UNIVERSIDAD DE GUAYAQUIL FACULTAD PILOTO DE ODONTOLOGIA PRÓTESIS FIJA TEMA:
CONCEPTOS FUNDAMENTALES APLICADOS A LA OPERA OPE RATORIA TORIA DENTAL INSTRUMENTOS ROTARIOS, EVOLUCIÓN, CLASIFICACIÓN DE LAS VELOCIDADES, FUNCIONAMIENTO DE LA TURBINA Y EL MICROMOTOR AISLAMIENTO DENTAL RESINAS COMPUESTAS
DOCENTE: DR. EDUARDO LOZA MENENDEZ INTEGRANTES: GINO GAVILANES HEYDI MIÑAN HEYDI MORAN VERA KATTYA PESANTEZ MIRYA SÁNCHEZ SALAZAR SANDRA DURAZNO TINIZHAÑAY CURSO: 6/1 GUAYAQUIL-ECUADOR
MISIÓN
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CONCEPTOS FUNDAMENTALES APLICADOS A LA OPERATORIA DENTAL INSTRUMENTOS ROTARIOS, EVOLUCIÓN, CLASIFICACIÓN DE LAS VELOCIDADES, FUNCIONAMIENTO DE LA TURBINA Y EL MICROMOTOR INSTRUMENTAL ROTATORIO Paa %" &#% $%'#a*& % !#*"*:a' *'#!2%'#& $% 3&2a, #a2a?& &25&**4' +a*a7"% /!% &'#*#!%' %" *'#!2%'#a" &#a#&*&, %" !a" % a*&'a$& 5& !a"/!*%a $% "& *#%2a $% *25!"*4' /!% % a'a"*:a' &5&#!'a2%'#%.@CITATION !" "
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ACTIVACION POR LUH ULTRAVIOLETA .CRISPIN, B.. , B!&'&&% %' $%*7*4 %" 5*2% &25&*#% 3&#&5&"*2%*:a7"%. C&'#%')a !' 3&#&*'**a$& ;7%':&*'2%#*"%#%< /!% %a*&'a7a &' "!: !"#a+*&"%#a $% !'a "&'(*#!$ $% &'$a $% '2. C&'+*#*%'$& %" 7%':&*'2%#*"%#% %' a$*a" "*7%, %#% *#%2a 3!% 7*%' %*7*$&, 5!% 5%2*#)a !' #*%25& $% #a7a8& *"*2*#a$& &25aa$& &' "& a!#&5&"*2%*:a7"%. P%& !(*%&' $!$a &7% ! %(!*$a$, %5%#& a" *%(& $% "%*4' &'%a" $% #%8*$& 7"a'$& 5& a$*a*4' !"#a+*&"%#a. La !'*$a$% 3&#&5&"*2%*:a$&a $%7)a' a"%'#a% 5%+*a2%'#% +a*& 2*'!#&, $*2*'!)a' ! %'$*2*%'#& '& % 5&$)a &'#&"a ! %3**%'*a $% 3&2a +*!a", %" 3a(!a$& $% !'a a5a $% , 22 %/!%)a $% %(!'$&. La "!: !"#a+*&"%#a #*%'% !'a a5a*$a$ "*2*#a$a $% 5%'%#a*4' %' %" %2a"#%. Ya '&
&' 3a7*a$& %#% #*5& $% "925aa 3&#&5&"*2%*:a$&a, 5& ! *'&'+%'*%'#% "a a5a**4' $% "& *#%2a $% "!: +**7"%.
ACTIVACION POR LUH VISIBLE .CRISPIN, B.. , S&"!*&'a&' 2!6& 5&7"%2a $% "& *#%2a a#*+a$& 5& "!: !"#a+*&"%#a &' %' "a a#!a"*$a$ "& $% %"%*4', "a 5&3!'$*$a$ $% 3a(!a$& % 2a& ;22< % a&#& %" #*%25& $% %05&**4' $% %(!'$& 5& a5a, a!'/!% %" %2a"#% a#%'=a "a "!: +**7"% 5%2*#% 5&"*2%*:a "a %*'a %' :&'a %#%'#*+a $% "a 5%5aa*4'. La !'*$a$% '& %/!*%%' !' a"%'#a2*%'#& 5%+*&, 2a'#*%'%' ! %3**%'*a 29 &'#a'#% /!% "a "925aa $% "!: !"#a+*&"%#a. L& 3&#&*'**a$&% &' $*/!%#&'a ;a'3&&/!*'&'a< /!% 5&$!% a$*a"% "*7% a" % %05!%#& a "a "!: +**7"% $% %5%#& a:!" ;-'2.<, &'#*%'%' a$%29 %' 5%/!%?a a'#*$a$ a2*'a #%*a*a /!% a%"%a' "a %a*4' *'**a", $*2*'!%'$& %" #*%25& $% 3a(!a$&. M!%#a' 2%8& %#a7*"*$a$ $% &"& a /!% &' "a a2*'a %" 5%40*$& $% 7%':&*"& !"5a7"% $% "a a"#%a*&'% $% &"&. La !'*$a$% %#9' &25!%#a 5& !'a a8a /!% &'#*%'% "& *(!*%'#% %"%2%'#&> 7&27*""a, +%'#*"a$&, *'#%!5#&, #%25&*:a$&, !' a7"% $% 3*7a 45#*a /!% a"% $% "a a8a &'$!% "a "!: $% "a !'*$a$ a "a 5!'#a $% 5&"*2%*:a*4', % $%7% #%'% !*$a$& $% '& $&7"a %" a7"% 5aa '& 3a#!a "a 3*7a 45#*a *'$*+*$!a"%. La !'*$a$% #*5& 5*#&"a !& %"%2%'#& 3!'*&'a"% %#9' %' "a !'*$a$ &25a#a %"*2*'a' "a '%%*$a$ $%" a7"% $% 3*7a 45#*a, !%'#a' &' 5!'#a *'#%a27*a7"% $% +a*& $*92%#&."a !'*$a$% $% "!: +**7"% % &'*$%a' 2%'& 5%"*(&a, $%7%' $% #&2a% 5%a!*&'% 5aa %+*#a "%*&'% $% "a %#*'a $%7*$& a "a "!: +**7"% $*%#a & %3"%8a, "a "!: a:!" *'#%'a 5!%$% 5&$!* "%*4' %' "& 3&#& %%5#&% $%" &8& &' !' %3%#& a!2!"a#*+&. S% $%7% !#*"*:a 5&#%#&% $*%?a$& 5aa a7&7% "a "!: a:!".
