Penyusun DIKTAT IPA 9A Viktorinus Rema Gare, S.Pd HP : 082144036098 E-mail :
[email protected] Webblog : victorremagare.blogspot.com Alamat : SMP Negeri 2 Bajawa Utara
KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur syukur kehadirat kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, atas segala rahmat dan karunia-Nya, sehingga
dapat
terselesaikannya
penulisan
DIKTAT IPA kelas IX Semester Ganjil Secara garis besar DIKTAT
ini disusun
secara sistematis dan praktis dengan harapan para guru dan siswa dapat memudahkan dalam kegiatan pembelajaran. DIKTAT ini disusun dengan
sistematika
yang
dimulai
dengan
ringkasan materi kemudian kegiatan Siswa dan Evaluasi. Dalam penyusunan DIKTAT ini masih jauh dari lengkap dan sempurna untuk menjangkau materi pelajaran
yang perlu dipelajari siswa
dalam satu tahun, untuk itu jika dipandang perlu guru dipersilakan menambah sendiri referensi yang lain agar dapat memenuhi kelengkapan materi tersebut. Menyadari kekurangan yang ada pada DIKTAT ini maka dengan kerendahan hati penyusun sangat mengharapkan saran dan kritik yang membangun agar DIKTAT yang akan datang menjadi lebih baik dan bermanfaat.
Watukaba, Juli 2015 Penyusun
1
Diktat Diktat IPA 9A – V ktorinus ktorinus R ema ema Gare, Gare, S .Pd
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DAFTAR ISI
BAB I
LISTRIK STATIS ................................................................... ............................................................................................................... ............................................ A. Muatan Listrik .......................................................... ....................................................................................................... ............................................. B. Pengosongan Muatan Listrik ........................................................... ................................................................................. ...................... C. Elektroskop ............................................................... ............................................................................................................ ............................................. D. Interaksi Benda Muatan Listrik ..................................................................... ............................................................................. ........ E. Hukum Coulomb .................................................................. ................................................................................................... ................................. EVALUASI ............................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ........................................................
3 3 4 5 6 7 9
BAB II
ELEMEN DAN ARUS LISTRIK ......................................................... .......................................................................................... ................................. A. Arus Listrik ................................................................. ............................................................................................................. ............................................ B. Beda Potensial Listrik ........................................................... ............................................................................................ ................................. EVALUASI ............................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ........................................................
11 11 16 23
BAB III
LISTRIK DINAMIS ............................................................... ............................................................................................................ ............................................. A. Hubungan Beda Potensial dan Kuat Arus Listrik ................................................... B. Hambatan Penghantar ......................................................... .......................................................................................... ................................. C. Konduktor dan Isolator ................................................................... ......................................................................................... ...................... D. Kuat Arus pada Rangkaian ............................................................... ..................................................................................... ...................... E. Rangkaian Hambatan ........................................................... ............................................................................................ ................................. F. Hukum Ohm pada Rangkaian Tertutup ................................................................. EVALUASI ............................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ........................................................
25 25 27 30 32 33 35 36
BAB IV
ENERGI DAN DAYA LISTRIK ........................................................... ............................................................................................ ................................. A. Energi Listrik ............................................................. .......................................................................................................... ............................................. B. Daya Listrik ............................................................... ............................................................................................................ ............................................. C. Kwhmeter .................................................................. .............................................................................................................. ............................................ D. Alat-alat Listrik yang Mengubah Energi Listrik menjadi Energi lain ...................... EVALUASI ............................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ........................................................
