THANH HA (Bien soan)
NHA X U A T BAN TU OIEN BACH KHOA
DONG TUT TIENG ANH
THANH HA (Bien soan)
D O N G T IT TIENG ANH
NHA XUAT BAN TIT DIEN BACH KHOA
THANH HA
M ot trong nhCifng kho khan cua ngUdi hoc tieng A nh la lam the nao de nam viing ngut phap, trong do hieu va van dung cac loai tijf trong cau. X uat phat tii thuc te do chung toi bien soan bo sach “D ong tCf tieng A n h ” nay. Cuon sach la nhCitng kien thtic cd ban ve dong tuf trong tieng Anh, cach sU dung, co kem theo cac vi du thUc te di kem . De dung cuon sach nay co hieu qua hOn, tot nhat ban nen do xem ky tting phan trU6c khi do sang ph an sau. T rong qua trinh beienoan chac khong tranh khoi thieu sot, rat m ong nhan dUOc y kien dong gop cua cac ban.
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THANH HA
C A C DANG THU’C CUA DONG TlT TIENG ANH Dong tti dUdc dinh nghia tren cd sd hinh thiic khi co the, va theo cach sU dung cua chung trong cau. Trong cac vi du dudi day, nhiing ti* dUdc gach chan la dong tti. - I go to school. Toi di den trit&ng. - She sings a song. Cd ay hat mot Bai hat. - He answered very well. Anh ay tra Idi rat tot. Dong tu! co nam hinh thiic nhu sau: 1 . Nguyen m iu (base form ) - tti thUdng thay trong tu! dien. 2. Hinh thiic them “e /e s ” (-s form) ■ thUdng dung d ngoi thii ba so it. 3. Hinh thtic qua kh\i (past tense) - thUdng dung d qua khii ddn. 4. Hinh thuc hien tai phan tu! (-ing participle) thUdng dung d thi tiep dien hay trong cac menh de phan tti hien tai. 5. Hinh thuc qua khr( phan tii (past participle) thu'dng dung d thi hoan thanh hay trong the bi dong, co nhieu dong tijf hinh thuc qua khii va qua khii phan tii giong nhau. Cac dong tu' co hinh thiic qua khu va qua khii phan tvf tan cung bang "ed" rat pho bien trong tieng Anh, goi la dong tu' co quy tac (regular). Vi du: watch - watched, look - looked 7
DONG TU TIENG ANH Nhiing dong tut khac thuoc dang bat quy tac (irregular), co nghia la hinh thiic cua tiing dong tii khong theo mot nguyen tac nao. Tat ca dong tii deu co s-form va ing-form va nhulng hinh thiic nay luon luon co quy tac nen de biet hinh thiic cua moi dong tir tieng Anh, can biet ba hinh thiic cua moi dong tii bat quy tac: nguyen mau (base form ) - qua khvf (past tense) • qua khti phan tif (p a st participle). * Chu y: cac dong tii khuyet thieu: “ can, may, must, might, will, should, could...” khong co hinh thiic d ngoi thii ba so it (-s form ), hien tai phan tii (-ing form ) hoac cac thi qua khii (past tense). Quy tac sU dung cac dong tii khuyet thieu nay hoan toan khac vdi dong tii.
CAC LOAI DONG TUT Trong tieng Anh co hai loai dong tii chinh la ngoai dong tii va noi dong tii. 1. Ngoai dong tif (transitive verb) Ngoai dong tii: co the theo sau la mot danh tu lam tan ngU - ten cua ngUdi, vat hay sU vat tiep nhan hanh dong. Vi du: - She is^leanm g the floor. Co ay dang lau nha. - We met him at the bank. Chung toi gap anh ay d ngan hang. - I helped that woman. Toi da giup ngi/di ph u nit ay. 2. Noi dong tif (intransitive verb) Noi dong tii': khong co danh tii theo sau no. Noi cach khac. sau noi dong tii khong cd tan ngii. 8
THANH HA Vi du: - He draws. A nh ay ve. - We work. Chung toi lam viec. - I felt tired. Toi cam thay met moi. Noi dong tii dUdc chia thanh hai nhom: dong tii noi (ilinking verb) va dong tit khong noi (not linking verb). Dong tii noi: theo sau la mot danh tit nen de nham vdi ngoai dong tii, nhUng danh tu! theo sau dong tit noi luon noi ve ngUdi hay vat co vai tro la chu ngut cua dong tii. Dong tii noi thUdng dimg la “be”, “become, turn, g et” . Vi du:
- This wallet is Lan’s mother. Cai vi nay la cua me Lan. - She has becom e a singer. Co ay da trd thanh ca si. - He turned out to be my mother’s doctor. Hod ra ong ay la bac si cua me toi. Theo sau dong tii noi co the la tinh tu: hay trang tii mo ta hoac dinh vi cho chu ngi3. Vi du: - She is very big. Co ay rat beo. - The building looks solid, Tod nha trong rat vihig chac. - The table is over here. Cai ban d day. Nhieu dong tit co the la ngoai dong tif hoac noi dong tii tuy theo sU xuat hien cua tan ngfl hay khong. Vi du: - He draws. 9
DONG TUT TIENG ANH A nh ay ve. (Noi dong tii) - He draws a picture. A nh ay ve mot biic tranh. (Ngoai dong tit) Cac tii dien deu phan biet “vt” (verb transitive) hoac “vi” (verb intransitive).
THI CUA DONG TLT T hi la thdi gian ma dong tii do de cap tdi: thi hien tai (present), thi qua khii (past), thi tUdng lai (future),... Trong tieng Anh thi cua dong tii dUdc dien ta bang nhieu loai cum dong tii, qua do cac trd dong tii se dUdc ket hdp vdi mot trong nhiing hinh thiic cua dong tii. Do do, van de chu yeu cua ngUdi hoc dong tii tieng Anh khong phai chi la hoc thuoc long nhiing hinh thiic cua dong tii. Quan trong la phai nam dUOc sii phiic tap cua cum dong tii tieng Anh, vdi rat nhieu loai khac nhau.
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THANH HA
THI HIEN TAI THi HIEN TAI THtf&NG 1. Hinh thtfc T rong cau khang dinh, thi hien tai co hai hinh thiic: nguyen mau (base form ) va ngoi thijt ba so it them “s/es” (S-form ). Hinh thiic nguyen mau diidc sU dung v 6i nhQng chu ngO “I I we I you / they'. Hinh thiic “Sform ” diidc dung v 6i cac chu tii “he / she / it” hoac bat cif cau true danh tii nao ma nhiing tii tren co the thav the. I I we I you / they + V (nguyen mau) he / she / it + V- s /es * Quy tac them “s/es” vao sau dong tii nguyen mau, neu dong tii d ngoi thii ba so it: - Neu V tan cung bang “o”, them “es” Vi du: to go: He goes (Anh ay di) to do: He does (Anh ay lam) - V tan cung bang “x, ss, sh, ch” thi them “es” Vi du: to fix: He fixes (Anh ay siia) to cross: She crosses (Co ay di qua) to brush: She brushes (Co ay chai) to teach: She teaches (Co ay day h oc) to watch: My little baby watches TV (difa be cua toi xem TV) - V tan cung bang “v” (difng sau mot phu am) triio'c khi them “s” phai doi “y ” thanh “ie” . Vi du: to marry: He marries (Anh ta ci/di) to study: He studies (Anh ta hoc) 11
DONG TUT TIENG ANH nhUng trUdc y 1 a nguyen am thi giii nguyen y, roi them s
to play: He plays (Anh ta chcfi) * Cac cach phat am khi them “s/es” vao dong tii nguyen mau: /iz/, Isl, hoac Izl - Am cuoi phat am la Isl khi dong tii nguyen mau ket thuc bang: Ipi, Itl, Ikl, Ifl, / 6/. Vi du: stop stops hit hits cook cooks - Am cuoi phat am la lizl khi dong tii nguyen mau ket thuc bang: si, Izl, Ifl, /3/, /d3/, /tJ7. Vi du: miss misses rise rises wash washes watch watches judge judges - Am cuoi phat am la Izl neu am cuoi cua dong tii nguyen mau khong n&m trong hai nguyen t i c tren. Vi du: lay lays ride rides ring rings smell smells
2 . C a ch su1 d u n g a.
D ien ta m ot sti viec, m ot h a n h d o n g th e o th o i q u en h o a c lap di la p la i
C ac d o n g tii c h i tan su a t d i k e m : always, often, usually, sometimes, every, regularly, rarely, ... Vi du: 12
THANH HA - I usually get up early. Toi thiibng thtic day sdm. - He goes out with his friend almost every Saturday afternoon. Anh ta di chcti vdi ban hau het cac chieu this bay. - Tom always works hard. Tom luon luon lam viec cham chi. b.
Dien ta mot stf that, m ot chan ly, khong thay doi VI du: - The sun rises in the East. M at trcti moc d dang Dong. - The earth revolves around the sun. Trai dat quay quanh mat trdi. - W ater boils at 100°C. Niidc soi d 100°C. c. Dien ta mot nhan dinh, tieu de, Idi hiidng dan. Vi du: - I bet you don’t know her. Toi citcfc la ban khong biet cd ay. - First you turn right. Triidc tien ban phai re phai. d. Dien ta lich lam viec, gid tau xe Vi du: - My school open at 7 o’clock everyday. Triicfng toi md ciia luc 7 gid hang ngay. - The bus goes every 10 minu es. Cii 10 phut lai co 1 chuyen xe buyt. e. Dien ta mot svC viec se dien ra trong ttfctng lai - Cac pho tif thdi gian chi ttfdng lai di kem: “tomorrow” , “next week” ,... hoac trong menh de trang nguf chi thdi gian: “when” , “as soon as” , “after” , 13
DONG TU TIENG ANH “before” , “till” , “until” ,... Vi du: - My new cataloge appears two week from today. Ca-ta-lo cua toi se ra mat 2 tuan nila ke tii horn nay. - The film begins at 8:00. Bo phim se bat dau luc 8:00 - My boy friend comes back from Ho Chi Minh City tomorrow. Ngay mai ban trai cua toi se trd ve tii thanh pho Ho Chi Minh. - I’ll come and see him before I leave for Ha Noi. Toi se tdi va gap anh ay triidc khi toi rdi di Ha Noi.
THI HIEN TAI TIEP DliN 1. H in h thvfc Quy tac chia cho tat ca cac ngoi cua chu ngii la S + be + V-ing I + am we I you / they + are he I she I it + is Dong tu’ nguyen mltu dUOc them “m g” theo ouv the. sau: - Dong tii tan cung b^ng “e” (cam), bo “e” tru 6c khi them "ing". Vi du: to come coming to save saving 14
THANH HA to take to have to change nhUng:
taking having changing
to be being to see seeing - Dong tu: tan cung bang tie’/ trufdc khi them “m g” phai doi “ie” thanh “3/” VI du: to lie lying to die dying to tie tying - Dong tii tan cung bang mot mot nguyeruam va mot phoaJim, trU6c khi them “m g” phai gap doi phu am cuoi. Vi du: to cut cutting to stop stopping to put putting nhUng: to book booking to watch watching
a.
2. Cach suf dung D ie n ta m ot h a n h d o n g d a n g d ien ra ta i thdi d iem noi. Vi du: - We are doing an English test. Chung toi dang lam Bai kiem tra tieng Anh. - I am learning French. Toi dang hoc tieng Phap. - The boy is playing football. Cau he dang chcti da bong. 15
p o-----------------------n g t it h e n b --a------nh __■
- It is heavily raining now. Luc nay trdi dang miia rat to. - M y mother is cooking. Me toi dang nau an. b. D iin ta nhiing hanh dong ditc/c lap lai hoac co tinh chat tam thdi. Vi du: - Are you playing tennis? Ban van chcti quan v&t chit. - My bike has broken down, so I am walking to school these days. Xe dap cua toi bi hong, vi vay nhitng ngay nay toi phai di bo di hoc. c. Dien ta mot thdi quen xau (bad habits), thitbng di vdi cac trang tit “constantly”, “continually”, “forever”. Vi du: - My friend is continually saying that he is tired and bored. Ban toi lien tuc noi rang anh ay met moi va chan chitting. - My mother is always com plaining about my cooking. Me toi luon phan nan ve chuyen nau nit&ng cua toi. d. Dien ta mot sit thay doi va phat trien. Vi du: - It’s getting dark. Trdi toi dan. - Mrs Brown is getting thinner and thinner. Ba Brown cang ngay cang gay. e. Dien ta mot si/ viec chac chan xay ra trong titong lai. 16
THANH HA Vi du: - I am graduating next week. Tdi se tot nghiep vdo tuan tdi. - W e are going to Ho Chi Minh city tomorrow. Chung toi se den thanh ph o H o Chi M inh vdo ngay mai. - She is opening her fashion shop next Monday. Co ay se khai tritcfng ciCa hang thdi trang vdo thU hai tuan tdi. C h u y: M ot so dong tii khong sU dung dUOc 0 dang tiep dien. - D ong tii chi tinh cam, cam xuc\ want, need, desire, refuse, forgive, wish, love, hate, adore, like, dislike. - D ong til chi cac hoat dong cua cac giac quan, suy nghi, y niem: see, hear, smell, notice, recognize, rem em ber, forget, know, understand, recall, recollect, believe, feel, think. - D ong tit chi quyen sd hiCu: own, possess, belong, owe. - Dong tijf “to be” (thi, la); to have (co). Ngoai le: * “to s e e ” dung dang -ing v 6i nghia: “hen gap, tham ” ... Vi du: - I am seeing the sights of London. Tdi dang di thdm nhiCng cdnh dep cua Ludn don. - He is seeing me tonight. A nh ay se gap toi vdo tdi nay. * “to fe e l” dung dang -ing v 6i nghia: “cam thay” (khoe, met,...)
- I’m feeling tired today,_____________ ___ _
[ DAI HOC THAI NGUYEN ]
DONG TUT TIENG ANH Horn nay toi cam thay rat met. * “to have” dung dang -ing vdi nghia: "dang lam viec gi” . VI du: - She is having breakfast. Co ay dang an sang. - I am having a bath. Toi dang tarn. * “to think” dung dang -ing vdi nghia: “ suy nghl, ngam nghl” . VI du: - W hat are you thinking about? Ban dang nghl g i vay? - I don’t know what are you thinking. Tdi khong biet ban dang nghl gi.
THI HIEN TAI HOAN THANH 1. Hinh thtic. I I we I you / have + Pu CVpast they participle) he / she / it_______ has + P „ (Vpast participle) Vi du: - You have seen that movie many times. Ban do. xem bo phim nay mot nhieu Ian. - I think I have met him once before. Toi nghl la. toi da gap anh ay mot Ian triidc do. - There have been many earthquakes in California. Da nhieu Ian dong dat a Calfornia. - People have traveled to the Moon. 18
THANH HA M oi ngittii da du lich ten mat trang. 2. Cach dung. a. Dien ta mot hanh dong, mot suC viec xay ra d mot thdi diem khong xac dinh 6 qua khil. Vi du: - The army has attacked that city five times. Quan doi da tan cong vdo thanh pho do 5 Ian. - The rain hasn't stopped. Miia da tanh. - Tom has gone to London. Tom da di London. - I have bought a new skirt. Toi da mua mot chiec vay mdi. - He has missed two exams. Anh ay da thi tri/cft hai Ian. b. Dien ta mot hanh dong, mot si/ viec bat dau tit qua khu con tiep dien den hien tai va co the keo dai den tan titdng lai. Vi du: - I have studied in this school for many years. Tdi da hoc d tri/dng nay nhieu nam qua. - You have grown since the last time I saw you. Ban da triidng thanh hcfn ke tii Ian triidc tdi gap ban. - My English has really im proved since I moved to Australia. Tieng Anh cua tdi diidc nang cao ke tii khi tdi chuyen den Australia. - The government has becom e more interested in arts education.. Chinh phii trd nen quan tam hdn den nghe thuat giao due. 19
DONG TUT TIENG ANH
c.
- She has listened radio for two hours. Cd ay da nghe dai suot hai tieng qua. Dien ta mot hanh dong vUa mdi xay ra. VI du: - I’ve just had dinner. Toi vita dung bita toi. - They have gone to Ho Chi Minh City. Ho vita den thanh pho Ho Chi Minh. - I’ve just met Peter at the bank. Toi vita gap Peter d nha bang. * Chu y:
- Nhieu ngUdi de nham cach sU dung cua thi hien tai hoan thanh vdi thi qua khii thUdng. Qua khit thitcfng di kem vdi cac trang t\i chi thdi gian xac dinh d qua khii.' Thdi gian do co the xuat hien trUc tiep trong cai> hoac co the dUdc hieu ngam. Thi hien tai hoan thanh thUdng khong co tii chi thdi gian xac dinh di kem. - I have bought a new skirt.
Toi da mua chiec vay mdi. -
I bought a new skirt yesterday.
Horn qua toi da mua chiec vay mdi. - I bought the skirt after all.
Sau cung tdi da mua chiec vay do. - We haven’t seen that film. Chung tdi chita titng xem bo phim do. - We didn’t see that film yesterday. Horn qua chung tdi khong xem bo phim do. Thi hien tai hoan thanh thUdng hay dUdc dung vdi cac trang t\i: since, for, already, yet, just, recently, lately, ever never, nearly, hardly,... -
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THANH HA
THi HIEN TAI HOAN THANH TIEP DliN 1. Hinh thttc. I I we I you / they have / been +V-ing he /she /it___________ has been +V-ing Vi du: - You have been waiting here for two hours. Ban da dai cj day 2 tieng roi. - Recently, I have been feeling really tired. Gan day, toi hay cam thay met moi. - She has been working at that company for three years. Co ay da lam viec d cong ty do ditdc 3 nam roi. - W hat have you been doing for the last 30 minutes? Ban da lam g i trong 30 phut trtfdc. - James has been teaching at the university since June. Jam es dang day d triidng dai hoc tii thang sau.
a.
2. Cach dung. Dien ta mot hanh dong bat dau tai mot thdi diem trong qua khii, keo dai den hien tai va van tiep dien. Vi du: - Why has Nancy not been taking her medicine for the last three days? Tai sao N ancy khong noi chuyen vdi bac si cua co ay trong ba ngay q u a ? - She has been performing for two hours. Co ay bieu dien da hai tieng dong ho. 21
DONG TUT TIENG ANH - I’ve been reading for an hour. Toi da doc diidc mot tieng dong ho. b. D iin ta mot hanh dong bat dau tu qua khu, tiep dien den hien tai, da ket thuc tai thdi diem noi. Vi du: - He has been playing football all afternoon. Anh ay da chdi bong da cd chieu nay. - We have been going out all day. Chung toi di chcti cd ngay. - I’ve been writing all morning. Toi da viet cd buoi sang nay. - Lisa has not been practicing her English. Lisa khong con thiic hanh tieng Anh nda. * Chu y: Nhieu tinh huong co the dUdc dien ta dong thdi bang thi hien tai hoan thanh va thi hien tai hoan thanh tiep dien. Su khac biet la thi hien tai hoan thanh nhan manh vao stf viec, con thi hien tai hoan thanh tiep dien nhan manh vao hanh dong tiep dien. - How long have you studied French? Ban da hoc tieng Phap bao lau roi? - How long have you been studying French? Ban da hoc tieng Phdp diidc bao lau ro i? - I’ve washed four white shirts this morning. Sang nay toi da giat bon chiec do sc/ mi trdng. - I've been washing four white shirts this morning. Sang nay toi da giat diidc bon chiec do sd mi trdng. - We have lived here for five months. Chung toi da song d day ndm thang. - We have been living here for five months. Chung toi da song d day diidc ndm thang.
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THANH HA T H I TlfCfNG LAI THI TLTCTNG LAI THlflJNG . Hinh thvfc. I / we he / she / it /you /they
+ shall + V (nguyen mau) + will + V (nguyen mau)
Vi du: - I shall go to school late. Toi se den triidng muon. - Shall we go to the cinema this evening? Chung ta se di xem phim toi nay chu!? - My family will leave Ha Noi next month. Gia dinh tdi se rtii Ha Noi vdo thang sau. - He will come back soon. Anh ay se quay lai s&m thdi. - It will be right. Moi chuyen se on thdi.
a.
2. Cach dung. Dien ta mot viec lam, mot hanh dong, mot stf viec se xay ra trong tiidng lai. Vi' du: - Linda will marry next month. Linda se ket hdn vdo thang tdi. - I think he will do well. Tdi nghi anh ay se lam tot. - He will finish new cataloge next week. Anh ay se hoan thanh ca-ta-lo mdi vdo tuan tdi. - They will never come here again. Ho se khong bao gid den day niia. 23
DONG TU TIENG ANH b.
D ie n ta m ot q u y et d in h titc th i (im m ed ia tely a c tio n ) Vi du: - I’ve forgotten phoning him. I’ll do it immediately. Toi quen goi dien cho anh ay. Toi se goi ngay lap tiCc. - I’ll have 2 $ now. Toi se co 2 do-la bay gid. - I think I’ll get a taxi because I am too tired to walk now. Toi nghl toi se goi tac xi vi toi qua met de di bo Iuc nay. - Boths shirts are beautiful but I’ll take this one. Cd hai chiec do deu dep nhitng toi se lay chiec nay. - My mother is calling me and I’ll come back now. Me toi dang goi toi va tdi se ve ngay bay gid.
THI TUTTNG LAI VOI GOING TO 1. H in h thtfc. I am he / she/ it is + going to + V You/ w e/they are Vi du: - He can't see her tomorrow because his friends are coming to see him. Anh ay khong the gap co ay vdo ngay mai vi ban cua anh ay se den thdm anh ay. - I am going to buy a new motorbike. Tdi se mua mot chiec xe may mdi. - I feel tired. I'm going to be ill. Tdi cam thay met. Tdi sap om roi. 24
THANH HA - She is going to go to school. Co ay se di tdi triidng. - He is going to be late. Anh ay se bi muon mat.
a.
b.
2. Cach dung thi ttfOng lai vdi “going to” . Dien td mot stf viec hay hanh dong chdc chan se xay ra trong tiidng lai gan. Vi du: - I am going to visit my grandparents tomorrow. Toi se den thdm ong ba vdo ngay mai. - She is going to have a baby. Co ay sap sinh con. - It’s going to rain. Trtii sap mita. - He is going to do this exercise this evening. Toi nay anh ay se lam Bai tap nay. Dien td mot y dinh hay ke hoqch chdc chan se lam. Vi du: - I am going to marry next week. Toi se ket hon vdo tuan tdi. - We are going to make a big cake. Chung ta se lam mot chiec bank Idn. - She knows what I am going to do. Co ay biet tdi dinh lam gi.
Chu y: Phan biet cach dung thi tUOng lai thUdng va thi tu'dng lai vdi dang “going to” . - He is going to be - He’ll sick if he goes to the rain, sick Anh ay se om neu anh ay di miCa Anh ay sap om - It is going to rain - It will rain *
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DONG TUTTIENG ANH Trdi sap mi/a - I am going to marry Tdi sdp ket hon
Trdi se mi/a - I’ll marry Tdi se ket hon.
THI TlflJNG LAI TIEP DllN 1. Hinh thtic. shall be +V-ing I / we you I he / she / they will be +V-ing / it Vi du: - We shall be staying at home at 6 o’clock this evening. Chung toi se dang d nha vdo luc 6 gid tdi nay. - She'll be teaching at this time next week. Gid nay tuan sau cd ay se dang day hoc. - At 8 o’clock tomorrow he will be working. Vdo luc 8 gid ngay mai anh ay se dang lam viec.
a.
2. Cach dung. Dien td mot hdnh dong dang xdy ra tai mot thdi diem trong ti/dng lai. Vi du: - I'll be doing my exercise in the evening. Tdi se dang lam Bai tap vdo buoi toi. - What will you be doing at this time tom orrow 0 Vdo gid nay ngay mai ban se dang lam gi? - 1 11 probably be lying on a beautiful beach at this time next week. Cd the tdi se dang ndm tren mot bai bien dep vdo gid nay tuan sau. - At that time tomorrow we shall be working . Vdo gid do ngay mai tdi se dang lam viec.
THANH HA - W hen he comes back from work, his family will be having dinner. Khi anh ay di lam ve, gia dinh anh ay se dang an toi. b. Dien td mot viec da ditdc dii dinh se lam trong tUdng lai khong xa. Vi du: - My family will leave Ha Noi in a few days. Gia dinh toi se rdi Ha Noi trong mot vdi ngay niCa. - Will you be going to Ho Chi Minh City next week? Ban se di thanh pho Ho Chi Minh tuan tdi chit? - I’ll be doing my exercises in an hour. Toi se lam Bai tap trong mot gid niia. - She’ll be going to the supper market later. Co ay dinh mot lat niia se di sieu thi. - Michael will be performing in London next month. M ichael se bieu dien d Ludn don thang tdi.
THI TITOTNG LAI HOAN THANH 1. Hinh thtfc: I / we he t she / it / you / they
shall have participle) will have participle)
+ +
Pn
(past
Pu
(past
Vi du: - When you arrive. I'll have gone to bed. Khi ban den, toi se da di ngu roi. - I'll have finished this course next month. 27
DONG TiTTltNG ANH Tdi se hoan thanh khoa hoc vdo tuan tdi. - He’ll have played football to 8 o’clock. Anh ay se chcti bong da den 8 gid. 2. Cach dung. Dien td mot viec bat dau tii triidc va se hoan thanh tai mot thdi diem d titctng lai. Vi du: - I’ll have finished the essay in two months. Toi se hoan thanh Bai tieu luan trong hai thang. - Next week is Tom and M ary’s 24th wedding anniversary. They will have been maried for 24th years. Tuan tdi se la ki niem ngay ciidi Ian thu: 24 cua Tom va Mary. Luc do ho da lay nhau diidc 24 ndm roi. - I shall have spent all my money before the end of my holiday. Toi se tieu het so tien cua minh triidc khi ki nghi ket thuc. - She will have written three songs by the end of this year. Cd ay se viet xong ba Bai hat vdo cuoi ndm nay. - By the end of the month, I’ll have been here for two years. Vao cuoi thang nay, toi se d day diidc hai ndm. b. Dien td mot viec se hoan thanh va co lien quan tdi mot viec khac d tiictng lai. Vi du:
a.
- We shall have arrived by the time you finish dressing. Chung toi se den vdo luc ma ban mac xong quan do. 28
THANH HA - W hen you arrive, we’ll have had lunch. Khi ban den, chung toi se dung xong biia toi. - I’ll have met him before he leaves. Tdi se gap anh ay triidc khi anh ay di.
DONG TUT TIENG ANH
THI O LA KHLT THI QUA KHI/THU0 NG 1. Hinh thtfc thi qua khvf thUOng. S + V-ed Quy tac them “erf” vao dong tit nguyen mau: - Dong tii tan cung bang “e” cam, chi can them “rf”. Vi du: to live lived to love loved to change changed to advise advised - Dong tii tan cung bang mot nguyen am va mot phu am. trudc khi them “ed” phai gap doi phu am cuoi. Vi du: to rub rubbed to stop stopped to hug hugged NhUng: to book looked to brush brushed - Dong tii tan cung bang phu am va "y” , trudc khi them “ed” thi doi “y” thanh “i Vi du: to cry cried to fry fried NhUng: to play played Cac cach phat am duoi “erf” “Ed" du'Oc phat am theo ba: Itl, Idl, Iid! 30
THANH HA - Sau Itl, Idl am cuoi “e” dUdc phat am la lidl. Vi du: to divide divided to heat heated to add added to seat seated to wait waited - Sau “p, k, f, x, ss, ch, sh, ce” , tiic la sau cac am Ikl, Ipl, Ifl, If I, Itjl am cuoi “ed” dtfdc phat am la Itl. Vi du: ^ finished to finish hoped to hope laughed to laugh missed to miss talked to talk watched to watch wished to wish walked to walk Cac trvfdng hop con lai am cuoi “ed" dUOc phat am la Idl Vi du: to answer answered to blaze blazed to breathe breathed to travel traveled to live lived to open opened to tie tied to try tried * Chu y: Vdi dong tu: bat qui tac, hinh thiic qua khuf thUOng hoan toan khac vdi dong tif nguyen mau. Do do, phai hoc thuoc long cac dong tu: bat qui tac . (Xem phan phu luc). 31
DONG TIT TIENG ANH __■ --------------------------------2. Cach dung Dien td mot hdnh dong hay mot tinh huong da xdy ra trong qua khii. - Pho tu: chi thdi gian qua khii di kem: yesterday, last week, a month ago,... (Nhieu triidng hdp khong co pho tu: ma hieu qua van canh). Vi du: - Did you call Debbie? Ban da goi cho Debbie chiia? - I met her in the supermarket yesterday. Tdi da gap co ay d sieu thi ngay hdm qua. - We were sorry to hear about the accident. Chung toi rat buon khi nghe ve vu tai nan. - He made me do it all again. Anh ay da khien toi phai lam lai no. ■ She washed her car. Cd ay da riia o to. b. Dien td mot hdnh dong theo thdi quen hoac lap di lap lai trong qua khit. - Cac pho tit chi tan suat di kem (often, usually, sometime, rarely, when I was a child, when I was younger, ...) Vi du: - I often stayed up late. Tdi thi/cfng thiic khuya. ■ We always went to school on time. Chung tdi luon den triidng dung gia. ■ He usually came to work by car. Anh ay thu’dng xuyen di lam bang o to. - Sometimes I woke up early. Thinh thoang toi thiic day s&m. - She studied French when she was a child. Cd ay hoc tieng Phap khi con nho.
a.
32
THANH HA c.
Dien td nhiing viec lam ke tiep nhau trong qua khit. Vi du: - I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim. Tdi ket thuc cong viec, di ra bien, va tim mot ncti dep de tam. - He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00. Anh ay rtii san bay luc 8 gid, lam thu tuc khach san luc 9 gid, va gap gd moi ngittii luc 10 gid. - Mrs Young came home, take off her coat and cooked. Ba Young ve nha, thay do va nau an.
QUA KHUTTIEP DIEN 1. Hinh thufc. we / you/ they were + V-ing I / he / she / it_____ was + V-ing Vi du: - She was cooking in the kitchen. Co ay dang nau an trong bep. - We were watching the film. Chung tdi dang xem phim. - He was going to work. Anh ay dang lam viec. - They were meeting in the room. Ho dang hop d trong phong. - I was playing tennis. Tdi dang chcti quan vdt.
33
DONG TUT TIENG ANH 2. Cach dung. Dien td mot sU viec, hdnh dong dang dien ro vdo thdi diem nhat dinh trong qua khil. Vi du: - Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner. Toi dang an toi luc 6 gid hom qua. - My family was living in Ho Chi Minh City last year. Gia dinh toi da song d thanh pho Ho Chi Minh ndm ngoai. - My sister was writing the letter in her room. Chi gai tdi dang viet thii d trong phong - I was cutting the grass in the garden. Toi dang cat co trong vitdn. - They were working in the field at that time. Luc do, ho dang lam viec d ngoai dong. b. Dien td mot hdnh dong dang dien ra trong qua khil thi cd mot hdnh dong khac cat ngang
a.
(hanh dong dang dien ra dung qua khu tiep dien. hanh dong kia dung qua khu thUdng).
Vi du: - I was watching TV when she called. Khi co ay goi, toi dang xem TV. - I came back from school, my mother was cooking. Toi di hoc ve khi me toi dang nau an. - What were you doing when the earthquake started? Ban dang lam g i khi dong dat xdy ra? c. Dien td nhiing hdnh dong dong thdi xdy ra trong qua khi/. VI du: - I was studying while he was making dinner. Tdi dang hoc trong khi anh ay lam cdm toi. 34
THANH HA - W hile Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television. Khi Ellen doc, Tim xem ti-ui. - They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time. Ho viia an toi, vita ban ve ke hoqch, va co mot thdi gian rat vui ve.
THI QUA KHUTHOAN THANH 1. Hinh thufc. S + had + P u (V p a s t p a r t ic ip l e )
VI du: - Had you studied English before you moved to New York? Ban da hoc tieng Anh triidc khi den New York chiia? - We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance. Chung tdi da khong tim diidc phong nao trong khdch san vi chung toi khong dat triidc. - When I came, he had gone home. Khi toi den, anh ay da ve nha roi. - The man was a stranger to me. I had never seen him before. Ngildi dan ong do la mot ngiidi xa la vdi toi. Toi chiia bao gid gap ong ay triidc kia. 2. Cach dung. Thi q u a k h ii h o a n th a n h diicfc d u n g de d ien td 35
DONG TU TIENG ANH m ot sii v iec x d y ra triid c m o t sU v ie c khac tr o n g q u a khii. Vi du: - I no longer had my car. He had sold it. Toi khong con xe niia. Toi da ban no roi. ■ I had never seen such a beautiful beach before 1 went to Kauai. Tdi chiia bao gib nhin thay bai bien dep nhii vay triidc khi tdi den Kauai. - I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet. Tdi khong cd tien vi tdi da bi mat vi. - Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times. Tony biet rat nhieu ve Istanbul vi anh ay da den thdm thanh pho nay nhieu Ian. - She only understood the movie because she had read the book. Cd ay hieu ro bo phim vi cd ay da doc sach roi.
