20.

16. A) distribution B) application C) installation D) duplication E) reaction

A) B) C) D) E)

more so such as only

A) B) C) D) E)

describing including considering intending defining

A) B) C) D) E)

although therefore so that but since

A) B) C) D) E)

should attract is attracting will attract has attracted had attracted

A) B) C) D) E)

to for on with at

21.

17. A) B) C) D) E)

times figures degrees periods points

A) B) C) D) E)

will produce had produced has produced may produce would produce

A) B) C) D) E)

incapable inappropriate inadequate indestructible invisible

22.

18. 23.

24.

19.


, )

689

YDS ~iFRELERi

Though Gertrude Stein desired the acclaim

----that this is one of the most heart-breaking films ever made about an American family. A) The film demonstrates the audacity and structural power of its director B) The film centers round a family of five

of a larger public, ----.

C) The subject matter is indeed sensational

A) even her close friend, Alice Toklas, could have been mistaken about it B) she had certainly not achieved all the respects he deserved C) her originality, even her eccentricity, was apparent at a very early age D) she was really only appreciated in the world of the avant-garde E) that her autobiography was published as the work of Alice Toklas

D) Some critics are of the opinion E) In this film the family is reaffirmed as the most powerful subject for great drama

25 - 34. sorularda , verilen cumley1 uygun ~ek1lde tamamlayan ifadey1 bulunuz .

25.

26.

27.

690

28.

29.

Unless you take their backgrounds into consideration, ----. A) they could not have been more different in appearance and temperament B) neither of them would have admitted the fact to anyone C) second-generation Jewish-American business families may be expected to have certain traits in common D) the suggestion couldn't be considered E) these two women have nothing at all in common

30.

Advertising has increasingly less credibility with consumers ----. A) whether it plays a role in sustaining an established brand B) that a fundamental rethinking is clearly called for C) as if it were the indispensable foundation of marketing D) though they cannot always reject its messages E) since it was rarely effective in building a new brand

As the company manufactures nearly all its cars in Germany, ----. A) the sterling started to weaken against the euro B) the sports car in particular finds a market in America C) every effort has to be made to minimize the short-term impact of currency swings D) other companies have not always been so successful E) its costs are mostly in the European currency, euros

Since the images of Stanley and Livingstone have changed so much over the years, ----. A) the new image of Livingstone makes him a deeper and braver man than his legend B) there would have been no necessity for yet another book on the subject C) one would expect some account of this in a new book about them D) Victorian England was nevertheless obsessed with the magic of free trade E) the final journals of Livingstone were polished to ensure that he appeared as a saintly man


YDS DENEME SINAVLARI 31.

This book will be a source of instruction and delight for divers and marine biologists and indeed for anyone ----. A) who genuinely loves the sea B) whose childhood will be spent by the sea C) whether they loved the sea or not D) that they live close to the sea E) if they heard the call of the sea

33.

Crew members will have to pass several endurance tests ----. A) as the balloon flight will take them into the harshest of environmental conditions B) even if they were to be provided with special space suits C) however short the duration of the balloon flight turned out to be D) for huge physical demands have been put on their bodies E) that they are required to follow strict fitness and dietary regimes

32.

The Thatcher government in Britain succeeded in limiting the power of some of the unions ----. A) which would have made it easier for companies to sack striking workers B) whether or not the workers had resumed work C) that had previously held the country to ransom D) if they had been in politically sensitive sectors E) why bargaining demands were felt to be reasonable

34.

It would be inaccurate to say ----. A) whether economic or environmental issues are the most explosive B) that there are cameras monitoring virtually all public places C) since personal freedom and privacy are already a luxury D) as if there were no ethnic hatred in Europe at the moment E) why the situation has become more tricky and less stable


691

YDS ~iFRELERi 35. - 38 . sorulan cevaplaym1z.

a~ag1daki

pan;:aya

gore

Why are people prejudiced? Not surprisingly, theories of prejudice have tended to focus on the more extreme forms of prejudice. in particular when there is aggression and violence. At the turn of the last century, it was popular to consider prejudice to be an innate and instinctive reaction to certain categories of person (e.g certain races) much as animals would react in instinctive ways to one another. This sport of approach is no longer popular, as it doesn't stand up well to scientific scrutiny. However there may be an innate component to prejudice. There is some evidence that higher animals, including humans, haye an inherent fear of the unfamiliar and unusual, which might set the' mould for negative attitudes towards groups that are considered different in certain ways. There is also evidence for a mere exposure effect, in which, people's attitudes towards various stimuli (e.g. other people) improve as a direct function of repeated. Exposure or familiarity with the stimulus, provided that initial reactions to the stimuli are not negative. Another perspective rests on the belief that prejudices are learned. Indeed, it has been argued that hatred and suspicion of certain groups are learned early in life, before the child even knows anything about the target group and that this provides an emotional framework that colours all subsequent information about, and experience with, the group.

35.

According to the passage, at the beginning of the 20th century, Prejudice was generally regarded ----. A) in very much the same way as it is now B) as a natural and intuitive response C) as something that had to be corrected D) as inevitable and therefore acceptable E) as an outcome of parental conditioning

36.

It is clear from the passage that studies on prejudice ----. A) often spring from animal behaviour B) suggest that most children adopt the prejudices of their parents C) have finally established that it is innate D) aim to discover how they can be overcome E) have usually concentrated on the more destructive expressions of it

692

37.

One theory referred to in the passage suggests that man's innate fear of what is rarely encountered or little known ----. A) may play a role in creating prejudices B) prevents him from developing his social possibilities C) is an aspect of his character that relates him very closely to the rest of the animal world D) is far less strong now than formerly E) has helped to make society more uniform

38.

According to the passage, certain studies suggest that prejudice against various groups of society ----. A) is on the increase simply because it is receiving too much attention B) develops early in life, even before any real contact has been made with them C) could best be overcome by keeping children unaware of it D) is largely racial in character E) has only resulted in violence on very rare Occasions


YDS DENEME SINAVLARI 39. - 42. sorulan cevaplaym1z .

a~ag1daki

pan;aya gore

In many ways, Hollywood seems to exemplify the most joyless aspects of capitalism . The "industry", as it insists upon calling itself, packages artistic ideas and images as commodities and then values those commodities according to how they "penetrate" markets. The system's worrying inefficiency, of course, is that studios never know what the public at large will want to buy. So films are tested in front of preview audiences, revised according to the audience's suggestions, tested again, and then marketed with a vigour directly proportionate to the test scores. There are two problems with this approach. The first is that the test-sample size is minimal but can determine a film's fate. The second is that by the time the test audience sees a film it's too late to change it very much anyway, particularly when twenty, fifty or a hundred million dollars has already been spent.

39.

One point made in the passage about test audiences is that they__ . A) seldom have any real understanding of artistic values B) add to the expenses of film-making C) rarely have any constructive criticism to make D) are ignorant of the Hollywood techniques of film making E) are too small to be truly representative of the general public

40.

According to the passage, film-makers find it difficult to __ A) carry out any market research to find out about the wishes of film-goers B) find volunteers for their preview audiences C) raise the money needed for film- making D) guess what sort of films will be popular and so profitable E) revise scripts to meet the expectations of their audiences


41.

As we understand from the passage, the writer __ A) is a great admirer of Hollywood's film-making B) seems reluctant to call film-making an industry C) is sympathetic towards the film-industry and wants it to be more successful D) attaches great importance to the suggestions of preview audiences E) thinks that the amount spent on a film is usually in proportion to its success

42.

It is clear from the passage that Hollywood regards its films as __ . A) commodities to be selectively marketed to suitable audiences B) artistic creations designed for sophisticated audiences C) goods to be dynamically marketed D) the most creative products of capitalism E) financial investments which are sure to make a profit

693

YDS ~iFRELERi 43. - 46. sorulan cevaplaym1z.

a~ag1daki

pan;aya gore

Reading presents a real paradox to neurobiologists. It was only invented a few thousand years ago, so there really has not been enough time for our brain to evolve specialized ways to do it. How do brain circuits produced by millions of years of evolution in a world without written words adapt to the specific challenges of reading? We know we have to learn the skill but how does our brain learn to read? in the social sciences, the majority of researchers do not see a problem. There is a widespread view that the brain is a completely adaptable organ , capable of absorbing any form of culture. Yet recent findings from brain imaging studies and neurophysiology throw new light on the organization of the reading circuits in the brain. The findings contradict this simplistic model of a brain that merely absorbs everything from its cultural environment. And they suggest that the architecture of our brain is limited by strong genetic constraints though it seems that it has still some degree of flexibility.

43.

694

The passage makes the point that, until recently, __ . A) it was only the abnormal brain that attracted any attention B) researchers in social sciences ignored the views of neurophysiologists concerning the brain C) the brain was generally thought to adapt itself easily to new cultural environments D) the structure of the brain did not attract much attention except from neurobiologists E) neurophysiologists were not aware of the structural complexity of the brain

44. The writer is intrigued by the fact that the brain, which evolved long before the written word came into use, __ . A) had already had the genetic capacity to form words B) had been able to communicate through images C) had already developed certain reading circuits D) managed to adapt itself to the very distinct skill of reading E) had already achieved full flexibility to adapt itself to new forms of culture

45.

A recent view neurophysiologists, the brain, is that __ A) it is extremely flexible as it is not affected by genetic heritage B) its structure is largely shaped by genetic traits C) it has developed various specialized skills over the last thousand years or so D) its circuits have remained constant for millions of years E) its creative powers are more apparent in some fields of learning

46.

According to the passage, although people have had the skill of reading for several thousand years, __ . A) the actual process of learning how to read has only just been discovered by neurophysiologists B) there has been no improvement in the speed at when people can read C) the brain remains inflexible and cannot cope with different cultures D) from the angle of evolution, this has been insufficient for the brain to develop particularized reading skills E) it is only in the social sciences that this skill has been seriously studied


YDS DENEME SINAVLARI 47. - 50. sorulan cevaplaym1z.

a§ag1daki

pan;:aya

gore

When Lyndon Johnson assumed the presidency, after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, in November of 1963, he knew that in order to accrue political capital he would initially need to champion goals and policies that Kennedy had already been pursuing. Not long before his death Kennedy had scrawled the word "poverty" on a piece of paper and circled it multiple times; this note fell into the hands of his brother Robert and became a symbolic justification for Johnson's declaration of the War on Poverty, early in 1964. Similarly, many of the things that Johnson pushed through Congress in his first two years as President, can readily be seen as extensions of the avowed policies of the Kennedy Administration . The details might have been different, but historians generally agree that if Kennedy had lived out his first term and won a second , America would have witnessed something similar to the early years of Johnson's Great Society. On foreign policy, too, Johnson at first strove consciously to follow his predecessor. And some historians have argued that in this realm as well , Johnson indeed pursued a course that Kennedy had already introduced. If Kennedy had lived , according to this line of thinking , he would have continued a policy of antagonism towards Cuba and steady escalation of US involvement in Vietnam. Johnson certainly believed that this was what Kennedy intended to do.

47.

It's clear from the passage that, on assuming the presidency, Johnson ----. A) maintained amiable relations with the Kennedys B) was determined to put his own policies into effect, and leave his own mark C) took great care not to antagonize Congress D) was careful not to deviate from Kennedy's policies in international relations E) chose to concentrate on foreign policy and ignore domestic issues


48.

As we understand from the passage, one of the issues Kennedy was planning to tackle ---

-.

A) concerned the improvement of relations between his administration and Congress B) concerned bringing to an end the antagonism towards Cuba C) related to the ending of the war in Vietnam D) was the redefinition of the aims of US foreign policy E) was the elimination of poverty in the US

49.

It is clear from the passage that initially Johnson intended to continue the Kennedy policies ----. A) as far as they were in keeping with the national ideal of a "Great Society" B) although in essence they clashed with his own C) since he hadn't formulated any of his own D) because he sensed this would make him politically popular E) but he soon found that they were inapplicable

50.

According to the passage, Johnson's pursuit of the Kennedy goals and policies ----. A) has been condemned by several recent historians B) largely occurred during the first two years of his presidency C) actually undermined his image as president D) brought him into conflict with Congress E) hindered his own desire to wage a War on Poverty

695

YDS ~iFRELERi 51. -54. sorulan a§ag•daki parc:;;aya gore cevaplaym1z. The space shuttle and its rockets are huge - some 4.5 million pounds at lift-off. About 85 per cent of that weight is fuel. Since it is designed to work in a vacuum , the shuttle must carry not only fuel but the oxygen to burn it. Because this is an inefficient way to go, NASA engineers have recently tested an engine that gets some of its oxygen on the run . This should reduce takeoff weights by half. A spacecraft equipped with this engine would take off like a rocket. But within minutes, incoming air would begin to supplement liquid oxygen. Once the spacecraft reaches a speed of 1,500 miles per hour - twice the speed of sound the liquid oxygen would shut off completely and th engine would burn fuel mixed with air. Consequently the craft would accelerate to about ten times the speed of sound. When the air got too thin for the engine to breathe, the ship would shift back to rocket mode to punch its way into space.

51.

According to the passage, a new rocket engine is presently being developed to ----. A) reach previously unimagined speeds B) make space travel more comfortable and feasible C) halve the weight of a space shuttle at lift-off D) enable NASA to remain in the forefront of space exploration E) reduce the physical effects of the atmosphere on the shuttle

52.

As the passage points out, a space shuttle requires oxygen ----. A) only when it is travelling within the atmosphere B) if it is to attain very high speeds C) but only in its liquid form D) in order to burn the fuel E) in quite small quantities except at lift-off

696

53. The point is made in the passage that the reason for developing the new engine is to ---

-.

A) reduce the time it takes the shuttle to exceed the speed of sound B) double the speed at which the shuttle travels C) economize on the use of liquid oxygen D) eliminate the need for liquid oxygen and thus cut down on the shuttle's weight E) allow the shuttle to function in a vacuum

54.

It is clear from the passage that, - once there is not sufficient air to burn the fuel, then ---. A) the speed of the shuttle increases to over ten times the speed of sound B) the engine reverts back to using the liquid oxygen aboard the shuttle C) the engine starts to increase the speed of the shuttle D) it is impossible for the shuttle to accelerate any further E) the rocket can no longer function efficiently


YDS DENEME SINAVLARI 55. - 58. sorularda, kan?lhkh konu~manm bo~ b1rak1lan k1smm1 tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bulunuz. 55.

57.

Colin: I thought that with the introduction of the euro, price variations in Europe would more or less disappear. Peter:

Patrick: Why is that? Mark: Surely it's obvious: they have no cities that can be bombed in reply and they are not focussed on self--preservation. A) I am convinced that reliance on nuclear weapons will be obsolete in the near future. B) Because the very existence of nuclear weapons gives rise to the pursuit of them. C) Because we need to work towards global security D) Actually I'm not: I don't think it's feasible. E) Because the rise of terrorist groups makes this essential.

Colin: Why not? Peter: There are several reasons. One is the different tax rates, especially on things like alcohol. A) A lot of people thought like that. And it might still happen. B) Actually, quite the reverse has occurred. C) It's still too early to comment on the matter. But the differences are growing less. D) That's what everyone expected. But it hasn't worked out like that. E) Price variations aren't such a bad thing after all. I hope they won't disappear.

56.

Jane: - What were you doing all day? I kept phoning but you were never in your office. Neil: Jane: -Was that really essential? Neil: - It certainly was. Morale and the company spirit both have a bearing on productivity. A) The morning was taken up with meetings. And there was a staff party in the afternoon that I had to attend . B) I spent most of the day in the factory: we are reorganizing the assembly line. C) I wasn't out all that much, but I did have to go to the bank. D) What did you want me for, anyway? E) Meetings! Most of them related to the installation of the new boiler. I have doubts about the reliability of the contractors.


Patrick : Why are you so insistent that we must find a framework of collective security that does not rely on nuclear deterrence? Mark:

58.

John: - Borrowing to buy a house ought to be as simple a transaction as borrowing to buy a car don't you agree? Robin: -Yes, I do. Why do you ask? John: Robin: - I guess it is because the sums are much bigger, and the period of repayment is longer. A) Because I am interested in how banks fix mortgage rates. B) in fact, interest rates have been rising since early summer. C) But the government has introduced new tax subsidies for home loans, and that's a good thing . D) Because it's not. There's far more paperwork required , and it's altogether much more complicated . E) I think it's important. Governments should pay more attention to housing finance.

697

YDS $iFRELERi 59. - 62. sorularda, verilen cumleye anlamca en yakm olan cumleyi bulunuz.

59.

60.

698

61.

The last time I talked to him, he told me that the business was doing well; but apparently that's not the case now! A) When we last met, the business was doing well or so he said; but I fear that is hardly the case any longer. B) The account he gave of the business the last time we spoke, was a favourable one, but now I'm not too sure, C) The last time we met he assured me that all was going well with the business , but I don't know what's happening now. D) When we last spoke he seemed confident that the business was picking up, but obviously it's not doing so now! E) When we last spoke together, he said the business was doing fine ; but now, it seems ,' things are rather different.

62.

Some scientists think that a meteor impact, that occurred around 65 million years ago, may have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. A) In the opinion of some scientists, the extinction of the dinosaurs could have been the result of the impact of a meteor which occurred roughly 65 million years ago. B) According to some scientists, the extinction of the dinosaurs was caused by a meteor that struck Earth 657 million or so years ago. C) Some scientists reckon that the impact of a meteor that struck Earth some 65 million years ago need not have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. D) These scientists agree that the impact of a meteor over 65 million years ago must have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. E) The extinction of the dinosaurs could only have been caused by a meteor impact that occurred some 65 million years ago.

I don't believe she is particularly clever, but she has a great deal of charm and people tend to do what she wants. A) Though she really is not very intelligent, she has charm and people are always pleased to accept her leadership. B) She may not be very bright, I personally don't think she is; but she certainly has a winning way with people so they generally act in the way she wants . C) Her intelligence is no more than average, but she makes up for this with charm , so she can manipulate people easily. D) It is as much her charm as her intelligence that enables her to make people act in the way she wants them to. E) She doesn't need to be intelligent as she has the gift of knowing-how to charm people so that they act in the way she wants.

