CLE^KZSHLE VL HSIAO HE VDK JAIBAES
VDK LVVLOAE KOPHZK AEF HVS DKZHVA DKZHVAGK Plihvhcs) Slchkvx aef Kclelox kfhvkf jx
S{zahxa N azlqdh aef D aihi Heaichb Af~hslzx Jlazf Nhbzkv AfaeÉz Hfzhs Jlsvae • Aoele Cldke Cldke • Clzekii Nikhscdkz Jazjaza Nikooheg • Aiktaefkz fk Gzllv Gzllv • Bia{s Bzkhskz Daes Gklzg Oamkz • Hzäek Oèihblnn • Adokv Xas Xas´az ´az Lcab Ajfkimkihi Vkohoh Vkohoh • Ghiiks ^khesvkhe • Kih}ajkvd ]acdazhafl{
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CLEVKEVS Ihsv ln Va Ihsv Vaji jiks ks ae aeff Gza Gzapd pdss %% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %% Acbel Ac belwi wikf kfgok gokev evss %%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%% Elvkk le Vz Elv Vzaes aesihv ihvkz kzav avhle hle %%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%% Ihsv Ih sv ln Aj Ajjz jzk~h k~hav avhl hles es %%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%
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1
Cdapvkz Lek% Cdapvkz Lek% Cle~ Cle~kzs kzshle hle vl Hsiao Hsiao jknlz jknlzkk vdk Lvvloae Lvvloaes= s= Vdkl Vd klzh zhks ks ln Cl Cle~ e~kz kzsh shle le %% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %% Cdapvkz Vwl% Pkzhlfs ln Cle~kzshle vl Hsiao he vdk Jaib Ja ibae aess ae aeff Fk Fkol olgz gzap apdh dhcc Pz Pzlc lcks kssk skss %% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %% Cdapvkz Vdzkk% Nlzos) Nacvlzs aef Olvh~ks ln Cle~kzshle vl Hs Hsia iao o he vd vdkk Jai Jaiba baes es %%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%% Cdapvkz Nl{z% Bhs~k Ja Jaddası Pkvhvhles as Sl{zcks ln Cle~k Cle ~kzs zshle hle %%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%% Cdapvkz Nh~k% Vdk Hesvhv{vhleaih}avhle ln Cle~kzshle= Bhs~k Pkvh vhvh vhle less as as a Sl Slch chai ai Pd Pdke kelo loke kele le %% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %% Jadası Pk Cdapvkz Sht% Vdk Cliikcvh~k Hoagk ln Ekw O{sihos wdl S{johvvkf Bhs~k Jadası Pkvhvhles vl vdk S{ivae) 1>70s 1>7 0s–17 –1730s 30s %%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%% Cleci Cle ci{s {shle hle %%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%
8 :4 >6 110 16;; 16 1>> 183
Appkefhcks Appkefht 1% Bhs~k Jadası Pkvhvhles= Nacshohiks aef Vzae Vz aesi siav avhle hless %%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%% :01 Appkefhtt :% Ihsv ln Azcdh~ai Appkefh Azcdh~ai [ehvs he vdk vdk Eavhleai Eavhleai Ihjzazx Ihjzazx ln J{igazha clevaheheg Bhs~k Ja %%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%% %%%%%%% :6 :666 Jaddası Pkvhvhles %%% Appkefh App kefhtt 3% Ihs Ihsvv ln Azcdh Azcdh~ai ~ai [ehv [ehvss he vdk vdk Ja Ja jabaeiıb jabaeiıb Lvvloae Azcdh~k) Hsvaej{i) clevaheheg Bhs~k Jadası Pkvhv Pkv hvhle hless %%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%% :; :;:: Jhjihlgzapdx Jhjihlgz apdx %%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%% :;3 Hefkt Hef kt %%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%%% :>7
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IHSV LN VAJIKS AEF GZAPDS Vajiks 1% Ch}xk /paxheg /paxheg ele/O{siho plp{iavhle aef ekw O{sihos nlz vdk xkazs 1644–81 jx sa saec ecab ab %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 34 :% Jaibae plp{iavhle he 1;:0–1;3; jx sa saec ecab ab %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 61 3% E{ojkz ln Jaibae xùzùb {ehvs $lcabs ( he vdk shtvkkevd ckev ck ev{z {zxx %%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%% 6; 6% Plp{iavhle ln 1: Jaibae vlwes he vdk 1;:0s clopazkf vl vdk O{siho plp{iavhle he vdk saecab ln a vlwe‘s ilca il cavh vhle le %% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %% 68 ;% E{ojkz ln fizsv gkekzavhle O{sihos $he dl{skdlifs( aoleg vdk O{siho plp{iavhle he {zjae aef z{zai azka az kass ln Oa Oack ckfl fleh eha) a) 1; 1;>8–43 >8–43 %% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %% ;0 >% Cdaegks he ele/O{siho plp{iavhle he vdk sk~kevkkevd cke kevv{zx he slo lokk azka kass he vdk ka kassvkze Jaibae iae aef fs %%%% %%%%%%% ;6 7% Ch}xk /paxheg /paxheg ele/O{siho Jaibae plp{iavhle) 1700–14 17 00–141; 1; %%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%% ;8 4% Pl Plp{ p{iiav avhl hle e ln ln Lv Lvvl vloa oae e Jai Jaiba baes es he 14 1431 31 %% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %% >1 8% Fhsvzhj{vhle ln bhs~k jadası pkvhvhles aef ekw O{sihos pkz xkaz clopazkf vl k~kevs nzlo vdk Lvvloae dhsv dh svlzx lzx %%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%% 16; 10% G{iaos‘ eaoks $1>78( aef ekw O{sihos‘ eaoks he bhs~ bh s~kk ja jaddas ası ı pk pkvh vhvh vhle less %%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%% 176 Gzapds 1% Clopazhsle jkvwkke pkzckevagk ~ai{ks ln cle~kzvs vl Hsiao he {zjae aef z{zai azkas he Oackfleha) 1;>8–1;4 1; >8–1;433 %%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%% ;1 :% Clopazhsle jkvwkke pkzckevagk ln ekw O{sihos he {zjae aef z{zai azkas ln sht eadhxk s ln Oackfleha he 1;6; 1; 6; aef 1;>8 1;>8 %% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %% ;: 3% S{pkzsvz{cv{zk ln vdk bh bhs~ s~kk ja jaddas ası ı pkvhvhles %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 163 6% Zkiavh~k zavk ln ekw O{sihos wdl pkvhvhlekf vdk S{iv S{ ivae ae)) 1>7 1>7:–1 :–173; 73; %%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%% 164
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Oaps 1% Lvvloae saecabs aef oamlz vlwes av vdk kef ln vdk 1;vd 1; vd ck ckev ev{z {zxx %% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %% :% Fhsvzhj{vhle ln O{sihos jx saecabs he 1;:; %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 3% Sk Sk~k ~kev evkk kkev evd d cke ckev{ v{zx zx af afoh oheh ehsv svza zavh vh~k ~k fh fh~h ~hsh shle le %% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %% 6% Pl Plp{ p{ia iavh vhle le }l }lek ekss he vd vdkk kh khgd gdvk vkke kevd vd ck ckev ev{z {zxx %% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%%% %%
60 63 ;3 ;4
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B% Bazpav) Bazpav) ’Vdk Lvvloae Kophzk)‟ he he vdk Ohffik Kasv2 Vdk : Skk aisl C%A%L% 1871() th%
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das pzlf{ckf fhff kzkecks kzkecks jkvwkke ’eavh~k‟ aef ’l{vshfk‟ scdliazs vdav azk olzk pzlnl{ef% Vdk hesphzavhle nlz ok fkzh~ks nzlo vdk nacv vdav H clok nzlo a ’eavh~k‟ scdliazix vzafhvhle) wdhik) le vdk lvdkz daef) H da~k ih~kf aef sv{fhkf ileg kel{gd l{vshfk vdhs vza/ fhvhle vl cleshfkz oxskin hookzskf he vdk ’l{vshfk‟ plhev ln ~hkw as wkii% Ox ljmkcvh~k) vdkzknlzk) hs vl clojhek vdk ’eavh~k‘s‟ hev{/ hvhle aef ktpkzhkeck) sdlze ln aex slchai aef olzai pzkm{fhcks) whvd vdk ’l{vshfkz‘s‟ ljmkcvh~hvx aef hopazvhaihvx) xkv zkvaheheg ae hevhoavk naohihazhvx whvd vdk pazvhc{iaz dhsvlzhcai shv{avhle% Le vdk lvdkz daef) lek ln vdk zkaih}avhles ln l{z plsvolfkze agk hs vdav el lek cae jk kevhzkix ljmkcvh~k lz hefkpkefkev ln lek‘s slchai aef c{iv{zai ohihk{% Vdhs okaes vdav he ox cask as wkii) vdk ’eavh~k‘s‟ lz vdk ’l{vshfkz‘s‟ jacbgzl{ef oax k~kev{aiix pzk~ahi av ckzvahe plhevs% H cae leix vzx vl l~kzclok vdk sdlzvclohegs ln jlvd plhevs ln ~hkw) wdhik fzaw/ heg le vdkhz zkspkcvh~k af~aevagks% Da~heg oafk vdhs) sl vl spkab) ’kolvhleai cloohvokev)‟ H wl{if ihbk vl jkghe ox fhsc{sshle whvd vdk ljskz~avhle vdav cle~kzshle vl Hsiao $lz Hsiaoh}avhle(3 was a slchai pzlckss ln {volsv hoplzvaeck vl Hsiaohc slchkvx vdzl{gdl{v hvs dhsvlzx% Ek~kzvdkikss) vdk zkiavhle jkvwkke vdk ktpaeshle aef ksvajihsdokev ln Faz ai/Hsiao aef cle/ ~kzshle vl Hsiao hs vdl{gdv vl jk sl athloavhc jx scdliazs ln okfhk~ai Hsiaohc dhsvlzx vdav nkw da~k acv{aiix ~kev{zkf vl he~ksvhgavk cle/ ~kzshle as a fhsvhecv pzlckss% Scdliazix wlzbs fkaiheg whvd vdk vlphc he pzk/Lvvloae vhoks azk sl splzafhc 6 vdav hv wl{if elv jk ae ktag/ gkzavhle vl sax vdav vdk sv{fx ln cle~kzshle he okfhk~ai Hsiaohc slchai dhsvlzx hs svhii he hvs henaecx% ;
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Vdk vkzo Hsiaoh}avhle he hvs ihvkzai skesk das slokdlw a iazgkz cleelvavhle vdae cle~kzshle% Hv hopihks olzk vdae shopix ktcdaegheg lek skv ln jkihkns whvd aelvdkz) j{v he~li~ks a cdaegk ln ihnk/svxik) c{iv{zk aef lnvke hechfkevaiix slchai sva/ v{s% Hv das k~ke jkke s{ggksvkf vdav Hsiaoh}avhle he slchkvx oax lcc{z whvdl{v zkih/ ghl{s cle~kzshle ekckssazx vabheg piack $skk) Vs~kvaea Gklzghk~a) ’Vzaesnlzoachhvk ea kfhe sji{sab ea vsh~hih}avshh‖dzhsvhxaesv~lvl h hsiaoa ea jaibaehvk RVdk Vzaesnlz/ oavhle ln Lek Clehcv jkvwkke Ch~hih}avhles‖Cdzhsvhaehvx aef Hsiao he vdk Jaibaes_)‟ he K% Zaf{sdk~) S% Nkv~afmhk~a kf%) Jaibaesbh hfkevhcdelsvh ) ~li% 3) $Slfia) :003() 7;(% Skk aisl G%Z% Dawvheg) ’[oaxxafs) h~‖Azajhsavhle aef Hsiaohsavhle {efkz vdk [oaxxafs)‟ HK :% Dlwk~kz) sheck zkihghl{s cle~kzshle) pkz sk ) caeelv ikaf vl aex/ vdheg j{v cle~kzshle vl ae Hsiaohc wax ln ihnk) hv cae jk aisl {skf he vdk jzlafkz skesk ln Hsiaoh}avhle% 6 Skk vdk ihvkzav{zk chvkf he cdapvkz lek% ; Nlz a jzlaf l{vihek ln vdk pzljikos he vdk sv{fx ln cle~kzshle vl Hsiao aef slok okvdlflilghcai g{hfkiheks skk Z% Svkpdke D{opdzkxs) Hsiaohc Dhsvlzx= A Nzaokwlzb nlz Heq{hzx $Pzheckvle) 1881() :73–:43 aef E% Ik~v}hle) ’Vlwazf a Clopazavh~k
