PROJECT REPORT ON
Diversion of Land Project submitted to:
Ms.Sonal Das Submitted By:
Vivek kumar sai
Roll no. 146 Semester – VIII Land Law Submitted on:1611!"1#
HID!T"LLH NTIONL L# "NIVERSIT! RIP"R$ C.%.
1
&kno'led(emen)s I would li$e to e%&ress my 'eart(elt )ratitude to my teac'er* +s. Sonal ,as (or 'er unstinted su&&ort. -'e to&ic )ien to me (or my &roject is one t'at I really enjoyed to do it. -'an$ you* jurists* masters o( law and arious )oernmental de&artments (or t'e e%&ression o( your ideas* t'ou)'ts and immense amount o( $nowled)e in t'e (orm o( t'e arious boo$s* articles and o&inions. /it'out all o( t'is* it would 'ae been im&ossible (or me to com&lete my &roject. +y )ratitude also )oes out to t'e sta(( and administration o( 0L2 (or t'e in(rastructure in t'e (orm o( our library and I- Lab w'ic' was a source o( )reat 'el& (or t'e com&letion o( t'is &roject.
Vivek kumr sai Semes)er* VIII
!
RESERCH METHODOL%! -'e researc' was based on descri&tie sources o( in(ormation com&risin) o( boo$s* news&a&ers as well as Internet. -'e to&ic 'as been e%tensiely researc'ed u&on so as to accom&lis' t'e )oal o( com&letion o( t'e current &roject re&ort. Sour&es of Da)a+ -'e (ollowin) secondary sources o( data 'ae been used in t'e &roject3
1. Boo$s !. /ebsites . 5ommentaries Me),od of #ri)in(+ -'e met'od o( writin) (ollowed in t'e course o( t'is researc' &a&er is &rimarily analytical. Mode of Ci)a)ion+ -'e researc'ers 'ae (ollowed a uni(orm mode o( citation t'rou)'out t'e course o( t'is researc' &a&er.
-able o( 5ontents c$nowled)ements................................................................................................................! Introduction............................................................................................................................# Land use and allocation c'an)e economy777.................................................6
,iersion o( (orest land (or non (orest land.........................................................8
5onersion o( &er urban a)riculture land7777 ............................................9
Im&act o( diersion o( land in urban &eri&'ery selected7777777777.11
com&ensatory mec'anism &roblem and way (orword77777777777.1 5onclusion............................................................................................................14 Re(erence.............................................................................................................................1#
4
INTROD"CTION ne o( t'e im&ortant and yet less attended downsides o( India;s major stride towards economic deelo&ment 'as been diersion o( land. -'e le)al structure t'at )oerns land alienation and com&ensation in India is com&le%. /'ile &olicies &ertainin) to diersion o( land (rom (orest and a)riculture to ot'er uses seemed conseratie
lobalisation 'as (ostered t'ese &rocesses (urt'er t'rou)' liberalisation o( t'e land use &olicies. Land is in limited su&&ly and is t'e critical (actor o( &roduction (or almost all $inds o( economic actiities as well as (or 'uman settlement ,P. But t'is does not mean absence o( diersion to ot'er uses. In (act* t'ese &olicies 'ae )ien rise to &rocesses and mec'anisms t'at 'ae &roed counter&roductie to t'e ery cause o( conseration.