I can't understand why we haven't heard from him yet: he must have received the parcel several days ago. A) Surely he would have contacted us immediately on receiving the parcel ; but it's hardly likely that it hasn't reached him . B) I'm worried because he still hasn't contacted us could it be that the parcel still hasn't reached him? C) It's odd that he still hasn't got in touch with us: surely the parcel reached him at least a day or two ago. D) I was sure he'd get in touch with us about the parcel ; could it be that he hasn't received it yet? E) He really ought to have got in touch with us before this, unless, of course, he still hasn't received the parcel.


YDS DENEME SINAVLARI 63. - 66. sorularda, verilen durumda olabilecek sozi.i bulunuz.

soylenmi~

65.

A friend has invited you to the opening of her exhibition. You dislike opening nights because they are noisy and crowded. You intend to go another day. You turn down the invitation in a way that won't make her feel hurt and say: ----. A) Are you expecting a large crowd? Because you know I can't stand being in a large crowd . B) Sorry, I've a prior engagement that evening. Perhaps , I'll drop by another time . C) We're working late all next, week, so it looks as if I'll have to give this exhibition a miss. D) As you know, I don't like packed opening nights but I'm looking forward to looking at all the exhibits in peace and quiet on the next day. E) Thanks for the invitation to your opening . I had planned to attend but something cropped up at the last minute and I forgot about it.

66.

A group of friends are going on an outing. The meeting place is fixed and so is the time: 10 o'clock. You're not sure that you'll be able to go and don't want the friends to wait for you unnecessarily. So you say: -. A) I really wish I could come too. B) 10 o'clock is rather early. Shall we make it 15 past? C) I'm definitely coming . Be sure to let me know if there's a change in the time. D) We're not waiting for anyone so everyone had better be there by 10 o'clock. E) If I'm not there by 10 o'clock, it means I shan't be able to come . So don't wait for me.

63. A friend is asking you for a loan, and it's quite a substantial one too. You know this person won't take "no" for an answer unless it is a very strong "no". This being the case, you say: ----. A) I'll think it over. B) Perhaps a little later in the year. C) It's quite out of the question ; I'm hard up myself. D) That's an awful lot of money? E) What do you need it for? I bet it's not for anything important.

64.

You know your friend has a tendency to shout and say more than is wise when he's annoyed and frustrated, so in the hopes of keeping him calm, when he is stopped by traffic police for speeding, you say urgently: A) Mind you keep your voice down and say as little as possible. B) I'll pay half the fine for you . C) Tell him other cars were going faster. D) Say you're tired and want to get home as fast as possible. E) Say the radar's at fault that you weren't speeding .


699

YDS ~iFRELERi 67. - 70. sorularda, bo§ b1rak1lan yere par<;anm anlam butlinlugunu saglamak i<;in getirilebilecek cumleyi bulunuz. 67.

Indian parents have long been known to prefer sons to daughters. This is because of the prejudice that sons care tor parents in their old age, whereas daughters must be married off at great expense. ----. To put it bluntly, ultrasound technology is enabling parents to anticipate and abort unwanted female babies. A) In an effort to curb this trend , India, a decade ago, imposed a ban on the use of ultrasound to determine sex. B) It now seems that modern science is increasingly being used in the service of this traditional prejudice C) In the 1990s, the total population of India rose by 21 percent, to 1.03 billion D) In 1981 , there were 976 girls for every 1000 boys age six and under in India E) In south-western Delhi, one of India's richest districts, the girl-boy ratio declined in the 1990s to a shocking 845 girls for every 1000 boys

68.

Of all the phases of the history of art, that of ancient America remains the most mysterious and the least accessible. ----. Comparatively very few examples of this art are available to the public, and none of these is of monumental size. Indeed, whole aspects of this art are unknown. This is because the objects have perished or because they were destroyed by the Spanish conquerors. A) Obviously, the Maya were a notably intellectual people, possessing an elaborate religion and exact calendar system B) The historical development of the preColumbian cultures of America is still very obscure C) It is now generally accepted that man first entered America by way of the Bering Straits from north-east Asia D) The natives of what is now Peru were apparently capable of science, but not of philosophy E) One might further add that it is the least appreciated of them all

700

69.

Few regions are less the master of their own destinies than South East Asia. ----. Indeed, the region includes some of the world's most tradedependent countries. All went well in the early 1990s, but not after 1997. A) Nevertheless, China has stepped up her imports and many of them are from South East Asia B) Sars added its malign influence in 2003 C) Moreover, China has enjoyed a huge share of foreign direct investment, thus starving the South Eastern economies of fresh capital D) This is because their economies are highly sensitive to investment flows and the demand for manufactured goods from far away E) However, there is an increased demand for memory chips in which South East Asia specializes

70.

Putting on a Broadway show is one of the bigger gambles in America's entertainment industry, with investments running into millions of dollars. ----. Since only one out of five shows manages even that, there is no financial security. A) It can take at least two years for a successful show to pay back its original investment B) Indeed a musical can cost around $10 million to put on C) Consequently, producers are becoming more creative with their fund-raising schemes D) The New York stage is now looking to advertising as a means of funding its productions E) Sponsorship would seem to be another obvious solution to the problem


YDS DENEME SINAVLARI 71. - 76. sorularda, verilen lngilizce cumlenin Ti.irkc;:esini, Ti.irkc;:e ci.imlenin ingilizcesini bulunuz. 71.

At the 1994 Brussels NATO summit a "partnership for peace" programme was formally launched, enabling the old Warsaw Pact members and former Soviet republics to take part in a wide range of military cooperation with NATO. A) Eski Var:;;ova Pakt1 uyeleri ve Onceki Sovyet Cumhuriyetleri, 1994 Bruksel NATO zirvesinde kabul edilen "ban:;; igin ortaklik" program1 sayesinde NATO ile askeri alanda gok kapsamli i:;;birligi yapma olanag1 buldular. B) Eski Var:;;ova Pakt1 uyelerinin ve onceki Sovyet cumhuriyetlerinin NATO ile geni:;; kapsamli askeri i:;;birligi yapmalann1 saglamaya yonelik "ban:;; igin ortaklik" program1 , ancak 1994 Bruksel NATO zirvesinde resmen hayata gegirilme olanag1 buldu. C) 1994 Bruksel NATO zirvesinde ilk kez onerilen "ban:;; igin ortaklik" program1 , eski Var:;;ova Pakt1 Oyelerine ve onceki Sovyet cumhuriyetlerine NATO ile askeri alanda s1k1 bir i:;;birligi yapma olanag1 saglamay1 amagliyordu, D) 1994 Bri.iksel NATO zirvesinde, eski Var:;;ova Pakt1 uyelerine ve onceki Sovyet cumhuriyetlerine NATO ile geni:;; kapsamli bir askeri i:;;birligi yapma olanag1 saglayan "ban:;; igin ortaklik" program1 resmen yururli.ige kondu . E) "Ban:;; igin ortaklik", ilk kez 1994 Bri.iksel NATO zirvesinde resmen kararla:;;t1nlip yuri.irluge konan ve eski Var:;;ova Pakt1 uyeleri ile onceki Sovyet cumhuriyetlerine NATO ile askeri i:;;birligi olanag1 saglayan geni:;; kapsaml1 bir programd1r.


72.

One of the issues covered by the Maastricht Treaty, which took effect on 1 November 1993, is the European Union's decisionmaking process. A) 1Kas1m 1993'te yi.iri.irluge gireri Maastricht Antla:;;mas1 ile Avrupa Birligi'nin karar alma sorecine ili:;;kin sorunlardan biri gozOimO§tor. B) Avrupa Birligi'nin karar alma sureciyle ilgili konulan kapsayan Maastricht Antla:;;mas1 , 1 Kas1m 1993'te yuri.irluge girmi:;;tir. C) 1 Kas1m 1993'te yi.iri.irli.ige giren Maastricht Antla:;;mas1 , Avrupa Birligi'nin karar alma si.irecinin konu edildigi di.izenlemelerden biridir. D) Avrupa Birligi'nin karar alma surecine ili:;;kin sorunlann , 1 Kas1m 1993'te yuri.irli.ige giren Antla:;;mas1'yla gozi.ilmesi Maastricht amaglanmt:;;t1r. E) 1 Kas1m 1993'te yi.iri.irli.ige giren Maastricht Antla:;;masmda kapsanan konulardan biri , Avrupa Birligi'nin karar alma si.irecidir.

73.

At a UN conference held in Rome in July 1998, an agreement was reached to set up a permanent international criminal court to try individuals accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity. A) Temmuz 1998'de Roma'da yap1lan BM konferansmda alinan bir kararla kurulan uluslararas1 daimi ceza mahkemesi, sava:;; sugu ve insanl1ga kar:;;1 diger suglan i:;;leyen ki:;;ilerin yarg1lanmas1yla gorevlendirilmi:;;tir. B) Sava:;; suglan ve insanliga kar:;;1 suglarla itham edilen ki:;;ilerin yarg1lanmas1 amac1yla bir uluslararas1 daimi ceza mahkemesinin kurulmas1 , ancak Temmuz 1998'de Roma'da yap1lan bir BM konferansmda alinan kararla mi.imki.in olmu:;;tur. C) Temmuz 1998'de Roma'da yap1lan bir BM konferansmda, sava:;; suglan ve insanliga kar:;;1 suglarla itham edilen ki:;;ileri yarg1lamak amac1yla bir uluslararas1 daimi ceza mahkemesinin kurulmas1 igin anla:;;maya vanld1. D) Temmuz 1998'de Roma'da yap1lan BM konferansmda bir uluslararas1 daimi ceza mahkemesinin kurulmasma karar verilince, sava:;; suglan gibi insanlik sugu i:;;leyen ki:;;ilerin yarg1lanmas1 mi.imki.in olmu:;;tur. E) Sava:;; suglan gibi insanlik sugu i:;;lemi:;; ki:;;ileri yarg1layacak uluslararas1 bir daimi ceza mahkemesinin kurulmas1 konusunda Temmuz 1998'de Roma'da yapilan bir BM konferansmda anla:;;maya vanld1.

701

YDS ~iFRELERi 74.

Amerikahlar, evlerini 1s1tmak i!{in dogal gazdan gi.ine§ enerjisine kadar !{e§itli enerji kaynaklan kullanmaktad•rlar. A) In order to heat their homes, Americans prefer to use different forms of energy, including natural gas and solar power. B) Americans use a variety of energy sources , from natural gas to solar power, to heat their homes. C) Natural gas and solar power are just two of the energy sources that Americans use to heat their homes. D) Americans favor natural gas and solar power as the energy sources for heating their homes. E) In order to heat their homes, Americans seem to prefer either natural gas or solar energy over other energy sources.

75.

Hi.iki.imet g•n§ i.icretlerini kaldmr kald1rmaz, !fOk daha fazla ki§i mi.izeleri ve sanat galerilerini ziyaret etmeye ba§ladl. A) Following the government's ruling for no entrance charges for museums and art galleries, more and more people will start to visit them . B) An increasing number of people had begun to visit the museums and art galleries even before the government abolished entrance fees . C) If the government decides to stop charging entrance fees for museums and art galleries, many more people will start to visit them. D) As soon as the government had abolished entrance charges , many more people started to visit the museums and art galleries. E) Now, as there are no admission charges for museums and art galleries, following a government ruling , an increasing number of people are visiting them .

702

76.

Uzay mekigi Columbia'nm patlamas1 ve astronotlannm oli.imu konusunda herkesin cevaplanmasm1 istedigi soru !fOk basit: Neden? A) The question everyone wants answered as regards the explosion of the space shuttle Columbia and the deaths of its astronauts is very simple: why? B) Following the explosion of the space shuttle, Columbia , and the deaths of its astronauts, the simple question everyone is asking is: why? C) After the explosion of the space shuttle Columbia and the deaths of its astronauts, the problem that worried everyone, was : why? D) When the space shuttle Columbia exploded and its crew died, the question everyone was asking was quite simply: why? E) When the space shuttle Columbia, together with all its crew, exploded, everyone asked the same, simple question : why?


YDS DENEME SINAVLARI 77. 80. sorularda ci.imleler sJrasJyla okundugunda parcranm anlam buti.inlugi.inu bozan cumleyi bulunuz 77.

(I) There is no point in pretending to be someone you're not, not even when you're what is called a "paper" wasp. (II) A study at the University of Arizona has shown that these insects are severely punished if they try to mislead others over their social rankings. (Ill) Actually, their colouring is largely black and yellow. (IV) Scientists used a toothpick and special paint to alter the facial markings of a number of wasps and then analyzed how these "dishonest-insects were treated by their peers. (V) Compared to unaltered wasps, the fakes received far more aggression and harassment. B) II C) Ill D) IV E) V A) I

78.

(I) Proper testing is often sacrificed when new management systems are being developed. (II) The system must respond with 100 per cent accuracy. {Ill) As a result, expensive and sometimes catastrophic problems may emerge later. {IV) Why, then, is testing so often neglected? (V) One reason is that testing can be both expensive and time-consuming . B) II C) Ill D) IV E) V A) I

79.

{I) X-rays , chemical analysis of paint and close scrutiny by expert eyes are all used to tell art forgeries from the real thing. (II) But now computer scientists at America's Dartmouth College have come up with a digital method for sorting the real from the counterfeit. (Ill) Drawings or paintings are scanned at high resolution and a computer breaks them down into digital elements called wavelets. (IV) An analysis of Madonna with Child by the Renaissance painter Perugino showed that at least four people had worked on the six faces in the painting. (V) The wavelets are then analyzed statistically to find consistencies or differences. A) I B) II C) Ill D) IV E) V


80.

{I) Lengthy confinement and the isolating sensation of being cut off from Earth could endanger an astronaut's mental stability. (II) In the enclosure of a Mars capsule , feuds, suicide and even murder could occur, which would endanger all aboard . (Ill) To estimate levels of psychological stress on a Mars mission , Russian space scientists plan to lock six astronauts in a 4,500-square-foot imitation spacecraft for 500 days, with limited amounts of water, food and oxygen. (IV) They would then be closely monitored as they went about their daily activities. (V) In fact, even healthy individuals make tiny facial movements when they are under stress. A) I B) II C) Ill D) IV E) V

703

YDS ~iFRELERi

DENEME Ill bo~ b1rak1lan yerlere uygun ifadeyi bulunuz.

1-14. sorularda du~en

1.

2.

In the case of opera, the benefits of being able to experience the whole production from the comfort of your armchair are very ••••. A) subtle B) demonstrative C) deliberate D) excessive E) attractive

6.

The analysis of a story •••• its central conflict is likely to be 'especially fruitful, for it rapidly takes us to what is truly •••• issue in the story. A) by I over B) from I with C) through I at D) with I about E) towards I above

7.

For the control of the deadly brain disease in cows (BSE), surveillance is being stepped up in Canada, but the US claims to be testing enough cattle already to ····the risk. A) assert B) assess C) consult D) exceed E) discourage

8.

In Kuwait, foreign companies are presently taxed at 55 per cent of profits, whereas the Kuwaitis themselves pay •••• or •••• tax depending on their status. A) less /least B) little I no C) more /less D) few I fewer E) less I none

Unless you use your computer ····, you can't expect it to function well. A) surely B) particularly C) recently D) properly E) soundly

In China's largest psychiatric facility there is a serious lack of resources but the staff try hard to •••• this in their treatment of the patients. A) come up with B) go in for C) put up with D) set oat for E) make up for

3.

It's worth remembering that his •••• of the downward trends in output over recent years is not the only one. A) interpretation B) departure C) compliance D) discretion E) intention

4.

The Gulf countries have achieved substantial progress •••• regional integration •••• the past 20 years. A) through I of B) into I with C) for I on D) over I by E) towards I over

704

5.



Slow-motion photography can reveal things that happen ---- fast for the human eye to see. A) more B) as C) than D) too E)such

13. Applicants ---- the ability to work well in a multicultural environment and ---- to work to tight deadlines. A) have had I had been able B) should have I be able C) must have I were able D) will have I had had E) could have I have had

10.

He ---- in a line of work that was dependent solely on his ability to win the trust of others, and one in which very close relationships ---necessary. A) was engaged I were B) would have been engaged I will be C) will be engaged I could be D) had been engaged I are E) is engaged I would be

14. Old Danish, one of the languages of the Vikings who ---- in parts of Britain during the 9th to 11 centuries, ---- a strong influence on the development of English. A) have settled I had had B) had settled/would have C) settle/has D) settled/had E) would settle I will have

11. The term "radical", in politics, refers to anyone with opinions ---- extreme ---- the main current of a country's major political party or parties. A) so I as B) more I than C) only I that D) not only I but also E) either I or

12. The auditing of accounts means the official inspection of a company's accounts by a qualified accountant, and this ---- by law each year. A) had been required B) requires C) is required D) required E) would have been required


705

YDS ~iFRELERi 15 · 19 sorularda . asag1dak1 par<;ada numar.1lanm•.., yerlere uygun dusen sozcuk ya da 1fad£>y1 bulunuz

20. · 24 sorularda . asag1dak1 par<;:ada numaralanm1s yerlere uygun dusen sozcuk ya da 1fadey1 bulunuz

When the rage for orchids hit Europe in the nineteenth century, collectors immediately realized that greenhouses were needed to provide (15) ---growing conditions . (16) ---- greenhouses were a luxury (17) ---- the very wealthy. But before long, greenhouses (18) ---- mass produced, (20) ---- made them more affordable for orchid lovers of modest means.

Until the middle of the nineteenth century, most Americans were indifferent to paint. Wood was plentiful and cheap especially on the frontier; (20) ---most settlers had to chop down trees to dear their land. (21 )---- eager to start farming, they used their wood to build their cabins as cheaply and quickly as possible. If they had painted their buildings, this (22) --- their durability; (23) ---- painting was an expensive and time consuming job. There were (24) ---- more urgent calls upon their time and their money.

