Cuvinte Argotice

H N (G. 6 F 1958, BNNK>qM). ALHEO>GMs  #NEMsv > F q M>KMNK HFXGs E GO>KLMM> G BNNK>qM. HMHK ^G EHEH>. G 1990, KN M E M>K > F HFXGs  #NE Msv > M>K>  GO>KLMsv G BNNK>qM (G 2007, IKH>LHK NGO>KLMK). G 2003, >K>MsMHK qMGv & E &GLMMNMNE > GOLMs k&HKN &HKG f  AE. HL>MMg (>MHKNE > KFMs). HF>G > >K>MK>: EGOLM M>QMNEN, IKFMs, LMELMs q IH>Ms, KFMs, E>Q, HGHFLMs EM>KKs, K>MHKs, KNF>GMK>, M>HK E>MNK, LMHK EF EM>KK>. HGMKNv E >K>MK> HG>MHKEHK IKFM,  FCEH>EHK EGOLM> E> FHESsK q IKHQFsK,  LNKLNEN IHEM q CNKGELM,  EF KHFXG> OHKM> (KHN),  KIHKMNEN LK>K>fHKEMM>,  M>GGv>EHK EF KHFXG> MNE>. sKv: )BM4 F@5B?FGo B@P4F6o, BNNK>qM, 1996; '44sH k BM, BNNK>qM, 2000; DIFG4G FG?FG6o X B@P4 46GH4?o, BNNK>qM, 2001;  %@54= k B?G6o, BNNK>qM, 2007. lG HE.:  D6sB4H? F6GB?B  B@P, OHE. &f&, BNNK>qM, 1995f2002; D6sB4H? Fs4? 4? F6GB?B B@P ("), BNNK>qM, 2000;  E66?B74 ?@5 B@P, BNNK>qM, 2001, 2006;  %G4GH4 B@Po. D6sB4 7 B, BNNK>qMfqGsN, 2003; 4@4G64 ?@5 B@P, &f&&, BNNK>qM, 2005, 2008; +B@4F6; 46;F6;6;G / FGB ?HFGH 7 ?4 +B@44, B>KEGf>P HKD, 2009;  EkG 6BB? k 746o IB5kG 6B6G!, BNNK>qM, 2010. "M./HHK. ^G HEHKK>: GH7 ?IFG6. (@4H B9FB4 45?4 )4o D7?4, ?4 4IF4, BNNK>qM, 2007; GH7 7  4@4G6o. (@4H DB4@ )B9FB4 4?4 HsH +B@4?B, BNNK>qM, 2009; %@54 B@Po: G@ 46GH4?. A6G? 6?H 7-4? 8-?4 CB?B6IH 4? C4G7 7 ?@54 B@Po, BNNK>qM, 2009. *GNE> ^G HEHKK>:  %@54 k ?G4GH4 B@Po (E.  &-, 1994, 2004; E.  -, 2000, 2005; E.  &-, 2001, 2006; E.  &&-, 2002, 2007), BNNK>qM. > > KMHE> q K>>GS ^G K>OLM> > LI>EMM>, KMHE> ^G OHENF> HE>MO>

HE>v kv NOGM>EHKg >LM> HHKHGMs > *KNL E. >MHK: AE. DNEM[MR H I>KM: AG>E HMKN >GHK>MHK: *GN>E *sQG>GN : #EHKG LEN, KF>G >MK>LN a %*A&A, 2010 &B 978-973-50-2811-4

"&A %*A&A v K>L> >K> 1, 013701 BNNK>qM, HFXG M>E. 021/408 83 50 Q 021/408 83 51 PPP.NFGML.KH HF>GS HGEG>: M>E./Q 021/311 23 30 >-FE: OGSK@ENFGML.KH PPP.ENFGML.KH

C/

De ce? (" c,%?)