39 39 42 42 43 44
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LISTRIK STATIS
Kompetensi Dasar
3.1
Mendeskripsikan muatan listrik untuk memahami gejala-gejala listrik statis serta kaitannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari
A. Muatan Listrik Pada saat kamu menyisir rambut kering, rambutmu tertarik oleh sisir. Mengapa rambut menempel di sisir? Pada mulanya rambut dan sisir bersifat netral. Suatu atom bersifat netral, karena jumlah proton dan elektron sama. Pada saat kamu menggosokkan sisir pada rambutmu, sejumlah atom di dalam rambutmu terganggu, sejumlah elektron di dalam rambutmu terlepas dan berpindah ke sisirmu. Akibatnya, sisirmu memperoleh tambahan elektron, dan sisirmu itu tidak lagi netral, tetapi memiliki muatan negatif. Rambutmu kehilangan elektron, sehingga rambutmu itu bermuatan positif . Contoh lain yaitu jika plastik atau ebonit jika digosok dengan kain wool akan bermuatan negatip karena elektron pada wool berpindah ke plastik atau ebonit sedangkan kain wool kehilangan elektron. Sedangkan batang kaca yang digosok dengan kain sutera akan bermuatan positip sebab batang kaca kehilangan elektron sedangkan kain sutera mendapatkan elektron dari batang kaca. Peristiwa ini merupakan contoh mendapatkan listrik statis dengan cara menggosok. Untuk lebih jelasnya lakukan kegiatan 1.1. Listrik statis adalah berkumpulnya muatan listrik pada suatu benda. Secara umum dapat dijelaskan bahwa: 1. Benda terdiri atas atom-atom sejenis. 2. Setiap atom terdiri atas sebuah inti yang dikelilingi oleh satu atau lebih elektron. 3. Inti atom bermuatan positif, elektron bermuatan negatif. 4. Inti atom terdiri atas proton yang bermuatan positif dan netron yang tidak bermuatan listrik.
Kegiatan 1.1
Memberi Memberi muatan listrik dengan cara menggosok
a. Tujuan: Menimbulkan muatan listrik pada benda dengan cara menggosok b. Alat dan Bahan:
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c. Prosedur Kegiatan
1. Letakkan potongan-potongan potongan-potongan kertas kertas tisu di atas meja. 2. Gosoklah sebuah sisir dengan rambutmu, dekatkan sisir tersebut tersebut pada kertas tisu. Apa yang kamu amati ? ............................................................................................................................. 3. Biarkan kertas tisu itu menempel pada pada sisir selama beberapa detik. Apa yang kamu amati setelah setelah beberapa detik berlalu ? ...................................................................................................... d. Analisis
1. Jenis muatan apakah yang dimiliki sisir dan rambut tersebut sebelum saling digosokkan? .............................................................................................................................................................. 2. Jenis muatan apakah yang dimiliki sisir dan rambut setelah saling digosokkan ? .............................................................................................................................................................. 3. Pada saat sisir tersebut tersebut didekatkan pada tisu, mengapa tisu ini tertarik oleh sisir sisir ? .............................................................................................................................................................. 4. Setelah beberapa saat saat tisu itu menempel menempel pada sisir, sisir, mengapa tisu itu lepas lagi ? .............................................................................................................................................................. e. Sekarang Jawablah !
1. Bagaimana caranya elektron pindah dari satu benda benda menuju benda lain dalam kegiatan ini? ....................................................................................................................................................... 2. Apa yang terjadi pada suatu benda benda yang tidak bermuatan listrik, jika benda itu mendapatkan mendapatkan atau kehilangan elektron ? .......................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................................. 3. Apa yang menjadi kesimpulanmu kesimpulanmu dari kegiatan tersebut ? ................................................................. ................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................................
B. Pengosongan Muatan Listrik Loncatan muatan listrik terjadi pada saat muatan listrik bergerak secara bersama-sama. Kejadian ini dinamakan pengo-songan listrik statis. Petir meru-pakan salah satu contoh proses
pengosongan.
Perpindahan
muatan listrik statis dari satu benda ke benda lain disebut penetralan atau pengosongan muatan statis. Pengo-
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Penangkal petir, melindungi rumah dan bangunan tinggi tersebut dari kerusakan oleh energi listrik yang besar di dalam petir. Penangkal petir ini menyediakan suatu jalan aman, melalui pentanahan, agar arus listrik petir mengalir masuk ke dalam tanah, bukan melewati rumah atau bangunan lain.
C. Elektroskop Elektroskop adalah suatu piranti yang dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi
muatan listrik. Bagian-bagian utama elektroskop : a. Dua helai foile emas atau perak sebagai daun elektroskop b. Lempeng logam bulat sebagai penghantar c. Kotak kaca sebagai tempat tempat tangkai penghantar beserta beserta foil Kegunaan elektroskop: 1. Untuk mengetahui benda benda bermuatan atau tidak bermuatan Daun elektroskop mula-mula menutup (netral). Bila sebuah benda disentuhkan pada lempeng logam dan daun elektroskop tetap menutup, benda tersebut tidak bermuatan. Apabila sebuah benda disentuhkan pada lempeng logam dan daun elektroskop membuka, berarti benda tersebut bermuatan. 2. Untuk mengetahui jenis muatan listrik Mula-mula elektroskop diberi muatan yaitu dengan jalan menyentuh lempeng logam dengan benda bermuatan, misalnya muatan positif. Suatu benda bermuatan (belum diketahui jenis muatannya) didekatkan pada lempeng logam. Apabila daun elektroskop membuka, berarti benda tersebut bermuatan positif dan bila daun elektroskop menutup berarti benda tersebut bermuatan negatif. Untuk memahami prinsip kerja elektroskop lakukan kegiatan 1.2.