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CLASIFICACION DE LAS RESINAS COMPUESTAS.9 CHAIN, M.C. BARATIERI, L.N. , La "a*3*a*4' 29 !!a" %#9 7aa$a %' %" #*5& $% a(a !#*"*:a$a. E#a "a*3*a*4' 5%2*#% !'a (%'%a"*:a*4' 2! 5&5!"a $% "& &25&*#%
%' #% #*5&> 2a&5a#)!"a, 2*&5a#)!"a, 6*7*$a a"#a +*&*$a$, "a 2a&5a#)!"a 5&%%' (a'$% 5a#)!"a $% +*$*& & !a:& "a $% 2*&5a#)!"a 5%/!%?a 5a#)!"a $% *"*a. La 6*7*$a #*%'%' a27a 5a#)!"a 2%:"a$a +a*a7"%2%'#%.
RESINAS COMPUESTAS DE MACROPARTICULAS.9 CHAIN, M.C. BARATIERI, L.N. , &' $%'&2*'a$a a) 5& %" #a2a?& $% "a 5a#)!"a /!% +a' $% a 2*42%#& , %' "& 5&$!#& 29 a'#*(!& 5& %#a a:4' &'&*$a &2& #a$**&'a"% & &'+%'*&'a"%, "a 29 3%!%'#% &' "a $% !a:& *'&(9'*& & *#a" $% %#&'*& & 7a*& /!% +a)a' $% a 2*42%#&, 5!%$%' 5%%'#a% %5&9$*a2%'#% 6a#a $% 2*42%#& E" !a:& 3!% !#*#!*$& 5& ! a$*&5a*$a$ /!% % 2%'& /!% "a $%'#*'a, a 5%a $% ! %0%"%'#% %#1#*a $!a7*"*$a$. La a$*&5a*$a$ % %0*(%'*a a#!a" 5!%$% % &7#%'*$a &' +*$*& a$*&5a& &2& %" $% %#&'*& ;$%'*$a$ $% .(< +*$*& $% 7a*& ;.( %#& a" % 29 $%'& /!% &#a 5a#)!"a $% a(a %5%*a"2%'#% "& $% 7a*& a!2%'#a' %" &'#%'*$& $% a(a 5& 5%& &' 2&"*$& &' 3a*"*$a$.
R%""%'& &'+%'*&'a"% & $% 2a&5a#)!"a> 5&$!*$& 5& 2&"*$&. La 5a#)!"a #*%'%' 3&2a a#*""a$a, a) "& %""%'& 2&"*$& +a)a' (a'$%2%'#% %' #a2a?&. N& % 5&$)a' &7#%'% !5%3**% "*a, a /!% a" 5!"* /!%$a7a' a" $%!7*%#& 5a#)!"a (a'$% % *%(!"a% 5!% % %"*2*'a7a &' 2a& 3a*"*$a$ "a 2a#*: /!% % 29 7"a'$a, %#& &'$!)a a" aa'a2*%'#& $% %#a 5a#)!"a (a'$%, a!2%'#a'$& "a !(&*$a$ $% "a !5%3**%, a" % &2%#*$a "a %*'a a a27*& #12*& a" #%'% "a 2a#*: "a 5a#)!"a $*3%%'#% &%3**%'#% $% %05a'*4' #12*a, "a 5a#)!"a % a3"&8a7a'. La !5%3**% !(&a 3a*"*#a' "a a!2!"a*4' $% 5"aa, 3a*"*#a' "a #*'*4' % **#a' "a %')a a$a%'#% &25&2%#*%'$& $% %#a 3&2a "a %#1#*a, 5%%'#a7a' %' %" %#& 5&#%*& 7a8a %*#%'*a a" $%(a#%, 5& #&$& %""& $%7)a' % %25"a:a$a 2! 5&'#a2%'#%. L& 2a&%""%'& 29 %*%'#% &'#*%'%' 5a#)!"a $% a 2*42%#& $% #a2a?& ;5a#)!"a 5%/!%?a< &' *2*"a% +a"&% $% a(a &(9'*a, "& %""%'& $% *#a"% $% 7a*& %#&'*& &' $% 2%'&% #a2a?& 29 7"a'$&, 5%2*#*%'$& !' 2%8& 5!"*$&, 2%'&
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C)%s"*e!&")%es +3%"&s *e +&s '&!)#&!3+&s.9 CHAIN, M.C. BARATIERI, L.N. , 5& "a $*2%'*&'% (a'$% $% "a 5a#)!"a $% a(a, "& &25&*#% $% 2a&5a#)!"a 5%%'#a' $%3**%'*a &2& "a !(&*$a$ !5%3**a", $*3*!"#a$ $% 5!"*$&, 6a !' $%(a#% 5%3%%'*a" $% "a 2a#*: %*'&a, /!% 5&5**a !'a 5&2*'%'*a $% "a 2a&5a#)!"a $% a(a 29 %*#%'#%. E#a 5a#)!"a % $%5%'$%' 3&2a' 5%/!%?& 9#%%, %#& *'3"!% %' %" 7*""& !5%3**a" "a 6a% 29 !%5#*7"% a "a 2a'6a 5& % "!(a% $% %#%'*4' $% 2a'6a. La #%0#!a !5%3**a" 5&7% % 5&7a7"%2%'#% "a a:4' $% ! $%%25%?& ")'*& *'3%*& %' "a %(*4' 5&#%*&, a" %'&'#a% 7a8& #%'*&'% &"!a"%.
