DAFTAR OBAT AMAN DAN BERBAHAYA UNTUK IBU HAMIL DAN MENYUSUI dari sumber URL : http://www.kellymom.com http://www.kellymom.com/health/med /health/meds/aap-approved-m s/aap-approved-meds.html eds.html Kelompok Analgetik, NSAIDS, Obat Batuk dan Pilek, Anti Alergi dan Asma, Anestesi Obat untuk Penghilang Rasa Sakit (Pain Kil ler) Kategori Risiko Note Nama Obat AAP approved?* Risiko Menyusui** Kehamilan** s Acetaminophen (Tylenol) Approved B L1 C (1st, 2nd trim.) Aspirin Caution L3 1 D (3rd trim.) Azapropazone (Rheumox) Approved L2 Butalbital (Fioricet, Fiorinal, D L3 NR 2 Bancap, Two-dyne) B (1st, 2nd trim.) Butorphanol (Stadol) Approved L3 D (3rd trim.) Celecoxib (Celebrex)) C L2 NR Codeine (in Tylenol #3, #4) Approved C L3 3 Colchicine Approved D L4 Diclofenac (Cataflam, Voltaren) B L2 NR Fentanyl (Sublimaze) Approved B L2 Flurbiprofen (Ansaid, Froben, B (1st, 2nd trim.) L2 NR C (3rd trim.) Ocufen) Hydrocodone (Lortab, Vicodin) B L3 NR 4 Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) C L3 NR 5 Ibuprofen (Advil, Nuprin, Motrin, B (1st, 2nd trim.) Approved L1 D (3rd trim.) Pediaprofen) B (1st, 2nd trim.) Indomethacin (Indocin) Approved L3 D (3rd trim.) B (1st, 2nd trim.) Ketorolac (Toradol, Acular) Approved L2 D (3rd trim.) L2; L2; Meperidine (Demerol) Approved B 6 L3 early postpartum Methadone (Dolophine) Approved B L3 7 Morphine (Duramorph, Infumorph, Approved B L3 8 Epimorph, MS Contin) Nalbuphine (Nubain) B L2 NR Naproxen (Anaprox, Naprosyn, L3; L3; Approved B 9 L4 for chronic use Naproxen, Aleve) Nefopam (Acupan) Approved NR Oxycodone (Tylox, B L3 Percodan,Oxycontin, Percodan,Oxycontin, Roxicet, NR 10 Endocet, Roxiprin, Percocet) Pentosan polysulfate (Elmiron) B L2 NR Piroxicam (Feldene) Approved B L2 Propoxyphene (Darvocet N, Approved C L2 11 Propacet, Darvon) Rofecoxib (Vioxx) Withdrawn from the market 12 Secobarbital (Seconal) Approved D L3 13 Tolmetin (Tolectin) Approved C L3 Tramadol HCL (Ultram, Ultracet) C L3 NR 14 Valdecoxib (Bextra) Withdrawn from the market more * Per the AAP Policy Statement The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human Milk, Milk, revised September 2001. Approved: Approved: (Table 6) Maternal Medication Usually Compatible With Breastfeeding • Caution: Caution: (Table 5) Drugs That Have Been Associated With Significant Effects on Some Nursing Infants • and Should Be Given to Nursing Mothers With Caution • NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by the AAP. ** Per Medications’ Medications’ and Mothers’ Milk by Milk by Thomas Hale, PhD (2004 edition). Lactation Risk Pregnancy Risk Categories Categories •
L1 (safest)
•
A (controlled studies
• •
•
•
L2 (safer) L3 (moderately safe) L4 (possibly hazardous) L5 (contraindicated)
•
•
•
•
show no risk) risk) B (no evidence of risk in humans) C (risk cannot be ruled out) D (positive evidence of risk) X (contraindicated (contraindicated in pregnancy)
NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by Hale. 1.