15. A) B) C) D) E)

better best as good the most more

A) B) C) D) E)

At times At present Eventually Hardly At first

A) B) C) D) E)

for off about over from

A) B) C) D) E)

have been were being had been would have been will be

23.

A) B) C) D) E)

what thus which but so

24.

20. A) B) C) D) E)

on the contrary as if similarly in case in fact

A) B) C) D) E)

Having been To be To have been Being Having to be

A) B) C) D) E)

had extended might have extended was extending would be extending might extend

A) B) C) D) E)

but whether unless that if

A) B) C) D) E)

none any anywhere other so

16.

21.

17.

22.

18.

19.

706


YDS DENEME SINAVLARI 25. - 34. sorularda verilen climleyi uygun tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz

~ekilde

25.

While most people still saw computers as science fiction, ----. A) the discriminating few immediately appreciated their advantages B) the early ones were large in size and low in performance C) they continue to get smaller and more versatile D) it is hard to imagine how banks earned on their work without them E) a majority still wish they had never been invented

26.

---- so long as you pay attention and stick to the rules. A) There is a huge number of fascinating wrecks around Britain B) Wrecks under the sea can contain hazardous materials like oil and muttons C) Scuba diving is very safe D) Scuba was first patented in 1865 and was perfected over the years E) Scuba divers get a great deal of pleasure from exploring wrecks

27.

---- unless there is an agreement to the contrary. A) Copyright is a form of protection provided to the creators of "original works of authorship" B) The authors of a joint work are co-owners of the copyright in the work C) There is list of countries that maintain copyright relations with the United States D) Works by the US government were not eligible for copyright protection E) Works consisting entirely of information that is common property were given no such protection


28.

Although Japan has one of the world's most rapidly ageing populations, ---. A) Japanese companies will be world leaders in catering for the elderly B) other countries such as China and South Korea and most of Western Europe are closing the gap C) in 2004 one-fifth of its population will be 6 or over and there will be more than 20,000 people over the age of a hundred D) the increasing burden of providing pensions and health care for the growing number of elderly will cause Japan's public finances to remain by far the worst in the developed world E) to safeguard the financial assets of its pensioners, the bank of Japan will not be able to take any radical measures

29.

---- that a road once linked the newly discovered settlement with one of the great Inca cities. A) The whole is in a remarkable state of preservation B) We wouldn't be surprised C) The surrounding area would have been cultivated D) There are at least 30 stone structures E) It seems likely

30.

Teachers cannot be criticized for failing to promote engineering ----. A) so the manner in which design is presented is of first importance B) that it is not a required field of study in most technical universities C) whether students should follow enough maths and science courses to quality for engineering school D) if they have not been exposed to it themselves E) as all the young children had a flair for designing and building

707

YDS ~iFRELERi 31.

32.

708

This new pink cell phone actually gives advices on ----. A) Which dieting techniques should have been avoided B) why the display doubles as a mirror

33. ----, they are especially common during the

C) how to dress in accord with the day's

formation of tornadoes are most often to be

weather D) how often the battery would have to be charged E) where its special features will be included

found in the central and southern United States C) As a tornado is a dark funnel-shaped cloud made up of violently rotating winds D) White tornadoes in the United States generally travel in a northeast direction E) Because tornadoes are capable of lifting houses off their foundations and hurling them considerable distances

Most cultures have their own foundation myths to explain ----. A) how long the world had been in existence B) why society is as it is C) so as to satisfy their curiosity concerning how the world began D) what has been happening in still earlier times E) unless there was no trace of any former Inhabitants

spring and early summer. A) Although tornadoes can happen at any time of the year B) Since the conditions that lead to the

34.

The artist's work should take the viewer to a place----. A) so it gave his paintings a shadowy aged appearance B) where there were domestic situations based around one or two figures C) if his paintings are deliberately vague D) which reflect the confidence that emerged in her childhood E) that he cannot go to on his own



a!:}ag•daki

parc:;aya

gore

For two decades after World War II, mass production reigned supreme. Mass-production techniques pushed companies into standardized products, long product life cycles, and rigid manufacturing, emphasizing efficiency and low cost over flexibility. Special orders cost more. But today's consumers are very choosy. They want quality, value and products specially tailored to their needs, but always at the lowest possible price. For now mass customization has come to the fore. Mass customization uses information technology to produce and deliver products and services designed to fit the specifications of individual customers. Companies can customize products in quantities as small as one with the same speed and low cost as mass-production methods. Mass-customization systems use information taken from the customer to control the flow of goods.

35.

We learn from the passage that mass production ----. A) has now regained its previous popularity B) was the leading method of production in the twenty years or so that followed World War II C) can easily be adapted to meet the needs of individual customers D) can be very profitable because of the wide appeal of its goods E) gives priority to quality and longevity in the goods produced but ignores aesthetic qualities

36.

We learn from the passage that one of the characteristics of mass production is ----. A) the need to please every customer B) a disregard for flexibility C) a disregard for cost-effectiveness D) to take into consideration the specifications given by individual customers E) the rescheduling of production as the need arises


37.

By the phrase "mass customization", as it is used in the passage, is meant the production of goods ----. A) in very large quantities and for general use B) to meet standardized specifications which will please everyone C) at high speed regardless of cost D) designed to have a long life E) designed to meet the specific needs of individual customers

38.

The point is made in the passage that mass customization ----. A) is no more costly and no more timeconsuming than mass production B) is a system that dates back to the end of World War 11 C) has actually never been as popular as mass production D) is primarily concerned with efficiency but overlooks quality E) does not attach much importance to flexibility

709

YDS $iFRELERi 39. - 42. sorulan cevaplaym1z.

a~ag1daki

par~aya

gore

By the early 19th century the eminent French zoologist Georges Cuvier believed he had found rocksolid evidence for the biblical great flood. While studying the geological strata around Paris , Cuvier found that fossils of sea creatures in one ancient layer of chalk were overlaid by those of land creatures. Then , just as abruptly, the layer above contained sea creatures again , with the top layer showing evidence of a vast and rapid inundation around present-day Paris. Cuvier regarded these sudden changes in the fossil record as evidence for sudden catastrophes which devastated life on Earth, of which the great flood was just the most recent example. Cuvier's discoveries, published in 1812, won support from a large number of eminent scientists such as the geologist Sir James Hall. However, there were a few who were deeply sceptical , pointing out that the evidence of a global flood was far from conclusive . Most sceptical of all were the followers of the Scottish geologist James Hutton . In 1795, he had published a two-volume text based on the view that the slow, steady processes that shape our planet today, such as erosion , were also crucially important in the distant past.

39.

710

We learn from the passage that many scientists ----. A) gave full support to Cuvier's view that the great flood had actually taken place B) were not at all impressed by Cuvier's discoveries in the Paris area C) followed up Cuvier's excavations of marine fossils D) were, like Cuvier, engaged in a search for evidence of the great flood E) ceased to be sceptical of the great flood once Sir James Hall had given his support to Cuvier

40.

It is clear from the passage that Cuvier ----. A) adopted an indifferent attitude towards the attacks of his critics B) was greatly influenced by Hutton's theory concerning the Earth's formation C) was particularly interested in marine fossils and concentrated on them for research purposes D) interpreted his fossil discoveries as indications of major catastrophes similar to · the great flood E) had devoted years of research to establishing that the biblical great flood had actually occurred

41.

According to the passage, Cuvier's critics ---A) were extremely jealous of his discoveries near Paris B) felt that there was insufficient geological evidence to confirm that the biblical great flood ever had occurred C) regarded erosion as only a minor geological process D) were also equally opposed to the views expressed by Hutton E) certainly believed there had been a global flood but did not regard his discoveries as scientifically important

42.

As we learn from the passage, Hutton's theory was that ----. A) long-term geological change, such as erosion , had been of paramount importance in the Earth's history B) erosion was the single most important cause of geological change on Earth C) some geological processes , such as erosion , were relatively recent in the history of the Earth D) our planet had been subjected to countless catastrophes in the distant past E) the formation of our planet was the outcome of different processes in different places



a~ag1daki

pare
gore

No child is too young to play and therefore to engage in engineering, even though it is of a primitive kind . We all did so as children ourselves when we devised our own toys and games and sometimes even imaginary friends to enjoy them with us. The idea of playfulness is embedded in engineering through the concepts of invention and design . Not that engineering is trivial ; rather, the heart of the activity is to give imagination its freedom to dream and turn those dreams into reality. Children do experience the essence of engineering in their earliest activities, yet there is seldom any recognition that this is the case. They may hear the word "engineer" only in connection with railroad locomotives and have no idea that their playful activity could become a lifelong profession. Engineers themselves are understandably reluctant to equate their professional activity with mere child's play. After all , they studied long and hard to master complicated knowledge of atoms and molecules, stresses and strains , heat and power, current and voltages , bits and bytes. They manipulate equations, not blocks. They use computers for serious modelling and calculation , not for fun and games. They design and build real towers and bridges that test the limits of reliability and safety, not toy ones that totter and fall down with little consequence.

43.

The main point the writer is making in this passage is that ----. A) man has practised engineering ever since primitive times B) some children are born to be engineers C) children and engineers both have the capacity to imagine and create D) reliability and safety are minor details for the professional engineer E) any engineering fault in design or calculation does have serious consequences

44.

One point stressed in the passage is that professional engineering ---A) is very different from all other scientific activities B) requires more imagination than technical knowledge and calculation C) makes little use of theoretical knowledge D) gives priority to design rather than to invention E) covers a vast field of involved or intricate subjects of wide scope


45.

As we can see from the passage, the writer is careful ---A) not to exaggerate the importance of creative play to a child B) to list all areas that are of concern to an engineer C) to show how slowly a child's mental capacity develops D) not to offend engineers by his comparison E) to avoid using technical terminology in the passage

46.

It is suggested in the passage that children -A) are not aware of the fact that in their games they are involved in some kind of engineering activity B) should be constantly encouraged to play games that involve engineering techniques C) love to imitate the activities that go on around them D) are incapable of imaginative thinking E) have a primitive perception of life

711


al?ag1daki

parc;:aya

gore

Throughout history, eyewitnesses have reported orange glows, fireballs or flashes in the days before and during an earthquake. It was in 1968, however, that the first photographs of "earthquake lights" were taken during a series of earthquakes in Japan. Some showed red streaks across the sky. Others looked like a low blue dawn from a distance. in 1999, floating bails of light in the sky were broadcast on Turkish television , reportedly filmed the night before the devastating earthquake of 7.4 on the Richter scale that killed many thousand people in the Marmara region of Turkey. Mysterious or not, repeated sightings of earthquake lights confirm their existence. it has to be said that earthquake lights are a fairly well-known phenomenon, but we don't know what they mean, or what causes them. Seismologists have struggled far years to find a reliable earthquake predictor. Could the lights hold the key?

47.

In the passage, the writer wonders whether A) earthquakes lights might help in the prediction of earthquakes B) the orange glows supposedly sighted before an earthquake were actually seen C) the photographs taken of earthquake lights in Japan are of any scientific use D) earthquakes cause the lights, or whether the lights cause the earthquakes E) the devastation caused by the Marmara earthquake could have been prevented

48.

712

49.

It is pointed out in the passage that the photographic recording of earthquake lights A) was made for the first time less than half a century ago B) was only done with great success during the Marmara earthquake C) is what finally convinced people of their existence D) is widely regarded as a visual deception E) E-has always been a major concern for seismologists

50. The writer of the passage seems to be confident that __ A) seismology is advancing rapidly through the study of earthquakes lights B) future earthquakes will be reliably predicted by means of earthquake lights C)earthquake lights have frequently been observed and even filmed D) the mystery of earthquake lights can never be resolved E) the appearance of fireballs and flashes in the sky are a sure sign of an approaching earthquake

The passage emphasizes the fact that the Marmara earthquake __ . A) was televised as it was happening B) was followed by strange lights in the sky C) was indeed a catastrophic one D) greatly puzzled seismologists E) took everyone, seismologists included, by surprise



a~ag1daki

pan;aya gore

Much has been said and written about the declining numbers of and disappointing lack of diversity among American college students majoring in engineering. Among the factors cited to explain this phenomenon are the lack of exposure of high school students to the very idea of engineering and the fact that many have insufficient mathematics and science background to gain entrance to engineering school, even if they do identify the profession as a possible career. This is unfortunate, for the ideas of engineering should be integrated into the curricula not only of high schools but also of middle and primary schools. Our children are being done a disservice by not being exposed properly throughout their education to engineering activities identified as such. After all, even pre-school children have the prerequisites in their play for appreciating exactly what engineering is: design. Indeed, design is everywhere around them throughout their school day, even in their before-school and afterschool activities. It need only be pointed out to them that they are designing something, and therefore being engineers of sorts, in virtually everything that they do.

51.

53- Among the reasons given in the passage for the decline in the numbers of engineering students is that __ A) the American schools still follow out-dated curricula B) university entrance requirements are far too demanding C) it is generally recognized as one of the most difficult of all the courses D) engineering in the US is not considered to be a competitive field of study E) many of them fail to acquire an adequate knowledge of mathematics and science at high schools

54.

According to the passage, all school programmes __ . A) should be designed to make students aware of the engineering practices and principles B) ought to give priority to the sciences C) must encourage children to make creative designs D) seem to put the emphasis on the need to diversify learning E) overlook the fact that all children are different

The writer of the passage feels strongly that A) children should be involved in engineering activities at an early age B) many children are being unfairly directed into a career in engineering C) the mathematics and science courses in schools need to be modernized D) university engineering courses ought to be upgraded E) the education of pre-school children is being given too much importance

52. The writer recognizes the fact that engineering A) is becoming less and less popular as a field of study among university students B) is only suitable for highly intelligent students C) is a complicated subject only suitable for really mature students D) has become one of the most popular fields of study at American universities E) requires many years of training prior to qualification


713

YDS $iFRELERi 55. - 58. sorularda, kar§lhkh konu§manm bos b1rak1lan k1smm1 tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bulunuz.

55.

57.

Andrew: - That's interesting. And I suppose it means the Nobel prize will continue for ever! Paul: - Let's hope so! A) I don't know. But there's now a prize for economics. B) I really don't know. I used to think it was the Swedish National Bank. C) Do you know, I'd never thought about it! D) The cash awards are quite high, so it's an interesting question. E) Mostly from the interest on the Nobel endowment fund.

Ronnie : - Someone's got to tell the manager! James: Ronnie : - I know it's not. But someone has to break the news to him. James: -Yes. I'm afraid that's true. A) Why don't you tell him yourself? You're just as much at fault as I am. B) I will. He knows it's not my fault. C) I know. But why me? It's not my fault that the virus got into the computer! D) But I don't see why it should be me! E) Let him find out for himself!

58.

56.

Jane: - The sign says "Trespassers will be prosecuted". What does that mean? Kenneth: - It really means keep off this piece of land. Jane: Kenneth: - Yes, it can. A landowner has the legal right to keep people off his land. A) But who does the land belong to? B) Do people take any notice of such an order? C) Have people the right to put up such notices? D) But can this order be enforced? E) Is there ever a court case about it?

714

Andrew: - Where does the money for the Nobel prizes come from? Paul:

Angela: - Isn't it possible to use the air-conditioner as a heater? Malcolm: - It certainly is. Are you feeling cold? Shall I turn it on for you? Angela: Malcolm : - The signs and symbols on the remote control device make it easy to turn on. A) I wish you would. That's if you know how to do so. B) Yes do. Aren't you feeling cold? C) Please do. We can turn it off when the central heating comes on. D) It would be nice. I really am feeling cold. E) Of course. Now the sun's gone it's getting quite cold.



Houses in this area are expected to go up in

The lesson to be drawn from his success story is the importance of understanding the market. A) He was only successful after he had learned to appreciate the scope of his market.

value once the new road is finished.

B) The ability to understand is an essential

A) As the new road nears completion there is an increase in the demand for property in the region . B) If ever they finish the road, the price of houses in the neighborhood will be affected . C) The new bad , when it's finished could bring house prices in the neighborhood down. D) The new road is nearing completion and this is already being reflected in the price of property in the area. E) When they open the new road, house prices in the area will almost certainly rise.

ingredient of success. especially in business. C) His success lies in his sensitive grasp of the market; and that's the main point to be learned. D) Marketing techniques are of first importance to the businessman. E) His success story has no parallel and is not likely to be repeated .

59. - 62. sorularda , verilen cl.imleye anlamca en yakm olan cumleyi bulunuz.

59.

61.

62.

60.

Coffee beans are second only to petroleum as the most traded commodity in the world. A) Petroleum is the world's most traded commodity, and after that come coffee beans. B) Petroleum and coffee beans share the honour of being the world's most traded commodities . C) Coffee beans vie with petroleum as the world's most sought-after commodity. D) Coffee beans are not the world's most soughtafter commodity. E) Petroleum has superseded coffee beans as the world's most traded commodity.


The Malaysian make of car should be king of the roads there, owing to the steep tariffs imposed on imported cars; but this is not the case. A) Malaysian-made cars are only preferable to foreign makes because they are cheaper, though not much cheaper. B) Since foreign cars are so heavily taxed , home produced makes are far more popular in Malaysia; this is only natural. C) Tariffs on imported cars In Malaysia are prohibitive and this is why people buy home produced models though they do not wish to. D) One might expect the Malaysian make of car to be the most popular make there as imported cars are so heavily taxed; but it is not so. E) Surprisingly enough, foreign cars are just as popular as Malaysian ones there even though they are heavily taxed .

715

YDS ~iFRELERi 63. - 66. sorularda , verilen durumda olabilecek sozu bulunuz.

63.

soylenmi~

65.