Kegiatan 1.2 ELEKTROSKOP a. Pendahuluan
Benda ada yang bermuatan listrik dan ada yang tidak bermuatan listrik. Bagaimana untuk mengetahui bahwa suatu benda bermuatan listrik ? Untuk mengetahui sebuah benda bermuatan listrik atau tidak lakukanlah kegiatan berikut ini. b. Alat dan Bahan
1 buah batang kaca
1 potong kain sutera
1 buah elektroskop
c. Prosedur
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3. Dekatkan ujung batang kaca tersebut ke bola/kepala logam elektroskop dan lihat daun-daunnya. Apa yang terjadi ? ............................................................................................................................. Mengapa demikian ? ......................................................................................................................... 4. Kemudian jauhkan batang kaca dari kepala elektroskop dan lihat daun-daun elektroskop. Apa yang terjadi pada daun elektroskop ? ............................................................................................... Mengapa demikian ? ......................................................................................................................... 5. Dekatkan lagi batang kaca yang sudah digosok-gosok kain sutera tersebut ke bola/kepala elektroskop , tahan batang kaca di dekat kepala elektroskop kemudian sentuhlah kepala elektroskop dengan ujung jari amati daun elekltroskop apa yang terjadi ? .............................................................................................................................................................. Mengapa demikian ? ........................................................................................................................... 6. Jauhkan ujung jari dan batang kaca dari kepala elektroskop. Amati yang terjadi pada dauan elektroskop, apa yang terjadi ? … ........................................................................................................ Mengapa demikian ? ........................................................................................................................... d. Analisis dan Kesimpulan Buatlah kesimpulan dari kegiatan di atas dengan cara membuat gambar untuk menjelaskan hasil
tersebut. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................
D. Interaksi Benda Benda Bermuatan Bermuatan Listrik Telah kita ketahui bahwa untuk menimbulkan muatan listrik pada suatu benda dapat dilakukan dengan cara menggosok. Apa yang terjadi jika dua buah benda bermuatan listrik saling kita dekatkan ? Dua buah benda masing-masing bermuatan listrik negatip dan saling berdekatan, maka antara dua benda tersebut akan terjadi gaya tolak-menolak. Demikian juga jika dua buah benda masing-masing bermuatan listrik positip dan saling berdekatan, maka antara dua buah benda tersebut juga akan terjadi gaya tolak-menolak. Tetapi jika sebuah benda bermuatan listrik positip didekatkan dengan benda bermuatan listrik negatip maka antara dua buah benda tersebut akan terjadi gaya tarik-menarik. Untuk lebih jelasnya lakukan kegiatan 1.3.
Kegiatan 1.3 Sifat Benda Bermuatan Listrik a. Tujuan : Mengetahui sifat kelistrikan yang ditimbulkan oleh penggaris plastik. b. Alat dan Bahan
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c. Prosedur Kegiatan
1. Ambil dua buah mistar plastik. 2. Gantungkan salah satu mistar itu dengan benang benang pada sebuah sebuah statif seperti gambar berikut. 3. Gosok-gosokkan salah salah satu ujung mistar itu pada rambut yang kering. 4. Ambil mistar yang lain, dan gosokkan ujung mistar itu pada rambut yang kering. 5. Dekatkan kedua ujung mistar yang telah digosok seperti seperti gambar. Amatilah apa yang terjadi. 6. Diskusikan hasil pengamatan ini dengan teman teman satu kelompok kalian. 7. Ambillah dua batang kaca. 8. Gantungkan salah satu batang batang kaca dengan dengan seutas benang pada sebuah statif seperti gambar di bawah ini. 9. Gosok-gosokkan salah salah satu ujung kaca itu dengan kapas yang kering. 10. Ambil kaca yang lain dan gosokkan gosokkan ujung kaca dengan kapas yang kering. 11. Dekatkan kedua kedua ujung kaca yang telah digosok. Amatilah apa yang terjadi. 12. Diskusikan hasil pengamatan ini dengan teman satu kelompok kalian. 13. Dekatkan ujung mistar yang telah digosok rambut kering dengan ujung kaca yang telah digosok kapas kering. Amatilah apa yang terjadi. c. Analisis dan Kesimpulan
1. Diskusikan hasil pengamatan ini dengan teman satu kelompok. 2. Buatlah suatu kesimpulan yang disertai alasan y ang menunjukkan adanya sifat kelistrikan dari dua benda yang berbeda atau sama yaitu antara mistar dan kaca, mistar dan mistar, dan kaca dan kaca.