Aspirin use is discouraged discouraged in children children and nursing mothers mothers due to the risk of Reye’s Reye’s syndrome and internal internal bleeding. 2. Fioricet (Fiorinal, (Fiorinal, Bancap, Two-dyne) Two-dyne) contains contains acetaminaphen acetaminaphen or asprin, asprin, caffeine, and and butalbital. Per Per Hale, baby should be observed for sedation. 3. Hale suggests suggests weakened weakened or premature premature infants be observed for sedation and and apnea. 4. Hale suggests suggests newborns newborns be observed for sedation, sedation, apnea, constipation. constipation. 5. Per Hale, use of frequent, frequent, higher higher dose may result in infant sedation. 6. Per Hale, Meperidine Meperidine use during during labor or early postpartum postpartum has been associated associated with sedation, sedation, poor sucking reflex, and neurobehavioral delay in infants. 7. Per Hale, observe observe infant for sedation, respiratory respiratory depression, depression, addiction, addiction, withdrawal syndrome. syndrome. 8. Per Hale, Hale, higher higher doses may result result in infant sedation. sedation. 9. Per Hale, should should be used used with caution caution due to its long half-life and and its effect on on baby’s cardiovascular cardiovascular system, system, kidneys and GI tract; short-term, infrequent infrequent or occasional use is not necessarily incompatible incompatible with breastfeeding. 10. Roxicet, Endocet, Roxiprin, Percocet Percocet also contain acetaminophen. acetaminophen. Per Hale, observe infant for sedation. 11. Per Hale, observe infant for sedation. 12. Per Hale, observe infant for GI cramping, distress, diarrhea. 13. Per Hale, observe infant for sedation. 14. Per Hale, observe infant for sedation. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics (NSAIDs) [more [more]] AAP Kategori Risiko Nama Generik Nama Dagang approved?* Kehami Kehamilan lan** ** Risiko Risiko Menyu Menyusui sui** ** Approved L2 Azap Azapro ropa pazo zone ne (apa (apazo zone ne)) Rheu Rheumo mox x Dipyrone (banned (banned in the US & Approved NR UK ) Flufenamic acid Ibuprofen
Advil, Nuprin, Motrin, Pediaprofin
Indomethacin
Indocin
Ketorolac
Toradol, Acular
Mefenamic acid
Ponstan, Ponstel Anaprox, Naprosyn, Naproxen, Aleve Butazolidine Feldene Profenal Tolectin
Naproxen Phenylbutazone Piroxicam Suprofen Tolmetin Steroid Methylprednisolone [ high dosage methylprednisolone ] Prednisolone Prednisone
Obat Asma Dyphylline Terbutaline
Solu-Medrol, Depo-Medrol, Medrol Deltasone, Meticorten, Orasone
Dilor, Lufyllin, Dyphylline Bricanyl, Brethine
Approved
B (1st, 2nd trim.) Approved D (3rd trim.) B (1st, 2nd trim.) Approved D (3rd trim.) B (1st, 2nd trim.) Approved D (3rd trim.) Approved -
NR L1 L3 L2 NR L3 L4 (for chronic use) NR L2 NR L3 [contents] contents ]
Approved
B
Approved Approved Approved Approved
B C
Approved
C
L2
Approved
C
L2
Approved
C
L2
C B
[contents] contents ] L3 L2
Approved Approved
Aminophylline, Aminophylline, Quibron, Theo-Dur
Approved
Butorphanol
Stadol
Approved
Codeine Fentanyl
Tylenol #3, #4 Sublimaze
Approved Approved
B (1st, 2nd trim.) D (3rd trim.) C B
Meperidine
Demerol
Approved
B
Methadone Morphine
Dolophine Morphine Darvocet N, Propacet, Darvon
Approved Approved
B B
L3 L2 L2 L3 (if used early postpartum) L3 L3
Approved
C
L2
Theophylline
C
L3
Analgetik Narkotik [more [more]]
Propoxyphene
L3
Obat Batuk AAP approved? * Codeine yes Dextromethorphan not reviewed Guaifenesin not reviewed Dekongestan (Obat Pilek) AAP approved? Nama Obat * Phenylephrine not reviewed Nama Obat
Risiko Menyusui** L3 (moderately safe) L1 (safest) L2 (safer)
Risiko Menyusui**