C!a$& > L*2*#a*&'% % *'$*a*&'% $% "a %*'a $% 2a&5a#)!"a F!%'#%> F!%'#%> ALVES, R.. NOGUEIRA, E.A. , %#1#*a &$&'#&"4(*a, '!%+a (%'%a*4' 59(*'a
RESINAS COMPUESTAS DE MICROPARTICULAS.9 CHAIN, M.C. BARATIERI, L.N. , $%7*$& a" 5&7% 5&$% $% 5!"*2*%'#& $% "a %*'a $% 2a&5a#)!"a !(*%&' "a %*'a &25!%#a $% 2*&5a#*!"a. La 2*&5a#*!"a &' 6%6a $% *"*a 5*&(1'*a ;%'*:a< & *"*a &"&*$a" S&' a5&0*2a$a2%'#% +%% 2%'&% /!% !'a 5a#)!"a $% !a:& %' !'a %*'a &25!%#a #a$**&'a" ;, 2*42%#&< ;FIGURA <. La 2*&5a#*!"a &' &7#%'*$a a #a+1 $% "a %'*:a 5&+%'*%'#% $% "a /!%2a $% $*40*$& $% *"*&'a ;*"*a 5*&(1'*a< & 5& a$**4' $% 5a#)!"a &"&*$a"% $% *"*a#& $% &$*& a" a(!a a" a*$& "&6)$*& ;*"*a &"&*$a"<. La 2*&5a#*!"a &' a$**&'a$a a "a 2a#*: %*'&a 5& 3&2a> $*%#a ;&25&*#% 6&2&(1'%&< % *'$*%#a ;&25&*#% 6%#%&(1'%&<. E' "& &25&*#% 6&2&(1'%& "a 2*&5a#*!"a &' a?a$*$a %' ! 3&2a &*(*'a" a "a 2a#*:, "& /!% %!"#a)a *$%a" * 3!%a' *'&5&a$a %' a'#*$a$% a"#a "& /!% '& % 5&*7"%, 5!% !'a a$**4' a!'/!% 2)'*2a a!2%'#a "a %5%!a $%" 5&$!#&, 5!% "a 5a#)!"a 2! 5%/!%?a 5&%%' !'a (a' 9%a $% !5%3**a". E#a "*2*#a'#% *25!"& %" $%a&""& $% 2*&5a#*!"a 6%#%&(1'%a, %' %#& &25&*#% "a 2*&5a#*!"a '& &' a?a$*$a $*%#a2%'#% *'& /!% &' &25*2*$a %' a("&2%a$& a #a+1 $% 5&%& $% *'#%*:a*4', 5%*5*#a*4', &'$%'a*4' & a"*'*:a*4', %#& a("&2%a$& % a?a$%' a "a 2a#*: %*'&a *'&5&9'$&% a"%$%$& $%" %' 5%& & 29 $% a(a. La %*'a % 5&"*2%*:a 5&#%*&2%'#% %' 7"&/!%, 5aa % &'(%"a$a 5&#%*&2%'#% 2&"*$a %' 5a#)!"a /!% +a)a' $% a 2*42%#& &*"a'$& %'#% 2*42%#&, %#a &' "a 5a#)!"a $%'&2*'a$a 5%5&"*2%*:a$a &' 3*'a"2%'#% a$**&'a$a a "a %*'a '&
5&"*2%*:a$a /!% a &'#*%'% 5a#)!"a ;6&2&(1'%a<, $a'$& &2& %!"#a$& !' 5&$!#& 3*'a" &' a"#& &'#%'*$& $% a(a ;<. S% 5!%$% &7#%'% !5%3**% 2a 5!"*$a $% 2a& $!a7*"*$a$ /!% &' "a $% 2a&5a#)!"a.
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C)%s"*e!&")%es +3%"&s *e +&s '"!)#&!"+&s.9 CHAIN, M.C. BARATIERI, L.N. , P&%% +%'#a8a &7% "a %*'a &'+%'*&'a"%, a" 5%2*#* 2a& (a$& $% 5!"*2*%'#&, %#a a" &25&#a% 2! 7*%' %' %" %#& a'#%*& $&'$% "a #%'*&'% 2a#*a#&*a &' %"a#*+a2%'#% 5%/!%?a, 5%%'#a' 5&7"%2a %' %" %#& 5&#%*& $% a"#a #%'*4' 2a#*a#&*a. P&%%' 5&5*%$a$% 3)*a 2%9'*a *'3%*&% a "& &25&*#% #a$**&'a"%, &7%+9'$&% $% 2a'%a (%'%a" 2a& a7&*4' $% a(!a, a"#& &%3**%'#% $% %05a'*4' #12*a 2%'& 2&$!"& $% %"a#**$a$. A 5%a $% ! %*#%'*a a" $%(a#% 5& 3**4' &25aa$& &' "& &25&*#% 6)7*$& 5%a$& ;a"#a a'#*$a$ $% a(a<, '& %#9' *'$*a$a %' 9%a $% a"#a &'%'#a*4' $% #%'*&'% 5& "a 5&7a7*"*$a$ $% 3a#!a, 5& 5&%% 7a8a %*#%'*a a "a #a*4'. La 2*&5a#*!"a $% a(a &3%%' !' (a$& $% 5!"*2*%'#& *27a#*7"%, $a'$& a"#a %#1#*a a "a %#a!a*4' %#& $%7*$& a /!% "a 5a#)!"a $% a(a &' 2%'&% /!% "a 5a#)!"a $% "& $*5&*#*+& a7a*+& 5aa %" aa7a$& 5!"*$& $% "a %#a!a*&'%, "a 2a#*: 2*&5a#*!"a &' %2&+*$a 8!'#a. E" &%3**%'#% $% %05a'*4' #12*a *'$*a !a'#& % %05a'$*4 & &'#a8& !' 2a#%*a" $%7*$& a a"#%a*&'% #12*a, "a %*'a 2*&5a#*!"a$a 5&%%' !' a"#& &%3**%'#% $% %05a'*4' #12*a, 5& ! 2%'& &'#%'*$& $% a(a, "& /!% a!2%'#a "a 5&*7*"*$a$ $% $%*'#%(a*4' 2a(*'a" 2*&3*"#a*4'. La 7a8a %*#%'*a a "a #a*4', % aa#%*:a' 5& !'a 2a& 3"%0*7*"*$a$, &' 5& "& #a'#& !%5#*7"% a "a 5&5a(a*4' $% (*%#a, 5& "& /!% &' &'#a*'$*a$& %' "a% I, II IV. La 7a8a %*#%'*a a "a #a*4' 5!%$% %"a*&'a% a "a 5&5a(a*4' $% (*%#a *!'a%'#% a "a 5a#)!"a $% a(a 5& "a $17*" !'*4' $% "a 5a#)!"a 5%5&"*2%*:a$a a "a 2a#*: %*'&a.