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Av fizsv giaeck) vdk svavk ln scdliazix acdhk~kokev he vdhs azka ln Lvvloae sv{fhks appkazs slokwdav jkvvkz% Dlwk~kz) sk~kzai hoplz/ vaev plhevs ekkf vl jk oafk he vdhs zkspkcv% Nhzsv) vdk avvkevhle ln scdliazs he vdhs fikif das ileg jkke nlc{skf oaheix le vdk sl/caiikf ’ciasshcai pkzhlf‟ ln vdk Lvvloae svavk) h%k%) vdk finvkkevd aef sht/ vkkevd ckev{zhks% S{cd a vkefkecx hs q{hvk {efkzsvaefajik% Anvkz aii) vdk finvkkevd aef shtvkkevd ckev{zhks) jkca{sk ln vdk svzkegvd ln vdk Lvvloae ckevzai a{vdlzhvx) azk vdk pkzhlf whvd vdk olsv lzfkzix aef vdk wkii/pzkskz~kf azcdh~ks% Nzlo vdlsk ckev{zhks) nlz hesvaeck) wk plsskss cafasvzai s{z~kxs $ vadzhz zkghsvkzs( vdav aiilw {s vl oabk s{z/ pzhshegix fkvahikf fkolgzapdhc aeaixshs% Ckzvaheix) vdk p{jihcavhle ln lzhgheai sl{zcks nzlo vdk Lvvloae azcdh~ks zkiavkf vl vdk Hsiaoh}avhle pzlckss das cleshfkzajix kezhcdkf vdk nacv{ai jashs ln Lvvloae sv{fhks% Dlwk~kz) hv hs vdk dhsvlzhcai fkolgzapdkzs wdl da~k jkekfivkf vdk olsv nzlo vdhs acvh~hvx) wdhik slchai dhsvlzhaes da~k nahikf vl j{hif le vdk nl{efavhle ln vdksk sv{fhks aef fkolesvzavk vdk slchai shgehficaeck ln vdk fkolgzapdhc cdaegks% Xkv) cle~kzshle vl Hsiao he Lvvloae vhoks clesvhv{vkf a slchai pdkelokele vdav cl{if jk aef sdl{if jk sv{fhkf le hvs lwe% Hv das k~ke jkke azg{kf vdav vdk sv{fx ln cle~kzshle vl Hsiao hs acv{aiix lek ln vdk olsv k ff kcvh~k kcvh~k waxs ln zkclesvz{cvheg vdk spkch fic cdazacvkzhsvhcs ln kacd ln vdk cle/ svhv{kev slchkvhks ln okfhk~ai Hsiao%> He vdk sk~kevkkevd ckev{zx) dlwk~kz) whvd vdk cdaegks he vatavhle pzacvhcks aef iaef vke{zk vdav vllb piack) 7 vdk acc{zacx aef e{o/ jkz ln vdk vadzhz zkghsvkzs gzaf{aiix fkczkaskf aef sl as a zks{iv flks vdkhz clzzksplefheg hoplzvaeck as sl{zcks% Vdk nkw scdliazs wdl da~k sv{fhkf Hsiaoh}avhle he vdhs pkzhlf da~k vdkzknlzk vkefkf vl zkix ktci{sh~kix le vdk plii vat $ch}xk ( zkghsvkzs) wdhcd leix zkkcv vdk fkolgzapdhc cdaegks he vdk ele/O{siho cloo{ehvx% Vdk zks{ivheg hojaiaeck jkvwkke vdk a~ahiajhihvx ln fava aef sv{fhks fk~lvkf vl vdk vwl pkzhlfs ika~ks lek whvd vdk hopzksshle vdav cle~kzshle was olzk pzlel{eckf he vdk shtvkkevd vdae he vdk sk~kevkkevd ckev{zx% 4 Sv{fx ln Hsiaoh}avhle)‟ he hfko) kf%) Cle~kzshle vl Hsiao $Ekw Xlzb) Ilefle) 1878() 1–:3% > D{opdzkxs) Hsiaohc Dhsvlzx) :7>% 7 Nlz vdksk cdaegks skk D% eaicıb) ’Ohihvazx aef Nhscai Vzaesnlzoavhle he vdk Lvvloae Kophzk) 1>00–1700)‟ AL ) > $1840() :43–337) aef K~gkeh Zaf{sdk~) Agzazehvk hesvhv{vshh ~ lsoaesbava hopkzha pzk} 17 14 ~kb RAgzazhae Hesvhv{vhles he vdk – 14 Lvvloae Kophzk f{zheg vdk Sk~kevkkevd aef Khgdvkkevd Ckev{zhks_ $Sl fia) 188;(% 4 Skk nlz ktaopik) S% ^zxlehs) ’Zkihghl{s Cdaegks aef Pavvkzes he vdk Jaibaes)
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As fkolesvzavkf he vdhs sv{fx) dlwk~kz) cle~kzshle vl Hsiao he vdk Jaibaes acdhk~kf hvs pkab leix vlwazfs vdk ohffik ln vdk sk~kevkkevd ckev{zx aef clevhe{kf) he slok zkghles) {evhi vdk kef ln vdk khgdv/ kkevd% Vdhs fhsczkpaecx he vdk sv{fx ln vdk vwl pkzhlfs hs clesphc/ {l{s he vdk leix jllb vdav shegiks l{v cle~kzshle as ae hefkpkefkev vlphc= Vdk Spzkaf ln Hsiao he vdk Wksvkze Jaibae Iaefs {efkz Lvvloae Z{ik) 8 vdk spack fk~lvkf vl vdk sk~kevkkevd sk ~kevkkevd aef 1;vd–14vd Ckev{zhks ‖wdkzk khgdvkkevd ckev{zhks aol{evs vl leix a cl{pik ln pagks% Vdkzknlzk) H jkihk~k vdav a sv{fx ln vdk pzlckss ln cle~kzshle f{zheg vdk skc/ lef dain ln vdk sk~kevkkevd aef fizsv dain ln vdk khgdvkkevd ckev{zhks whii s{jsvaevhaiix clevzhj{vk vl l{z {efkzsvaefheg ln Lvvloae slchai dhsvlzx f{zheg vdav pkzhlf% Aelvdkz ihohvavhle ln vdk sv{fhks le cle~kzshle he Lvvloae vhoks hs vdav vdkx azk {s{aiix jl{ef vl olfkze eavhleai dhsvlzhks) aef vdkzknlzk nlc{s le pazvhc{iaz kvdehc cloo{ehvhks‖Aijaehaes) Oack/ flehaes) J{igazhaes) Gzkkbs) kvc% Le vdk lek daef) s{cd ae appzlacd ihohvs vdk sclpk ln vdksk sv{fhks vl ilcai clefhvhles) wdhik le vdk lvdkz) vdk asskssokev ln cle~kzshle vl Hsiao skiflo glks jkxlef vdk ktpzksshle ln eavhleaihsvhc skevhokev% Hv hs) ln cl{zsk) wkii belwe vdav he vdk ehekvkkevd aef vwkevhkvd ckev{zhks vdk svz{ggik nlz hefkpke/ fkeck wagkf jx vdk Jaibae Cdzhsvhae cloo{ehvhks) nliilwkf jx hevkz/ eai aef ktvkzeai plihvhcai pzkss{zks) oafk kvdehc aef zkihghl{s hevlikzaeck pazv ln vdk slchai cihoavk he vdk pkehes{ia% As a zks{iv) cle~kzshle vl Hsiao was {s{aiix vabke l{v ln hvs clevkoplzazx slchai clevktv he s{cd sv{fhks) wdhik olfkze zkaihvhks wkzk pzlmkcvkf jacb/ wazfs he vhok%10 He vdk olfkze clevktv) Hsiaoh}avhle cl{if elv jk zkgazfkf he aexvdheg lvdkz vdae a ekgavh~k ihgdv jx scdliazs ln vdk ekw Jaibae svavks% Vdk Lvvloae z{ik he vdk Jaibaes was he~azhajix iajkikf as ’vdk olsv vzaghc pkzhlf‟ he vdk dhsvlzx ln vdk Jaibae
16vd–1>vd Ckev{ 16vd–1>vd Ckev{zhks)‟ zhks)‟ he he D% Jhzeja{o Jhzeja{o aef aef S% ^zxlehs) ^zxlehs) kf%) kf%) Aspkcvs ln vdk Jaibaes $Vdk Dag{k) Pazhs) 187:() 1>8–170% ^zxlehs clopazks vdk fkolgzapdhc shv{avhle ln Aeavliha aef vdk Jaibaes av vdk jkgheeheg ln vdk shtvkkevd ckev{zx aef fzaws vdk cleci{shle vdav Hsiaoh}avhle daf s{cckkfkf he vdk nlzokz zkghle wdhik Cdzhsvhaehvx daf iazgkix s{z~h~kf he vdk iavvkz as hn vdkx wkzk av vdk saok svagk ln fk~kilpokev ln vdk pzlckss ln cle~kzshle% 8 Skk) A% ]kixa}bl~a) Za}pzlsvzaekehk ea hsiaoa ~ }apafel/jaibaesbhvk }koh plf lsoaesba ~iasv% 1; 14 ~% $Slfia) 1880(% – 14 10 Vdhs cleci{shle hs elv leix ~aihf nlz vdk sv{fx ln Hsiaoh}avhle j{v nlz lvdkz aspkcvs ln Lvvloae dhsvlzx as wkii% Skk D% eaicıb) aef F% Q{avakzv) kf%) Kclelohc – 1816 aef Slchai Dhsvlzx ln vdk Lvvloae Kophzk 1300 1816 $Caojzhfgk) 1886() 6>8%
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Cdzhsvhae eavhles aef Hsiaoh}avhle hvskin as ’asshohiavhle‟ aef ’zkih/ ghl{s fhsczhoheavhle%‟11 Sv{fhks le cle~kzshle da~k jkke {skf lz k~ke pzlf{ckf vl n{ifiii pazvhc{iaz plihvhcai glais% Vl chvk Bazpav leck agahe) ’vdk oaehp{iavhle ln plp{iavhle svavhsvhcs nlz plihvhcai p{zplsks jx ~azhl{s kvdehc aef zkihghl{s gzl{ps was whfkspzkaf aef hegk/ ehl{s%‟1: Lek ekkf leix plhev vl vdk oassh~k scdliazix kff lzv lzv ahokf av pzl~heg vdk J{igazhae lzhghe ln vdk O{sihos ih~heg he J{igazha) spazbkf jx vdk vlvaihvazhae zkghok‘s eaok/cdaegheg caopahge f{z/ heg vdk pkzhlf 1846–48) he wdhcd vdk J{igazhae V{zbs wkzk shegikf l{v% Aivdl{gd ekhvdkz heclzzkcv elz naish fikf) vdhs scdliazix pzlf{c/ vhle was nlc{skf spkchficaiix le vdk pzljiko ln nlzckf cle~kzshle% Vdhs ~kzx nacv zkefkzs hv) he ox ~hkw) hevkiikcv{aiix vkefkevhl{s% He appzlacdheg vdk s{jmkcv ln cle~kzshle vl Hsiao) wk sdl{if jkaz he ohef vdav vdk iavvkz hs a pzlckss ’hevkiihghjik whvdhe spkch fic dhs/ vlzhcai) slchai aef c{iv{zai clevktvs%‟ 13 Vdhs plhev hs ~kzx hoplzvaev) elv leix nlz {efkzsvaefheg vdav cle~kzshle vl Hsiao he vdk pkzhlf {efkz cleshfkzavhle oax da~k nkav{zks fhsvheg{hsdheg hv nzlo cle/ ~kzshle av lvdkz plhevs ln vhok he Hsiaohc dhsvlzx) j{v aisl nlz zkai/ h}heg vdav wk da~k vl aeaix}k hv jkazheg leix vdhs pazvhc{iaz svagk ln Lvvloae slchai fk~kilpokev he ohef% Aex lvdkz pkzspkcvh~k wl{if vkef vl fhsvlzv l{z ~hkw ln vdk eav{zk ln vdk cle~kzshle aef dhsvlz/ hcai zkaihvx he cleskq{keck% Lek ln vdk waxs vl a~lhf a fhsvlzvkf pkzckpvhle ln cle~kzshle vl Hsiao aef vl fkvkzohek hvs pzlpkz zlik he vdk gkekzai fk~kilpokev ln clevkoplzazx Lvvloae slchkvx hs vl pzljk hevl vdk slchai cle/ schl{sekss ln vdk pklpik% Hv hs leix jx cleshfkzheg vdk pkzspkcvh~k ln vdlsk wdl vdkoski~ks acckpvkf Hsiao vdav wk cae dlpk vl aeswkz vdhs q{ksvhle% Vdkzknlzk) ox okvdlf ln heq{hzx whii cleshsv he ktao/ heheg aisl vdk hefh~hf{ai shfk ln vdk pzlckss) vdk pkzsleai zkasles nlz cle~kzshle% Vdav s{cd ae appzlacd cae jk vabke hs oafk plsshjik jx vdk kths/ vkeck ln a iazgk jlfx ln flc{okevs vdav zk~kai pkzsleai henlzoavhle ajl{v vdk cle~kzvs% Vdk oahe sl{zcks nzlo wdhcd vdhs wlzb fzaws hvs cleci{shles azk pkvhvhles s{johvvkf vl vdk s{ivae ln vdk fax jx ekw O{sihos zkq{ksvheg vdav vdkx jk zkwazfkf‖olsv lnvke whvd ae
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Skk vdk ihvkzav{zk chvkf he cdapvkzs vwl aef vdzkk) jkilw% 1816 $Oafhsle) Whscleshe) 184;() 6% Bkoai Bazpav) Lvvloae Plp{iavhle 1430 – 1816 D{opdzkxs) Hsiaohc Dhsvlzx) :7>%
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aol{ev ln olekx belwe as ’bhs~k jadası ‟‖nlz ‟‖nlz acckpvheg vdk ekw nahvd% Hv wl{if elv jk ae ktaggkzavhle vl svavk vdav vdksk flc{okevs) wdhcd H zknkz vl as ’ bh pkvhvhles)‟ hles)‟ azk azk {ehq{k) {ehq{k) sheck) whvd vdk bhs~ s~kk jad adaası pkvhv ktckpvhle pkzdaps ln cl{zv zkclzfs) el lvdkz jlfx ln l ffichai flc{okevs pzl~hfks s{cd ae heshgdv hevl vdk ih~ks ln lzfheazx pklpik% A shgehficaev e{ojkz ln flc{okevs ln vdhs bhef da~k sl naz jkke fhscl~kzkf he vdk Lvvloae azcdh~k ln vdk Eavhleai Ihjzazx ln J{igazha) wdhik zkckevix slok da~k s{znackf he V{zbhsd Lvvloae azcdh~ks as wkii% Hv was he vdk 1840s vdav J{igazhae scdliazs fizsv jkgae aeaix}heg bhs~ bh s~kk ja jaddas ası ı pkvhvhles as sl{zcks nlz vdk dhsvlzx ln Hsiaoh}avhle he vdk Jaibaes%16 Vdk iazgksv p{jihsdkf cliikcvhle ln vdksk flc{okevs cle/ vahes ajl{v 1;0 vzaesiavhles ln pkvhvhles he J{igazhae aef 43 nac/ shohiks% 1; He vwl p{jihcavhles jx A% ^kibl~ aef K% Zaf{sdk~) a e{ojkz ln bh bhs~ s~kk ja jaddas ası ı pkvhvhles azk pzkskevkf he Kegihsd%1> Dlwk~kz) he aii vdksk sl{zcks vdk pkvhvhles azk fhsc{sskf leix whvdhe vdk nzaok/ wlzb ln ae ass{opvhle ln hefhzkcv clkzchle)17 a ohefskv vdav floh/ eavkf vdk appzlacd ln olsv Jaibae scdliazs vl vdk s{jmkcv) av ikasv) {evhi zkckevix% Vdk ekw O{sihos wdl s{johvvkf vdk pkvhvhles azk fksczhjkf as ’oke aef wloke naiike hevl fkspkzavk aef czhvhcai shv/ {avhles) skazcdheg vdzl{gd cle~kzshle vl Hsiao nlz sai~avhle nzlo svaz~avhle aef pl~kzvx) nzlo fkjvs aef czkfhvlzs%‟14 El J{igazhae sv{fx das acv{aiix {vhih}kf bh bhs~ s~kk ja jada dası sı pkvhvhles nlz aeaixvhcai p{zplsks) elz da~k vdk iavvkz jkke pzlpkzix sv{fhkf% Aivdl{gd hv was acbelwi/ kfgkf vdav vdk pkvhvhles ’aiilw nlz a jkvvkz sv{fx ln vdk olvh~ks aef okcdaehsos ln vdk Hsiaoh}avhle pzlckss)‟ 18 el lek) hv skkos) ~ke/ v{zkf anvkz vdav vl ktpilzk vdkhz plvkevhai% Vdk olsv ihbkix zkasle nlz pasv zkvhckeck le vdk pazv ln J{igazhae scdliazs vlwazfs appzlacd/