9

Abe-"e" 

12

Argoul românesc

13

1. De$"%"+aea a',$,"  I$%!, #/#, +$# D%!% %> A'+  !/ # !+% !!% !+% +" D%

15 15 17 19 24

2. I*+'"c,$ fe&'%e&,$," " a$ cece+"" 

26

3. D"f"c,$+"$e cece+"" 

36

4. De*c"eea a',$," ac+,a$  T>> '%%!+% F%#! M&!! S%!#! P!'!#! A/% = /%

39 39 40 41 42 43 45

5. S,*e$e $e"c,$," a'+"c   </+ +%#!+ E+?! %!#> D%!%!, #/%%! = #%%! A"%%+% F!%+'! J#+% $% #%

47 47 55 67 72 74 77

Cuvintele Cuvintele 85

!"%!+> 87 !"%!+> !#!%!#!% 89 ! (!$% ! ()92 !$% "!"!$%!+> 95 "!"!$%!+> "!"!!% 99 "!"!!% "!! 99 "!! "!! "!! 98 "%+%! "%+%! 104 "%'"%' 106 B%+> B%+> 109 "$$"$$ 112 "+! 113 "+! "'%!+> 117 "'%!+> #!& 120 #!& #!+%!=#> 122 #!+%!=#> #!"> 124 #!"> #!!! 127 #!!! #!!+ 132 ! #!$#!!+ 137 ! #!$ #!= 139 #!=141 #!%#> #!!#!%#> 143 #&%!#!! 145 #&%! 149 ##&+%$% #%'##&+%$% 153 #!*> #$%!+> 156 ##!+!#%' 159 ##+ #!*> 162 ## ##!+! 164 ##+167 #+! $+ ## 169

85 87 89 92 95 96 98 102 104 106 109 112 113 117 120 122 124 127 132 137 139 141 143 145 149 152 153 156 159 162 164 7

#+! $+ $"! $> %> &!?% &%+% &+ ! (=-) &! &>#% '!' ' '"> ! !+> % /% %!+ #+&! +## +%+% !# !> !?> !'+%!+> !!$> !$ !&> !!+' !!& %%% = !> #! +! #+% ! !+ !=/!

167 169 172 175 178 181 182 184 187 189 194 196 197 199 201 203 206 208 211 213 216 219 223 224 228 229 232 234 235 238 240 242 245 247 250 251 252 254 255

! /!!# /!!!> /!/!##! /!!-$>> /!!'%+% /!!=> /!% /%!+ /&! ! /+ /!#> /$ / %# ! & /!+>-!>: =%!#% =%#% =% =/!'> =/'! =!&> =#! =? > &+> ?%!/> =# #> +>

258 260 263 265 267 269 272 273 278 281 286 288 291 292 294 295 296 297 301 303 307 309 313 317 319 322 326 330 332 333 336 337

B"b$"'af"e 

339

S,*e 

351

S"$e " abe-"e" b"b$"'af"ce  355 I&d"ce de c,-"&+e 

357

5. S%+% +%#+ !'#

AKHNE KHFXG>L L- HGLMMNM ^G FK> FsLNKs I> S EF HFNG> (IKG FHK> L>FGMs, IKH>>> >KOMO> q > HFING>K> q CH > NOGM>), K HGvG> q NG GNFsK  FIHKMGM > ^FIKNFNMNK G EM> EF f ^G IKFNE KXG, G EF KHFG].

5.1. %,%,+,$ $e"ca$   N INM>F OHK > ^FIKNFNMNK >XM XG >LM> N HLM  IK>ENM> K>M > KHN G K>LMKNE NK>GM E EMHK EF LN f  F IKHE f G KHNKE> EFEHK K>LI>MO>. lFIKNFNMNE KHM GN >LM> G>IsKM NGNE kG>>LKg, K> Ls NFIE> NG HE ^G EF-vGMs; FIHMKOs, >L> L> ^FIKNFNMs MKN>KE> >EHK F NSNE> NOGM>, sKHK E L> NKGS>Ss LM>E LGHGF> ENF>v>: 4 oIo (G KNLs) LN 4 4? (G KG>Ss LN MEGs) I>GMKN O>KNE k OHKg, 4 7>H (G >GE>Ss) I>GMKN k >g, 47 (G MEGs LN KG>Ss) LN 54?kB (G KNLs)  I>GMKN C>MONE kFK>g >M. 5.1.1. </ $ +"! !