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RESINAS COMPUESTAS ;IBRIDAS.9 CHAIN, M.C. BARATIERI, L.N. , #*%'%' #a'#& 2*& &2& 2a&5a#)!"a $% a(a. A"(!'a %*'a &'+%'*&'a"% 5&%%' #a27*1' 2a& 2*&5a#)!"a $% a(a a /!% %#a ="#*2a 5!%$%' % !#*"*:a' 5aa a8!#a "a +*&*$a$. E#a '& % $%'&2*'a7a' 6*7*$a 5!% "a a'#*$a$ $% 2*&5a#)!"a /!% 5&%)a' %a 5%/!%?a ;<. La %*'a &25!%#a 6*7*$a a#!a"% &'#*%'%' %'#% %' 5%& $% 2*&5a#)!"a $% *"*a &"&*$a" a $% 2a&5a#)!"a $% +*$*&, ""%(a'$& a !' a #&#a" %' 5%&. La 2*&5a#)!"a 5!%$%' % a?a$*$a $% 3&2a 5!a, 5%5&"*2%*:a$a a("&2%a$&. A" &27*'a 2a& 2*&5a#*!"a &'3*%% a" 2a#%*a" 5&5*%$a$% ='*a !5%*&%> M%8&a'$& "a #a'3%%'*a $% #%'*&'% %'#% "a 5a#)!"a, % $%* a" a!2%'#a "a a(a %' 5&%'#a8% "a $*#a'*a %'#% 5a#)!"a $*2*'!% a"*+*a'$& "a #%'*4' 2%8&a'$& $% %#a 2a'%a "a %*#%'*a 6a !' a!2%'#& $% "a 3!%:a &6%*+a %' "a 2a#*:, $*3*!"#a'$& 5&5a(a*4' $% (*%#a. Paa 2&#*+& $*$9#*& "a %*'a 6*7*$a %#9' $*+*$*$a %'> 6*7*$a $% 5%/!%?a 5a#)!"a, 6*7*$a !72*&21#*a, % 6*7*$a &' a"#a a'#*$a$ $% a(a.
CASTAÑEDA, .C. , "a %*'a 2*&6*7*$a 5&%%' !' a"#& 5&%'#a8% $% a(a *'&(9'*a, &' $% +*&*$a$ 2%$*a, #*%'%' !'a a"#a %*#%'*a a" $%(a#%, %0%"%'#% %#1#*a, &' $% !(&*$a$ !5%3**a" a%5#a7"%, $% 2&$!"& %"9#*& 2%$*&, #*%'%' !'a (a' +%a#*"*$a$, &' $*5&'*7"% %' (a' +a*%$a$ $% &"&%, &' $*3%%'#% (a$& $% #a"!*$%: &5a*$a$.
Ma#*: %*'a 6*7*$a, F*"#%J Z, 5a#)!"a %$&'$a $% :*&'*&)"*% *'#1#*&, $*#*7!*4' $%" #a2a?& $% 5a#)!"a % $% , a , 2*42%#&, #a2a?& 5&2%$*& , 2*42%#&
;IBRIDAS DE PEQUEA PARTICULA CRISPIN, B.. , L& 6)7*$& $% 5a#)!"a 5%/!%?a ! 5a#)!"a #*%'%' !' #a2a?& 2%$*& $% a 2*42%#&. A" &27*'a 5a#)!"a !72*&'*a &' 2*&%""%'& $% , 2*42%#& %" a("&2%a$& % %"%+a %" 5&%'#a8% $% a(a "a a5a*$a$ $% 5!"*$&. L& *#%2a $% 5!"*$& &' 3a7*a$& 5aa &'%(!* !'a !5%3**% 45#*2a $% 5!"*$& $% "& &25&*#% 6)7*$&, %" 5!"*$& $% "& 6)7*$& !72*&'*& % a5&0*2a a" $% "& 2*&%""%'&.
;IBRIDAS SUBMICROMETRICAS CHAIN, M.C. BARATIERI, L.N. , La %*'a 6*7*$a !72*&2%#*a &' $%'&2*'a$a a* 5& 5&%% 5a#)!"a $% a(a 2%'&% $% 2*&2%#& ;,,2*&2%#&<, 5&%%' !'a %#%6a $*#*7!*4' $% 5a#)!"a, &' a"#a *'&5&a*&' $% 2*&5a#*!"a %' "a 2a#*: %*'&a, /!% &' a?a$*$a $% 2a'%a $*%#a & 5%5&"*2%*:a$a. A" 5&$% *'&5&a% 6a#a %' 5%& $% a(a, % a!2%'#a %" %3!%:& 5a#*!"a "a 3!%:a &6%*+a $% "a 2a#*: 5&"*21*a.
RESINAS DE ALTA VISCOSIDAD CONDENSABLES.9 CRISPIN, B.. , L& 6)7*$& 3!%#%2%'#% a(a$& "a a(a $% %""%'& % !5%*& a" % "a 29 a"#a &7#%'*$a, &' 3a7*a$& $*#*7!%'$& $% 2a'%a %5%*3*a %" #a2a?& $% "a 5a#)!"a, &'*(!*%'$& !' %25a/!%#a2*%'#& %#%6& %$!*%'$& a" 2)'*2& "a %*'a %3&:a$a &' 2*&%""%'& %'#% "a 5a#)!"a. S% a!2%'#a "a *(*$%: "a %*#%'*a a "a
3a#!a. S&' $!a$%&, a5&5*a$& 5aa 9%a $% &5&#% $% a(a, 5%& %" #a2a?& $% ! 5a#)!"a a 2*42%#&, 6a%' /!% "a a5a*$a$ $% 5!"*$& %a 2%'&, 2%'&, /!% "& $% 5a#)!"a 5%/!%?a !72*&'*&. E#9' *'$*a$& *'$*a$& %' 9%a 5&#%*&% &' &'#a#& &"!a" & 5&0*2a" & 2!?4' & a5a $% %3!%:& "*'(!a" %' %" %#& a'#%*&. CARV CARVALHO, ALHO, M. CAMARG CAMARGO, O, C. ANDRIANI ANDRIANI,, O. , , F!%&' F!%&' "a':a$ "a':a$a a &2& &2& !' 2a#%*a" a"#%'a#*+& a "a a2a"(a2a 5aa %#a!a*&'% %#1#*a 5&#%*&%, % !' 2a#%*a" +*&& /!% % &25&#aa ")'*a2%'#% &2& "a a2a"(a2a, 5& %""& %" 5*2% 2a#%*a" % $%'&2*'& $%'& 2*'& ALERT ALERT ;a2a"(a2a ;a2a"(a2a J*"% %#%#* %#%#* %#&a#*+% %#&a#*+% 2a#%*a"<, &' %*'a %*'a &25!%# &25!%#a a !72*&21#*a &' a"#)*2a *'&5&a*4' $% a(a !5%*& a" %' 5%&. F!%&' %a$a 5& "a $*3*!"#a$ $% &7#%'% 5!'#& $% &'#a#& %' $*%'#% 5&#%*&%, 5%& &' 2a" ""a2a$a &'$%'a7"% 5!% '& 5&%%' "a 5&5*%$a$ 5&5*%$a$ $% $% &'$%'a% % $%* '& $*2*'!% $% +&"!2%' a" % &25a#a$a. P&%%' +%'#a8a %' !a'#& a "a 2a'*5!"a*4' !a'$& % !#*"*:a "a #1'*a $% *'%2%'#& ='*& %!"#!a, "a &7#%'*4' $%" 5!'#& $% &'#a#& % 39*" 5& % !' 2a#%*a" 29 5%a$&, a" % 5&"*2%*:a$& %' !'a &"a +%: 5!%$% (%'%a #%'*4' $% &'#a*4' a!a 3a#!a & *25%3%*&'% 2a(*'a"%. 2a(*'a"%. Paa "a &7#%'*4' $% 7!%'& %!"#a$& % $%7% !a !'a %*'a $% 2&$!"& %"9#*& 7a8& !7a%'#% ;3"&< %#% a#*3**& 5&*7*"*#a !'a 2%8& &7#!*4' %""%'& a"*+*a "a #%'*&'% 5& % $% !' 2&$!"& %"9#*& 29 7a8& &25%'a'$& "a &'#a*4' $% 5&"*2%*:a*4' $% * 5&5*a $% "a %*'a &'$%'a7"% &"&a$a &7% %""a.