3. Presentasikan hasil pengamatanmu pada kegiatan ini.
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Hukum Coulomb berbunyi: besar gaya tolak-menolak atau gaya tarik-menarik antara dua benda bermuatan listrik, berbanding lurus dengan besar masing-masing muatan listrik dan berbanding terbalik dengan kuadrat jarak antara kedua benda bermuatan.
Secara matematik Hukum Coulomb dirumuskan:
Keterangan : F c
= gaya tolak-menolak atau gaya tarik-menarik dalam satuan newton (N)
Q1
= besar muatan pertama dalam satuan coulomb (C)
Q2
= besar muatan kedua dalam satuan coulomb (C)
r
= jarak antara dua benda bermuatan dalam satuan meter (m)
k
= konstanta pembanding besarnya 9 x 109 Nm2/C2
Contoh Soal:
1. Dua buah benda memiliki memiliki muatan masing-masing +Q dan -Q kedua kedua benda terpisah pada jarak sejauh d, sehingga menghasilkan gaya sebesar F. Jika jarak kedua benda didekatkan menjadi setengahnya, maka berapa besar gayanya sekarang ? Diketahui: Q 1 = +Q dan Q 2 = -Q r=½d Ditanyakan : F = .. ? Jawaban :
F=k
Q1 x Q 2
F=k
Q1 x (Q 2)
r d 2 Q1 x Q 2 Q1 x Q 2 Q1 x ( Q 2) = -k = -4 k = - 4 F1 F’ = k 1 2 1 2 d 2 ( d ) d 2 4 2
Jadi gayanya menjadi 4 kali gaya semula sedangkan tanda negatip (-) artinya terjadi gaya tarik menarik antara dua muatan. 2. Dua muatan dipisahkan dengan jarak 3 cm. Benda A memiliki muatan +6 C dan benda B memiliki
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b. FA dan FB serta arahnya Jawaban: a.
FB pada A
A
B
+
+
FA pada B
r b. FA = FB = k
Q A Q B 2
r 9
2
= 9 x 10 Nm /C
9
2
= 9 x 10 Nm /C
2
(6 x10 6 C ) x(3 x10 6 C ) (3 x10 2 m) 2
2
18 x10 9 x10
12
4
2
C
m
2
= 9 x 10 9 Nm2/C2 x 2 10-8 C2/m2 = 18 x 10 N = 180 N FA arahnya ke kanan dan FB arahnya ke kiri yang besarnya sama.
EVALUASI
Pilih salah jawaban yang benar ! 1. Bagian atom yang tidak bermuatan listrik dinamakan ... A. elektron B. Neutron C. Proton D. nukleon 2. Pelepasan elektron dari atom suatu suatu benda mengakibatkan benda tersebut bermuatan ... A. netral B. negatif C. positif D. negatif dan positif 3. Dua Penggaris plastik yang telah digosok dengan kain wol jika didekatkan akan terjadi peristiwa ..... A. tolak menolak B. tarik menarik C. keduanya tidak bergerak D. kadang-kadang tarik menarik
A. tolak menolak C. diam B. tarik menarik D. ditarik pelan-pelan 6. Penggaris plastik plastik yang yang kering jika digosokkan pada rambut dapat menarik helaian rambut, karena ……. A. proton dari plastik berpindah ke rambut B. proton dari rambut berpindah ke plastik C. elektron dari plastik berpindah ke rambut D. elektron dari rambut berpindah ke plastik 7. Seorang siswa melakukan penyelidikan perilaku sisir terhadap serpihan kertas berikut :
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8.