lFIKNFNMNKE> vsG>qM LNGM >E>F>GMNE >E F KM>KLM q F HGLLM>GM E KHNEN KHFXG>L; >E> EsMN>L H SHGs > LMEMM>, HGL>KOXGN-q NG>HK HKF q L>GLNKE> > E  IKF>E> M>LMsK (> E CNFsMM> L>HENEN E &-E>) IXGs S. 47

G EH LI>E ^GMK> >LM> ^FIKNFNMNK ^E HNIs O>K>E>, GNF>KHL> q K> N IKHNL L>K HM> > >KOM>. HGMKNv EF KHFG] E OHNEKNE L>K>M > NG IM >QIEE LHE (IKG LsKs q FKGEMM> vGEHK, K> EsMNN H IKM> ^GL>FGMs  ENF GM>KEHI>) q N H KsLIXGK> HGL>KEs ^G "NKHI. lG LIvNE >KFG, H OK>F> f ^G L>HENE E &&&-E> f  G GN L- sNM LMGv> ^GMK> KHNE GM>KEHI (HMP>EL) q EF vGEHK (O. *MKL 1999). >KF>GNE LIGHE 64?Y >L>FG>Ss EFCNE vGEHK G IG, ^G OK>F> >, ^G IHKMN>Ss, 64?RB > H >GNFK>  KHNEN; F>E> IKHOG G v. 64?B kG>KNg (K>  M q ^G KHFXGs LNLMGMONE 6o?oH). lG KHNE FK,  IKHIHKv q K GO>GMKNE ^FIKNFNMNKEHK G KHFG] LNGM >LMNE > L>FsGsMHK> N >E> G KHFXGs (S_ 2002). BEHK >E>F>GM>EHK vsG>qM G KHFXGs GN >LM> HKM> HMs, K  >G>M > >K>MsK HGLLM>GM> q KNKHL>. MNNE NG F>GME E EN AE. $KNK, G 1934,  HLM HFIE>MM > NMHK N NG>E> GHM> LNIEF>GMK> ($KNK 1936); IKHE>F  HLM K>ENMs > 'NEEG 1952 q, N HGMKNv GM>K>LGM>, > KF, ^GMK-NG KMHE LKL ^G 1966, K K>, G NS >GSNK,  INMNM IsK>  ^G 1992 (KF 2001: 187f262). HNEKNE vsG>L G LIvNE KHFXG>L > M>LMM > ENKsK F O> (HsEG>GN 1837, EEGM 1861, HII-p>KHGN 1930, HMK 1939) q > vHGK> GH (KsN 1992, KsN q HE>KN 1998 >M.).

*NEM> NOGM> vsG>qM L-N IMM q L-N GM>KM EF KHFXG>, LN>KG FHsK > HKFs q L>GL. G>E> N GMKM K ^G K>LMKNE IHINEK F EK; > SNE EN 7G4 kFK>g, C>MO GOKE IKHO>GM GMK-H LMKNMNKs IK>S>GMMOs N FI>KMONE 7G4 E O>KNEN 7>;NJ k O>>g (7G4 B@H? ^GL>FG >, GvE, IKHQFMO kNM> HFNE!g, kNM> > HF!g, O. $KNK 1934). #G G>MKGLIK>GM> q, ^G >G>K>, SHEM> ^G EFs, >E>F>GM>E> vsG>qM q-N LFM NG>HK L>GLNE,  NKFK>  NGHK HGNS q K>GM>KIK>MsK: > >Q>FIEN, GPko > HEHLM (F E>L ^G >QIK>L @- GPko) N L>GLNE kEILs > >g, >q L>GLNE >MFHGNEN vsG>L G4q >LM> kKsg. G>E> vsGLF> N HLM K>GM>KIK>MM> IKG >MFHEH> IHINEKs, G IKHIM>  HKFs > NOGM> KHFXG>qM F O>; > >Q>FIEN, 48