RESINAS DE BAJA VISCOSIDAD KFLO>.9 CARVALHO, M. CAMARGO, C. ANDRIANI, O.< , %*'a 3"& & /!% 5!%$%' 3"!*, &' %*'a &' 2%'& a'#*$a$ $% a(a &' !'a 2a#*: %*'&a 2%'& +*&a ;2a $*"!%'#%<, #*%'%' 7!%' $%%25%?& %' !a'#& a #a*4' &25%*4', ! 3"!*$%: % 2a& /!% !'a %*'a $% 2*&5a#)!"a 2%'& /!% "a $% !' %""a'#% $% 3&a 3*!a, 5& "& /!% 5!%$% a5"*a% a #a+1 $% !'a 8%*'(a $% 5!'#a 3*2% /!% 3a*"*#a ! a5"*a*4'. E#9' $*5&'*7"% %' +a*& &"&%, 5%& &' 29 #a'"!*$a # a'"!*$a (%'%a"2%'#%. (%'%a"2%'#%. M, F*"#%J F*"#%JTM TM FLO FLO, %#a! %#a!a$ a$& & 3"!*$& 3"!*$&,, 5%3*" 5%3*" #1'* #1'*&& $%" $%" 5&$! 5&$!#&, #&, Ma#%* Ma#%*a" a" %#a!a$& 3"!*$& $% 7a8a +*&*$a$, &25!%#& 5& B*-GMA TEGMA a$%29 &'#*%'% !' 5&")2%& $*2%#a*"a#&, /!% 2%8&a "a aa#%)#*a $% 2a'%8&, &a$!+a %' 2a'#%'% "a 3&2a %" *#*& $% a5"*a*4', 6a#a % 5&"*2%*:a$&. E" %""%'& %""%'& % $% :*&'*a*"*a, "a a(a $% %""%'& % $% a5&0*2a$a2%'#% %' 5%& ; 5& +&"!2%'<, %" #a2a?& $% "a 5a#)!"a $% , a . 2*&'%, #a2a?& 5&2%$*& . 2*&'%. E#a *'$*a$& %' %#a!a*4' $% "%*&'% a*&a &' 5%5aa*&'% 2)'*2a2%'#% *'+a*+a, 5%5aa*&'% &' a*% a7a*+&, 5%5aa*&'% $% #='%", 7"&/!%a$& $% *%(!"a*$a$% :&'a %#%'#*+a, %""a$& $% 3&a 3*!a, %5aa*4' $% $%3%#& 5%/!%?& %' %#a!a*&'% %#1#*a *'$*%#a.
RESINAS DE NANOPARTICULAS.9 BERTOLDI A ;<, "a 'a'& #%'&"&()a #%'&"&()a,, $%'&2*'a$a #a27*%' #%'&"&()a $% "& 5%/!%?& & 2&"%!"a, %' "a &$&'#&"&()a % a5"*a$a %' "& 2a#%*a"% $%'#a"%, %5%)3*a2%'#% %' "& &25&*#% &25&*#% &' 'a'&#%'&"&()a 'a'&#%'&"&()a,, a" % % *'& *'&5 5& &a$ a$& & 5a#* 5a#*! !"a "a $% %a"a 'a'& 'a'&2%#* 2%#*a a a 2a'%a $% %""%'&, 8!'#& &' 5a#)!"a $% #a2a?& 5&2%$*& a !' 2*4'. U' 'a'42%#& %/!*+a"% a "a 2*""&'1*2a 5a#% $% !' 2*")2%#&, %/!*+a"%'#% a a#&2& $% 6*$&(%'& 6*$&(%'&,, !' 'a'42%#& %*a !' 7a"4' $% 3!#7&" 3!#7&" a" a" "a$& $%" 5"a'%#a $%" 5"a'%#a #*%a. #*%a.