#
-'e issue o( land allocation 'as been one o( t'e most contested &olicy issues. It 'as tri))ered many controersies* es&ecially w'en deelo&mental &rojects (or irri)ation* minin) and ot'er in(rastructure
-. LND "SE ND LLOCTION IN CHN%IN% ECONOM! Land use and land mar$ets 'ae been subject to lar)e number o( re)ulations across countries
deelo&ed and deelo&in). -'e basic rationale underlyin) state re)ulations is t'e non3 renewable nature o( land* w'ic' is t'e basic (actor o( &roduction. Land* besides bein) critical (or ensurin) sustained economic )rowt'* under di((erent cate)ories o( ca&ability and uses* &er(orms s&eci(ic ecolo)ical (unctions. Aac' o( t'e arious uses* es&ecially in &rimary sector actiities oernment o( India* !""6=. -'is* in turn* 'as s&ecial si)ni(icance (or mana)in) natural resources on a waters'ed basis. +inerals beneat' t'e sur(ace land also 'ae s&ecial im&lications inso(ar as t'ey are bot' e%'austible and non3renewable. Cinally* land* as noted earlier* &lays a si)ni(icant role in s'a&in) t'e socio3cultural milieu in &redominantly a)rarian economies. lt'ou)' rooted in economic alue as an ultimate source o( economic security* land becomes a symbol o( social status and a means o( deriin) &olitical &ower. It is in t'is conte%t* t'at arious ec onomies 'ae tried to eole a strate)y (or land use and its allocation oer di((erent sectors. -'e most im&ortant t'read underlyin) t'e &olicy a&&roac'es across arious economies is reco)nition o( mar$et (ailure in allocatin) land across di((erent economic actiities* es&ecially t'e s'i(t away (rom t'e &rimary sector* w'ere intrinsic alue o( land as a natural resource is still retained. biously* mar)inal &roductiity measured in terms o( monetary alue is not t'e a&&ro&riate indicator (or determinin) t'e diersion o( land (rom t'e &rimary to ot'er sectors in t'e economy. -'e demand3su&&ly dynamics* at a )ien &oint in time or een in t'e conte%t o( (orward tradin) and s&eculatie transactions* may not com&letely ca&ture t'e (uture as well as e%istent alue o( land* and t'e (orest* water and minerals embodied t'erein. -'is mainly leaes
6
land mar$ets wit'in urban and &eri3urban areas* w'ere land is already dierted (rom &rimary sector actiities and is subject to )rowt'* w'ic' at least in t'eory* is &ossible to sti&ulate. Aconomic t'eory* es&ecially in t'e neoclassical tradition is t'us most a&&licable to land mar$ets in urban and &er3urban areas. Cor t'e rest* &ers&ecties emanatin) (rom arious disci&lines or analytical (ramewor$s* suc' as enironmental and ecolo)ical economics* &olitical economy and deelo&ment wit' e?uity and a 'uman (ace* may 'ae to be combined. 2n(ortunately* a 'olistic &ers&ectie li$e t'is is yet to emer)e (or simultaneously addressin) t'e critical issue o( land use* allocation and mana)ement. Bi) dams 'ae a &eculiar (eature o( re&resentin) one o( t'e most success(ul e%&eriences in India;s economic deelo&ment and at t'e same time bein) a major cul&rit o( dis&lacement and uneen deelo&ment in t'e country. -'e bi) irri)ation &rojects 'ae contributed si)ni(icantly towards en'ancin) India;s ca&acity to &roduce (ood )rains and t'ereby &roide em&loyment as well as (ood security ujarat &resents e%em&lary eidence on 'ow t'e norm could be (ollowed in actual &ractice.