You have a friend, who is a banker, and for

sometime he has been advising you to buy

really will start to get into serious trouble.

certain shares. You have put off doing so, but it has become clear that your investments are not doing at all well, and so you have decided to take his advice. You phone him and say: A) It gave me a nasty shock to see that the shares you so strongly recommended have fallen so sharply. B) I'm somewhat uneasy about those shares you recommend. I'll think it over for a day or two. C) I wish I had bought more of those shares before they went up. D) By the way, the shares you persuaded me to buy really have gone up nicely. E) I'm quite convinced that your advice was right; so I'm going to invest in those shares

You say: A) I doubt whether any of these suggestions for market leadership would bear fruit. B) Sometimes change may be necessary. But in our case it isn't really urgent. C) Are these changes sufficient to keep the company afloat? D) I know you don't like change , but, unless such changes are introduced, the company is going to suffer. E) I'm not at all convinced that these new policies will get the results we want.

66.

64.

716

New policies for market expansion have been under discussion at a board meeting. The president likes to keep things as they are, but you feel it is necessary to implement at least some new policies, or the company

A young colleague has unfortunately got himself mixed up with a group of decidedly unpleasant people. There have been two incidents recently in which the police have been called in. This has upset the young man and he has come to you for advice. You want him to make a complete break with the group around him immediately, and say firmly: A) It's time to make new friends , with people who are more like you . B) Start to see less of them; say you're busy. C) You'd better break off all ties with that group once and for all! D) I honestly can't understand what you see in them . E) If I were you , I'd slowly start to keep out of their way.

A younger colleague has been working hard on a research project. He's now come across a major problem, and this has so discouraged him that he seems about to give the whole project up. You are quite sure he's perfectly capable of overcoming the problem. So, you say to him: A) With your talents, you can easily succeed! Just set your mind to it! B) If you are really in trouble there are plenty of people who will help you. C) It seems to me that this project constitutes too big a challenge for you . D) If you find this so difficult why don't you find another topic? E) Are you quite sure that this project is worth all the effort you are putting into it?


YDS DENEME SJNAVLARI 67. - 70. sorularda, par<;ada uygun di.i~en ci.imleyi bulunuz. 67.

68.

bo~

brrakrlan yere

69.

Satellite tracking of sharks has at last put an end to a 50-year-old assumption about their habits. __ . Instead, they travel vast distances all year round in search of zooplankton, their favorite food. A) Our knowledge concerning the habits of sharks has increased immensely during this period B) Some assumptions never do get tested C) In this respect sharks are quite unlike whales D) It has now been finally established that they do not hibernate E) Such an assumption was easy enough to discredit

70.

A recent survey carried out by the UK lecturers' union shows that almost a quarter of respondents rate their academic freedom as limited, poor or non-existent. __ . In 30% of cases, that pressure had come from the organization paying for the research. A) Researchers in every sector know that they must get positive results into journals B) Most worrying is the results of this loss of integrity on medical research C) Some researchers said they had been pressurized to alter results, delay their publication or even bury them D) The public loss of confidence in science has reached serious proportions and must be faced squarely E) Those with access to the truth are too often those with most to gain from avoiding it

In Japan, the brighter economic picture of the first 6 months of 2002 failed to carry over into the second half of the year. __ . This was no doubt influenced by rising unemployment which is now at a record high. A) External demand supported Japan's exporters to some degree, but the domestic market was at a low ebb. B) The year 2003 will doubtless be another difficult year for the Japanese economy C) Recovery looks like being slow D) This uncertainty gave rise to a cut in interest rates E) Once global investor confidence returns, equity markets will, in all likelihood, start to perform well again

There is a popular theory that suggests we only use 10 per cent of our brain, and that if we could just find a way to tap the other 90 per cent it might be employed in the important question of how it works. __ . A recent spate of studies shows that all areas of the brain are active when performing daytoday functions and there is no 90 per cent that remains untapped. A) There are countless other ways in which the human brain is unique B) Unfortunately, this theory has turned out to be wrong C) We should also remember that other animals are clever too, though in different ways D) Another theory tries to account for the fact that we are suspicious of others' motives E) This explains why, unlike other animals, we are able to ignore the selfish dictates of our genes


717

YDS ~iFRELERi 71. - 76. sorularda, verilen lngilizce cumlenin Turk~esini , Turk~e cumlenin ingilizcesini bulunuz. 71.

Since September 11th, 2001, America's eagerness to project its power unilaterally, has affected the foreign policy of most countries in the world. A) 11 Eylul 2001'den sonra Amerika'nm tek tarafli olarak gucunu kullanma istegi, dunyada pek gok ulkenin dll? politikasm1 yonlendirmil?tir. B) 11 Eylul 2001'den sonra dunyanm pek gok Olkesi, dll? politikas1n1, Amerika'nm tek bal?lna gucunu gosterme istegi dogrultusunda belirlemil?tir. C) 11 Eylul 2001 'den beri Amerika'nm tek tarafll olarak gucunu ortaya koyma istegi, dunyadaki gogu Olkenin dll? politikas1n1 etkilemekledir. D) Amerika'nm 11 Eylul 2001 'den bu yana dunyaya tek bal?ma hakim olma istegi, birt;:ok Olkenin dll? politikas1n1 etkiledi. E) Dunyada gogu Olkenin dll? politikas1 , Amerika'nm 11 EyiOI 2001 'den itibaren tek bal?ma gucunu ortaya koyma istegi ile yeniden l?ekillenmil?tir.

72.

High-speed trains, known in Spain as the AVE, have linked Madrid southward to Seville since 1992. A) ispanya'da AVE olarak bilinen h1zli trenler, 1992'den beri Madrid'i guney yonunde Sevilla'ya baglamaktad1r. B) 1992'den sonra Madrid, ispanya'da AVE olarak bilinen h1zli trenle, guneydeki Sevilla'ya baglanmll?tlr. C) Madrid , guneydeki Sevilla'ya, ispanya'da 1992'den itibaren AVE olarak bilinen h1zli trenle baglanmll? bulunuyor. D) ispanya'da AVE olarak bilinen h1zli trenler, 1992'den itibaren, Madrid'den guneydeki Sevilla'ya kadar il?lemeye bal?lamll?tlr. E) 1992'den sonra Madrid'i guney yonunde Sevilla'ya baglayan h1zli trenler, ispanya'da AVE olarak bilinir.

718

73.

Amnesty International says that Iraqis have made many - so far mostly unsubstantiated charges of abuse against both British and American soldiers. A) Uluslararas1 Af Orguto, lraklilann gerek ingiliz gerekse Amerikan askerlerine yonelttigi suiistimal suglamalarmdan pek gogunun bugune kadar kan1tlanamadiQinl soylemektedir. B) Uluslararas1 Af brguto, lrakl1lann, hem ingiliz hem de Amerikan askerlerine karl?' bugune kadar gogu kan1tlanmam1l? pek gok suiistimal suglamasmda bulunduklanm soylemektedir. C) Uluslararas1 Af Orguto'nun soyledigine gore. lrakl1lar, ingiliz ve Amerikan askerlerinin baz1lanna karl?' gogu henuz kan1tlanamam1l? suiistimal suglamalannda bulunmul?tur. D) Uluslararas1 Af brgOtu, lraklllann, hem ingiliz hem de Amerikan askerlerine karl?l yap1lan ancak gogu tam olarak kamt1anmam1l? pek gok suiistimal suglamalannm oldugunu soylemektedir. E) Uluslararas1 Af OrgutO'nun de soyledigi gibi , lraklllann bugune kadar kamtlanamayan suglamalanndan gogu hem ingiliz hem de Amerikan askerlerine yoneliktir.

74.

1960'ta Tanzanya'nm 01 Doinyo Lengai yanardag1 patlad1gmda, alt1 milyonun uzerinde aga~ koklerinden sokUidu. A) It was the eruption of the 01 Doinyo Lengai volcano in 1960 that caused the destruction of over six million trees in Tanzania . B) When the 01 Doinyo Lengai volcano erupted in 1960, all Tanzania's six million trees were uprooted. C) As a result of the eruption of the 01 Doinyo Lengai volcano in Tanzania in 1960, nearly six million trees were uprooted. D) Over six million trees were uprooted when Tanzania's 01 Doinyo Lengai volcano erupted in 1960. E) In 1960 nearly six million trees were destroyed in Tanzania following the eruption of the 01 Doinyo Lengai volcano.



76.

Almanya'nm ba~bakam Gerhard Schroder tarafmdan ortaya konan ekonomik reform planlan, Sosyal Demokrat Parti'nin kongresinde oybirligi ile onayland1. A) The plans for economic reform put forward by Germany's chancellor, Gerhard Schroder, were unanimously endorsed at the Social Democratic Party's congress . B) Gerhard Schroder, Germany's chancellor, should have made plans for economic reform, and they would have been approved at the Social Democratic Party's congress . C) At the Social Democratic Party congress, the plans for economic reform suggested by Germany's chancellor, Gerhard Schroder, met with considerable approval. D) The plans of Gerhard Schroder, Germany's chancellor, for economic development won the approval of the entire Social Democratic Party at their congress. E) The plans for economic development drawn up by Gerhard Schroder, Germany's chancellor, were recently whole-heartedly approved at the Social Democratic Party's congress.

Gelecek y•l AB'ye kat1lmay1 bekleyen on Olkenin hepsi, bu y1l sonuna kadar, Nisan'da imzalam1~ olduklan kat1hm antla~masm1 oylam1~ olacaklard1r. A) Before the end of the year, the ten countries expecting to join the EU next year, have to vote on the accession treaty which they signed in April. B) By the end of this year, all ten countries waiting to join the EU next year, will have voted on the accession treaty which they signed in ApriL C) All the ten countries hoping to join the EU next year signed the accession treaty in April and will vote on it before the end of this year. D) Ten of the countries waiting to join the EU next year signed the accession treaty in April and all will have done so by the end of this year. E) All the ten countries expected to join the EU next year signed the accession treaty in April and are required to vote on it by the end of this year.


77.

80. sorularda, ci.imleler s•ras1yla okundugunda par!(anm anlam bi.iti.inli.igi.ini.i bozan ci.imleyi bulunuz.

77.

(I) Whisky began to be marketed commercially in the middle of the nineteenth century. (II) By enlarging and modernizing its distilleries, Scotland was able to dominate the market in Europe and America. (Ill) Up until then , production had been divided between a few official distilleries and many much smaller, illicit ones, whose produce was almost exclusively for local consumption . (IV) The development of reliable transport systems particularly trains during the Industrial Revolution meant whisky could travel further afield . (V) And a few Scottish-and Irish traders seized the opportunity to begin exporting their output. A) I B) II C) Ill D) IV E) V

78.

(I) Infants all over the world begin to smile at about the same age. (II) Whether they are born in a remote African village or in a middle class American home, it seems to make no difference. (Ill) Unfortunately, this usually occurs when they see familiar faces or hear familiar voices . (IV) This suggests that age is more important in determining the onset of smiling than are the conditions of rearing. (V) Moreover, blind babies smile at about the same age as sighted infants, suggesting it is an innate response. B) II A) I C) Ill D) IV E) V

79.

(I) In sharp contrast to many other euro-area members, Belgium and the Netherlands have in recent years been able to abide by the aim of the stability and growth pact, with budgets in balance or surplus . (II) Now the effects of weaker growth are eroding this achievement. (Ill) Their economy's slide into deficit is a new worry and a reason for belttightening . (IV) Similarly, Luxembourg, which for years had more money than it could spend, is moving into the red. (V) In the end they have made concessions on their human-rights law to improve relations with America. A) I B) II C) Ill D) IV E) V

80.

(I) Stained glass windows are part of Britain's heritage. (II) In fact we see them so often that we take the hours of effort that go into creating them for granted . (Ill) So an exhibition that counterbalances this effect is of particular value. (IV) Actually it is the work of local designers that are particularly interesting. (V) This one does just that by following the whole creative process from the initial designs all the way through to the finished product. A) I B) II C) Ill D) IV E) V

719

YDS $iFRELERi

DENEME IV 1.-14. sorularda , cumlede bo~ b1rak1lan yerlere uygun du~en sozclik ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.

1.

2.

Pharmaceutical firms are wary of devoting money to new antibiotics whose sales can be ---- limited by the development of resistance in the target microbes. A) accurately B) adequately C) severely D) complacently E) confidently

6.

The United States spends ---- on armed forces ---- do all other countries combined. A) so much I that B) both I and C) not only/ but also D) neither I nor E) more I than

7.

Over this period, according to a report recently issued by the Hispanic Studies Center in Los Angeles, Mexicans received 14.5 billion US dollars from relatives working in the United States, which is almost Mexico earned from foreign oil sales. A) as B) just as C) as well as D) as much as E) as far as

8.

The origin of sex is prevalence. A) too I for B) so I so C) as/as D) that I such as E) very/more like

In an aircraft, the cabin lights are dimmed during take-off and landing to help passengers to ---- themselves to darkness in the event of an emergency. A) modify B) accustom C) resume D) associate E) relate

Jean Chritien ----after more than ten years as Canada's prime minister. A) steps down B) makes out C) runs out D) holds up E) points out

3.

A fair proportion of the workforce now work from their homes, a ---- that has been made possible by computers. A) disturbance B) destination C) circumstance D) support E) denial

4.

North Korea is ---- to abandon its nuclear programme without specific security guarantees from America and promises of lots of aid. A) sincere B) nasty C) boastful D) unlikely E) provisional

720

5.

much of a puzzle -

its



China, which - much of Mongolia from the end of the seventeenth century until the early twentieth century still the oil, coal, uranium, and empty grasslands of its former possessions.

A) was ruling I has coveted B) C) D) E)

had ruled 1 may have coveted has ruled I coveted ruled I covets rules I is coveting

13.

Provincial governments play a big role in the lives of Canadians, ---- primary responsibility ----- health, education and welfare. A) through I over B) at I about C) from I to D) by I of E) with I for

14. In business, every trend contains the seeds of ---- countertrend. 10. The choices we make and the lives we lead -the values we-. A) B) C) D) E)

would be influenced /are holding are influenced I hold had been influenced I were holding must have influenced I had held have been influenced I were holding

A) B) C) D) E)

itself its own any one any one's own

11. If you ---- a car, you ---- its performance, not its appearance. A) were buying I had been considering B) were buying I would have considered C) bought I had considered D) have bought I would have been considering E) are buying I should be considering

12. What is really ---- issue is the political structure ---- which Soviet communism was erected. A) at/ on B) for I from C) to I through D) by I in E) over I with


721

YDS ~iFRELERi sorularda, a~ag1daki pan;:ada yerlere uygun dusen sozcuk ya da ifadey1 bulunuz.

a~ag1daki parc;:ada yerlere uygun dusen sozclik ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.

I was at Manchester's Bridgewater Hall last week to hear an all-Byrd programme performed to a packed hall. This would have been unimaginable (15) ---- 20 years ago. Not surprisingly, a good (16) ---- of the audience applauded in the wrong places. I regard this as good news (17) ---- bad news. This was a new audience (18) ---- to a concert hall by CD recordings and I (19) ----the experience of being a part of it.

James Joyce was born in Dublin of a middle-class Catholic family. (20) ---- his mother was a devout Catholic, his father was a man who was opposed to the Church and fiercely objected to the interference (21) ---- the Catholic clergy in Irish politics. Joyce attended Clongowes Wood College for several years , but (22) ----- to leave when his family fell upon increasing economic hardship. Then, he attended a Christian Brothers school, Belvedere College and later University College Dublin, where he (23) ---modern European languages. He left Ireland for Paris but returned to Dublin for a short while (24) ---learning that his mother was dying .

15.

-

19

numaralanm1~

15. A) B) C) D) E)

for hardly still yet even

20. - 24. sorularda, numaralanm•~

20.

16. A) B) C) D) E)

impression supply example proportion quality

attracted having been attracted having attracted to attract attracting

722

seemed abandoned preferred sensed valued

for of about in to

A) was forced B) is forced C) has been forced D)would have forced E) would be forced

23.

19. A) B) C) D) E)

A) B) C) D) E)

22.

18. A) B) C) D) E)

Besides Since As if Though Even

21.

17. A) apart from B) so long as C) rather than D) in addition to E)except

A) B) C) D) E)

A) B) C) D) E)

assumed studied involved established affirmed

A) B) C) D) E)

whenever until after while as

24.


YDS DENEME SINAVLARI 25 - 34. sorularda, verilen cumleyi uygun sekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz.

25.

26.

27.

Since the migratory routes of cranes ignore political boundaries, ----. A) a species bank of captive cranes has been created to guard against extinction B) some cranes depend exclusively upon wetlands for nesting and feeding C) Of any effort to protect them requires the participation of several countries D) an International effort to ensure safe passage for cranes would have been hardly feasible E) this was simply a means to draw global attention to cranes and their work

---- where farmers benefit from legal opium cultivation for the production of painkillers. A) Turkey is one of several countries B) The UN's drug control agency admits that crop substitution projects are inadequate C) Total opium elimination in these countries is hardly feasible D) Until recently, only the trafficking of opium was prohibited in Laos, not the cultivation of it E) Opium is one of the oldest painkillers known

----, when Eveready introduced the alkaline battery. A) Their technological success is still being questioned B) Many new materials have been adapted for battery use C) Mercury, too, has recently been eliminated from batteries on account of its toxicity D) The lifespan of these batteries are expected to improve E) The first major advance in flashlight batteries came in 1959


28.

----that New York City is being badly run and desperately needs to be reorganized. A) None of them had admitted B) Everybody acknowledges C) Many Americans were asking the authorities D) Letters of protest had been written to the Mayor's Office E) Many journalists would recommend

29.

Because scientists believe that comets in the distant past deposited water and organic compounds on both Earth and its moon, ----. A) in the 1990s, two probes that orbited the moon raised new questions about Earth's airless satellite B) it is the largest impact crater in the entire solar system C) the exploration agenda would have been changed D) well-preserved ice at the lunar poles could yield clues to the origins of life E) those lunar missions had been supported by very few scientists

30.

---- there's a lot of truth in the saying that an orchestra is only as good as its conductor. A) Though there are exceptions B) If the orchestra were in better shape C) Since his abilities as an orchestra builder are very impressive D) Once they had gained international recognition E) Since music critics are involved in a serious controversy

723

YDS ~iFRELERi 31.