4 ( F) 6B7 (< v. >HNJ, >H7-) k ^GMK>vG> K>Ev L>QNE>g  HLM IKHIM > KHF. 6B47o.  L>K> > NOGM> ^GK>LMKM>

^G vHGK>E> K>>GM> > KHN LNGM vsGLF> G>IMM>, HEHLM> F E>L > OHKMHK EGO: FB@464 ( FB@4>N=) kNKg, ;4@BF ( K4@YF) kFXGK>g, 4FG kEg, 9BB ( 9YB) kHKqg >M. NLMGMO>E> vsG>qM L> IM>Ss sIsMXG H GEs HF IMEs N LLM>FNE FHKHEH E EF KHFXG> N >LG>Gv>E> > IENKE K>NEM. >E> M>KFGM> ^G HGLHGs KsFXG IKHI> G>LFM> E LGNEK f  FLNEGNE @4Hk kIHEvLMg (G @4\q kHFg) f, K ^q IHM q LF >GNE: I4FG kFXGsg > FLNEG ^G KHFG], K @B?  kOGg > >FGG; F>E> >OG G>NMK> ^G KHFXGs. #GE>E> OHE> MI> LNGM IMM>,  E  4H kGLg (G LNLMGMONE FLNEG 47=Y kGHG-vGg) LN kHH kNvMg q @H kNKsg, LNLMGMO> > >GNE G>NMKN, K>LI>MO >FGG, IKHO>GM> G LNLMGMO>E> vsG>qM l;HV  q @H, F>E> >FGG>. G>E> NOGM> N HLM ^FIKNFNMM> ^G HKF > IENKE: ?BI? (G IENKENE vsG>L ?BIT). AEM> LNLMGMO> > HKG> vsG>Ls LNGM: 549Go kGHKHg (< v. 54KG ), 54 kKNEg (< v. 54), 7H@o kOHKsg (< v. 7H@4), 5kG4 kGg (< 5hGB kE HNsS>E>g) >M. *NEM> GMK> LNLMGMO> N >C FE E>QE> HM>, NG>E> >KOM> G F K>O>GM> >XM M>KF>G > Ss: 5H?4, @B?4, @H4 (N LNQNE -4), 46o (N LNQNE -6o) >M. AC>MO>E> > HKG> vsG>Ls GN LNGM FNEM>, K N H K>O>Gvs HKM> FK>, >L>FGXG MKsLsMNK NGF>GME>. >E F NGHLNM f @kGB f >LM> GOKE q > HEHLM q  O>K (IKHOG>, > IM, G O>KNE vsG>L @qGB); GOKE >LM> q FNEM F KKNE 64kGB (< >HF;GB). >E>EEM> LNGM IMM> HG>M q FHKHEH: 7?H (< 7?Y, -V ) kG>NGg, HH (< ;HY, -V ) ksMKXGg, 4k4?H (< 4FI4?Y kHEGOg) kKsN, NKXMg, 4FB?  (< 4FH? ) kKsN, NKXMg,  kH64 (< qH>N ) kKNFHL, NGg. NKIKGSsMHK > GNF>KHL> LNGM O>K>E> > HKG> vsG>Ls: >LM> N HLM, sKs >Q>Iv>, ^GKM> ^G MINE > HG CNK> IKHNMO ^G KHFXG IHINEKs, N LNQNE - E GGMO q N LNQNE LNIEF>GMK -F6 E GMO q HGCNGMO IK>S>GM. *NEM> GMK> O>K> L-N HKFM > E M>F > I>K>M q IKMIN 49

 O>K>EHK vsG>qM: 4 647 (< >;4NJ/>NJ, >7-), 4 6B7 (< lBNJ, lB7-), 4 6B7 (< >HNJ, >H7-), 4 7? (< 74J, 7?-), 4 @4? (< @4NJ , @4?- ), 4 @47 (< @4BJ, @47-), 4  447 (<  ;44INJ,  ;447-), 4 ? ( =NJ,  ?-). AEM>E> L> >QIEs IKG GMONE IK>S>GM: 4  (< i4NJ/ iNJ), 4 ;4? (< ;4J, ;4?-), 4 FB? (<  FBINJ, E I>KLHG  &&&-  FBIT? , . KF 2001: 243), 4 Hk6; (< HhGNJ, q LN GEN>Gv FI>KMONEN HhG). G>E> O>K> L-N HKFM ^G GM>KHKNE KHNEN KHFXG>L, IHKGG > E NOGM> ^FIKNFNMM> G vsG>qM>: 4 ( F) @4GB?, G @4GB? < v. @4GY. G EF KHFG] L-N ^FIKNFNMM K q IKHGNF>: @474 k>Ng, E HKG> @N7, EHMONE IKHGNF>EN > I>KLHG & LGNEK (MKGLHKFM IKG GEH> N GMKHIHGF>E> M>KFGM> ^G -4) q 646 (< >;4l), IKHGNF>E> G>MO kGFg. G>E> NOGM> q >QIK>L vsG>qM L-N MKGLHKFM ^G >QEFv FEK-KHM>, G>GESE>: @H6?F kMg (G @H>  ?F kEL-Hg), 6H6H (G lHl kFF>Esg, IH kHKGNE L>QNE FLNEGg) >M. 5.1.2. </ $ #>