F
.DIVERSION O/ /OREST LND /OR NON /OREST "SE
-'e ational Corest Policy* 1988 stood enunciated &ursuant to Resolution o. 1#!3C* dated 1!t' +ay* 19#! o( >I to be (ollowed in t'e mana)ement o( State Corests in India. -'e said Policy stood enunciated because oer t'e years (orests in India 'ad su((ered serious de&letion due to relentless &ressures arisin) (rom eer increasin) demand (or (uel wood* (odder and timberG inade?uacy o( &rotection measuresG diersion o( (orest lands to non3(orest uses wit'out ensurin) com&ensatory a((orestation and essential enironmental sa(e)uardsG and t'e tendency to loo$ u&on (orests as reenue earnin) resource. -'us* t'ere was a need to reiew t'e situation and to eole* (or t'e (uture* a strate)y o( (orest conseration includin) &reseration* maintenance* sustainable utilisation* restoration and en'ancement o( t'e natural enironment. It is t'is need w'ic' led to t'e enunciation o( ational Corest Policy dated Ft' ,ecember* 1988. -'e &rinci&al aim o( t'e Policy was to ensure enironmental stability and maintenance o( ecolo)ical balance. -'e deriation o( direct economic bene(it was to be subordinate to t'e &rinci&al aim o( t'e Policy . 2nder essentials o( (orest mana)ement it is sti&ulated t'at e%istin) (orests and (orest lands s'ould be (ully &rotected and t'eir &roductiity im&roed. It is (urt'er sti&ulated t'at (orest coer s'ould be increased ra&idly on 'ill slo&es* in catc'ment areas and ocean s'ores. It is (urt'er sti&ulated t'at diersion o( )ood and &roductie a)ricultural lands to (orestry s'ould be discoura)ed in iew o( t'e need (or increased (ood &roduction . 2nder t'e Policy a strate)y was &rescribed ide . -'e )oal is to 'ae a minimum o( one3t'ird o( t'e total land area under (orest or tree coer. In t'e 'ills and in mountains t'e aim is to maintain two3t'ird o( t'e area under (orest or tree coer in order to &reent erosion and land de)radation and to ensure t'e stability o( t'e (ra)ile ecosystem. illa)e and community lands* w'ic' is t'e common (eature in nort'3east re)ions* not re?uired (or ot'er &roductie uses* s'ould be ta$en u& (or deelo&ment o( tree cro& and (odder resources and t'e reenue )enerated t'rou)' suc' &ro)rammes s'ould belon) to t'e &anc'ayats w'ere lands are ested in t'em and in ot'er cases suc' reenues s'ould be s'ared wit' local communities to &roide an incentie to t'em and accordin)ly land laws s'ould be so modi(ied w'ereer necessary so as to (acilitate and motiate indiiduals and institutions to underta$e tree (armin). Vide &ara 4..1* t'e Policy lays down t'at sc'emes and &rojects 8
w'ic' inter(ere wit' (orests t'at coer stee& slo&es* catc'ment o( riers* la$es and reseroirs* )eolo)ically unstable terrain and suc' ot'er ecolo)ically sensitie areas s'ould be seerely restricted. -ro&ical rainmoist (orests* &articularly in areas li$e runac'al Prades'* Herala* ndaman and icobar Islands s'ould be totally sa(e)uarded. o (orest s'ould be &ermitted to be wor$ed wit'out t'e >oernment 'ain) a&&roed t'e mana)ement &lan in a &rescribed (orm and in $ee&in) wit' t'e ational Corest Policy
-'ere is a (airly ric' and )rowin) literature on t'e t'eme o( conersion o( a)ricultural land in urban and &eri3urban areas. It is neit'er t'e objectie nor wit'in t'e sco&e o( t'is &a&er to reiew t'e entire literature. -'e limited objectie 'ere is to understand t'e main
9
(eatures o( t'eoretical a&&lications and em&irical (indin)s (rom studies t'at 'ae )one into e%aminin) t'e cost and bene(it o( land conersion. -'e ast literature on urban economics &roides a basic rationale (or urbanisation and e%amines (actors t'at determine t'e &ace and &attern o( urban )rowt' in t'e midst o( ast and* at times* sta)nant rural economies* es&ecially in deelo&in) countries li$e India. Productiity di((erentials and )rowin) &o&ulations as well as underem&loyment in rural economies are t'e two basic (orces E&ullin); and E&us'in); &o&ulations out o( rural areas. ))lomeration economies* locational economies and economies o( scale and sco&e are ot'er major (actors o&eratin) on t'e &ull side. >rowin) dis&arities in &ublic inestment in a)riculture and allied actiities <is33is ot'er sectors= on t'e one 'and* and basic amenities
1"
rural* re)ional and urban &lannin). -'is is so because ecolo)ical*economic and social (unctions &er(ormed by t'e &eri3urban area a((ect bot' urban as well as rural areas. In t'is situation* t'e debate oer Ecom&act; s. Ee%&anded; cities assumes s&ecial si)ni(icance
