01.Fundamentals of UPS 050106 [Compatibility Mode]

UPS Training Fundamental F undamental of of UPS UPS Training Center： Gong Jian Bo .

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Email: [email protected]

Content 

UPS Overview

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UPS Principle

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UPS Key Technolog Technology y

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UPS UP S Te Tech chni nica call Dat Data a

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UPS Battery

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UPS Monitoring System

2 Em Emer erso son n Con Confi fide dent ntia iall

UPS O UPS Overview verview 

What’s UPS?



Why need UPS?



Function of UPS

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Classification of UPS


What’s UPS ？ A device that can uninterruptible provide AC power pow er to user.

UPS － Uninterruptible Power Supply

AC mains load battery


UPS history

UPS develop through two periods: Rotary UPS and Static UPS.

5 Emerson Confidential

Rotary UPS DC motor; diesel engine; fl wheel generator; rectifier and battery.


UPS history UPS

2、Static UPS－－ is consisted of semiconductor power devices.


UPS Overview UPS 

What’s UPS?



Why need UPS?



Function of UPS

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Why need UPS ？－ P －Power ower Problem

Surge

noise

spike

transient over voltage

Frequency drift


low voltage

sag

blackout

Why need UPS ？ Power problem surges

Cause

phenomenon

Huge equipment turn off or lighting strike

spikes

Lighting, electric switch on/off, electric welding

Higher than 110% rated Value，last many cycle. 6000V， last time is 10 ～100ms

Transient Like spike over voltage

20000V，last time 0.1ms

sag

smaller than 80-85% rated value，last many cycle.

Huge equipment turn on, AC mains change


Why need UPS ？ Power problem noise

Cause

phenomenon

High frequency interference.

Wireless and microwave equipment

Frequency drift

hydropower，generator

Frequency change over 3HZ.

low voltage

Huge equipment start, overload

Smaller than rated value and last long time.

blackout

AC cut off、circuit breaker trip.

Zero voltage last over 2 cycles.


Why need UPS? Above AC power problems will damage equipment, lose data and interrupt operations.



What’s UPS?



Why need UPS?



Function of UPS

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UPS Function UPS 1. High reliable and －－Keep power continuous uninterruptible power －－

3. Battery management －－Prolong battery life 4. Monitoring


－－Help UPS maintenance


What’s UPS?



Why need UPS?



Function of UPS





UPS Classification UPS By principle： back-up UPS line-interactive UPS on-line UPS

By power mode: three phase input/single phase output UPS three phase input/ three phase output UPS

By output power： small power（<10 kVA） medium power（10 to 30kVA） large power（>30 kVA） 16 Emerson Confidential

UPS Classification （ c ontinued ）（continued By transformer： high frequency UPS industrial frequency UPS

B waveform： square wave UPS sine wave UPS


Content 

UPS Overview



UPS Principle

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UPS Key Technology

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UPS Technical Data

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UPS Battery

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Back- Back -Up Up UPS Principle When AC power normal, load power comes directly from the AC mains, when AC power fails, a battery powered inverter almost immediately turns on to continue to supply power. load AC mains charger

inverter

battery


Line- Line -interactive interactive UPS principle 264-276V Back- Back -Up Up UPS Principle 150-264V 150-175V

AC mains double converter AC normal/rectify AC fail/invert

battery


load

On- On -Line Line UPS UPS Principle Whether AC mains is normal or not, inverter is always operating.


UPS Comparing UPS Back-up

Line-interactive

On-line

Inverter state

Back up

Hot back up

operating

Output quality

Low

Middle

High

Transferrin g time

5～12ms

4ms

0

Cost

Low

Middle

High


Content 

UPS Overview



UPS Principle



UPS Key Technology



UPS Technical Data

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UPS Battery

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UPS Key Technology UPS 

Double Conversion

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Digital Control

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R



Battery Management


n

n

Double Conver Conversion sion

AC－DC

Rectify

DC－AC

Invert


3- 3 -Phase Phase SCR Bridge Rectifier

+ 1

3

5

4

6

2

A C

_

6 pulse


12- 12 -Pulse Pulse Rectifier

L o a d

Battery and Inverter

30°

Two 6 6-Pulse Rectifiers Phase shift Transformer


Boost Circuit （ P FC Circuit ）（PFC £

L

«

D T

V i

£ £

1

£

C

£

«

V

-

-

£

« O

-

L £

«

£

«

L

V i £

£

£

-

C

£

«

£

-

V

«

O

-

£

-

L £

«

V i £

£

-

iL

-


£

£

«

C

£

«

£

-

V

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£

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3- 3 -Phase Phase IGBT Rectifier