9.
Jika mistar plastik digosok dengan kain wol, maka yang terjadi adalah ... A. elektron dari mistar berpindah ke kain wol sehingga mistar bermuatan positip (+) B. elektron dari kain wol berpindah berpindah ke mistar sehingga mistar bermuatan negatip (-) C. elektron dari kain wol berpindah ke mistar, sehingga mistar bermuatan positip (+) D. proton dari mistar berpindah ke kain wol sehingga mistar bermuatan negatip (-) Ebonit jika digosok dengan kain wol akan bermuatan .. A. netral C. negatif B. positif D. tidak bermuatan
10. Perhatikan gambar berikut ! Batang kaca dapat menarik serpihan kertas seperti pada gambar karena telah bermuatan listrik yang ditimbulkan oleh peristiwa penggosokan dengan …. A. kain wol, sehingga melepaskan beberapa elektron yang dimiliki B. kain sutera, sehingga melepaskan beberapa elektron yang dimiliki C. kain wol, sehingga menerima beberapa elektron dari kain wol D. kain sutera, sehingga menerima menerima beberapa elektron 11. Perhatikan sederetan benda-benda bermuatan listrik yang digantung dengan
12. Pemisahan muatan listrik positif maupun negatif pada benda netral akibat pengaruh benda bermuatan listrik di dekatnya disebut .... A. induksi elektromagnetik B. induksi listrik C. GGL induksi D. arus induksi 12. Gambar manakah yang benar untuk sebuah benda bermuatan listrik negatif didekatkan pada elektroskop bermuatan listrik positip ?
13. Dua buah benda benda memiliki muatan masingmasing +Q dan -Q kedua benda terpisah pada jarak sejauh d, sehingga menghasilkan menghasilkan gaya sebesar F. Jika jaraknya tetap tetapi muatannya berubah menjadi +4Q dan -3Q, maka m aka besar gayanya sekarang adalah ... A. 7F B. 8F C. 10F D.12F 14. Dua buah benda benda memiliki muatan masingmasing +Q dan -Q kedua benda benda terpisah pada jarak sejauh d, sehingga menghasilkan menghasilkan gaya sebesar F. Jika jarak kedua benda didekatkan menjadi setengahnya, maka besar gayanya sekarang adalah .... A. 1F B. 2F C. 3F D. 4F 15. Dua buah benda benda masing-masing muatannya +5 -6 x 10 C dan +2 x 10 -6 C, terletak pada jarak 2 cm. Jika k = 9x10 9 N m2 /C2 maka besar gaya tolak kedua muatan tersebut adalah … A. 22,5 x 10-6 N C. 22,5 N B. 225 N D. 22,5 x 106 N
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Bab 2
ELEMEN DAN ARUS LISTRIK
Kompetensi Dasar
3.3
Mendeskripsikan prinsip kerja elemen dan arus listrik yang ditimbulkannya serta penerapannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari
A.
Arus Listrik
1.
Terjadinya Arus Listrik Arus listrik dapat mengalir pada suatu penghantar jika antara kedua ujung penghantar terdapat beda potensial. Perhatikan gambar 2.1. Dua buah benda A dan B bermuatan listrik positip dan dihubungkan dengan penghantar. Benda A bermuatan positip 12 dan benda B bermuatan positip 6. Jika dua buah benda dihubungkan dengan penghantar maka elektron mengalir dari benda B ke benda A, sedangkan proton mengalir dari benda A ke benda B. Hal ini terjadi karena benda A potensialnya lebih tinggi dari pada benda B (V A> VB). Jadi arus listrik mengalir dari potensial lebih tinggi ke yang potensialnya lebih rendah. Elektron mengalir dari potensial rendah ke potensial tinggi. Pada gambar 2.2 benda P bermuatan positip dan benda Q bermuatan negatip, maka arus listrik mengalir dari benda P ke benda Q, sedangkan elektron mengalir dari benda Q ke benda P.
2. Rangkaian Listrik Rangkaian listrik dapat dibuat dengan cara menghubung-hubungkan kutub-kutub sumber arus listrik misalnya baterai dengan penghantar ke alat-alat listrik. Rangkaian listrik ada yang terbuka ada pula tertutup. Untuk memahami lebih lanjut lakukan kegiatan 2.1.