THi QUA KHI/HOAN THANH TIEP MEN 1. Hinh thtfc. S + h a d b een + V________ ing Vi du: - You had been waiting there for more than two hours when she arrived. Ban da chd d do hem hai gid khi cd ay den. - They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived. Ho da. noi chuyen hefn mot gid triidc khi Tony den. 36
THANH HA - She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business. Co ay da lam viec d cong ty khoang 3 ndm khi no bi pha san. - How long had you been waiting to get on the bus? Ban da chd xe buyt bao la u ? 2. Cach dung. Thi qua khil hoan thanh tiep dien thildng ditctc dung de dien td mot sU viec da va dang dien ra triidc mot hdnh dong khac trong qua khil. Vi du: - M ike wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day at work. M ike muon ngoi xuong vi anh ay da phai ditng lam viec cd ngay. - James had been teaching at the university for more than a year before he left for Asia. Jam es dang day d tritdng dai hoc hon mot ndm triidc khi anh ay chuyen tdi Asia. - How long had you been studying Turkish before you moved to Ankara? Ban da hoc d Tho N hi Ky bao lau triidc khi ban chuyen den Ankara ? - I had not been studying Turkish very long. Tdi da hoc d Tho N hi Ky rat lau. - Jack was tired because he had been jogging. Jack da qua met vi anh ay da chay bo nhieu.
3/
DONG TUT TIENG ANH
CACH DUNG DONG Tl/BE, DO VA HAVE Cac dong tii “be”, “do” va “have” v£ia la nhiing dong tii thUdng, viia co the la trd dong tii.
HiNH THUC CUA DONG T I/' BE" 1. Hinh thufc cua dong tii “be”, a. “ Be” la dong tii duy nhat trong tieng Anh co tarn hinh thufc. - Nguyen mau: be - Hien tai dung vdi ngoi thii nhat so* it “I” : am - Hien tai dung vdi ngoi thii ba so it “he / she / it”: is - Hien tai dung vdi ngoi thii nhat, thu hai, thii ba so nhieu “you / we / they” : are - Qua khii dung vdi ngoi thii nhat va ngoi thii ba so it “I / he /she /it”: was - Qua khxi dung vdi ngoi thii nhat, thii hai va thif ba so nhieu “you / we / they” : were - Hien tai phan tifin g-form ” : being - Qua khii phan tii “past participle” : been
38
THANH HA b. Cach chia cua dong tfr “be” ; \ T h i Hien tai Qua khur D ang^\ am He He She was She s t Thuong It We We You were You are They They am being 1 was being He He She is being She It Tiep di§n It We You were being They It We have been You They had been He has been She It
We You Hoan thanh They He She It Hoan thanh Khong dung tiep di§n
Tirong lai shall be We You He She It
will be
Khong dung
1 We You He She It
shall have been will have been
c. Ket hop nhufng hinh thufc cua “be” vdi “ n’t” . Trong tieng Anh noi, nhiing dong tu1 hoac cum dong tijf d dang phu dinh thu'dng difdc stf dung tieu tu! hay cach rut gon “n’t" (hinh thvfc viet day du la “not”). Trong nhieu cau true cau ngudi ta co the sti dung “n't" hoac “not" ma khong can thay doi trat tii tii trong cau: trong mot so cau co sU khac biet ve vi tri tu:. Dung “n't" trong 39
DONG TU TIENG ANH van noi hoac than mat (iinformal); Dung “not” trong v&n viet hoac trang trong (formal). Is” , “are”, “was” va “were” ket hdp vdi “n't” de hinh thanh thiic rut gon la “isn't” , “aren't”, “wasn't” va “weren't” . Khi phat am doc la: / izntl, la:ntl, r w ............ Hinh thiic “am ” khong di vdi “n't” trong tieng Anh chuan. Vi no gay nen kho khan khi sii dung cau hoi phu dinh vdi dong tit “be" va chu tu: “7” . Mot so' ngUdi dung Aren't IT' nhung cau true nay khong phai d dau cung chap nhan la tieu chuan, nen da so dung “Am I notT hoac khong thi tranh cach dung nay. Hinh thiic day du “he is not" co the dUdc noi theo hai cach “he's not” hoac “he isn’t” . Tudng tu, ta co “you're not” hoac “you aren’t “we’re not” hoac “we aren’t “they're not” hoac “they aren’t” . Hinh thiic “I am not” chi co mot dang rut gon la ‘T m not” . 2. “ B e” la dong tii thUdng (ordinary verb). Khi “be” la dong tu: trong cau, no gan nhu luon co chiic nang la mot tii noi (linking verb) va dUdc theo sau bdi: ( 1 ) danh tii, (2) tinh tii, (3) trang tii. Difdi day la cach sii dung “be” trong bon: cau khang dinh, cau phu dinh, cau hoi kh^ng dinh va cau hoi phu dinh. 9
a. Cau khang dinh (Affirmative sta tement). 1 S +be -fcomplement______ Vi du: - My brother is so tall. Anh cua toi rat cao. - My father is a worker. Bo cua toi la cong nhan. - My daughter will be a teacher in some years. 40
THANH HA Con gai toi se la giao vien trong may ndm tdi. - Robert Frost was America's favorite poet. Robert Frost la nha van M y diicfc yeu thick. - They were never on time. Ho khong bao gid dung gid. b. Cau phu dinh (Negative statement). S + be + not + com plem ent_________ Vi du: - He wasn't widely accepted in this country at first. Luc dau no khong diidc chap nhan rong rai d dat nitdc nay. - I am not a very good reader. Tdi khong phai la mot doc gid gioi. - We are not English. Chung tdi khong phai la ngittii Anh - She is not at home. Co ay khong d nha. - M ary is not very big. M ary khong beo lam. c. Cau hoi khang dinh (Positive Question). Be + S + complement?________ Vi du: - Is your brother taller than you? Anh trai ban cao hcfn ban a? - Is Heitor in class this morning? Sang nay H eitor co d Idp khong? - Are you happy now? Hien gid anh co hanh phuc khong? - Are they tired? Ho co met khong? - Is she Mary? Co ay cd phai la M ary khong? 41
DONG TUT TIENG ANH d. Cau hoi phu dinh (Negative Question). Be + S + not + com plem ent? hoac Be + n’t + S + com plem ent? Vi du: - Is the boy not handsome? Anh ay khong dep trai sa o ? - Aren't they happy? Ho khong hanh phiic a? - Isn’t she beautiful? Co ay khong dep sao? - Are you not a pupil? Ban khong phai la hoc sinh a? 3. “ B e ” la trd d o n g tvf (a u x ilia r y v e rb )
a. “B e” ket hop vdi hien tai phan tit cua dong til “-ing form ” de tao thanh cau tiep dien. Trat tu cau giong nhu khi “ 6e” la dong tii thiidng, hinh thiic “V-ing1’ diicJc thay the cho bo ngii {complement). Vi du: - I’m working now. Tdi dang lam viec. - The children were playing fooball. Bon tre dang chcti bong da - My sister is working in the garden. Chi gai tdi dang lam vitdn - I wasn t having dinner at 6 o’clock yesterday. Luc 6 gid toi qua tdi khong dang an ccftn. - Isn't Tom writing now 0 Hien gib Tom khong dang viet sao?
42
THANH HA - They will be leaving for London by this time tomorrow. Ho se tdi London vao gid nay ngay mai. b. B e” tron g cau true bi dong. Cau true cau bi dong cung tUdng tu nhu cau true “be + com plem ent". d day, qua khii phan tti Pn (past participle) cua ngoai dong tut (transitive verbs) ket hdp vdi “ 6e” se thanh lap cau true bi dong (the passive). S + be + P „ = pasive voice VI du: - W omen were not treated as equals. Phu nit da khong diiOc doi xii binh dang. - He likes to be called “sir” . Ong ay thich diidc goi la ngai. - Grass was being eaten by cows on the meadow. Cd da bi an bdi nhiing con bo d ngoai dong. - Their homework has been finished by Jack. Bdi tap cua ho da diidc hoan thanh bdi Jack. - Cakes were being made by Mr Smith. Nhiing chiec banh da diidc lam ra bdi ong Smith. c. Be + to verb. Cau true “be + to verb” dUdc dung de dien ta: - M ot du dinh tron g tUdng lai, m ot su sap xep, bo tri trUdc Vi du: - We are to be marry next month. Chung toi se ket hon vdo thang tdi. - I am to finish my work this week Toi se hoan thanh cong viec cua toi tuan nay. - She is to see Peter tomorrow. Co ay se gap Peter vdo ngay mai. - My family is to travel round European countries. Gia dinh tdi se di quanh cac mtdc Chau Au. 43
DONG TU TIENG ANH - Mot y tildng 6 ti/ctng lai xa xoi, mot khd nang co the xdy ra (thilbng hay dung d trong qua kbit). Vi du: - Tom received a blow on the head. It didn t worry him at that time but it was to be very troublesome later. Tom bi mot don vdo dau. Luc ay anh ta khong lo lang gi nhiing ve sau no gay ra lam chuyen phien phiic. - Mot menh lenh, mot nhiem vu, mot sU bat buoc. Vi du: - No one is to stand up without the permission of the teacher. Khong ai diidc phep ditng day neu giao vien khong cho phep. - She is to finish her work before we arrive. Co ay phai hoan thanh cong viec triidc khi chung toi den. - They are to look after their children. Ho phai cham soc lu tre cua ho. * Chu y: “Be + to verb” vdi cac nghia tren chi duoc dung 0 hai thi: - Hien tai thudng (am to, is to, are to) - Qua khu thUdng (was to, were to)
HINH THI/D VA CACH DUNG DONG TU "DO" 1. H inh thvfe d o n g tit “ d o ” - Dang nguyen m^u: do - Dang “s_form”: does - Dang “mg_form": doing - Dang qua khu (past tense): did 44
THANH HA - Dang qua khii phan tti (past participle): done 2. “Do” dung nhif dong tir thtfdng (ordinary verb) Khi “do” la dong tvf thtfdng, no co nghia la “lam, thuc hien”. “do” dUOc chia 6 tat ca cac thi theo quy tac cua dong tCf thiidng.
Vi du: - I am doing some work. Toi dang lam mot so viec. - W hat are we going to do? Chung ta se lam gi? - We did that. Chung toi da lam chuyen do. - What does he do for a living? Anh ta lam g i de kiem song? - What did you do yesterday? Ban da lam g i ngay hom qua? 3. “ Do” dung nhvf trd dong tti (auxiliary verb) a. “D o” chia vdi cac dong tie thilbng d cac thi hien tai thiidng va qua khu trong the phu dinh va nghi van. 9 - Cau khang dinh (affirmative statement), dung de nhan manh___________________________ S + do/ did + V + complement________ Vi du: - We did play well. Chung toi da chcti rat hay. - They do write beautifully. Ho viet rat dep. - I do like this beer. Toi thich loai hia nay. 45
DONG TIT TIENG ANH - Do give me, please! The nao anh cung diia toi nhe! - Do have dinner with us. The nao cung an toi vdi chung minh nhe. - M ay I come in?- Do please! Toi vdo diidc chit? Vang mdi anh! - Cau phu dinh (Negative statement) S + do + n’t (not) + V + (complement) Vi du: - I don’t love him. Toi khong yeu anh ay - He didn’t work. A nh ay da khong lam viec - She doesn’t study in this university. Cd ay khong hoc d triidng nay. - We didn’t go to the cinema. Chung toi da khong di xem phim. - I don’t study French Tdi khong hoc tieng Phap. - Cau hoi khang dinh (positive question) Do + S + V + (complement)?________ Vi du: - Do you learn English? Ban hoc tieng Anh a? - Does she cook well? Cd ay nau an ngon phai khong? - Do you always take the bus to work? Ban ludn di xe buyt di lam a? - Did she know the way? Co ay co biet diidng khong? - Did they come? Ho dd tdi roi a ?
46
THANH HA - Cau hoi phu dinh (negative question) Don’t + S + V + (complement)?______ hoac;_____________________________________________
Do + S + not + V + (complement)? Vi du: - Didn’t you get bad mark? Ban khong bi diem kem phai khong? - Doesn’t he do exercises? Cau ay khong lam Bai tap phai khong? - Did she not call me? Co ay khong goi cho toi phai khong? - Do they no get up late? Ho khong day muon phai khong? - Didn’t they sing French songs? Ho da khong hat tieng Phap phai khong? b. “ Do” trong cau true lap. - Trong cau hoi duoi (tag question) Cau hoi duoi la cau hoi ngan dat 0 cuoi cau tUdng thuat de hoi ve sU dong y hay khong dong y vdi nhung gi da noi d trUdc.
Nguyen tac thanh lap cau hoi duoi trong tieng Anh: + Chu ngijf la cac dai tCf: I, you, we, they, he, she, it va chu ngif gia (dummy subject): there hoac one. + Cau hoi lap theo ba cach sau: 1 : Cau khang dinh - cau hoi lap phu dinh. 2 : Cau phu dinh - cau hoi lap khang dinh. 3: Cau khang dinh - cau hoi lap khang dinh. Vi du: - Nobody saw him, did they? Khong ai thay anh ta phai khong? - She hardly ever work well, does she? Co dy chang bao gid lam viec tot, phai khong? - You don't like me, do you? 47
DONG TU TIENG ANH _______________ ___________■ __________________________________________ Ban khong thich toi phai khong? - W e have to go, don’t we? Chung ta phai di phai khong? - But you don't really love her, do you? Nhitng ban khong thtfc stf thich co ay phai khong? - The student speak English, don’t they? Nhitng sinh vien noi tieng Anh day chti? - They never go there, do they? Ho khong bao gib den do phai kh ong? - Your brother didn’t come here by taxi, did he? Anh trai ban khong den day bang ta-xi phai khong? * C h u y: Nhiing tii nhU: Nobody, noone, never, seldom, hardly ever,... luon luon dUOc coi la phu dinh. - Trong cau nhan dinh: dong y hay khong Vi du: - “She danced beautifully”- ‘Y es, she did” Co ay nhay dep - Vang, co ay nhay dep ■ “The baby didn’t cry” - “No, he didn’t” Dita tre khong khoc - Dung la no khong khoc - “She talks a lot” - “Yes, she does” Co ay noi nhieu ■ Vang dung vay - ‘Y ou drink too much” - “No, I don’t” Ban uong qua nhieu ■ Khong, toi khong uong nhieu - ‘Y ou don't know where my wallet is” - "No. I don't Ban khong biet cai vi cua toi d dau. - Khong, toi khong biet. - Trong cau tra ldi ngan. Vi du: - "Do you teach English”? -"Yes, I do” . Ban day tieng Anh a? - Vang. 48
THANH HA - “Did you read that book?” - “Yes, I did” . Anh dd doc quyen sach day chiia? - Vang toi co doc roi. - “Did he borrow her some money?” - “No, he didn’t” . Anh ta vay co ay it tien phai khong? - Khong, anh ay khong vay. - “Do you like cheese” - ‘Y es, I do” . Anh co thich pho-m at khong? Cd, toi thich. - “Does she have a baby?” - “No, she doesn’t’. Co ay co con ch iia?. - Chiia. - y phu hoa. Vi du: ' - He likes football and so do we. Anh ay thich bong dd va chung toi cung vay. - Mr Brown plays chess. His son does, too. Ong Brown chcti cd. Con trai ong ay cung the. - She washed the dishes. They did, too. Co ay dd riia bat dia. Ho cung vay. - He doesn’t go to this club and neither do I. A nh ay khong den cau lac bo nay va toi cung vay. - No one understood just what Linda say and niether did he. Khong ai hieu Susan noi g i va anh ta cung vay. - Thay cho mot dong tif thifcfng de tranh sit lap lai. Vi du: - You must do well as you did last week. A nh phai lam viec tot nhiianh dd lam tuan triidc. - “Who told her that we were reading that story?” “Nam did” . A i noi vdi co ay rang chung toi da doc chuyen do? - Nam noi vdi tdi 49
DONG TU TIENG ANH - “W ho ate the fish?” - “The cat did” . Ai dd an mon cd? Con meo day.
HINH THITC VA CACH DUNG DONG TtJT "HAVE" 1. Hinh thufc dong “ have” . a. Dong tif “have” co bon hinh thufc. - Nguyen mau: have - Ngoi th\i ba so it (s-form): has - Hinh thiic V-mg: having - Qua khii va qua khii phan tii: had b. Cach chia dong tu* “have” . ______ Tuong lai Hien tai Qua khir \ ^ T h i D a n q \. shall have We We We You have You You They They had He He She He Thifdng She will have « She has It They It L He She t Tiep d iin
We You They 1 We You They
am having s having
are having
have had
1 He She It We You They 1 We You They
1 was having We
were having
had had
You He She It They 1 We You He i
50
shall having
be
will having
be
shall had
have
THANH HA loan thanh He She It 1 We You They Hoan thanh He iep di§n She It
have been He having She It P We have been You They having He She has been It having
She It They 1 We had been You having He She It They
will had
have
shall have been having will have been having
2. “ Have” dung nhuf dong tvf thifdng (ordinary verb). a. “have” co nghia la “ co, sd hufu” (possess) hoac “ diidi quyen kiem soat” (to hold under one’s -control). Vi du: - I have two intelligent children. Tdi cd hai diia con thong minh. - My father has an expensive shirt. Bo toi co chiec do sd-mi dat tien. - They have a new car. Ho cd chiec o td mdi. - She has an umbrella now, but it’s her sister’s. Cd ay cd mot cai o, nhiing dd la o cua em gai cd ay. “have ’ con dtfOc dung nhu; dong tvf thu'dng trong cau phu dinh va nghi van. Vi du: - How many brothers do you have? Ban cd bao nhieu anh trai? - Does she have a car? Cd ay cd o td kh on g? 51
DONG Tlf TIENG ANH ■________________ - They don’t have any milk. Ho khong co chut su'd nao. - We did’t have any information about that. Chung toi khong co thong tin nao ve viec do. Tuy nhien, trong tieng Anh cua ngUdi Anh, “have co the khong sn dung nhu dong tu1 thUdng trong cau hoi va phu dinh. Vi du: - How many children have you (got)? Anh co may chau roi? - Has she (got) any brother and sister? Co ay co anh chi em khong? - Has he (got) a big dog? Anh ay con cho to khong? - They haven’t (got) any pens. Ho khong co chiec but nao. - Mary hasn’t any sugar. Mary khong co chut dieting nao. * Chu y: Ca hai hinh thiic deu dung. Vi du: - Do you have an eraser? - Yes I do / Yes, I have. Ban co tay khong? - Co, toi co. - Have you an eraser? - Yes, I have / Yes, I do. Ban co tay khong? - Co, toi co. b. “Have’’ dung trong mot so thanh nguf vdi nghia la “trai qua, dvfOc, htfcfng, bi, gap phai, sinh, de...” Vi du: - Did you have any news from home this morning0 Anh co nhan dieoc tin t tic nha sang nay khong? - I don't have much difficulty with maths. Toi khong gap kho khan g i lam vdi mon toan. - \\ hat do you have for breakfast? 52
THANH HA Anh dung g i vdo biia diem tam? - We had an interesting trip last month. Chung toi co chuyen di thu vi vdo thang triidc. - Mr Bill is having an operation next week. Ong Bill se co mot cuoc phau thuat vdo tuan tdi. - My sister will have a baby next month. Chi. gai cua toi s e sinh con vdo thang sau. Cac thanh ngfl di vdi “have - have a headache, toothache, a pain (nhiic dau, 3au rang, bi dau). - have smallpox (bi benh dau mua). - have a party, a reception, a dance (or other social affair) (to chiic tiec, tiep tan, khieu vu (hoac hoat dong xa hoi khac). - have a meeting, a conference, a course (or other official funtion) (to chiic cuoc hop, hoi nghi, khoa hoc (hoac hoat dong cong tac khac). - have fun, a good time (vui choi thoa thich). - have good luck, misfortune, an accident (dtfdc may man, gap svf bat hanh, bi tai nan). - have success (thanh cong). - have no idea (khong biet) - have a finger in the pie (quan tam den) 3. “ Have” dung nhtf trd dong tif (Auxiliary verb). a. of cac thi hoan thanh (Perfect tense). Vi du: - I have seen three movies this week. Tdi xem 3 bo phim trong tuan nay. - She has worked at the University since 1994. Co ay lam viec d trtfdng dai hoc tii ndm 1994. 53
DONG TUT TIENG ANH - Have you ever been to Germany? Ban dd titng tdi Dtic chiia? - I had had some unhappy times, and then I roe: your mother. Toi dd co khoang thcfi gian khong vui ve, sau do toi gap me ban. - I will not have read the book before the test. Toi se khong doc sach triidc khi thi. b. H ave to = m u st Vi du: - I have to go = I must go. Tdi phai di. - I'll have to meet Mr Right tomorrow. Tdi phai gap ong Right vdo ngay mai. - I had to buy a new bike last week. Tuan triidc tdi phai mua chiec xe dap mdi. * Chu y: - d qua khii thUdng va tUdng lai thUdng, thUcJng dung “have to” thay “m ust” . - “Have to” d phu dinh va nghi van co the dung theo hai cach: + Dung trd dong tti “do” . Vi du: - Does she have to go to school? Co ay cd phai den triidng khong? - Do you have to stay up late? Ban cd phai thiic khuya kh ong? - I didn t have to go there on Sunday. Tdi khong phai den dd vdo chu nhat. - Did he have to cut the grass? Anh ta cd phai cat co khong? + Khong dung trd dong tu: “do” Vi du: 54
THANH HA - I have not to go to see her. Tdi khong phai den gap co ta. - Have you to make a cake? Ban co phai lam banh khong? - Has he to obey these rules? Anh ay co phai tuan thu nhiing quy tac nay kh ong? c. Have + O (tan ngu*) + Pn (qua khvf phan tif). Vi du: - I had my hair cut. Tdi dd cat toe. - Do you have your house cleaned everyday? Ban co bao ai lau nha hang ng ay khong? - We had our clothes washed. Quan do cua chung toi dd co ngiidi khac giat. * Chu y: - Vdi trUdng hop nay, khi d dang phu dinh va nghi van phai dung vdi trd dong tit “do” . Vi du: - Do you have the car repaired? Anh dd m ang oto di sita chiia ? - I don’t have my house painted. I painted it myself. Tdi khong nhd ai scfn nha cd. Tdi tii sctn. - Cung mot dang tren, “have” co nghia la “bi” Vi du: - He had two his teeth knocked out. Han bi danh gay mat hai cai rang. - The house had the roof ripped off by the storm. Can nhd bi bao lam toe mdi. d. “ Have” trong cau hoi duoi. Vi du:
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DONG TU TIENG ANH - Their boys had gone home, hadn’t they? - No, they hadn’t. Nhiing cau be dd ve roi phai khong?- Khong, chung chiia ve. - You have been to England, haven’t you? - Yes, I have. Ban dd tdi Anh roi phai khong? - Vang, toi dd tdi Anh. - They had visited Tom, and so had we. Ho dd tdi thdm Tom, va chung tdi cung vay. - We hadn't seen that movie, and they hadn’t either. Chung tdi chiia xem phim dd, va ho cung chita xem.
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THANH HA
D O N G Tl/K H U YET THIEU/ TINH THAI DAC DIEM CHUNG 1. Dinh nghia ve dong tif khuyet thieu. Dong tu; khuyet thieu la trd dong tCf (axiliary verb) phoi hdp vdi dong tti nguyen mau (base-form) de tao thanh cum dong tii. 2. Dac diem chung cua dong tvf khuyet thieu a. Dong tCf khuyet thieu co mot hinh thiic nguyen mau, ngoi thii ba so it khong them “s / es” va khong co dang “V-ing” . d dang qua khii, “can” —> “could”; “will” —* “would”, “shall” —* “should” , “m ay” —>“might” b. Cau phu dinh: S + dong tii khuyet thieu + not (n’t) + V Cau hoi: dong tii khuyet thieu + S + V? c. Ve nguf nghia, dong tii tinh thai dien ta tinh huong lien quan den nhiing gi trai vdi thiic chat. Dieu do co nghia la khong thuat lai nhiing sii kien khach quan; thay vao do, chung dUa ra nhiing y kien, nhan dinh, ldi chuc, y dinh, kha nang co the, bon phan va nhiing nghia tUdng tii nhu vay.
CACH SUTDUNG DONG TUf KHUYET THIEU 1. CAN a. Dien td khd ndng ve vat chat hoac tinh than d hien tai hoac titctng lai. Vi'du: ' Can you tell me the way to the post office, please? 57
DONG TUT TIENG ANH Ban co the chi cho toi duting tdi bitu dien ditto khong? - I can cook delicious fish and chicken. Toi co the nau mon cd va mon ga rat ngon. - He can play chess and he can write computer programs. Anh ay co the chcti cd va co the viet chitctng trinh may tinh. - I can’t play the guitar. Tdi khong the chcti guitar. b. Su co the hay khd ndng co the xdy ra. Vi du: - You can meet her tommorrow. Ban cd the gap cd ay vdo ngay mai. - It's too noisy. We can’t study well. on do qua. Chung tdi khong the hoc aiCcjc. - I don't know the answer. Can you tell me? Tdi khong biet cau trd Idi. Ban cd the noi cho toi biet diicjc khong? - I can show you where the bank is. Tdi cd the chi cho ban ngan hang d dau. c. Su cho phep Vi du: - Can I open the window? It’s stuffy here. Tdi cd the md ciia so diicic khong? d day ngot ngat qua. - You can use my phone. Ban cd the dung dien thoai cua tdi. - \ou can leave now if you wish. Ban cd the di neu ban muon. - Can we email this list? Chung tdi cd the gid mail danh sach nay khong? - You can’t smoke on the bus. 58
THANH HA Ban khong the hut thuoc tren xe buyt.
2. COULD a. Khd ndng ve vat chat hoac tinh than trong qua khu VI du: - I could run ten miles in my twenties. Toi cd the chay 10 dam khi toi khoang 20 tuoi. - We could see it clearly. Chung toi co the trdng thay no ro rang. - They could play the piano when they was five. Ho co the chcti piano khi ho 5 tuoi. - She read the message but she couldn’t understand it. Cd ay doc tin nhan nhiing khong the hieu diidc. - W omen couldn't vote until just after the First W orld War. Phu nii khong the bau cii cho den tan sau chien tranh the gi&i thii nhat. b. Khd ndng vdi y dieu kien Vi du: - John could be the one who stole the money. John co the la ngiidi dd lay trom tien. - You could spend your vacation in Hawaii. Ban co the di nghi d Hawaii. - If I had a car, I couldn’t go to work late. Neu toi co o to, tdi se khong di lam muon. - If we had more time, we could travel around the world. Neu chung tdi cd nhieu thdi gian hdn, chung tdi dd cd the di du lich vong quanh the gi&i. c. Ldi yeu cau, de nghi lich sU. Vi du: 59
DONG TUT TIENG ANH - Could you show me the way to the nearest post office, please? Ban co the chi cho toi diidng den biiu dien gan nhat diidc khong a? - Could you pick me up when I've finished? Ban co the don toi khi toi xong viec khong? - Could I speak to the manager, please? Tdi co the noi chuyen vdi giam doc diidc khong? - Could I borrow your pen? Toi co the miidn but cua ban diidc kh ong? - Could you lend me 40 Euros til Monday? Ban co the cho toi vay 40 euro den thii hai diidc khong? * Chu y: ? T - Co the dung “be able to” thay cho “can”. Vi du: - She is able to speak five languages.. Cd ay co the noi 5 thii tieng. - I have been able to do that test. Toi co the lam diidc Bai kiem tra do. - They were able to get tickets for the concert. H o dd co the mua ve xem hod nhac. - Cd “can” va “cou ld ’ deu co the duac dung trong cau hoi hoac cau cam than Vi du: - Could anyone be such a fool as to believe that' Cd the nao co ai ngoc nghech ma lai tin d dieu dd! - Can it be true? Dieu do co the la dung it? - How he can argue? Anh ta co the cai nhii the sao? - Could + have + P It: j
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THANH HA + Mot viec dang ra co the lam dUOc nhung khong lam (trong qua khii). VI du: - She could have met him. Le ra co ay co the gap anh ay. - I could have lent you the money, why didn’t you ask me? Toi co the cho anh vay tien diidc, tai sao anh khong hoi toi ? + Mot viec ma ta khong biet chac la co difOc hay khong trong qua khii: Vi du: - She cried a lot. She could have argued with someone. Co ay dd khoc rat nhieu. Co le cd ta dd cai nhau vdi ai do. - The shirt has disappeared! Who could take it? Mary could have taken it, she was here alone at that time. Chiec do dd bien mat! Ai la ngiidi dd lay no di? Co le la M ary day, vi luc do chi co cd ay d day. - “Can’t” + h a v e + Pl!: chac chan da khong lam viec gi do trong qua khii. Vi du: - I can’t have understood he question perfectly. Chdc chan la tdi dd khong hieu cau hoi mot cach tiidng tan. - I’m sory. I can’t have done it on purpose. Tdi xin loi. Tdi khong chu y lam dieu dd.
3. WILL a. y d in h tr o n g tiicfng lai Vi du: 61
DONG TIT TitNG ANH - I’m very tired. I think I'll stay at home tonight. Tdi rat met. Toi nghl toi se d nhd toi nay. - They will visit friends when they arive in the city. Ho se den thdm ban be cua ho khi ho den thanh pho. - I won't be in the office until 11; I’ve got a meeting. Toi se khong d van phong cho den luc 11 gid; toi dang co cuoc hop. b. Su sd n long a hien tai hoac tUOng lai Hinh thiic nghi van cua “will” vdi nghia nay thUdng diidc dung de dien ta nhiing ldi yeu cau. Hinh thiic phu dinh dien ta sii tif choi. Vi du: - Will you open the window, please? It's very hot in here. Hay md ciia so. d day ndng qua. - Don’t talk to me. I won’t listen to you. Ditng noi chuyen vdi tdi. Tdi se khong nghe anh dau. - Sign this, will you? A nh se ky vdo cai nay chti? - You stay there! I'll fetch the drinks. Anh d day nhe! Tdi chay di lay dd uong. c. Dien td y khang khang nhat dinh hay mot viec nhat dinh xdy ra. VI du: - Damn! My car won't start. I'll have to call the garage. O td cua tdi khong khdi dong roi. Toi phai tim cai ga-ra thoi. - You can count on me! I’ll be there at 8 o’clock 62
THANH HA sharp. Ban phai tin toi. Toi nhat dinh d do vdo dung 8 gia. - Don't worry! You'll settle down quickly, I'm sure. Ditng lo! Ban se binh tinh nhanh thdi, tdi chdc chan day. - Don't bother ringing: they'll have left for their 10 o'clock lecture. Ditng ngai goi dien: ho se d en giang diidng luc 10 gid. d. Dien td mot thdi quen hay viec thitdng xdy ra 6 hien tai. Vi du: - She will sing songs after songs. Cd ay cii hat het Bdi no den Bdi kia. - For the main course, I'll have grilled tuna. Tdi thitdng an cha cd ngii cho bita an chinh. - I'm not surprised you don't know what to do! You will keep talking in class. Tdi khong ngac nhien khi anh khong biet lam gi cd. Anh ludn noi chuyen trong Idp. - He will bite his nails, whatever I say. Tdi noi g i anh ta cung can mong tay. e. M enh lenh chinh thiic Vi du: - You will do your homework. Con phai lam Bdi tap ve nhd. - All peoples will return to their quarterrs before 9 o'clock. Tat cd moi ngitdi phai trd ve khu viic cua minh triidc 9 gid.
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DONG TUTlfeNG ANH 4. WOULD a. Titdng lai trong hinh thiic tubng thuqt Vi du: - He said the next meeting would be in a month's time. Anh ay noi rang cuoc hop sap tdi se dien ra trong 1 thang niia. - She told me that she would visit us some day. Co ay noi vdi toi rang co ay se den thdm chung toi mot ngay nao do. - I knew that they would be very successful in their career. Tdi biet rang ho se rat thanh cong trong nghe nghiep. b. Thdi quen trong qua khit Vi du: - W hen I was small, we would always visit relatives on Christmas Day. Khi tdi con nho, chung tdi thitdng di thdm ho hang vdo dip le Giang Sinh. ■ I would phone him when I felt bored. Tdi thitdng goi dien cho anh ay khi tdi cam thay buon. - They would go to school by bus. Ho thitdng tdi tritdng bang xe buyt. - W hen they first met, they would always have picnics on the beach. Khi ho mdi gap nhau, ho thitdng di picnic ra bien. c. Trong cau dieu kien khong cd that d hien tai Vi du: - If I ruled the world, every day would be the first day of Spring. 64
THANH HA Neu tdi thong tri the gidi, moi ngay se la ngay dau tien cua mua xuan. - It would have been better if you'd word processed your assignment. Se tot hcfn neu ban danh may Bdi tap cua minh. - If I were president, I would cut the cost of education. Neu tdi la tong thong, toi se giam chi p h i giao due. d. Dung de nhan manh “W ould” thufdng di sau cac tinh tii “doubtful'’, “unlikely" de nhan manh mot hanh dong khong diit khoat (tentative action). Vi du: - It’s unlikely that Jack would do something like that. Khong chdc Jack lam dieu g i do titdng tit nhit vay. - It’s doubtful whether Tom would know the answer. K hong biet la Tom co biet cau trd Idi khong. e. “W ou ld ' dung sau “wish”, “if only1' de dien td y cau mong. Vi du: - I wish you wouldn't keep interrupting me. Tdi mong ban ditng ngat Idi tdi. - If only I would live in large, modern house. Gid ma tdi song trong mot can nhd rong rai, hien dai. - She wishes it would snow. Cd ay itdc la tuyet se rcfi. - If only it would stop raining. Gid ma trdi tanh mita. 65
BONG TUT TIENG ANH “W ou ld ’ + have + P II * Dien ta su viec trong qua khii nhiing khong that sii xay ra. Vi du: - She would have burnt herself. Co ay suyt lam bong minh. - They would have come early. Ho dd co the den sdm. - I would have agreed with you. Tdi dd cd the dong y vdi anh. * Gia dinh d qua khii. Vi du: - I put an umbrella on the chair, but someone would have taken it away. Tdi dat cai o d tren ghe nhitng ai dd da cam no di. I came and saw Tom but he didn’t stay at home. Maybe he would have worked. Tdi den gap Tom nhitng anh ay khong cd nhd. Co le anh ay di lam. g. “Would like” + to + V: dien td m ong muon, xin phep diidc lam gi (le phep, lich stf). Vi du: - I would like the menu please. Lam cm cho tdi mitdn thiic dcfn. - W ould you like to drink? Ban cd muon uong g i kh ong? - W ould you give me a ring after lunch? Sau bita trita anh goi dien cho tdi nhe.
f.