Comparing

Input power factor:0.7-0.85,harmonic current>30%

Input power factor>0.99,harmonic current<3%


Single Phase half bridge invert Circuit U +380

+

C1

Q1

D1

-380

L

+380V

L C3 N

220V

N C2

-380V

-


Q2

D2

Inverter Control Signal － S PWM －SPWM SPWM signal generation


3- 3 -Phase Phase Bridge Inverter + R

S

T

R R S T

S

T

N

_


3- 3 -Phase Phase SCR Rectifier UPS

旁路输 bypass

main 主路输


输出 output

3- 3 -Phase Phase IGBT Rectifier UPS

bypass

main

output



Double Conversion



Digital Control



R



Battery Management


n

n

Digital Control Digital signal Processor（DSP） Microprocessor Provide all kinds of driving signal to ,


.

DSP •Speed: 10-20 times that of micro-processor • improve integrated degree， •Directly give PWM signal ， •Avoid device parameter shifting, ensure product accordance. •No need any hardware adjusting .

Third generation generation：：DSP

Second generation：micro-processor First generation：device＋IC



Double Conversion



Digital Control



R



Battery Management


n

n

Series Connection standby main

UPS1

AC mains

load

bypass

standby

UPS2

Solution for medium power case, easy installation, but power is NOT extended.


Parallel Connection AC mains

UPS1

load

Parallel logic control

UPS2

Solution for large power case, each UPS shares load, high reliability，but requires complex technology.


Double Power Bus AC PPC

UPS1

Bus1

battery

STS

LBS

UPS

UPS2 Bus2

AC PPC battery 42 Emerson Confidential

load

feed load


Double Conversion



Digital Control



R



Battery Management


n

n

Battery FC/EC 1. Current limit

0.1C

：

2. FC to EC：Ic≥0.05C or C≤ 80% EC to FC：Ic ≤ 0.01C FC: Floating Charge EC: Equalizing Charge


Content 

UPS Overview



UPS Principle



UPS Key Technology



UPS Technical Data



UPS Battery





Technical Data

Input Specification Output Specification


Input Voltage Range

adaptability to the power network. The wider the better.


Bypass Voltage Range

Typical range : ±10%


Input Frequency Range adaptability to the power network. The wider the better. 50Hz±4%


Input Power Factor Power Factor = active power /apparent power The higher the better. Smaller PF means lar er reactive ower, more harmonic current , which will pollute AC mains network.


Total Harmonic Distortion

THD =harmonic current/Base×100％ The smaller the better.


Technical Data

Input Specification Output Specification


Output Voltage Stability

Input voltage in 220V±25%，output voltage fluctuation range when load change from 0 to .


Output Frequency Stability Output Frequency Stability≤0.5% UPS local oscillation frequency stability In battery mode, it comes from crystal oscillator.


Frequency Regulation and Frequency Slew Rate Frequency Regulation :50Hz±4%, Frequency Slew Rate≤1Hz/s For Frequency Regulation, the wider the better. Frequency Slew Rate：speed of Output frequency tracing input frequency.


Overload Capability

Withstanding duration at 125% rated load, after that, transfers to bypass.


Output Current Crest Factor Crest Factor =current peak value/ RMS value. Index of UPS load capability, the larger the better.

For PC、Server, the factor is between 2.5 to 3.0. RMS: Root Mean Square 57 Emerson Confidential

Output Power Factor 0.7 or 0.8 NOT the higher the better. nee no on y ac ve power u a so reactive power. So unit is VA not W.


Voltage Distortion

Voltage Distortion = harmonic /Base + harmonic×100％ The smaller the better.


Content 

UPS Overview



UPS Principle



UPS Key Technology



UPS Technical Data



UPS Battery





Content 

Battery structure and Principle

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Battery Characteristic

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Battery Capacity Configuration


Lead- Lead -Acid Acid Battery Cell v =1cell

Negative plate:

e-

Form 2V cell

Positive plate: Lead dioxide PbO2

Electrolyte ： Sulfuric solution H2SO4

Electrical Energy 62 Emerson Confidential

Chemical Energy

Lead- Lead -Acid Acid Battery Battery— —two two general type

◆ Flooded Battery

◆ VRLA Battery

（or “wet type” or “open vented type”）（Valve Regulated Lead-Acid Battery）


VRLA Battery— Battery —used used with UPS

UPS UPS


Battery Battery

Structure of VRLA Battery ¢Þ ¢Ù ¢Ú ¢Û ¢Ü ¢Ý ¢Ù

① container & cover

¢

② terminal

¢ ③ strap/group bar ④Positive & negative plates ⑤AGM ⑥ safety valve

AGM: Microporous fibre glass acts as both separator and electrolyte absorber.