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c. Alat dan bahan
Baterai
= 1 buah
Bola lampu 1,5 V
= 1 buah
Saklar
= 1 buah
Soket lampu
= 1 buah
Kabel
= secukupnya
d. Prosedur Kegiatan 1. Rangkailah alat-alat di atas sampai lampu dalam keadaan menyala. 2. Gambarlah rangkaian yang yang telah kamu buat tersebut. ............................................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................................. 3. Dari rangkaian yang telah kamu buat tersebut matikan saklarnya dengan cara menggeser ke arah OFF. Apakah lampu tetap menyala ? .................................................................................................. Menurut pendapatmu apa sebabnya ? .............................................................................................. 4. Gambarlah rangkaian listrik pada prosedur prosedur 3 di atas. ............................................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................................. 5. Geserlah sekali lagi saklarnya ke arah ON, apakah lampu menyala ? ................................................. Menurut pendapatmu apa sebabnya ? ..............................................................................................
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3. Mengukur Kuat Arus Arus Listrik Kuat arus listrik yang mengalir pada rangkaian dapat diukur besarnya. Alat yang digunakan untuk mengukur kuat arus listrik adalah amperemeter (ammeter). Dapat juga untuk mengukur kuat arus listrik digunakan basicmeter dan avometer. Pada rangkaian listrik amperemeter dipasang secara seri dengan rangkaian yang diukur kuat arusnya. Karena skala basicmeter standarnya menggunakan satuan mikroampere maka basicmeter hanya mampu mengukur kuat arus listrik yang sangat kecil. Agar basicmeter dapat digunakan untuk mengukur kuat arus listrik yang besar maka harus dipasang shunt. Gambar 2.3 menunjukkan basicmeter tidak diberi shunt. Gambar 2.4 (a) Shunt dengan batas ukur 1 A dan 5 A sedangkan gambar 2.4 b) Shunt dengan batas ukur 50 mA dan 100 mA. Basic meter ini hanya dapat digunakan untuk mengukur arus dc.
Jika kamu akan mengukur kuat arus listrik di atas 1 A gunakan SHUNT 0 – 1 – 5 A, tetapi jika akan mengukur arus listrik di bawah 1 A gunakan SHUNT 0 – 50 – 100 mA. Misalkan kamu akan mengukur kuat arus listrik yang melewati sebuah lampu maka pasangkan SHUNT 0 – 50 – 100 DC mA pada Basic meter seperti gambar 2.5. Jika
kutub
negatip
baterai
dihubungkan
dengan kabel pada angka nol dan kutub positip baterai dihubungkan dengan kabel pada lampu kemudian lampu dihubungkan dengan kabel pada angka 100, maka batas ukur basic meter yang digunakan adalah 100 mA. Skala yang ditunjuk oleh jarum basic meter adalah 80 dan skala penuh 100 jika skala yang digunakan pada panel bawah, dan skala yang
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Kegiatan 2.2 Mengukur Kuat Arus Listrik Dengan Basicmeter
a. Tujuan: Mengukur besarnya kuat arus listrik pada rangkaian b. Alat dan bahan
Basicmeter
= 1 buah
Saklar
= 1 buah
Bola lampu 1,5 V
= 1 buah
Shunt 0 – 50 – 100 DC mA
= 1 buah
Kabel
= secukupnya
Soket lampu
= 1 buah
Baterai
= 2 buah
c. Prosedur Kegiatan 1.
Buatlah rangkaian seperti gambar 2.6 !
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9.
Hitunglah besarnya kuat arus listrik yang mengalir ? ...................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................
10. Jika basicmeter diberi simbul saklar
, baterai diberi simbul
dan kabel penghubung
, lampu diberi simbul
,
maka gambarlah rangkaian listrik pada kegiatan
1 dan kegiatan 8. ................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................
Kesimpulan Buatlah kesimpulan dari kegiatan di atas berdasarkan hasil kegiatan no. 7 dan no. 9. ................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................
Dalam suatu rangkaian listrik jika mengalir arus listrik maka pada rangkaian tersebut mengalir pula muatan listrik. Jika muatan listrik yang mengalir pada rangkaian sebesar Q selama waktu t, maka besarnya kuat arus listrik dapat dihitung dengan persamaan: Q = muatan listrik, satuanya dalam SI coulomb (C)
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B.