5. SHALL a. Gcfi y hay de nghi (suggestion). Vi du: 66
THANH HA
b.
c.
- Shall we go to the cinema? Chung ta di xem phim n h e? - Shall we move into the living room? Chung ta vdo phong khach nhe. - Shall I wait for you? Toi se dai anh n h e? ■ Shall I open the door? Toi md ciia nhe? Menh lenh hay cam doan, nhat la trong nhiing van ban phap luat. VI du: - No player shall knowingly pick up or move the ball of another player. Khong cau thu nao diidc phep tranh bong \ay di chuyen bong cua cau thu khac. - All legislative powers granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. (Form the United States Constitution). Tat cd quyen lap phap ditdc cong nhan se diidc trao cho Quo'c H oi nitdc Ml, gom co Thitdng vien va Ha Nghi vien. (Theo Hien Phap Hoa Ky). “S h a W co the diidc sit dung vdi tat cd cac ngoi so de nhan m anh dieu md ngitdi noi cam thay chdc chan se xdy ra hoac mong muon xdy ra. Vi du: - We shall come. Nhat dinh chung toi se den. - He shall becom e our next king. Ong ay chac chan se trd thanh vi vua mdi cua chung ta.
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DONG TUT TIENG ANH - Man shall explore the distant regions of the universe. Chdc chan con ngitcfi se kham pha ra nhiing viing ddt xa xoi trong vu tru.
6. SHOULD a. B on phan, nghia vu bat buoc d hien tai hoac tUOng lai
Vi du: - The university should provide more sports facilities. Trii'dng dai hoc phai cung cap them cac phitdng tien the thao. - The equipment should be inspected regularly. Trang thiet bi nen diidc kiem tra thii'dng xuyen. - You should work hard. Ban nen lam viec cham chi hdn. b. D ieu m on g m u on Vi du: - The letter should get to you tomorrow - I posted it first class. Thu se tdi tay ban vdo ngay mai. Toi dd giiti chuyen phat nhanh. - This play should be really good. Vd kich nay chdc la rat hay. - By now, they should already be in Dubai. Den bay gid, chdc ho se d Dubai. c. Ldi k h u yen , gcfi y: Vi du: - People with high cholesterol should eat low-fat foods. Nhiing ngiidi co cholesterol cao nen an thiic an it beo. 68
THANH HA - Sarah shouldn't have smoked so much. That's what caused her health problems. Sarah khong nen hut thuoc qua nhieu. D iiu do gay en c ac van de ve site khoe cua co ay. d. “That...should' dung trong cau true vdi mot so dong tie: - Suggest, propose, insist. Vi du: - They proposed that the trip should be postponed. Ho de nghi nen hoan chuyen di lai. - M y father suggested that I should go in for sports. Bo toi gcti y rang toi nen tham gia cac mon the thao. - She insited that nothing should start till he arrived. Co ay khang khang rang khong ditOc khtii sit g i tritdc khi anh ta tdi. - Order, com m and Vi du: - The manage commanded that all the gates should be shut. Giam doc ra lenh phai dong tat cd cac cong lai. - He ordered that everybody should be arrive at 8:00 a.m Ong ay ra lenh tat cd moi ngitdi phai den luc 8 gid. - She ordered that all of should be present at the meeting. Co ay ra lenh la tat cd moi ngitdi co mat tai buoi hop. - R e co m m n e d , a d v ise Vi du: 69
dong
TurnlNG
anh
- She recom m ended that I should watch this film. Co ay khuyen toi nen xem bo phim nay. - The doctor advised that You shouldn't be drinking if you're on antibiotics. Bac si khuyen Ban khong nen uong riicJu neu ban dang dung khang sinh. - I think you should go for the Alfa rather than the Audi. Toi nghl ban nen di vi Alfa hem vi Audi. e. “sh ou ld ’ dung sau “be” va cac tinh til sa w - Old, strange, funny: dien ta stf trung hefp. - It’s funny that we should be studying at the same class. That la la chung ta se hoc cung mot Idp. - It’s strange that you should be staying in the same hotel. That la la cac ban d cung mot khach san. - It’s odd that they should meet Mr Right. That la la ho cung gap ong Right. Necessary, advisable, essential, vital, important, ... : dien ta y ai do nen hoac phai lam giVi du: - It is necessary that we should learn foreign languages. Viec chung ta hoc ngoai ngii la dieu rat can thiet. • It is advisable that everyone should have a map. NgiCdi ta khuyen rang moi ngitdi nen co mot cai ban do. f. “S h ou ld ’ dung sau “in case” (phdng khi, trong trubng hop). Vi du: 70
THANH HA - I’ll leave a message in case he should arrive. Toi se de lai Icfi nhan phbng khi anh ta den. - I’m talking an umbrella in case it should rain. Toi se mang theo o phbng khi trdi mita. g. “S h ou ld ' dung sau “lest?’ (e rang, keo). Vi du: - We must be hurry lest we should be late. Chung ta phai nhanh len keo muon mat. - I shall add your phone number lest I should forget it. Toi se ghi lai so dien thoai cua ban keo lai quen mat. - I shall meet him lest he sad. Toi se gap anh ay keo anh ay lai buon. h. “S h ou ld ’ + have + PII: dien td mot viec dang le nen lam nhitng khong thiic hien ditcfc. Vi du: - The flight should have arrived by now. Chuyen bay le ra bay gid phai den roi. - I should have renewed my TV licence last month, but I forgot. Le ra toi phai dang ky lai kenh T V thang tritdc, nhitng toi quen mat. - You shouldn't have spent so much time on that first question. Le ra anh khong nen danh qua nhieu thcfi gian cho cau hoi dau tien.
7. MAY a. SvC ditcfc phep co the lam viec gi. Vi du: ’ - Johnny, you may leave the table when you have finished your dinner. 71
DONG TIT TIENG ANH
-
-
Johnny, con co the rdi ban neu con an toi xong. He may stay here for a while. A nh ta co the d day mot luc. We may use the book for reference. Chung ta co the sit dung quyen sach nay de tham khao. Students may not borrow equipment without written permission. Sinh vien khong ditOc sit dung trang thiet bi neu khong co giay phep. Su xin phep d hinh thiic trang trong (formal
style). Vi du: - May I help you? Toi co the giiip anh dittic kh ong? - May I borrow your pen, please? Toi co the miidn ban cai but diCtfc kh ong? - May I sit here? Toi co the ngoi day ditcfc khong a ? - May I smoke? Toi co the hut thuo'c chu!? b. Khd ndng co the xdy ra 6 hien tai h oa c tUOng lai. Vi du: - Each nurse may be responsible for up to twenty patients. Moi y td co the phai chiu trach nhiem vdi 20 benh nhan. - If the monitors are used in poorly lit places, some users may experience headaches. Neu chiec may diidc su! dung d nhitng ncfi anh sang yeu, mot so ngitdi dung co the bi dau dau. - I may go shopping tonight, I haven't decided yet. 72
THANH HA Toi co the di mua sam toi nay, nhiing toi van chiia quyet dinh. - He may be at school. Anh ta co the dang d triicfng. * Chu y: Trong cach noi than mat cua ngUdi My (informal Am erican English), “may” thufdng diidc thay the bang “can” khi dien ta sU xin phep, va bang “m ight” khi dien ta kha nang co the xay ra. - Khi muon dien ta y phu dinh de chi kha nang co the xay ra, ngUdi ta hay dung “can not” chii khong dung “may not” . Vi du: - She may be at school. Cd the cd ta d triicfng. - The news can’t be true. Tin do khong the dung diidc. - “M ay not” dien ta sU cam doan. Vi du: - The student may not talk in class. Hoc sinh khong diidc noi chuyen trong Idp. - You may not smoke here. Ban khong diidc hut thuoc d day. - You may not break the rules. Ban khong diidc pha luat. c. “M ay” + have + P II : dien td sU hoai nghi, khong chdc chan d hien tai ve stf viec co the xdy ra d qua khi/. Vi du: - She is late, she may have stucked. Co ay den muon, co the cd ay bi tac diicfng. - Jack may have been upset. I couldn't really tell if he was annoyed or tired.
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DONG Tlj TIENG ANH Cd le Jack dd rat buon. Toi khong the thitc si1 noi neu anh ta khd chiu hay met moi. - The experim ent may have been a success, but there is still a lot of work to be done. Thi nghiem co the thanh cong, nhitng van con nhieu viec phai lam.
8. MIGHT a. Stf xin phep hoac khd ndng co the xay ra trong qua khit. Vi du: - Might I turn the TV on? Toi co the bat ti vi ditcjc kh ong? - Might you turn back? Anh co the quay lai ditdc kh ong? - My mother agreed that I might go out. Me tdi dong y rang toi co the di chcti. b. Khd ndng co the xdy ra d hien tai hoac ti/ctng lai. Vi du: - I am studying late tonight so that I might go out tomorrow. Toi hoc Bdi muon dem nay la de ngay mai toi di chcti. - England might win the W orld Cup, you never know. Ban khong bao gid biet rang, England cd the doat World Cup. - Don’t climb on that tree; you might fall. Ditng treo len cai cay dd, ban cd the bi nga day. - She might come this evening Cd ay cd the den vdo toi nay. 74
THANH HA * Chu y: Trong cach svf dung nay, “might” d iin ta ha nang co the xay ra hdi xa hdn la “may” , nhung rong nhieu trUdng hdp hai dong tii nay co the thay the ho nhau. “M ight' + have + P II dien td mot viec dang le dd xdy ra nhitng thiic te khong xdy ra. Vi du: - I'm surprised he failed. I suppose he might have been ill on the day of the exam. Tdi ngac nhien khi anh ay tritdt. Toi cho rang, vdo ngay thi co the anh ay dd bi om. - You saw me standing at the bus stop! You might have stopped and given me a lift! Ban dd thay toi ditng d ben xe buyt, le ra ban dd co the ditng lai va cho toi di nhd. - Jack might have gone to France. Cd le, Jack dd den Phap.
). MUST i. Sii bat buoc, menh lenh, can thiet Vi du: - I really must get some exercise. Tdi that s it phai lam mot vdi Bdi the due. - People must try to be more tolerant of each :other. Moi ngitdi phai khoan dung hdn vdi ngitdi khac. - We must keep silent in class. Chung tdi phai giit trat tit trong Idp. * Chu y: Phu dinh “must not” hoac “mustn't” : cam doan, bat buoc khong dUdc lam viec gi, khong dUdc phep (prohibition). Vi du: - You m usn’t smoke here. 75
DONG TUTTllNG ANH Ban khong diidc hut thuoc d day. - Everybody m ustn’t walk on the grass. Moi ngiidi khong diidc giam len bdi cd. - Cars mustn’t be parked in this street. Khong diidc dd o td d pho nay. b. Gid sU diia tr e n chi/ng cvt x a c d a n g S + must + V: dieu gia suf d hien tai S + must + have + P„: dieu gia suf d qua khvT Vi du: - She has worked hard. She must have done well on the test. Cd ay dd lam viec cham chi. Chdc la cd ay dd lam Bdi thi tot. - Where is David? He must be at school. Classes begin at 8 . David dau roi? Chdc la no d triicfng. Gid hoc bat dau luc 8 gid. - I'm absolutley sure! They must have arrived yesterday, I saw their ticket. Tdi hoan toan chdc chan. Ho chdc hdn dd den day, horn qua. Tdi dd nhin thay ve cua ho. - The concert must have been wonderful last night. Fiore is a great conductor. Buoi hod nhac tdi qua chdc hdn rat tuyet vdi. Fiore la ngitdi dieu khien gioi. * Chu y: - Ngudi ta thUdng dung “have to” thay cho “must” d cac thi tUdng lai va qua khii thUdng. Vi du: - I shall have to earn money for help my family. Tdi se phai kiem tien de giup gia dinh tdi. - We have to do the test tomorrow. Chung tdi phai lam Bdi kiem tra vdo ngay mai. 76
THANH HA - They have to come here on time. Ho phai den day dung gid. - “M ust” dien ta y bat buoc, menh lenh cau ngUdi noi; “have to” thUdng dien ta y bat buoc do ngoai canh. Vi du: - I have to go to school on time. Tdi phai den tritting dung gid. - She has to clean the room. Cd ay phai lau can phbng. - You must come and see me next time you're in town. Anh phai den gap toi Ian sau khi anh v i thanh pho. - He must work harder. Anh ay phai lam viec cham chi hctn.
10. DARE Nguf phap cua “dare” khong nhat quan - La dong tit khuyet thieu, tUdng tu nhu “can” . “Dare” co hai dang chinh la: hien tai “dare” va qua khii “dared” . Vi du: - He dared not lie you. A nh ay khong dam noi doi anh dau. - They daren’t criticize him. H o khong dam ph e binh ong ta. - How dare you speak to me like that? Sao anh dam noi vdi toi nhit th e? - I daren't tell her. Toi khong dam ke vdi co ay. * Chu y: - NgUdi ta co the sU dung “dare” nhu mot dong tu: thUdng. Vi du: 77
DONG Tir TIENG ANH - He doesn’t dare to answer my call. Anh ay khong dam trd Icfi dien thoai cua toi. - Did you dare to go out at night? Cau cd dam ra ngoai vdo ban dem kh on g? - We dared to climb on that mountain. Chung toi dam treo len ngon nui do. - He didn't dare complain about the quality of the food. Anh ta khong dam phan nan ve chat liicJng thitc an. - He never dares to criticise her for wasting money and she doesn't dare to interrupt him when he's working. Anh ay khong bao gid dam phe binh co ta vi viec lang p h i tien va co ta khong bao gid dam xen vdo khi anh ay dang lam viec. - “7 dare say” la thanh ngut chi sU dung vdi “7” vdi nghia “7 suppose” (toi cho r&ng) hoac “It is my opinion that” (theo y toi). Neu no theo sau bdi mot menh de danh tii, “that” dUdc bo di. Vi du: - I dare say you're pretty hungry after all that cycling. Toi chdc rang anh rat doi sau chuyen dap xe do. - Bob looks very strong, I dare say he’s an excellent athlete. Bob trong rat khoe, toi nghl rang anh ay la van dong vien xuat sac.
11. NEED a. “Need” cung giong “dare” la nguf phap khong nhat quan, tuy nhien difofc dung pho bien hdn nhat la trong cau phu dinh va cau nghi van. 78
THANH HA Vi du: - Need they really do it? Ho co thiic sit can lam dieu do kh ong? - She needn't come tomorrow - it isn't necessary. Co ay khong can den vdo ngay mai. Dieu do khong can thiet. - This is the only thing we need do. Day la dieu duy nhat chung ta can lam. - Need I lock the door when I leave? ~ No, you needn't. Sarah will be home soon. Tdi cd can khoa cita khi di khong? ~ Khong, khong can. Sarah se trd ve nhd ngay. b. “need” b cau khang dinh vdi nhufng tvf ngu y nghi ngd hoac sau mot dong tvf d dang phu dinh. Vi du: - I don’t think I need meet him. Tdi khong nghl la tdi can gap anh ay. - I doubt that she needn't visit my aunt and uncle. Tdi nghi ngd la cd ay khong can den thdm cd chu cua tdi. c. Needn’t + have + Pn: dien ta hanh dong dang le khong can lam Vi du: - You needn’t have gone to the supermarket. There’s plenty o f food in the fridge. D ang le chi khong phai di sieu thi. Con rat nhieu thiic an trong tu lanh. - We needn’t have looked for that book. He had taken it. Chung ta khong can phai tim kiem cuon sach do. A nh ta dd cam di roi
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DONG TjjfTIENSANH __■ _________________ - He needn't have gone in to work today, as the boss decided to close the office. Anh ta khong can di lam ngay horn nay, bdi ong chu dd quyet dinh dong cita van phbng. * Chu y: - “N e e d ’ co the dtfOc dung nhii dong tti thiidng, dtfpc chia theo ngoi so hay cac thi nhil nhOng dong til thtfdng khac. d the nghi van va phu dinh di vdi trd dong tii “do”. Dong tii sau “n eed ’ la dong tii nguyen the co "to" (infinitive verb with “to”). Vi du: - I need some new winter shoes. Toi can vdi doi giay mua dong. - Children need a good balanced diet. Lu tre can mot che do an can bang. - Do we need anything from the shops? Chung ta co can cai g i d cita hang khong? - I didn’t need to meet him. Tdi khong can gap anh ay. - Will I be needed in the office tomorrow? Tdi cd can cd mat d van phbng vdo ngay mai khong? - You don't need to work on weekends. Ban khong can phai lam viec vdo ngay nghi. - “N eed” + V-ing dien ta viec gi do can diidc thiic hien. Vi du: - Your clothes needs washing. Quan do cua ban can ditdc giat. - This bike needs repairing. Chiec xe dap nay can ditdc sita. - The house need cleaning. Can nhd can ditdc lau chiii. 80
THANH HA 12. OUGHT TO •a. Dien ta mot bon phan, mot trach nhiem, mot viec nen lam. Vi du: - You ought to wear a raincoat. Ban nen mac do miia. - She ought to finish by next week. Co ay nen ket thuc vdo tuan tdi. - We ought to respect our parents Chung ta nen ton trong cha m e. - You ought to love your country, ought ngt you? Ban nen yeu dat niidc, phai khong1 ? b. Stf suy doan dtfa tren cd scf thtfc te. Vi du: - If he started an hour ago, he ought to be here soon. Neu anh ay khdi hdnh triidc day 1 gid thi hdn la bay gid anh ay se den day bay gid. - They oughn’t to leave their parents alone. H o khong nen de bo me ho song mot minh diicfc. c. Ought to + have + Pn dien ta viec dang ra nen difcfc lam trong qua khuf nhifng lai khong lam. Vi du: - You ought to have been more careful while driving car. Ban nen can than hem khi dieu khien o to. - You ought to have invited her to your party. Le ra ban nen mdi co ay den dii tiec. - I ought to have written to my parents, but I forgot. Le ra tdi phai viet thii cho bo me, nhiing toi lai quen.
DONG TUT TIENG ANH d.
Ought not to + have + Pn: dien ta mot viec le ra khong nen lam nhiing da dtfcfc thtfc hien trong qua khuf. VI du: - You oughtn’t to have thrown away yesterday's newspaper. Le ra ban khong nen vitt td bao ngay hom qua di. - We ought not to have wasted so much time over it. Le ra chung ta khong nen lang p h i thdi gian vdo viec do. - You oughtn’t to have met him yesterday. Le ra hom qua ban khong nen gap anh ay. - She has done things that she ought not to have done. Co ta dd lam nhitng viec md le ra khong nen lam. * Chu y: - Co the thay “ought to” bang “sh o u ld ’. Vi du: - You ought to do this work. Ban phai lam viec nay. - You should do this work. Ban phai lam viec nay. - You oughtn’t to believe him. Ban khong nen tin anh ta. - You shouldn’t believe him. Ban khong nen tin anh ta. - d dang nghi van, dat “ought “ d dau cau. Vi du: - Ought you to do this work tomorrow? Ban phai lam viec nay vdo ngay mai chit? - Ought you to wash your clothes? ^2
THANH HA Ban phai giat quan do a ? - Ought I to close the door? Tdi co phai dong cita khong? - Ought we to help them? Chung ta co phai giup ho khong?
13. USED TO a. “U sed t o ” d ie n ta t h o i q u e n , m o t v ie c th tfd n g la m t r o n g q u a khtf. Vi du: - I used to cry when I was a child. Hoi nhd toi thitdng hay khoc. - He used to swim on the river. Triidc day anh ay thitdng bdi ngoai song. - She used to go to school late. Triidc day cd ay rat hay di hoc muon. - M y father used to watch TV in the early morning. Tritdc day bo tdi thitdng xem ti vi vdo sang sdm. - M y mother used to go to work by bus. Tritdc day me tdi thitdng di lam bang xe buyt. b. D ie n ta stf th a t h a y tin h huo'ng t r o n g q u a khuf Vi du: - People used to think the world was square. Moi ngitdi thitdng nghl la the gidi nay hinh vudng. - He used to be a film director. A nh ay titng la dq,o dien phim. * C hu y: - “Used to” chi dung d qua khii Vi du: -We u s e d to work together. C o r r e c t - We u se to work together. I n c o r r e c t 83
DONG Tl/TIENG ANH c.
C o th e th a y “u s e d to ” b a n g w o u ld . - “u s e d t o ” cung d iin td thdi quen trong qua khii nhiing hien tai khong con thiXc hien niia. Vi du: - He used to get up at 5.30. but now he gets up at
8 .00 . Triidc kia ong ay co thdi quen day luc 5.30, nhiing bay gid ong ay day luc 8 gid. - He used to be handsome when he was younger. Khi con tre, ong ay rat dep trai. - “w o u ld ” dung de dien td mot thdi quen, mot viec thitdng lam do tii nguyen, xuat phat tii y muon, khong dung de chi trang thdi. . - I would often play soccer when I was young. Tdi thitdng chcti bong dd khi con tre. - M y grandfather would always give us candy. B o toi thitdng cho chung toi keo. - "He would be handsome when he was younger." In correct - "He was handsome when he was younger." C orrect * C h u y: - “Used to” cung dung d phu dinh va nghi van nhif nhiing dong tii khac. V i du: - She didn’t use to cry when she was a child. Co ay thitdng khong hay khoc khi co ay con nhd. - You use to stay up late, didn’t you? Tritdc day ban thitdng ngu day muon phai khong? - Did you use to work here? Ban thitdng lam viec dd ay a?
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THANH HA - “used to” khac v 6i “to use” co nghia la “dung” . S + used to + V S + use + N (noun) VI du: - I use the same pen that I have used for 15 years. Toi van dung cai but md toi dd dung mitdi lam ndm nay. - How to use this mobile? Cai dien thoai nay dung nhit the nao? - “used to” khac vdi “to be / get used to” co nghia la “quen vdi viec hay thii gi do d hien tai” . Sau “to b e! get used to” co the la danh tii hay dong danh tii. S + be / get used to + N ______________________ + V-ing Vi du: - My mother is used to getting up early. Me toi thitdng day s&m. - I am used to living abroad. - I have previous experience living abroad, so it's not difficult for me. Tdi quen song d nitdc ngoai. Tritdc day tdi co kinh nghiem song d nitdc ngoai, vi vay dieu do khong khd khan doi vdi tdi. 1 didn’t like bananas, but I got used to them. Tdi khong thich chuoi, nhitng tdi dd quen vdi chung. -
14. WOULD RATHER Dong tii khuyet thieu “would rather” dien ta mot sU lUa chon Ua thich (a preference). Luon dUdc sU dung dUdi hinh thiic rut gon la: Md rather” . 85
DONG TU TIENG ANH Hinh thiic day du: “had rather” , “would r a t h e r ca hai deu giong nhau. Dang phu dinh: “would rather not” , “wouldn't rather” . Vi du: - I'd rather be poor and happy than rich and sad. Toi thich ngheo va hanh phuc hcfn la giau co va bat hanh. - "Let's go shopping this evening". "Oh, I'd rather go tomorrow." Toi nay di mua sam di. - Oh, tdi thich di vdo ngay mai. - W hat would you rather do: go to the cinema or stay at home for the evening? Ban m uon lam g i hcfn vdo toi nay: den rap chieu ph im hay d nhd ? M ot so" cau true co nghia tUdng tu nhu “would rather” : “would / had sooner”, “would / had just soon , sti dung trong loi than mat hoac dam thoai. Vi du: - The French would rather have seen the whole place go down rather than help us! Ngitdi Phap thd thay tat cd cho nay sup do hcfn la giu p chung ta! - I'd sooner she answered the letter herself Toi thich cd ay tit trd Icfi thit. - The couple would just as soon drive through the U.S. in their camper as fly to Florida to see their relatives. H ai vcf chong muon lai xe qua My trong vai ngitdi cam trai hcfn la bay tdi Florida thdm ho h ang.
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THANH HA 5. HAD BETTER “Had better” thUdng diidc sxi dung theo loi noi rut ‘on la “ ld better ” , dien ta sii de nghi gdi y hoac nhac ihd. Phu dinh la “had better not” . Vi du: - You’d better zip up your jacket. Ban nen keo khod do khoac len - You’d better watch the way you talk to me in the :uture! Ban nen d e y cach ban noi vdi tdi sau nay day! - They had better not forget Tom's birthday gift. Ho khong nen mon qua sinh nhat Tom - Had they better be here before we start dinner? Ho nen co mat d day triidc khi chung ta bat dau biia toi phai khong? - That bus had better get here soon! Xe buyt do nen den day sdm mdi phai!
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DONG TUT TIENG ANH
THE b ; D O IN G Trong tieng Anh, cau co the dUdc the hien d the chu dong hoac the bi dong. Trong cau chu dong, chu ngi) thuc hien hanh dong, diem tap trung nh^m vao tac nhan. Trong cau bi dong, chu ngtf chiu stf tac dong cua hanh dong, diem tap trung nh&m vao hanh dong. Vi du: C au b i d o n g C au ch u d o n g - People speak English - English is spoken all over the world. all over the world. Ngi/cti ta noi tieng Anh Tieng Anh di/Oc noi khAp khap ncti tren the gi&i. ncti tren the gi&i. Fords are made in - They make Fords in Cologne. Cologne. Ho che tao ra xe Fords & Xe Ford diictc che tao tai Cologne. Cologne. Susan is cooking - Dinner is being cooked by dinner. Susan. Susan dang nau bi/a toi. Bi/a toi dang di/ctc nau bdi Susan. James Joyce wrote - "Dubliners" was written "Dubliners" by James Joyces. James Joyce dd viet Cuon “D ubiners” di/ctc viet cuon “Dubliners”. bcti James Joyces. - They were painting the - The house was being house when I arrived. painted when I arrived. Ho dd sctn ngoi nhd khi Ngoi nhd dd di/ctc sctn khi toi den. chung toi den.
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THANH HA
CACH 001 CAU CHU D0NG SANG Bj DONG 1. Cong thflc chung cua cau bi dong. |S + be + PIT (+ b y ......) 2. Cach doi cau chu dong sang cau bi dong: - Dat tan nguf cua cau chu dong cl dau cau bi dong. - Dat dong til “be” sau chu ngQ mdi cua cau bi dong. Dong tvf “be” phai cung thi v 6i dong tii chinh cua cau chu dong va hoa hop vdi chu nguf mdi ve so". Tuy nhien neu co dong tu! tinh thai trong cau chu dong, dat no ngay sau chu ngQ mdi cua cau bi dong, sau do dat dong tii “be” 0 hinh thiic nguyen the sau dong tii tinh thai. - Dat dong tii chinh cua cau chu dong sau dong tii “ 6e” , dong tii nay phai d hinh thiic qua khil phan tii. - Cuoi cung dat “by” + chu ngii cua cau chu dong sau dong tii chinh trong cau bi dong. (Budc nay co the bo qua neu khong muon de cap den chu nguf cua cau bi dong). Vi du: Cau chu dong Cau bi dong - I will finish it tomorrow. It will be finished Toi se hoan thanh no vdo tomorrow. ngay mai. N o se ditcJc hoan thanh vdo ngay mai. - They are going to build a - A new factory is going to new factory in Portland. be built in Portland. Ho se xdy mot nhd may M ot nhd may mdi se dtfcfc mdi d Portland. xdy d Portland. - They have produced over - Over 20 new models have 20 new models. been produced. H o dd san xuat hcfn 20 Hcfn 20 mau mdi dd di/cfc mau mdi. ho san xuat ra. 89
DONG TIT TIENG ANH - Tom built a house. Tom dd xdy ngoi nhd.
- Peter writes a letter. Peter viet mot bite thit.
- A house was built Tom. Ngoi nhd dd ditdc xdy Tom. - A letter is written Peter. Bite thit ditdc viet Peter.
by bdi by bdi
3. Q u y ta c c h ia d o n g tif d ca u b i d o n g . Thi Hien tai thUdng
D ang d on g tif b i d o n g
V i du
This lesson is explained by am/is/are + Pn the teacher today. Bdi nay dd ditdc giang bdi qiao vien ngay hom nay. Hien tai tiep New bridge is being built. dien am/is/are + Cay cau mdi dang ditdc being + PIT xdy ditng. Qua khii A house was built by thUdng was/were/ + them. Ngoi nhd dd ditdc xdy bdi P,i ho. Qua khii tiep I arrived when dinner dien was/were/ + was being cooked. being + P„ Toi den khi bita toi dang ditdc nau. TUdng lai A new restaurant will bej thifdng will/shall + be opened next week. Nhd hang mdi se ditdc md + Pn vdo tuan tdi. Tiidng lai The project will have been hoan thanh will + have + completed before the 90
THANH HA been + Pn
deadline. De an nay se ditdc hoan thanh tritdc thdi han. The car has been cleaned Hien tai hoan thanh have/has + by us. been + Pn Cai o to ditdc rita bdi chung toi. Many cars had been Qua khii repaired by Tom before he hoan thanh had + been + received his mechanic's license. Pn Rat nhieu o td dd ditcfc sit a bdi Tom tritdc khi anh ay ditdc cap phep lam thd may. Dong tii can/could/sho The blue box can't be khuyet thieu uld/m ay/m igh opened by anyone. Cai hop mau xanh khong tl would/must... the ditdc md bdi mot ai do. + be + Pn
NHUNG CAU TRUC KHAC CUA CAU Bj DONG 1 . D a n h d o n g t ft d d a n g bi dipng. B e in g + P „ Vi du: C au c h u d o n g C au b i d o n g - I hate people keeping me - I hate being kept waiting. waiting. Tdi ghet phai chd ddi ngitdi Tdi ghet ngitdi khac bat khac. toi phai chd ddi. - I am so tired that my - I am so tired o f being boss is lecturing me. lectured to bv mv boss. 91
DONG TIJ TIENG ANH Toi met moi vi ong chu cu Tdi met moi vi bi ong chu thuyet giao. thuyet giao. - She thinks that her - She thinks that will being boyfriend will take her to taken to the theatre by her boyfriend. the theatre. Co ay nghl la ban trai cua Cd ay nghl la se ditdc ban co ay se dan co ay den rap trai cua cd ay dita dan den rap hat. hat. - They objected to people - She objected to being made making her work to work overtime. Cd ay phan doi viec bi buoc overtime. Co ay phan doi nhitng phai lam them gid. ngitdi buoc co ay lam viec them gid. - I don’t like people telling - I don’t like being told what me what to do. to do. Toi khong thich ngitdi ta Tdi khong thich bi sai bad bao toi phai lam gi. phai lam gi. - She wore dark glasse to - She wore dark glasses to avoid people avoid people avoid being recognized. recognizing her. Cd ay deo kinh ram de Co ay deo kinh ram de tranh bi moi ngitdi nhan ra. tranh moi ngitdi nhan ra.
2. H ave / G et + sm t (som ething) + P n. yeu cau ngiidi nao do lam mot viec gi. Vi du: - I’ve just had your house painted. Toi vila cho ngitdi sdn ngoi nhd cua anh. - He had the TV repaired. Anh ay cho ngitdi sita ti vi. - She got her hair cut this morning. Co ay dd di cat toe sang nay. 92
THANH HA - She always gets thing helped. Cd ay luon ludn co ngitdi giup dd. * C h u y: Cau true tren co the diidc dung khi noi chuyen gi do khong hay xay ra vdi ai. Vi du: - Peter had his arm broken when climb the mountain. P eter dd bi gay tay khi leo nui. - I have had my wallet stolen. Toi vita bi mat vi. 3. C au b i d o n g v d i d o n g tif ttfd n g th u a t Nhutng dong til thUdng gap la: think, consider, know, believe, claim, say, suppose, acknowledge, u n d ersta n d ,....... a. M e n h d e h a i d h ie n ta i thvfdng. Khi menh de hai d thi hien tai thUdng, cau bi dong dUdc theo sau bdi dong tu: nguyen the d hien tai. Vi du: C au b i d o n g C au c h u d o n g - Everybody knows that she - She is known to work hard. w ork hard. M oi ngitdi biet la cd ay lam Cd ay ditcfc biet la lam viec rat cham chi. viec rat cham chi. - People think that he is - He is thought to true. Anh ay ditcfc nghi la noi true. M oi ngitdi nghi la anh ay that. noi that. - They report that the - The match is reported to be in the end. match is in the end. H o thong bao rang tran Tran dau ditdc thong bao la dd ket thuc. dau dd ket thuc.