Skk A% ^kibl~) ’El~h faeeh }a ploldaokfaecd~aek ~ M{glh}vlcdea Vzabhxa REkw Henlzoavhle ajl{v Cle~kzshle vl Hsiao he Sl{vdkasv Vdzack_)‟ ^kbl~k ) 3 $184>() 73–7;% 1; O% Baihvshe) A% ^kibl~) K% Zaf{sdk~) kf%) Lsoaesbh h}~lzh }a hsiaoh}achleehvk pzl/ cksh ea jaibaehvk T^H–THT ~% RLvvloae Sl{zcks nlz vdk Hsiaoh}avhle Pzlckssks he vdk Jaibaes) Jaiba es) 1>vd– 1>vd–18vd 18vd ckev{ ckev{zhks_ zhks_ $Slfia) 1880(% 1> A% ^kibl~ aef K% Zaf{sdk~) ’Flc{okevs nzlo vdk Lvvloae Svavk Azcdh~k le vdk Jaibae Jaibae Hsiaoh}avhle Hsiaoh}avhle Pzlckssks Pzlckssks 16vd–18 16vd–18vd vd ckev{z ckev{zhks)‟ hks)‟ he G% Xaebl~) kf%) Aspkcvs ln vdk Fk~kilpokev ln vdk J{igazhae Eavhle $Slfia) 1848() >0–7>2 hfko) Azcdh~ks Spkab S pkab ) ~li% 7 $Slfia) 1848(% 17 Skk nlz ktaopik) S% Fhohvzl~) ’A~aev/pzlpls)‟ he LHHPJ ) :3–6:2 ]kixa}bl~a) 143–14>22 ^kibl~) ^kibl~) aef Zaf Zaf{sd {sdk~) k~) Azcdh~ks Spkab ) 1:% Za}pzlsvzaekehk ) 143–14> 14 S% Fhohvzl~) ’A~aev/pzlpls)‟ 38% 18 Hjhf% 16
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7
heg vdksk sl{zcks was jkca{sk vdk pkvhvhles spkab ln ~li{evazx cle/ ~kzshle aef vd{s fl elv clenlzo vl vdk plihvhcaiix/clzzkcv vdklzx ln nlzckf cle~kzshle% Hv sdl{if jk plhevkf l{v aisl vdav vdk wlzb Lsoaesbh H}~lzh }a Hsiaoh}achleehvk Pzlvsksh bhs~ s~kk ja jada dası sı pkvh/ ‖vdk jllb wdhcd oafk oafk bh vhles) sl vl spkab) p{jihc‖appkazkf he 1880) wdke vdk s{jmkcv ln cle~kzshle vl Hsiao daf aizkafx jkclok a ’vajll‟ s{jmkcv he J{igazhae scdliazix chzciks) pzkchskix jkca{sk ln hvs nlzokz plihvhcai cleelva/ vhle%:0 He lvdkz wlzfs) bh bhs~ s~kk jadası pkvhvhles wkzk afohvvkf as a dhs/ vlzhcai sl{zck pkz sk ) j{v vdkhz clevkevs slokdlw elv% Vdksk flc{okevs azk belwe vl V{zbhsd scdliazs as wkii% Vwl bhs~k jadası pkvhvhles) aivdl{gd whvdl{v pzlpkz zknkzkeck vl vdk azcdh~ai sl{zck) wkzk p{jihsdkf jx [}{eçaz ıiı as kazix as 1864%:1 Olsv zkckevix) bhss~k jadası pkvhvhles nzlo V{zbhsd azcdh~ks da~k jkke okevhlekf he bh a sv{fx jx Navoa Gþçkb%:: Vdk zkasle nlz s{cd zki{cvaeck le vdk pazv ln V{zbhsd scdliazs vl ktpilzk vdksk sl{zcks oax jk aisl cle/ ekcvkf vl plihvhcai clzzkcvekss% He sphvk ln vdk nacv vdav hv was vdk F{vcd scdliaz O% Bhki wdl das oafk vdk olsv shgehficaev fhscl~kzx sl naz ln s{cd flc{okevs he V{zbhsd azcdh~ks‖33 he vlvai) wksvkze scdliazs vll da~k nl{ef hv fhffic{iv vl he~ksvhgavk bh bhss~k jadası pkvhvhles jkca{sk ln vdk skczkcx lz plihvhcai skeshvh~hvx s{zzl{efheg vdko% :3 Vd{s) nlz a ~azhkvx ln
Vdhs shv{avhle das jkg{e vl cdaegk he vdk iasv cl{pik ln xkazs% Vdkzk hs a gzlwheg hevkzksv agahe he vdk s{jmkcv ln cle~kzshle as a pazv ln a ol~kokev vzx/ heg vl jzkab awax nzlo vdk nlzokz hfklilghcai appzlacd vl vdk sv{fx ln dhsvlzx% Skk nlz ktaopik) K% Zaf{sdk~) ’Fkolgzansbh h kvelzkihghl}eh pzlcksh ~ }apafehvk Zlflph pzk} 1;–14~ RFkolgzapdhc aef Kvdel/zkihghl{s Pzlckssks he vdk Wksvkze Zdlflpks) Zdlfl pks) 1;vd– 1;vd–14vd 14vd Ckev{ Ckev{zhks_)‟ zhks_)‟ Hsvlzhcdksbl jafksdvk ) 1 $1884() 6>–48% Skk aisl vdk aeswkz vl dhs sv{fx nzlo S% Fhohvzl~) a zkpzkskevavh~k ln vdk scdliazs wdl cle/ vhe{k vl oahevahe vdk vzafhvhleai appzlacd) ’Sdvk hoaok ih ea{cdeh pl}hvshh pl pzlj/ ikohvk ea hsiaoh}avshxava h safjhehvk ea j{igazsbhvk oldaokfaeh< RSdaii Wk K~kz Da~k a Schkevhfic Plshvhle le vdk Pzljikos ln Hsiaoh}avhle aef vdk Navk ln J{igazhae O{sihos<_)‟ Zdlflphca ) 1 $1888() 131–167% Olzk zkckev ktaopiks ln vdk ekw appzlacd azk A% ]kixa}bl~a) ’Hsiaoh}avhle he vdk Jaibaes as a Dhsvlzhlgzapdhcai Pzljiko= vdk Sl{vdkasv/K{zlpkae Pkzspkcvh~k)‟ he Nhbzkv Afaeız aef S{zahxa Nazlqdh) kf%) Vdk Lvvloaes aef vdk Jaibaes= A Fhsc{sshle ln Dhsvlzhlgzapdx $Ikhfke) :00:() ::3–:>>) aef K% Zaf{sdk~) ’Sohsaiav ea hsvlzhlgzansbhvk ohvl~k }a hsiaoh}achxava RVdk Okaeheg ln vdk Dhsvlzhlgzapdhcai Oxvds ln Hsiaoh}avhle_)‟ he K% Zaf{sdk~) S% Nkv~afmhk~a) kf%) Jaibaesbh hfkevhcdelsvh ) ~li 3 $Slfia) :003() 1;:–187% :1 Skk) %D% [}{eçaz ıiı) Lsoaeiı Fk~ikvhehe Okzbk} ~k Jadzhxk Vk bhiavı Vk bhiavı $Aebaza) 1864() Appkefht) Nacshohik :7 aef :4% :: Navoa Oùck Gþçkb) Zhsk ln vdk Jl{zgklhshk) Fkohsk ln Kophzk % Lvvloae Wksvkzeh}avhle aef Slchai Cdaegk $Ekw Xlzb) Ltnlzf) 188>() 3>% :3 Skk nlz ktaopik) F% D{pcdhcb) ’Sk~kevkkevd/Ckev{zx J{igazhae Ploabs= Nlzckf :0
4
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10
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11
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36% 67 aef ;1% 64% :>) >0 aef 73% 73% 114% >0–>1% 3:–33) >1%
13
nzlo dhs plii vat) ailek% A cle~kzv svhii daf vl pax dhs iaef vat wdhik dk svaxkf le dhs iaef) aivdl{gd hn dk kohgzavkf dk was zkikaskf nzlo vdhs j{zfke as wkii%18 He vzkavx vlwes) vatks wkzk assksskf jx vdk agkevs ln vdk hedajhvaevs) elv jx vdlsk ln vdk Azajs% Hn vdkzk was whfkspzkaf cle~kzshle whvdhe a vzkavx vlwe) vdk caihpd daf vdk plwkz vl zkf{ck vdk aol{ev ln vdk vzhj{vk%:0 Vdl{gd dk zkn{vkf vdk vdkshs vdav ele/O{sihos he~azhajix pahf vzhj{vk aef wkzk vdkzknlzk el ilegkz ljihgavkf vl fl sl {ple cle/ ~kzshle) Fkeekvv fhf elv fkex vdav vdk plii vat ailek oax da~k jkke a s{ffichkev kclelohc zkasle nlz cle~kzshle%:1 Ek~kzvdkikss) dk ljskz~kf vdav) ktckpv he Bd{zasae) vdkzk was ihvvik k~hfkeck ln vdk iavvkz lcc{z/ zheg% Vdhs pdkelokele dk avvzhj{vkf vl vdk slihfazhvx ln vdk ele/ O{siho zkihghl{s cloo{ehvx) vdk lpplshvhle ln vdk Azaj gl~kzeokev vl iazgk/scaik cle~kzshle aef vdk zki{cvaeck ln vdk iavvkz vl ktkopv cle~kzvs nzlo vdk plii vat% :: Wdav oafk Bd{zasae s{cd a spkchai cask< Vdk nacv vdav vdk ohgza/ vhle ln Azajs vl vdk zkghle was le a iazgkz scaik aef vdav) f{k vl a iacb ln lzgaeh}kf lpplshvhle vl Hsiao) cle~kzshle was olzk cloole% Wdav pzk~kevkf oass cle~kzshle was vdk nacv vdav ilcai elvajiks acv{aiix {skf vdk fkgzafheg plii vat as a wkaple agahesv Hsiaoh}avhle% Vdk pzh~hikgkf gzl{p vdav daf zkacdkf skvvikokevs whvd vdk cleq{kzlzs was iknv he cdazgk ln vdk zkghsvkzs) sl vdkx pahf vl vdk Azajs wdav was svhp{iavkf aef bkpv vdk zksv nlz vdkoski~ks% Da~heg vdk plwkz vl cliikcv vdk vatks) vdkx elv leix zkn{skf vl ktkopv cle~kzvs nzlo vdk plii vat j{v aisl sdhnvkf vdk fiscai j{zfke levl vdk iavvkz jx ktkopvheg ele/O{sihos nzlo hvs paxokev%:3 Vd{s) vdk fkczkk ln Ea z bdaz m m aef mh}xa cl{if jk zkgazfkf j% Sahx z fhsvheg{hsdheg jkvwkke bdaz as ae avvkopv vl zknlzo vdk vat sxsvko he Bd{zasae aef as appix/ heg vl vdk {ehq{k skv ln clefhvhles kthsvheg he vdhs pzl~heck leix% He lvdkz wlzfs) Fkeekvv fkolesvzavkf cle~hechegix vdav vdk plii vat ailek cl{if elv da~k aef he nacv fhf elv piax s{cd ae hoplzvaev zlik he cle~kzshle vl Hsiao anvkz vdk cleq{ksv% Vdkzk wkzk lvdkz nac/ vlzs) olsvix slchai) vdav ktkzchskf a jhggkz he {keck le vdhs pdk/ elokele‖k%g%) vdk zhsb ln ilsheg slchai svav{s) lz vdk ilcai lzgaeh}avhle aef vzafhvhles ln hefh~hf{ai ele/O{siho cloo{ehvhks% 18 :0 :1 :: :3
Hjhf%) Hjhf%) Hjhf%) Hjhf%) Hjhf%)
61–6:% 6:% 4>% 47–44% 11>–1:4%
16
J{iihkv‘s Vdklzx ln Slchai Cle~kzshle
Fkeekvv‘s cleci{shle vdav cle~kzshle vl Hsiao was ln ihohvkf ktvkev he vdk fizsv ckev{zx nliilwheg vdk cleq{ksv was s{jsvaevhavkf jx Jzkvv :6 aef Iaphf{s:; nlz Elzvd Anzhca aef Kgxpv% Vdk fizsv cdzlelilghcaiix clopzkdkesh~k aef cleckpv{aiix sl{ef ~hkw ln cle~kzshle vl Hsiao) dlwk~kz) was vdav lff kzkf kzkf jx J{iihkv% Dhs Cle~kzshle vl Hsiao he vdk Okfhk~ai Pkzhlf :> hs ln gzkav hoplzvaeck vl vdk sv{fx ln Hsiaoh}avhle% Aivdl{gd dhgdix spkc{iavh~k) hv das jkke fksczhjkf as ’heel~avh~k) pzl~lcavh~k aef hevzhg{heg)‟:7 aef okzhvs cazkn{i cleshfkzavhle% J{iihkv‘s sv{fx hs hoplzvaev elv jkca{sk ln vdk q{aevhvavh~k fava kopilxkf j{v jkca{sk hv illbs av vdk pzlckss ln cle~kzshle nzlo a o{cd jzlafkz pkzspkcvh~k) eaokix) vdav ln slchai zkiavhles% Nlz J{iihkv) cle~kzshle as vdk pzlnksshle ln aelvdkz nahvd hs elv as shgehficaev as ’slchai cle/ ~kzshle)‟ h%k%) ’cle~kzshle he~li~heg ol~kokev nzlo lek zkihghl{six fkfiekf slchai cloo{ehvx vl aelvdkz%‟:4 He dhs fhsc{sshle ln vdk slchai cleskq{kecks ln cle~kzshle vl Hsiao) J{iihkv hs g{hfkf jx vwl ’athlos‟ ln zkihghl{s cle~kzshle= 1( ’Vdk cle~kzv‘s ktpkcvavhles ln dhs ekw zkihghle whii pazaiiki dhs ktpkcvavhles ln dhs lif zkihghle)‟ :8 h%k%) pklpik wdl azk olzk lz ikss savhsfikf whvd vdkhz pzk~hl{s zkihghl{s ihnk aef wdl cle~kzv nlz wlzifix) zavdkz vdae sphzhv{ai zkasles) whii fief ihnk he vdk ekw zkihghl{s cloo{ehvx olzk appkaiheg vdk olzk hv zkskojiks vdkhz ihnk he vdk pzk~hl{s cloo{ehvx230 aef :( ’Ika~heg ashfk kcsva/
O% Jzkvv) ’Vdk Spzkaf ln Hsiao he Kgxpv aef Elzvd Anzhca)‟ he hfko) kf%) Elzvdkze Anzhca= Hsiao aef Olfkzeh}avhle $Ilefle) 1873() 1–1:% :; H% Iaphf{s) ’Vdk Cle~kzshle ln Kgxpv vl Hsiao)‟ Hszaki Lzhkevai Sv{fhks ) : $187:() :64–>:% :> Z%W% J{iihkv) Cle~kzshle vl Hsiao he vdk Okfhk~ai Pkzhlf= Ae Kssax he Q{aevhvavh~k Dhsvlzx $Caojzhfgk) 1878(% :7 O% Olzlex) ’Vdk Agk ln Cle~kzshles= A Zkasskssokev)‟ he Gkz~kzs aef Jhbda}h) Cle~kzshle aef Clevhe{hvx) 134% :4 Le vdk lek daef) J{iihkv plhevs l{v vdav nlzoai cle~kzshle vl Hsiao cleshsvkf pzhoazhix ln vdk pzle{echavhle ln khgdv wlzfs‖vdk sdad fa ‖aef vdav vdkzk was el pzhksvix he~li~kokev wdavslk~kz% Le vdk lvdkz daef) dk plhevs vdav) f{k vl hoplz/ vaev slchai cdaegks nzlo hopkzhai Zloae vhoks) he vdk hookfhavkix pzk/Hsiaohc pkzhlf slchai hfkevhvx was pzkfloheaevix zkihghl{six fkfiekf aef vd{s) ’vdk elvhle ln slchai cle~kzshle hs jlvd shgeh ficaev aef q{hvk spkchfic‟ $J{iihk $ J{iihkv) v) Cle~kzshle) 33–36(% Jx fkfieheg slchai cle~kzshle he vkzos ln hefh~hf{ai jkda~hlz) J{iihkv aisl cle~k/ ehkevix jxpassks vdk pzljiko ln eloafs‘ cle~kzshle aef ktci{fks nzlo dhs sv{fx Azajha aef Olzlccl% :8 J{iihkv) Cle~kzshle) 3;% 30 Lek ln vdk cleskq{kecks ln vdhs athlo hs vdav cle~kzshle gh~ks zhsk vl pzks/ s{zk aff kcvheg kcvheg vdk cl{zsk ln fk~kilpokev ln vdk ekw zkihghle $J{iihkv) Cle~kzshle) 3>(% :6
1;