KHE>F HFIHG>GM> MNK>qM  KHNEN KHFXG>L >LM> >LMNE > HFIEMs, I>GMKN s IK>LNING> LMG>K> f K>N > sNM ^G IKMs f ^GMK> HNs LMNv. lG KHN, L> IHM >GM NG>E> NOGM> > HKG> MNKs ^G>IsKMMs, K> N HLM, > IM, IK>ENM> G KHFXG LMGK HK G OKGM>E> > ^GO>M>, IHINEK> LN K>HGE> q N HLM GM>KM> ^GMK> KHMLF>  IKG LFK> > L>GL. "QLMs ^GLs q NOGM> IK>ENM> > KHN K>M G MNKs, ^G I>KH>E> > EGOLF, > GM>GL> E>sMNK q LFNK EG>. HK ^G SNE G NKFs L> IHM> OHK, ^G FH HK>M, > H GEN>Gvs MNK>Ls LNIK E>QNEN KHM. >K>Gv>K> >EHK HNs LMNv L> IHM> > IKG MK> >sKN M>KF>G ^G IKM> (NG KHMLF K>>GM GN >LM>, ^G FH GHKFE, NG ^FIKNFNM K>M G MNKs), K, G IsM>, O>F> ^G EFs  M>KF>GEHK KHM >, ^G L>Gv M>LMsKEHK LKL>, N MHMNE G>KMs. G KNF>GM I>GMKN IELK> ^G M>HK GEN>Gv> 50

MNK>qM >LM> q GMNK LNKL>: s M>KF>GNE IKHOG> GN G MNK EM>KKs,  G KHNE MNK>L (  MH?o < M. MH?4), qGL>E> Ls  HLM IK>ENM K>M, I> E> HKEs, K>L HGL>KE. >E F  IKH E, KHNE KHFXG>L  LHKM MNKLF> q K>LF> ^G S EN O>>, > ^G>INM, G L>HENE E &&&-E>, >LIK> K> GN qMF IKHI> GF. &GEN>Gv MNK>Ls LNIK EF KHFXG> > NG LN>M LGGM. sKv NGF>GME>  EN SsK psG>GN f  "9?Hs4 BG4?o 4FH 4 ?@5 k 6H?GH B@P (1900) f  L-N sNM ^G MFI EM> >K>MsK, >MFHEH> (KF 2001, NN 2006, NN 2009) LN  IKOG OEHKE> LMELM> E> MNKLF>EHK, HGHMvE> KHG> q >IK>MO>, NMESK> EHK ^G EM>KMNKs.