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DONG TUT TIENG ANH The new product is - They suppose that the new product will come out supposed to come out soon. soon. - They believe that she will - She is believed to win a gold medal. win a gold medal. b. D o n g tif m en h de h a i d th i q u a k h tf thtfdng. Khi dong tti d menh de hai d qua khil thtfdng chuyen sang mot cau bi dong se dtfdc doi thanh dong til nguyen the d thi hien tai hoan thanh. Vi du: C au b i d o n g C au c h u d o n g They think that he - He is thought to have arrived here last Sunday. arrived here last Sunday. Tdi nghl la anh ay dd den Anh ay ditdc nghl la dd day chu nhat tritdc. den day chu nhat tritdc. - People have reported that - The thieves have been the thieves got away in a reported to have got away stolen motorbike. in a stolen motorbike. Moi ngitdi thong bao la Bon trom bi thong bao la nhiing ten trom tron chay dd tron chay tren chiec xe tren chiec xe may bi danh may bi danh cap. cap. - Everybody thinks that the - The explorers are thought explorers died of hunger. to have died of hunger. Moi ngitdi nghl rang Nhitng ngitdi thdm hiem bi nhitng nhd thdm hiem dd nghl la dd chet vi doi. chet vi doi. * C hu y: Neu dong tit tUdng thuat va dong til 0 menh de hai cung d qua khil, cau bi dong dUdc theo sau bdi dong ti* nguyen the d hien tai. Vi du: 94
THANH HA C au c h u d o n g C au b i d o n g - They believed that the - The Titanic was believed Titanic was unsinkable. to be unsinkable. H o nghl rang tau Titanic Tau Titanic ditcfc nghl la khong the chim. khong the chim. - People thought that the - The earth was thought to earth was flat. be flat. M oi ngitdi titng nghl rang Trdi dat titng ditdc nghl la trdi dat bang phang. bang phang. - They found that the - The mission was found to mission was impossible. be impossible. \
9
c. D o n g tif m e n h d e h a i d d a n g tie p d ie n . Dong tii menh de hai 6 hien tai tiep dien, khi chuyen sang bi dong se la “to be + V-ing” ; neu 0 qua khil tiep dien khi chuyen sang bi dong se la “to have been + V-ing” . Vi du: C au c h u d o n g C au b i d o n g - I think Tom is doin^ - Tom is thought to be exercises. doing exercises. Tdi nghl la Tom dang lam Tom ditdc nghl la dang Bdi tap. lam Bdi tap. - I know that my mother - My mother is known to have been cooking dinner. was cooking dinner. Tdi biet la me tdi dang nau M e tdi ditdc biet la dang biia toi. nau biia toi. * C hu y: Vdi nhiing cau chu dong co chiia dong tif tiicfng thuat d muc nay, chung ta co the chuyen sang cau bi dong bang hai cach. Vi du: 95
DONG TUf TIENG ANH Cau b i d o n g Cau chu d o n g - People say that she is a - She is said to be a good] doctor. doctor. Moi ngitdi noi rang cd ta la - It is said that she is a good doctor. mot bac si gioi. Co ta ditdc noi la mot bac si gioi. - People know that the ice - The ice at the North and at the North and South South Poles is known to be Poles is melting little by melting little by little. - It is known that the ice at little. Moi ngitdi biet rang bang d the North and South Poles Bac Cite va Nam Cite dang is melting little by little. Bang d Bac Cite va Nam dan dan tan chay. Cite ditdc biet la dang dan dan tan chay. - They say that women live - It is said that women live longer than men. longer than men. Ho noi rang phu nit song - W omen are said to live lau hdn dan ong. longer than men. Phu nit ditdc cho rang song lau hdn nam gidi 4. D o n g tif k e m g id i tif. a. K et th u c ca u b a n g m o t g id i tif. Co the ket thuc cau bang mot gidi tut khi xuat hien mot dong gidi tu; (a prepositional verb) trong cau do. VI du: C au ch u d o n g C au bi d o n g - I must reply to him. - He must be replied to. Toi phai trd Itii thit cua Anh ay dd ditdc trd Itii thit. anh ay. - Someone throw away mv - My newspaper was thrown 96
THANH HA newspaper. away. A i do dd vitt td bao cua tdi Td bao cua tdi bi vitt di. di. - People speak well of her. - She is spoken well of. M oi ngitdi noi tot ve cd ta. Cd ta ditdc noi tot. b. B y va with - “ W ith" thiidng dUdc dung sau cac phan tii “filled “p a c k e d “c r o w e d “cra m m ed '. Vi du: - The glass is filled with water. Chiec co'c day nitdc. - The bus-stop was crowed with people. Ben xe buyt ditng chat cd ngitdi. - The letter was packed with the parcel. La thit ditdc giti kem vdi bitu kien. - “With" hoac “B y” diidc dung sau cac dong tii “cover", “surround" , “decorate". Vi du: - The city is surrounded by fog. Thanh ph o ditdc bao phu bdi Idp sitcfng mu. - The house was decorated with a lot o f flowers. N goi nhd ditdc trang hoang vdi rat nhieu hoa. - The cake is covered with chocolate. Chiec banh ditdc bao phu bdi socola. 5. C au c h u d o n g c o h a i ta n ngii. Mot so" dong til co hai tan ngii: offer, ask, tell, give, send, show, teach, pay. Cau chu dong co hai tan ngii khi chuyen sang bi dong co the viet thanh hai cau.
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DONG Tllr TIENG ANH C au b i d o n g C au c h u d o n g - My teacher gave us an - We were given an hour to finish our test. hour to finish our test. Giao vien cho chung toi Chung tdi ditdc danh mot mot gib dong ho de hoan gid dong ho de hoan thanh Bdi kiem tra. thanh Bdi kiem tra. - An hour was given to us to finish our test. M ot gid dong ho diidc danh cho chung tdi de hoan thanh Bdi kiem tra. - The teacher didn’t offer us - We weren’t offered that that exercise. exercise. Giao vien dd khong giao Chung tdi dd khong diiOc, cho chung tdi Bdi tap dd. giao Bdi tap dd. That exercise wasn't offered to us. Bdi tap dd dd khong dild giao cho chung tdi. Rita wrote a letter to me. - A letter was written to me Rita viet thit cho tdi by Rita. La thit diidc viet cho toi bdi Rita. - I was written a letter by Rita. Tdi diidc viet la thit dd bdi Rita
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THANH HA
SI/NHAIN MANH, MENH LENH,r CHU TLfGIA •
•
r
i
•
SU NHAN MANH 1. T h a y d o i tra t ttf c u a tif. a. Svf d a o nguf. Thay doi vi tri thong thitdng trong cau de nhan manh cum gidi tit tritdc dong tit. Trong tritdng hop nay, dong tit dat tritdc chu ngit. Vi du: - Suddenly down came the rain! Trdi do mita dot ngot. - Quickly the hat on put the man. R at nhanh ngitdi dan ong doi chiec mu len dau. b. C au n h a n m a n h : It is / it w a s .......th a t / w h o / w h a t ..... V i du: - It was Tom who borrowed my book. Do chinh la Tom ngitdi dd mittfn quyen sach cua toi. - It was yesterday that Tom borrowed my book. Chinh hom qua Tom aa mitcfn quyen sach cua toi. - It was my book that Tom borrowed. Chinh quyen sach cua toi Tom dd mittfn. - W hat I hate is sunny weather. Dieu tdi gh et la trdi ndng. c. T h e m tvf. Cac tii thUOng dtfdc them de nhan manh cau la: “ow n”, “very”, “indeed” hoac nhiing tii nhan manh phu dinh nhii: not at all, the least bit, none left at all, no left what so e v e r ,....... Vi du: - There were none left at all in the fridge. 99
DONG TUTTIENG ANH
-
Khong con lai g i cd trong tu lanh. I wasn’t the least bit bored. Toi hen buon mot chut. It was very hot indeed. Trdi luc do rat ndng. At the same moment, he arrived. Ngay luc do anh ay den. It was my own house. Do la ngoi nhd cua rieng toi.
d. C u m d o n g tvf n h an m a n h .
Sii nhan manh dac biet vao dong tii khong phai la “be” trong cau tieng Anh diidc dien ta bang cach nhan manh vao trd dong tu!. Neu cau d dang hien tai va khong co trd dong tii, chung ta them hinh thiic phu hdp cua “do". Neu dong tii la “be” thi dang cua “be” diidc nhan manh. Trong loi viet ngiidi ta thay kho the hien ngoai trii cach dung loai dac biet, nhiing trong loi dam thoai thi sii nhan manh diidc sii dung kha thtfdng xuyen. Vi du: - He does know the answer. I’m sure o f that. Anh ay biet cau trd Idi md. Toi dam chdc la co. - She did have money with her. I’m positive she did. Co ta co mang theo tien md. Tdi chdc la cd. ■ He can speak French. He just doesn’t like to. Anh ay biet noi tieng Phap day chit. Chi tai anh ay khong thich thdi.
MENH LENH 1. C ach ch ia d o n g tif.
Vi du: stand up 100
THANH HA Ngoi Ngoi thii 1 Ngoi thii 2 Ngoi thii 3
So it Stand up Let me stand up Let her stand up
So' nhieu Stand up Let us stand up Let them stand up
2. N h an x e t c a c h c h ia . a. T h e k h a n g d in h . - Ngoi thil hai so' it va so nhieu giong nhau, chia nhu dang nguyen the khong co “to” va khong co chu ngQ. Vi du: - Do the dishes now! And vacuum the floor! H ay riCa bat! Va hut bui san nhd. - Be careful! Hay can than! - Please sit down and open your books. H ay ngoi xuong va md sach ra. - Ngoi thii nhat va ngoi thii ba dung “Let + me I us I him / her / them...+ V infinitive” Vi du: - Let him go to the cinema. De cau ay di xem phim . - Let me leave here. De toi rcti khoi day. - Let her help you. De co ay giup ban. - Let them play. De chung chcti. - Let’s speak English. Chung ta hay noi tieng Anh. Them “do” de nhan manh. Vi du: - Do let me alone. 101
DONG TtfTlCNG ANH H ay de tdi mot minh. - Do let her leave here. H ay de co ay rdi khoi day. - Do let them arise and dance. H ay de ho ditng day va nhay. b. T h e p h u d in h - Dung “do not” (don't) dat triidc. Vi du: - Don’t be silly. Ditng ngu ngoc the. - Don't ask her - she doesn't know. Ditng hoi co ay - cd ay khong biet dau. - Don't wear that dress with those shoes. Ditng mac chiec vay do vdi giay nay. - D on’t let them watch that film Ditng de ho xem bo phim do. - Don’t let this happen. Ditng de dieu nay xdy ra. ■ b ngoi thii nhat va thii ba, co the them “not" sau “let's” , “let him ” ... vao triidc dong tii nguyen the. V i du: - Let them not believe that. D itng de ho tin vdo dieu do. - Let her not cry. Ditng de co ay khoc. - Let’s not have fish for dinner. Ditng dung cd cho bita toi. - Let’s not hurry. Ditng voi. - Trong loi noi dam thoai dang “let’s don't" va "don't let’s ” + V infinitive cung diidc sii dung. Vi du: - Let’s don’t arrive there.
102
THANH HA Chung ta ditng den do. - D on’t let’s go to the park, it’s too cold. Chung ta ditng di cong vien, trdi lanh lam. - D on’t let’s pretend. Chung ta ditng gid vd. * C h u y: Trong cau menh lenh khong dung chu ngii trif nhiing trutdng hdp sau: - Trong the khang dinh, dat chu ngu! triidc dong tii nhan manh hoac phan biet. V id u : - Billy, you put that down at once! Billy, dat cai do xuong ngay! - You take that one, I'll have this. Ban cam cai do di, toi se lay cai nay. - Everyone, be quiet! Fred, (you) say that again. Tat cd, hay im I ang! Fred, hay noi lai di! - William, stop crying, now! William, nin ngay! - Trong the phu dinh, dat chu ngQ sau “don’t'1' de nhan manh. Vi du: - D on’t you tell anybody. Ditng co noi vdi ai day. - D on’t I just sit down and relax for a bit. Tdi khong the ngoi vd nghi mot chut sao! - D on’t we move. Chung ta khong ditdc cit dong.
CHU NGUTGIA 1. H in h thufc “t h e r e ”. ChO “there” doc nhe co the diing d vi tri chu ngii. Chu ngii thiic luc do theo sau dong tii. Neu cau true co 103
DONG TUT TIENG ANH bo ngii (complement) thi no diing sau chu ngul. “There is” thiidng diidc rut gon “there's There + V + S + C (c o m p le m e n t ) Vi du: - There are some tables in the room. Cd vdi cai ban trong phbng. - There were some books in the bag. Cd vdi quyen sach trong cap. - There was a cup of coffee on the table. Cd mot tach cd phe d tren ban. - There is a pencil in the box. Cd mot cai but chi d trong hop. - There’s the glove I’ve been looking for. Do la cai gang tay md toi dang tim kiem. - In each of us there’s a dreamer and a realist Trong moi ch ung ta, co mot con ngitdi met mong vd mot ngitdi thiic te. - Cum dong tii cung co the diidc sii dung vdi “there". Vi du: - There has been no danger when he came. Khong co mot nguy hiem nao khi anh ta den. - There have been many storms this year. Ndm nay dd cd nhieu tran bao. - There may have been a storm at sea. Ngoai bien cd the cd mot tran bao. - There can’t be anybody in the company at this time. Chdc chan khong cd ai d cong ty vdo thdi gian nay dau. - Mot so dong tii khac cung diidc dung vdi “there ". Vi du: - Suddenly there appeared strange man in the building. 104
THANH HA Bong nhien co mot ngUcfi dan ong la xuat hien trong tod nhd. - There seems to be a blueberry pie cooking in the kitchen. Hinh nhii co chiec banh nho dang dUdc lam trong bep. - There need be no refuse. K hong can phai tie choi. * C h u y: Can phan biet cau true nay c 6i cau true “there” khi diidc nhan manh.______________________ T h e r e / h e r e / + V + n o u n s u b je c t T h e r e / h e r e / + p r o n o u n s u b je c t + V Vi du: - There goes the car. There it goes. O to chay roi. N o chay roi. - There’s Tom. There he is. Tom day nay. Anh ay day nay. - Here arrives Mary. Here she arrives. M ary den roi. Co ay den roi. - Here are your color pencils. Here they are. Nhiing chiec but chi mau cua con day. Chung day nay. 2. H in h th iic “it” . a. Khi chu ngii hop logic cua dong tie (thubng la noi dong tie hoac dong tie noi) la cum dong tie gom co: “to + verb”, mot menh de danh tie vd mot so cau true khac, chu tie gid “it” thudng diing trudc dong tie, vdi chu ngie thuc theo sau bo ngU. It + V + C + lo g ic a l s u b je c t Vi du: - It’s very intesting walking in the rain. 105
__________________ DONGTlimgNB ANH__________________ __________________________________________________________ ■------------------------------------------------------------------------------ —-----------------
—
That thu vi khi di bo dit&i mita. - It’s important to find him. Dieu quan trong la phai tim ditdc anh ay. - It’s a pity that you aren’t here. Dieu dang tiec la ban khong co d day. - It’s a long way to Schenectady. Ditdng den Schenectady rat ddi. b. Nhitng dong tit co the titcfng ttf theo sau bdi hai tan ngii danh tie dong vi, hoac mot danh tit hay mot tinh tii thdm dinh. Trong triidng hdp nhtf vay neu no la mot cau true phiic hdp giong nhtf nhiing cau d tren thi dtfdc thay the bdi “it” va sau do dat phan cuoi cung d dang mot cum tti.
Vi du: - He finds cooking difficult. Anh ay thay nau an la khd. - He finds it difficult to cook. Anh ay thay nau an la khd. - He thought my answer ridiculous. Anh ta cho rang cau trd Idi cua tdi la dang buon cittii. - He thought it ridiculous that I couldn’t answer the question. A nh ta cho rang qua la dang buon citdi khi tdi khong trd Icfi ditdc cau hoi. - Khi’ “it” lam tan ngiJ: - W hy don't we do it in the road? Sao chung ta khong lam viec do tren ditdng di? - English speakers are still getting used to calling it "Sri Lanka" instead of "Ceylon". Nhiing ngitdi noi tieng Anh van quen goi no la "Sri L anka' thay vi "Ceylon". 106
THANH HA c. “It' cung diiOc dung lam chu ngii cua dong tit trong nhiing cau dien td thdi gian trong ngay, mua trong ndm, ngay vd thdi tiet. Vi du: - It is 8 o’clock now. Luc nay la 8 gid. - It was getting cold. Trdi cang ngay cang trd nen lanh. - It’s raining. Trdi dang miia. - It was a hot summer night. Do la mot dem miia he ndng niic. - It’s red. No mau do. - It sometimes rains after snowing. Trdi thinh thoang miia sau khi tuyet rcti. - W as it nice (out) yesterday? Horn qua trdi dep phai khong?
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DONG TUT TIENG ANH
CAU DIEU KIEN Cau dieu kien la cau trong do hanh dong hay tinh huong diin ta trong menh de chinh cua cau co the bi han che bdi mot hay nhieu dieu kien. Nhiing dieu kien dUdc dien ta bdi nhiing menh de md dau bang “if / unless / whether" hay mot so' cau true khac. Menh de dieu kien co the diing triidc hoac sau menh de chinh.
BA LOAI CAU DIEU KIEN CUBAN 1 . C au d ie u k ien loa i 0 - z e r o c o n d it io n a l IF + S + V, S + V Dung de noi ve nhiing quy luat thong thiidng, luon co that. Trong triidng hdp nay, “i f ’ co nghia nhii “when hav “every time” ' Vi du: - If we heat water enough, it begins to boil. Neu chung ta dun nildc du nhiet do, no hat dau soi. - W hen it is very cold, we switch on the heating. Trai rat lanh, chung ta bat lo sitdi len.
2 . C au d ieu k ie n lo a i I . ___________ I f + ‘S + V, S + w ilI + \T Cau dieu kien loai I chi nhiing dieu kien co that se xay ra d hien tai hoac tUdng lai (real conditions in present or future). Vi du: - If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation. Neu toi tim thay dia chi cua cd ay toi se giti cho co ay thiep mcfi. 108
THANH HA - If John has money, he will buy a Ferrari. N eu John co tien, anh ay se mua chiec Ferrari. - If I don’t see him this afternoon, I will phone him in the evening. N eu toi khong gap anh ay chieu nay, toi se goi cho anh ay vdo buoi toi. - If Caroline and Sue prepare the salad, Phil will decorate the house. Neu Caroline vd Sue chuan bi sa-lat, Phil se trang hoang nhd cita. - If Sue cuts the onions for the salad, Caroline will peel the mushrooms. Neu Sue thdi hdnh cho mon sa-lat, Caroline se tach ndm. 3. Cau dieu kien loai II. If + S + V-ed, S+ would / should + V______ Cau dieu kien loai II chi dieu kien khong co that d hien tai hoac tUdng lai (unreal condition in present or future). “be” trong menh de dieu kien luon la “were” cho tat ca cac ngoi so. Theo quy t i c chung “should” dung cho ngoi thti nhat, “w o u ld ’ dung cho ngoi th\i hai va thti ba nhung trong van noi co xu hu'dng dung “would” cho tat ca cac ngoi. V i du: - If I found her address, I would send her an invitation. N eu toi tim thay dia chi cua cd ay tdi se gid cho cd ay thiep mdi. - If I had a lot of money, I wouldn’t stay here. 109
DONG TUT TIENG ANH Neu tdi cd tien toi se khong d day. - If I were you, I would not do this. Neu toi la ban toi se khong lam viec nay. - If I played the lottery, I would have a chance to hit the jackpot. Neu tdi chcti xo so', toi se co cd hoi trung gidi. - If I hit the jackpot, I would be rich. Neu toi trung gidi xo so, toi se giau co. 4. Cau dieu kien loai III. If + S + Pn, S+ would + PIT________ Cau dieu kien loai III chi dieu kien khong co that d qua khii, gia dinh mot dieu trai ngiidc vdi thiic te xay ra (unreal condition in the past). Vi du: - If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation. Neu toi tim thay dia chi cua cd ay, tdi dd giti thiep mdi cho cd ay. - If I hadn’t studied, I wouldn’t have passed my exams. Neu tdi khong hoc, tdi se khong vitdt qua diidc ki thi. - If our team had won the match, they would have moved up in the league. N eu ddi cua chung tdi chien thang, ho se chuyen thanh lien doan. - If John had had the money, he would have bought a car. Neu John cd tien, anh ay dd mua o td. - Their motivation would have improved if they had kicked a goal during the first half. 110
THANH HA Hitng thu cua ho se tang len, neu ho dd vdo gon trong hiep mot.
CAC DANG KHAC CUA CAU DIEU KIEN 1. Trong cau dieu kien loai I, tuy theo tinh huong, co the sfr dung cac thi khac nhau. Vi du: - If you came late, we cannot go out. N eu anh den muon, chung ta se khong the di chcti ditdc. - If you’ve finished, then w e’ll start Neu ban dd xong, chung ta se bat dau. - If their lights are on, the W ilsons are home from their vacation. N eu den sang, gia dinh nhd Wilson dd di nghi ve. - If she wins, she's been practicing in secret. N eu co ay chien thang, co ay dd bi mat tap luyen. - If what I said offended you, I apologize. N eu nhitng g i tdi noi 1dm ton thitctng anh, tdi xin loi. - If you leave before I see you again, have a good time. N eu ban di tritdc khi tdi gap lai ban, thi chuc ban cd thdi gian vui ve nhe. Trong cau dieu kien loai I, nhin chung khong sii dung “should / would / shall / will” trong menh de dieu kien, du y muon d iin dat ve tifdng lai. Vi du: - I shall go to the cinema if he comes. Tdi se di xem phim neu anh ay den. - Y ou ’ll like him if you see him. Ban se thich anh ay neu ban gap anh ay. 111
DONG TllT TIENG ANH - I’ll
visit
my
grandparents
if
I
have
t*me
tomorrow.
Tdi se di thdm ong ba tdi neu tdi cd thdi gian vdo ngay mai. Tuy nhien co the sii dung nhiing tii nay khi muon dien dat y nghia rieng nao do: - “Should do” trong menh de dieu kien cho thay ngUdi noi khong chac chan lam ve kha nang co the trd thanh hien thuc cua dieu kien. Dong tii trong menh de chinh d hinh thiic nguyen mau neu nhu thi hien tai dcJn dUdc dung trong menh de dieu kien.
Vi du: - If he should call me this evening, I can go out with him.
Neu anh ay goi tdi toi nay, tdi cd the di chcfi vdi anh ay. - If you shoud see him, please give him my message. Neu ban gap anh ta, lam ctn cho tdi gid Icfi nhdn. - If you should refuse to help me, I’ll have to do everything myself. Neu ban tit choi giup dd tdi, tdi se tii lam moi viec. “Will do ” trong menh de dieu kien dien ta sU san long chu khong phai tUdng lai.
Vi du: - If you’ll wait a minute, I’ll come there with you. Neu ban chd mot chut, toii se den dd cung ban. ■ If you 11 keep secret, I’ll tell you some information. Neu ban giit bi mat, tdi se noi cho ban mot vdi thong tin.
112
THANH HA - If you don’t patient, then I can’t know anything. N eu ban khong kien nhan, ban se khong biet g i het. - If she'll open it, they had escaped. Neu co ay md ra, chung se tron thoat. - “W ould do” trong menh de dieu kien cung dien ta sii san long. Dieu kien la gia dinh. Vi du: - If you would do this work, you’ll find it difficult. Neu ban lam viec nay, ban se thay no khd. - If you would work very hard, I’ll let you do here. Neu ban lam viec cham chi, tdi se nhan ban lam d day. - If you would come French, you’ll like it. Neu ban tdi Phap, ban se thich nitdc Phap. - If you would speak to my father about that, I might get perm ission to go. Neu ban noi vdi bo toi ve chuyen do, toi co the ditdc phep di. 2. Trong cau dieu kien loai II, co the dung “were to + V” of m enh de dieu kien de bieu thi y tifcfng tvfofng lai va “could”, “m ight” thay cho “should ”, “w ould” de bieu thi kha nang it hdn. VI du: - If you were to order him to stand up, he could be angry. N eu ban yeu cau anh ay ditng day, anh ay co the titc gian. - If you were to come next week, I might have time to see you. N eu ban den day vdo tuan tdi, tdi cd the cd thdi gian gap ban. 113
DONG TIT TIENG ANH - If he were to lie you, what would you do? Neu anh ay noi doi ban, ban se lam gi? - If she were to be rich, she would be horribly obnoxious. Neu co ay giau, co ay se trd nen dang ghet kinh khung? - If I were to have no friends, who would I spend my time with? Neu toi khong co ban, toi se danh thdi gian vdi ai? 3. “If it were not for / If it hadn’t been for” difofc dung de dien ta dieu nay phu thuoc vao dieu kia. Dieu kien la gia dinh. Vi du: - If it were not for director, this factory would be in a mess. Neu khong co giam docd, nhd may nay la dong Ion xon. - If it hadn’t been for their parents, they would have unsuccessful. Neu khong co bo me cua ho, ho dd khong co thanh cong. - If it hadn’t been for his hard working, he would have failed. Neu khong vi anh ta hoc hdnh cham chi, anh ta dd trtfot.
CACH KHAC DllN TA CAU DIEU KIEN 1. Unless. “ Unless ” tUdng duong vdi “i f not” (neu khong. tril khi). Cau true nay dUdc dung khi dong tir trong menh 114
THANH HA de chinh d dang phu dinh, va it khi ngUdc lai. Tuy nhien, khong phai tat ca cac cau “i f ’ cl dang phu dinh deu co the chuyen sang cau “unless” . Vi du: - I w on’t go out unless you do. = I won’t go out if you don’t. Toi se khong di trii khi anh di. = Toi se khong di neu anh khong di. - She would be late unless she weren’t ill. = She wouldn’t be late if he weren’t ill. Co ay khong den muon trii khi co ay bi om. = Cd ay khong den muon neu co ay khong bi om. • If he doesn't get here soon, we will have to start the meeting without him. = Unless he gets here soon, we will have te start the meeting without him. N eu anh ta khong den day sdm, chung ta se bat dau cuoc hop md khong co anh ta. > Chung ta thUdng dung not + unless, vdi nghia only ... if, khi chung ta muon nhan manh dieu kien: - They will only sign the contract if we give them an additional discount. H o chi ky hap dong neu chung ta dita them sit giam gid. = They won't sign the contract unless we give them an additional discount. H o se khong ky hap dong neu chung ta khong dita them sit giam gid. > Chung ta thudng dung in case de noi ve sU phong xa trUdc khi hanh dong xay ra. i f de noi ve viec se lam khi hanh dong xay ra. - W e are going to insure the shipment in case the goods get damaged in transit. (We will take our 115
DONG TUfTllNGANH insurance first; the problem may or may not happen afterward.) Chung ta se bao hiem hang gid neu hang hod gap de doa trong viec van chuy en. - If the goods get damaged in transit, we'll make a claim. (The damage may happen, and we will m ake a
claim afterward.) Neu hang hod gap sit co khi van chuyen, chung ta se doi bao hiem. 2. W hether (or not) >
“Whether (or not)” tUdng dUdng v6i “i f ’ va “if not” ket hdp lai, cho biet hanh dong hoac tinh huong trong menh de chinh la dung hay se xay ra cho du dieu kien the nao chang niia.
Vi du: - If she comes back home, I’ll go out. Neu cd ay ve nhd, toi se di. - If she doesn’t come back home, I’ll go out. Neu co ay khong ve nhd, toi se di. - Whether she comes back home or not, I will go out.
Du cd ay co ve nhd hay khong toi van di. - He buys a car for me if he can afford it. Anh ay mua cho tdi chiec o to neu anh ay co khd ndng. ■ He buys a car for me if he can’t afford it. - He buys a car for me whether he can afford it or not. Anh ay mua cho tdi chiec o td du cd khd ndng du tien de mua hay khong. > "or not” co the diing sau “whether", hay co the dilng 116
THANH HA cuoi menh de. Vi du: - I will remain your friend, whether or not you offer to let me borrow your money tomorrow. Toi van se la ban cua anh du ngay mai anh co cho toi mitOn tien hay khong. 3. Supposing, suppose. “Supposing” va “suppose” ttfdng diidng v6i “if” , chu yeu trdng ngon ngu! hang ngay. Trong mot so' trUdng hdp menh de dieu kien va menh de chinh diidc tach rdi rieng biet thanh hai cau. Vi du: - Suppose your team lost this match, what would you do? Gid sti neu dpi cua ban thua trong tran dau nay, ban se lam gi? - Supposing you could change one thing in your life what would you change?' another reporter asked. Neu ban co the thay doi mot thti trong cuoc ddi, ban se thay doi cai gi?-nha bao khac hoi. 4. But for, otherw ise “But for” co the thay the “i f not” , sii dung trong ngon ngti trang trong va thiidng difdc theo sau bdi mot danh tii. Vi du: - If they hadn’t helped him, he wouldn’t have done anything. Neu ho khong giup dd anh ay, anh ay dd chang lam duac viec gi. - But for thier help, he wouldn’t have done anything. >
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DpNG TUTlfeNS ANH Neu khong co sit giup dd cua ho, anh ay dd chdng lam ditcfc viec gi. - If it hadn’t rained, the trees would have died. Neu trdi khong mita, cay coi dd chet. - But for the rain, the trees would have died. Neu khong co mita, cay coi dd chet. > “Otherwise” co nghia nhu “or i f not" (neu khong thi), co the diing dau hay cuoi cau. Vi du: - They were so tired. Otherwise they would have come here. Ho qua met. Neu khong ho dd tdi day. - He was so lazy. He would have passed the exam otherwise. Anh ta qua litdi. Neu khong anh ta dd vitcJt qua ki thi. - She had a headache; otherwise she would have gone with us. Cd ay bi dau dau; neu khong co ay dd di vdi chung ta. - I wanted everyone to know about it. Otherwise, I would have asked you to keep it to yourself. Toi muon moi ngitdi biet dieu do. Neu khong, tdi dd yeu cau anh giit bi mat. 5. Nhufng cach khac. Vi du: - Pretend that you’ve just had a lot of money. What will you do? Gid sit ban vita co rat nhieu tien, ban se lam gi? - There is a possibility that he will not come. If so. I will go there with you.
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THANH HA Co khd ndng la anh ay khong den. Neu vay, tdi se di tdi do vdi ban. - I’ll do what you say provided the police are not informed. Tdi se lam nhitng g i anh yeu cau mien la anh khong bao vdi cdnh sat. - I will agree to these conditions provided that they increase my salary. (I will only agree i f they give me more money.) Tdi se dong y nhitng dieu kien nay neu ho tang litcfng cho tdi. - The strike will be successful as long as we all stay together. (It will only succeed i f we all stay together.) Cuoc dinh cong se thanh cong neu chung ta d lai lau hcfn. Bang tom tat: UNLESS
You won't finish the race unless you control your effort. "W H ETH ER...OR NOT" W hether you pay or not, you won't get in without an invitation. "ON CONDITION "I will only tell my age on THAT" condition that you tell yours." "PROVIDED THAT" "What would you do "PROVIDING THAT" "SO LONG AS" supposing that you were given "AS LONG AS the chance to see the future ?" "ASSUM ING THAT" "SUPPOSING THAT" "Assuming that it's fine "SUPPOSE THAT" tomorrow, we'll go for a picnic.
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DONG TIT TIENG ANH
TH UC CIA DINH CAU TAO THlfc GIADjNH Thi Hien tai Qua khii Qua khii hoan thanh
Ngoi I/you/we/they/ he/she I/you/we/they/ he/she I/you/we/they/ he/she
to be
to have
to speak
be
have
speak
were
had
spoke
had been
had had
spoken
- Dong tti d thiic gia dinh giong nhau d tat ca cac ngoi. + Thi hien tai gia dinh giong nhu dong tif nguyen the, khong co “to” . + Thi qua khii va qua khii hoan thanh gia dinh giong Thi qua khii va qua khii hoan thanh. + Doi vdi “to be” la “were” d tat ca cac ngoi nhung trong Idi noi hang ngay, co xu hu 6ng dung “was” cho so it nhu qua khii thudng trii nhiing cau nhu “I f I were you, i f I were a fish” . + “Should ” dung d tat ca cac ngoi dUdc coi la mot dang
tUdng
dudng
v6i
thiic
gia
dinh
(suhjuntive
equivalent) co the dung thay cho thi hien tai hay qua khii cua thiic gia dinh trong mot so" trUdng hdp.