In good hands, the harpsichord will always have things to offer----. A) that its value has never been doubted B) which other musical Instruments cannot C) if yet another challenge had to be faced D) even when the performances were not quite flawless E) since a substantial amount of his early period has been recorded

32.

Many of Europe's museums and cultural institutions are in financial trouble, ----. A) even though most of America's cultural institutions get little cash from the federal government B) since plans by the Italian government to privatize parts of the country's cultural heritage have fallen through C) as governments find themselves forced to cut subsidies D) because the Italian government has come up with a bold plan to ease the cash crisis facing the museums E) if France's new culture minister has come out in favour of a plan for more independence for national museums

724

33. Well before 11 September, people began to fear----. A) if they had achieved their political ends B) that terrorists would start to use chemical , biological and nuclear weapons C) so that Americans can confront the worst threats before they emerge D) in case America will have to consider creating a domestic intelligence agency E) when the United States toppled the regime that gave ai-Qaeda its Afghan sanctuary

34.

In the 20th century, most of the large military powers developed biological weapons, ----. A) but moral repugnance kept these countries from using them against each other B) although bio-weapons have a fearful potential that has long been understood C) while as many as 17 countries are still thought to have kept some to use in an emergency D) so long as none of the regimes is supporting a terrorist group E) just as non-lethal weapons merit particular Attention



a§ag1daki

pan;aya

gore

Family-owned companies are bad for business, a new study argues - at least when they dominate a large portion of a country's economy. Outside the United States and Britain most major corporations are in the hands of a few wealthy families, rather than, as in the US and Britain, being owned by a wide network of shareholders. The power of these small families often extends far beyond the companies they own directly, thanks to a system of "control pyramids" in which they exercise indirect control over a large number of smaller companies. This concentration of corporate power doesn't merely leave a high percentage of wealth in the hands of billionaires - it also retards growth, diminishes efficiency, and limits economic freedom . Moreover, "a tiny elite that cannot be sacked," as the study puts it, is likely to pursue "economic entrenchment", in which property rights and financial openness are restricted to protect a few families' economic and political prerogatives or rights.

35.

The aim of the passage is to ----. A) highlight the different ways in which business is carried on in the US and in Britain B) compare small family businesses and large corporations C) present the findings of a research project into of large, family-owned the nature corporations D) discredit the practices of big business, especially when shareholders are involved E) contradict the conclusions of a study into the practices of large, family-owned corporations

36.

We understand from the passage that in Britain and the US, the larger companies ----. A) are constantly merging to create even larger companies B) frequently extend their control over smaller corporations C) are characterized by much financial openness D) are usually owned by shareholders who may be many in number E) are highly competitive and growing fast


37.

We learn from the passage that the "control pyramids" ----. A) offer smaller companies a much-needed guidance B) are in general very beneficial C) depict the system of management within a large corporation D) characterize all family businesses whether large or small E) tend to restrict growth and lower efficiency

38.

By the "tiny elite that cannot be sacked" of the passage is meant -. A) families running small businesses at the base of the "control pyramids" B) the non-family share-holders C) the high-ranking employees of the big corporations D) the few billionaire families who own and rule the major corporations E) families without economic and political prerogatives

725

YDS ~iFRELERi 39. - 42 . sorulan a§ag1daki parc;aya gore cevaplaym1z. Before the Polish-born French-American mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot made his mark on the world , scientists liked to forget about the imperfections and irregularities of nature. The study of perfect squares, triangles and planes had dominated their field for over 2,000 years, since the Greek geometer Euclid wrote maths' oldest treatise "Elements" and provided us with the tools to measure these flawlessly smooth shapes . Early question about how to measure the real shape of a tree, a coastline or anything with a rough edge could not be tackled by Euclidean geometry and had therefore been ignored . But Mandelbrot changed all this when he invented fractal geometry, which enables us to measure roughness. "My whole career has been one long, ardent pursuit of the concept of roughness", he says . "The roughness of clusters in the physics of disorder, of turbulent flows, of exotic noises, of chaotic dynamical systems, of the distribution of galaxies, of coastlines , of stock-price charts and of mathematical constructions ."

39.

It is clear from the passage that, before Mandelbrot's concepts attracted the attention of the scientific world, ----. A) mathematics followed the lead of Euclid and concentrated on regular shapes B) everyone felt that Euclidean geometry was inadequate C) scientists relied on Euclidean geometry to measure trees and exotic noises D) Mandelbrot almost lost confidence in the concept of roughness E) Mandelbrot was careful to limit the scope of his studies into roughness

40.

According to the passage, Euclidean geometry can, in a way, be regarded as having had a negative effect upon the development of mathematics because it ----. A) can be neither substantiated nor disproved B) is too involved with measurement C) makes the investigation of roughness impossible D) is far too comprehensive E) put forward the concept of roughness

726

41.

It is clear from the passage that Mandelbrot --

-.

A) only began to work on the concept of roughness at a later stage in his career B) finds the concept of roughness immensely exciting, and apparent in widely different areas C) worked on the concept of roughness because he wanted to prove that Euclid's theories were contradictory D) didn't discover fractal geometry but worked to extend its uses E) has still to convince the scientific world of the value of fractal geometry

42.

One point made in the passage is that Euclidean geometry ----. A) has led to a better appreciation of the irregularities in nature B) has had to be modified in the light of new discoveries C) has been shown to be invalid D) is not universally applicable E) doesn't deserve the respect it has enjoyed for 2,000 years



a!:?ag1daki

par~aya

gore

Therapists have to be very careful before they make a diagnosis of delusional disorder. A great many complaints are founded on fact. It is possible that a patient is really being harassed at work, that her husband is deceiving her, or that her business partner is cheating her. Indeed, therapists must be careful not to mislabel facts as delusions, a trap known as "the Martha Mitchell effect". Martha Mitchell was the wife of former US attorney general John Mitchell. In October 1972, he was accused of having ordered the break-in at the Democratic campaign headquarters in the Watergate Hotel in Washington, D.C. Mrs Mitchell repeatedly told the press that her husband was being made a scapegoat to protect the real culprit President Richard M. Nixon. The White House spread disinformation about Mrs Mitchell , saying she had a drinking problem and implying that her statements were delusional. When the scandal was ultimately unravelled, Mrs Mitchell's statements were proved true and she was shown to be utterly sane and with no drinking problem .

43.

45.

We learn from the passage that, in the Watergate affair, US attorney general John Mitchell-. A) was criminally involved in the break-in at the Democratic campaign headquarters B) was made to appear as the leading wrongdoer C) asked the press to interview his wife D) advised President Nixon on the legal procedure E) was anxious that his wife should not get involved with the pres

46.

It is clear from the passage that, by "the Martha Mitchell effect" is meant-. A) the labelling of facts as delusions B) Mrs Mitchell's loyal support of her husband C) the use of a wife's evidence against her husband D) the unravelling of the Watergate scandal E) the giving of false testimony at a trial

The passage draws attention to the fact that A) John Mitchell had indeed violated the law on several occasions B) it can sometimes be difficult for therapists to distinguish between fact and delusion C) President Nixon had never trusted his attorney general D) Mrs Mitchell had always been subject to delusions E) complaints always have a foundation in fact

44.

We understand from the passage that Mrs Mitchell-. A) was often treated by therapists on account of her delusions B) did indeed have a drinking problem C) was indifferent to the disinformation spread by the White House D) was unjustly portrayed as suffering from delusions E) displayed little interest in the Watergate affair


727

YDS $iFRELERi 47 - 50 . sorulan cevaplaym1z.

a~ag1daki

pan;aya

gore

Europe and Japan do not use fuel economy standards to any significant degree, but instead rely principally on high taxes to reduce gas consumption . Their average tax i is more than $2 per gallon, while in the US federal gas taxes are only 18 Euro per gallon and average state taxes 22 Euro per gallon. Higher prices at the pump resulting from higher taxes increase consumer demand for cars with better fuel economy. They also encourage consumers to reduce their driving. Research shows that federal taxes on gasoline would have to increase by a bit less than 50 euro per gallon to cut gasoline consumption in the US. Although a 50 Euro increase is a lot compared with the present average total tax of 40 Euro, it would raise retail gas prices to only a little more than $2 per gallon, tax included. This is far below prices in Europe and Japan. Even if federal taxes on gas were doubled, US retail gas prices would still be much below those in other developed nations.

47.

It is clear from the passage that Japan's Strategy to keep fuel consumption down-. A) Depends largely on the high taxation of fuel B) has been greatly criticized by the public C) has not been as effective as was originally envisaged D) has set an example that Europe is now adopting E) has had no effect upon the country's car production Technologies

49.

We learn from the passage that one effect of higher taxes on fuel ----. A) has been a great deal of uneasiness and even anger among consumers B) has been a noticeable drop in car sales everywhere C) has been to draw attention to a much wider range of energy sources D) is an increased demand for vehicles which consume less fuel E) is that Europe's production of fuel-economy vehicles has increased remarkably

50.

One point stressed in the passage is that fuel prices in the US, ---. A) which include both federal and state taxes, are expected to rise considerably B) which have been increasing steadily for quite some time now, have almost equaled those in Japan and even Europe C) even if the taxes were to be increased considerably, would still be much lower than in other industrialized countries D) which have not risen for a long time, seem likely to remain stable E) where consumers go for cars with better fuel economy, have caused no change in driving habits

48. According to the passage, the combined federaland state taxes on gas in the US -. A) have exceeded those currently in use in Europe B) are so high that they have forced Japanese car manufacturers to change their production strategies C) have become a major public concern D) have suddenly caused fuel prices to rise sharply E) amount to much less than the tax paid in Japan

728



a~ag1daki

pan;;aya

gore

Throughout his working life, Shakespeare worked as an actor in the midst of a troupe. We know little about his first years in London, For a few years between 1585 and 1592 his name disappears altogether from the public records, and the most likely reason for this is that, for at least some of this time, he was working for one of the city's acting companies; as a junior member he would not be listed among the troupe's principal players. In the late 1580s theatrical activity in London was largely concentrated in Shoreditch and Southwark, districts of London. Shakespeare could have lived anywhere, but Shoreditch, which would have been cheap and convenient, is a likely candidate for a young actor. In his early career Shakespeare may have moved from troupe to troupe in order to survive. Whatever the case , working conditions must have been similar. Sundays, religious holidays and disasters aside, a company would perform a different play each afternoon of the week, though some plays would be repeated in the weeks ahead. An actor usually had to keep at least 30 parts in his memory and a leading player such as Alleyn or Burbage must have kept in mind nearly 5,000 lines a week.

51.

According to the passage, in Shakespeare's time,----. A) it was not unusual for actors to appear in a great many roles each week B) there was no theatrical activity anywhere in England except for London C) leading actors would only agree to appear in certain roles D) an acting company usually staged a new play each week E) acting was regarded as an immoral occupation

52.

We learn from the passage that, in Shakespeare's London, theatres ----. A) competed with each other to get Alleyn or Burbage in their troupe B) were normally open to the public six afternoons a week C) provided actors with a comfortable and profitable way of life D) were rather like drama schools and they trained actors E) all had their own leading players


53.

We understand from the passage that in the late 16th century ----. A) it was illegal to hold theatrical performances on religious days B) Shoreditch and Southwark were heavily populated commercial districts C) there was apparently a great deal of public interest in the theatres D) the popularity of Alleyn and Burbage was already on the decline E) working conditions in the theatres varied enormously

54.

It was clear from the passage that, for Shakespeare, they years in London up to 1592 ---. A) were times of hardship and uncertainty B) were a period of widespread public recognition C) marked a turning point in his life D) brought many great changes and opportunities E) were the period during which he established a lifelong friendship with Alleyn and Burbage

729

YDS ~iFRELERi 55. - 58. sorularda, kar~1hkh konu~manm bo~ b1rak1lan k1smm1 tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bulunuz.

55.

Mary : - Have you ever seen a coloured diamond? Susan: - Only in advertisements designed to attract the attention of the ultra rich. Mary : Susan : - No, I didn't. But that's a good reason for not wanting one! A) Australia's most prolific diamond mine is the Argyl l one. B) Did you know that blue ones are rarer than pink? C) Did you realize that of the diamonds mined only a very small percent are of jewellery grade? D) Did you know that colour in a diamond is due to a sl ight fault occurring in its development? E) Prices have risen by over 25% over the past yea r.

56.

George : - Do read this article on waste disposal. Reg :

. ----.

George : - I know; so am I. Everyone seems to have something to say about the subject and they all repeat themselves. Only this article does say something different. Reg : - In that case I'll take a look at it. A) It talks about providing renewable supplies of energy. B) Well , then ; leave it on my desk. C) Is it about carbon recycling? If so , I'm not interested . D) Why? I'm really getting rather bored with the problem. E) Give it to Bob; he likes that sort of thing .

730

57. Steven: - What do you think is the secret of Dubai's success? Albert : - I really don't know. But ask anyone in the city and they'll answer promptly: leadership". Steven:-. Albert: - It can't be the whole answer. There must be other things that contribute but I don't know what they are. A) I don't think Dubai's success will continue . B) Of course , they are all very grateful to the Crown Prince. C) Does that mean that when the leader goes the country will have hard times? D) I think vision and energy would be a beter choice. E) Do you think that is the correct answer?

58.

Norman: But I thought the company was in a very good position with strong organic growth and an enviable profit margin. Lee : True. But there are rival companies that are stronger still. Norman :

- ----.

Lee : Yes, I am. A) I dislike these giant corporations . How do you feel about them? B) Are you telling me that it's now one of the food industry's favourite takeover targets? C) Do you think they'll fix a takeover? D) I think competition is a good thing. E) The big international corporations are even more of a threat.


YDS DENEME SINAVLARI 59. - 62. sorularda, verilen cumleye anlamca en yakm olan cumleyi bulunuz.

59.

We might well find that we need more than three weeks in which to complete a report of this kind. A) It shouldn't take us more than three weeks to finish a report like this one. B) We might as well try to get this report finished within three weeks . C) I don't imagine we can get through this report in three weeks , but we can try. D) A report of this kind has never been drawn up in under three weeks. E) It's quite likely that three weeks won't be sufficient for us to finalize such a report.

60.

Frankly, in my opm1on the girl's musical abilities are no more than average for her age. A) Even so, if you take the girl's age into account, her musical performance was no better than that of any of the others. B) To be honest, I don't think the girl's musical talents are anything out of the ordinary considering her age. C) To be fair, for a girl of her age, you can hardly regard her musical abilities as impressive. D) Indeed she's not all that young , so I don't think this girl merits so much praise for her musical abilities. E) If you think about it, there's nothing extraordinary about her musical performance if you remember her age.


61. For many years now transport planners in the UK have been demanding that motorists pay directly for the use of roads. A) In the opinion of British transport planners, it is the motorists themselves who should have paid for the upkeep of the roads all these years . B) Over the years , transport planners in the UK have been suggesting that the upkeep of roads must be paid for by the motorists themselves. C) Transport planners in the UK have, for a long time now, been insisting that those who use the roads must pay for them directly. D) British transport planners recommended , a long time ago, that those who use the roads must pay for their upkeep directly. E) In Britain , transport planners have been arguing for many years that the upkeep of the roads is the responsibility of motorists.

62.

The dramatic fall in share prices took even the experts by surprise. A) Even those in the know were unprepared for the rapid drop in share prices. B) The experts themselves were worried at the sudden drop in share prices. C) The rapid fall in share prices came as a shock to all but the experts. D) Even those who had been following share prices closely hadn't expected them to fall so dramatically. E) When share prices suddenly dropped , even those who knew the market well were apprehensive.

731

YDS ~iFRELERi 63. - 66. sorularda, verilen durumda olabilecek sozu bulunuz.

soylenmi~,

63.

You have been forced to postpone, until tomorrow afternoon, a departmental meeting that you had called. You send a note, with your apologies, round to everyone informing them of the postponement. In your note you say: A) It's a pity but the meeting has been rescheduled for tomorrow afternoon . B) Please forgive me for cancelling the meeting. C) I've had to cancel the meeting; I hope it hasn't inconvenienced you. D) Sorry! I've had to put the meeting off until tomorrow afternoon. E) I couldn't avoid rescheduling the meeting . Hope it's convenient for everyone.

64.

As the public relations director of a clothing company you are concerned about the recent drop in sales and feel this is due partly to the quality of the clothes but mostly to inadequate advertising. At the board meeting you want to draw attention to the seriousness of the situation and insist that a new, dynamic, advertising campaign must be launched to boost sales. You say: A) I'm hoping that the drop in sales will be easily remedied by an increase in advertising. B) I would like to point out to you all that the recent drop in sales is likely to be of short duration; so the present level of advertising can continue . C) Obviously the poor quality of our clothes is at fault, so we need to improve our production methods. D) The drop in sales is certainly discouraging, so let's allocate more money for further advertising. E) To my mind, the company's performance in sales is most disquieting and a vast advertising drive is urgently required.

732

65.

As a young Journalist you have been asked to interview a well-known economist, who is always willing to give facts but is always reluctant to express his own opinions. You have also been warned that he is difficult to interview, and that you should be prepared to flatter him. So you have prepared some questions relating to the state of the economy in the country. Your first question to him would be: A) I'm sure you must have given a great deal of thought to the economic situation here, so would you be kind enough to share your conclusions with the public? B) Are your economic theories valid in such apolitical situation? C) How did you arrive at such a conclusion? I can't follow the argument D) Is it true that you are only prepared to deal with facts and figures , but that you like to keep your opinions to yourself? E) Apparently you have recently expressed some very pessimistic views regarding the state of the economy. Is this so , and if so , why?

66.