vhc cle~kzvs) el lek whiihegix cle~kzvs nzlo lek zkihghle vl aelvdkz hn jx ~hzv{k ln cle~kzshle dk oazbkfix ilwkzs dhs slchai svav{s%‟ 31 El ikss hevkzksvheg azk J{iihkv‘s sl{zcks aef okvdlflilgx% Vdk fava nlz dhs sv{fx hs fkzh~kf nzlo jhlgzapdhcai fhcvhleazhks% Dhs svazvheg plhev hs vdk dxplvdkvhcai iheb jkvwkke cdzlelilghcaiix ~azhkf zkghleai zkpzkskevavhle aoleg >113 jhlgzapdhks) cl~kzheg vdk pkzhlf vl xkaz A%D% 1000 $1;8:( aef vdk pkzckevagk ln O{sihos he vdk plp{iavhle ln a gh~ke azka% Vdk nacv ln lek zkghle‘s jkcloheg olzk pzlohekev av a gh~ke vhok) acclzfheg vl vdk a{vdlz) wl{if jk zkiavkf {ivhoavkix vl a olzk zaphf zavk ln cle~kzshle he vdav zkghle% 3: Vl m{svhnx vdhs cleci{shle) J{iihkv illbs fizsv av gkekailghks zkclzfkf he jhlgzapdhcai fhcvhleazhks zkiavkf vl Hzae% Wdke a gkekailgx hs heh/ vhavkf jx a Pkzshae eaok) J{iihkv ass{oks vdk iavvkz vl jk vdk eaok ln vdk fizsv naohix okojkz vdav cle~kzvkf vl Hsiao% Jaskf le 6>8 s{cd gkekailghks) J{iihkv clesvz{cvs ae S/sdapkf c{z~k) fkphcvheg vdk pkzckevagk ln cle~kzshles nzlo vdk kevhzk saopik fh~hfkf hevl vwkevx fi~k/xkaz pkzhlfs) {evhi vdk ohffik ln vdk kik~kevd ckev{zx) le a c{o{iavh~k jashs%33 Jlzzlwheg vkzohelilgx aef hfkas nzlo slchlilgx) eaokix) vdk sv{fx ln heel~avhle fh ff {shle) {shle)36 J{iihkv hevkzpzkvs vdk gzapd as jkheg clopzhskf ln fi~k skgokevs% Vdk fizsv :%; pkzckev ln vdk plp{iavhle vl cle~kzv azk fkkokf ’heel~avlzs)‟ vdk ektv 13%; pkzckev ’kazix aflpvkzs)‟ vdk ektv 36 pkzckev ’kazix oamlzhvx)‟ vdk ektv 36 pkzckev ’iavk oamlzhvx‟ aef vdk fieai 1> pkzckev ’iaggazfs%‟3; Vdke J{iihkv clopazks vdk S/c{z~k vl vdk plihvhcai k~kevs nzlo vdk fizsv nl{z ckev{zhks ln O{siho z{ik he Hzae aef ljskz~ks vdav= 1% Jkgheehe Jkgheehegg he vdk xkaz xkaz 7;0) 7;0) wdke vdk vdk Ajjashf Ajjashfss clok vl vl plwkz plwkz aef whvd vdk cle~kzshle pzlckss leix 10 pkzckev clopikvkf) ele/ O{siho zk~livs jzkab l{v% Vdk zk~livs fhk l{v wdke vdk ohffik plhev ln vdk cle~kzshle pzlckss hs zkacdkf%3> J{iihkv) Cle~kzshle) 61% Hjhf%) 7–1;% 33 J{iihkv) Cle~kzshle) :3% 36 J{iihkv‘s zkasleheg jkdhef vdhs aeailgx hs vdav vdk s{pkzhlzhvx ln lek zkihghle l~kz aelvdkz) hn hv caeelv jk fkolesvzavkf he vdk saok wax as vwl vkcdehcai pzlf/ {cvs) nlz hesvaeck) cae svhii jk hef{ckf jx ~azhl{s okaes s{cd as pkzskc{vhle) fhzkcv lz hefhzkcv fieaechai zkwazfs) kvc% Jlvd zkihghl{s cle~kzshle aef heel~avhle fh ff {shle {shle azk aisl shohiaz jkca{sk ln vdk hoplzvaeck ln vdk acckss vl henlzoavhle as a pzk/ zkq{hshvk nlz vdkhz fhsskoheavhle‖J{iihkv) Cle~kzshle) 31% 3; J{iihkv) Cle~kzshle) ;1% 3> Hjhf%) 66–6>% 31 3:
1>
:% Skoh/hefkpke Skoh/hefkpkefkev fkev O{sih O{siho o fxeasvhk fxeasvhkss $Vadhzhfs( $Vadhzhfs( appkaz appkaz azl{ef 4::‖vdk ohffik plhev ln cle~kzshle‖aef jkclok heczkashegix hefkpkefkev whvd vdk pzlgzksshle ln vdk cle~kzshle $Saoaehfs) J{xhfs(%37 3% A nacvhleai nacvhleai svz{ggi svz{ggikk lcc{zs lcc{zs he vdk iasv iasv pkzhlf pkzhlf ln cle~kzs cle~kzshle‖vd hle‖vdav av ln vdk ’iaggazfs‟‖jkvwkke vdk fksckefaevs ln ’heel~avlzs‟ aef ’kazix aflpvkzs)‟ wdl vkefkf vl jk ln ilwkz ciass lzhghe) aef vdk ’kazix aef iavk oamlzhvx‟ cle~kzvs aef vdkhz fksckefaevs) wdl caok nzlo vzafhvhleaiix olzk pzlohekev naohihks% Vdhs svz{ggik hs oaehnksvkf he vdk fikifs ln iaw) vdklilgx aef pkzsleai phkvx $Daeafi ~s% Sdafi h iaw) O{ va}hih ~s% Asdazh vdklilgx) asckvhchso ~s% oxs/ vhchso(% Vdk iavvkz gzl{p‘s olzk plp{ihsv ~hkw ln Hsiao k~kev{aiix pzk~ahikf l~kz vdk cleskz~avh~k kihvhsv ~hkw ln vdk nlzokz gzl{p% 34 J{iihkv zkaih}ks) dlwk~kz) vdav vdk saok bhef ln aeaixshs caeelv jk appihkf vl vdk lvdkz Hsiaohc zkghles) sheck) whvd vdk ktckpvhle ln Spahe) pkzsleai eaoks azk vzafhvhleaiix Skohvhc% Vl l~kzclok vdhs ljsvacik J{iihkv skvs aelvdkz czhvkzhle nlz vdk pzlgzkss ln cle~kzshle% Agahe) {sheg Hzae as a vksvheg gzl{ef) dk clopazks vdk c{z~k ln plp{iazhvx ln vdk fi~k olsv fhsvhecvh~k O{siho eaoks‖O{daooaf) Adoaf) Aih) ai/Dasae aef ai/D{sahe‖vl vdk S/c{z~k ln cle~kz/ shle%38 Dk ljskz~ks vdav he svagk lek‖’heel~avlzs‟‖pzk/Hsiaohc Azajhc eaoks azk gh~ke vl aii sles ln cle~kzvs% He svagk vwl‖’kazix aflpvkzs‟‖vdk plp{iazhvx ln vdksk eaoks fkciheks aef vdk plp{iaz/ hvx ln vdk fi~k O{siho eaoks gahes gzl{ef% He svagk vdzkk‖’kazix aef iavk oamlzhvx‟‖vdk plp{iazhvx ln vdk iavvkz eaoks zhsks fza/ oavhcaiix% He svagk nl{z‖’iaggazfs‟‖vdk c{z~k clevhe{ks vl zhsk aoleg sles ln cle~kzvs) j{v fkciheks sdazpix he l~kzaii {sk% Vdkzknlzk) J{iihkv cleci{fks) vdk pkab {sk ln vdk fi~k O{siho eaoks shgehfiks vdk kef ln ’iavk oamlzhvx‟ aef vdk jkgheeheg ln vdk ’iaggazfs‟ pkzhlf% Fksphvk vdk scaevx fava a~ahiajik vl dho) J{iihkv hs ajik vl cle/ svz{cv S/c{z~ks ln cle~kzshle nlz Hzaq) Sxzha) Kgxpv) V{ehsha aef Spahe jx vabheg vdk pkab favk ln vdk O{siho eaok c{z~k as ae hefh/ cavhle ln vdk ’iavk oamlzhvx‟ pkzhlf‘s kef aef clzzkiavheg plihvhcai
37 34 38
Hjhf%) 6>–68% J{iihkv) Cle~kzshle) ;6–>:% Hjhf%) >>–>7%
17
k~kevs aef c{iv{zai dhsvlzx vl cle~kzshle acclzfheg vl vdk pavvkze ksvajihsdkf nlz Hzae%60 He Hzaq) vdk ’heel~avlzs‟ pkzhlf zl{gdix clhe/ chfkf whvd vdav he Hzae) h%k%) vdk iasv q{azvkz ln vdk sk~kevd ckev{zx% Vdk ’kazix aflpvkzs‟ pkzhlf) dlwk~kz) iasvkf vdhzvx xkazs ilegkz vdae he Hzae) kefheg he 781% Nzlo vdav plhev lewazfs) vdk cle~kzshle pzlckss heczkaskf he pack j{v ikss ktpilsh~kix vdae he Hzae% Vdk ’iavk oamlzhvx‟ pkzhlf was leix acdhk~kf he Hzaq jx 87;) h%k%) aiolsv vwl ckev{zhks iavkz% He Hzae) vdk saok pzlckss was acclopihsdkf he m{sv l~kz lek ckev{zx‖jkvwkke 7>: aef 47;%61 He Kgxpv) V{ehsha aef Sxzha) vdk cle~kzshle was av hvs dainwax plhev jx vdk ~kzx kef ln vdk ehevd ckev{zx aef hv was pzhoazhix clopikvkf $’iavk oamlzhvx‟( jx 87>) h%k%) av ajl{v vdk saok vhok as he Hzaq% 6: He Spahe) cle~kz/ shle nliilwkf vdk saok vhokvajik as he Hzaq) Sxzha aef Kgxpv) j{v zae ajl{v a ckev{zx iavk) h%k%) ;0 pkzckev daf cle~kzvkf jx 8>1 aef 46 pkzckev jx 110;%63 He lvdkz wlzfs) vdk dka~hix Cdzhsvhae azkas ln Hzaq) Kgxpv) Sxzha) V{ehsha aef Spahe cle~kzvkf av appzlthoavkix vdk saok zavk) vabheg hevl accl{ev vdk iavkz favk ln cleq{ksv ln V{ehsha aef Spahe% Le vdk lvdkz daef) vdk cle~kzshle ln ]lzlasvzhae Hzae shgehficaevix l{vpackf vdk cle~kzshle zavk he vdk lvdkz zkghles% Olzkl~kz) fksphvk vdk olzk clopihcavkf plihvhcai aef zkihghl{s dhs/ vlzx ln Hzaq) Kgxpv) Sxzha) V{ehsha aef Spahe) J{iihkv hs svhii ajik vl fkolesvzavk dlw vdk pzlckss ln cle~kzshle vl Hsiao ikf aiolsv hek~hvajix vl= 1( aevh/O{siho lz aevh/gl~kzeokev {pzhshegs nzlo vdk plhev wdke O{sihos clesvhv{vkf a shgehficaev ohelzhvx {evhi vdk pzlckss ln cle~kzshle was dainwax acclopihsdkf2 :( vdk wkabkeheg lz fhssl/ i{vhle ln ckevzai gl~kzeokev aef vdk nlzoavhle ln hefkpkefkev O{siho fxeasvhks leck cle~kzshle passkf vdk dainwax plhev2 aef 3( cle hcvs ln hevkzksv jkvwkke plp{iavhle gzl{ps cle~kzvkf av fh ff kzkev kzkev pkzhlfs leck vdk cle~kzshle pzlckss appzlacdkf hvs kef% Hv sdl{if jk plhevkf l{v vdav J{iihkv flks elv asshge olzk hoplz/ vaeck vl a shegik nacvlz lz gzl{p ln nacvlzs as a pzhoazx clefhvhle nlz cle~kzshle% He dhs ~hkw) hv hs ’acckss vl henlzoavhle‟ vdav hs vdk
Vdkzk azk vwl pkabs he vdk O{siho eaok c{z~k nlz vdksk zkghles% J{iihkv avvzhj/ {vks vdk fizsv vl vdk kazihkz plp{iazhvx ln vdksk eaoks aoleg fksckefaevs ln O{siho Azajs wdl ohgzavkf vdkzk% Vdk dhgdkz vdk fizsv pkab hs) vdk dhgdkz vdk ohgzavhle ln Azajs hs $J{iihkv) Cle~kzshle) 7:–74(% 61 J{iihkv) Cle~kzshle) 41–4:% 6: Hjhf%) 8:–108% 63 Hjhf%) 1:6% 60
14
pzkzkq{hshvk nlz cle~kzshle%66 Vdk olzk pklpik cle~kzv vl Hsiao) vdk olzk slchai hevkzacvhle jkvwkke O{sihos aef ele/O{sihos hevkesh fiks% Av vdk saok vhok) vdk pzljajhihvx aef zavk ln cle~kzshle aisl hevkeshnx% J{iihkv‘s vdklzx ln cle~kzshle hs) le vdk s{znack av ikasv) pkzs{a/ sh~k% Hv sdl{if jk zkokojkzkf) dlwk~kz) vdav hv cae aef hv das jkke dka~hix czhvhch}kf le oaex gzl{efs% Vdkzk hs) nlz hesvaeck) vdk okvdlf/ lilghcai ljmkcvhle vdav) he lzfkz nlz vdk vdklzx vl dlif) vdk oaex ass{opvhles aef dxplvdksks s{pplzvheg hv o{sv aii jk ~aihf% 6; Skclef) hv das jkke plhevkf l{v vdav J{iihkv‘s fava hs zkik~aev vl ae {zjae) wkii/kf{cavkf oaik kihvk leix) aef oax elv jk zkpzkskevavh~k ln vdk zksv ln vdk plp{iavhle%6> Vdhzf) henlzoavhle nzlo ihvkzazx sl{zcks) fksphvk hvs splzafhc aef hopzksshlehsvhc cdazacvkz) flks elv aiwaxs skko vl clhechfk whvd vdk sollvdekss ln J{iihkv‘s c{z~k) wdhcd s{g/ gksvs vdav vdk pzlckss ln cle~kzshle ohgdv da~k daf shgeh ficaev s{j/ zkghleai spkchfics%67 Fksphvk vdksk czhvhchsos) el lek das k~kz vzhkf vl he~aihfavk J{iihkv le vdk saok scaik% Anvkz aii) as J{iihkv afohvs) dhs vdklzx hs p{zkix dk{zhsvhc) h%k%) ’lek vdav hs ~ai{ajik nlz kophzhcai zkskazcd j{v {epzl~ke lz hecapajik ln pzlln%‟64 H wl{if) ek~kzvdkikss) clevkef vdav) gh~ke vdk cleshfkzajik aol{ev ln kophzhcai fava a~ahiajik nlz cle~kzshle vl Hsiao he vdk Jaibaes) hv wl{if jk {skn{i vl zk~hshv dhs fiefhegs aef vksv vdkhz ~hajhihvx he vdk iavvkz clevktv% Vdk Svagks ln Cle~kzshle he Asha Ohelz
Hn wk acckpv J{iihkv‘s cleci{shles) nlz olsv ln vdk Hsiaohc iaefs vdk pzlckss ln cle~kzshle was ksskevhaiix clopikvkf jx vdk ohffik ln vdk kik~kevd ckev{zx% Ek~kzvdkikss) J{iihkv ika~ks a oazghe ln vwkevx pkz/ ckev ln vdk plp{iavhle {ecle~kzvkf k~ke av vdhs plhev% 68 He lvdkz wlzfs) he iaefs cleq{kzkf f{zheg vdk fizsv ckev{zx ln Hsiao) vdkzk was svhii zllo nlz cle~kzshles sk~kzai ckev{zhks iavkz% ;0 N{zvdkzolzk)
66 6; 6> 67 64 68 ;0
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18
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pkzhlf was pzkchskix lek ln plihvhcai nzagokevavhle% Vdkzknlzk) nliilwheg J{iihkv‘s cle~kzshle c{z~k) vdk ohf/ finvkkevd ckev{zx sdl{if jk vdk plhev wdke Hsiaoh}avhle was ajl{v 4; pkzckev clopikvk he Asha Ohelz% Vdk Hsiaoh}avhle ln vdk zkoaheheg 1; pkzckev‖’vdk iag/ gazfs‟‖was vl gl le {evhi 1;:0% Vdk hesvhv{vhleai fk~kilpokev ln Hsiaohc slchkvx he Asha Ohelz aisl skkos vl clefizo) he zkvzlspkcv) J{iihkv‘s cle~kzshle vdklzx% Acclzfheg vl vdk iavvkz) vlwazfs vdk kef ln vdk ’iavk oamlzhvx‟ pkzhlf a nacvhleai svz{ggik oax jk ktpkcvkf vl lcc{z jkvwkke fksckefaevs ln cle~kzvs nzlo vdk fizsv vwl pkzhlfs ln vdk cle~kzshle pzlckss aef fksckefaevs ln cle~kzvs nzlo vdk ’kazix aef iavk oamlzhvx‟ pkzhlfs% He ox lphehle) he vdk cask ln Asha Ohelz) vdhs nacvhleai svz{ggik lcc{zzkf jkvwkke vdk ga}h/fkz~hsd ohihk{ aef vdk ckevzaihsv cleskz~a/ vh~k/ohefkf ohihk{ ln vdk xl{eg Lvvloae svavk he vdk fizsv dain ln vdk finvkkevd ckev{zx%>; Vdk nlzokz wkzk fksckefaevs ln vdlsk wdl {pdkif vdk ga}a vzafhvhle ln vdk vwkinvd ckev{zx) h%k%) he vdk pkzhlf ln vdk ’kazix aflpvkzs)‟ wdkzkas vdk iavvkz kokzgkf nzlo vdk zaebs ln vdlsk cle~kzvkf he vdk vdhzvkkevd aef nl{zvkkevd ckev{zhks% As he vdk cask ln vdk ckevzai Hsiaohc iaefs) vdk iavvkz gzl{p p{sdkf nlz/ wazf a fhff kzkev kzkev bhef ln ’lzvdlfltx‟‖S{eeh/Daeafi ‖agahesv vdk s‘ dkvkzlflt/Aik~h ~hshle ln Hsiao% He clevzasv vl wdav dappkekf ga}h s‘ he vdk cask ln ehevd/ckev{zx Hsiaohc slchkvx) wdkzk vdk plp{ihsv nlzcks wle vdk javvik) he Aeavliha) lz zavdkz) he vdk Lvvloae plihvx) vdk cleskz~avh~k/kihvhsv ol~kokev pzk~ahikf%>> Fksphvk vdk skkoheg appihcajhihvx ln J{iihkv‘s vdklzx ln cle~kz/ shle vl Asha Ohelz) gh~ke vdk pzkskev svavk ln zkskazcd hv hs ~hzv{aiix