Vi du: - If I should die, he will be sad. Neu tdi chet, anh ay se rat buon.
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THANH HA - If you should fail in this, your hope is broken. N eu ban that bai trong viec nay, hy vong cua ban se tan vd. - If it is our wish that he should do as he pleased. N guyen vong cua chung ta la de anh ta lam theo y thich cua anh ay.
CACH DUNG THlfc GIADjNH 1. It’s tim e / It’s h ig h tim e . Cau true nay co nghia la “da den luc ai do phai lam gi”, theo sau bdi dong tii d qua khii thudng hay qua khii tiep dien mac du thdi gian dUdc nhac tdi la khong co that.
’ V id u : - It’s time you paid that bill. Da. den luc ban phai thanh toan hod defn do. - It’s time he was reading books. Dd den luc anh ta doc sach. - It’s time we finished the work. Dd den luc chung ta phai hoan thanh cong viec. - It’s hight time I was going to the cinema. Dd den luc toi di xem phim. *
C h u y : Cau true “It's time for sb to do st” co the
dUdc sii dung tUdng dufdng nhii cau true tren.
’ Vi du: - It’s time you went to school. = It’s time for you to go to school. Dd den luc ban phai den triidng. - It’s time he self-worked. = It’s time for him to self-work. Dd den luc anh ay phai ttf lam viec. 121
DONG TU TIENG ANH - It’s time for us to work on grammar.
Dd den luc chung ta phai lam Bdi tap ngii phap. 2. W ould rather / sooner. Cau true “would rather / sooner” (‘d rather / sooner) thUdng diidc theo sau bdi cac dong tir d thi qua khii, dien ta ai mong muon lam cai nay hdn lam cai khac. Vi du: - I'd rather we ate at home, if you don't mind. Tdi muon chung ta an d nhd, neu anh khong phien. - I’d sooner he didn’t lie. Tdi mong anh ta khong noi doi. - I’d soon she lived happily. Tdi mong cd ay song hanh phuc. “ Would rather / sooner” co the dUdc dung v6i nhiing thi thong thudng khac vdi nghia so sanh. Khi do, lien tir so sanh la “than” . Vi du: - He’d rather be a doctor than a teacher. Anh ta muon la mot bac si hcfn la mot giao vien. - I’d rather have lived in England than Franch. Tdi thich song d Anh hcfn la d Phap. - My mother would rather we caught the bus, rather than walk home after the party Me tdi muon chung tdi di xe buyt chiC khong di bo ve nhd sau biia tiec. 3. W ould prefer. “Would prefer” co the sU dung nhu la mot p h in cua cau dieu kien loai II, “prefer■ ” trong loai cau nay co bo ngii “it” . Vi du: - I’d prefer it if you didn’t phone.
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THANH HA Tdi muon anh khong goi dien. - I’d prefer it if he didn’t go. Toi muon anh ay khong den. - They prefer it if we were more friend. Ho m uon chung ta than thien hdn. “W ould prefer” thudng khong diidc theo sau bdi thi gia dinh. Vi du: - I’d prefer you close the window. Toi muon anh dong ciia so lai. - I’d prefer English to French. Tdi thich tieng A nh hcfn tieng Phap. - I’d prefer you not to come there. Tdi m ong anh khong den do. - I don't like cities. I prefer to live in the country. or I prefer living in the country. Tdi khong thich thanh pho. Tdi thich song d mien que hcfn. - I prefer this coat to the coat you were wearing yesterday. Tdi thich chiec do nay hcfn chiec md anh mac hom qua. 4. Had better. “Had better” thUdng diidc theo sau bdi dong tii nguyen the khong “to” , dien ta y “tot hdn het ai nen lam (khong nen lam) dieu gi” . Vi du: - Y ou’d better not come there. Tot hcfn la anh khong nen den day. - Y ou’d better not tell about her. Ban khong nen ke ve cd ay. - Y ou ’d better wait for him some more minutes. 123
DONG TIT TIENG ANH Ban nen ddi anh ay them may phut. - W e'd better not be late for the Ambasador's party. It would be unforgivable to arrive late. A nh khong nen den btia tiec chieu ddi cua Ngai dai sti muon. Se khong the tha thd ditdc neu den muon. - You'd better phone him and tell him that you're not going. Anh nen goi dien cho anh ay noi rang anh khong den. - They'd better buy me a Christmas present or I shall never forgive them. Ho nen mua cho toi mon qua Giang sinh neu khong toi se khong tha thti cho ho. 5. W ish. a. ifdc dieu khong co that of hien tai. + wish + S 2 + Ved Dong tii sau “wish” trong trUdng hdp nay thudng la d qua khut ddn. Vi du: - I wish I had a new house. Toi tide toi co mot ngoi nhd mdi. - I wish my husband weren’t leaving. Toi tide chong toi se khong di. - I wish I knew her address. Toi tide toi biet dia chi cua co ay. - I wish I was lying on a beach now (I'm sitting in the office) Tdi tide toi dang ndm tren bdi bien. - I wish it wasn't raining (It is raining)
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THANH HA Tdi it itdc trdi d a khong mita. b. tfdc dieu gi do se xay ra d tUOng lai. S! + wish + S2+ would/could + V ______________________ were + V-ing________ >
Neu dong tii trong cau la mot dong tii sU kien, de dien ta sii kien trong tUdng lai. Chung ta sii dung “would” hay “c o u ld ’ sau “wish Vi du: - I wish my husbuand would forgive me. Toi itdc chong toi se tha thit cho toi. - I wish you would stop smoking. Tdi itdc anh se khong hut thuoc niia. - Haakon wishes his friend were coming to Seattle during the quarter break. Haakon itdc ban minh se den Seattle khi nghi gidi lao. - I wish you weren't leaving tomorrow
Tdi itdc ngay mai ban se khong di >
“Would” dUdc sii dung trong triidng hdp nay co the dien ta Udc muon mong cho hien tai dang dien ra khac di.
Vi du: - I wish the boy wouldn’t shout loudly.
Tdi itdc cau be ditng la het dm i. - I wish it wouldn't blow so hard.
>
Tdi itdc gid se khong thoi manh nhit vay. - I wish she’d be quiet. Tdi itdc cd ay se yen lang. Co the dung wish + V hoac wish + O + V vdi nghia "want” trong tru'Ong hdp trang trong: \Vo
DONG TUrniNG ANH Vi du: - I wish to leave now. Tdi itdc se di bay gib - I wish to speak to your supervisor please. Tdi itdc s e noi chuyen vdi ngitcfi phu trach cua anh - I do not wish my name to appear on the list. Tdi khong mong ten minh cd trong danh sach. >
Co the dung I / we wish you trong cac tnidng hdp kh ac: - I wish you a happy birthday. - We wish you good luck in your new job.
c. Uofc d ie u gi d o da k h o n g x a y ra t r o n g qua khuf. - Nhiing Idi Udc nay lien quan tdi mot sii kien trong qua khii ma khong the thay doi diidc nOa. Thi qua khii hoan thanh diidc sii dung sau dong tii “wish” . S x + w ish + S2 + h a d + P n Vi du: - I wish I had met him. Tdi itdc gi tdi dd gap ditdc anh ay. - He wishes he hadn’t drunk so much. Anh ay itdc anh ay khong uong qua nhieu. - I wish she had bought that house. Tdi itdc cd ay dd mua ngoi nhd dd. - They wish they had studied harder at school. Ho itdc g i ho hoc tap cham chi hdn. * C hu y: Cum tii “i f only” co the diidc sii dung tUdng tii nhu “wish” . Vi du: - If onlv I hadn't come there.
126
THANH HA Gid md tdi khong den do. - If only he hadn’t told. Gid md anh ay ditng noi. - Dong tut “hope” diidc dung dien ta nhiing ii 6c muon ve nhiing sii kien trong tiidng lai thiidng. Vi du: - I hope it sunny tomorrow. Toi hy vong ngay mai trcfi ndng. - I hope he’ll finish his work. Tdi hy vong anh ay se hoan thanh cong viec. - I hope she passes her exam next week. - She hopes the plane doesn't crash tomorrow. 6. Suppose va Im agine. a. Gia dinh d hien tai va qua khtf. Vi du: - Imagine I loved her. Everything would change. Gid sit tdi yeu cd ay. M oi chuyen se khac. - Suppose we sung a song for a change. Gid sii chung ta hat mot Bdi de thay ddi khong khi. b. Nhufng dieu kien dtfcfc hieu ngam. - M enh de dieu kien trong cau thudng dUdc hieu ngam, chijf khong diidc noi ra. Vi du: - Im agine we won the pools! = Im agine what we would do if we won the pools? Gid sit chung ta thang cd do, chung ta se lam gi? - Suppose someone told you that I was a spy! = Suppose someone told you that I was a spy! W hat would you say? Gid sit ai dd noi vdi anh rang tdi la gian diep! Anh se noi g i? 127
DONG TUT TIENG ANH Vdi nhiing cau dieu kien dUdc de cap tdi la kha nang co that hdn la sii tUdng tUdng hay gia dinh, ngitoi ta thudng sii dung thi hien tai ddn. Vi du: - Imagine he comes, we’ll go to the cinema. Gid sii anh ta tdi, chung tdi se di xem phim. - Suppose it starts rainning, what’ll he do? Gid sit trdi bat dau miia, anh se lam g i? 7. A s if v a A s though. Thi dong tii trong cau phu thuoc vao sU so sanh la thuc hay la gia dinh. Neu sU so sanh do la thtfc, cac thi hien tai dUdc sU dung. Neu sii so sanh do la khong co thiic, “as if' va “as though" dUdc sii dung tUdng tii nhii
“wish". Vi du: - You looks as though you had just seen a ghost! Nhin cau cii nhii la viia trong thay ma vay! - He looks as if/though he hasn't slept all night. Ong ay co ve khong ngu d em qua. - She behaves as if/though she were the Queen. Cd ta cii xii nhii cd ta la N ii Hoang vay. - They talk as if/though the world were coming to an end. - Ho noi nhii the the gidi dang den ngay tan the. - He walks as if/though he were an old man. - Anh ta biidc di nhii mot ong gid. - It feels as if/though summer's on the way. - Cd cam giac nhii mua he dang den. >
Trong trUdng hdp trang trdng, ta dung like thay cho as if/though'. -
128
He looks like he hasn't slept all night.
THANH HA A nh ta trong co ve nhii khong ngii dem qua. - It feels like summer's on the way. Co cam giac nhii mua he dang den. - It sounds like they've arrived. Co ve nhii ho dang den. 8. Thtfc gia dinh trang trong. a. De nghi, yeu cau. Dung sau nhiing dong tijf nhii “demand, propose, suggest, insist, require" va nhiing nhom tii nhii “it is necessary / important / esential / vital...that". Dong tii trong Idi de nghi, yeu cau chi co mot dang duy nhat la nguyen the, khong co dang d ngoi thti ba so” it hay dang qua khii. Dong tii “to be" d dang “be" cho tat ca cac ngoi Vi du: - He demanded that you come here at once. Ong dy yeu cau anh den day ngay lap tiic. ■ It’s necessary that he take an operation. Ong dy can phau thuat. - The doctor suggested that the patient stop drinking. Bac si de nghi benh nhan ngitng uong riiciu. - The manager proposed that the meeting be adjourned. Giam doc de nghi tam ngitng cuoc hop. - It’s import that we pass the exam. Viec chung toi viitft qua ki thi la rat quan trong. b. Nhiing trufdng hofp it trang trong. Trong nhiing trUdng hdp it trang trong, “should” thudng dUdc sii dung, khong phai thay doi thi cua dong tU. Co the sii dung cau true nguyen the. 129
DONG Tl/TIENG ANH Vi du: - It’s essential for him to meet the director. Viec anh dy gap giam doc la dieu thiet yeu. - The doctor proposed that she should take care herself. Bac si de nghi co dy tti cham soc ban than. - They demand that everybody should arrive before eight. Ho yeu cau moi ngitdi den triidc luc 8 gid. 9. Thvfc g ia d in h c o n g th tic. Thiic gia dinh cong thiic la nhiing cach dien dat co dinh sii dung thiic gia dinh. Vi du: - God bless you. Chua che chd cho ban. - Long live the Queen! Cau chuc NH hoang van tho! - May you be happy all your life. Cau chuc ban song vui ve suot ddi.
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THANH HA
DONG Tl/THEO SAU Bdi DONG DANH Tlf HAY DONG TU* NGUYEN THE DdNG TUTTHEO SAU B0I DONG DANH TUT Nhufng d o n g d a n h ttt thtfcfng dvtdc th e o sau bort d o n g d a n h titf. admit resent bite tile thu nhan practise thitc hdnh appreciate danh gid cao avoid tranh guess doan confess thu nhan recall gefi nhd regret hd'i tiec consider xem xet report thong bao contemplate suy ngam risk lieu llnh delay tri hoan, hoan save ciiu song deny tii cho'i, bac bo suggest de nghi detest ghet stop ngitng khong thich dislike tolerate mien citdng dread de doa endure chiu ditng understand hieu enjoy thich' recommend gai y, gidi thieu resist khang cit escape tron thoat keep lien tuc excuse xin loi discuss thao luan face ddi mat carry on tiep tuc fancy thich hoan thanh can’t help khong the khong finish can’t standing khong the chiu ditng imagine titdng tittfng involve xen vdo, dinh vdo give up tit bo thanh minh justify go on tiep tuc mention de cap tdi, noi tdi put off tri hoan quan ngai mind feel like cam thay thich
DONG TIT TIENG ANH
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------■ ---------------------------r------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
miss nhd it’s no good/use spend/waste time
postpone tri hoan vd ich lam gi ton thdi gian
Vi du: - I suggested taking the children to school. Tdi de nghi dita bon tre den tritdng. - George would never admit being wrong. George se khong bao gid nhan la minh sai cd. - She imagine walking into the office and telling everyone that she thought of them. Cd ta titdng tUdng minh di vdo van phbng vd noi cho moi ngitdi biet minh nghl gi ve# ho. - He admitted stealing the mobile phone. Anh ta thu nhan dd lay trom chiec di dong. - It's not worth being at risk. Viec nay khong dang lieu nhit vay. - Can you recommend me buying a good English dictionary? Anh cd the gdi y cho tdi mua mot quyen tit dien tieng Anh tot ditdc kh ong? - They couldn’t help laughing when they saw him. Ho dd khong the nhin ditdc citdi khi ho nhin thay anh dy. - They discussed selling the house Ho ban nhau ban ngoi nhd. - The manager postponed giving the meeting. Giam doc dd hoan cuoc hop.
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THANH HA 2. Hanh dong da hoan thanh. Khi muon noi ve cac hanh dong da hoan thanh, ban co the dung “having + Pn” . Tuy nhien co the sii dung dang “V-ing” cho cac hanh dong da hoan thanh. 3. Dong tif theo sau bofi “that + menh de”. Trong so" cac dong tu: 0 danh sach phan 1, mot so' dong tii co the sii dung cau true “that + menh de” : appreciate, deny, fancy, mention, resent, suggest, admit, regret. Vi du: - They deny that something is true. Ho khong thiia nhan dieu g i co that. - His doctor m entions that he shouldn’t smoke. Bac si cua ong dy nhac ong dy khong nen hut thuoc. - I suggest that you were aware of what was happening. Toi de nghi ong hay thiia nhan la ong biet chuyen xdy ra. - I regret that I cannot help you. Toi lay lam tiec la khong giup diidc anh. He admited that he had told lies. Anh ta thiia nhan la anh ta da noi doi. * Chu y: - Dong tii “appreciate” thudng dUdc theo sau bdi tinh tii sd hiiu +V-ing. Vi du: - I greatly appreciate your trying. Chung toi rat cam kich sii cd gang cua anh. - They do not appreciate my singing.
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_______________ BONG Tim lNG ANH________________ ■---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ho khong danh gid giong hat cua toi. - Dong tti “involve” co chu ngii gia. Vi du: - Being a good singer involves regular training. - La mot ca si gioi can thitdng xuyen tap luyen.
DONG TUTTHEO SAU B0I DONG TUTNGUYtN THE Cd TO. agree aim ddi appear cause choose claim dare decide demand deserve fail forget grow guarantee hasten happen hope hurry learn long 134
dong y nham
beg can’t wait
nai ni, nan ni khong the chd
hinh nhii gay ra chon Ilia cong bo dare quyet dinh yeu cau xitng dang that bai quen phat trien bao hdnh thuc day xdy ra hy vong vdi vd hoc mong muon
arrange ask promise offer omit plan pledge pretend refuse resolve seek seem struggle swear tend
sap xep, thu xep yeu cau, ddi hoi hita de nghi bo, bo bcrt co ke hoqch hita, cam ket gid vd tii choi, bac bo quyet tam tim kiem ditdng nhii dau tranh
threaten train try
the thot cd y dinh de doa dao tao co gang
THANH HA manage need would like would hate attempt can’t afford neglect expect
xoay set turn out can undertake muon want ghet vow co y dinh wish khong du khd ndng tdi chinh khong chu y, sao nhdng mong muon, ky vong
hod ra la trdi qua muon the mong muon
Vi du: - Children should endeavour to learn assiduously. Tre con can co gang hoc hdnh cham chi. - All their efforts tend to reach the same object. Tat cd nhitng co ga n g cua chung deu cung nham tdi mot muc dich. - The children pretended to eat the mud pies. Lu tre gid vd an nhitng cai bank nitdng lam bang dat bun. - She decided to choose the green coat. Cd ta quyet dinh chon cai do choang mau luc. - They offer to make a plan. Ho de nghi dita ra m ot kehoach. - She failed to reach the semi-finals Cd ta khong lot ditdc vdo vong ban ket. - I long to receive your letter. Toi m ong thit cua anh. - The goverm ent planed to attack. Chinh phu dd dat k eh oa ch tan cong. - He turned out to be a liar. Hod ra no la mot thang noi ddi. 135
DONG TIT TIENG --ANH __■ -----------------------2. Dong tif theo sao bofi “that + menh de Trong so cac dong tii ke tren, co mot so dong tii co the diidc theo sau bdi “that + menh d e ’ . Nhiing dong til do la: agree, appear, arrange, dicide, demand, expect, happen, hope, learn, plan, pledge, pretend, promise, resolve, seem, swear, threaten, vow, wish. Cac dong tii “appear” , “happen ’, “seem ” chi dUdc s\i dung chu ngii gia “it” vdi “that +menh d e ’. Vi du: - It appears that there has been a mistake. H inh nhii dd co su! nham Ian. - It happened that she was out when he called. Tinh cd co ta vang nhd khi anh ta goi dien den. - It seems that he does not understand. Ditdng nhit no khong hien. - I decided that I would wait her at home. Toi quyet dinh se chd co dy d nhd. - There is not much hope that they are still alive. Chang co may hy vong la ho con song. - They learned that everything had changed. H o nhan ra moi chuyen dd thay ddi. - He demanded that we had to get out. Ong dy yeu cau chung toi ra ngoai. 3. Dong tif theo sau bofi tuf de hoi va dong tii nguyen the co “to”. Sau nhiing dong tii sau day, ban co the dung mot tii de hoi nhu “what / where / how / why,.....” + Vinfinitive co “to” : ask, decide, know, remember, forget, explain, understand. Vi du: 136
THANH HA - I had to ask the teacher what to do next. Tdi phai hoi thay giao xem tiep theo phai lam gi. - Have you decided what to do on Sunday? Ban dd quyet dinh lam g i vdo chu nhat chiia? - Mary explained how to do the homework. Mary dd gidi thich cho toi cach lam Bdi tap ve nhd. - I know how to play chess. Tdi biet danh cd. - I forgot what to write. Toi quen minh phai viet gi.
DONG TIT THEO SAU DOI DONG TUT NGUYEN THE KHONG CO TO. Nhin chung rat it dong tii dUdc theo sau bdi dong tii nguyen the khong ce “to” . 1. Help. Thong thUdng sau “help” sU dung dong tii nguyen the khong “to” . Tuy nhien neu co sU dung thi van dUdc chap nhan. Vi du: - I helped him find his things. Toi giup anh ay tim do dac. - She helped me clean the floor. Co ay giup tdi lau nhd. - They help us to pain the house. Ho giup chung tdi sctn ngoi nhd 2. Make Vi du: - They make him repeat it. 137
DONG TUT TIENG ANH Ho bat anh ta nhac di nhac lai. - I make her smile. Tdi khien co ay ciidi. - W e shall have to make do. Chung ta se phai lam viec do. - D on’t make anybody hurt. DiCng lam g i cho ai do bi ton thiidng. - She doesn't speak English very well but she can make herself understood in most situations. - She didn't want to do it, but he made her do it. Tuy nhien, trong the bi dong “m ake” dUdc theo sau bdi dong tii nguyen the co “to” . - We were made td practice by the teacher. Co giao bat chung toi phai luyen tap. - He was made to leave here. Anh ay buoc phai ra di. - He had done so badly that he was made to repeat the school year. No hoc kem tdi miCc phai hoc lai. - He had borrowed over five hundred pounds and was made to pay it back in monthly installments. Hdn dd miidn hdn 500 bang vd bi bat phai trd irong vong 1 thang. 3. L et. Vi du: - I let him try once more. Tdi de cho no thiC mot Ian niia. - Let us go to the cinema. Chung ta hay cung di xem phim. - If I let you know, you are not allowed to tell somebody else. 138
THANH HA Neu tdi noi cho anh biet, anh ditdc phep ke cho ngitdi khac. - Let me carry that box of papers for you. It's very heavy. H ay de anh khieng chiec hop ditng giay do cho em. N o nang lam. - W hy don't you let him walk home by him self from school now? He's eleven years old after all. Tai sao anh de no di hoc ve mot minh. No mdi 11 tuoi.
DdNG TUT THEO SAU BOD DONG DANH TUT HOAC DONG TUf NGUYEN th £ cd TO 1. Attem pt, begin, can’t stand, continue, hate, hesitate, intend, plan, like, love, prefer, propose, start, end. NhGng dong tit ke tren co the diidc theo sau bdi dong danh tii hay dong tii nguyen the co “to” song nghia cua cau khong thay doi. Vi du: - I don’t like cleaning the floor. = I don’t like to clean the floor. Toi khong thich lau san nhd. - I continued thinking the same. = I continued to think the same. Tdi van cii nghi nhii vay. - W e started working. = W e started to work. Chung tdi bat dau lam viec. - She can’t stand being alone. = She can’t stand to be alone. 139
DONG TIT TIENG ANH Cd ta khong chiu noi cdnh song mot minh. 2. R e m e m b e r , fo r g e t. a. “ R e m e b e r , fo r g e t ” th e o sau bdi d o n g tii n g u y e n th e c o “t o ” d e c a p d e n h a n h d o n g can th ie t. Vi du: - You remember to repair the bicycle. -
-
-
Ban nhd sita xe dap nhe. Will you remember to collect your suit from the dry-cleaners or shall I do it? Anh se lay bo com-l e d tiem giat la hay toi lay? I had to meet him but I forgot to do it. Toi phai gap anh ay nhitng toi lai quen mat. Remember to close all the windows and lock all the doors before you leave the house. Hay nhd dong cita so va khoa cita ra vdo khi anh ra ngoai. I forgot to warn him about the dangerous dog and he was bitten. Tdi quen cdnh bao anh ta ve con chd dit vd utih ta dd bi can.
b. “ R e m e m b e r , fo r g e t ” th e o sau bdi d o n g danh tif de c a p d e n ki Cfc t r o n g q u a khu’, ttfc la ban da la m d ie u gi r o i va b a y g id n h d la i h a n h d o n g do. Vi du: - I forgot sending the message. Tdi dd quen giti tin nhan. - She forgot turning off the TV. Cd ay dd quen tat ti vi. 140
THANH HA - He could rem em ber living here just before his family left to Hue. A nh ay co the nhd la anh ay dd song d day tritdc khi gia dinh anh ay chuyen tdi Hue. - I don't rem em ber talking to you about Terry's divorce. I don't even remember you asking me about that. Toi khong nhd dd noi vdi anh ve viec li di cua Terry. Tdi tham chi khong nhd la anh da hoi toi ve dieu do. - I shall always rem em ber flying to America on Concorde. Tdi se luon nhd chuyen bay tdi M y tren chiec Concorde. - I shall never forget sharing a bottle o f iced water with you beside the Pyramids in Egypt. 3. Stop. a. “Stop” theo sau bdi dong tu" nguyen the co “to” de chi muc dien : stop + to + V Vi du: - Let’s stop to meet him. Chung ta hay ditng lai de gap anh dy. - He stoped to drink water. Anh dy ditng lai de uong nitdc. - The horse stoped to eat grass. Con ngita ditng lai de an co. b. “Stop” theo sau bdi dong danh tu1 de cap den viec ket thuc hay tif bo mot hanh dong: stop + V-ing 141
DONG TUTntNG ANH Vi du: - You should stop complaining. Anh diing nen phan nan niia. - It’s time we stopped working. Dd den luc chung ta nghi lam. - It has stopped snowing. Tuyet ngitng rcfi. 4. Mean. a. “M ean” theo sau bdi dong tvf nguyen the co “to” mang nghia la “dtf dinh, dinh”: mean + to + V Vi du: - I mean to go early tomorrow. Tdi dinh mai se den sdm. - Does he really mean to do it? Cd that no co y dinh lam cai g i do kh ong? - They mean to sell this house. Ho co y dinh ban ngoi nhd. b. “Mean” theo sau bdi dong danh tvf dien dat den ket qua hoac nhufng gi lien quan den sij viec do: mean + V-ing Vi du: - Becoming a athlete means training more. La mot van dong vien cd nghia la phai luyen tap nhieu hcfn. - Getting this job means having to work hard. Nhan cong viec nay cd nghia la phai lam viec cham chi. - Being a pilot means spending most your time at the air. 142
THANH HA La mot phi cong co nghia la ddnh phan Idn thdi gian tren bdu trdi. 5. N e e d a. “N e e d ” t h e o sau b d i d o n g tif n g u y e n th e c o “to ” d e c a p td i h a n h d o n g c u th e c o c h u nguf: n e e d + to + V Vi du: - I feel a need to talk to you about it. Tdi cam thay can noi chuyen vdi anh ve viec dd. - I need to consult a dictionary. Tdi can phai tra til dien. - She needs to have access to our files. Cd ay can phai diidc sii dung tdi lieu cua chung tdi. b. “N e e d ” t h e o sau b d i d a n h tii m a n g n g h ia b i d o n g : n e e d + V -in g Vi du: - This house needs repairing. N goi nhd can ditdc sita chiCa. - This car needs cleaning. Cai o td can diidc rila. - This question needs replying. Cau hoi can diidc trd Idi.
6 . R e g r e t. a. “ R e g r e t ” t h e o sau b d i d o n g tvf n g u y e n th e c o “t o ” d e c a p d e n m o t h a n h d o n g h ie n tai, d a c b ie t la k h i b a o tin x a u : R e g r e t + to + V Vi du: - I regret to say the job has been filled. 143
DONG TUT TIENG ANH Toi rat tiee khi phai noi rang cong viec da co ngitdi lam. - I regret to tell you that your invitation hasn't been accept. Toi rat tiee la toi khong the nhan Icfi mdi cua ong. - We regret to infor that you’ve been late for the ship. Chung toi lay lam tiee thong bao vdi anh rang anh dd muon chuyen tau. b. “ R e g r e t ” th e o sau bd i d o n g d a n h tif m ang y n g h ia “h o i tie e , tie e n u o i” ve d ie u gi d o tr o n g qua khuf: R e g r e t + V -in g Vi du: - She regrets losing those opportunities. Co dy rat tiee dd bo Id ccf hoi. - I regret not taking my umbrella. Toi tiee vi dd khong mang theo do mita. - I regret wasting so much time when I was a young. Tdi hoi tiee vi dd ph i pham thdi gian khi toi con tre. 7. T ry . a. "T r y ” th e o sau bd i d o n g tvf n g u y e n the co “t o ” m a n g n g h ia c o g a n g la m d ie u gi d o : try + to + V Vi du: - I tried to laugh. Toi co gang de citdi. - You haven't even tried to lift it. 144
THANH HA •>
N gay cd viec co nang no len anh cung chdng lam diidc. - Don't try to swim across the river. Ditng co co md bdi qua song. b. “T r y ” th e sau b d i d o n g d a n h tvf m a n g n g h ia thuf la m d ie u gi d o : try + V -in g Vi du: - W ould you like to try eating some raw fish? Ban co muon dung thit mon cd song kh ong? - He had three tries m ending the lock and gave up. Anh ay dd ba Ian thit sita o khoa roi ddnh bo. - Have you ever tried playing windsurfing? Ban dd bao gid thit chdi lii&t song chiia?
DONG TUTTHEO SAU BOI MOT TAN NGUVA DONG TUTtJGUYEN THE Cd "TO" 1. D a n h s a ch d o n g tif t h e o sau b d i m o t tan nguf v a d o n g tvf n g u y e n th e c o “to ” . invite mdi khuyen nhu advise lead dan tdi ho trd assist order yeu cau nai ni beg persuade thuyet phuc hoi 16 bribe select de nghi chon liia command send dam giii dare teach thue, mii&n day employ tell tao dieu kien bao enable hitdng dan urge thuc giuc instruct nhac warn khuyen cao remaind
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DONG Tir TIENG ANH Vi du: - Taxi-drivers enable us to see all our relatives in this city. Nhitng ngitdi lai tac xi tao dieu kien cho chung toi di thdm ngitdi than trong thanh pho nay. - Remind me to answer that letter. H ay nhac toi trd Icfi bite thit do. - So you lost all your money? That'll teach you to gamble A nh thua het tien roi phai khong? dieu do se day cho anh ditng co ddnh bac. - Doctor encouraged her to lose weight. Bac si khuyen khich ba ay giam can. - They invited us to come a party. H o mcfi chung toi den dit tiee. - She warned me to drive carefully. Ba ay dan toi lai xe can than. 2. Dong tif theo sau bdi “that + menh de”. Trong so cac dong tii tren, co mot so dong tii co the dUdc theo sau bdi “that + menh de” . Nhiing dong tii do la” advise, order, persuade, teach, tell, warn. Vi du: - The judge ordered that the prisoner should be remanded. Quan tod ra lenh tii nhan phai ditdc trd lai trai giam de dieu tra them. - He told that he had lost his key. A nh ta noi rang anh ta dd lam mat chia khoa. - W e advised that they should start early. Chung toi khuyen ho nen bat dau satm.
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THANH HA 3. Dare. “D are” co the theo sau bdi dong tijf nguyen the khong co “to” khi cau khong co chu ngii. Hay xem xet nhiing vi du sau: Vi du: - How dare you say that I am a good-for-nothing? Sao may dam noi tao la thang vd tich sti? - I wonder whether he dare to tell the whole truth. Tdi chdng biet no cd dam noi sii that khong. - He dared me to swim. Anh ta thach tdi bdi.
DONG TUTTHEO SAU BO) DONG DANH TUTHOAC B01 TAN NGUTVA DONG TUTNGUYEN THE CO TO 1. Allow, forbid, permit. a. Vdi tan ngii va dong tif nguyen the co “to”. Vi du: - It is forbidden anyone to smoke in this room. Khong ai ditdc hut thuoc trong phong nay. - My boss doesn't allow me to use the telephone. Ong chu tdi khong cho phep tdi diing dien thoai. - You permit me to explain about that. A nh cho phep tdi gidi thich ve chuyen dd. b. Vdi dong danh tif. Vi du: - They don't allow sm oking in our house. H o khong diidc hut thuoc la trong nhd chung tdi. - It is strictly forbidden smoking. Tuyet doi cam hut thuoc la. - The situation does not permit delaying. Tinh huong khong cho phep sii tri hoan.
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DONG TIT TIENG ANH 2. Consider. a. Vdi tan nguf va dong tif nguyen the co to de cap tdi mot quan diem, y kien. Vi du: - He is considered to be the best player of his team. Anh ay ditdc coi la cau thu gioi nhat trong doi. - I considered Mary to be my best friend. Tdi coi Mary la ngitdi ban tot nhat. * Chu y: Khi “con sid er’ theo sau bdi “that” + menh de cung de cap tdi quan diem y kien. Vi du: - We consider that you are not to blame. Chung toi cho rang anh khong phai la ke dang trach. - I consider that he had lied me. Tdi cho la anh ay dd noi doi toi. b. Vdi dong danh tif cd nghia “suy nghl, xem xet tdi”. ' Vi du: - He stood considering the painting for some minutes. No ditng ngam bite hoa cd may phut. - We are considering going to Canada Chung toi dang can nhac viec di Canada. - I considered living here. Tdi dd nghl tdi viec song d day. 3. Recommend. a. Vdi tan nguf va dong tif nguyen the cd "to". Vi du: - I recommend you to do what he says. Toi khuyen anh nen lam nhitng dieu anh dy noi. 148
THANH HA - I wouldn't recom m end you to go there alone Le ra toi khong nen khuyen ban den do mot minh. - They recom m ended me to go to bed early. Ho khuyen tdi nen di ngu sdm. b. Vdi dong danh tif. VI du: - W hat would you recommend removing ink stains? Anh bao phai lam g i de tay sach cac vet mile? - I recom m end turning the TV on. Toi de nghi bat ti vi len. - They recom m ended painting the building. Ho de nghi sctn lai tod nhd. 4. Require. a. Vdi tan ngif va dong tif nguyen the cd “to”. Vi du: - They required us to be on time. Ho yeu cau chung toi den dung gid. - The situation requires me to be there. Tinh hinh ddi hoi tdi d dd. - He required me to send this package. Ong ay yeu cau tdi gid gdi hang. b. Vdi dong danh tif m ang nghia bi dong. Vi du: - Hamlet is required reading for the course. Doc H am let la yeu cau bat buoc trong khoa hoc. - All cars require servicing regularly Moi o td deu can du’dc bao tri thtictng xuyen. - We require helping. Chung tdi can di/dc giup dd.