L3 (moderately safe) L3 (moderately safe) for acute use Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed, yes L4 (possibly hazardous) for chronic use due to potential for Actifed) decreasing milk supply * Per the AAP Policy Statement The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human Milk, Milk, revised September 2001. ** Per Medications’ Medications’ and Mothers’ Milk by Milk by Thomas Hale, PhD (2006 edition) Nasal Sprays (Spray Hidung) AAP Nama Obat Risiko Menyusui** approved?* Beclomethasone (Vanceril, Beclovent, Beconase, not reviewed L2 (safer) Vancenase) Cromlyn sodium not reviewed L1 (safest) (Nasalcrom) Fluticasone (Flonase) not reviewed L3 (moderately safe) Mometasone (Nasonex) not reviewed L3 (moderately safe) Phenylephrine (in some forms of Sinex and Neonot reviewed L3 (moderately safe) Synephrine) Triamcinolone Acetonide not reviewed L3 (moderately safe) (Nasacort) Antihistamin (Anti Alergi) AAP Nama Obat Risiko Menyusui** approved?* Brompheniramine not reviewed L3 (moderately safe) Chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine (Chlornot reviewed L3 (moderately safe) Trimeton) CTM Cetirizine (Zyrtec) not reviewed L2 (safer) Dexbrompheniramine maleate yes not reviewed with d-isoephedrine d-isoephedrine Diphenhydramine not reviewed L2 (safer) (Benadryl) Doxylamine not reviewed L4 (possibly hazardous) Fexofenadine (Allegra) yes L3 (moderately safe) Loratadine (Claritin) yes L2 (safer)
Terfenadine (Seldane) yes not reviewed Triprolidine (Actidil, yes L1 (safest) Actifed) * Per the AAP Policy Statement The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human Milk, revised September 2001. ** Per Medications’ Medications’ and Mothers’ Milk by Milk by Thomas Hale, PhD (2002 edition) Obat Anestesi Risiko AAP approved? Note Kategori Risiko Kehamilan** Menyusu * s i**
Nama Obat
Local anesthetics Articaine (Septocaine) NR Bupivacaine (Marcaine) NR Approved Lidocaine (Xylocaine) Mepivacaine (Carbocaine, Polocaine) NR Procaine HCL (Novocaine) NR General anesthetics Approved Halothane (Fluothane) Isoflurane (Forane) NR Ketamine NR Approved Methohexital Methohexital (Brevital) Nitrous oxide NR Sevoflurane (Ultane) NR Approved Thiopental (Pentothal) Other medications often used during anesthesia Sedatives Concern Diazepam (Valium)
Midazolam (Versed) Propofol (Diprivan) Triazolam (Halcion) Narcotic Analgesics Analgesics Alfentanil (Alfenta) Fentanyl (Sublimaze) Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) Morphine Reversal Medication Flumazenil (Romazicon) Naloxone (Narcan) Steroids
C C C C
NR L2 L2 L3 L3
more
C B B C
L2 NR NR L3 L3 L3 L3
more 1 more
D
more
L3; L4 for chronic use L3 L2 more L3
Concern NR NR
D B X
NR Approved NR Approved
C B C B
L2 L2 L3 L3
NR NR
C C
NR NR
2 3
C Decadron (Dexamethasone) NR NR more Stimulants C L1 Epinephrine (Adrenaline) NR Anti-nausea C L2 Promethazine (Phenergan) NR * Per the AAP Policy Statement The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human Milk, Milk, revised September 2001. • Approved: Approved: (Table 6) Maternal Medication Usually Compatible With Breastfeeding • Concern: Concern: (Table 4) Drugs for Which the Effect on Nursing Infants Is Unknown but May Be of Concern Caution: Caution: (Table 5) Drugs That Have Been Associated With Significant Effects on Some Nursing Infants • and Should Be Given to Nursing Mothers With Caution • NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by the AAP. ** Per Medications’ Medications’ and Mothers’ Milk by Milk by Thomas Hale, PhD (2004 edition). Lactation Risk Pregnancy Risk Categories Categories •
L1 (safest)
•
A (controlled studies show no risk) risk)
• •
•
•
L2 (safer) L3 (moderately safe) L4 (possibly hazardous) L5 (contraindicated)
•
•
•
•
B (no evidence of risk in humans) C (risk cannot be ruled out) D (positive evidence of risk) X (contraindicated (contraindicated in pregnancy)
NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by Hale. 1. Isoflurane (Forane) is used for c-sections and directly in newborns. Induction of and recovery from isoflurane anesthesia are rapid, so the majority of the medication is out of the body (and milk) very quickly. More here. here. Flumazenil (Romazicon) (Romazicon) is used directly directly in children children aged 12 months months and up. up. Naloxone (Narcan) is used used directly directly in newborns newborns and children. children. Many forms of Robitussin, Robitussin, Delsym and Benylin Benylin are considered considered compatible with breastfeedin breastfeeding. g. Always check the active ingredients, as there are many versions. Kelompok Antasida, Antibiotik, Antivirus, Antijamur, Kontrasepsi, Obat jantung & Hipertensi, Vitamin, dll Kategori Risiko Risiko Nama Generik Nama Dagang AAP approved?* Kehamilan** Menyusui** Antasida [contents] contents ] Approved B L2 Cimetidine (Antacid) Tagamet Approved C L2 Cisapride (GI tract stimulant) Propulsid Domperidone (used for nausea & vomiting, Approved L1 Motilum stimulates lactation) [more [more]] Antibiotika [contents] contents ] Approved B L1 Amoxicillin Larotid, Amoxil Approved B L2 Aztreonam Azactam Approved B L1 Cefadroxil Ultracef, Duricef Approved B L1 Cefazolin Ancef, Kefzol Approved B L2 Cefotaxime Claforan Approved B L1 Cefoxitin Mefoxin Approved C L1 Cefprozil Cefzil Ceftazidime, Approved B L1 Ceftazidime Fortaz, Taxidime Approved B L2 Ceftriaxone Rocephin Approved C L3 Ciprofloxacin [more [more]] Cipro Approved B L3 Clindamycin Cleocin L1 E-Mycin, Ery-tab, Approved B Erythromycin L3 early postnatal ERYC, Ilosone Approved Fleroxacin NR Approved C L2 Gentamicin Garamycin Approved D L2 Kanamycin Kebecil, Kantrex Approved Moxalactam Moxam NR Approved B L2 Nitrofurantoin Macrobid Approved C L2 Ofloxacin Floxin Approved B L1 Penicillin Approved D L3 Streptomycin Streptomycin Approved Sulbactam NR Gantrisin, AzoApproved C L2 Sulfisoxazole Gantrisin Achromycin, Approved D L2 Tetracycline Sumycin, Terramycin Ticarcillin, Ticar, Approved B L1 Ticarcillin Timentin Proloprim, Approved C L3 Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole Trimpex Antikoagulan [contents] contents ] Approved Bishydroxycoumarin (dicumarol) NR 2. 3. 4.
Warfarin
Coumadin, Panwarfin
Approved
D
L2
Approved Approved Approved Approved
C C B D
[contents] contents ] L2 L4 L1 L2
Approved
D
L2
Approved
C
[contents] contents ] L2
Approved
C
L2
Approved
C
[contents] contents ] L2
Approved
C
L2
Antikonvulsan (Anti kejang) Carbamazepine Ethosuximide Magnesium sulfate Phenytoin Valproic acid Anti Jamur Fluconazole [more [more]] Ketoconazole
Tegretol, Epitol Zarontin Epsom salt Dilantin Depakene, Depakote Diflucan Nizoral Shampoo, Nizoral
Antivirus Acyclovir [more [more]] Interferon-alpha Interferon-alpha [more] more]
Zovirax Alferon N, Interferon Alpha
Arthritis meds (see also: pain meds) meds) Gold salts
[contents] contents ] Ridaura, Myochrysine, Solganal
Approved
C
L5
Approved
X
Approved
-
[contents] contents ] L3 (may interfere with milk production) NR
Approved
X
L3 (may interfere with milk production)
Approved
X
L2
Approved
D
Approved
X
L1 L4 (if used first 3 days postpartum) L2
Approved
-
L3
Kontrasepsi, Hormon Estradiol Clogestone
Contraceptive Contraceptive pill with estrogen/progesterone
Levonorgestrel Medroxyprogesterone Norethynodrel Progesterone
Estratab, Permarin, Menest Preven, Seasonale, Norinyl, Norlestin, Ortho-Novum, Ovral, Lunelle injection, OrthoEvra patch, etc. Norplant, Mirena, Plan B Provera, DepoProvera, Cycrin Enovid Crinone, Prometrium