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Nlz vdk svz{ggik jkvwkke vdk ga}h/fkz~hsd ohihk{ aef vdk Lvvloae ckevzai ksvaj/ ihsdokev skk Banafaz) Jkvwkke Vwl Wlzifs ) 134–1;0% Hv ohgdv jk wlzvdwdhik nlz n{v{zk zkskazcdkzs ln vdk lzhghes ln vdk Lvvloae svavk vl he~ksvhgavk vdk cleekcvhle jkvwkke vdk Hsiaoh}avhle ln vdk eavh~k plp{iavhle ln jlvd Asha Ohelz aef vdk Jaibaes) aef vdk vzaesnlzoavhle ln vdk Lvvloae svavk nzlo a ga}a pzhechpaihvx vl ae kophzk% Aivdl{gd {efkziheheg vdk hoplzvaeck ln vdk ga}h /ckevzaihsvs /ckevzaihsvs clehcv he vdk nlzoavhle ln Lvvloae svavk) Banafaz flks elv pkzckh~k hv as cleekcvkf vl Hsiaoh}avhle% >> Vdk ~hcvlzx ln vdk cleskz~avh~k/kihvhsv ol~kokev hs sxojlihcaiix zkpzkskevkf jx vdk zkn{sai ln Okdokf HH vl svaef {p av vdk sl{ef ln ga}h oazvhai o{shc‖a c{s/ vlo ljskz~kf jx aii pzk~hl{s Lvvloae s{ivaes $Banafaz) Jkvwkke Vwl Wlzifs ) 16>(% Hv das vl jk afohvvkf vdav) sheck jx vdk jkgheeheg ln vdk finvkkevd ckev{zx olsv ln vdk Jaibaes wkzk aisl pazv ln vdk Lvvloae svavk) nacvhleai svzhnk cl{if aisl da~k jkke he{keckf jx vdk kff kcvs kcvs ln vdk gavdkzheg olokev{o ln cle~kzshle he vdk Jaibaes% Hv wl{if jk heclzzkcv vdke vl asskzv vdav vdk cleci{shle ln vdk cle hcv was leix a zks{iv ln fk~kilpokevs he vdk Aeavlihae Hsiaohc cloo{ehvx%
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hoplsshjik vl czkavk a cle~kzshle c{z~k nlz vdk iavvkz% Nhzsv) vdk sl{zcks fl elv pzl~hfk a q{aevhvavh~k pkzspkcvh~k ln cle~kzshle ~kz/ s{s clileh}avhle% Skclef) vdk pkehes{ia was elv cleq{kzkf av leck aef vdkzknlzk) cle~kzshle olsv pzljajix daf fh ff kzkev kzkev vhokvajiks he kacd s{j/zkghle% Le vdk lvdkz daef) k~ke hn hv wkzk plsshjik vl czk/ avk a cle~kzshle c{z~k nlz Asha Ohelz) vdhs wl{if elv jk s{ ffichkev vl fksczhjk vdk pzlckss he aii hvs fh~kzshvx% Wdav H okae hs vdav J{iihkv‘s olfki clopikvkix fhszkgazfs vdk fh ff kzkev kzkev zkasles vdav azk {s{aiix gh~ke vl ktpiahe whfkspzkaf cle~kzshle he na~lz ln vdk slik nacvlz ln ’acckss vl henlzoavhle)‟ h%k%) vdk olzk e{okzl{s vdk O{siho plp{iavhle jkcloks) vdk olzk ihbkix hv hs nlz vdk zkoaheheg ele/ O{sihos vl clok hevl clevacv whvd vdk nlzokz aef vl cle~kzv vl Hsiao% Dlwk~kz) as Olzlex ljskz~ks)>7 wk oax ek~kz belw wdav ohgdv da~k dappkekf whvdl{v vdlsk lvdkz chzc{osvaecks vdav kecl{z/ agkf cle~kzshle) s{cd as vdk hevkzeai wkabekss ln vdk ele/O{siho cloo{ehvhks) slchai zksvzhcvhles) O{siho dlsvhihvx) ktckssh~k vatavhle) pdxshcai heskc{zhvx) kvc% Jkca{sk slok ln vdk chzc{osvaecks vdav piaxkf a zlik he vdk cle~kzshle vl Hsiao he Asha Ohelz iavkz jkcaok oae/ hnksvkf aisl he vdk Jaibaes) H whii jzhk x fhsc{ss vdksk he vdk nliilw/ heg pagks% Vdk Eav{zk ln O{siho Cleq{ksv aef Cle~kzshle he Asha Ohelz
Lek ln vdk chzc{osvaecks vdav piaxkf a zlik he vdk cle~kzshle pzlckss he Asha Ohelz was vdk ilegk~hvx aef ~hlikev eav{zk ln vdk O{siho/ Cdzhsvhae kecl{evkz) he wdhcd ekhvdkz shfk zknzahekf nzlo he hcvheg cz{kivx le vdk lvdkz) fkpkefheg le wdhcd shfk daf vdk {ppkz daef% He vdk zks{ivheg avolspdkzk ln aeholshvx) nlzckf oass cle~kzshles) aplsvasx aef s{jskq{kev zkpzhsais wkzk elv {ecloole% >4 Wk cae dazfix spkab ln ’slchai cle~kzshle‟ he s{cd casks% He lvdkz wlzfs) as ileg as vdk cleq{ksv clevhe{kf aef) av vdk saok vhok) vdkzk pkz/ shsvkf he vdk cleq{kzkf iaefs a fkgzkk ln hesvhv{vhleaih}avhle aef sva/ jhih}avhle ln slchai ihnk)>8 ~li{evazx aef nlzckf cle~kzshles vl Hsiao >7 >4
177%
Olzlex) ’Vdk Agk ln Cle~kzshles)‟ 138% Skk nlz ae ktaopik Banafaz) Jkvwkke Vwl Wlzifs ) >>–>7 aef ^zxlehs) Fkcihek )
Hn wk ktci{fk vdk pkzhlf ln svajhihvx he O{siho Aeavlihae slchkvx he vdk fizsv dain ln vdk vdhzvkkevd ckev{zx {efkz vdk Skim{bs ln Z{o) fieai svajhih}avhle was leix acdhk~kf {efkz vdk Lvvloaes av vdk kef ln vdk finvkkevd ckev{zx% >8
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pzlgzksskf daef he daef% Agahe) dlwk~kz) gh~ke vdk pzkskev svavk ln zkskazcd) wk azk elv ajik vl asskss vdkhz sdazk he vdk l~kzaii pzlckss% Hsiaohc Hesvhv{vhles as Nacvlzs ln Cle~kzshle
Wdav wkzk vdk chzc{osvaecks vdav clevzhj{vkf vl ~li{evazx cle~kz/ shle< He ox lphehle) vdk nacvlz vdav piaxkf vdk olsv shgeh ficaev zlik he vdk pzlckss was vdk svagk ln oav{zhvx ln Hsiaohc slchkvx aef hvs hesvhv{vhles pzhlz vl vdk cleq{ksv ln Asha Ohelz% He vdk ckevzai Hsiaohc iaefs) vdk pzlckss ln cle~kzshle wkev daef he daef whvd vdk fk~ki/ lpokev ln slchai hesvhv{vhles% Jx vdk vhok ln Aeavliha‘s cleq{ksv) vdk olsv hoplzvaev Hsiaohc slchai aef kclelohc hesvhv{vhles wkzk aizkafx he piack% Vl ^zxlehs) vdk olsv hoplzvaev ln vdksk hesvhv{vhles was vdk Hsiaohc svavk) wdhcd) acclzfheg vl dho) s{pplzvkf Hsiao he k~kzx wax aef okzkix vlikzavkf Cdzhsvhaehvx as vdk zkihghle ln hvs skclef/ciass chvh/ }kes%70 Dk afohvs) dlwk~kz) vdav vdhs hs a shv{avhle vxphcai nlz aex okfhk~ai svavk nlzoavhle) O{siho aef Cdzhsvhae aihbk% 71 Nzlo dhs accl{ev hv aisl jkcloks cikaz vdav hv hs elv vdk Hsiaohc svavk pkz sk vdav dk das he ohef j{v slok ln vdk hesvhv{vhles) vxphcai ln ae Hsiaohc svavk= Vdk s{ivaes aef lffichais j{hiv olsq{ks) okfzkssks) hoazkvs) }awhxas) dlsphvais) caza~aesazaxs) aef nl{evahes nlz vdk Hsiaohc asslchavhles aef keflwkf vdko whvd iaefs) skzns) aef zk~ke{ks% Cleskq{kevix) vdk {ik/ oas aef fkz~hsdks daf vdk kclelohc wdkzkwhvdai vl pkznlzo vdkhz sphzhv{ai n{ecvhles whvd kikgaeck aef vdkhz slchlkclelohc vasbs whvd gzkav kffichkecx%7:
Hv hs k~hfkev nzlo vdk ajl~k passagk vdav ^zxlehs hfkevh fiks vdk Hsiaohc svavk whvd vdk pzh~avk acvh~hvhks ln hvs plihvhcai aef hevkiikcv{ai kihvk% H wl{if azg{k) dlwk~kz) vdav hv was) fizsv ln aii) vdk kthsvkeck ln kf{/ cavhleai aef cdazhvajik hesvhv{vhles s{cd as olsq{ks) okfzkssks) hoazkvs) dlsphv phvais ais)) aef caza caza~aes ~aesaza azaxs xs he O{s O{siho iho slch slchkvx kvx)) aef skc skclef) lef) }awhxas ) dls vdk vzafhvhle ln j{hifheg s{cd ksvajihsdokevs) vdav oafk vdk pzh~avk acvh~hvhks ln vdk wkaivdx aef vdk phl{s plsshjik% Hn wk illb nlz vdk
70 71 7:
^zxlehs) ’Cle~kzshle)‟ 3;1% Hjhf% Hjhf%) 3;1–3;:%
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piack aef zlik ln vdk Hsiaohc svavk he vdk cle~kzshle pzlckss) hv sdl{if jk sl{gdv elv he vdav ln jkheg a fhzkcv pazvhchpaev j{v he vdav ln jkheg a g{azaevlz nlz vdk kthsvkeck ln s{cd kf{cavhleai aef cdazh/ vajik ksvajihsdokevs%73 Vdk zkai cavaixsvs he vdk cle~kzshle pzlckss wkzk kclelohc hesvhv{vhles s{cd as vdk waqn ) slchai hesvhv{vhles s{cd as vdk oxsvhcai lzfkzs $vazhqa () aef slchai ciassks s{cd as vdk {ikoa aef fkz~hsdks vdav zae vdksk aef lvdkz ksvajihsdokevs% He vdk kclelohc spdkzk) vdk waqn hesvhv{vhle piaxkf vdk gzkavksv zlik he vdk pzlckss ln Hsiaoh}heg Aeavlihae slchkvx% Vdk waqn skz~kf vdk p{zplsk ln cdaeekiheg wkaivd vl vdk hesvhv{vhles vdav pzl~hfkf vdk slchai ekvwlzb ln Hsiaohc slchkvx% 76 Vdk svzlegkz vdhs ekvwlzb was) vdk gzkavkz vdk pzljajhihvx ln hevkgzavheg ele/O{sihos hevl hv) 7; nlz av vdk saok vhok wkaivd was jkheg cdaeekikf awax nzlo vdk Cdzhsvhae zkihghl{s aef cdazhvajik ksvajihsdokevs) vdkzkjx {efkzohe/ heg vdk kclelohc nl{efavhles ln vdk Lzvdlflt Cd{zcd% Cleskq{kevix) vdk Cdzhsvhae clegzkgavhles wkzk iknv nlz vdk olsv pazv ikafkzikss aef lpke vl c{iv{zai vzaesnlzoavhle aef hevkgzavhle hevl Hsiaohc slchkvx% 7> Vdk lvdkz Hsiaohc hesvhv{vhles pazvhc{iazix zkik~aev vl cle~kzshle he Asha Ohelz wkzk vdk oxsvhcai lzfkzs aef vdk n{v{wwa lzgaeh}a/ vhles he {zjae ckevkzs% Vdk oxsvhcai lzfkzs clevzhj{vkf vl vdk czk/ avhle ln zkihghl{s sxeczkvhso he Aeavliha le a plp{iaz ik~ki% Vdkx vkefkf vl kq{avk Hsiaohc pzacvhcks aef sahevs whvd vdlsk ln vdk Cdzhsvhaes lz ~hck ~kzsa) vd{s) oabheg vdk vzaesnkz nzlo lek zkihghl{s cloo{ehvx vl vdk lvdkz skkos ikss zafhcai% Aivdl{gd vdkzk wkzk sk~/ kzai lzfkzs ktkzvheg he{keck le Aeavlihae slchkvx) vdk Ok~ik~h aef Jkbvasdh lzfkzs wkzk ln vdk gzkavksv hoplzvaeck% Vdk fizsv lpkzavkf pzhoazhix he {zjae ke~hzleokevs wdhik vdk skclef was olzk acvh~k he z{zai azkas%
Vdk Hsiaohc kf{cavhleai aef cdazhvajik hesvhv{vhles fhf elv fk~kilp l{v ln a fkshzk vl cle~kzv ele/O{sihos vl Hsiao lz vdk svavk‘s plihcx ln p{zs{heg zkihghl{s dlolgkekhvx j{v zavdkz he zksplesk vl vdk ekkfs ln O{sihos aef vdk pzlpkz n{ec/ vhleheg ln Hsiaohc slchkvx hvskin% Vdk Hsiaohc kf{cavhleai aef cdazhvajik ksvajihsd/ okevs nachihvavkf cle~kzshle vl Hsiao leix as a cleskq{keck ln lpkzavheg he a ohtkf zkihghl{s ke~hzleokev aef jkheg a oaehnksvavhle ln a ~hvai slchkvx% Vl ok) vdk ~kzx kthsvkeck ln Hsiaohc svavk hs aisl a cleskq{keck ln vdk pzlpkz n{ecvhleheg vdk lvdkz Hsiaohc slchai aef kclelohc hesvhv{vhles aef elv ~hck ~kzsa% 76 Skk ^zxlehs) Fkcihe Fkcihek k ) 3;:–3;;) nlz e{okzl{s ktaopiks ln keflwokevs vl O{siho zkihghl{s) kf{cavhleai aef cdazhvajik ksvajihsdokevs aef vdkhz fieaechai s{pplzv% 7; Olsv ln vdk cdazhvajik ksvajihsdokevs wkzk elv ihohvkf vl O{sihos leix j{v pzl~hfkf nlz ele/O{sihos as wkii‖skk ^zxlehs) Fkcihek ) 3;:% 7> Skk ^zxlehs) Fkcihek ) :44–3;0% 73
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Aivdl{gd svzlegix he{keckf jx vdk fkz~hsdks) wdl aisl ljskz~kf n{v{wwa pzhechpiks) vdk abdh jzlvdkzdllfs daf a fhsvhecv lzgaeh}a/ vhleai svz{cv{zk aef lpkzavkf pzhoazhix he {zjae ckevkzs% Vdkx hevk/ gzavkf {zjae vzafk asslchavhle nzlo aii zkihghl{s gzl{ps% Vd{s) vdk jzlvdkzdllfs ajslzjkf vdk ele/O{siho plp{iavhle ln Aeavliha hevl vdk Hsiaohc wlzif jx pkekvzavheg vdk kclelohc lzgaeh}avhles ln vdk vlwes%77 S{ooazx