Battery principle discharge

PbO2＋2H2SO4＋Pb

PbSO4＋2H2O＋PbSO4 charge

(lead dioxide) (sulfuric acid) (spongy lead)

(sulfate)

active material electrolyte active material active material positive plate

negative plate

positive plate

“Double sulfate”theory


(water)

(sulfate)

electrolyte active material negative plate

Content 


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Discharge Characteristic Discharge Terminal voltage(V/cell)

2.1 2.0 1.9

.

0.3C 10 0.5C 10

1.8 1.0C 10

1.7 1.6

0.6C 10

2.0C 10

1min 2

6 10 30 min 1h 2 3 5 8 10 20 h discharge time


0.1C 10

Charge Characteristic d e e g r m u a l h o C V

120

(%)

g n t i n g e r r a r h u C C

(A)

g n e i g g r a a t l h o C V

2.23V Constant Voltage Charging at 25¡ æ

(V)

100 0.1C

2.4

80 0.08C

2.3

60

0.06C

2.2

40

0.04C

2.1

20 0.02C

2.0

Charged Volume

Charging Voltage

After 100% Discharge After 50% Discharge Charging Current

0 0

4

8

12

16

20

24

Charging Time (hours) 69 Emerson Confidential

28 32

36

Relationship between battery discharge capacity and ambient temperature ¡ ª¡ ª low rate discharge £¾1h ------ high rate discharge £¼1h 120

100

© ¥ £ ¨ £ 0

80

60

1

C y t i c a p a c

40

20

0 -30

-20

-10

0

10

20

Temperature£¨ ¡ æ£© 70 Emerson Confidential

30

40

Storage Characteristic 100

90

) % ( y t i c a p C e l b a l i a v A

© £ % ¨ £ ¿ Á Ý È à Ó £ Ê

80

70

50 40

30 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

±£´æÊ±¼ä£¨ÔÂ£© Storage time (month)


11

12

Comparison of UPS battery and PS battery PS

UPS

Design orientation

Long time、small current、 deep discharge

Short time、large current、

Design life

Above 10 years

3～5 years

Lead paste

Long life formulation,

Large power life formulation,

ong cyc e

s or cyc e

e

light discharge

e

separator

long life separator ,thick

large diameter hole, thin. small current and deep discharge will cause life end.

Recovery ability of

good

So-so

Over-discharge


Content 


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P×pf pf× ×T C = V×η×K P: UPS Capacity, VA pf: UPS output power factor, typically 0.7, T: backup time， V: battery string voltage， η:battery inverting efficiency, typically 85%， K: battery discharge coefficient， T=1～3h， K= 0.6 T=3h～5h， K= 0.8 T=5h～10h，K= 0.85 T＞10h， K= 1 74 Emerson Confidential

Battery Capacity Configuration Example ： 20kVA UL33 UPS，30 battery cells(12V),Carry 35% load，backup time is 4h，how much battery capacity does it need?

C=

= 94.5AH 305V×0.85×0.8

So need 100AH battery.


Content 

UPS Overview



UPS Principle



UPS Key Technology



UPS Technical Data



UPS Battery





UPS Monitoring System Function 1、know and control real operating state, 2、provide UPS failure report in time, 3、when AC mains abnormal、battery low voltage，automatically shutdown computer, 4、be able to run in LAN、WAN and Internet,


Composition of Monitoring System UPS Monitoring System＝Intelligent UPS ＋ Network＋Monitoring Software Monitoring Software consists of three parts ： SNMP Card Centralized Monitoring Software Safe Shutdown Program


UPS Networking Scheme


Monitoring Screen Display － U －UPS PS Tree


Monitoring Screen Display － S tate －State


Monitoring Screen Display － D －Data ata Curve

82 Em Emer erso son n Conf Confid iden enti tial al

Monitoring Screen Display － E －Events vents List


Monitoring Screen Display － E －Event vent Log Query


Monitoring Screen Display － D －Data ata Log Query


UPS Events Handling

µ ¯³ ¶ö »Ô ° ¿ò

notifying Administrator

× Pager ¶Ô Ñ ¯ º° ô ·

-µUPS çÔ Ò ´ Events ³ì Ê £¼ Âþ

É ù¹ ¸â ¾ æ¯

audible/visual alarms

¼Ç ÈÈ ëÖ Õ¾

log

ÖÐ ´ ÎÐ ¼ Äþ

executing command file


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01.Fundamentals of UPS 050106 [Compatibility Mode]

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