As a member of a charity society you have organized a fund-raising dinner for the society. You want to invite a well-known author to give a talk at the dinner. You know this author rarely does such a thing; so, you are a little hesitant as you phone to invite him. You say: A) I'm sure you'll agree to join us at our fundraising dinner, won't you? B) As the dinner is for charity, I've been wondering if you would be so kind, just this once, as to address the guests. C) I know you're a great speaker at charity dinners, so can I count on you to come to ours? D) Please let me know in advance the topic of the talk you are going to give at our charity dinner. E) You do realize, don't you, that the dinner is being given in aid of charity. Your presence at the dinner would attract more people.


YDS DENEME SINAVLARI 67. - 70. sorularda, bo~ btraktlan yere, par~anm anlam bi.iti.inli.iguni.i saglamak i~in getirilebilecek ci.imleyi bulunuz.

67.

68.

69.

The United States contains more fat people than any other nation. ••••. Some nine million Americans are now "morbidly obese", meaning roughly a hundred pounds or more overweight A) Sixty-four per cent of American adults are presently overweight, as opposed to fortyseven per cent in 1980 B) Obesity may soon surpass both hunger and infectious disease as the world's most pressing public-health problem C) In parts of the developing world , slimness has supplanted plumpness as a mark of social status and sexual desirability D) Pockets of obesity can be found in underdeveloped countries, particularly in urban areas E) In 2000, for the first time in history, the number of overweight people in the world matched the number of underweight people

70.

Art forgery is an interesting occurrence. ••••. For the imitation to succeed in fooling us, it must resemble one or more things that we have been led to believe are originals. Without something to mimic, the fake could not exist. A) Moreover, notions of what constitutes value in a work of art are notably subjective B) Since it relies on camouflage and deception, it is an act that is both daring and selfdenying C) Similarly, no one motive directs a forger's actions D) Indeed , the first recorded case of art forgery involved Albrecht Durer and an Italian artist of his time E) Two and a half centuries of classical-art scholarship have given experts an array of reliable tools with which to assess forgery

Germany is now the sick man of the European Union. Since 1996, It has averaged growth of just 1.1% a year compared with 2.2% in the euro zone as a whole. ••••. A country which boasted unemployment of just 150,000 in 1970 may have 5 million people out of work by the end of the year. A) In fact, Germany is the largest financier of the European Union B) The figures show that Germany is still the third largest economy in the world C) The country is richer per head than the EU average D) For almost three years the economy has barely grown at all E) In the aftermath of the fall of the Berlin wall , Germany did seem poised to emerge as the new Europe's unrivalled powerhouse

The fundamental characteristics of suicide bombing, and its strong attraction for the terrorist organizations behind it, are universal. They guarantee media coverage. The suicide terrorist is the ultimate smart bomb. A) By any measure 2000 was an astonishing year for Israel in terms of suicide bombings B) The early years of suicide terrorism were in many ways simpler C) Suicide bombing initially seemed the desperate act of lone individuals D) A person wearing a bomb is far more dangerous than a timed device left to explode in a marketplace E) They are less complicated than other kinds of terrorist operations


733

YDS ~iFRELERi 71. - 76. sorularda, verilen lngilizce cumlenin Turk~esini, Turk~e cumlenin ingilizcesini bulunuz.

71.

1942'de ger!fekle~en ve 3 Haziran'dan 6 Haziran'a kadar suren Midway Sava~a , tarih~iler tarafmdan 2.Dunya Sava~mm bir donum noktasa olarak gorl.ilmu~tur. A) Historians insist that the Battle of Midway, which took place between June 3rd and June 6th 1942, should be regarded as a turning point in World War II. B) According to many Historians, the Battle of Midway, Which took place in 1942 between June 3rd and June 6th , can be regarded as a turning point in World War II. C) The Battle of Midway, Which took place in 1942 and lasted from June 3rd to June 6th, has been regarded by historians as a turning point in World War II. D) In the opinion of historians , the turning point of World War II came with the Battle of Midway, June 3rd -6th , 1942. E) Historians tend to regard the Battle of Midway, June 3rd -6th , 1942 , as the turning point of World War II.

72.

Bugun bildigimiz dunya, baza katalann birbirinden uzakla~masa sonucu on milyon yal sonra, muhtemelen tamamen tanmmaz olacaktlr. A) As a result of continental drift, the world that we know will surely be completely unrecognizable ten million years from now. B) It seems likely that ten million years from now the world , as we know it today, will be unrecognizable to drift away from each other. C) Should be continents continue to drift away from each other, after ten million years the world will be quite unlike what it is today. D) After ten million years, the world as we know it today will probably be completely unrecognizable as a result of some continents drifting away from each other. E) Ten million years from now the world , as we know it today, could be quite unrecognizable if the continents continue to drift apart in this way.

734

73.

Ba~kan Bush, bir televizyon konu~masmda Amerikan halkma, terorizme kar~1 sava~m yuksek maliyetler ve ki~isel ozveri gerektiren uzun bir mucadele olacagam soyledi. A) President Bush's televised speech concerning war against terrorism warned the American people that the struggle would be a long one and entail high costs and much personal sacrifice. B) Televised speech President Bush told the American people that the war against terrorism would be a long struggle requiring high costs and personal sacrifice. C) In a speech that was televised , President Bush warned the Americans that a war against terrorism could prove expensive and entail much personal sacrifice. D) In his speech , which was televised , President Bush asked the American people to be willing to sacrifice themselves in the cause of the struggle against terrorism . E) The people of America were asked by President Bush in a speech broadcast on television to be prepared to pay in money and personal sacrifice, for war against terrorism .

74.

Most people in the world today recognize that it is the duty of a government to develop a policy with regard to the conservation of the environment. A) BugOn dunyada pek <;:ok insan, <;:evrenin korunmasana yonelik bir politika geli§tirmenin, hOkOmetin gorevi oldugunu kabul etmekledir. B) <;evrenin korunmasana ili§kin baza politikalar geli§tirmenin bir hOkOmet gorevi oldugu , bugOn dOnyada pek <;:ok insan tarafandan kabul edilen bir gen;:ektir. C) BugOn dOnyada pek <;:ok insanan da kabul ettigi gibi, <;:evrenin korunmas1 konusunda etkili politikalar izlemek her hOkOmetin gorevidir. D) Bir hOkOmetin gorevleri arasanda <;:evrenin korunmasana yonelik politikalar ortaya koymamn da bulundugu, bugOn dOnyada pek <;:ok insanan benimsedigi bir konudur. E) <;evrenin korunmas1yla ilgili politikalar benimsemenin bir hOkOmetin temel gorevi oldugu bugOn dOnyada pek gok insan taraf1ndan kabul edilmektedir.



76.

Abu Dhabi may be the largest and wealthiest of the seven emirates that constitute the United Arab Emirates, but it is Dubai that has come to the fore. A) Her ne kadar Dubai <;:ok bilinse de Abu Dabi, Birle~ik Arap Emirlikleri'ni kuran yedi emirligin en bOyOgO ve en zengini alarak gtirOiebilir. B) Birle~ik Arap Emirlikleri'ni alu~turan yedi emirlikten en boyogo ve en zengini Abu Dabi'dir, ancak bunlardan en <;:ak bilineni Dubai'dir. C) Birle!?ik Arap Emirlikleri'ni alu~turan yedi emirlikten biri alan Abu Dabi, bunlann en boyogo ve en zenginidir ama Dubai daha <;:ak bilinir. D) Abu Dabi, Birle!?ik Arap Emirlikleri'ni alu!?turan yedi emirligin en boyogo ve en zengini alabilir, ancak tine c;:tkmt!? alan Dubai'dir. E) Dubai daha iyi tanmmakla birlikte, Abu Dabi'nin Birle!?ik Arap Emirlikleri'ni alu!?turan yedi emirligin en boyogo ve en zengini aldugu kabul edilebilir.

In some parts of the world, many believe that politics is not a suitable job for women, but eventually such opposition seems likely to disappear. A) Donyantn c;:e!?itli btilgelerinde birc;:ak insan siyaseti kadmlar ic;:in uygun bir ugra~ alarak gtirmemektedir; ancak bu tOr muhalefet zamanla yak alacakttr. B) Donyanm bazt btilgelerinde pek c;:ak ki!?i siyasetin kadmlar ic;:in uygun bir ugra!? almadtgma inanmaktadtr; ancak bu tOr muhalefet zamanla artadan kalkacak gibi goronmektedir. C) Birc;:ak insan siyasetin kadmlara uygun bir i~ almadtgtnt do~onmektedir; ancak donyanm pek c;:ak yerinde bu muhalefetin zamanla yak olacagma inamlmaktadtr. D) DOnyanm c;:e~itli btilgelerinde c;:agu insan siyasetin kadmlara uygun bir ugra!? alduguna kesinlikle inanmamaktadtr; ancak bu muhalefet zamanla tinemini yitirecektir. E) Pek c;:ak ki!?i siyaseti dOnyanm bazt btilgelerinde, kadmlann yapabilecegi bir ugra~ alarak gtirmemektedir; ancak bu tor muhalefetin zamanla tinem ini yitirecegine inantlmaktadtr.


77. 80 . sorularda, ci.imleler s1ras1yla okundugunda par<;anm anlam bi.itlinli.igi.ini.i bozan ci.imleyi bulunuz. 77.

(I) A true partnership between developed and developing countries could have achieved a breakthrough. (II) Over the past half-century the dream of a world free from poverty, disease and despair has grown no nearer to fulfillment. (Ill) In the 1960s, some 60 countries actually grew poorer. (IV) Over the years, 30,000 children have been dying daily of preventable diseases. (V) Further, the spread of AIDS has become the most deadly epidemic in human history. A) I B) II C) Ill D) IV E) V

78.

(I) The world's population continues to increase. (II) And despite the rise in high-tech agriculture, 800 million people don't get enough to eat.(lll) Admittedly, that's often due to a lack of money - the world actually produces enough for everyone, at least for now. (IV) In many African countries, famine has been a major concern for the United Nations. (V) But by 2050 we will have 9 billion mouths to feed, 3 billion more than today. C) Ill D) IV E) V A) I B) II

79.

(I) It will be a bad year for football clubs across Europe. (II) Having met spiralling wage demands and transfer fees in the belief that increasing television revenues would cover the costs, the realization that they will not, will lead to urgent reform. (Ill) Clubs across Europe have been given lucrative television contracts. (IV) Middle-sized clubs in England, Italy and Germany will be worst affected. (V) At least ten well-known clubs are at risk of bankruptcy. A) I B) II C) Ill D) IV E) V

80.

(I) The Colosseum in Rome, which was the largest and most famous of the Roman amphitheatres, was opened for use in 80 A.D.(II) Even so, there are others that are in better condition. (Ill) Elliptical in shape, it consisted of three storeys and an upper gallery. (IV) It was principally used for gladiatorial combat. (V) As for its capacity, it could seat up to 50,000 spectators. A) I B) II C) Ill D) IV E) V

735

2011 KPDS iLKBAHAR SORULARI

2011 KPDS iLKBAHAR SORULARI 1.-14. sorularda , ci.imlede bo§ b1rak1lan yerlere uygun di.i§en sozci.ik ya da ifadeyi bulunuz. 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

The central government has called for tighter regulations on coastal development and is launching an to remove illegal beach homes and hotels. A) observation B) initiative C) investment D) entitlement E) attachment Classifying is a fundamental cognitive process that refers to the sorting of objects, events, living things, and phenomena into clusters according to their -characteristics. A) additional B) relative C) common D) ultimate E) necessary In Spanish literature, a Ia divino is the recasting of a secular work as a religious work, or more -, a treatment of a secular theme in religious terms through the use of allegory, symbolism, and metaphor. A) externally B) respectively C) primarily D) decisively E) generally Marie Elizabeth Zakrzewska is a German-born American physician who founded the New England Hospital for Women and Children and - greatly to the acceptance of women as medical professionals. A) pertained B) attributed C) owed D) contributed E) applied European Union foreign ministers have urged the Serb authorities to - t h e two fugitives by the end of March. A) set out B) tidy up C) step down D) take off E) turn over


6.

Conger eels, which - any large marine eels of the family Congridae, - in shallow water, hiding in crevices during the day and are

active by night, feeding on fish and crabs. A) B) C) D) E)

7.

were to be I used to live used to be I will live are to be I might have lived are I live could be I have lived

In general, the body - nutrients best from foods in which the nutrients are diluted and dispersed among other ingredients that their absorption. A) can absorb I would have facilitated B) absorbs I may facilitate C) were to absorb I would facilitate D) has absorbed I used to facilitate E) might absorb I must have facilitated

8. In feudal Japan, the za were any - the mercantile or craft associations that flourished -1100 and 1590. A) in I up to B) C) D) E)

9.

at /through of I between over I before under I from

The Cirrus SR20 was an attractive plane people interested in learning to fly, and it could also serve effectively as an air taxi short-haul routes. A) between I over B) to I at C) towards/in D) among /under E) for/on

10. Geochronology is the branch- geology that deals with the dating - t h e Earth by studying its rocks and contained fossils. A) in If rom B) o fl of C) within/through D) among/in E) about I inside

737

YDS $iFRELERi 11. Presumably

they will find the terms acceptable, but - t h e y raise any objections, we need to listen to them. A) incase B) asif C) unti I D) While E) since

12. Highlights of the Great Wisconsin Cheese Festival include cheesecake contests and cheese-carving, -sculptors transform 18 kg blocks of cheddar cheese into objects of beauty. A) from that B) how C) what D) in which E) whatever

sorularda, a~ag1daki pan:;:ada yerlere uygun du~en sozcuk ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.

15.

14. The Ataturk Dam, which is -

t h e largest dams in the world, is capable of generating 8. A) such as I of which B) one of I that C) more than I which D) other than I some of E) between I where

19.

A generation ago, few parents would have thought that teaching their baby to read was a possibility. But overthe past decade or so, many parents have become convinced that they (15) -their children for a life-time of success by tutoring them (16) - infancy in reading , math, computer skills , and the like. Books and articles offering advice on such matters as teaching babies to read , and even getting them to pass entrance exams for exclusive preschools have proliferated . Do parents who follow all this advice (17) - a smarter child? (18) - some educators think so, many are doubtful. For example, there is no evidence that a child who learns to read unusually early goes on to experience more success than children who learn to read at a (19)- normal age.

15.

13. -

other areas of policy analysis, foreign policy analysis also starts with a number of central questions about the nature of what is to be studied. A) in place of B) By means of C) As opposed to D) Instead of E) As in

-

numaralanm1~

A) B) C) D) E)

were to prepare used to prepare had prepared should be preparing would have prepared

A) B) C) D) E)

between to from alongwith onto

16.

17. 9 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity annually from the run-off o B) oneoflthat A) B) C) D) E)

get along with standupto get through stand against end up with

A) B) C) D) E)

Although Now that Whenever As long as Provided that

A) B) C) D) E)

such more least as much few

18.

19.

738


2011 KPDS iLKBAHAR SORULARI sorularda , a~agtdaki par~ada yerlere uygun du~en sozcuk ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.

20.

-

24.

numaralanmt~

Mercantilism has been advocated (20) some eminent politicians and economists, including Alexander Hamilton and Friedrich List. In the 1840s, Friedrich List developed a theory of "productive power" which stressed that the ability to produce is (21) - important than the result of producing. In other words, the prosperity of a state (22) - not primarily on its store of wealth , but on the extent to which it has developed its "powers of production". A nation capable of developing its power to manufacture, (23) - i t makes use of its system of production , thus (24) - quite in the same spirit as the landed proprietor who, by the sacrifice of some material wealth, allows some of his children to learn a production trade.

20. A) B) C) D) E)

by from through in with

A) B) C) D) E)

most as the more more the most

21.

22. A) carries B) depends C) shows D) decides E) agrees 23.

A) B) C) D) E)

which that what how if

A) B) C) D) E)

had acted acts used to act were to act shall act

24.


25. - 34. sorularda , verilen cumleyi uygun ~ekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz.

25. He says that if any such evidence existed, -. A) they will conduct the experiment under controlled conditions B) he is most probably wrong in interpreting the evidence C) it would have been published in a scientific journal D) there can be some counter claims regarding the sample E) you might as well follow the advice from the researchers

26. Just as nobody could have predicted the impact of the steam engine in 1750, -. A) 3D printers were used for photocopying for many years B) 3D technology is likely to disrupt every field it touches C) it is unclear whether 3D printing requires additional material and effort D) technological change is profound enough to reset the economics of 3D printing E) it is impossible to foresee the long-term influence of 3D printing

27. Although obsession with the latest clothes and gadgets is common among teenagers, - . A) materialism actually peaks during pre-teen years when it is directly linked to self-esteem B) praise from peers about their clothing diminishes their self-esteem C) higher levels of materialism can also lead to obsession D) boosting teenagers' self esteem can help improve their performance at school E) the "must have" mentality is significant in shaping one's personality

28. -since he speaks English, French and Italian fluently. A) They asked him to teach Turkish on many occasions B) He is having to take lessons in order to learn English C) He seems qualified to be in charge of the department of multilingualism D) There is talk of splitting the large internalmarket portfolio E) It is hard to see him dealing with the French delegates

739

YDS $iFRELERi 29. - before calm can resume and a stable new order can emerge. A) The country has a long way to go B) Mobile phones continue to spread news C) Liberal voters wish to win an electoral victory D) The latest unrest may die down E) No one can be sure of a new order 30. - they would probably do well, perhaps even win. A) Had they been informed in advance B) Provided they are ready C) Unless a general election is called D) If there were fair elections E) Should there be a cancellation of elections

34. Warsaw is rich in museums and historic sights---. A) where the streets are less crowded than most European cities B) because the inhabitants of the city are proud of their history C) although most of them were damaged during Wor1dWarll D) when it finally became the capital city of Poland in 1596 E) because Warsaw is visited by thousands of tourists every year

'\

31. Some politician~were asked to describe the emotions their own demise would arouse and what would happen after they died, -. A) therefore all groups gave highly favourable opinions on the measures that were taken by the govern ment B) while others were given the rather less difficult task of answering questions about their TV viewing habits C) when the study showed a politician can be a charismatic leader advocating home security measures D) whereas a politician usually faced an uphill battle to win the approval of voters in an impending election E) even if you could imagine an unscrupulous politician having a quiet word in the ear of an intelligence officer

'-'.:·.