AN IKvGNM IKHE KHNEN, ^GGM> >  GMK ^G K>LMKNE FEK, NOGM> > HKG> MNKs IK>NF  F46; (< F4> k q NFg),  HkG (<  HkG kMXGsK HFHL>QNE ILOg), 6464?@4 (< >4Sf@4 kHGMKGs; MXEsK>; >MNKGK> >M.g). lG ELM>E> K> L> N > H>  >Q>FIE> I>GMKN GEN>Gv MNK>Ls ^G KHN IK M>KF>G N LMMNM LNME (> ^FIKNFNMNK, > >OHENv GM>KG>), IK>NF B46 (;B46 ) kLNGSsMHK>g (< B64>  kOMKs; L>Ng), 57IH/577H (< 57I) kGL, MXGsKg, 4@4M4 kLMHFg (< +4@4M4 kENG > IHLM  FNLNEFGEHKg), 544@ kI>MK>>K>g (< 54L4@ kLsKsMHK>g), @4o (< @4f ) kGg. NGM ^GLs N LNKGvs NMESsK K>>GM> q GHOv ^G GM>KHKNE EF KHFXG> 6;7 N L>GLNE kI>MK>>K>g, IENKENE  44 (^G EH > O>NE 44? ), N L>GLNE kHEKg, LN 5?4 N L>GLNE kHKM> NG, >QMKHKGKg . "OHENv EN @4G4?B  LN 464G L- I>MK>NM MHM I> M>K>G KHFXG>L,  q >  >KOMNEN 4 649G (< 4 6o9Go < 649G4), IHM> q  EN 6H@  (O. 94, II. 156 q.N.). K>LNING>F H HKG> MNK>Ls, sKs  H INM> IEL ^G MFI,  I>GMKN 54kG4 (< M. 54k>4). *NEM> MNKLF> N KsFL ^G K>LMKNE IHINEK q FEK, > NG> N INMNM MK>> HKM> NqHK ^G KHN: GMK> GNF>KHq M>KF>G I>HKMO > HKG> MNK>Ls (6H9HG , ;4@44, ?6;4 >M.), NG LNGM HKM> K>O>Gv ^G KHN f > >Q>F IEN, 445G (< 645G ). &GM>K>LGMs > q GEN>Gv MNK>Ls ^G 51

M>KFGHEH CHNKEHK > GHKH, K> HGLMMN> H LNKLs IHM>GvEs I>GMKN L>GLNK KHM>: 545HG (< 545HG ), 6B46 (< >44>  kHL, SKg) >M. NQNE -() H, > HKG> MNK>Ls, > HKM> HEHLM I>GMKN HGHMvE> LE> KHG-I>HKMO>. > IM, FNEM> NOGM> > HKG> MNK>Ls IHM GMK N NqNKGvs ^G KHN, HKXM > MXKSN, MHF I>GMKN s >E> N, ^G EFCNE IHINEK, H NMESK> ENF>vs, >IK>MOs, H >QIK>LOMM> K> IHM>  NqHK >QIEHMMs. 5.1.3. </ $ +"! '%!#> $%>

$K>LF>E> Ks ^G >G>K> >E>q IKHE>F>  MNKLF>E>: FCHKMM> M>KF>GEHK > HKG> K>s GN N HLM ^FIKNFNMv K>M > KHN,  N IsMKNGL F >FNEM ^G EFCNE FEK  q IHINEK, > NG> KHNE - IK>ENM, N LFsK > L>GL I> K> E> INM>F HGL>K  I>MK>NM> ^G GM>KHKNE EF KHFXG>: @4G46H6o, @449s >M. HGHMvE> KHG> q >IK>MO> KM>KLM> FNEMHK M>KF>G IHINEK q FEK > HKG> K>>Ls LMFNE>Ss,  q ^G SNE MNKLF>EHK, IK>ENK> EHK  > sMK> KHN. GNKNE >Q>FIEN F K>>GM > K>LF K> IK> Ls  GMKM K>M ^G KHN >LM> 44;?. 5.1.4. </ $ $=

&qNE f EFs IKHO>GMs G >KFG E>MEs, N GNF>KHL> ^FIKNFNMNK G >Ks, OHKMs > FNEv >OK> G "NKHI >GMKEs q > "LM f  GEN>GvM ^GMK-H GNFMs FsLNKs EFCNE FEK-KHM E vsKEHK G SHGs. &GEN>Gv L- IKHNL ^G K>LMKNE HEHOE MG; NG GMK> M>KF>G N CNGL q ^G KHNE GM>KEHI (5?4G , 6?9G , ;HF, KIo), K GN >LM  HLM >GMKNE EHK > K>K>. * IKHE, >M>KFGGM> N HLM HGMM>E> EGOLM> ^G GM>KHKNE IHINEv> LsK>  FEE> >OK>>qM q KHFXG>qM. lG IKF>E> >>G E> L>HENEN E -E>, >LM> F> q EFCNE EHK N IsMKNGL ^G EM>KMNKs (> >Q>FIEN, IKG KHFG>E> EN &. >EMS). 52