Beda Potensial Listrik
1. Sumber Arus Listrik Untuk menimbulkan beda potensial pada ujung-ujung penghantar di gunakan sumber tegangan atau sumber arus listrik. Berdasarkan bahan yang digunakan Sumber tegangan di bagi menjadi : Elemen elektrokimia dan Elemen elektrodinamika. Elemen elektrokimia adalah sumber tegangan yang mengubah energi kimia menjadi energi listrik. Sedangkan elemen elektrodinamika adalah sumber tegangan yang mengubah energi gerak menjadi energi listrik. Elemen elektrokimia dibagi menjadi elemen primer dan elemen sekunder. Elemen primer adalah
sumber tegangan yang apabila energinya habis tidak dapat diisi kembali. Contohnya elemen volta, elemen kering (baterai), elemen Leclanche, elemen Daniel . Sedangkan elemen sekunder adalah
sumber tegangan yang apabila energinya habis dapat diisi kembali. Contohnya akumulator ( accu) a. Elemen Volta Sumber arus dan tegangan ini pertama kali dibuat oleh ahli fisika Italia yang bernama Allesandro Volta (1790-1800). Pada dasarnya elemen volta terdiri atas logam tembaga ( Cu ), logam seng (Zn), dan larutan elektrolit asam sulfat ( H 2SO4 ). Perhatikan gambar 2.8 di samping ini. Logam tembaga (Cu) sebagai kutub positip (+) dan logam seng (Zn) sebagai kutub negatip (-). Beda potensial antara kedua kutub 1 volt s/d 1,5 volt. Pada saat logam Cu dan logam Zn dihubungkan lewat penghantar ke lampu, terjadi proses perubahan energi kimia menjadi energi listrik. Lempeng tembaga bermuatan positip karena kekurangan elektron sedangkan lempeng seng bermuatan negatip karena kelebihan elektron. Kelemahan elemen volta adalah timbulnya gelembung-gelembung gas di sekitar logam Cu yang menghambat jalannya arus yang di sebut polarisasi
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c. Elemen Leclanche
Elemen Leclance terdiri dari bejana kaca dan berisi batang karbon ( C ) sebagai elektroda positip, batang seng (Zn) sebagai elektroda negatip, larutan amonium khlorida (NH4Cl) sebagai elektrolit dan depolarisator manggandioksida (MnO2) bercampur serbuk karbon (C) dalam bejana berpori ditunjukkan gambar 2.12. Bila ion-ion seng masuk dalam larutan amonium khlorida, maka batang seng akan negatip terhadap larutan itu. Amonium khlorida memberikan ion-ion amonium yang bermuatan positip yang menembus bejana berpori menuju batang karbon. Ion-ion itu memberikan muatan positipnya kepada batang karbon dan terurai menjadi amoniak (NH 3) dan gas hidrogen (H 2).
d. Elemen Daniel
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Beda potensial listrik sering di sebut tegangan listrik. Untuk mengukur beda potensial listrik digunakan voltmeter. Basicmeter dan avometer (multitester) dapat juga digunakan untuk mengukur beda potensial listrik. Pada suatu rangkaian listrik, voltmeter dipasang paralel dengan rangkaian yang diukur beda potensialnya. Mengukur beda potensial listrik menggunakan basicmeter pada dasarnya hampir sama dengan mengukur kuat arus listrik menggunakan basicmeter. Bedanya jika mengukur kuat arus listrik menggunakan shunt tetapi jika mengukur beda potensial menggunakan multiplier. Multiplier ada yang batas ukurnya 0 – 1 – 5 DC V dan ada pula yang batas ukurnya 0 – 10 – 50 DC V. Jika akan mengukur beda potensial kurang dari 5 V, maka digunakan multiplier dengan batas ukur 0 – 1 – 5 DC V dan jika akan mengukur beda potensial 10 V sampai dengan 50 V, menggunakan multiplier yang batas ukurnya 0 – 10 – 50 DC V. Gambar 2.17 a) multiplier dengan batas ukur 0 – 1 – 5 DC V dan gambar 2.17 b) multiplier dengan batas ukur 0 – 10 – 50 DC V. Misalnya
akan
mengukur
besarnya
beda
potensial pada lampu seperti gambar 2.19. Batas ukur basic meter yang digunakan adalah 5 V. Skala yang ditunjuk oleh jarum basic meter adalah 30 ; skala penuh 100 jika skala yang digunakan pada panel bawah, dan skala yang
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Kegiatan 2.3
Mengukur Beda Potensial Listrik Dengan Basicmeter
a. Tujuan : Mengukur beda potensial listrik b. Alat dan bahan
Basicmeter
= 1 buah
Saklar
= 1 buah
Bola lampu 1,5 V
= 1 buah
Multiplier 0 – 1 – 5 DC V
= 1 buah
Kabel
= secukupnya
Soket lampu
= 1 buah
Baterai
= 2 buah
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9.