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SILORANO.9 RODRIGUEZ, D.R. PEREIRA, N.A. ;< , % !'a %*'a %05%*2%'#a" 6*$&3&7*a $% "a M ESPE, &7#%'*$a a" &27*'a &25&'%'#% /!)2*& 79*& $% "& *"&0a'& &0*a'& ;(!5& %5&0*&< E" *"&0a'& &'3*%% "a 6*$&3&7**$a$ a" *"&a'&, %$!*%'$& $% %#a 2a'%a "a &*&' a!&a $%" 2%$*& 7!a", 2%8&a'$& ! 5&5*%$a$% 3)*a !'a 2%'& %'*7*"*$a$ a "a 5*(2%'#a*4' %04(%'a. La %$ $% *"&a'& % &*(*'a 5& 5&"*2%*:a*4' a#*&'*a % $%* *'$!*$a 5& !' a#*4', %" a#*4' a*$& a7% !' a'*""& &0*a'& (%'%a !' '!%+& %'#& a*$& ;a7&a#*&'<, %" a'*""& &0*a'& a7*%#& 3&2a !'a a$%'a $% $& 2&'42%&. E' "a 5&"*2%*:a*4' 5& a5%#!a $% a'*""&, % $a !'a &'#a*4' 2! 7a8a 2%'& a" , "& /!% %5%%'#a !'a +%'#a8a ")'*a *' 3&2a*4' $% 7%6a 5& &'*(!*%'#% *' 2*&3*"#a*4'. L& %!"#a$& &' a"%'#a$&%, ! 5&5*%$a$% 3)*a &' *2*"a% a "a %*'a 7aa$a %' 2%#a*"a#&, &' 7*&&25a#*7"%. M ESPE ^F*"#%JTM P , "a &'#a*4' $% 5&"*2%*:a*4' % !'a 5&5*%$a$ *'#)'%a $% "a 2a#*: $% %*'a, "& *'#%'#& $% $*2*'!*"a &'*#*%&' %' a2%'#a "a a(a $% %""%'&, % 6a $%a&""a$& !'a *''&+a$&a %#!#!a /!)2*a &' "a a5a*$a$ $% a5%#!a $% a'*""& ""a2a$a ^*"&a'&^ %25"a:9'$&"a 5& "a 2a#*: %*'&a. La %*'a %' 7a% a 2%#a*a"#&, 5&%%' 2&'42%& "*'%a"% % &'%#a' a%9'$&% $a'$& &2& %!"#a$& !'a 5%$*$a +&"!21#*a $%" 2a#%*a", A" 5&"*2%*:a %" &25&*#% &' 7a% $% *"&a'&, "& 2&'42%& ^&' a5%#!a $% a'*""&^ % &'%#a' %'#% ), a7*1'$&% %0#%'$*1'$&%, %" %!"#a$& % !'a 2%'& &'#a*4' $% 5&"*2%*:a*4', 2%'& a" . La /!)2*a $% "& *"&a'& %$!% "& 5&7"%2a 5& #%'*4' $% 5&"*2%*:a*4' &2& %> %" $%5"a:a2*%'#& $% "a =5*$%, $*2*'!%'$& %" *%(& $% 3a#!a $%" %2a"#%, % 6*5%%'*7*"*$a$ &5%a#&*a, 3*!a 2a(*'a"% 2*&3*"#a*4'.
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POLIMERIHACION DE APERTURA DE ANILLO.9 La 5&"*2%*:a*4' &!% a #a+%: $% !'a %a*4' $% a5%#!a $% a'*""& a#*&'*a,%#a %$!% "a a'#*$a$ $% &'#a*4' $% 5&"*2%*:a*4' %' &25aa*4' &' "a %*'a &' 7a% $% 2%#a*"a#& /!% % 5&"*2%*:a' 5& a$**&' $% ! %'"a% $&7"% D!a'#% "a 5&"*2%*:a*4' "a 2&"1!"a #*%'$%' a a5&0*2a% %'#% * 3&2a'$& %'"a% /!)2*&, %!"#a'$& %' !'a 51$*$a $% +&"!2%' $%'&2*'a$a &'#a*4' $% 5&"*2%*:a*4'."a /!)2*a $% a5%#!a $% a'*""& $% *"&a'&, % *'**a &' "a $*+**4' a5%#!a $% "& *#%2a $% a'*""&, (a'a'$& %5a*& &'#a%#a'$& "a 5%$*$a $% +&"!2%', %!"#a'$& %' !'a &'#a*4' +&"!21#*a %$!*$a.
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SISTEMA INICIADOR.9 La a'3&&/!*'&'a % !'& $% "& &25&'%'#% $% "& *#%2a $% *'**a*4', &25&'%'#% a$**&'a"% &' "a a"% $% *&$&'*& $&'a'#% $% %"%#&'%, /!% +a' a (%'%a a#*&'% %a#*+& /!% *'**a' "a 5&"*2%*:a*4' $% a5%#!a $% a'*""& E#% *#%2a $% #% &25&'%'#% (%'%a !'a 2aa )#*a $% %5%*% a#*&'*a /!% *'**a' "a 5&"*2%*:a*4', %#& 5&5&*&'a !'a +%'#a8a, "% 5%2*#% a" &$&'#4"&(& !' #*%25& 29 "a(& $% #a7a8&, 7a8& "!: &5%a#&*a /!% &' "& &25&*#% $% 2%#a*"a#& &'+%'*&'a"%.
E" #*%25& $% !a$& 2)'*2& % $% %(!'$&, /!% '& 5!%$% % &25%'a$& 5& 3!%'#% $% "!: &' *'#%'*$a$% 2! a"#a, "a !a"% %#9' &'#a*'$*a$a 5!% '& 5%2*#%' #*%25& $% 5&"*2%*:a$& "a(&, a$%29 $% a"%'#a %0%*+a2%'#% %" $*%'#%.
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TECNOLOGIA DE RELLENO.9 E" %""%'& &27*'a 5a#)!"a $% !a:& 3*'& 3"!&!& $% *#*& a$*&5a&, % %'!%'#a %' "a "a*3*a*4' $% %*'a 2*&6)7*$a, "a !5%3**% $%" !a:& %#a 2&$*3*a$a &' !'a a5a $% *"a'&, 5&5&*&'a'$& !'a a5&5*a$a *'#%3a: $% %""%'& &' "a %*'a, &7#%'% %0%"%'#% 5&5*%$a$% 2%9'*a a "a(& 5"a:&.