32. With satellite digital radio, good reception is guaranteed, -. A) before your receiver has been installed by the mechanic B) if you pay too much money forthe digital radio C) after you sign up for a monthly payment D) as long as you point your receiver at the satellite E) unless you purchase a good satellite digital radio 33. -, scientists are entirely dependent on their instruments to hear the toothed whales' clicks. A) Since humans can hear only sounds between 20 and 20,000 hertz B) As the vessel has made both acoustic and visual observations ofwhales C) While other whales use sound to hunt, orient themselves, and communicate D) Given that sound travels easily through air and water E) Because the blue whale's vocalizations are very easy to recognize

740


2011 KPDS iLKBAHAR SORULARI 35. - 38. sorulan cevaplaym1z.

a!]ag1daki

par<;aya

gore

An Australian historian proposed that the key to understanding Australia was "the tyranny of distance". Australians were far removed from their British ancestors, far from the centres of power in Europe and North America and far from each other - w i t h the major cities separated by distances of some 800 km. Time, however, has broken down that sense of distance. Australians today do not see London or New York as the centre of the world. The proximity to Asian economies like China is an economic strength. Transportation and communications links have taken away the sense of remoteness felt by past generations. However, the technology that truly promises to end the tyranny of distance is high-speed broadband, whose benefits we are still only beginning to understand though it has already been a decade since the frenzied dotcom era. That is why the Australian government is rolling out the world's most ambitious broadband project-a national network that will bring fibre to homes in more than 1,000 cities and towns covering 93% of residences. Next generation wireless and satellite technologies will cover the other 7%. The network will operate at lightning speeds and involve an estimated investment of $40 billion through an independent state-owned enterprise in partnership with the private sector.

35. As indicated in the passage, the Australian government's decision to install the world's most ambitious broadband project-. A) has been unprecedented in Australia's history of extensive road transportation B) reflects the mood among the world's countries that broadband will produce new benefits C) is likely to bring Australia closer to Europe and North America through enhanced economic ties D) promises to start a dotcom era that will transform the benefits of the broadband technology E) is based on the idea that this technology will truly bring an end to "the tyranny of distance"

37. As indicated in the passage, to be able to understand Australia -. A) one needs to know how difficult it is to live removed from one's ancestors B) an Australian historian proposed a key plan years ago C) Australians have had to live in cities that are separated by great distances D) the centres of power in Europe and North America have had to benefit E) the challenges brought about by great distances in Australia have to be appreciated 38. According to the passage, the sense of remoteness in the Australian context-. A) has incidentally brought Australia and China closerthrough the established economic ties, which were once unthinkable B) affected the past generations so much so that Australians began to think of China as the centre of their world C) has remained the same despite the passage of time and the great advances which took place in communications D) has changed considerably owing to the ease of transportation and the development of communication links E) is still being felt by new generations, as was the case with the past generations, who originally came from Europe

36. It is clear in the passage that the proposed national broadband network -. A) will operate at slightly less than lightning speeds and cost a couple of billion dollars B) is expected to cover 7% of the cities and towns across the vast landmass C) will be considered complete when 93% of homes and businesses are connected D) requires about $40 billion worth of investment to be shared between the public and private sectors E) is to be replaced by the next-generation wireless and satellite technologies


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gore

Not long afterthe Euro came into being in January 1999, Germany was mocked as being the sick man of Europe, its economic fortunes in sharp contrast to the fast-growing countries at the geographical borders of the new currency zone. More than a decade on , however, the tables have turned . Even as the peripheral economies of Spain, Greece and Ireland continue to struggle, 2012 will be the year in which Germany puts a firm stamp on the Euro zone. This will be felt in three related spheres: in Germany's new-found economic strength, in its preference for, and insistence on greater honesty in public finances and in its growing influence on the European Central Bank. Europe's economy is set to slow in 2012 as governments address their increasing budget deficits. Germany will enjoy faster gross domestic product growth than the average in the richer parts of the currency zone (whose membership keeps on increasing) . Germany is less burdened by household debt and has a smaller budget deficit than almost all its peers - and so has less need to raise taxes or curb public spending . The country is also better placed to benefit from the boom in emerging markets.

39. As indicated in the passage, Germany's influence A) will be as equally effective as that of Spain , Greece and Ireland B) will be felt strongly across the countries in the Euro zone C) will be mocked by the peripheral economies of Europe D) on the European Central Bank will be challenged by Ireland, Spain and Greece E) is set to be limited to the principle of honesty in public financing

41. It can be inferred from the passage that-. A) average gross domestic product growth in the richer countries will be greaterthan in Germany B) the policies of the European Central Bank have been influential in creating new jobs in Europe C) the slow-down in the European economies will soon end with the recovery in Germany D) Germany has been performing much better than anticipated and has good prospects E) increasing Euro zone membership might make it more difficult to manage financial challenges

42. As indicated in the passage, -. A) Germany's level of public spending is sustainable due to exports to emerging markets B) an increase in Euro zone membership is likely to improve the German economy C) Germany's current tax system is sufficient and the government has money to spend D) emerging markets will eventually assist Germany to curb public spending E) its smaller budget deficit is enough to make Germany a good trading partner

40. According to the passage, shortly after the Euro was accepted as the currency in Europe A) Germany's economic fortunes appeared to be among the worst in Europe B) the fast-growing countries of Europe agreed to provide financial aid to Germany C) countries at the geographical borders were sceptical of the benefits of the Euro D) Germany's prospects for growth were much better than the fast-growing countries E) Germany was officially declared in the European Council as the sick man of Europe

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2011 KPDS iLKBAHAR SORULARI 43. - 46. sorulan cevaplaym1z.

a~ag1daki

parc;aya

gore

In 1993, Frances Rauscher and her team published a scientific paper that changed the world . She had taken a number of students and randomly divided them into three groups. One group listened to Mozart's Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major, the second group heard a standard relaxation tape, and the third sat in silence. Everyone then completed a standard test of spatial intelligence. Those who had listened to Mozart scored far higher than those in the other two groups. Journalists reported the findings, with some exaggerating the results , declaring just a few minutes of Mozart led to a substantial, long-term increase in intelligence. The idea spread , some reporting that even babies became brighter after listening to Mozart. But when other scientists tried to replicate Rauscher's results, they concluded that the effect, if it existed , was much smaller than was first thought. For instance, Glenn Schellenberg had children learn keyboard skills, have voice training, take drama classes or, as a control, do nothing . Clear IQ improvements were observed in children who were taught keyboard skills or given voice lessons, whereas those given drama lessons were no different from the control group. It seems that the focused attention and memorization required in certain tasks, not just listening to Mozart, helps children's selfdiscipline and thinking.

43. In the passage, in view of the results of Glenn Schellenberg's experiment, if children get taught keyboard skills and voice skills -. A) they are likely to perform better in their drama lessons at school B) they may experience an improvement in their intelligence C) their self-discipline and thinking will suffer greatly D) their need for musical training and practice will be met E) they will require more focused attention and memorization

45. As stated in the passage, some journalists' reports of the findings of Rauscher and her team's experiment-. A) indicated the journalists' love for Mozart's Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major B) were inaccurate as the study was not conducted on babies C) were exaggerated so much so that journalists thought they were the most intelligent D) were accurate in revealing the true purpose of the experiment E) were influenced by the view that listening to Mozart helped journalists perform better 46. It can be understood from the passage that in 1993 Frances Rauscher and her team-. A) changed the world of music with a scientific paper, the findings of which are still accepted by most academics B) used Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major in their experiment to prove Mozart was a unique composer C) managed to produce a standard relaxation tape forthe use of the general public to increase their spatial intelligence D) worked with journalists who were interested in promoting Mozart's Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major E) published a paper that stimulated an unprecedented interest in the use of music for intelligence enhancement

44. As explained in the passage, listening to Mozart-. A) was a favourite activity of journalists in order to overcome their work stress B) and sitting in silence equally contributed to a substantial increase in intelligence C) was as effective as the relaxation tape in the test of spatial intelligence D) made babies so bright that mothers began to play Mozart music to their children E) appeared to improve intelligence but this finding was not supported by other research


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The idea that American Indians could have built something resembling a city was so foreign to European settlers that when they encountered the Cahokia Mounds in Illinois in Midwest America , they thought they must have been the work of a foreign civilization : either the Phoenicians or the Vikings. Even today the idea of an Indian city runs so contrary to American notions of Indian life that no Anglo- Saxon American can absorb it. The first person to write an account of the Cahokia Mounds, the earliest and finest city built by Indians, was Henry Bracken bridge in 1811 . When he reported his discovery, likening it to Egyptian pyramids, newspapers widely ignored it. He complained of this to his friend , former president Thomas Jefferson, and the word of "Cahokia" did eventually get around. Unfortunately, most Americans were not very interested. The United States was trying to getthe Indians out of the way, not appreciate their history. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 which ordered the relocation of eastern Indians to lands west of the Mississippi was based on the assumption that Indians were nomadic savages with no ability to make good use of land. Evidence of an ancient city, close to the size of Washington , D.C. at that time , would have spoiled the story line. 47. It can be understood from the passage that during the 1800s -. A) the general tendency in American society towards the historic cities built by the Indians was one of acceptance B) eastern American Indians were forced to relocate to places to the east of the Mississippi River C) most Americans including journalists and presidents were not interested in hearing anything positive regard ing American Indians D) American Indians were unable to make good use of the land as they were nomads and considered to be savages E) most Americans , journalists as well as presidents saw American Indians asan obstacle to urban land development

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48. It can be inferred from the passage that, if news of the discovery of a big Indian city had spread throughout America-. A) the newspapers would have been eagerto publicize the beauty of the Cahokia Mounds B) journalists across America would have wanted to interview the discoverer, Henry Bracken bridge C) ordinary people would have had difficulty endorsing the Indian Removal Act of 1830 D) the government may not have been able to remove the Indians from their land so easily E) most Americans would have respected the American Indians for their civilized attitude 49. It can be inferred from the passage that-. A) there were times in the history of America that European settlers noticed and protected the Cahokia Mounds to B) Americans have continually failed appreciate the American Indians' capacity to build something worthy of praise C) American presidents as well as newspapers were fearful of a discovery of an American Indian city D) European settlers and their descendents tended to interpret the past great works of civilization in America as belonging to the Indians E) Americans generally worked hard , both socially and politically to protect the history and welfare ofthe American Indians 50. In the passage, the fact that the descendants of the European settlers cannot come to terms with the accomplishments of the American Indians shows that A) they have had a fixed , predetermined and prejudiced attitude towards the American Indians B) the Anglo-Saxon approach to the Indians is complex and unbiased in nature C) people living in Midwestern America think in a way that resembles those of Europeans D) no civilization otherthan the Phoenicians and the Vikings could construct big cities like Cahokia E) the way the American Indians had lived for centuries has little to offer to European Americans


2011 KPDS iLKBAHAR SORULARI 51 . - 54. sorulan cevaplaym1z.

a~ag1daki

parc;:aya

gore

Women seem to be particularly vulnerable to depression during their reproductive years: Rates of the disorder are highest in females between the ages of 25 and 45. New data indicate that the incidence of depression in females rises after giving birth. In 2007 Patricia Dietz reported that 10.4% of 4,398 mothers had been depressed in the nine months following childbirth compared with 8.7% in the nine months before pregnancy and 6.9% during pregnancy. More than half ofthe women with post natal depression had also been depressed during or before pregnancy suggesting that a previous occurrence of depression may be the biggest risk factor for acquiring the illness postpartum depression. But the hormonal changes that occur in a new mother's body are also thought to contribute to postpartum depression . During pregnancy, a woman experiences a surge in blood levels of oestrogen and progesterone. Then , in the first 48 hours after childbirth, the amount of these two hormones falls suddenly, almost back to normal levels. This chemical instability could contribute to depression. Of course, hormonal flux does not fully explain postpartum depression. After all, this biochemical fluctuation occurs in all new mothers and yet only a relatively small proportion of them become depressed.

51. It is understood from the passage that one ofthe causes of postpartum depression could be-. A) the hormonal changes that are similar to those in the absence of pregnancy B) the sudden decrease in the amount of oestrogen and progesterone following childbirth C) the chemical stability in the blood levels during the first 48 hours after childbirth D) a biochemical fluctuation taking place before pregnancy begins E) that some mothers are not psychologically ready to care for a baby 52. According to the study by Patricia Dietz, -. A) the level of depression among women was particularly high in 2007 B) the incidence of depression in females rises just before giving birth C) the highest level of depression is seen during pregnancy D) the majority of the women had all suffered from depression E) women are depressed most in the nine months following childbirth


53. As pointed out in the passage, besides biological factors, another factor suggested for the emergence of postpartum depression is-. A) chemical instability after pregnancy B) a surge and flux in blood levels C) a previous experience of depression D) a 50-fold drop of oestrogen and progesterone E) hormonal changes in the mother's body

54. It can be inferred from the passage that -. A) postpartum depression is seen in women who give birth to more than one child B) the most important factor in explaining postpartum depression is the vulnerability of women when pregnant C) Patricia Dietz has failed to determine the causes of depression despite her extensive studies D) pregnant women appearto be more vulnerable to depression than men whose wives are pregnant E) factors other than chemical instability can also be responsible for postpartum depression among women in their reproductive years 55. - 58. sorularda, kar~1hkh konu~manm bo~ b1rak1lan k1smm1 tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bulunuz.

55. Peter: - I've just been to the European Festival Science on Stage. Alison:- Yes, I heard about it. There was a lot of talk about young people, wasn't there? Peter: - There was, especially on how to ensure that in the future we have enough scientists. Alison: Peter: -That's exactly what I think too. Children are our future. A) There's no problem. We'll always have enough people who want to be scientists. B) Personally, I don't think it has anything to do with age. C) There has really been a decrease in the number of young scientists. D) Yes , it's all to do with education. Science teachers need to inspire young people. E) I think scientists are really lucky. They're doing a job that they love.

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YDS ~iFRELERi 56. Sue: - The latest scientific findings suggest that a huge comet hit North America about 13,000 years ago. Paul: - Isn't that around the time when mammoths became extinct? Sue: Paul: -Sounds like a good explanation to me. A) That's right. North America was full of mammoths at that time . B) Yes, that probably explains why they no longer exist. The impact must have killed them all. C) Yes , so all the mammoths had to leave their natural habitat and move to South America . D) No, I think they died out much later than what people think. E) Exactly, so it seems that they have finally come up with a reasonable theory. 57. Jack: - I never knew you were an urban explorer. Is that what you were doing at the weekend? Sam:- Yes, I've been doing it for about a year now. Jack: Sam: - I just love the thrill of exploring, especially in the abandoned tunnels under the streets. A) It sounds like a thrilling experience. Is it scary? B) How long have you been exploring such places? C) Is it just something to do at the weekend? D) In your opinion, which is the best city to go urban exploring? E) So you explore old forgotten places in our cities . Why do you do it? 58. Sally: -What did you learn in school today? Bob: - Apparently, when the universe was only a few minutes old, the only element was hydrogen. Sally: Bob: -Well, they were formed later. A) How can scientists know that? B) Do you know why? C) Where did it come from? D) Really? What about the other elements? E) That's amazing! What do you think?

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59. - 62 . sorularda , verilen ci.imleye anlamca en yakm olan ci.imleyi bulunuz. 59. A trait nearly all these teenagers share is a desire to be famous. A) All teenagers who want to be famous need to display this trait. B) The desire to be famous is a trait that is found in some teenagers. C) Many of these teenagers share the same famous trait. D) One thing about most of these teenagers is that they are all famous. E) Most of these teenagers have one thing in common : they want to be famous. 60. Anti-nausea drugs are recommended to prevent the vomiting that sometimes accompanies migraines. A) A way to stop the vomiting that may occur when you have a migraine is to use antinausea drugs. B) Migraines can sometimes be prevented by taking anti-nausea drugs. C) Vomiting is a symptom caused by certain migraine prevention drugs. D) If you suffer from vomiting during a migraine, stop taking drugs. E) Anti-nausea drugs can sometimes cause vomiting if you have a migraine. 61. Helping endangered species to migrate could be the only way to prevent them from being wiped out. A) If animals are not helped to migrate, there will be a reduction in endangered species. B) To prevent endangered species from being extinct, they need to be helped to migrate. C) Species tend to become endangered when they are not helped during migration. D) Endangered species will be prevented from migrating if they are wiped out. E) Help must be given to endangered species or they will migrate and die off. 62. There is a growing body of research that shows that optimism could extend your life. A) Showing that you are an optimist could be a good thing to do. B) More research could show a connection between optimism and longevity. C) Being optimistic could be a life-saver if you need one. D) Extending the human life-span is somewhat optimistic. E) Studies reveal that optimists may actually live longer.


2011 KPDS iLKBAHAR SORULARI 63. - 66. sorularda, verilen durumda soylenmi!? olabilecek sozu bulunuz. 63. You are chairing a meeting and one of the participants keeps going off the subject. You need to politely remind him to only make comments related to the topic under discussion. He is in mid-sentence and you say: A) OK, that's enough . We really need to move on . B) You have no choice but continue? OK? C) I'm afraid that's not relevant to this discussion . D) I'm sorry but that's totally absurd. Stop now! E) Why do you have to talk so much! 64. You are being interviewed on television. Before the interview you said you wouldn't answer personal questions. When the interviewer asks about your marriage, you tactfully say: A) That really is none of your business. B) Why do you want to know that? C) How can you ask such a question? D) I'm afraid I'm not married. E) I'd rather not comment. 65. A colleague has just been promoted. You are pleased for her, but you feel disappointed it wasn't you. You want to congratulate her, but at the same time in order to let her understand how you feel, you say: A) You're so lucky! It could have been me if I had applied. B) I'm sorry to say this but I feel disappointed that I didn't get promoted . C) That's good. I suppose you do deserve it more than any other candidate. D) I heard about your promotion, I am a little disappointed I didn't get it, but good for you. E) Well done, you deserve it. No one else could do that job. 66. Your child, John, is being bullied and it has reached the stage where he's afraid to go to school. You have found out that the bully is Charlie, the son of one of your friends. You don't know how to bring up the subject but when you see the mother one day you say: A) This may be hard , but could I have a word about Charlie? B) Did you know that John was making Charlie very unhappy? C) Why are Charlie and John so aggressive? D) You know what children are like, they really are hard to understand! E) You really ought to speak to Charlie, he's a bully, and everyone knows it!