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DONGTUf TIENG ANH C l 6 l T IT V A D O N G D A N H T lT GIOI TUT THEO SAU B0I DONG DANH Ttf Khi mot dong tif dting sau mot gidi tvr thi dong tii do phai tan cung bang “-ing” . 1. B y “By” + V-ing cho biet sU viec xay ra bang cach nao. Vi du: - They were persuaded by listening his words. Ho ditdc thuyet phuc bdi Icfi noi cua anh ay. - They sent the package by flying airmail. Ho gid kien hang bang ditdng hang khong. - They can understand what he says by using sign language. Ho co the hieu nhau bang ngon ngii cii chi. - He passed the exams by studying hard. Anh ay vitdt qua ky thi bang cach hoc hanh cham chi. - You can swim well by training. Ban co the bcfi gioi bang cach tap luyen. 2. W ithout “W ithout” + V-ing co nghia la “khong, ma khong” VI du: - She entered the room without knocking. Co ay vdo md khong go cita. - Try and do it without making any mistake. Hay co gang lam viec do md khong mac mot loi nao. - The party was organized without her knowing anything about it. 150
THANH HA Bda tiee do ditdc to chdc md co ta khong he hay biet g i ca. - He walked past me without speaking. A nh ta di ngang qua toi md chdng noi ndng gi. - I've often cheated in exams without being caught. Toi van thitdng quay cop trong cac ky thi md chdng bi bat Ian nao. 3. On “On” + V-ing co nghia: “ngay sau khi lam gi” . Vi du: - On finishing the course, she passed the exams. N gay khi hoan thanh khoa hoc, co dy dd thi do. - M aty ran away on seeing Tom. M aty bo chay ngay khi nhin thay Tom. - On getting home, I cooked the dinner, N gay khi ve nhd, tdi nau biia toi. 4. In addition to “In addition to” + V-ing co nghia: “them vao v 6i viec lam gi” . Vi du: - In addition to working in hospital, she also writes articles. Ngoai viec lam d benh vien, co dy con viet bao. - He stays with his parents in addition to owning a flat. A nh dy d vdi bo me vd con co mot can ho rieng. - She workes to this organization in addition to contributing to other organizations. Co dy lam viec cho to chdc nay them vdo do co dy con cong tac vdi nhieu to chdc khac. 151
DONG Ttf TIENG ANH 5. Before, after “Be/ore” + V-ing co nghia: “lam viec gi triidc . “After'' + V-ing co nghia: “lam viec gi sau . Vi du: - Before going to bed, I turned off the lights. = Before I went to bed, I turned off the lights. Triidc khi di ngii, toi dd tat den. - Before meetting Peter, she had a cup of tea. = Before she met Peter, she had a cup of tea. Tritdc khi gap Peter, co dy dd uong mot coc trd. - I visited to my friends after I leaving the company. = I visited tio my friends after I left. Tdi den thdm ban cua toi sau khi toi rdi cong ty. - W hat did you do after coming back from work? = W hat did you do after you came back from work? Ban lam g i sau khi di lam ve?
TINH TUTTHEO SAU BOI GIOI TUfVA DONG DANH TUT 1. Good, bad, excellent, hopesless, slow, fast. Nhiing tinh tii tren dUdc theo sau bdi gidi tii “at” + V-ing de cap tdi kha nang hanh dong cua ai do. Vi du:’ - Tom is good at learning mathematics. Tom gioi hoc toan. - She is so bad at playing piano. Co dy chcti piano that dd. - He's hopeless at teaching maths. Anh dy khong co khd ndng day mon toan. - She is fast at running. Co dy co khd ndng chay nhanh. - She is slow at typing. Co dy ddnh may cham. 152
THANH HA 2. Affraid, frightened, terrified, horrified. Nhiing tinh tii tren diidc sii dung vdi tii “o/” vdi nghia: “sd hai dieu gi”. VI du: - He's afraid o f going out alone at night. Anh dy sd di dem mot minh. - The children was terrified of seeing an accident. Bon tre sd hai khi nhin thay vu tai nan. - She was horrified o f watching a horror film. Co dy sd hai khi xem phim kinh di. - I was frightened o f hearing a sudden scream. Toi sd hai khi nghe tieng thet bat ngd. 3. Interested in, keen on, fond o f + N: thich lam viec gi VI du: - She is interested in reading books at night. Co dy thich doe sach vdo ban dem. - He is interested in going for walk and listening to music. Anh dy thich di bo vd nghe nhac. - My sister is keen on playing with toys. Em gdi toi thich chdi do chdi. - Are you keen on swimming? Ban co thich bdi kh on g? - She is fond o f cooking. Co dy thich nau an. - I’m fond of drawing. Tdi thich ve. 4. Pround, asham ed. “Proud o f ’ + V-ing: tu hao ve viec gi dd. “Asham esed of' + V-ing: xau ho ve viec gi. 153
DONG Tif TIENG ANH Vi du: - He is proud of being a good professor. Ong dy tit hdo la mot giao sit gioi. - We are proud of winning. Chung ta tit hdo vi chien thang. - He felt ashamed of having offended his teacher N o xau ho vi dd xuc pham den thay no. - He is ashamed of losing the match. A nh dy xau ho vi thua trong tran dau. 5. Bored with, fed up with + N: chan lam viec gi. Vi du: - I am bored with listenning this song. Toi chan nghe Bdi hat nay. - He bored with watching this programme. A nh dy chan xem chitctng trinh nay. - Are you fed up with going to school? A nh co chan di hoc khong? - She is fed up with talking to him. Cd dy chan noi chuyen vdi anh ta. 6. Surprised at, amazed at: ngac nhien. Vi du: - We were surprised at hearing that news. Chung tdi ngac nhien khi nghe tin do. - He is surprised at seeing her there. A nh dy ngac nhien trong thay co dy d do. - Are you amazed at receiving his letter? Ban co ngac nhien khi nhan ditdc thit cua anh dy khong? - Is she amazed at coming Pais? Cd dy co ngac nhien khi den Paris khong?
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THANH HA 7. Pleased with: hai long vdi viec lam gi Vf du: - They were all very pleased with helping you. Ho rat vui mitng khi giup ban. - The Governor General is pleased with accepting the invitation. Quan toan quyen san long nhan Idi mdi. - I’m pleased with staying with my husband. Toi hai long khi song vdi chdng cua toi. 8. Excited about: phan chan, ho hdi lam viec gi VI du: - The children are excited about going to school. Bon tre phan chan vdi viec den triidng. - She is excited about listening his call. Co dy hoi hop khi nghe dien thoai cua anh ta. - Are you excited about receiving presents? Ban co hoi hop khi di/cfc nhan qua khong? 9. Sorry for: tiee ve cai gi. VI du: - I’m sorry for com ing there. Tdi tiee khi khong den dd. - She is sorry for driving in this sort of weather. Cd dy thay tiee khi phai lai xe trong thdi tiet nay. - I’m sorry for working this condition. Tdi tiee khi phai lam viec trong dieu kien nay.
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DONG Ttf TIENG ANH DONG TUf THEO SAU BOI GIOI TUTVA D0NG DANH TUf 1. Approve of, disapprove of. Vi du: - The teacher disapprove o f talking in class. Giao vien khong tan thanh viec noi chuyen trong Idp. - Do you approve of playing game in the working hours? Ban co tan thanh viec chdi dien tit trong gid lam viec khong? - I disapprove of drinking. Toi khong tan thanh viec uong rittfu. - She approve of studying hard. Co ay tan thanh viec hoc hdnh cham chi. 2. Apologize for. Vi du: - I apologized for coming late. Toi xin loi vi dd den muon. - They apologized for not being able to attend our wedding party. Ho xin loi vi khong the den di/ dec ciidi cua chung tdi. - He apologize for keeping me waiting. Anh ay xin loi vi bat tdi phai chd dai. 3. Feel like. Vi du: - I feel like laughing. Tdi muon ci/di that to. - She doesn't feel like listening his phone. Co ay khong muon nghe dien thoai cua anh ta. 156
THANH HA - He felt like chatting to someone. A nh ay muon tan gau vdi ai do. - I don’t feel like talking with him. Toi khong thich noi chuyen vdi anh ay. 4. Insist on. Vi du: - She insisted on getting up early and playing her radio loud. Co ay cii khang khang day sdm vd md ddi oang oang. - He insisted on paying bill. Anh ay cii khang khang doi thanh toan hod ddn. - I insited on going with them. Toi nan ni di cung ho. 5. Decide on, decide against. “D ecide on": quyet dinh lam gi “Decide against” : quyet dinh chong lai, khong lam gi Vi du: - We decided on driving car. Chung toi quyet dinh lai o to. - W e decided on building a new house. Chung toi quyet dinh xdy mot ngoi nhd mdi. - They decided against hunting on wild animals. Ho quyet dinh chong lai viec san ban dong vat hoang dd. - Have you decided againsted putting an advertism ent on TV? A nh quyet dinh chong lai viec quang cao tren T.V kh on g?
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DONG TU TIENG ANH 6. Think o f / about. Vi du: - Are you thinking of buying a new car? Anh co dii dinh mua mot chiec xe mdi khong? - I’m thinking of changing my job. Toi dang nghl ve viec thay doi cong viec. - They are thinkink about building a big university here. Ho dang dii dinh xay mot triicfng dai hoc Idn tai day. 7. Complain about. Vi du: - M y mother complains about having to watch football. Me toi phan nan ve viec phai xem bong dd. - They are complaining about being treated badly. Ho phan nan vi bi doi xii te bac. - Customers complain about not being served properly. Khach hang phan nan vi dd khong diicfc phuc vu chu dao. 8. Succeed in. Vi du: - The doctors succeeded in operating on the patient. Cac bac si dd thanh cong trong ca phau thuat cho benh nhan. - He succeeded in doing the business. Anh ta dd thanh cong trong cong viec kinh doanh. - They succeeded in defeating their rivals. 158
THANH HA H o dd thanh cong trong viec ddnh bai cac doi thu cua ho. 9. Dream of. Vi du: - I dream ed o f living happily. Toi md diidc song uui ve. - She dream ed of being a singer. Co ay dd titng md tide la ca si. - Tom dreamed of leading other people. Tom md diidc lanh dao ngiidi khac. 10. Rely on. Vi du: - Can you rely on offered a job by your company? Lieu tdi cd the trdng cay vdo quy cong ty ddnh cho mot viec lam kh on g? - They can’t rely on using the dictionary in exam. H o khong the trdng cay vdo viec sii dung tii dien khi di thi. 11. Carry (go) on. Vi du: - The phone rang but she just carried on listening the music. Dien thoai reo nhiing cd ay van tiep tuc nghe nhac. - She went on reading althought it was very noisy. Cd ay van tiep tuc doe mac du rat dm I. - I felt very tired but they carried on running. Tdi cam thay rat met nhiing ho van tiep tuc chay.
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DONG TUT TIENG ANH DONG TUf THEO SAU BOI TAN NGU, GIOI TI/VA D0NG DANH TU 1. Blame...for Vi du: - M y mother blames me for not studying hard. Me toi khien trdch toi vi dd khong hoc hdnh cham chi. - They blamed their son gor being lazy. Ho khien trdch con trai ho vi litdi bieng. - He blamed her not talking properly care of the children. Anh ta trdch co ay khong cham soc bon tre chu dao. 2. A ccuse...of Vi du: - They accused him of cheating. H o buoc toi anh ta liia dao. - We accused him of being dishonest. Chung toi buoc toi anh ta thieu trung thiic. - People accuse industrial waste of polluting the environment. Ho buoc toi chat thdi cong nghiep gay o nhiem mdi triidng. 3. Suspect...of Vi du: - W hat made you suspect her of having taken money? Dieu g i khien anh nghi ngd co ay lay tien ? - He was suspected of using false money. Ong dy bi nghi ngd la sii dung tien gia. - I suspected him of stealing the shirst. 160
THANH HA Toi nghi ngd anh ay lay cap chiec do. 4. Thank...for Vi du: - I thanked him for helping me. Tdi cam chi anh ta vi dd giup tdi. - Thank you for m aking me a favour. Cam cfn vi da tao dieu kien cho tdi. - He thanked me for showing him to the post office. A nh ay cam cfn tdi vi dd chi diibng cho anh ay tdi bitu dien. 5. Stop (prevent)...from Vi du: - I try to stop him from fighting. Tdi co gan g ngan can anh ta ddnh nhau. - The noise from outside stoped us from concentrating. Tieng on ben ngoai khien chung tdi mat tap trung. - The snow prevented us from driving fast. Tuyet khong cho chung tdi lai xe nhanh. 6. Keep...from Vi du: - I am keeping the boy from falling. Tdi ngan khong cho cau be ngd. - He tries to keep his hat from being blown off. A nh ta co giti chiec mu khong bi bay. - It’s difficult to keep prices from going up. That khd de g id cho gid cd khong tang.
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DONG Ttf TIENG ANH 7. Protect...from Vi du: - You need warm clothes to protect yourself from being cold. Anh phai mac quan do am de khoi bi lanh. - They must protect their children from being danger. Ho phai bao ve con cai cua hg khoi nguy hiem. - We must protect the environment from being polluted. Chung ta phai bao ve mdi triicfng khoi sii o nhiem. 8. Punish...for Vi du: - The teacher punished pupils for talking in class. Giao vien phat hgc sinh vi noi chuyen trong Idp. - Y ou’ll be punished for coming home late. Ban se bi phat vi ve nhd muon. - The director punished her for playing game in the office. Giam doe phat cd dy vi toi chcti dien tii trong van phbng. 9. W arn... against Vi du: - They warned me against coming there. Hg khuyen cao tdi khong nen den do. - She warned us against buying that house. Co dy khuyen cao chung tdi khong nen mua ngoi nhd dd. - The passengers are warned against leaning out of the window. 162
THANH HA Cac hdnh khach ditdc khuyen cao khong nen dita vdo cita so. 10. Forgive...for Vi du: - Please forgive me for not calling to you. Xin hay tha thit cho toi vi dd khong goi cho ban. - She refuse to forgive him for coming late. Co ay tit chdi tha thit cho anh ta vi dd den muon. - I can’t forgive you for telling lies. Toi khong the tha thit cho anh vi anh dd noi doi. 11. Discourage...from Vi du: - The bad weather discourged us from going out. Thdi tiet xau khien chung tdi khong muon ra ngoai. - Difficulties discourged him from working. Nhitng khd khan khien anh ta khong muon lam viec. - The first failure discouraged him from continuing the match. That bai dau tien khien anh ta khong muon tiep tuc tran dau. 12. Congratulate...on Vi du: - They congratulate me on finishing mission. Ho chuc mitng tdi vi tdi dd hoan thanh nhiem vu. - She congratulated them on passing the exam. Co dy chuc mitng ho ve viec ho thi dd. - I congratulated him on coming here safely. Tdi chuc mitng anh dy dd den day an toan. 163
DONG TU TIENG ANH
CAC THANH NGUTSLTDUNG DONG DANH TUf 1. Have difficulty (trouble). Vi du: - Most of us have difficulty spelling some Russian words. Hau het chung ta deu gap khd khan trong viec ddnh van mot so tit tieng Nga. - He had no difficulty using this software . Anh ta khong gap kho khan g i trong viec sit dung phan mem nay. - They have a lot of trouble reading his hand writing. Ho gap nhieu kho khan trong viec doc chit viet cua anh dy. * Chu y: “D ifficu lty’ hoac “trou b le' deu d dang danh tif so it, chu khong d dang danh tu" so nhieu. Vi du: - I have no difficulty reading English. Tdi khong gap kho khan gi trong viec doc tieng Anh. - He had trouble self- studying. Anh ay gap kho khan trong viec tit hoc. Ban cung co the dung “difficulty in + V-ing". - We have difficulty in getting to London. Chung toi gap kho khan trong viec di t&i Ludn Don. 2 . There s no poit in. Vi du: - There's no point in helping him. That vd ich khi giup anh ta. 164
THANH HA - There’s no point in hurrying. Vdi va cung chdng ich chi. 3. It’s no good (use) Vi du: - It’s no good smoking. Hut thuoc khong co Icfi. - It’s no good trying to persuade me. Ditng cd gan g thuyet phuc tdi. - It’s no use drinking wine much. Uong riCOu nhieu chdng cd ich lai gi. 4. It’s a waste o f time (money). Vi du: - It’s a waste time of time explaining for you. That p h i thdi gian gidi thich cho anh. - It’s a waste o f money watching that match. That p h i tien xem tran dau dd. 5. It’s worth. Vi du: - Is this film worth watching? Bo phim nay cd dang xem kh ong? - It’s not worth getting angry. Chuyen nay khong dang phai cau gian. - It’s not worth taking a taxi. Chdng dang phai di tac xi dau.
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OQNC TINH TIT CAU TAO DONG TINH TlS 1. Hai loai dong tinh tif. Tif mot so dong tif trong tieng Anh, chung ta co the cau tao difdc hai loai dong tinh tii la dong tinh tif hien tai (V-ing) va dong tinh tif qua khii. (V-ed). Dong tinh tii hien tai mang tinh chu dong, dien ta ban chat that cua ngifdi hay sii vat, sii viec. Dong tinh tii qua khii mang tinh bi dong, dien ta cam xuc hay suy nghi cua ai dd ve sii vat, sii viec. Vi du: - He was surpried that she passed the exam. Anh ta ngac nhien la co dy dd vitot qua ky thi. - It was surprising that she passed the exam. That ngac nhien la cd ay dd vitcit qua ky thi. - I’m interested in that interesting match. Tdi thich tran dau thu vi dd. 2. Nhufng cap dong tinh tif. Nhii da noi d tren, mot so" dong tii cd the cau tao thanh dong tinh tif hien tai hoac dong tinh tif qua khii. Difdi day la danh sach nhiing cap dong tinh tif nhif vay. sastisfying: lam hai long satisfied: hai long confusing: gay bdi roi confused: thay boi roi fascinating: lam me hon fascinated: bi me hoac horrifying: gay kinh hoang horrified: kinh hoang exhausting: lam kiet site exhausted: thay kiet si/c exciting: hdp dan excited: bi kich dong annoying: lam kho chiu annoyed: thay kho chiu amuzed: thay thich thu amuzing: hay, thich thu terrified: khiep stf terrifying: kinh khiep embarrassed: boi roi embarrassing: gay roi 166
THANH HA worrying: lam lo lang depressing: lam mat tinh than disgusting: lam ghe tdm frightening: lam sd hai astonishing: gay kinh ngac shocking: gay xuc dong tiring: lam cho met interesting: hdp dan boring: nham chan, buon te disappointing: lam that vong
worried: lo lang depressed: nhut chi disgusted: kho chiu frightened: sQ hai astonished: kinh ngac shocked: xuc dong tired: thay met interested: thich thu bored: thay buon chan disappointed: that vong
Vi du: - She is always tired when she gets home from work. Cd dy luc nao cung met khi di lam ve den nhd. - He has a very tiring job. Anh ta co mot cong viec khien anh ta met moi. - She’s satisfied with the result. Cd dy that hai long vdi ket qua do. - The result is satisfying. K et qua do lam toi hai long.
CACH DUNG DONG TINH TUT 1. Dung trong cac thi tiep dien (vdi dong tif hien tai). Vi du: - I am worrying about my husband. Toi dang lo lang ve chong cua toi. - She is listening music. Co dy dang nghe nhac. - Tom has been studying French for 3 years. Tom dd hoc tieng Phap di/dc 3 ndm roi. - They were having lunch at 12 o’clock yesterday. 167
DONG Tif TIENG ANH Ho dang dung biia triia vdo 12 gid ngay hom qua. 2. Dung nhif mot tinh tif. a. Lam tinh nguf. Vi du: - It’s a terrifying story. Do la mot cau chuyen khiing khiep. - She is taking a burning candle. Co dy dang cam mot cay nen dang chay. b. Lam bo nguf. Vi du: - She looked rather worried. Co dy trong co ve lo lang. - The smell is so annoying. Min that kho chiu. - The story is shocking. Cau chuyen that xuc dong. - It was an embarrassing situation. Do la. tinh huong gay bdi roi. 3. Dung ttfdng during vdi menh de tinh nguf. Trong trUdng hdp nay menh de tinh ngul dUdc viet d dang n it gon la dong tinh tii hien tai hoac dong tinh tir qua khii. Vi du: - The boy walking with Tom is my son. = The boy who is walking with Tom is my son. Cau be dang di vdi Tom la con trai toi. - The man driving the motor didn't see the old woman. = The man who was driving the motor didn’t see the old woman. 168
THANH HA Ngudi dan ong dang lai xe khong trdng thay ba gid. - The computer repaired by that man was bad damage. = The computer which was repaired by that man was in bad damage. Chiec may tinh dUcfc sUa bdi ngudi dan ong kia bi hong nang. 4. Dung tifdng dvfofng vdi menh de trang ngd". Tiidng tu nhu! triidng hdp cua menh de tinh ngii, menh de trang ngii trong trUOng hdp nay cung dUdc rut gon d dang dong tinh tii hien tai hoac dong tinh tii d qua khii. VI du: ,. - W hen asked that question, she was unable to answer. = W hen she was asked that question, she was unable to answer. Khi du$c hoi cau hoi do, co dy dd khong the trd Idi dtidc. - Hearing a noise, the teacher stopped explaining. = As the teacher hear a noise, she stopped explaining. Khi nghe thay tieng on, giao vien ngiing giang. - Not having received his answer, I called again. = Because I hadn’t received his answer, I called again. Bcti vi tdi k h o n g n h a n dUdc cau trd Idi cu a a n h ta, tdi g o i lai m o t Ian nUa.
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* Chu y: - Dong tinh tii co the sii dung vdi dang so sanh m o r e ” va “ m o s t ” . 169
DONG TiT TIENG ANH Vi du: - That is the most interesting thing. Do la dieu thu vi nhat. - She is more working hard than his sister. Co ta cham chi hcfn em gai cua minh. - Co the hop vdi danh tif, tinh tif hoac pho tif thanh tinh tif ghep. Vi du: - He is a good-looking young man. Anh ay la mot thanh nien dep trai. - It’s a hand-made bag. Do la chiec tui diidc lam bang tay. - He is clean-shaven. R&u ong ay nhan nhui. - They are under-developed countries. Do la nhitng quoc gia kem phat trien. - Co the ket hop mao tif “the” v6i dong tinh tif qua khii de dien ta mot danh tif tap hop. Vi du: - The injured died no longer after the terrible accident. Nhitng ngitdi bi, thitdng dd chet khong lau sau vu tai nan khung khiep. - The wounded were sent to nearby hospital. Nhiing ngitdi bi thitdng dd diidc chuyen den benh vien gan do. - A disabled man who is unable to work is lising in our street Ngitdi dan ong tat nguyen, khong the lam viec, song trong pho chung ta.
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THANH HA
NHUNG CACH SUDUNG DAC BIET CUA DdNG TINH TUf 1. Lam bo ngvf cua tan nguf Dong tinh tif trong trifdng hdp nay khong chi bo nghia cho danh tit, ma ket hdp vdi danh tvf hay dai tvf tao thanh mot nhom tvf chat che goi la tan ngii phiic hdp (complex object) bo nghia cho nhiing dong tvf di trvfdc, chi dung vdi mot so" dong tif: “have, see, hear, fee, find, make, want, get, lik e ,.......” Vi du: - I could see it snowing. Toi co the thay tuyet dang rcti. - I feel pain from the injury. Toi thay dau d cho bi thitdng. - He is finding it difficult to pay attention. A nh ta thay rat kho de tap trung. - ‘Your hair wants cutting,’ said the Hatter Toe cua ban muon ditdc cat roi day. - Hatter noi. 2. Cau tr ue dong tinh tvf doc lap Trong trifdng hdp tvfdng dvfdng vdi mot trang ngii, quy tac chung la dong tinh tif co quan he ve nghia vdi chu nguf trong cau. Vi du: - W ith the m aster being absent, a thief entered the window. = As the m aster was absent, a thief entered the window. Khi chu nhd di vang, ten trom di vdo bang loi cita so. Tuv nhien khong the viet: “W ith the m aster being absent, the window was entered 171
DONG TU TIENG ANH Trong cau nay, “being absent” khong co qua he gi vdi “window Co hai triidng hdp dong tinh tif khong quan he vdi chu ngii trong cau, nen goi la cau true doc lap. Vi du khac: - W ith anger having been kindled, wisdom sleeps. Gian qua mat khon - Carrying a heavy pile of books, his foot caught on a step. M ang mot chong sach nang, anh ta dd vap ngd. - Having been a gymnast, Lynn knew the importance of exercise. Ld mot huan luyen vien the due, Lynn biet tam quan trong cua viec tap luyen. - Arriving at the store, I found that it was closed. Den cita hang, toi mdi thay rang no dong cita. - Getting up at five, we got an early start. Thiic day luc 5 gid, chung toi khdi hdnh sdm. a. Dong tinh tif co chu ngif rieng. Vi du: - W eather permiting, we will go to the sea. = If the weather permiting, we will go to the sea. Neu thdi tiet cho phep, chung tdi se di bien. - New year being a holiday, the shops were all closed. = As new year was a holiday, the shops were all closed. Bdi vi ndm mdi la ki nghi, tat cd cac cita hang deu dong cita. b. Trong mot so thanh nguf thong dung. Vi du: - Frankly speaking, I love him. Noi thang ra la toi yeu anh ay. 172
THANH HA - There were four or five of us, counting me. Cd bon hoac ndm ngitdi trong chung ta, ke cd toi. - One girl was standing on the stage, excluding M aster of Ceremonies. M ot co gdi ditng tren san khau, chiia ke ngitdi dan chitdng trinh.
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DONG TUT TIENG ANH D O N G T IT T H E O S A U BCH GICH T lT DONG TUTTHEO SAU BOI GIOI TU FOR account for something: chiem allow for something: xem xet apologize for something: xin loi ui dieu gi apologize for somebody: xin loi ho ai apply for something: xin viec blame someone for something: trdch cii ai ve dieu gi care for someone (something): cham soc, quan tam cater for someone (something): phuc vu, cung cap charge someone for something: ket toi ai vi cai gi count for something: cd Idi tii viec gi look for someone (something): tim kiem pay for someone (something): thanh toan search for someone (something): luc soat, tim ai, cai
gi wait for someone (something): chd ddi ai, cai gi Vi du: - Don't wait dinner for me. Cii an triidc dung ddi toi. - They were searching for a missing aircraft. H o dang tim kiem chiec may bay mat tich. - I must apologize for my late arrival. Toi phai xin loi vi den muon. - She is a nurse. She likes to care for her patients. Cd ay la y td. Co dy thich cham soc benh nhan cua minh. - I count for nothing in this work. Tdi khong cd Idi g i trong viec nay cd. - I will earmark this money for your research. Toi danh so tien nay cho viec nghien citu cua anh. - He was charged for making mistakes. 174
THANH HA A nh ay bi ket toi dd gay ra loi. - He blamed me for his joblessness. Ong ay do loi cho toi ve viec ong ay that nghiep. - I need apply for a part-time job. Toi can xin mot cong viec ban thdi gian. - Her parents paid for her to go abroad. Bo me co ta trd tien cho chuyen di ntidc ngoai cua co ta.
DONG TUTTHEO SAU BOI Gift TUTTO answer to something: trd Idi, dap lai dieu g i appeal to someone: nai ni ai It appeals to me: toi thich y kien nay apply oneself to something: chuyen tam apply to something: ting dung vdo cai g i attend to something said (heard): theo dieu dtitic noi (nghe thay) attribute something to someone: cung cap g i cho ai commit oneself to something: cam ket confess to something: thu nhan devote oneself to something: cong hien be used to doing something: quen lam viec g i prefer one thing to another thing: thich cai nay hcfn cai khac react to something: phan ting lai refer to something: de cap tdi, dm chi refer someone to someone: dtia den, gtii den be resigned to something: bi tii chtic vi dieu g i resort to something: phai sti dung den, viec den see to something: dam bao chdc chan belong to someone: thuoc ve ai subject someone to something: lam cho ai phai chiu dting cai g i 175
DONG TUT TIENG ANH succeed to the throne: ke vi ngai vang Vi du: - The power belongs to the people. Chinh quyen thuoc ve tay nhan dan. - He used to smoking a pipe. Bo toi quen hut tau. - The matter must be referred to a tribunal. Van de diidc chuyen den mot tod an de xet xii. - I referred my baby to a teacher. Toi giii con cua toi cho mot co giao. - W hen the king died, his oldest son succeeded to the throne. Khi nhd vua bang ha, thdi tii ke vi ngoi bau. - You will only pass your exams if you really apply to your work. Anh chi co the thi do neu thiic sii chuyen tam vdo viec hoc tap cua minh. - He devoted him self to the revolutionary cause. Ong ay cong hien cd cuoc ddi cho sii nghiep cach mang. - I was surprised as he reacted to the news. Toi thay ngac nhien khi anh ta phan ting lai vdi thong tin do. - I prefer beer to wine. Toi thich bia hdn rtidu. - The prisoner refused to confess his crime. Ngiidi tii khong chiu thu nhan toi loi cita anh ta. - You should answer to his question. Anh nen trd Icfi cau hoi cua anh dy.
DONG TIJTTHEO SAU BOI GIOI TO OF accuse someone of something: buoc toi, ket toi take care of someone (something): trong nom Isoc ) 176
THANH HA die o f an illness: chet vi benh hear o f someone (something): nghe biet den ai (cai g i)
think o f someone (something): nhd den, nghl den ai (cai gi) remind someone o f something: nhac ai nhd den cai
gi
suspect someone o f somthing: nghi ngd ai ve chuyen
gi Vi du: - They accused Tom o f cheating. Ho buoc toi Tom lita dao. - You should take care of your parents. Ban nen cham soc bo me ban. - W hy didn’t you think of me? Tai sao anh khong nhd den tdi ? - This song reminds me of France. Bdi hat nay nhac tdi nhd ve nitdc Phap - What made you suspect her of having taken money? Dieu g i khien anh nghi cd dy lay tien. - Have you ever heard of that hotel? Co bao gid anh nghe noi den khach san do chiia? - His father died of liver cancer. Bo co dy chet vi benh ung thitgan.
DONG TUTTHEO SAU BOI GIOI TUT ON base som ething on something: dita vdo, can cii vdo , blame som ething on something: do Idi, do trdch nhiem ve cai g i cho ai centre som ething on something: tap trung vdo concentrate on something: tap trung vdo viec g i
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DONG TUT TIENG ANH congratulate someone on something: chuc mitng ai vi cai g i decide on something: quyet dinh viec gi depend on someone (something): phu thuoc vdo ai (cai gi) elaborate on something: thoa thuan chi tiet mot viec gi impose on someone: Idi dung ai insist on something / someone doing something: khang khang doi ai lam viec gi. pride oneself on something: tit hdo, hdnh dien ve dieu gi spend money on something: tieu xai, bo ph i vdo viec gi Vf du: - I base my hopes on the good news we had yesterday. Hy vong cua tdi dita vdo cai tin tot lanh chung toi nhan ngay hom qua. - The young wife blames her sterility on her old husband. Cd vd tre do loi cho ong chong gid ve tinh trang vo sinh cua co. - She decided on the black car. Cd ta quyet dinh chon chiec xe mau den. - Children depend on their parents for food and clothing. Bon tre nhd vdo bo me md co cai an cai mac. - They elaborated on a problem. Ho thao luan them ve mot van de. - I hope it's not imposing on you. Tdi mong day khong phai la Idi dung anh. - I have to spend a lot of money on travelling.
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THANH HA Toi phai chi tieu nhieu tien cho viec di lai. - She prides herself on her cooking. Co dy tii hdo ve tdi nau nitdng cua minh.
DONG TUTTHEO SAU BOI Gift TUTABOUT agree about something: tranh luan ve dieu gi be concerned (worried) about something: lo lang ve dieu g i boast about something: khoac lac, huyenh hoang ve cai g i dream about someone (something): md ve, md thay ai (cai gi) think about someone (something): xem xet, can nhac ve ai (cai gi) protest about something: chong lai cai g i do som ething about something: lam chuyen g i de cai thien tinh hinh rem ind someone about something: nhac ai ditng quen dieu g i warn som eone about someone (something): cdnh cao, noi cho ai biet tritdc ve ngitdi nao do (dieu g i do) V i du: - The police have warned shopkeepers about shoplifters. Cdnh sat dd cdnh bao cac chu tiem de phbng bon trom gid lam khach hang. - I rem ined her about the meeting. Toi dd nhac co dy ve cuoc hop. - The com pany ought to do something about the poor service Cong ty phai lam viec g i do nham khac phuc viec phuc vu kem coi. - W hat are you thinking about? 179
DONG TU TIENG ANH Ban dang nghl ve chuyen gi vay? - I dreamt about you last night. Dem qua tdi da met ve anh. - The leaders protested about the nuclear weapons. Cac nha lanh dao dd phan doi cac loai vu khi hat nhan. - He is boasting about his company. Anh ta huyenh hoang ve cong ty cua anh ta.