1% Cle~kzshle Cle~kzshle vl vl Hsiao Hsiao le a iazgk iazgk scaik scaik fhf fhf elv hookfha hookfhavkix vkix nli/ ilw vdk O{siho cleq{ksvs he vdk fizsv Hsiaohc ckev{zx2 zavdkz) vdk cle~kzshle was a gzaf{ai pzlckss) lcc{zzheg l~kz a spae ln nl{z ckev{zhks% :% Aivdl{gd fh fhff kzkev kzkev chzc{osvaecks s{cd as vatavhle) lppzksshle) kvc%) daf ae hopacv le vdk pzlckss) hv was pzhoazhix a slchai pzlckss) lpkzavheg he a nasdhle shohiaz vl vdk okcdaehso ln heel~avhle fhff {shle {shle he d{oae slchkvx% 3% Vdk pzlckss pzlckss ln cle~kzshle cle~kzshle he vdk vdk vkzzhvlzhk vkzzhvlzhkss cleq{kzkf cleq{kzkf he vdk fizsv Hsiaohc ckev{zx was clopikvkf jx vdk ohffik ln vdk kik~kevd cke/ v{zx% Hv nliilwkf a ~kzx shohiaz pavvkze he aii vkzzhvlzhks) wdhcd oax jk pilvvkf le a ilghsvhc S/sdapkf c{z~k zk kcvheg fi~k fhs/ vhecv pkzhlfs he vdk hevkeshficavhle ln cle~kzshle% 6% Nzlo vdk vdk skclef skclef dain ln vdk vwkin vwkinvd vd ckev{zx) ckev{zx) cle~kzsh cle~kzshle le vl Hsiao Hsiao jkgae he vdk ekw vkzzhvlzhks) h%k%) leks vdav daf pzk~hl{six iahe l{vshfk vdk O{siho zkaio% Aivdl{gd vdk cle~kzshle he lek ln vdksk vkzzhvlzhks‖Asha Ohelz‖nliilwkf vdk ilghsvhc c{z~k) hv aisl zkkcvkf vdk fhff kzkev kzkev svagk ln oav{zhvx ln Hsiaohc slchkvx kisk/ wdkzk $kthsvkeck ln kclelohc aef slchai hesvhv{vhles fhzkcvix a ff kcvheg kcvheg cle~kzshle( aef slok spkchfics ln vdk cleq{ksv $ilegk~hvx) ktvke/ sh~k clileh}avhle ln eloafhc vzhjks) kvc%(%
77
^zxlehs) Fkcihek ) 601%
CDAPVKZ VWL
PKZHLFS LN CLE^KZSHLE VL HSIAO HE VDK JAIBAES AEF FKOLGZAPDHC PZLCKSSKS L{z zk~hkw ln cle~kzshle vl Hsiao he pzk/Lvvloae vhoks s{ggksvs vdav ae {efkzsvaefheg ln vdk f{zavhle aef eav{zk ln vdk cleq{ksv ln ele/O{siho vkzzhvlzhks jx O{siho nlzcks hs hoplzvaev nlz aex sv{fx ln vdk s{jskq{kev pzlckss ln cle~kzshle% Vd{s) he vdk nliilwheg pagks H pzkskev a jzhkn dhsvlzhcai l{vihek ln vdk cleq{ksv ln vdk Jaibaes jx vdk Lvvloaes aef slok ln vdk clevzl~kzshks cleekcvkf whvd hv% Vdk Lvvloae Cleq{ksv ln vdk Jaibaes aef Cle~kzshle vl Hsiao
Vdk cleq{ksv ln vdk Jaibaes was acclopihsdkf he vdk spack ln ihv/ vik olzk vdae a ckev{zx aef he vwl svagks‖13;: vl 160: aef 161; vl 16>7% Vdk oahe zkasle nlz vdk zkiavh~kix nasvkz pack ln vdk cle/ q{ksv ln vdhs zkghle) clopazkf vl vdav ln Asha Ohelz) was vdk plihv/ hcai nzagokevavhle ln vdk Jaibaes le vdk k~k ln vdk Lvvloae he~ashle% He vdk ohffik ln vdk nl{zvkkevd ckev{zx) vdk Jaibaes cleshsvkf ln a e{ojkz ln soaii bhegflos aef hefkpkefkev z{ikzs% Vdk Jx}aevhek svavk dkif leix slok vkzzhvlzhks he Vdzack) Vdkssaix aef Oackfleha% Cavaiae okzckeazhks aisl lpkzavkf hefkpkefkevix he Vdzack) wdhik vdk Olzka was he ^kekvhae daefs% Vdk J{igazhae svavk daf jx vdke fhshevkgzavkf hevl vdk vdzkk bhegflos ln Vazel~l) ^hfhe aef Baiihabza% Aijaeha was fh~hfkf aoleg nl{z a{vlelol{s z{ikzs% Vdk Skzj) Czlavhae aef Jlsehae bhegflos he vdk wksvkze Jaibaes wkzk aisl vlze apazv jx fxeasvhc svz{ggiks% Aelvdkz hoplzvaev nacvlz was vdav vdk pkvvx z{ikzs he Oackfleha) Vdkssaix) Kphz{s) Aijaeha aef pazvs ln J{igazha wkzk ksskevhaiix nlzkhgekzs $oaheix ln Skzjhae lzhghe(% Whvd el plihvhcai plwkz svzleg kel{gd vl floheavk vdk Jaibaes) ilcai z{ikzs vzhkf vl skc{zk vdkhz pzkcazhl{s zkhges jx aiihaecks whvd lek lz aelvdkz ln vdkhz svzlegkz ekhgdjlzs% Vdk Lvvloaes he nacv kokzgkf as a plihvhcai piaxkz he vdk Jaibaes jkca{sk ln m{sv s{cd ae aiihaeck whvd a pzkvkefkz vl vdk Jx}aevhek vdzlek% Vabheg af~ae/ vagk ln vdk na~lzajik plihvhcai shv{avhle) O{siho nlzcks wkzk ajik
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q{hcbix vl l~kzz{e vdk pkvvx z{ikzs lz vl skc{zk pkackn{iix vdkhz acckp/ vaeck ln Lvvloae s{}kzahevx% Vdk fizsv svagk ln vdk cleq{ksv svazvkf whvd vdk capv{zk ln vdk chvhks ln Çhopk $V}xopk( he 13;: aef Gkihjli{ $Gaiihplih( he 13;6% Jx 160:) vdk kasvkze pazv ln vdk pkehes{ia‖Vdzack $13>>() Oackfleha $1371() J{igazha $1386() Vdkssaix $1388( aef pazvs ln Skzjha aef Kphz{s‖wkzk pazv ln vdk Lvvloae svavk% He vdk skclef svagk ln vdk cleq{ksv) vdk zksv ln vdk Jaibae pkehes{ia was s{jm{gavkf‖Cle/ svaevhelpik $16;3() Skzjha $16;8() sl{vdkze aef ckevzai Jlseha $16>3() vdk Olzka $16>6() Dkz}kgl~hea $16>;( aef Aijaeha $16>7(% Slok pkzhpdkzai azkas) dlwk~kz) fhf elv clok {efkz Lvvloae z{ik {evhi iavkz‖a soaii pazv ln Dkz}kgl~hea $1643() vdk clasvai azka ln Aijaeha $1687() Olevkekgzl $1688() Jkigzafk $1;:1() elzvdkze Jlseha $1;:0– 1;:4() aef Czlavha $1;:7(% A soaii pazv ln Olevkekgzl) vdk chvx/ svavk ln Zag{sa $F{jzl~ehb( aef vdk Afzhavhc clasv ln Faioavha wkzk vdk leix Jaibae azkas vl zkvahe hefkpkefkeck anvkz vdk ohffik ln vdk shtvkkevd ckev{zx% Aivdl{gd scdliazs he gkekzai agzkk le vdk zkasles aef vdk vhok nzaok ln vdk Lvvloae cleq{ksv ln vdk Jaibaes) vdkzk hs svhii cle/ shfkzajik fkjavk ajl{v vdk eav{zk ln vdhs cleq{ksv% Ksskevhaiix) vdkzk azk vwl fhaokvzhcaiix lpplshvk lphehles% Vdk fizsv lek) zllvkf he vdk pzkckpvs ln Jaibae eavhleaihso aef zkckev plihvhcs) svzkssks vdk ~hl/ ikeck aef fksvz{cvhle wzkabkf jx vdk Lvvloae cleq{ksv aef zkgazfs hv as da~heg daf a vzaghc hopacv le vdk Jaibae pklpiks% Vdhs ~hkw hs appzlpzhavkix zknkzzkf vl jx O% Bhki as vdk ’cavasvzlpdk vdklzx%‟1 Hv was {evhi zkckevix vdk ikafheg vzkef aoleg Jaibae eavhleai dhs/ vlzhaes) sa~k V{zbhsd scdliazs% Ae ktkopiaz ln vdk ’cavasvzlpdk vdk/ lzx‟ aef av vdk saok vhok lek ln hvs phiiazs hs vdk J{igazhae dhsvlzhae D% Gaefk~) wdl pzlf{ckf ae he{kevhai sv{fx ln vdk fkolgzapdhc shv{avhle ln vdk J{igazhae pklpik he vdk finvkkevd ckev{zx%: [vhih}heg vdk vhoaz zkghsvkzs belwe vl dho nzlo vdav ckev{zx) Gaefk~ ksvhoavks vdav :>04 J{igazhae ~hiiagks fhsappkazkf he vdk cl{zsk ln vdk cke/ v{zx% Le vdk jashs ln ae a~kzagk sh}k ln 63 dl{skdlifs pkz ~hiiagk aef ae ksvhoavk ln fi~k pklpik pkz dl{skdlif) Gaefk~ caic{iavks vdav
Skk O% Bhki) Azv aef Slchkvx ln J{igazha he vdk V{zbhsd Pkzhlf $Asske) Oaasvzhcdv) 184;() 33% : D% Gaefk~) J{igazsbava eazlfelsv pzk} 1;~ 1;~% RVdk J{igazhae Pklpik he vdk Nhnvkkevd Ckev{zx_ $Slfia) 187:(% 1
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vdk J{igazhae z{zai plp{iavhle fkczkaskf jx a vlvai ln 11:)166 dl{sk/ dlifs $lz appzlthoavkix ;>0)000 pklpik( as a zks{iv ln vdk Lvvloae cleq{ksv% Ae affhvhleai :6)000 {zjae dl{skdlifs $lz 1:0)000 pklpik( azk ksvhoavkf jx dho as da~heg jkke bhiikf) kesia~kf) fkplzvkf) nlzckf vl ohgzavk lz gh~ke el cdlhck j{v vl cle~kzv vl Hsiao) sl vdav vdk vlvai plp{iavhle fkcihek ln vdk J{igazhae pklpik he vdk finvkkevd cke/ v{zx aol{evs vl vdk fig{zk >40)000%3 Acclzfheg vl vdk a{vdlz) vdk iavvkz fig{zk) clesvhv{vheg 38 pkzckev ln vdk pzk/Lvvloae J{igazhae plp{iavhle) wazzaevs vdk vdkshs ln a ’fkolgzapdhc cavasvzlpdk‟ aef a ’jhlilghcai cliiapsk ln vdk eavhle%‟ 6 Xkv) aivdl{gd Gaefk~‘s cle/ ci{shle skkos vl jk nl{efkf le slihf kophzhcai k~hfkeck) dhs okvdlf/ lilgx das jkke sk~kzkix czhvhch}kf jx slok scdliazs% Wk da~k aizkafx aii{fkf vl vdk zavdkz {eschkevhfic eav{zk ln Gaefk~‘s o{ivhpixheg nac/ vlz ln fi~k pkzsles pkz vatajik dl{skdlif ~hs/à/~hs vdk olzk pzlja/ jik fig{zk ln vdzkk lz vdzkk aef a dain pkzsle pkz vatajik dl{skdlif% Ljmkcvhles vdav azk k~ke olzk skzhl{s da~k jkke zahskf as vl dhs okvdlflilgx he azzh~heg av vdk fig{zk ln :>04 ~aehsdkf ~hiiagks% Dk) nlz hesvaeck) daf ass{okf vdav vdk vkzo ok}zaa ) nl{ef he vdk zkghs/ vkzs) aiwaxs fkelvks a fkskzvkf lz fksvzlxkf ~hiiagk% S% Fhohvzl~) dlwk~kz) das plhevkf l{v vdav a zknkzkeck vl ok}zaa s; he vat zkghs/ vkzs hs olsv lnvke ae hefhcavhle ln ae hehvhai svagk he vdk nlzoavhle ln a ekw ~hiiagk as a zks{iv ln plp{iavhle heczkask aef ktpaeshle ln agzhc{iv{zk)> h%k%) ae hefhcavhle ln a pzlckss vdav hs vdk lpplshvk ln vdav ke~hshlekf jx Gaefk~% N{zvdkzolzk) whvd zkgazf vl dhs cle/ ci{shle vdav vdk Cdzhsvhae plp{iavhle he chvhks fhsappkazkf as a zks{iv ln sxsvkoavhc fksvz{cvhle aef fkplp{iavhle)7 E% Vlflzl~ das sdlwe vdav) k~ke av vdk jkgheeheg ln vdk shtvkkevd ckev{zx) a s{jsvaevhai pzlplzvhle ln vdk vlwe fwkiikzs was oafk {p ln Cdzhsvhaes) wdhik aoleg vdk O{siho hedajhvaevs cle~kzvs vl Hsiao wkzk he vdk oamlz/ hvx%4 As nlz casks ln fksvz{cvhle ln vlwes) vdk Lvvloaes wkzk elv vl
Gaefk~) Eazlfelsv ) :0–;>% 6 Hjhf%) 111% ; Acclzfheg vl D% eaicıb) ok}zaa fkelvks= 1( a fikif {efkz c{ivh~avhle2 :( a iazgk nazo whvd el pkzoaekev skvvikokev2 hv oax jk lzhgheaiix a fkskzvkf ~hiiagk lz iaef zkciahokf jx a ekazjx ~hiiagk% Skk eaicıb aef Q{avakzv) Dhsvlzx) ’Gilssazx)‟ s%~% ok}za a ok}za a % > S% Fhohvzl~) ’Ok}zhvk h fkolgzansbhxa cliaps ea jaigazsbhxa eazlf RVdk Ok}zaa s aef vdk Fkolgzapdhc Cliiapsk ln vdk J{igazhae Eavhle_)‟ ^kbl~k ) > $1873() ;6–>;% 7 Gaefk~) Eazlfelsv ) 81–8:% 4 E% Vlflzl~) Jaibaesbhxav gzaf T^–THT ~% Slchaiel/hblelohvcdksbl h fkolgzansbl za}~hvhk 3
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jiaok olsv ln vdk vhok% Acclzfheg vl vdk leix sl{zck gh~heg fkvahis ajl{v vdk capv{zk ln oaex J{igazhae vlwes aef jaskf le kxkwhv/ ekss accl{evs‖s{cd as vdk Cdzlehcik ln Ok~iêea Ek zå‖leix vwl) l{v ln a vlvai ln vdhzvx) J{igazhae casviks aef vlwes zkshsvkf aef jkca{sk ln vdhs wkzk fksvzlxkf% Hv was elv he nacv {evhi dain a cke/ v{zx anvkz vdk Lvvloae cleq{ksv vdav olsv ln vdk J{igazhae vlwes wkzk za}kf vl vdk gzl{ef) aef vdhs) hzlehcaiix) jx vdk Cdzhsvhae azox ln vdk Cz{safk ln 1663,66%8 Nheaiix aef olsv hoplzvaevix) Gaefk~‘s czhvhcs plhev l{v vdav dhs cleci{shle ajl{v a ’fkolgzapdhc cliiapsk‟ he vdhs zkghle hs {ewaz/ zaevkf sheck vdkzk hs el sl{zck nzlo pzk/Lvvloae vhoks vdav cl{if gh~k {s henlzoavhle le dlw oaex pklpik ih~kf he J{igazha lz aex lvdkz Jaibae svavk% Hv das jkke ljskz~kf vdav vdk sh}ks ln okfhk~ai J{igazhae vlwes) oafk belwe vl {s vlfax vdzl{gd azcdklilghcai ktca~avhle) fl elv plhev vl vdk kthsvkeck ln a iazgk plp{iavhle% 10 Ek~kzvdkikss) fksphvk vdk sk~kzk czhvhchso) Gaefk~‘s cleci{shles wkzk acckpvkf as clzzkcv he gkekzai jx a e{ojkz ln ikafheg J{igazhae aef lvdkz Jaibae scdliazs%11 Vdk lvdkz vzkef ln lphehle ajl{v vdk eav{zk ln vdk Lvvloae cle/ q{ksv dlifs vdav vdk Jaibae pklpiks nlz vdk olsv pazv jkek fivkf nzlo vdk Lvvloae cleq{ksv% Acclzfheg vl vdhs ~hkw) vdk cleq{ksv jzl{gdv pkack aef svajhihvx vl vdk zkghle) ihjkzavkf vdk plp{iavhle nzlo nk{/ fai aeazcdx aef ktckssh~k vatavhle aef kecl{zagkf kclelohc pzls/ pkzhvx% H caii vdhs ~hkw vdk ’jikssheg vdklzx%‟ Kikokevs ln vdk ’jikssheg vdklzx‟ appkazkf fizsv he vdk wlzbs ln vdk C}kcd scdliaz B% Mhzk kb% Dk svzksskf vdk ohskzajik clefhvhles ln aeazcdx aef ktda{svhle kegkefkzkf jx vdk ek~kz/kefheg ch~hi wazs aef nk{fai svzhnk ln vdk 16vd ckev{zx%1: Anvkz dho vdk Z{oaehae dhsvlzhae Ehclias Hlzga plhevkf l{v vdav Jaibae pkasaevs wkzk jx aef iazgk savhs fikf whvd Lvvloae afohehsvzavhle) wdhcd daf jzl{gdv ajl{v {ehvx aef was