Obat Diabetes [contents] contents ] Note: Insulin has not been reviewed by the AAP. Pregnancy risk category = B; Lactation risk category = L1. Approved D L3 Tolbutamide Oramide, Orinase Obat Diare [contents] contents ] Imodium, Pepto Diarrhea Control, Maalox Antidiarrheal Approved B L2 Loperamide Caplets, Kaopectate II Caplets, Immodium Advanced ** Note: Pepto-Bismol & Kaopectate (bismuth subsalicylate is the active ingredient in both) are not recommended for routine use by nursing moms, due to the association of salicylates with Reyes syndrome in children. [more] more] Diuretik (Peluruh Kencing) [contents] contents ] Dazamide, Approved C L2 Acetazolamide Diamox L4 (may inhibit Approved D Bendroflumethiazide Naturetin lactation) Approved D L3 Chlorothiazide Hydrodiuril
Chlorthalidone Hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) Spironolactone Anti Muntah [more [more]] Domperidone Anti Hipertensi, Obat Jantung Anti aritmia Disopyramide Flecainide Mexiletine Procainamide Quinidine
Hygroton Hydrodiuril, Esidrix, Oretic Aldactone
Approved
D
L3
Approved
D
L2
Approved
D
Motilum
Approved
-
L2 [contents] contents ] L1 [contents] contents ]
Norpace, Napamide Tambocor Mexitil Pronestyl, Procan Quinaglute, Quinidex
Approved
C
L2
Approved Approved Approved
C B C
L3 L2 L3
Approved
C
L2
Anti Hipertensi Captopril
Capoten
Approved
D
L3 (if used after 30 days)
Diltiazem/Diltiazem Diltiazem/Diltiazem HCL
Cardizem Sr, Dilacor-XR, Diltiazem, Cardizem CD
Approved
C
L3
Enalapril/Enalapril Maleate
Vasotec
Approved
Hydralazine
Apresoline Trandate, Normodyne Aldomet Toprol XL, Lopressor Loniten, Minodyl, Rogaine Corgard, Nadolol Adalat, Procardia Apsolox, SlowTrasicor, Trasicor Inderol Betapace Blocadren Calan, Isoptin, Covera-HS
Approved
C (1st trim.) D (2nd, 3rd trim.) C
Approved
C
L2
Approved
C
L2
Approved
B
L3
Approved
C
Approved Approved
C C
L2 (topically) L3 (orally) L4 L2
Approved
-
NR
Approved Approved Approved
C B C
L2 L3 L2
Approved
C
L2
Approved
C
L2
Approved Approved Approved Approved
C B -
[contents] contents ] L3 NR L1 L3 [contents] contents ]
Approved
C
L3
Approved Approved Approved
C C D
Approved Approved Approved
C C
L2 L4 L2 [contents] contents ] NR L3 L2
Labetalol Methyldopa Metoprolol Minoxidil Nadolol Nifedipine Oxprenolol Propranolol Sotalol Timolol Verapamil
L2 L2
Cardiac stimulants Digoxin Laksan (Pelancar BAB) [more [more]] Cascara/Cascara Sagrada Danthron Magnesium sulfate Senna Obat malaria Chloroquine Hydroxychloroquine Pyrimethamine Quinine Medical Testing [more [more]] Diatrizoate Fluorescein Gadopentetic (Gadolinium)
Lanoxin, Lanoxicaps Epsom salt Aralen, Novochloroquine Plaquenil Daraprim Quinamm -
Iohexol Iopanoic acid Metrizamide Metrizoate Obat Migren [more [more]] Sumatriptan Obat Sedativ [more [more]] Chloral hydrate
Omnipaque Telepaque Amipaque Isopaque
Approved Approved Approved Approved
B D B B
L2 L2 L2 L2
Imitrex
Approved
C
[contents] contents ] L3 [contents] contents ]
Aquachloral, Noctec
Approved
C
L3
Approved
-
NR
Approved Approved
D D
Approved
B
L5 L3 [contents] contents ] L3
Approved
D
[contents] contents ] L3
Approved
D
L3
Approved Approved
D -
L2 NR
Approved
A
L1
Approved
C
[contents] contents ] L3
Approved
B
L2
Approved
C
L3
Approved
C
L2
Methyprylon (withdrawn from use in US & Canada) Bromide Secobarbital Seconal Obat Tidur Zolpidem/Zolpidem Tartrate Ambien Obat Anti Tiroid [more [more]] Carbimazole Methimazole (active metabolite of Tapazole carbimazole) Propylthiouracil PTU Thiouracil Synthroid, Levothroid, Levothyroxine Thyroid, Levo-T, Levoxyl Obat TBC Cycloserine Seromycin Ethambutol, Ethambutol Myambutol Isoniazid INH, Laniazid Rifadin, Rifampin Rimactane VITAMIN [more [more]]
[contents] contents ] NR L1 L2; L2; L4 in high doses (may inhibit lactation) L3 (do not overdose)
B-1 (thiamin) B-12 (Cyanocobalamin)
-
Approved Approved
A
B-6 (pyridoxine)
-
Approved
A
D, vitamin
Calciferol, Delta-d
Approved
A
Folic acid
-
Approved
K-1, vitamin (Phytonadione) Riboflavin/B2 Lain-lain Acitretin (Anti-psoriasis) Alcohol/Ethanol Alcohol/Ethanol [more] more] Allopurinol Antimony