1. IMPCT O/ DIVERSION O/ LND IN "R0N PERIPHER!+ SELECTED EVIDENCE Land conersion surroundin) urban centres &resents a ty&ical scenario* di((erent (rom t'at in most ot'er conersions* say (orest or remote rural areas. /'at ma$es land conersion in t'e rural– urban (rin)e4 di((erent is t'e (act t'at most urban centres eoled ori)inally because o( t'e natural endowments o( t'e area.# -'us* t'e (rin)e lands are )enerally more (ertile and 'ae been &ut to a)ricultural use. /it' increasin) &o&ulation &ressure* suc' lands are bound to (eel t'e strain. -'e situation is (urt'er com&licated by an a))re)ation o( uses by a ariety o( sta$e'olders. Aen t'e (armers liin) in t'e area mi)'t (ind non3a)ricultural income sources to be more &ro(itable and may )o (or land s&eculations . Eviden&e from Cal&u))a
-'ere is a small but )rowin) literature e%aminin) t'e im&act o( urbanisation* es&ecially diersion o( a)ricultural land* on t'e rural economy and communities. 2sin) a dual economy model in t'e conte%t o( 5alcutta +etro&olitan ,istrict in India* obsered t'at conersion o( rural land into urban uses may lead to im&roement o( a))re)ate wel(are (or t'e re)ional economy. 0oweer* t'is obseration is subject to t'e limitation t'at t'e wel(are im&act is s'a&ed by t'e c'aracteristics o( urban economies. -'e statistical results* as in t'e case o( many deelo&in) countries* a&&ear to su&&ort t'e 'y&ot'eses o( oer3urbanisation. -'is* in turn* may reinstate t'e case o( broad basin) t'e (arm economy* w'ic' may )ie a (urt'er boost to non3(arm actiities* in bot' rural areas and smallmedium towns. "nrul2 develo3men) in Ne' Del,i
11
-'e &ressure o( increasin) urban s&ace 'as been (elt most seerely in ew ,el'i* &articularly in t'e &ast two decades. -'e ra&id e%&ansion o( urban boundaries to t'e borderin) illa)es 'as caused wides&read c'an)es in t'e land use and lieli'ood &atterns in t'ese illa)es. In a detailed analysis o( a rural3turned3urban bloc$ in nort'ern ,el'i
2rbanisation o( t'ese illa)es 'as brou)'t t'em &'ysically and socially closer to t'e metro&olitan city and muc' o( t'e bene(its accrued can be e%&lained by t'e increase in o&&ortunities to commute to t'e city re)ularly. -'is 'as encoura)ed t'e illa)e dwellers to o&t (or (ormal and in(ormal wor$ in t'e serice sector in t'e city. But t'e real boom in t'e economy in t'e (rin)e areas 'as been brou)'t about by a sur)e in t'e rent and tenancy business. +ost o( t'e (actories and enter&rises set u& in t'ese areas belon) to t'e city dwellers* 'ence t'e owners – t'e erstw'ile lar)e (armers – realise )ood amounts on t'e rented land. Very (ew illa)ers 'ae )one (or t'e industrial actiity t'emseles* &robably (or t'e lac$ o( e%&erience and trainin)* and 'ae instead &re(erred joinin) )oernment serice or enterin) t'e trans&ort business. -'is does not mean t'at only t'e lar)e (armers 'ae bene(ited. -'e mar)inal (armers and landless and mi)rant labourers 'ae all entered t'e serice sector* joinin) w'ite or blue collar jobs* de&endin) on t'eir educational leel. ( t'ese* (ew o( t'e economically better illa)ers 'ae o&ened small commercial unitsG t'e mi)rant class 'as &re(erred to wor$ in t'e newly created small manu(acturin) units in t'e illa)e itsel(. not'er notable as&ect o( urbanisation in t'e (rin)e areas in ew ,el'i 'as been t'at concernin) a)ricultural actiity. +any o( t'e (armers 'ae continued wit' a)ricultural &ractices* o( course wit' increasin)ly intensie cultiation and c'an)es in cro&&in) &atterns. -'us* (loriculture and 'orticulture* (uelled by a 'u)e mar$et in t'e city* 'ae re&laced sta&le cro&s. +any o( t'e illa)ers 'ae een )one (or 'i)'3alue &eris'able cro&s* wit' some o&tin) (or mar$etin) t'e &roduce t'emseles wit' a iew to rea&in) 'i)'er bene(its. Similarly* dairy (armin) 'as also si)ni(ied )ains to t'e (armers. 2rbanisation also 'as 'ad some adjunct bene(its (or a)ricultural actiities* (or instance easier access to (ields t'rou)' better roads* (lood &reention and so on. -'us* t'e net e((ect o( urbanisation on a)riculture in t'e (rin)e illa)es is also (ound to be &ositie. ll t'is 'as been com&ounded by an obious increase in urban in(rastructure (acilities and amenities in t'ese illa)es. -'e electricity and
1!