INDICACIONES.9 M ESPE ^F*"#%JTM P % !' *#%2a $*%#& %#a!a$& 5&#%*& $% 7a8a &'#a*4', %#9 *'$*a$& %' "a% I "a% II, 5!%$% % !#*"*:a$& 8!'#& &' %2%'#& $% *&'&2%& $% +*$*&, & *&'&2%& $% +*$*& 2&$*3*a$& &' %*'a, &2& "*'% & 7a% *'#%2%$*a. R%*'a &25&2%& /!% &' a$6%*$& a "a !#a'*a $%'#a", '& 5!%$%' % !#*"*:a$& &2& "*'% & 7a% 7a8& !'a &7#!a*4' &' F*"#%J P
ORMOCERES.9 RODRIGUEZ, D.R. PEREIRA, N.A. ;<, $%*+a $% "a a7%+*a*4' $% "a *("a %' *'("% &(a'*a"" 2&$*3*%$ %a2* %#9' 7aa$& %' !' *#%2a $% 2&"1!"a 6*7*$a ;&(9'*a- *'&(9'*a<, !%#a'& 2!"#*3!'*&'a"% #6*&%#%-2%#a*"a#& a"J&*"&0a'&. La 2a#*: B*-GMATEGDMA % %25"a:a$a 5& &#a $&'$% &5&"*2%*:a' 2&'42%& *'&(9'*& ;+*$*& %92*& &' 2a#*: +)#%a< &' &(9'*&. La 2a#*: % %92*a &(9'*a, &' 2&"1!"a $% 2a& 5%& 2&"%!"a La 2&"1!"a $% O2&% % $% a +%% 29 (a'$% /!% "a $% 7*-GMA "& /!% %$!% "a &'#a*4' $% 5&"*2%*:a*4'. O#a +%'#a8a % "a 3&2a*4' $%" $% $&7"% %'"a%, 5& % 2&"1!"a &' 29 *#*& a#*+& /!% (%'%a' !'*&'% &+a"%'#%. E#& 2%8&a "a 5&5*%$a$% 2%9'*a
7*&"4(*a a" '& /!%$a 2&'42%& %*$!a" & "*7%. E#% #*5& $% 2a#%*a" % 3a7*a$& 5& VOCO $% A"%2a'*a &' %" '&27% $% ADMIRA.
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PROPIEDADES DE LAS RESINAS.9
MODULO ELASTICO.9 VERANES, Y. RAMIREZ, G. KRAEL, R. MARTIN, .M. ALVAREZ, R. , D%7% % *2*"a a" 2a#%*a" a !#*#!*, a) "a *(*$%: $% %#% 2a#%*a" %)a *2*"a a "a %#!#!a "a $%3&2a*&'% %"9#*a a'#% a(a %0#%'a %*a' %' "a 2*2a 2a('*#!$ %' %" $*%'#% %" 2a#%*a". E" 2&$!"& %"9#*& $%" %2a"#% ; (*(a5aa"%< % !5%*& a" $% "a $%'#*'a ; (*(a5aa"%<, 4%a "a $%'#*'a % 29 3"%0*7"%, 3a+&%*%'$& $% %#a 2a'%a "a a7&*4' $% #%'*&'%. E" 2&$!"& %"9#*& a$%!a$& %' !'a %*'a % %" /!% 29 % a5&0*2a a" $% "a $%'#*'a.
CONTENIDO DE PARTICULAS DE CARGA > SILVA, H.M. NOCHI, E. , 2a& a'#*$a$ $% 5a#)!"a $% a(a *'&(9'*a, 2%'& %9 "a &'#a*4' $% 5&"*2%*:a*4', "a a7&*4' $% a(!a %" &%3**%'#% $% %05a'*4' #12*a. P%& %9 29 $*3)*" $% 5!"*, "a %*'a &'$%'a7"% #*%'%' !' 5&%'#a8% $% a(a $%" %' 5%&, "a 2*&5a#*!"a$a %' 5%&, "a 2*&6*7*$a 'a'&5a#*!"a$a %' 5%& "a 3"& %' 5%& %' 5&2%$*&.
CONTRACCION DE POLIMERIHACION.9 SILVA, H.M. NOCHI, E. , 5&5*%$a$ %"a*&'a$a $*%#a2%'#% &' "a a'#*$a$ $% a(a *'&(9'*a, a) "a %*'a 3"& 2*&5a#*!"a$a 5%%'#a' 2a& &'#a*4' $% 5&"*2%*:a*4' 5& ! a'#*$a$ 2%'& $% a(a. RODRIGUEZ, D.R. PEREIRA, N.A. ;<, % %" 2a& 5&7"%2a 5%%'#% %' "a %*'a &25!%#a "& 2&'42%& $% "a 2a#*: $% %*'a % %'!%'#a' %5aa$a a'#% $% "a 5&"*2%*:a*4' a !'a $*#a'*a 5&2%$*& $% '2. A" 5&"*2%*:a "a %*'a %#a %#a7"%%' !'*&'% &+a"%'#% %'#% ) %$!*1'$&% "a $*#a'*a a . '2. ;D*#a'*a $% !'*4' &+a"%'#%<, %#% a%a2*%'#& 5&+&a !'a %$!*4' +&"!21#*a $% "a 2a#%*a. E' "a &'#a*4' $% 5&"*2%*:a*4' % (%'%a' 3!%:a *'#%'a /!% % #a'3&2a' %' #%'*&'% !a'$& %" 2a#%*a" %#a a$8!'#& a "a !5%3**% $%'#a*a. La #%'*&'% % 5&$!%' $!a'#% "a %#a5a 5%-(%" $&'$% "a %*'a a!' 5!%$% 3"!*, a" a"a':a% %" 5!'#& $% (%"a*&' "a %*'a a '& % a5a: $% 3"!* "a #%'*&'% %' ! *'#%'#& $% $**5a% (%'%a' $%3&2a*&'% %0#%'a /!% 5!%$%' '& a3%#a "a *'#%3a% a$6%*+a * 6a "a 5%%'*a $% !5%3**% "*7% !3**%'#%. O 5&+&a 7%6a %' "a *'#%3a% * '& %0*#%' !5%3**% "*7% !3**%'#% & * "a a$6%*4' &'+%'*%'#%2%'#% %a"*:a$a. P!%$% *'& $a% !'a 3a#!a &6%*+a $% "a %*'a * "a a$6%*4' 6a *$& 7!%'a a" '& %0*#%' !5%3**% "*7%.
RESISTENCIA AL DESGASTE.9 SILVA, H.M. NOCHI, E. , *25&#a'#% %' $*%'#% 5&#%*&%, $%7%' 5%3%*% %*'a 2*&6)7*$a & "a &'$%'a7"% 5& %" %"%+a$& 5&%'#a8% $% a(a *'&(9'*a.