$Slfia) 187:() vzaesiavkf jx P% S{gaz as Vdk Jaibae Chvx= Slchl/kclelohc aef Fkolgzapdhc Fk~kilpokev) 1600 1600–1800 –1800 $Skavvik) 1843(% 8 Skk) nlz fhsc{sshle le vdhs oavvkz) Bhki) Azv aef Slchkvx) 6;–67 aef vdk zknkz/ kecks gh~ke vdkzk% 10 Hjhf%) 37% 11 Skk) nlz ktaopik) K% Gzl}fael~a) J{igazsbav J{igazsbavaa eazlfelsv eazlfelsv pzk} 17~% Fkolgzansb Fkolgzansbll h}sikf/ ~aek RVdk J{igazhae Pklpik he vdk 17vd ckev{zx= A Fkolgzapdhc S{z~kx_ $Sl fia) 1848() :;% 1: B% Mhzk kb) Gkscdhcdvk fkz J{igazke $Pzag{k) 147>() :46–8>2 hfko) Gkscdhcdvk fkz Skzjke $Glvda) 1811() 378–41%
3:
elv av aii hevkzksvkf he hvs s{jmkcvs‘ zkihghl{s lz kvdehc jacbgzl{efs% 13 Vdk ’jikssheg vdklzx‟ was aisl plp{iaz aolegsv V{zbhsd scdliazs ln vdk gkekzavhle jknlzk Wlzif Waz HH%16 Xkv) fksphvk k~hfkeck chvkf jx pzlplekevs ln vdk ’cavasvzlpdk vdklzx‟ he s{pplzv ln vdkhz plsh/ vhle vdav vdk Lvvloae cleq{ksv was naz nzlo ’ihjkzavhle‟ nlz vdk Jaibae pkasaev) vdk ’jikssheg vdklzx‟ clevhe{kf vl vdzh~k he scdli/ azix chzciks%1; Lek cae aisl fhsckze a vdhzf gzl{p) oafk {p ln scdliazs wdl gza~hvavk cilskz vl vdk ’jikssheg vdklzx‟ he vkzos ln vdkhz asskssokev ln vdk eav{zk ln vdk Lvvloae cleq{ksv) j{v wdl oax jk fhsvhe/ g{hsdkf f{k vl vdkhz olzk cazkn{i wkhgdheg ln vdk nacvs% Vdksk scdli/ azs plhev vl vdk fkolgzapdhc aef kclelohc fk~kilpokev he vdk fizsv ckev{zx ln Lvvloae z{ik he vdk Jaibaes) a pdkelokele vdav hs hzzkc/ lechiajik whvd vdk shv{avhle fkphcvkf jx pzlplekevs ln vdk ’cava/ svzlpdk vdklzx%‟ Le vdk lvdkz daef) vdkx acbelwikfgk vdk k~hfkeck ln slok fkgzkk ln fksvz{cvhle) ~hlikeck) dazfsdhp aef zkihghl{s hekq{ai/ hvx jzl{gdv ajl{v jx vdk cleq{ksv% H wl{if caii vdhs ~hkw vdk ’olf/ kze appzlacd)‟ sheck hv hs af~aeckf olsvix jx clevkoplzazx scdliazs) wdl zkix le olfkze okvdlfs ln aeaixshs aileg whvd ae ktvkesh~k {sk ln azcdh~ai sl{zcks) elv m{sv cdzlehciks% Vdk ’olfkze appzlacd‟ hs jksv zkpzkskevkf he vdk wlzbs ln D% eaicıb%1> Dk clevkefs vdav vdk Lvvloae cleq{ksv was a gzaf{ai pzlckss) wdhcd was elv fzh~ke jx ’i{sv nlz jllvx‟ lz jx vdk whii ln vdk s{ivae% As eaicıb ktpiahes hv) vdk cleq{ksv ln a zkghle wl{if elzoaiix jkghe whvd a skzhks ln zahfs) wdhcd wl{if k~kev{aiix nlzck vdk ilcai z{ikz vl acckpv Lvvloae s{}kzahevx aef agzkk vl pax a vzhj{vk% Vdke) wdke vdk lpplzv{ehvx pzkskevkf hvskin) vdk Lvvloaes wl{if kihoheavk vdk ilcai z{iheg fxeas/ vhks) aeekt vdk vkzzhvlzx aef vzaesnlzo hv he a saecab $fhsvzhcv(%17 F{zheg E% Hlzga) Dhsvlhzk fks èvavs jaibaehq{ks $Pazhs) 18:;() :;% Skk) nlz ktaopik) %D% [}{eçaz ıiı) Lsoaeiı Vazhdh $Aebaza) 1867() wdl ~hkws vdk Lvvloae cleq{ksv ln vdk Jaibaes as ’ihjkzavhle nzlo vdk cz{kivx ln vdkhz lwe ilzfs aef vdk zkv{ze vl lzfkz aef m{svhck%‟ 1; Skk) nlz ktaopik) Nkzeaef Jza{fki) Vdk Okfhvkzzaekae aef vdk Okfhvkzzaekae Wlzif he vdk Agk ln Pdhihpp HH $Ilefle) Ekw Xlzb) 1873() >>3‖’Vdk RLvvloae_ cleq{ksv) wdhcd okaev vdk kef ln vdk gzkav iaeflwekzs) ajsli{vk z{ikzs le vdkhz lwe ksvavks) was he hvs wax a Ihjkzavhle ln vdk lppzksskf%‟ 1> Skk aisl I%S% Sva~zhaels) Vdk Jaibaes sheck 16;3 $Ekw Xlzb) 18;4( aef A% Svlmael~sbh) ’Vdk Cdazacvkz aef vdk He{keck ln vdk Lvvloae Z{ik he X{glsia~ Cl{evzhks Cl{ev zhks he he vdk 1;vd 1;vd aef 1>vd 1>vd Ckev{z Ckev{zhks) hks) whvd whvd Spkchai Spkchai Zknkzke Zknkzkeck ck vl Oackf Oackfleha)‟ leha)‟ he Lvvloae Z{ik he Ohffik K{zlpk aef Jaibae he vdk 1>vd aef 17vd Ckev{zhks= Papkzs Pzkskevkf av vdk 8vd Mlhev Clenkzkeck ln vdk C}kcdlsil~ab/X{glsia~ Dhsvlzhcai Cloohvvkk $Pzag{k) 1874(% 17 Skk D% eaicıb) ’Lvvloae Okvdlfs ln Cleq{ksv)‟ SH ) : $18;6() 103–1:8% 13 16
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vdk pzlckss ln cleq{ksv) vdk Lvvloaes sl{gdv vl pzkskz~k vdk kcl/ elohc hevkgzhvx ln ae azka as o{cd as was plsshjik% Ilcai vatavhle pzacvhcks aef pzlf{cvhle olfks wkzk oahevahekf aiolsv {ecdaegkf%14 Dlwk~kz) as pazv ln vdk pzlckss ln ktcdaegheg ilcai azzaegkokevs nlz a ckevzaih}kf sxsvko ln afohehsvzavhle‖vdk vhoaz sxsvko‖vdk Lvvloaes zkpiackf vdk iajlz skz~hcks f{k vl vdk nk{fai ilzfs whvd vdkhz casd kq{h~aikev%18 Hn iajlz skz~hcks) s{cd as g{azfheg ol{evahe passks) pazvhchpavheg he ohihvazx caopahges) lz sdkkp jzkkfheg nlz vdk ekkfs ln vdk paiack) kvc%) wkzk svhii zkq{hzkf jx vdk svavk) pkasaevs wkzk ktkopvkf pazvhaiix lz k~ke kevhzkix nzlo paxheg vatks% Vd{s) he ihgdv ln vdk ’olfkze appzlacd)‟ wk cae spkab ln vdk Lvvloaes ’ihjkzavheg‟ Jaibae pkasaevs nzlo vdkhz ilzfs aef ’ihgdvkeheg‟ vdkhz vatavhle j{zfke leix he vdk skesk vdav) he jkheg nzkkf nzlo {epzl/ f{cvh~k iajlz) pkasaevs daf olzk vhok vl he~ksv he vdkhz nazos% :0 Vdkx wkzk ajik vdke vl v{ze vdk heczkaskf pzlf{cvhle hevl pzl fiv aef vd{s olzk kashix okkv vdkhz vat ljihgavhles% Whvd zkgazf vl ch}xk ) wdhcd hs {s{aiix cleshfkzkf vl jk vdk oazb ln a ele/O{siho‘s henk/ zhlzhvx aef a shge ln dhs fkgzafkf svav{s) eaicıb aisl plhevs vdav vdk heclok vat vdav kthsvkf he vdk Jaibaes pzhlz vl vdk Lvvloaes:1 skz~kf as vdk jashs nlz vdk ch}xk ‘s ‘s hoplshvhle% Anvkz vdk cleq{ksv) vdk ch}xk was hehvhaiix ik~hkf av vdk pzk/cleq{ksv ik~kis ln vdk ilcai vat‖{s{/ aiix lek glif phkck‖fksphvk vdk pzl~hshles he Hsiaohc iaw aiilwheg a{vdlzhvhks vl skv vdk zavk av : aef 6 glif phkcks nlz vdk ohffik ciass aef vdk wkaivdx) zkspkcvh~kix% Vd{s) hv hs ~kzx {eihbkix vdav Jaibae Cdzhsvhaes) whvd vdk ktckpvhle ln ckzvahe ln vdk eljhihvx) wl{if da~k zkgazfkf vdk ch}xk as ae ktvzalzfheazx j{zfke lz a shge ln henkzhlz/ hvx hookfhavkix anvkz vdk cleq{ksv% :: Vdk soaii fhsv{zjaecks he vdk Vdav vatavhle ~azhavhles kthsvkf he vdk fh ff kzkev kzkev saecabs hs wkii flc{okevkf he vdk Lvvloae bae{eeaoks ) wzhvvke av vdk jkgheeheg ln vdk vat zkghsvkzs nlz kacd sae/ cab lz vlwe% Nlz p{jihsdkf sa saec ecab ab ba bae{ e{ee eeao aoks ks nzlo vdk finvkkevd aef shtvkkevd cke/ v{zhks skk he Þ%I% Jazbae) T^% ~k T^H% Asıziaz Asıziazfa fa Lsoaeiı Lsoaeiı opazavlzi{ {efa ]hzaå Kblelohehe D{b{bå ~k Oaih Ksasiazı) H= Bae{eiaz $Hsvaej{i) 1863(% A ekw kfhvhle ln bae{eeaoks hs svhii {efkzwax he Adokf Abgùefù}) kf%) Lsoaeiı Bae{eeêokikzh ~k D{b{bå Vadihiikzh $Hsvaej{i) 1880(% 18 Skk eaicıb aef Q{avakzv) Dhsvlzx) 70–71 aef 168–1;1% :0 D% eaicıb) ’^hiiagk) Pkasaev aef Kophzk)‟ he hfko) Vdk Ohffik Kasv aef vdk Jaibaes {efkz vdk Lvvloae Kophzk= Kssaxs le Kclelox aef Slchkvx $Jillohegvle) 188:() 163% :1 eaicıb aef Q{avakzv) Dhsvlzx) >4% Skk aisl Ekfho Nhihpl~h ) ’A Clevzhj{vhle vl vdk Pzljiko ln Hsiaoh}avhle he vdk Jaibaes {efkz vdk Lvvloae Z{ik)‟ he Lvvloae Z{ik he Ohffik K{zlpk ) 361% :: eaicıb aef Q{avakzv) Dhsvlzx) >4% 14
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Jaibae Lzvdlflt Cd{zcd‘s n{ecvhle aef svz{cv{zk) f{k vl vdk iav/ vkz‘s cllpkzavhle whvd aef k~kev{ai hevkgzavhle hevl vdk Lvvloae svavk svz{cv{zk) hs a nacv wdhcd oax aisl da~k clevzhj{vkf vl vdk zki/ avh~kix ohif hopacv ln vdk cleq{ksv le vdk Jaibae plp{iavhle% Vl cleci{fk) H acckpv as olzk dhsvlzhcaiix acc{zavk vdk ~hkw vdav vdkzk was el oamlz fhsz{pvhle ln Jaibae kclelohc aef slchai ihnk as a zks{iv ln vdk cleq{ksv% Olzkl~kz) vdk Lvvloae sxsvko ln afohe/ hsvzavhle pzl~hfkf zllo nlz vdk clevhe{hvx ln ilcai vzafhvhles aef ihnk pavvkzes2 vd{s) hv cae jk sahf vdav vdk Jaibae eavh~k plp{iavhle he gkekzai s{ff kzkf kzkf ihvvik aihkeavhle lz fhsczhoheavhle av vdk daefs ln vdkhz ekw oasvkzs% He lvdkz wlzfs) cle~kzshle vl Hsiao he vdk Jaibaes he vdk s{jskq{kev ckev{zhks was pzhoazhix a ’slchai cle~kzshle)‟ aef cl{if jk ktpkcvkf vl nliilw vdk pavvkze ksvajihsdkf jx J{iihkv nlz vdk ckevzai Hsiaohc iaefs% He vzxheg vl pzl~k s{cd a dxplvdkshs) vdk sv{fkev ln cle~kzshle vl Hsiao he vdk Jaibaes fiefs dhs vasb nachihvavkf jx vdk zkiavh~kix dhgd fkgzkk ln s{z~h~ai ln sl{zcks) wdhcd gh~k a olzk acc{zavk svavhsvhcai pkzspkcvh~k le vdk cle~kzshle pzlckss% He nacv) vdk fh ff kzkeck kzkeck he eav{zk jkvwkke vdk sl{zcks nlz vdk dhsvlzx ln cle~kzshle vl Hsiao he vdk Jaibaes aef vdk sl{zcks nlz vdk saok pzlckss he lvdkz zkghles pzhlz vl vdhs vhok hs sl shgeh ficaev vdav H whii nlc{s ox avvkevhle jzhk x le vdhs fhspazhvx% Plp{iavhle Svavhsvhcs as Sl{zcks ln Cle~kzshle he vdk Jaibaes
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37