DONG TUTTHEO SAU BOI GIOI TUf WITH acquaint someone with something: lam cho ai quen vdi cai g i associate something with someone: gan, ket hap, lien titdng charge someone with something: buoc toi ai ve cai gi chutter with something: day, bi/a bon coincide with somthing: xay ra dong thdi, trung vdi collide with something: dam manh vdo comply with something: tuan theo confront someone with something: lam cho ai do phai di/ctng dau vdi dieu gi do. confuse someone (something) with someone (something): nham Ian ai (cai gi) vdi ai (cai) khac cram with something: tong day vdi cai gi deal with someone (something): ddi mat vdi ai (cdi g i1 discuss something with somebody: thao ludn dieu g i vdi a i face with something: ddi mat vdi dieu gi ingratiate oneself with someone: lay long ai meet with something: gap phai. vap phai
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THANH HA pack with something: bao boc plead with someone: hai long vdi ai provide someone with something: cung cap cho ai cai g i tamper with something: can thiep vdo chuyen g i trust someone with something: tin titdng ai ve chuyen g i Vi du: - Someone tampered with the documents on my desk. A i do dd can thiep vdo vdo tdi lieu cua toi d tren ban. -. Should not be confused this construction with the regular passive. Khong nen nham Ian cau true cau nay vdi the bi dong thong thitdng. - They confronted the prisoner with his accusers. Ho cho ten tu ddi chat vdi nhitng ngitdi td cao hdn. - An editorial cramm ed with quotations. Bdi xa luan day nghet nhitng cau trich dan. - She tried to ingratiate herself with the director, in the hope o f getting promotion. Co ta c o la y long ong giam doc de ditdc de bat. - Her arrival coincided with our departure. Viec co dy den trung vdi sit ra di cua chung toi. - He acquainted you with this poet. Anh ta lam cho ban quen vdi Bdi thd nay. - A ship collied with a boat in the fog. Chiec tau dd va phai chiec thuyen trong sitctng mil. - He met with an accident on the way to school. Cau ta dd gap tai nan tren ditdng tdi tri/dng.
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DONG TifTliNG ANH - The firm has provided me with a car. Cong ty dd cap cho toi mot chiec o to.
DONG TUTTHEO SAU BOI 61ft TUT IN absorbed in something: me mdi, say me confide in someone: tin titdng ai believe in something: tin vdi dieu g i do, tin co cai gi do implicate someone in something: cho thay ai lien quan den cai gi involve someone in something: loi keo ai vdo viec gi result in something: gay ra cai gi specialise in something: la chuyen gia ve cai gi succeed in something: thanh cong ve cai gi Vi du: - He absorbed in the study of Marxism-Leninism. Ong ay mdi me nghien citu chu nghia MacLenin. - You should confide in yourself. Ban nen tin titdng vdo ban than minh. - I believe in his honesty. Toi tin d sit chan that cua anh ta. - They im plicated him in the murder. Chung dd tim cach lam cho ong ay dinh liu vdo vu giet ngitdi. - He involved Peter in football poons. Anh ta dd loi keo Peter vdo tro cd do bong dd. - His recklessness resulted in failure. Sit lieu linh khinh suat cua hdn dd dan den that bai. - This shop specializes in chocolates. Cita hang nay chuyen ban so co la. - He succeed in convincing the strikers.
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THANH HA A nh ta dd thanh cong trong viec thuyet phuc nhitng ngitdi dinh cong.
DdNG TlX THEO SAU BOI GIOI TUT FROM bar someone from a place: ngan khong cho ai vdo benefit from something something: cd Ich tit viec g i derive something from something: nhan ditdc, rut ra ditdc tit cai g i borrow something from someone: mitdn cai g i cua ai, mitdn ai cai g i deter someone from something: ngan ai khoi cai g i differ from something: khac cai g i distract someone from something: lam dang tri, lam roi tri distinguish one thing from another thing: phan biet cai nay vdi cai khac protect someone from something: bao ve ai khoi cai
gi exempt someone from something: mien khoi cai g i refrain from something: kim lai, co nin, co nhin resign from something: tit chitc result from something: gay ra bdi cai g i stem from something: xuat phat, nay sinh tit suffer from something: chiu ditng cai g i translate from one language into another language: dich tit ngon ngit nay sang ngon ngit khac. Vi du: - The security guard barred him from the company. Nhan vien bao ve ngan khong cho anh ta vdo cong ty. - Everybody can benefit from this work. Moi ngitcfi deu co the co len tit cong viec nay.
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DONG TUT TIENG ANH - He derived pleasure from driving. Anh ay tim thay niem vui trong viec dua xe. - They borrowed a sum of money from my mother. Ho dd vay mot it tien cua me toi. - We deterred Peter from fighting. Chung tdi ngan khong cho Peter ddnh nhau. - In this respect, English differs from French. Ve mat nay, tieng Anh khac tieng Phap. - The male is distinguished from the female by its red beak. Con diic phan biet diidc vdi con cai nhd cai mo do. - They distracted him attention from more im portant matters. Chung lam anh dy roi tri khong chu y den nhiing van de quan trong hcfn. - You need warm clothes to protect yourself from the cold. Anh phai mac quan do dm de khoi bi lanh. - The Goverment exempted him from taxes. Chinh phu dd mien thue cho ong ta. - He was expelled from school. Anh ta dd bi duoii khoi triicfng hoc. - He tried to refrain from smoking Anh dy c d gang nhin thuoc. - He was forced to resign from the chairman. Ong dy bi buoc thdi chiic chu tich. - Poverty resulting from the arms race. Sii ngheo ddi la do chay dua vu trang gay ra. - His poems have been translated from Russian into Vietnamese. Nhiing Bdi thd cua ong dy diidc dich tii tieng Nga sang tieng Viet.
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THANH HA
OdNG TUT THEO SAU BOI G ift Tif AT glance at something: liec qua cai g i guess at something: doan cai g i laugh (smile) at someone (something): ciicfi (mim ciicfi) vdi ai (cai gi) hint at something: noi bong gid, gcfi y dieu g i marvel at something: kham phuc dieu g i look at someone: nhin ai ( cai gi) shout at someone: quat thao ai point (aim) something at someone (something): nham, chia cai g i vdo ai (cai gi) throw something at someone (something): nem vat g i vdo ai (vat khac) Vi du: - She glanced at me, then went out. Co ta liec toi roi di ra. - I can guest at the end o f film. Tdi co the doan ditcfc ket thuc bo phim. Everyone laughed at me when I said I believed in ghosts. Ai cung ciicfi toi khi tdi tin la cd ma. - She hinted at the possibility o f his coming. Cd dy noi bong gid cd the anh ta se den. - I marvelled at her boldness. Tdi than phuc triidc sii tao bao cua cd ay. - Don't shout at me. Ditng quat tdi. - He pointed a gun at me. Hdn chia sung vdo toi. - Someone threw a book at him while he was writing. A i do dd nem quyen sach vdo anh dy khi anh dy dang viet.
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DONG TIT TIENG ANH
DONG TUTTHEO SAU BOI NHUNG Gift TUT KHAC devide (cut, split) something into two or more parts: chia nho thanh nhieu phan insure something against something: bao ve cai gi khoi cai khac regard someone (something) as something: coi ai (chuyen gi) nhii... phase something out: huy bo titng budc Vi du: - This novel is divided into chapters. Cuon tieu thuyet nay dtidc chia thanh nhieu chUcmg. He was cutting the paper into two parts when she came into the room. A nh ta dang cat td giay thanh 2 phan khi co ay btidc vao phbng. - Care insures one against error. S u can than dam bao cho ngtidi ta khoi bi lam Ian. - I regard your suggestion as worthy. Tdi cho rang y kien cua anh ta that quy gid. - The old currency will have been phased out by 2010. Tien cu se bi huy titng budc tit ndm 2010.
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THANH HA
CUM DONG TIT •
•
NHUNG NET CHUNG CUA CUM DONG TUT Trong tieng Anh, dong tii thudng di kem vdi cac tieu tiif (particle), vi du: “go away”, “turn the light off', ....... Dong tii cung thudng ket hop vdi gidi tii (xem chi tiet Bai 15). Nhiing sii ket hop nay cua dong tii that de hieu bdi chung ta co the biet nghia cua chung tii rieng dong tii va tieu tii hay gidi tii. Vi du “turn the light o f f ' co nghia “tat den di” . Tuy nhien, doi khi sii ket hdp nay khong de dang co the hieu dUdc. Hay xem sii ket hop cua “check in" (verb + particle) trong cau sau: - When you arrive at the convention, be sure to check in at the registration desk. “check” khong co nghia la “kiem tra” va “in” khong co nghia la “ben trong, phia trong”. Sii ket hop cua hai tii nay chi co the hieu dUOc khi coi chung la mot don vi tii, nghia la “dang ky”. Khi mot dong tii ket hdp vdi mot tieu tii hay mot gidi tii co nghia dUdc goi la cum dong tii.
Vi du: - The house I live in gose back to the 15th century. Ngoi nha toi dang song co til the ky 15. - Let’s call on Paul and Jan tonight. Chung ta hay ghe thdm Paul vd Jan vdo toi nay. - Does John take after his mother or his father? John co gion g me hoac bo'cua anh ta khong? Tan nguf cua cum dong tif. Trong van viet hoac van noi, ban se gap nhiing cum dong tii co kem theo tan ngii. Tan ngO cd the cd hai vi
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DONG TU TIENG ANH tri: diing sau cum dong tii hoac dOfng gitia dong tii va tieu tii. Vi du: - The teacher told the children off for not doing their homework. = The teacher told off the children for not doing their homeworks. Giao vien phe binh bon tre vi chung khong lam Bdi tap ve nhd. - I turn the TV on. = I turn on the TV. Toi bat ti vi. - A farmer took the travelers in during the snow storm. - = A farmer took in the travelers during the snow storm. Ngitdi ndng dan cho nhitng ngitdi du lich tru trong suo't tran bao tuyet. Khi tan ngii cua cum dong tii la mot dai tii, nhitng dai tii nay thUdng diing trUdc tieu tii, gidi tii. Vi du: - W hat do you take me for? I’m a married girl! A nh cho rang toi la ai? Tdi la ngitdi phu nit dd co chdng! - You need throw it away. Ban can quang no di. She put up with him for years. Ba ta dd chiu ditng ong ay trong nhieu ndm. Here are the things you need to do. Please check each one off when you've finished it. Day la nhitng thit anh can lam. Hay kiem tra titng thit khi anh lam xong. X
-
-
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THANH HA - Suzie's brother was depressed about not getting a promotion, so she sent him a funny card to cheer him up. A nh trai Suzie that vong vi khong diidc thang chiic, vi vay co ay dd giii mot tam thiep vui de lam anh ay vui len. - Tom's father was really angry when Tom didn't come home until 3:00 AM. He chewed Tom out and then said Tom had to stay at home for two weeks." Bo Tom rat biic vi mdi 3 gid sang anh ta mdi ve nhd. Ong ay m ang Tom vd bat anh ta phai d nhd trong 2 tuan. Cum dong tii va gidi tvf Trong tieng Anh, mot so cum dong tvf cung ket hdp vdi mot so gidi tif nhat dinh. Trong trUdng hdp nay, tan ngvf luon di sau gi 6i tvf. Vi du: - I've lost my extra car keys. If you come across them while your're cleaning the room, please put them in a safe place. Toi lam mat chiec chia khoa dii phbng. Neu chi thay chung khi don phbng thi hay de chung vdo mot chd cho toi. - George won't be at the office today. He came down with the flu over the weekend." Horn nay George khong den van phbng. Anh ta bi cum tii ky nghi cuoi tuan. - I'm counting on you to wake me up tomorrow. I know I won't hear the alarm. Toi nhd anh danh thiic tdi vdo ngay mai. Tdi biet tdi se khong nghe thay tieng chuong.
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DONG TIT TIENG ANH NHUNG CUM DdNG TljT THUDNG GAP Dudi day la nhiing cum dong tii thudng gap nhat va dUOc sii dung pho bien nhat. Mot so cum dong tii co the
nhieu hdn mot nghia.
1. Nhufng dong tvf bat dau bang “A”. abound in: nhieu, day account for: gidi thich act for: dai dien add on: th em vao add up: cd nghia add up to: titdng ditdng allow for: cong vdo, bao gom ask after: hoi thdm site khoe answer back: noi nang Idi V i du: - Coal abounds in our country. Than dd co nhieu d nitdc ta. - The director has been acting for chairman in all affairrs. Giam doc dd thay chu tich gidi auyet moi viec. - We added up the bill to check it was correct. Chung toi cong hod ddn vd kiem tra xem no co dung khong. - She explained why the work wasn't ready, but her story doesn't add up. Co ay gidi thich vi sao cong viec khong xong, nhitng cau chuyen cua cd ay khong co nghia gi cd. - They allowed for the delays caused by bad weather. H o dd tinh den sit cham tre do thdi tiet xau gay ra. 190
THANH HA - He always asks after you in his letters. Trong thit luc nao ong ay cung hoi thdm anh. 2 . Nhtfng cum dong tvf bat dau bang “B”. back down: nhitdng bo, nhiin nhitdng, rut lui bag out: chi trich, binh ludn bargain for: san sang, chap nhan be fed up: buon chan bear down: ddnh bai bear out: thita nhan beat up: tan cong black out: mat dien blash off: phong ten lita break down: mat binh tinh, oa khoc, ngitng hoat dong break off: ngitng noi, cat ditt quan he break up: vd ra nhieu manh, ket thuc bring about: gay ra, dan tdi bring off: hoan thanh, lam xong bring on: khuyen khich phat trien bring round: ga y anh hiidng bring up: de cap tdi buy off: mua chuoc Vf du: - She refused to back down and was fired. - Co ta tit chdi rut lui vd d a bi ban. - W e didn’t exactly bargain for him returning like that.
Chung tdi chiia hoan toan san sang cho sit trd lai cua anh ta nhii vay. - This expectation wasn’t borne out. Sit gid dinh nay khong ditdc thiia nhan. - She broke down in tears.
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DONG TUT TIENG ANH Cd ta oa khoc. - She broke off their engagement when she found out that he’d been unfaithful. Co ta bo dinh hon khi phat hien ra rang anh ta khong chung thuy. - The plate broke up when he dropped it on the floor. Chiec dia vd tan khi anh ta lam no rcri xuong san nhd. - This bill, together with that concerning private pensions, will bring about the reform of the pension system in Romania. Hod dcfn nay, cung vdi khoan Idctng htiu lien quan cua mdi cd nhan, se tao ra su: cai cach he thong litcfng d Romania. - W hen you bring something off, you succeed in something. - My parents brought me on my studying. Bo me toi khuyen khich toi hoc tap. - She brought the meeting round to my point of view. Co dy buoc cuoc h op phai chap nhan quan diem cua toi. - I don’t like to bring up that private question. Toi khong muon de cap tdi cau hoi rieng tit do. - If you’re truing to buy me off, I’m afraid you’ve come to wrong person. Neu anh co gang mua chuoc toi, tdi e rang anh da. den nham ngitdi. 3. NhCfng cum dong tvf bat dau bang chuf cai “C” . call off: t d bo
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THANH HA call round: thdm, tat qua call up: goi dien calm down: thit gian, g iit binh tinh carry off: chien thang, thanh cong carry on: tiep tuc carry out: thitc hien cash in: cd lai, hitdng lai catch up in: tham gia, dinh liu come across : tinh cd gap come about: xdy ra come by: dat ditdc, gianh ditdc come down: dita ra ket luan come down to: co nghia la come in for: nhan (thitdng la nhitng Idi chi trich) come in on: tham gia come off: bien mat come on: tiep tuc come under: bi kiem soat, dieu khien come up: xdy ra, xuat hien com e up against: gap kho khan come up to: titdng ditong come up with: suy nghl count on: tin titdng crop up: xdy ra ngoai y muon cut down: giam , lam do Vi du: - Let’s call round them. Chung ta hay gh e thdm ho. - Call me up when you get there. Hay goi cho tdi ngay khi anh den do - Carry on working! Tiep tuc lam viec di - It's going to be difficult to carry out that plan.
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DONG TU TIENG ANH Se rat kho d eth itc hien ke hoach do. - The idea eventually caught on and became all the rage by the 1980s. y titdng trd nen pho bien vd trd thanh thinh hdnh trong nhitng ndm 80. - Max is hoping that being short, fat, and bald will catch on. M ax hy vong than hinh liin, beo, vd dau hoi se trd thanh pho bien. - How did that come about? Viec do dd xdy ra nhit the nao? - I’m not sure how I came by this hat. Toi khong chdc se gianh ditdc chiec mu bang cach nao. - Not long ago, I came across an old fnend from the gang. I won't say his name for privacy reasons. Cach day khong lau, toi tinh cd gap ban cu trong dam ban. Toi khong goi anh ta vi mot vdi ly do rieng. - How's dinner coming on? I'm starving. Bita toi van tiep tuc day chit? Toi doi qua. - If you want to come in on the plan, you'll have to decide quickly. Neu anh muon tham gia ke hoach nay, anh phai quyet dinh nhanh. - I don’t think these ink-marks will come out of your shirst. Toi khong nghi la nhitng vet mite do se bien mat khoi do cua anh. - The children come under thier parents. Bon tre thuoc sit quan ly cua bo me chung.
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THANH HA - You'd better make sure you know these verbs because they always come up in the exam. Ban nen chdc chan rang ban thuoc nhiing dong tii nay vi chung luon xuat hien trong Bdi thi. - He came up against problems in his studying. Anh dy gap mot vdi kho khan trong viec hoc tap. - Ask Mary. You can always count on her to know the latest information. Hay hoi Mary. Ban co the luon tin tiidng vdo cd dy de biet tin tiic mdi nhat. - People with diabetes are usually advised to cut down on sugar and sugary foods. Nhiing ngitdi bi tieu diidng lupn diidc khuyen giam diidng vd cac san pham co diidng. 4. Nhvfng cum dong tvf bat dau bang “D”. dawn on: trd nen ro rang, he nd deliver over: dau hang dispose of: gidi quyet do away with: xoa bo, tii bo do in: giet do up: trang tri dress up: mac quan do dep draw up: di den hoi ket thuc drop in: gh e thdm drop off: ngii duck out of: tranh dwell on: nhac di nhac lai Vi du: - A smile dawning on her lips. Nu ciidi he nd tren mdi cd dy. - They were forced to deliver over the opposite. H o buoc phai dau hang ddi phiidng.
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DONG TiT TIENG ANH - The president ruthlessly disposed of his rivals Tong thong dd gidi quyet cac ddi thu cua minh mot cach tan nhan. - She thinks it's time we do away with the monarchy Co dy nghl dd den luc xoa bo nen quan chu. - This man did in his wife. Ngitdi dan ong nay dd giet vd cua anh ta. - W e are doing our house up. Chung toi dang trang tri ngoi nhd. - A convoy of buses drew up at the airport and they all climbed on board. Doan xe buyt ho tong ditng d san bay, vd ho len may bay. - I thought I'd dropped in and say hello. Toi nghl toi nen ghe vdo vd chao. - The girl was so tired that she dropped off to sleep at once. Co gdi met qua nen ngii ngay lap titc. - It's his turn to wash up but he'll try and duck out of it. Den liidt no phai giat quan do nhitng no lai tim cach tranh ne. - She dwelled on his mistake. Ba dy cii nhac di nhac lai mdi mot loi cua anh dy. 5. Nhvifng cum dong tvf bat dau bang "E”. eat away: pha huy, phan huy eat out: an tiem empty into: chay vdo (song) end up: ditng lai endow with: ban cho, phu cho enrol in: dang ki 196
THANH HA exercise over: dp dat, gay anh hudng exult in: tie hdo Vi du: - The metal was eaten away by the acid. - I'm too tired to cook; why don't we eat out tonight? - She emptied the milk into the pan. Cd dy do het sita vdo trong chao. - You'll end up in prison if you go on like that. Anh se ket thuc d trong tii neu anh tiep tuc lam nhii the.. - She's endowed with intelligence as well as beauty Cd ta duac trdi phu cho cd thong minh Ian sac dep. - He enrolled in in-service classe. Anh ta dang ki vdo Idp hoc tai chUc. - She seemed to exult in his ability to overcome difficulties. Dtidng nhu co dy tti hdo ve khd ndng vtiOt kho cua minh. 6. Nhufng cum tif bat dau bang “F”. face up to: gidi quyet, cd trdch nhiem vdi viec g i fall about: thay thich thu, vui stidng fall back: rut lui fall back on: sit dung nhu bien phap cuoi cung, dtia vdo fall fall fall fall fall
for: ngU dng m o, y e u off: nga out with: cai nh au through: th a t bai to: bat dau 197
DONG TUT TIENG ANH feel for: sd bang tay feel up to: thay co khd ndng lam viec gi figure out: hieu ra fit in: quen v 6i, hdp vdi fit up: lap dat follow up: cdi thien Vi du: - W e faced up to dificulties to go there. Chung toi dd vitctt qua rat nhieu kho khdn de den do. - That's the way you feel about it. Do la cach md ban thich. - It's great to have a friend to fall back on. That tuyet khi co ngitdi ban de dita vdo. - We could fall back on your plan. Chung ta se sit dung ke hoqch cua cau nhit bien phap cuoi cung. - She fell for him in a big way. Cd yeu anh dy vi cung chi hitting Idn. - I don't like Bill - I fell out with him when he sold me a car that didn't work. Tdi khong thich Bill - Tdi dd cdi nhau vdi no khi nd ban cho tdi chiec oto hong. - Everything has fallen through. Moi chuen dd that bai. - She feel to singing loudly again. Cd dy lai bat dau hat dm i len. - In the darkness, I had to feel for the key. Trong bong tdi, tdi phai sd tim chiec chi khoa. - Have you figured out what the problem is0 Ban dd hieu ra van de g i chita? - It's difficult for them to fit in with the way of life here.
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THANH HA That kho d e h o quen vdi cach song d day. - I’ll follow the information about that paper. Toi se xem xet lai ve thong tin Bdi bao do. 7. Nhiing cum dong tif bat dau bang “G”. gang up against: lien ket chdng lai get across: hieu get along: thanh cong get away: rtii di, tron thoat, di nghi get on with: hod thuan, hdp vdi get at: dm chi get down: lam cho ai thay buon get down to: gidi quyet van de mot cach nghiem tuc get in on: cd dinh liu, lien quan get off with: tranh tritng phat get on for: khoang (thcfi gian) get on to: g iii lien lac get over: ngac nhien get over with: ket thuc (viec khong thich thu) get round to: chon thdi gian de lam get up to: lam dieu g i do. give up: tii bo give up to: de ddnh go down to: ddnh bai go down with: bi benh gripe at: keu ca, phan nan Vi du: - They got away in a stolen car. - The boy tried to catch to the butterfly but it got away. - Do you get on with your neighbours? - You really get me down. Ban thi/c sii lam toi thay buon. 199
DONG TIT TIENG ANH - Now that we’ve finished lunch, I am ready to get down to business. Chung ta da dung xong biia triia, toi da. san sang gidi quyet cong viec. - I don’t want to get in on this plan. Toi khong muon lien quan den ke hoqch nay. - He was lucky to get off with such terible accident. Anh dy may man tranh diidc tai nan khung khiep do. - She is getting on for forty. Ba dy khoang bon mitdi tuoi. - I will get on to you. Toi se gilt lien lac vdi ban. - I coudn’t help getting over how well she looked. Toi khong the khong ngac nhien khi thay cd ay trong dep the nao. - W e’d better get over with talking. Tot hdn het la chung ta nen ket thuc cuoc noi chuyen d day. - I haven’t got round to repaire this bike. Tdi van chiia cd thdi gian de sita cdi xe dap nay. - They are getting up to something in the street. Chung lai sap nghich ngdm g i tren pho roi day. - Max gave up smoking ten years ago. M ax dd bo hut thuoc mitdi ndm ve tritdc. - This cake is given up to you. Chiec banh nay la de phan cho ban. - He went down to a younger man. Anh dy bi ddnh bai bdi mot ngitdi tre tuoi hdn. - She went down with cancer. Ba dy da bi ung thit.
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THANH HA - The young wife gripes at all day long about her old husband. Ba va tre suot ngay phan nan ve ong chong gid cua minh. 8. Nhvfng cum dong tvf bat dau bang “H”. hang on: chd dai, tam ngitng hang onto: giit, cam (khong ban) hang upon: lang nghe mot cach cham chu have it in for: co tinh gay rac roi cho ai have it out with: trinh bay quan diem have on the go: viec g i do dang ditOc tien hdnh have som ebody on: lita gat hit back: dap trd hit it off: hod thuan hit on (upon): tinh cd phat hien hold out: cung cap hold over: tri hoan hold with: dong y hunt down: truy duoi Vi du: - Hang on a minute.I'll come back. Chd mot phut. Tdi se tra lai. - We should hang onto the house until next year. Chung ta nen giit ngoi nhd lai den ndm sau. - The children hang upon thier teacher’s words. Bon tre cham chu lang nghe Idi cua giao vien chung. - He has had it in for me. Anh dy dd c d tinh gay rac roi cho tdi. - Y ou’d better have it out with us to find a solution.
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DONG Tif TIENG ANH
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Anh nen bay to quan diem vdi chung toi de tim ra phitcfng phap. She has the song on the go. Co dy dang hat Bdi hat do. He is having you on. A nh ta dang lita gat ban. He hit his rivalss back with criticisms. Ong dy dap trd cac ddi thu cua minh bang nhitng Icfi chi trich. M ary and her sister hit it off. M ary vd em gdi cd dy hod thuan vdi nhau. I hit upon the answer. Toi tinh cd phat hien ra cau trd Idi.
- I don’t hold out much hope that he’ll arrive.
Toi khong qua hy vong anh ta se tdi. - The director held over our meeting. Giam doc dd hoan cuoc hop cua chung ta. - They hold with my idea. Ho dong y vdi y kien cua tdi. - The police were hunting down a criminal. Cdnh sat dang truy lung mot ke toi phqm. 9. Nhifng cum dong tif bat dau bang T ’. impress on: nhan manh incite to: kich dong inform against: phan boi intend for: cd y dinh interest in: thich, quan tam invest in: dau tit isolate from: cd lap Vi du: - She impressed on the question. Co dy nhan manh vdo cau hoi. 202
THANH HA - They incited the workers to strike. Ho da kich dong cong nhan dinh cong. - You informed against me. A nh dd phan boi toi. - I think the letter-bomb was intended for me. Tdi nghi bom thit do co y dinh nham vdo toi. - More and more Am erican companies are eager to invest in Vietnam. Ngay cang nhieu cong ty M y muon dau tit vdo Viet nam. - W hen a person has an infectious disease, he is isolated from other people. Khi mot ngitdi mac benh truyen nhiem, anh ta se , bi cach ly khoi nhitng ngitdi khac. 10. Nhiing cum dong tvf bat dau bang “L”. lay down: dat ra (luat le) lay off: ngitng lam g i lead off: bat dau leave to: giao trdch nhiem cho ai let down: khong g iit Idi hita let in on: tie't lo let off: ph ong thich, thd let through: bo qua live down: mat danh dit live up to: nh it m ong ddi long for: m ong muon look into: dieu tra look on: xem nhit, coi la look out: than trong look up to: ton trong Vi du: - He laid down a very intricate question. 203
DONG TUT TIENG ANH Ong dy dd dat ra mot cau hoi rat phitc tap. - The child laid off crying. Dita be dd ngitng khoc. - You leave it to me. Anh hay de chuyen do cho toi. - He let me down. Anh dy dd that hita vdi toi. - Lock the door and don't let anyone in. Hay khoa cita vd ditng de ai vdo. - I'll let you off this time if you promise not to do it again. M e tha cho con Ian nay neu con hita Ian sau khong lam the niia. - She lived up to my reputation. Ba dy dd song xitng dang vdi thanh danh cua minh. - I long for your letter. Toi mong thit cua anh. - We looked into this question. Chung toi dd nghien citu (dieu tra) van de nay. - I look on London as my real home. Toi coi Ludn don nhit que hitctng minh. - Look out! there is a step. Can than nhe! co mot bac cau thang day. - Every Vietnamese looks up to President Ho Chi Minh. Moi ngitdi Viet Nam deu ton kinh chu tich Ho Chi Minh. 11. Nhiing cum dong tvf bat dau bang “M”. make away with: giet make for: gay ra, tao nen make off with: chay tron
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THANH HA make out: gid vd make somebody out: hieu cach xit sit cua ai make up: tao ra, bia ra make up for: den bit, boi thitdng make up to: tang meet with: trdi qua, nhan ditcfc mind out: can than, than trong miss out (out of): khong nhac tdi, de cap tdi mistake for: nham lan mull over: ngam nghi Vi du: - He made away with his wife. Hdn dd giet v
DONG TUf TIENG ANH Cau chuyen md co dy ke khong co that. Co dy chi bia thdi. - You should mind out for daredevil drivers when you cross the road! Ban nen can than vdi nhitng tdi xe bat mang khi di qua ditdng. - W e'll miss out the last two verses. Chung ta se khong de cap tdi hai cau thd sau cung. - She is often mistaken for her twin sister. Ngitdi ta thitdng nham cd dy vdi em gdi sinh ddi cua cd dy. 12. Nhufng cum dong tvf bat dau bang “P ”. pack in: cham diet mot hoat dong pass away: chet pass for: coi nhit, xem nhit pay back: trd thu pick up: trao tien tan tay pick up with: lam quen, ket ban pin d ow ^ : cu the hoa play up: citdng dieu point out: chi ra pull out: nhd len, loi ra push on: day put across: bay to put down to: gidi thich nguyen nhan put forward: de xuat, dita ra put in for: nop ddn xin viec put off: lam nan chi, lam cho buon phien put up: cho d nhd put up to: kich dong (lam dieu trdi phap luat) put up with: chiu di/ng
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THANH HA Vi du: - At the age of 29 he packed in his job as an industrial caterer and moved to France. d tuoi 29, anh ta dd nghi viec vd chuyen den Phap. - He passed for a scholar. Ong dy ditdc coi la mot hoc gid. - She passed away at Royal Lodge, Windsor, on Saturday, and the news was announced by Buckingham Palace about two and a half hours later. - I'll take you to court unless you pay up immediately. Toi se dita anh ra tod neu anh khong trd tien tan tay cho toi. - The work seems to be picking up. Cong viec co ve tot hcfn. - He brought home an odd character that he had picked up with in a pub. A nh ta dita ve nhd mot ngitdi la lung md anh quen d quan ritdu. - This is the part I can’t pin down in words. Day la phan toi khong the cu the hoa bang Idi. - She played up the im portance of his contribution. Co dy dd citting dieu tam quan trong cua sit dong gop cua anh ta. - I’ll point him out to you. Tdi se chi anh ta ra chd ban. - The drawer won't pull out. Ngan keo khong ditdc keo ra. - Let’s push on and try to reach the coast by tonight.
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DONG TUT TIENG ANH
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Chung ta hay cheo thuyen va co gang den ditdc be) vdo tdi nay. I can’t put my idea across. Tdi khong the bay to quan diem cua minh. I put it down to his pride. Dieu dd khien tdi biet nguyen nhan tinh kieu cang cua hdn. He will not put forward any solution. Anh ta se khong dita ra bat cit gidi phap nao dau. I have put in for a job. Tdi da nop ddn xin viec. The crowd put the player off, and he fell. Dam dong lam cho ngitdi chcti nan chi, vd anh ta dd ngd. I can put him up for a few days. Tdi cd the cho anh dy d nhd vdi ngay. Somebody put him up to it. Ai dd dd kich dong anh ta lam viec nay. I can’t put up with an annoying person. Tdi khong the chiu ditng ditdc mot anh chdng quay ray.