water su&&ly and* more im&ortantly* 'ealt' serices 'ae )reatly im&roed* brin)in) increased awareness about 'ealt' and 'y)iene.
-'us* it can be lar)ely in(erred t'at urbanisation o( t'e (rin)e illa)es 'as 'ad a &ositie im&act on t'e socio3cultural and economic lies o( t'e ori)inal dwellers* across all classes. -'e oberse side o( t'e story stands mainly on ecolo)ical concerns. Increased industrial actiities resulted in a s'ar& increase in arious ty&es o( &ollution. -'is* in turn* 'as 'ad a ery bad e((ect on t'e 'ealt' o( &oor labourers* w'o )enerally lie in slums close to t'e (actories. Seeral incidences o( ast'ma and tuberculosis 'ae been (ound since t'e establis'ment o( industrial units. Second* ra&id &o&ulation increase in t'ese illa)es 'as resulted in increased con)estion. -'e ric'er erstw'ile landowners 'ae moed out (rom t'e illa)es and settled in t'e city or elsew'ere.
6. COMPENSTOR!
MECHNISMS+
PRO0LEMS
ND
#!
/OR#RD lt'ou)' t'ere are clearly laid down norms and &rocedures (or com&ensation under t'e Land c?uisition ct* t'e actual &ractice is (ar below t'e &roisions made in t'e &olicy.F /e do not intend to )et into t'e details o( t'e critical )a&s in t'e &rocess o( ac?uirin) land. -'e (ollowin) as&ects assume s&ecial si)ni(icance in t'is conte%t: J+ ulti3sta$e'older a)ency to in(orm* ne)otiate and oersee t'e &rocesses o( land
ac?uisition and com&ensationG Jssured (inancial &roision (or su&&ortin) resettlement and re'abilitation o( t'e PPsG
J-rans&arency and sco&e (or ne)otiations wit'in a sti&ulated s&'ereG
J+onitorin) oer a lon)er &eriod o( timeG
JAnsurin) aenues (or &roductie inestment o( t'e one3time cas' com&ensation receied
by (armers sellin) landPPs receiin) com&ensation. -'e dra(t RDR Policy &ro&oses a s&ecial institutional mec'anism to ta$e care o( t'ese as&ects but* essentially* an a)ency li$e t'is ou)'t to be outside t'e state;s domain. -'e bottom line is t'at i( t'e &roject cannot &ay (or t'e cost o( com&ensation andor t'e state is unwillin) to acce&t c'ec$s and balance t'rou)' t'e a)ency o( t'e &eo&le* es&ecially t'e PPs* t'is may lead to a &rimitie (orm o( ca&ital accumulation as noted by 5'andrase$'ar
Con&lusion -'e conserationist* 'ence conseratie* &olicies &ursued so (ar are &ro'ibitie rat'er t'an &roactie in terms o( eolin) a rationale (or allocatin) land (or t'e ra&idly )rowin) sectors ot'er t'an t'e &rimary sector* w'ic' contribute more t'an t'ree3(ourt's o( India;s >,P. But t'is does not mean absence o( diersion to ot'er uses. In (act* t'ese &olicies 'ae )ien rise to &rocesses and mec'anisms t'at 'ae &roed counter&roductie to t'e ery cause o( conseration.
14
Referen&e Chhattisgarh land revenue code
1#