RODRIGUEZ, D.R. PEREIRA, N.A. ;< , "a a5a*$a$ $% %*#%'*a $% "a %*'a $% &5&'%% a" $%(a#% !5%3**a" 5& %" &% &' "a %#!#!a $%'#a" a'#a(&'*#a, a "& a"*2%'#& *%#& %"%2%'#& &2& "a %$a $%" %5*""&, $%(a#% ""%+a a "a 5%$*$a $% "a a'a#&2)a $*2*'!% "a "&'(%+*$a$ $%" &25&*#%. E#a 5&5*%$a$ $%5%'$% $%" #a2a?& &'#%'*$& $% "a 5a#)!"a $% a(a, "a !7*a*4' $% "a %#a!a*4' %' "a aa$a ! %"a*4' $% &'#a#& &"!a". E" 2&$!"& %"9#*& $% "a %*'a % 2%'& /!% %" $% "a 5a#)!"a $% %""%'&, "a 5a#)!"a &' 29 %*#%'#% a" $%(a#% &25*2%' "a 2a#*: %' "& 2&2%'#& $% 5%*4', "& /!% a!a ! $%5%'$*2*%'#& %05&'*%'$& "a 2a#*: /!% a6&a % 29 !%5#*7"% a" $%(a#%.
RESISTENCIA A LA COMPRESION.9 VERANES, Y. RAMIREZ, G. KRAEL, R. MARTIN, .M. ALVAREZ, R. , E#a %' %"a*4' $*%#a, &' "a $*#*7!*4' $%" #a2a?& $% "a 5a#)!"a, "& %""%'& $% 5a#)!"a 5%/!%?a #*%'%' !'a 2a& a%a !5%3**a" /!% 5%2*#%' !'a 2a& $*#*7!*4' $% %3!%:&, 5& %""& 2a& %*#%'*a a "a &25%*4', "a 5a#)!"a $% %""%'& (a'$%, a!2%'#a' "a &'%'#a*4' $% %3!%:&, 5& "& /!% #*%'%' !'a %*#%'*a 7a8a a "a &25%*4'.
TETURA SUPERFICIAL.9 SILVA, H.M. NOCHI, E. , "a 2*&5a#*!"a$a 5%%'#a' 2a& "*!a !5%3**a" #a %" aa7a$& 5!"*$&, $%7*$& a" #a2a?& 5%/!%?& $% ! 5a#)!"a $% a(a $% "a 2a& a'#*$a$ $% 2a#*: %*'&a. Ta27*1' "a %*'a 'a'&6)7*$a a#!a"% 5%%'#a' 7!%'a a5a*$a$ $% 5!"*$&, %#& a&*a$& a ! a"#a %*#%'*a 2%9'*a a *'3"!*$& %' ! 2a& !& %' ")'*a, #a'#& %' $*%'#% a'#%*&% &2& 5&#%*&%. C&'%+a %" 5!"*$& a "a(& 5"a:& %' &25aa*4' a "a 2*&6*7*$a. U'a !5%3**% !(&a a!2!"a 5"aa 7a#%*a'a % !' **#a'#% 2%9'*& $% "& #%8*$& (*'(*+a"%. E" 5!"*$& $*2*'!% "a %'%()a !5%3**a" %+*#a'$& "a a$6%*4' $% 5"aa 7a#%*a'a a) 5&"&'(a "a "&'(%+*$a$ $%" &25&*#%.
GRADO DE CONVERSION.9 SILVA, H.M. NOCHI, E. , % %" (a$& $% &'+%*4' $% 2&'42%& &'+%#*$& %' 5&")2%&, % %"a*&'a $*%#a2%'#% &' "a 5&5*%$a$% 3)*a $%" &25&*#%, "a 3&#&a#*+a$a 5%%'#a' !' a"#& )'$*% $% &'+%*4', %" !& $% 21#&$& &25"%2%'#a*& 5& a"& 5%2*#% !' 2a& (a$& $% &'+%*4', /!% % !#*"*:a$& %' %#a!a*&'% *'$*%#a.
ESTABILIDAD DEL COLOR.9 SILVA, H.M. NOCHI, E. , "a %*'a /!)2*a2%'#% a#*+a$a &' 2%'& %#a7"% %' &"& $%7*$& a "a 2a& &'%'#a*4' $% a2*'a a&29#*a, $%7*$& a /!% &' 2! %a#*+a &a*&'a' $%&"&a*&'% *'#)'%a. U' a5%#& *25&#a'#% % a$%29 "a "*!a !5%3**a", "a %*'a &' 2a&5a#)!"a 5%%'#a' 2a& *%(& $% &!%'*a $% 2a'6a.
RODRIGUEZ, D.R. PEREIRA, N.A. ;<, L& &25&*#% 5!%$%' a"#%a ! &"& $%7*$& a 2a'6a !5%3**a"% 5& $%&"&a*4' *'#%'a La 5*2%a %#9' %"a*&'a$a a "a 5%'%#a*4' $% &"&a'#% $% a"*2%'#&, *(a*""&, /!% 5*(2%'#a' "a %*'a "a $%&"&a*4' *'#%'a &!% !' 5&%& $% 3&#& &0*$a*4' 5*'*5a"2%'#% $% "a a2*'a #%*a*a. La %*'a 3&#&5&"*2%*:a7"% 5%%'#a' !'a 2a& %#a7*"*$a$ $% &"& /!% "a a#*+a$a /!)2*a2%'#%.
COEFICIENTE DE EPANSION TERMICA.9 RODRIGUEZ, D.R. PEREIRA, N.A. ;<, % %3*%% a" a27*& $*2%'*&'a" $% "a %*'a a'#% !' a27*& $% #%25%a#!a. L& &25&*#% #*%'%' !' &%3**%'#% $% %05a'*4' #12*a #% +%% !5%*& a "a %#!#!a $%'#a", "a 2*2a 5!%$%' &2%#%% a #%25%a#!a $%$% _ a _. U' &%3**%'#% $% %05a'*4' #12*a 7a8& %#a %' %"a*4' &' !'a 2%8& a$a5#a*4' 2a(*'a".
SORCION ACUOSA.9 RODRIGUEZ, D.R. PEREIRA, N.A. ;<, E "a a'#*$a$ $% a(!a a$&7*$a %' "a !5%3**% a7&7*$a 5& "a %*'a "a %05a'*4' 6*(&45*a % %"a*&'a a %#a &*&'. La *'&5&a*4' $% a(!a a!a &"!7*"*$a$ $% "a 2a#*: 3%'42%'& $%'&2*'a$& $%(a$a*4' 6*$&")#*a. La &*&' % !'a 5&5*%$a$ $% "a 3a% &(9'*a a 2a& %""%'& 2%'& % "a &*&' $% a(!a, 6%6& &7%+a$& %' %*'a 6*7*$a.