13. Nhvifng cum dong tvf bat dau bang “R”. reason out of: khuyen ai khong nen Ian gi receive back into: nhan ai trd lai rejoice at: hai long ve... return to: xem xet, can nhac lai rid of: thd tit do, bo run down: chi trich, phe binh run into: gap run to: cd du tien run over: kiem tra run up: hoan trd nd
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THANH HA run up against: gidi quyet (van de) run up to: chuan bi Vi du: - I tried to reason the boy out of his fears. Toi co gan g khuyen cau be ditng sd. - My teacher received Sam back into class. Giao vien cua tdi dd nhan Sam trd lai Idp. - M y parents rejoices at my maturity. Bo me toi hai long vi sit tritdng thanh cua tdi. - I shall return to this demand . Tdi se xem xet lai yeu cau nay. - We need rid the world of famine. Chung ta can gidi thoat the giitoi khoi nan ddi. - You paid 60$? She rally ripped you off. Anh dd trd 60 dola? Cd dy dd lita anh that roi. - She’s always running down her children. Cd ta ludn chi trich nhitng dita con cd dy. - I ran into Tom at the bank. Tdi dd gap Tom d nhd bang. - I can run to a holiday abroad this month. Tdi cd the cd du tien cho ki nghi nitdc ngoai vdo thang tdi. - We run over the plan once more. Chung ta hay kiem tra k eh oa ch lai mot Ian nita. - They ran up the bill. Ho hoan thanh toan hod ddn. - It’s time I ran against this problem. Dd den luc chung tdi gidi quyet van de nay. - They are running up to the election. Ho dang chuan bi cho cuoc bau cit. 14. Nhifng cum dong tif bat dau bang “S”. save up: de ddnh, tie't kiem 209
DONG TIT TIENG ANH see as: coi nhii la see of: diia tien see out off: diia ra khoi see through: hieu, chdc chan thanh cong see it to: chdc chan see eye to eye: cam thong sell off: giam gid sell out: phan boi, ban het send up: bat chitdc (de gay ciidi) send down: duoi hoc send up: pha huy serve as: phu hdp serve on: la thanh vien set about: bat dau lam viec set forth: rcfi nhd set in: tich tu set out: diia ra chi tiet, cu the set up: thiet lap, gay diing set upon: tan cong settle for: chap nhan settle up with: thanh toan tien (khach sanj shake off: tong khiC, tii bo shut up: ngam mieng, dong lai sink in: ddn nhan ra sit down: ngoi xuong slow down: di cham lai slip up: mac loi sort out: tim ra gidi phap stand by: ung ho stand for: la chii viet tat cua... stand in for: thay the cho cua... stand out: noi bat stand up to: chiu diing 210
THANH HA step down: tit chitc step up: tang stick up for: bao ve switch off: tat di, khong chu y Vi du: - I am saving up to buy a new car. Toi dang tie't kiem de mua mot chiec 6 to. - They reject what they see as the bad habit. Ho phan ddi nhiing thd md ho coi la thdi quen xau. - He went to the airport to see me off. Anh dy ra san bay tien toi. - He's going to London tomorrow. I'm going to the airport to see him off. - I can see m yself out of. Tdi co the tit ra ngoai ditcfc. - I don’t see through your intentions. Tdi khong hieu y cua anh. - This is right. W e have to do this. We must see it through. - They saw it to that Tom never come again. Ho chdc chan Tom khong bao gid den niia. - She never saw eye to eye with her parents. Co dy chiia bao gid thong cam vdi bo me cd dy. - The com pany have already undertaken to sell off car. Cong ty dd thitc hien viec giam gid o td. - He was accused of selling out them. Anh dy bi buoc toi phan boi ho. - The shows are sold out. There are no tickets left. - The boy is always sending up his father. Cau be ludn ludn bat chiidc bo cau ta. - He was sent down for making trouble. 211
DONG TUT TIENG ANH Cau ta bi duoi khoi tritdng vi dd gay roi. - The building was sent up in flames. Tod nhd dd bi phat no. - Nothing would serve as him. Chdng co g i phu hdp vdi anh ta cd. - Peter serves on the football team. Peter la thanh vien cua doi bong dd. - We must set about re-organizing the office. Chung ta phai bat dau tdi to chitc van phbng. - He set forth to go to the Western. A nh dy rdi nhd di ve phia tay. - This rain has set in for these days. Cctn miia nay dd ditOc tich tu trong nhitng ngay nay. - This document sets out all the union demands. Tdi lieu nay dd dita ra nhieu yeu cau chi tiet cua cong doan. - His father will set him up as an engineer. Cha anh ta se gay ditng cho anh ta an hoc thanh ky sit. - A comm ission has been set up to investigate the incident. - I was set upon by a strange man . Toi bi tan cong bai mot ngitdi ddn ong la. - D on’t settle for the thing you don’t like. Ditng nhan thit md ban khong thich. - I settled up with the waiter before leaving the hotel. Toi dd thanh toan vdi ngitdi phuc vu tritdc khi rdi khach san. - He began to sink in that he had lost everything. Anh dy bat dau nhan ra la co dy dd mat tat ca. - You sliped up and your test was wrong. 212
THANH HA Ban dd nham Ian, vd Bdi kiem tra cua ban dd sai. - I’m sure that they will sort out your problem. Toi chdc chan la ho se tim ra gidi phap cho van de cua ban. - A party that stands by racial tolerance. M ot dang ung ho cho si/ dung nap sac toe. - W hat does ' T. G' stand for in 1 T. G. Smith'? T.G la chit viet tat cua cdi g i trong T.G Smith vay? - She has agreed to stand in for Sam at the meeting. Co ay dd dong y thay Sam trong cuoc hop. - I can’t stand up to this behaviour. Tdi khong the chiu ditng ditdc cach cit xit nay. - My directorr has stepped down. Giam doc cua tdi dd tit chitc. - Production at the factory has been stepped up. Viec san xuat d nhd may dd ditdc day nhanh. 15. Nhufng cum dong tvf bat dau bang “T”. take after: giong take in: lita gat take off: bat chitdc, thanh cong, cat cdnh, vitt di take on: thay ddi take over: kiem soat take to: thich take up: chiem (thdi gian) take up with: trao doi talk of: thay ddi quan diem, y kien talk out of: khuyen khong nen lam think over: ngam nghl think up: tao ra, nghl ra 213
DONG TIT TIENG ANH tell of: mang tie in with: hod hap track down: tim ra, phat hien thay try out: thit nghiem turn down: tit chdi turn up: dilQc phat hien mot cach tinh cd. Vi du: - I take after my father but my brother is more like my mother. Toi giong bo toi nhitng anh toi lai giong me hon. - Don’t be taken in by her apparent shyness. Ditng bi ve n h it nhat cua co ta lita phinh. - He's quite good at taking off famous people. A nh ta rat gioi trong viec bat chitdc nhitng ngitdi noi tieng. - They have taken on a lot after years. H o dd thay doi rat nhieu sau nhieu ndm. - W e take over Hanoi in 1954. Chung ta dd kiem soat diiOc Ha Noi ndm 1954. - The baby takes to her murse at once. Diia be thich ngay ngitdi vi, nuoi. - The travel took up eight hours. Chuyen di mat tam, tieng dong ho. - I shall have to take this homework up with my friends.It’s too difficult. Toi se phai trao doi Bdi tap nay vdi ban cua toi. N o qua kho. - He has talked of little execept this matter. Anh dy luon thay doi quan diem mot c h it ngoai trii van de nay. - They talked me out of selling that house. Ho khuyen toi khong nen ban ngoi nha do. - He had thought that plan.
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THANH HA Hdn ta dd nghl ve ke hoach do. - I would have to think up some models. Tdi se phai nghl ra nhieu mau md niia. - I think this dress doesn’t tie in with you. Tdi nghl cdi vay nay khong hdp vdi ban. - The police tracked down the killer and arrested him.
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Cdnh sdt dd phdt hien ra ke sdt nhdn vd dd bdt hdn ta. The drug has not been tried out on humans yet Thuoc nay chiia diidc thii nghiem cho ngitdi. That com pany oferred me a job but I turned down. Cong ty dd dd mdi tdi lam viec nhiing tdi dd tii chdi. He was always expecting something to turn up. Anh ta ludn ludn m ong ddi cd mot viec g i dd tinh cd xdy ra.
16. N h iin g c u m d o n g tvf b a t d a u b a n g “W ” . wake up: nhan thiic diidc walk away with: chien thang (cuoc thi) mot cach de dang wash one’s hands of: khong cd trdch nhiem, khong lien quan watch over: chiu trdch nhiem wear off: mat tac dung (thuoc) weigh up: danh gid, can nhac whistle for: vd vong work out: tinh toan work to: lam theo sii chi dao, hiidng ddn work up: phdt then, md rong write off: pha huy, lam hit hong, gach ten
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DONG TIT TIENG ANH Vi du: - In the 1980s, the world woke up to the threat of the ozone hole. Trong nhitng ndm 80, the gidi dd nhan thiic ditdc sit de doa cua lo thiing tang o-zon. - He walked away with his competitor. Anh dy dd chien thang dich thu mot cach di dang. - I wash my hands of the whole matter. Toi khong co lien quan g i den toan bo van de nay. - He has been appointed to watch over the mam point. A nh ta dd ditdc chi dinh de chiu trdch nhiem ve van de van d i chinh. - The dishwasher has worn the glaze off the china. M ay rita bdt lam mat ddn nitdc bong cua do sit. - They always weigh up the consequences of an action. Ho luon luon can nhac hau qua cua mot hdnh dong. - You can whistle for it. Thdi khong mong g i ditdc dau. - It is impossible to tell how the situation will work out. Khd md noi tinh hinh se ra sao. - You should work to the schedules. Ban phai lam theo lich trinh. - It took me some years to work up a market for my producs. Tdi mat may ndm de md rong thi triicfng cho cac san pham cua minh. - Two battalions were written off. Hai tieu doan dd bi gach ten.
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MOT SO CAU TRUC DONG TlTO A C BIET Trong tieng Anh co mot so" dong tu! thudng bi sii dung nham lln . Phan nay se de cap tdi nhiing dong tii do va gidi thieu them cach sn dung cua chung trong thanh ngii. 1. Lie: nam Lay: dat, de * “Lie” (hien tai phan tif “lying", qua khii “lay', qua khii phan tif “lain”) la noi dong tif; khong bao gid theo sau bdi mot tan ngii triic tiep. Vi du: - The ship is lying at the port. Con tau thd neo ndm tren ben cang. - The valley lies at our feet. Thung lung ndm dii&i chan chung tdi. - He lay down on the bed and cried. Anh ta ndm xuong giii&ng vd khoc. - The jungle had lain undisturbed for thousands of years. Ritng nhiet ddi dd ndm yen tinh hang ngan ndm. * “Lay" (hien tai phan tif “laying', qua khii va qua khif phan tif “laid') la ngoai dong tif; co tan ngii triic tiep hoac diidc dung d dang thu dong. Vi du: - She laid a child to sleep. Cd dy dat diia be ndm ngu. - They've been laying bricks for two weeks and the first floor is already finished. Ho lat gach trong 2 tuan vd tang mot dd xong. - W hen you finish your paper, please lay it on the desk.
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DONG TIT TIENG ANH Khi ban doc xong bao, xin hay de tren ban viet. - The goverment have already laid the foundation of socialism. Chinh phu dat nen mong cho chu nghia xa. hoi. Khi noi ve cac loai chim, “lay” co nghia dac biet la “deposit eggs” (de triing). Luc nay, “lay” viia la ngoai vvfa la noi dong tu:. V id u : - The hens have laid nine eggs. Nhitng con ga mdi de ditdc chin qua tritng. - That hen is not laying now. Con ga mdi do hien gid khong de tritng. 2. S a y: noi, ke T ell: noi, k e Hai dong tif co nghia giong nhau nhiing: “say” khong bao gid theo sau bdi mot tan ngii gian tiep; "tell” thi hau nhu luon luon theo sau bdi tan ngii gian tiep. Vi du: - Tell me where you live. Hay noi cho toi biet anh song d dau. - A book which will tell you all you need to know about personal taxation. M ot cuon sach se noi cho ban biet tat cd nhitng gi anh can biet ve viec dong th u ecu a cd nhdn. - He says something. Anh ta noi mot vdi Idi. - Say that we will send the books tomorrow. Hay noi rang chung ta se gid sach vdo ngay mai. De de cap den ngUdi diidc noi tdi: say to somebody. Vi du: - I said to him I would never do anything like that.
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THANH HA Tdi noi vdi ong ay toi chdng bao giiio lam nhiing viec nhii the cd. - They said to me they would visit me. H o noi vdi toi ho se se den thdm tdi. * “Tell” cung co nghia la “order, com m and” (bao ra lenh): S + tell + O + (to + V) Vi du: - W hen I was young, my father told me stories about the war. Khi toi con nho, bo thitdng ke chuyen chien ttranh cho tdi nghe. - Tell me your name and address. Hay noi cho tdi biet ten vd dia chi cua anh. - Anne told me she was tired. Anne bao tdi la cd ay rat met. * Cac thanh ngii thudng dung v 6i “say” : - before you can say something: triidc khi anh cd the noi dieu gi - I dare say: tdi dam noi - say goodbye: noi Icfi tam biet - never say die: khong bao gid noi Idi chet - you can say that again: ban cd the noi lai dieu dd * Cac thanh ngii thiidng dung v 6i “tell": - tell the truth noi sii that - tell a lie noi doi - tell a secret: tiet lo bi mat - tell som eone the answer to a question - tell som eones fortune doan van mang cua ai 3. S p e a k : n o i T a lk : n o i * Khi hai dong tu nay la noi dong tii, co the dung thay the cho nhau duOc. “Speak" trinh trong hdn “talk".
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DONG TUT TIENG ANH VI du: - We talked for almost an hour. Chung toi noi chuyen vdi nhau gan mot tieng dong ho. - Baby is beginning to talk. Dita tre bdt dau biet noi. - I will speak to him about it. Toi se noi chuyen vcfi anh ta ve van de do. - Actions speak louder than words. Viec lam noi len nhieu dieu hdn hdn noi. * Khi theo sau bdi ten cua ngon ngii, “talk” thiidng co nghia la thiic hien cuoc noi chuyen va “speak" de cap den kien thiic tong quat hoac kha nang ngUdi do co. Vi du: - He can speak English. Cau ay co the noi tieng Anh. - Can you speak French? Ban co noi diidc tieng Phap khong? - Mr Brown was to talk in the Dutch, an interpreter was to translate. Ong Brown noi tieng Ha Lan, mot ngitdi thong dich phai dich lai. * Cac thanh ngii thiidng dung v 6i Speak: - speak one's mind, speak one's piece (noi thang y nghi cua minh); - speak for you rself (noi y kien cua minh); - speak ill o f someone (noi xau ve ai); - speak volumes for someone (something) (noi mot cach hung hon),.... Vi du: - These facts speak volumes for her honesty. Cac vu kien noi len mot cach hung hon sii trung thiic cua cd ay. 220
THANH HA - Never speak ill o f the dead. Ditng bao gid noi xau ngitdi dd chet. * Cac thanh ngii thudng dung v 6i Talk: - talk it up: thong bao - talk som eone’s head off : noi lai nhai - talk to the hand: noi khong ai nghe - talk turkey: noi toac mong heo Vi du: - If we want to build an arena, we have to talk it up with the people. Neu chung toi muon xdy ditng dau trtidng, chung toi phai thong bao v di m oi ngtidi. - You can talk your head off, but I won't change my opinion. A nh co the noi het ra, nhitng toi khong thay doi y kien. - If the owner really wants to sell, he'll talk turkey. Neu ong chu thitc sit muon ban, ong ta se noi toac mong heo ra. - "But he hit me first!" "Talk to the hand." Nhitng anh ta ddnh toi trUdc. N oi khong ai nghe g i cd. 4. Rise: tang len, moc len Raise: difa len, tang * “Rise” (hien tai phan tii “rising”, qua khii “rose”, qua khii phan tii “risen ’) la noi dong tif, co nghia la moc len, vUdn len. Vi du: - The sun rises in the east. Mat trdi mgc dang dong. - Fishes rise to the bait. 221
DONG TUT TIENG ANH Cd noi len ddp moi. - Smoke rises up. Khoi bo'c len. “Rise" cung dUdc dung khi noi ai do day. ra khoi givfdng hoac diing len sau khi ngoi, qui hoac nam. Vi du: - W hen we arrive, he attempted to rise but couldn’t quite make it. Khi chung tdi den, anh ay co gang ditng len, nhitng khong the ditdc. * “R aise” (hien tai phan tif “raising”, qua khii va qua khii phan tii “raised”) la mot ngoai dong tii co nghia la “lift” (nang len) hoac “care for young until mature” (nuoi nang cho tdi trUdng thanh). Vi du: - We raised the fence and fixed it in position. Chung toi ditng hang rao len vd dong vdo vi tri. - I was raised by my aunt on a farm. Toi ditdc co toi nuoi Idn trong mot trang trai. * Mot so thanh ngii thudng dung vdi “rise”: - rise from the dead (song lai sau khi chet); - rise to the bail (can cau); - rise to the occasion (co kha nang doi pho vdi mot tinh huong). - rise and shine: ngii day titdi tinh - rise to the occasion: gap cd hoi Vi du: - As soon as I mentioned money he rose to the bail. Ngay khi tdi de cap den tien anh ta dd can cau ngay. - They believe that Jesus rose from the dead on Easter Sunday.
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THANH HA Ho tin rang Chua Jesus dd song lai vdo ngay chu nhat phuc sinh. - "Rise and shine," he called to us each morning at 6 a.m.! “H ay day vd chieu sang nao", ong ay goi chung toi vdo 6 gid moi sang. - W hen we need a speaker, Ed rises to the occasion. He speaks well. Khi chung toi. can mot ngitdi thuyet minh, Ed dd ddp ting. A nh ta noi rat hay. * M ot so" thanh ngi3 thudng dung vdi “raise - raise you r hand against lam ton thiidng ai - raise one's eyebrows (to ra khinh thi hoac ngac nhien); raise someone's spirits (phan chan); raise one's voice against som eone (som ething) (len tieng chong tra ai (cai gi) mot cach qua quyet va dung cam );....... Vi du: - My team win raised my spirits a little. Doi cua toi thang lam toi phan chan hcfn mot chut. - If you ever raise your hand against her, I'll call the police. Neu anh lai lam ton thtidng co ay, toi se goi cdnh sdt. - If you want to raise your spirits, just have a visit with Kari. Neu anh phan chan, hay di chdi vdi Kari. - W hen Chuck and Di separated, it caused some raised eyebrows. Khi Chuck vd Di li than, moi ngtidi rat ngac nhien.
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DONG Tii TIENG ANH 5. Sit: ngoi Set: dat, de Seat: ngoi, dat ngoi * “Sit” (hien tai phan tti “s i t t i n g qua khii va qua khii phan tii “sat”) la mot noi dong tii co nghia la “ngoi”. Vi du: - Never stand when you can sit. Ditng bao gib ditng neu co the ngoi ditdc. - She sat down on the chair and took her shoes off Ba ta ngoi xuong ghe va thao giay ra. - We must sit down together and settle our differences Chung tdi phai ngoi lai vdi nhau de gidi quyet nhitng moi bat hod. - Yesterday Suki sat in her office all afternoon com pleting the annual report. * “S et” (hien tai phan tii “setting” , qua khii va qua hii phan tvf “set”) la mot ngoai dong tii co nghia tUdng tvf nhii “p u t” (dat, de) Vi du: - I set pen to paper. Toi dat but len giay. - The mother set a child to bed. Ba me dat diia tre vdo giitdng cho dita be ngii. - She set the book on the table and went out. Co ta dat cuon sach tren ban roi di ra. - W hen she finished, she sat the report on her boss's desk. * “Set” co the difdc sii dung nhii mot noi dong tii vdi hai trifdng hop sau day:
+ Ve cac loai chim, nhat la cac loai gia cam. "Set" cd nghia la “sit on eggs until they hatch” (ap triing cho tdi khi nd).
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THANH HA + Ve mat trdi, mat trang va nhUng thien the khac, “set” co nghia la lan. Vi du: - Sun sets at 6:00p.m M at trdi lan luc 6:00 chieu. - Song birds usually set in the spring. Cac loai chim hot hay ap tritng vdo miia xuan. * “Seat” (hien tai phan tv* “seating” , qua khii va qua khii phan tii “seated”) ; la mot ngoai dong tii co nghia la “to show someone to a seat or chair, as an usher does” (chi cho cho ai, nhu ngUdi dan cho lam). No cung co the dUdc dung vdi nghia phan than la “to sit dow n” (ngoi xuong).
Vi du: - She seated herself at the piano. Co ay ngoi xuong cho ddn piano. - As each board member arrived, Herb seated him or her in one of the plush chairs around the conference table. * Cac thanh nguf thiidng dung vdi “sit” : - sit at somebody's feet (la mon de cua ai); - sit on the fence (lUdng hi, phan van); - sit tight (ngoi li); - sit up and take notice (lam giat minh va chu y tdi); - sit pretty (gap may). - sit with you: lien he vdi Vi du: - People don't like politicians who try to sit the fence.
- I'll go and buy the hotdogs. You sit tight until I get back.
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DONG Tir TIENG ANH - If we build a fence on your land, how would that sit with you? - Rich in oil and timber resources, Alberta was sitting pretty. * Cac thanh nguf thudng dung vdi “Set - set the table" (dat ban an), co nghia la chuan bi ban cho biia an bang cach “laying a cloth, plates, silver, etc" (trai khan, dat dla, m uong,.......) - set off: khdi hanh - set out: de ra - set out for: rdi di - set out to: dat ke hoach, hy vong Vidu: - Who set off the fire alarm? Who pushed the button? - Tomorrow we go to the lake, so set out your swim suit and towel. - Then we set out for Pluto, where it's much colder than the arctic. - "What did you set out to do?" "I wanted to change the world." - If you will set the table, I won't ask you to wash the dishes. 6. Arrive: den Reach: den * “.A rrive” (hien tai phan tii “arriving” , qua khu va qua khii phan tii ‘" arrived") la mot noi dong tii cd nghia la di den mot ndi dac biet nao dd, thudng la trong hoac cuoi mot chuyen di. + nhac den ndi dang di den chi dung “arrive". + nhac den mot dia diem, dung “arive in (at)". Vi du:
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THANH HA - What time did you arrive? A nh den luc may gid? - We arrived at the station five minutes late Chung toi den nhd ga cham ndm phut. - They will arrive in New York at noon Ho se den N ew York vdo giiia trtia. * “Reach” (hien tai phan tit “reaching1’, qua khii va qua khii phan tit “reached”) la ngoai dong tu va thudng dUdc theo sau bdi mot danh tii hay dai tii chi ndi chon.
Vi du: - Your letter reached me yesterday. ThU cua anh dd den tay toi ngay hom qua. - You'll know better when you reach my age Den tuoi toi anh se hieu ro hctn. - We will reach Hanoi in the morning. Chung tdi se den Ha Noi vdo buoi sang. * Cac thanh ngii thudng dung v 6i “reach” : - reach for the stars (nhieu tham vong); - reach me: lien lac vdi toi, goi dien cho toi - reach out: quan t am den - som ething reaches to o n es ears (ai phat hien ra dieu gi); reach the headlines (trd thanh nhiing tin tiic quan t r o n g )....... Vi du: - She is the kind o f men who reach for the stars. - Co ay thuoc mau ngifdi co nhieu tham vong. - You can reach me by leaving a message at my brother's place. - M agdalena reaches out to the children in violent families. 7. P r o c e e d : t ie p tu c P r e c e d e : d i triid c
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DONG TU TIENG ANH “Proceed” (hien tai phan tii "proceeding'. qua khii va qua khu phan tii “proceeded”) la mot noi dong tu co nghia la: tiep tuc mot hanh dong, mot tien trinh hay ke hoach. Vi du: - He was allowed to proceed to an MA. Anh ta ditdc phep hoc tiep de len trinh do thac si ngit van. - Let's proceed to the next subject Chung ta hay chuyen sang van de tiep theo. - The story proceeds as follows. Cau chuyen tiep dien nhit sau. “Precede” (hien tai phan tii “preceding” , qua khii va qua khii phan tii “preceded”) la ngoai dong tif, noi ve dieu gi den hoac xay ra triidc viec khac; ai den ndi nao trUdc. Vi du: - Such duties precede all others. Nhitng nhiem vu nhit vay di tritdc tat cd cac nhiem vu khac. - The M ayor entered, preceded by members of the council. Ong thi trifdng bitdc vdo, di tritdc la cac thanh vien trong hoi dong. - This point has been dealt with in the preceding paragraph Diem nay dd ditdc ban den trong doan tritdc.
8 . M a k e: lam D o: lam - “make" cd nghia “create" (tao nen),
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la “build" (xav diing) hoac
THANH HA - “do” co nghia la “perform ” (thuc hien) hoac “accom plish” (hoan thanh). VI du: “M ake” thudng dUdc sti dung vdi cac nhom danh tii: - make a bed (don givfdng); - make a cake (lam banh); - make a mess (lam biia bon); - make a report (viet bao cao); - make a blunder (pham sai lam ng 6 ngan); - make a decision (quyet dinh); - make a dem and (dua ra mot yeu cau); - make an error (pham mot loi); - make a mistake (pham mot sai lam); - make a request (diia ra mot yeu cau); - make a speech (doc mot Bai dien van). - make a good im pression: tao an tUdng tot - make a living: kiem song - make a m istake: mac loi Vi du: - He had made a terrible mistake. Anh ta dd phqm phai mot sai lam khung khiep. - I haven’t made my decision yet. Toi van chUa quyet dinh. - Don’t make a mess in my room. Ditng lam Ion xon phbng toi. - I have to make my bed. Tdi phai don giUcfng cua toi. - Penny made a good im pression on my parents. She is so polite! - You can make a living at farming, but you won't be rich! * M ake breakfast (nau an sang); make dinner (nau an toi); make tea (pha tra) ban co the dung dong tii
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OdNG TIJTTIENG ANH “cook”, “/ix ” hoac “prepare” trong tinh huong nay. VI du: - She made a cup of tea. Co ay dd pha mot tach trd. - I often make breakfast beore going to work. Tdi thitdng nau bita sang tritdc khi di lam. * M ake music (soan nhac); make noise (gay on); make trouble (gay trd ngai); make peace (tao ra hoa binh); make war (gay nen chien tranh): make fuss (gay ra sii am 1). Vi du: - He is making music. A nh ta dang soan nhac. - He made trouble for me by rasing hard questions. A nh ta gay khd chiu cho tdi bang cach dat ra nhitng cau hoi khd. * M ake a fool o f (che gieu); make fun o f (lam cho vui); make love to (lam tinh). Vi du: - Don’t make a fool of him. Ditng che gieu cau ta. - I tried to make fun of him, but he didn’t smile. Tdi co gang lam anh ta vui nhitng anh ta van khong cittii. D o” dung trong cac thanh ngii: - do an assignment (lam Bai diidc giao); - do bookbinding (dong sach); - do a jo b (lam mot cong viec); - do a favor: giup dd - do away w ith: viit di - do photography (lam ve nhiep anh); - do watch-repairing (siia dong ho);
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THANH HA - do work o f all sorts (lam du cac loai viec); - do business (kinh doanh); - do one's duty (lam bon phan); - do the dishes (riia bat, dia); - do hairs (lam dau); - do the laundry (giat la); - do this (lam cai nay); - do something (lam dieu gi do); - do anything (lam bat cii viec gi). Vi du: - W hat can I do for you? Toi co the lam dieu g i cho on g? - She had done her hair for the wedding. Co ay lam toe de di dii dam ctidi. - I did work of all sorts to live. Toi dd lam du moi viec de song. - Ben offered to do me a favor if I ever need help. Ben de nghi giup dd toi neu toi can. - W e want to do away with nuclear weapons - to dispose o f them. Chung toi muon tong khii chien tranh hat nhdn. Nhieu thanh ngii ngiidi hoc co the nghi rang se dung “m ake” hoac “do" nhiing tieng Anh lai sii dung mot dong tii khac: one com m its a crime (ngiidi ta pham mot ac); write a book (poem, play, letter, symphony, piece o f music) (viet mot cuon sach, Bai thd, vd kich, la thii, ban giao hUdng, khuc nhac); paint a picture with oil (ve biic tranh dau); take a picture photograph (chup anh); build a house (xay nha); give or deliver a lecture (giang mot bia giang); give music lessons (day nhac); deliver an address (doc Bai dien van); give a perforrm ance (trinh dien); play a gam e or musical
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DONG TIT TIENG ANH instrument (chdi mot nhac cu); give order (ra lenh); ask a question (hoi mot cau hoi). Vi du: - She can play the piano very well. Co ay co the chcti piano rat hay. - Can I ask you a question? Toi co the hoi ban mot cau hoi ditdc kh ong? - She is writing a novel. Co ay dang viet tieu thuyet.
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M U C LUC CAC DANG THlfc CUA DONG TUTTIENG ANH.........................................7 CAC LOAI D0NG TL/................................................................................... 8 THiC UADO N G TL/......................................................................................10 THi HIEN THiHlEN THi HI$N THi HI$N THi h i £ n THI THi THi THi THI
T A I............................................................................................... 11 TAI T H U O N G ............................................................................ 11 TAI Tl£'P D l£ N ........................................................................... 14 TAI HOAN T H A N H ................................................................... 18 t a i h o A n THANH TI^P D l£ N ............................................... 21
TlATNG L A I........................................................................................... 23 TUONG LAI THLfONG........................................................................23 TL/ONG LAI VOI GOING T O ............................................................. 24 TL/ONG LAI TI^P D l£ N ..................................................................... 26 TL/ONG LAI HOAN THANH................................................................27
THI QUA KHIJT........................................................... ..................................30 THi QUA KHL/THUONG............................................................................ 30 QUA KHL/TIEP D l£N .................................................................................. 33 THiQ U AKHU HO AN THANH................................................................... 35 THi QUA KHL/ HOAN THANH TI^P D l£ N ..............................................36 CACH DUNG DONG TUf BE, DO VA HAVE..............................................38 HiNH THL/C CUA DONG TL/ "BE"........................................................... 38 HINH THL/C VA CACH DUNG D0NG TLT’D O "....................................44 HINH THL/C VA CACH DUNG DONG TIT "HAVE"................................ 50 DONG Tijr KHUYET THIEU/ TINH THAI....................................................57 DAC D |£ m CHUNG..................................................................................... 57 CACH SLT DUNG DONG TL/ KHUYET THIEU....................................... 57 233
THE Bf DONG................................................................................... 88 CACH 001 CAU CHU DONG SANG BI D 0 N G ..................................... 89 NHCTNG CAU TRUC KHAC CUA CAU BI D 0 N G ..................................91
SU NHAN MANH, MENH LENH, CHU Tir GIA.................................99 S i) NHAN M A N H ........................................................................................ 99 M$NH L $ N H ..............................................................................................100 CHO NGLTGIA.......................................................................................... 103
CAU DIEU KIEN............................................................................ 108 BA LOAI CAU DIEU Kl£N CO BAN....................................................... 108 CAC DANG KHAC CUA CAU DIEU K I$N ............................................111 CACH KHAC DI§N TA CAU DI^U Kl£N ............................................. 114
THlfc GIA D|NH............................................................................ 120 CAU TAO THL/C GIA DINH.....................................................................120 CACH DUNG THL/C GIA D IN H ..............................................................121
DONG TUTHEO SAU BOI DONG DANH TLT HAY DONG Tif NGUYEN THE
131
DONG TLT THEO SAU BOI DONG DANH TLT.................................... 131 O0NG TL/THEO SAU BOI D0NG TLT NGUYEN THE CO T O ......................................................134 DONG TL/THEO SAU BOI D0NG TLT NGUYEN THE KHONG CO T O ...................................... 137 D0NG TLT THEO SAU BOI DONG DANH TLT HOAC D0NG TLT NGUYEN THE CO T O ......................................................139 DONG TL/THEO SAU BOI MOT TAN NGCT VA DONG TL/ NGUYEN THE: CO "TO ".............................................145 DONG TLT THEO SAU BOI DONG DANH TL/ HOAC BOI TAN NGLTVA D0NG TLT NGUYliN THE CO TO ...................147
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GIOI TUTVA DONG DANH T l/.........................................................150 GIOI TL/THEO SAU BOI DONG DANH T U ........................................ 150 TINH TUTHEO SAU BOI GIOI T U V A DONG DANH T U .................152 DONG TUTHEO SAU BOI GIOI T U V A D0NG DANH T U ................156 DONG TUTHEO SAU BOI TAN NGU, GIOI TU VA DONG DANH T U .............................................................................160 CAC THANH NGU SLT DUNG DONG DANH T U .................................164
DONG TINH TUf.............................................................................. 166 CAU TAO DONG TINH T U ......................................................................166 CACH DUNG O0NG TINH T U ................................................................ 167 NHUNG CACH SU DUNG DAC BI$T CUA DONG TINH T U ............ 171
DONG TUTTHEO SAU BOI GIOI TUf................................................ 174 DONG DONG DONG DONG DONG DONG DONG DONG DONG DONG
TUTHEO TUTHEO TUTHEO TUTHEO TUTHEO TUTHEO TUTHEO TUTHEO TUTHEO TUTHEO
SAU SAU SAU SAU SAU SAU SAU SAU SAU SAU
BOI BOI BOI BOI BOI BOI BOI BOI BOI BOI
GIOI T U F O R .............................................174 GIOI T U T O ...............................................175 GIOI T U O F ............................................... 176 GIOI T U O N ............................................... 177 GIOI TU ABOUT....................................... 179 GIOI T U W IT H ...........................................180 GIOI TU IN................................................. 182 GIOI TU FR O M ......................................... 183 GIOI T U A T ................................................ 185 NHUNG GIOI T U K H A C ..........................186
CUM DONG TUT...............................................................................187 NHUNG NET CHUNG CUA CUM D0NG T U ....................................... 187 NHUNG CUM DONG TU THUONG GAP..............................................190
MOT SO CAU TRUC DONG TUf DAC BIET......................................217
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