G q IKHOG M>KF>G S FEK q >LMNE > ^GO>v f   ;k9G k>K>g (E HKG>, >KF. F6;Q9G ), 6Hk (< >BF; ) kNF MK>N>, ^G K>NEsg, ;4?B@oF (< ;4?B@F), @4;o (< . @4>; < >KF. &46; ) >M. G>HK, > K>N > LMEM s NG NOXGM  GMKM ^G KHFXGs  IKG q LN IKG >KFGs; I>GMKN  94 , > >Q>FIEN, > F  IKHEs LNKL >KFGs. AGNFM> NOGM> G q N IsMKNGL ^G EFC>E> FEK> q KHM> E> F FNEMHK vsK G "NKHI >GMKEs q > "LM, >> > >  LNKL K>Ms Ls > F K>N > LMEM f LN K Ls ENLMK>S> >MFHEH FNEMIEs,  ^G SNE EN 5?4G , IK>ENM IKHE q K>M G q, q G KNLs (N L>GLNK NqHK >KM>). 5.1.5. </ $ '%!>

G >KFG HEHOEs IK> Ls  GMKM ^G KHNE KHFXG>L ( q ^G >E E vsKEHK G CNK) 94 ; MHM > HKG> >KFGs LNGM  sH;4HF (k^GLHK>g < >KF. 2H;G;4HF), MK (< >KF. 6;F) LN FEKNE 6;K (<  $6>F), G CKHGNE EKNEN. j@6;  f NOXGM NGF>GME E KHNEN KHFXG>L, GMKM IH ^G K>LMKNE HEHOE f IK>   MHM > HKG> >KFGs (< 6;@6> ,  IKHE N L>GLNK E>ME> LN G HMP>EL). 5.1.6. E+%%% +!%

NLLF>E> kFG , 644@4, GH9?o N GMKM > FNEM ^G KHNE GM>KEHI,  q 5?4G (IsMKNGL q IKG E>Ks KNLs, >q E HKG> >LM> NG NOXGM G q). G NKG>Gs IKHOG k4o q IKHE  H5o. G M>KF>G->> E GKvHGEMsv FH>KG>, k@, L>  IHM> >QIE IKG F FNEM> EF LEO>. AEv M>KF>G LEO IKvG F NKXG K>LMKNEN HEHOE:  kG45, k@BGH, 4 B 4k?. G MKFM >LMNE > K>M E KNLs, G HEHLv ^G ENFs: 54?kB (kFK>g), @4;B46o (kMNMNG/vKs >  IKHLMs EMM>g), 4 4I4 LN 4 oIo (k OHKg: kXG  MK>NM Ls IE>>, MHM q S>N NG q Ev: cFFs, Ls O>S >  4I4kG LMdg, 9B[email protected]74.6B@). 53

5.1.7. E+%%% !#%

lG EIL NGHK HGMM> K>M>, ^FIKNFNMNKE> KHFG> LNGM HKM> INvG>; NG>E> GMK> >E> (> >Q>FIEN: 5B@5o kXKNFs, MO>KGsg) N HLM >QIEM> IKG KHNE HGMKGqMEHK, N KNEv> ^G IHKMNKE> F>MKG>>G>. G M>KF>G KHFG K> >O>GL>Ks (IKG FNSs, LI>MHE >M.) NGHLNv ^G LIvNE KHFXG>L N sIsMM NMESsK GH ^G KHN, K N L>GLNE EHK  > Ss: M. 47 kFK>g, ^G >QIK>L 4 F 74 47 , LN M.  FB?B kLGNKg (kHI>K>Ss FB?Bg). lG KHNE F O> >QLM NG C>MO GOKE BB kKNFHLg, K>  HLM >QIEM IHKGG > E LGMF kENFGv> 4 BBg (= k SNg). >KNE 4 4? > H IMK> ENF>vs  K. 4? , M. 4?4 k OHKg (k&H F H NKHSMM> ^GLs: > EFs LMKsG>Ss 4I4kG/ 4?kG HFG .?g (6BG74H?.B ). #KGvNSLF> >KM>, GMKM> ^G FH FLM>KHL ^G KHNE GM>KEHI KHFXG>L G >E KG>S, LNGM Go q 4 G4; IHM> q 56, G >QIK>L 4 6o74  56, K>  HLM >QIEMs ($KNK 1982: 25) G KHNE KG>S: GB@5 FH ? 56 (k  I>LM> IHEvLMg). 5.1.8. A'+#%