-
Approved Approved
A (1st, 2nd trim.) C (3rd trim.) C A
Soriatane Zyloprim, Lopurin Belladonna, Atropine Rheumox Rheumox Lioresal, Atrofen Vivarin, NoDoz, Coffee Duratocin Platinol
Approved Approved Approved Approved
D C -
L1 L1 [contents] contents ] NR L3 L2 NR
Approved
C
L3
Approved Approved Approved
C -
L2 L2 NR
Approved
B
L2
Approved Approved Approved
D
NR NR L4
Atropine (Anticholinergic, drying agent) Azapropaz Azapropazone one/apaz /apazone one (Antirhe (Antirheumat umatic) ic) Baclofen (muscle relaxant) Barbiturate Caffeine [more [more]] Carbetocin (Antihemorrhagic) Chloroform Cisplatin (Anti-cancer)
L1
Approved C L4 Dapsone (Antileprosy) Avlosulfon, DDS Approved C L2 Hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine (Antirheumatic, (Antirheumatic, lupus)Plaquenil Approved Iodides NR Approved Iodine NR Iodine (povidone-iodine, (povidone-iodine, eg, in a vaginal Approved NR douche) Approved C L3 Ivermectin (Antiparasitic) Mectizan Approved B L4 Nalidi Nalidixic xic acid acid (Urina (Urinary ry AntiAnti-inf infec ectiv tive) e) NegG NegGram ram Approved Norsteroids NR Approved C L2 Pyri Pyrido dost stig igmi mine ne (Mus (Muscl cle e stim stimul ulan ant) t) Mest Mestin inon on,, Rego Regono noll Approved C L3 Scopol opolam amin ine e (Moti Motio on sickn ickne ess) Tran Transd sde erm Scop cope Approved Sulfapyridine Dagenan NR Approved D L3 Timolol (glaucoma med) Blocadren * Per the AAP Policy Statement The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human Milk, Milk, revised September 2001. Approved: Approved: (Table 6) Maternal Medication Usually Compatible With Breastfeeding • Caution: Caution: (Table 5) Drugs That Have Been Associated With Significant Effects on Some Nursing Infants and • Should Be Given to Nursing Mothers With Caution • NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by the AAP. ** Per Medications’ Medications’ and Mothers’ Milk by Milk by Thomas Hale, PhD (2004 edition). Lactation Risk Pregnancy Risk Categories Categories • • •
•
•
L1 (safest) L2 (safer) L3 (moderately safe) L4 (possibly hazardous) L5 (contraindicated)
•
•
•
•
•
A (controlled studies show no risk) risk) B (no evidence of risk in humans) C (risk cannot be ruled out) D (positive evidence of risk) X (contraindicated (contraindicated in pregnancy)
NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by Hale Pembagian kategori tingkat keamanan obat (termasuk antibiotik) untuk kehamilan Pembagian kategori tingkat keamanan obat (termasuk antibiotik) untuk kehamilan Sebelumnya, Sebelumnya, perlu saya kemukakan pembagian kategori keamanan suatu obat untuk penggunaan penggunaan pada ibu hamil : Kategori A : Obat-obat yang menurut studi terkontrol tidak menimbulkan resiko pada janin Kategori B : Untuk obat-obat yang berdasarkan studi pada binatang dan manusia tidak menunjukkan resiko yang bermakna. Termasuk disini adalah : 1. Dari studi pada binatang tidak menunjukkan resiko, tetapi belum ada studi pada manusia mengenai hal tersebut 2. Dari studi pada binatang menunjukkan adanya resiko, tetapi dari hasil studi yang terkontrol baik pada manusia menunjukkan menunjukkan tidak adanya resiko. Kategori C : Untuk obat-obat yang belum didukung studi adekuat, baik pada binatang maupun pada manusia atau obat-obat yang menunjukkan menunjukkan efek yang merugikan pada studi binatang tetapi belum ada studi pada manusia Kategori D : Untuk Untuk obat-obat obat-obat yang ada bukti bukti resikony resikonya a pada janin tetapi manfaatny manfaatnya a jauh lebih besar Kategori X : Untuk obat-obat yang terbukti mempunyai resiko terhadap janin dan resiko itu lebih berat daripada manfaatnya Antibiotik tidak ada yang termasuk kategori X. Umumnya masuk kategori B, kecuali beberapa yang masuk kategori C atau D.