Hitunglah besarnya beda potensial pada lampu ? ...................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................
10. Jika basicmeter diberi simbul saklar
, baterai diberi simbul
dan kabel penghubung
, lampu diberi simbul
,
maka gambarlah rangkaian listrik pada kegiatan
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Kegiatan 2.4
Mengukur Gaya Gerak Listrik dan Tegangan Jepit
a. Tujuan : Mengukur gaya gerak listrik (ggl) dan tegangan jepit b. Alat dan bahan
baterai lengkap dengan tempatnya saklar kabel penghubung basicmeter/voltmeter bola lampu dengan tempatnya
= 2 buah = 1 buah = secukupnya = 1 buah = 1 buah
c. Prosedur L
S
1. 2.
Rangkailah alat-alat seperti gambar di samping. Sebelum saklar (S) dihubungkan, apakah jarum pada basicmeter bergerak menunjuk angka tertentu ? ....................... Mengapa demikian ? ...................................................................
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4. Rangkaian Sumber Tegangan Sumber tegangan DC atau elemen dapat dirangkai seri maupun paralel. Bagaimanakah besarnya GGL dari beberapa elemen yang dirangkai seri maupun yang dirangkai paralel. Seperti halnya jika kalian menyalakan senter menggunakan baterai lebih dari satu, m aka agar senter dapat menyala dengan terang elemen-elemen tersebut harus dirangkai secara seri. Bagaimana cara merangkai dan berapa besarnya beda potensial dari elemen yang dirangkai seri maupun paralel , lakukan kegiatan 2.5.
Kegiatan 2.5
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EVALUASI Pilih salah satu jawaban yang benar ! 1.
Perhatikan gambar di bawah ini!
Berikut ini yang benar adalah . . . . A. arah elektron dari A ke B, arah arus listrik dari B ke A B. arah arus listrik dari A ke B, arah elektron
6. Jika rangkaian berikut untuk mengukur kuat arus pada lampu maka ....
A. P adalah sakelar dan Q adalah lampu
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10. Perhatikan gambar di bawah ! Agar kita dapat mengetahui besar GGL dalam rangkaian tersebut, yang kita lakukan adalah .... A. Membuka saklar dan voltmeter voltmeter dipasang seri. B. Membuka saklar dan voltmeter dipasang paralel dengan lampu. C. Menutup saklar dan voltmeter voltmeter dipasang
13. Manakah kutub negatif negatif pada bagan di bawah ini ? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 14. Pada aki (accumulator ) yang berfungsi sebagai anoda adalah . . . . A. Pb C. PbO2
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LISTRIK DINAMIS
Kompetensi Dasar
3.2
Menganalisis percobaan listrik dinamis dalam suatu rangkaian serta penerapannya dalam kehidupan
sehari-hari
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d.
Kegiatan 1. Hubungan antara tegangan dan kuat arus
a. b.
c.
Susunlah alat-alat yang tersedia seperti gambar di samping ini. Ubahlah besar kecilnya hambatan dari Rheostart (Rs) , bacalah besarnya kuat arus (I) yang ditunjuk amperemeter dan beda potensial (V) yang ditunjuk voltmeter dan catat pada tabel. Lakukan kegiatan b) sebanyak 4 kali dan catatlah hasilnya
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f.
Membuat grafik Dari kegiatan (2) buatlah grafik hubungan antara beda potensial ( V ) dengan kuat arus ( I ),
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Kegiatan 3.2
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2. Membandingkan Hambatan Kawat yang berbeda Jenisnya a. Masukkan data pengamatan pada kegiatan 1 untuk tembaga kecil dengan panjang 1 m ke
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Hambatan Jenis Berbagai Bahan
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c.
Prosedur
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Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.