67. - 70. sorularda, bo!? b1rak1lan yere, parc:rada anlam butlinlugunu saglamak ic:rin getirilebilecek cumleyi bulunuz. 67. The environment, whether it is natural or artificial, is the most fundamental ingredient of the tourism product. However, as soon as tourism activity takes place, the environment is inevitably changed or modified, eitherto facilitate tourism or through the tourism production process. - Such considerations are treated with much greater respect than they were during the first two-thirds of the last century. Relatively little research has been undertaken within a standardized framework to analyze tourism's impact on the environment. A) Therefore, the Great Wall of China, and the Taj Mahal have been preserved in such a way that tourism cannot do any harm to them . B) Environmental preservation and improvement programmes are now an integral part of many development strategies. C) So, it may be questionable as to whether it is wise to spare large amounts of funds on tourism . D) Tourism is responsible for high levels of air and noise pollution through the transportation networks and leisure activities. E) The problems associated with littering present significant dangerto wildlife as well as being unsightly and expensive to clear. 68.

We can hardly avoid commercial advertising designed to influence us. Interestingly, most people consider that they are less likely to be influenced than others by advertisements. This has been called "the third person effect". For example, if we see an ordinary product being advertised by using attractive models in an unusual setting, we suppose that we (and those like us) are wiser than others to the tricks of the advertising industry. In reality, we are just as susceptible. A) Advertising can easily change the market conditions . B) We cannot keep away from the influences of our friends. C) People are not oblivious to the persuasion attempts of advertising. D) Education programmes help young people avoid such tricky commercials. E) It is generally accepted that people like attractive products.

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YDS ~iFRELERi 69. Aboriginal occupation of Australia goes back at least 40,000 years and probably longer. While there are significant differences in aboriginal occupation of space and the meaning they attach to the environment, there are also some common threads. Traditional aboriginal culture is very interesting in that it invests very little meaning in architecture or artificial spatial structures. - There is a bond between one's "country" and its sacred places which house the spirit of certain species for which one has responsibilities. A) Australia was invaded by Britain, initially as a means of banishing what was perceived to be a genetically criminal class. B) The majority of the aboriginal paintings that are currently popu Jar on the world art market are landscapes. C) Nevertheless, most of the land to which aboriginal people still spiritually belong, legally belongs to someone else. D) Aboriginal culture and identity is, however, profoundly rooted in landscape form and natural structures. E) However, Ayer's Rock, this enormous and beautiful rock, has become the dominant geographical symbol of Australia. 70. More than 80 renowned German scientists and artists took refuge in Turkey from the Nazi persecution in the 1930s and 1940s. Among them were the Berlin Opera director Carl Ebert, the composer Paul Hindemith, philosophers and orientalists such as Ernst von Aster and Helmut Ritter. Close ties developed amongst various universities in the two countries as a result and these persist today. The German Academic Exchange Service awards various scholarships in Turkey. Professors and students teach and study in both countries. A) Germany had always produced scientists who were renowned fortheir pioneering discoveries. B) These were the worst years forthose people who suffered immensely under the Nazi regime. C) They worked in and also helped to develop and establish Turkish universities. D) Turkey was a country that accepted people from Germany during the Nazi persecution. E) Many of them visited Istanbul because of its rich history.

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71 . - 76. sorularda , verilen ingilizce ci.imlenin ci.imlenin ingilizcesini Ti.irke
71. As the coalition government drew up its detailed plans to cut public spending last autumn, in order to deal with Britain's swollen budget deficit, the economic conditions were unexpectedly favourable. A) Koalisyon hi.iki.imetinin ingiltere'nin artan bi.itge agrgmr ele almak amacryla gegen sonbahar ayrrntrh plantar hazrrladrgr srrada , ekonomik ko~ullar beklenmedik bigimde olumluydu. B) ingiltere'deki koalisyon hi.iki.imeti bi.iyi.ik sorun olan bi.itge agrgmr ele almak amacryla gegen sonbaharda ayrrntrh plantar yaparken , ekonomik ko~ullar iyile~meye ba~ladr. C) ingiltere'nin giderek artan bi.itge agrgrnr azaltmak isteyen koalisyon hi.iki.imeti gegen sonbaharda ayrrntrh plantar yaparak ekonomik ko~ullarr di.izeltti. D) ingiltere koalisyon hi.iki.imetinin giderek artan bi.itge agrgmr azaltmak igin gegen sonbahar ayrrntrh kararlar aldrgr srrada, ekonomik ko~ullarrn birdenbire iyile~tigi fark edildi. E) Koalisyon hi.iki.imeti ingiltere'nin ciddi boyutlardaki bi.itge agrgmr azaltmak amacryla ayrrntrh plantar hazrrlarken, ekonomik ko~ullarm daha da koti.iye gittigi gori.ildi.i. 72. The trial of the suspect for an alleged $7 billion embezzlement was put on hold, following the psychiatric report that he was psychologically unfit for the hearing. A) 7 milyar dolar civarrnda parayr gi.iya zimmetine gegiren ~i.iphelinin yargrlanmasr, duru~ma igin hazrr olamayacagmr bildiren psikiyatri raporunun verilmesiyle ertelendi. B) Psikolojik olarak duru~maya hazrr olmadrgr psikiyatri raporuyla iddia edilen ~i.iphelinin 7 milyar dolarhk zimmet davasr ertelendi. C) 7 milyar dolarr zimmetine gegirmesini takiben duru~ma igin psikolojik olarak hazrr olmadrgr psikiyatri raporuyla belirlenen ~i.iphelinin duru~masr si.iresiz olarak ertelendi. D) 7 milyar dolarhk zimmet davasmm ertelenmesinin ardmdan ~i.iphelinin duru~ma igin psikolojik olarak hazrr olmadrgr raporu da verildi. E) 7 milyar dolarr zimmetine gegirdigi iddia edilen ~i.iphelinin yargrlanmasr, duru~ma igin psikolojik olarak hazrr olmadrgrnr gosteren psikiyatri raporunun ardrndan, ertelendi.


2011 KPDS iLKBAI-IAR SORULARI 73. A court in Ecuador ordered Chevron to pay $9.5 billion for the environmental and social damage to the Amazon region caused by Texaco. A ) Texaco'nun , Amazon bolgesine verdigi cevresel ve sosyal hasann giderilmesi i9in Ekvador'da bir mahkeme Chevron'a 9,5 milyar dolarl1k fatura 91kard 1. B) Ekvador'da bir mahkeme, Texaco'nun Amazon bolgesinde verdigi iddia edilen 9evresel ve sosyal hasar i9in Chevron'un yakla!?lk 9,5 milyar dolar odemesine hOkmetti. C) Ekvador'da bir mahkeme, Amazon bolgesinde Texaco'nun sebep oldugu 9evresel ve sosyal hasar i9in Chevron'un 9,5 milyar dolar odemesine kararverdi. D) Texaco'nun Amazon bolgesinde sebep oldugu 9evresel ve sosyal felaket i9in Ekvador'daki bir mahkemede Chevron'a 9,5 milyar dolarhk tazminat davas1 a91ld1. E) Ekvador'da bir mahkeme, verd igi hOkOmle, Amazon bolgesinde Texaco ve Chevron'un 9,5 milyar dolar odemesini gerektirecek bir 9evresel ve sosyal felaket oldugunu iddia etti.

...

74. Osmanh imparatorlugu'nu 16. yuzy1hn ortasmda ihti~ammm en yuksek noktasma ula,tJran Kanuni Sultan Suleyman, Turkiye'de yaygm bir ~ekilde kutsal bir ki~i olarak kabul edilmektedir. A) Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent took the Ottoman Empire to the highest point of its glory in the mid-16th century, for which he was once widely regarded as sacred in Turkey. B) Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, who had once been widely regarded as a sacred person in Turkey, took the Ottoman Empire to the highest point of its glory in the mid-16th century. C) The Ottoman Empire's Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent is regarded as a sacred person in Turkey as he had raised the empire to its highest point in mid-16th century. D) Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire became widely sacred in Turkey after he took the empire to the highest point of its glory in the mid-16th century. E) Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, who took the Ottoman Empire to the highest point of its glory in the mid-16th century, is widely regarded as a sacred person in Turkey.


75.

Birka~ ay sonra yeniden i~ aramaya ba~jlad•, ancak sadece yan zamanh bir i~ bulabildi, o da hemen sona erdi. A) When she started working again a few months later, she could only do a part-time job, which soon ended. B) When she started to look for work a few months later, she could only find a part-time job for a short time. C) She started to look for work again a few months later, but she could find only a parttime job, which soon ended. D) She could find only a part-time job, which lasted a few months, after which she started to look for work again. E) As soon as she started to look for work again, she could only find a part-time job, which ended in a few months.

76. Buyuk miktarda bocek tO keten yarasalarm yard1m1 olmazsa c;iftc;iler daha fazla bocek ilac1 kullanmak zorunda kalabilirler, ki bu da c;evre kayg1lanm art1r1r ve sebze-meyve fiyatlanm yukseltir. A) Without the help of bats, which consume huge quantities of insects, farmers may have to use more insecticide, raising environmental worries and pushing up food prices. B) Farmers will need to use more insecticide, which may or may not raise environmental concerns as well as increase food prices, without the help of bats consuming huge quantities of insects. C) Farmers' use of insecticides may double environmental worries as well as food prices without the help of bats that consume huge amounts of insects. D) With the help of bats, consuming great amounts of insects, farmers may be forced to use more insecticide, which might raise environmental worries and push up food prices. E) If the bats do not help farmers by eating huge quantities of insects, more insecticide can be used to kill the insects, which may eventually raise environmental concerns and food prices.

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YDS ~iFRELERi

77. - SO. sorularda , ci.imleler s1ras1yla okundugunda parcranm anlam bi.iti.inli.igi.ini.i bozan ciimleyi bulunuz. 77. (I) Training children to cope with their fear of treatment presents special problems for health psychologists. (II) Paediatric hospitals often offer some type of preparation programme for children . (Ill) Group tours and discussions are the most common type of preparation , but the of such interventions is effectiveness questionable. (IV) Providing children and parents with information about hospital procedures and equipment is a more effective way to decrease anxiety. (V) Anxiety can be described as a psychological state that causes failure. A) I B) II C) Ill D) IV E) V

79. (I) In 1537, the Ottoman admiral-in-chief Kheirad-Din launched a campaign to annex Venetian possessions around the coasts of Greece. (II) The most famous admiral of his day, Andrea Doria was admired and distrusted equally. (Ill) He also raided the Italian coast, ravaging the Papal States and the domains of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty. (IV) In desperation the Christian states united to face a common enemy, forming a Holy League underthe leadership of Pope Paul Ill. (V) In the summer of 1538, they assembled a large fleet underthe overall command ofthe Habsburg's admiral , the Genoese Andrea Doria. B) II C) Ill D) IV E) V A) I

78. (I) While there is a general tendency for children to conform to the values and attitudes of other members ofthe peer group, there are wide variations in the strength of this tendency. (II) Girls are more likely to conform to the peer group suggestions than boys , and low status group members are more likely to conform than leaders. (Ill) The child's contact with his peers also expands greatly during the school years. (IV) Furthermore, individual personality factors may play a role . (V) Dependent and anxious children are more conforming than non-dependent, nonanxious peers.

80. (I) We have moved backwards in the last 50 or so years . (II) An international collaboration similarto the one that gave birth to Concorde is unthinkable under present day conditions . (Ill) It's not that the technology isn't available or even that a prestigious aircraft wouldn't be financially viable . (IV) The story of Concorde's long and challenging journey to full commercial flight certification is one of the most notable developments i n aviation history. (V) It's more that the will and daring that made Concorde possible aren't part of the scene today, in the way they were in the 1960s. A) I B) II C) Ill D) IV E) V

A)l

750

B)ll

C) Ill

D) IV

E) V


2011 KPDS iLKBAHAR SORULARI

DENEME SINAVLARI CEVAP ANAHTARI DENEME SINAVII 1. 0 2.E 3.C 4.0 5.A 6. E 7. 0 8.A 9. A 10.E 11. 0 12. 8 13.C 14.0 15. c 16.8 17.0 18.E 19.8 20.8

21.A 22. 0 23.E 24.A 25.0 26.C 27.8 28.8 29.E 30. 8 31.C 32.0 33.A 34.E 35.C 36.A 37.E 38.A 39.0 40. E

41.A 42.8 43.8 44.C 45.8 46.A 47.C 48.C 49.A 50.8 51. A 52. 8 53.C 54.E 55.0 56.0 57.8 58. A 59. E 60.A

61.C 62.0 63.C 64.0 65.A 66.E 67.0 68. E 69.A 70.8 71.8 72. E 73.A 74.C 75.0 76.A 77.8 78. A 79.C 80.0

21.8 22.A 23.0 24. C 25.0 26. E 27. c 28.0 29. E 30.0 31. A 32.C 33.A 34. 8 35.8 36. E 37.A 38.8 39.E 40.0

41.8 42.C 43.C 44.0 45. 8 46.0 47.0 48. E 49.0 50.8 51. c 52.0 53.0 54.8 55.0 56. A 57.E 58. 0 59. 8 60.C

61.E 62. A 63.E 64.A 65.C 66.0 67. 8 68.C 69. E 70.0 71. D 72. E 73. C 74. 8 75.0 76.A 77. C 78. 8 79. 0 80.E

DENEME SINAVIII 1. E 2.A 3. c 4.0 5. 8 6.0 7.A

s. c 9. E 10.0 11. 8 12.A 13.E 14. D

15.8 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.E 20.0


751

VDS $iFRELERi

DENEME SINAVIIII 1. D 2. E 3.A 4.E 5. E 6. c 7. 8 8.8 9.0 10.A 11. 8 12.C 13.8 14.0 15.A 16.E 17.A 18.C 19.C 20.E

21. D 22.8 23.A 24.0 25.A 26.C 27.8 28.8 29.E 30.0 31. c 32.8 33.A 34. E 35.8 36.8 37. E 38. A 39.A 40.0

41.8 42.A 43.C 44.E 45.D 46.A 47.A 48.C 49.A 50.C 51. A 52. A 53.E 54. A 55.C 56.0 57.E 58. A 59.C 60.A

61. 8 62. E 63. E 64.C 65.D 66.A 67.A 68.8 69.0 70.C 71. c 72.A 73.8 74.D 75.A 76.8 77.0 78.8 79.E 80.C

21.8 22.A 23.8 24.C 25.C 26.A 27.E 28.8 29.D 30.A 31.8 32.C 33.8 34.A 35.E 36.A 37.0 38.C 39.A 40.C

41.8 42.0 43.8 44.0 45.8 46.A 47.A 48.E 49.0 50.C 51. A 52.8 53.C 54. A 55.8 56.E 57.D 58. A 59.E 60.8

61. c 62.A 63.0 64.E 65.A 66.8 67.0

DENEME SINAVIIV 1. c 2.0 3.C 4.8 5.A 6.E 7.0 8.C 9.8 10.E 11. E 12.0 13.8 14.C 15.E 16.0 17. c 18.A 19.E 20.0

752

68.E 69.A 70.8 71. c 72.0 73.8 74.A 75.D 76.8 77.A 78.0 79.C 80.8


2011 KPDS iLKBAHAR SINAVI CEVAP ANAHTARI

2011 KPDS iLKBAHAR SINAVI CEVAP ANAHTARI


I

753

YDS $iFRELERi

•

•

~IFRESI

KPDS

DICTIONARY OF.. ADVERBS KPDS & UDS

notoriously

infamously, extremely (a§ln derecede)

adversely

negatively (olumsuz yonde)

gravely

seriously (ciddiyetle)

vigorously

strongly

notably

especially (ozellikle)

(gu~IU

bir §ekilde)

partially

virtually (nisbeten)

hitherto

up till now (§u ana degin)

concominantly

simultaneously (aym anda olan)

perennially

perpetually,continually (surekli)

unanimously

collectively (oy birligi ile)

instrinsically

inherently, naturally, essentially (ozellikle)

viably

apparently, possibly (herhalde)

woefully

sadly : unhappily (kederli)

unequivocally

unambigously, plainly, explicitly (a~1k ve kesin surette)

ultimately

eventually (en sonunda)

substantially

enormously (buyuk

sparsely

thinly (seyrekce)

crushingly

overwhelmingly (buyuk

lavishly

1.

fussily

meticulously (ozenle, titizlikle)

inextricably

inseparably (kopmaz, aynlmaz

indefinitely

(suresiz olarak)

exceptionally

(olaganustO)

754

musrif~e

oi~Ode)

~ogunlukla)

2. bolca (plentifully)

bi~imde)


DICTIONARY OF ADVERBS

hastily

{aceleyle)

inadvertently

involuntarily {isteksizce, goni.Usuzce)

promptly

abruptly, suddenly (aniden)

genuinely

really, truly

fairly

equitably, fairly {adil olarak)

(ger~ekten)

zealously

X

enthuasiastically {hevesle,

~evkle)

inadvertently literally

(kelimesi kelimesine tam olarak)

collosally

enormously {buyuk

succintly

concisely, briefly {ozetle)

ol~ude)

1. urgently (acil olarak) desperately

2. madly (~1lgmca) 3. sadly (~aresizce)

overtly

publicly

vehemently

furiously (ofkeli ve hiddetlice)


(a~1k a~1k)

755

yds sifresi

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