XGs > NKXG, GEN>Gv >GE>Ss >K IKHI> L>GMs G KHNE KHFXG>L; H >Q>Iv> H HGLMMNN NOGM>E> 5kso (< >GE. 5HFFF) q 5ks4 , GMKM> KI ^G K>LMKNE FEK. lG IK>S>GM, GELF>E> LNGM ^G HGMGNK> KK> ^G EFCNE GM>KEHI MKvHGE, K N IsMKNGL FLO ^G M>KFGHEH MKNEN q  HGLNFNEN > KHNK, IKG ^FIKNFNM (4 GH k L> KHg < >GE. GB G) q E (45o < >GE. 4FF, F>MHKs  I>GMKN FKCNG). &SHEM, FI>KMONE >GE.  F;HG H IK> Ls  GMKM ^G KNEv NM>GM IHINEKs, G FHF>GM > IK> ^G OKGM>E>  k4G4,  k474 q K  k44 (kIHKMKNE EHK L> >KM N NGq q, I>GMKN  O> NEMFNE NOXGM,  sLM > NOGvs Ls- INGs E INGM: cA,  k44, s!dg, G@B-B?.B ; k k44 G NKs!g, 6;4G.B). 54

lG EFCNE MG>KEHK, GNFsKNE > GELF> >LM> HKM> FK> q K>LI>Ms ^G >G>K> IKHGNGv q HKMHK >GE>Ss (6BB? ,  BL, 4GL >M.), GHOXG MHMNq K>O>GM ^G HKMHK>, IKG IMsK ENF>v> (EsMNK > ?BF , IK OKGM>E> ?HMo q ?HM ). G >GHF>G GM>K>LGM q MI I>GMKN KHNE MNE >LM> IMK> GELF>EHK N CNMHKNE LNQsK: LNQNE -4, NF>GMMO, K OXG HGHMv KHG->MO>, GM>K>Ss KI M>KF>G LMKsG:  F4 (<  FL kvGg),  4 (<  = MI > NMHFHE). p EM> LNQ> LNGM NMESM>, N GM>Gv> NFHKLMs, I>GMKN  MKN NG LI>M IHINEK ^FIKNFNMNKEHK G >GE>Ss: 5H??F;G  + LNQNE -G  >OG> 5H?kGHo (LKL q: 5H? F;GHo), K G7L + -M IKHN C>MONE G7M. 5.1.9. E+'% %##>

NGM ^Gs FNEv M>KF>G KHM  sKHK HKG> GN  HLM EsFNKMs: 64k56, ;4?47G , @4G49BK, 64k6445Go >M. *HsKE> HG>M>, F E>L >E> IKG CH > NOGM>, IHM NG>HK FL ^FIKNFNMNE.

5.2. E-'$,"a *e%a&+"c  *CHKMM> NOGM>EHK q >QIK>LEHK G KHNE KHFXG>L LNGM K>SNEMMNE NGHK >OHENv GM>KG> E> EF, E NGHK LF sK > L>GL IKHNL> IKG IKH>L>E> HGMO> NGF>GME> f  F>MHKs, F>MHGF>, K>LMKXG>K q >QMG>K L>FGM>, LI>ESsK q >G>KESsK f, K q IKG IKH>>> K>MHKH-IKFM> (KHG>, GMKSs, >N>FLF, EMHMs q I>KHEs) K> L> LMES>Ss IKG NS. KH>L>E> HGMO> q NMESsKE> K>MHKH-IKFM> LNGM  IELM> ^G IEGNK >KM> q L> IHM HFG: K>SNEMs, LM>E, F>MHK> KHG>, >N>FLF> F>MHGF> >M.

55