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Vd{s) H cleshfkz vkeajik vdk dxplvdkshs vdav O{siho ohgzavhle vl vdk Jaibaes heci{fkf) aileg whvd vdk eloafhc gzl{ps aef pkzdaps as e{okzl{s as vdko) a skfkevazx O{siho plp{iavhle nzlo Asha Ohelz% Cleshfkzheg vdk fig{zk ln 3%;–6 pkzckev as zkpzkskevheg vdk pzlplzvhle ln eloafs he vdk Jaibae pkehes{ia av vdk jkgheeheg ln vdk shtvkkevd ckev{zx) vdk e{ojkz ln O{siho hoohgzaevs vl vdk Jaibaes aef vdkhz fksckefaevs cl{if da~k jkke as dhgd as 7–4 pkzckev ln vdk vlvai Jaibae plp{iavhle%76 Vdk zkoaheheg 1;–1> pkzckev O{siho plp{iavhle wl{if da~k cleshsvkf ln cle~kzvs aef fksckefaevs ln cle/ ~kzvs vl Hsiao% Vdkzknlzk) H cleci{fk vdav jx vdk ohffik ln vdk sht/ vkkevd ckev{zx vdk skclef svagk he vdk pzlckss ln cle~kzshle he vdk Jaibaes‖vdk pkzhlf ln ’kazix aflpvkzs‟‖daf jkke clopikvkf% Vdkzk wkzk) ln cl{zsk) zkghleai ~azhavhles% He slok azkas‖Jlseha aef Dkz}kgl~hea‖olzkk vdae 60 pkzckev ln vdk plp{iavhle daf cle~kzvkf Dkz}kgl~hea‖olz vl Hsiao jx vdk ohffik ln vdk shtvkkevd ckev{zx) wdhik lvdkz azkas s{cd as K{jka) Maehea aef Pzh}zke zkoahekf pzkfloheaevix ele/ O{siho $skk Vajik :(% He vdk wksvkze Zdlflpks) 13 pkzckev ln vdk plp{iavhle daf cle~kzvkf vl Hsiao jx vdk kef ln vdk 1;30s) a fig{zk wdhcd daf zhske vl :8 pkzckev jx vdk cilsk ln vdk 1;>0s)7; wdhik he vdk saecab ln F{baghe he elzvdkze Aijaeha 1> pkzckev ln vdk plp{/ iavhle daf cle~kzvkf jx 1;71%7> Vl clopikvk l{z fhsc{sshle ln vdk O{siho ohgzavhle) H wl{if ihbk vl zkcaii vl vdk zkafkz J{iihkv‘s vdklzx vdav vdk pzkskeck ln O{sihos he a pazvhc{iaz azka hs a pzkclefhvhle nlz cle~kzshle vl Hsiao $’acckss vl henlzoavhle nacvlz‟(% H azg{k vdav aivdl{gd ekhvdkz ohehoai elz ktvkesh~k) O{siho ’clileh}avhle‟ ln vdk Jaibaes was iazgk kel{gd vl piax a shgehficaev zlik he vdk pzlckss ln Hsiaoh}avhle vdkzk% Nlz ktaopik) ehek ln vdk dl{skdlifs he vdk ckoaav ln saiv/oabkzs) oke/ vhlekf ajl~k) wkzk zkghsvkzkf as ekw O{sihos‖vwl sles ln Ajf{iiad) lek svhii zkvaheheg dhs ele/O{siho eaok aef sht nzkkf sia~ks%77 Aoleg vdk 3: O{siho dl{skdlifs ln ]hdea) vdkzk wkzk vwl oafk {p ln
76
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68
Vajik 6% Plp{i Plp{iavhle avhle ln 1: Jai Jaibae bae vlwes vlwes he vdk 1;:0s clopazkf clopazkf vl vdk O{siho O{siho plp{/ iavhle he vdk saecab ln kacd vlwe‘s ilcavhle 43 C hvx Hsvaej{i $1674( Kfhzek Skiaehb Sazamk~l Iazhssa Skzzks Jhvlima Sblpmk Slfia Avdkes Ehblpli Vzhbaia
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70
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47
leck agahe jkcaok O{siho j{v fhkf vwkevx faxs iavkz% Dhs pazkevs) Ik~h aef Zknkba pkvhvhlekf vdk czlwe pzheck nlz m{svhck% 8; Vdk iav/ vkz lzfkzkf vdk bafı ln Saolbl~ vl skh}k :0)000 abçk s nzlo Lsoae aef vl gh~k vdhs vl Ik~h aef Zknkba as jillf/olekx $ fhxkv (% Vdk olekx) dlwk~kz) v{zekf l{v vl jk pazv ln vdk vhoaz zk~ke{k paxajik jx Mankz Jkx vl vdk svavk vzkas{zx) aef wdhcd daf leix jkke iknv whvd dhs sle nlz sank bkkpheg% [ple vdk zkv{ze ln Mankz Jkx nzlo ohih/ vazx caopahge aef dhs ikazeheg ln vdk k~kevs) dk pkvhvhlekf vdk s{i/ vae nlz wzlegn{i clefiscavhle ln olekx aef vdk cask was zklpkekf% Ik~h aef Zknkba) wdl daf okaewdhik jkcaok zkshfkevs ln Slfia) wkzk s{oolekf vl vdk bafı ln Slfia% Acclzfheg vl vdk cl{zv ohe/ {vks) vdkx fkehkf vdav Aszahi daf k~kz jkke a O{siho) aef vdav dk daf whvdl{v aex zkasle jkke vlzv{zkf jx slok ln vdk O{siho hedaj/ hvaevs ln Saolbl~) as a zks{iv ln wdhcd vzkavokev dk fhkf% Vdk czlwe pzheck) vdkx svavkf) daf lzfkzkf vdk O{sihos ln Saolbl~ vl gh~k vdko vdk aol{ev ln :4)000 abçk s8> he lzfkz vl pzk~kev a zhsk he vke/ shles jkvwkke vdk O{siho aef vdk Mkwhsd cloo{ehvhks% Aivdl{gd afohvvheg vdk zkckhpv ln vdk olekx) vdkx fkehkf da~heg zkckh~kf aex/ vdheg nzlo Lsoae pkzsleaiix% Le dhs pazv) Mankz Jkx pzkskevkf shgekf kxkwhvekssks‘ accl{evs ln Aszahi‘s cle~kzshle) dhs aplsvasx aef dhs skclef kojzacheg ln Hsiao) aef ln vdk skh}{zk ln vdk :0)000 abçk s nzlo dhs sle% Mankz Jkx aisl pzkskevkf vdzkk nkv kzkev nkv~a ~a s hss{kf jx vdk kxdùihsiêo)87 wdhcd ciazhfikf fhff kzkev aspkcvs ln vdk cask% Vdk nkv~a s azk pzkskevkf he vdk flc{okev he ajsvzacv nlzo) belwe as skclefazx nkv~a s% s%84 Vdk fizsv nkv~a ciazhfiks vdk ikgai cleskq{kecks ln vdk ca{sk ln fkavd% Acclzfheg vl vdhs nkv~a ) hn
8;
Olsv pzljajix) vdk czlwe pzheck $ kd}afk ( he q{ksvhle was vdk n{v{zk Skiho HH $1;>>–76() wdl av vdk vhok was zkshfheg av Kfhzek% Skk Gzafk~a) ’Zkihghl}eava avolsnkza)‟ 1;;–;>% 8> He affhvhle vl vdk jillf/olekx awazf) Lvvloae iaw pzksczhjks vdk paxokev ln a fiek vl vdk svavk% Vdk sl/caiikf bae{eeaok ln Sùikxoae H pzksczhjks a oath/ o{o fiek ln 600 abçk s nlz o{zfkzkzs whvd hecloks ktckkfheg 1)000 abçk s‖skk s‖skk ’Bae{eeaok/h Ai/h Lsoae)‟ Okdokf Azhn) kf%) s{ppikokev ln VLKO $181:() 6% Dlwk~kz) a fiek ln 600 abçk s ohgdv da~k jkke iazgkix l{vfavkf) sheck vdk cdapvkz le fieks he vdhs bae{eeaok hs hfkevhcai vl vdk cdapvkz he vdk bae{eeaok ln Okdokf HH) wdhcd hs favkf lek ckev{zx kazihkz% Skk D% eaicıb) ’S{ikhoae vdk Iawgh~kz aef Lvvloae Iaw%‟ AL ) 1 $18>8() 114% 87 Acclzfheg vl Gzafk~a) vdav was olsv pzljajix vdk naol{s Aj{s{ {f $f% 1;76() wdl dkif vdhs plsv av vdk vhok% Skk Gzafk~a) ’Zkihghl}eava avolsnkza)‟ 1;7–;4% 84 Nlz vdk pzlckss ln vzaesnlzoavhle ln vdk pzhoazx nkv~a s hevl skclefazx nkv~a s) s) skk Daiiaq) ’Nzlo Navwês vl N{zò )‟ 31–3: aef 63–682 hfko) ’O{zfkz he Clzflja)‟ >7–76%
44
hv hs elv pzl~ke he cl{zv vdav a pkzsle das fhkf nzlo vdk wl{efs hehcvkf jx vlzv{zk) vdk gh~heg ln jillf/olekx hs elv zkq{hzkf j{v leix a p{ehsdokev $va ( nlz vdk {eiawn{i vlzv{zk% Vdk skclef nkv~a va }hz }hz ciazhfiks slok aspkcvs ln vdk ikgai svav{s ln ae aplsvavk nzlo Hsiao% Acclzfheg vl vdk iavvkz flc{okev) a pkzsle wdl zkel{ecks Hsiao ilsks dhs ~hzv{l{sekss% Hn vlzv{zk lcc{zs wdke lek hs he vdhs svavk vdk pzlvkcvhle ln Hsiaohc iaw hs ilsv% Hn s{cd a pkzsle jkcloks O{siho agahe) vdk ~hzv{l{sekss hs zkgahekf j{v elv vdk pzlvkcvhle) h%k%) vdk cask hs shohiaz vl vdav ln ae aplsvavk‘s ktkc{vhle% Vd{s) k~ke hn hv hs pzl~ke he s{cd hesvaecks vdav a fkavd hs ca{skf jx vlzv{zk) jillf/ olekx hs elv vl jk pahf%88 Vdk vdhzf nkv~a pzlel{ecks le vdk hss{k ln vdk ikgaihvx ln a ciaho nlz zkn{ef ln jillf/olekx% Vdk ikgai lphe/ hle hs vdav k~ke hn hehvhaiix O{sihos da~k pahf jillf/olekx he lzfkz vl caio vkeshles) hv hs iawn{i vl asb iavkz nlz hvs zkn{ef% Le vdk gzl{efs ln vdksk ikgai lphehles) vdk cl{zv lzfkzkf vdav Ik~h aef Zknkba zkv{ze :0)000 abçk s vl Mankz Jkx% Aivdl{gd vkcdehcaiix olekx aef elv zkihghle was av vdk ckevkz ln vdhs ikgai fhsp{vk) Gzafk~a skks vdk flc{okev as m{sv aelvdkz hefh/ cavhle ln vdk zkihghl{s naeavhchso ln O{sihos ln vdav vhok aef vdk {enahz vzkavokev ln ele/O{sihos jx vdk Lvvloae a{vdlzhvhks% He ox ~hkw) dlwk~kz) hv leix sdlws vdav) wdavk~kz vdk zkai svlzx ohgdv da~k jkke) ckzvahe z{iks appihkf aef wkzk nliilwkf% Vdk piahevhff ) Mankz Jkx) Jk x) fhf elv cl{ev cl{ ev le vdk zkihghl{s zk ihghl{s naeavhchso ln vdk m{fgk j{v le dazf k~hfkeck $wdhcd kxkwhvekssks vksvholex cl{evs as he ae Hsiaohc cl{zv( aef le ikgai lphehles cl~kzheg k~kzx aspkcv ln vdk cask aef hss{kf jx pkzdaps vdk nlzkolsv ikgai a{vdlzhvx ln vdk agk% Olzkl~kz) vdk flc{okev oabks hv cikaz $vdk fizsv nkv~a ( vdav vdk vlz/ ea/ok z{ z{ () v{zk ln Aszahi was afm{fgkf as {eiawn{i $ea/ok ()100 j{v was fkkokf p{ehsdajik jx va va }hz }hz % Vdk iavvkz was a clzplzai p{ehsdokev lz a fiek) hoplskf av vdk fhsczkvhle ln vdk bafı %101 Ek~kzvdkikss) sheck vdk ikgai pzlckss he q{ksvhle was elv cleckzekf whvd Lsoae‘s p{ehsdokev) wk fl elv belw hn aex acvhle he vdhs zkspkcv was vabke lz elv% 10: Hn
Skk aisl Sdaxj e ‘s Shxaz ) :0:–:03% 100 Vdk nkkiheg ln wzlegflheg le vdk pazv ln vdk O{siho cloo{ehvx ln Saolbl~ hs avvksvkf jx hvs hehvhai kasx agzkkokev vl pax s{cd a iazgk aol{ev% 101 M% Scdacdv) Ae Hevzlf{cvhle vl Hsiaohc Iaw $Ltnlzf) 18>6() 81% Skk aisl [zhki Dkxf) Sv{fhks he Lif Lvvloae Czhoheai Iaw $Ltnlzf) 1873(% 10: Vdk ~kzfhcv) ek~kzvdkikss) spkchfiks vdav Ik~h aef Zknkba daf vl zkn{ef :0)000) h%k%) vdkx wkzk aiilwkf vl bkkp vdk jaiaeck ln 4)000 abçk s% s% 88
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48
wk azk vl acc{sk Lvvloae a{vdlzhvhks ln jhas) vdav wl{if jk vdk pls/ shjhihvx vdav fieaechai hevkzksvs ln vdk svavk wkzk p{v fizsv) h%k%) wk oax da~k ek~kz belwe wdav wl{if da~k dappkekf hn vdk olekx pahf jx Mankz Jkx‘s sle daf elv jkke f{k vl vdk vzkas{zx% Dlwk~kz) vl m{op vl vdk cleci{shle cleci{shle vdav ele/O{sihos ele/O{sihos wkzk {enahzix vzkavkf) vzkavkf) slikix le vdk jashs ln vdhs flc{okev) skkos vl ok spkc{iavh~k av jksv% ^% Oazzhagk aef Clec{jheagk as a Okvdlf ln Cle~kzshle vl Hsiao Wdkzkas Cdzhsvhae oazzhagk c{svlos ln vdk vhok zkq{hzkf vdav jlvd pazvhks jk Cdzhsvhae) Hsiaohc iaw aiilwkf ohtkf oazzhagks he wdhcd vdk d{sjaef hs O{siho% Vdk whnk he s{cd casks hs aiilwkf vl zkvahe dkz nahvd% Vdk lpplshvk shv{avhle) dlwk~kz) h%k%) O{siho wloae aef a ele/O{siho d{sjaef was elv pkzohvvkf% Aivdl{gd vdk iaw fhf elv ljihgavk vdk whnk vl cle~kzv vl Hsiao) vdhs was lnvke vdk zks{iv% Vdk cdhifzke jlze vl s{cd a oazzhagk wkzk hek~hvajix zahskf as O{sihos% Vd{s) hv hs lnvke svavkf vdav hevkzoazzhagk piaxkf a shgeh ficaev pazv he vdk cle~kzshle pzlckss he jlvd vdk Asha Ohelz aef vdk Jaibaes% 103 As vl vdk eav{zk ln vdksk oazzhagks) olsv olfkze Jaibae scdliazs fkphcv vdko as he~li{evazx aef cleshfkz vdk pdkelokele vl da~k daf vdk saok fhsasvzl{s cleskq{kecks nlz vdk Jaibae eavhles as vdk fk~ hzok hesvhv{vhle% Acclzfheg vl Azeabhs= Flwe vl vdk ehekvkkevd ckev{zx) vdk V{zbs aef Hsiaoh}kf eavh~ks zkpikehsdkf vdkhz dazkos whvd as oaex avvzacvh~k Cdzhsvhae wloke as heciheavhle) nlzv{ek) aef fiea eaec ecks ks pk pkzo zohv hvvkf vkf%% % % % As he vd vdkk he hesv svae aeck ck ln vdk fk~sdhzok ) vdk pzlckss ln skikcvhle zks{ivkf he hopzl~heg vdk d{oae svlcb ln vdk ’oasvkz zack‟ aef fkpikvheg vdk jhlilghcai zksl{zcks ln vdkk Cd vd Cdzh zhsv svha hae e pk pklp lpik ikss % % %106
Vdk vz{vd) dlwk~kz) hs vdav wk fl elv belw o{cd ajl{v cle~kz/ shle zks{ivheg nzlo hevkzoazzhagks% Svavkokevs ihbk vdk ajl~k leix pzkskev vdhs pdkelokele vdzl{gd vdk pzhso ln vdk aevaglehsvhc zkia/ vhles ln vdk O{siho aef ele/O{siho cloo{ehvhks he vdk iasv ckev{zx
Skk nlz ktaopik ^zxlehs) ’Vdk Jx}aevhek Ikgacx aef Lvvloae Nlzos)‟ F{ojazvle Labs Papkzs :3–:6 $Jhzohegdao) 18>8–70() :442 hfko) ’Cdzhsvhaes)‟ :032 ^kza O{vancdhk~a) ’Ljza}av ea v{zchvk RVdk Hoagk ln vdk V{zbs_)‟ he A% ]kixa}bl~a) kf%) ^za}bh ea Sa~oksvholsv he Eksa~oksvholsv okmf{ dzhsvhaeh h o{s{ioaeh ~ J{igzha $Slfia) 1886() 8 aef Daihi eaicıb) ’Hsiao he vdk Lvvloae Kophzk)‟ he hfko) Kssaxs he Lvvloae Dhsvlzx $Kzke) 1884() :37% 106 Azeabhs) ’Zkihghle)‟ 1::–1:3% 103
80
ln Lvvloae z{ik% Slok ihgdv le vdk s{jmkcv hs vdzlwe jx Oaxa Sdav}ohiikz) wdl das s{z~kxkf vdk ikgai cleskq{kecks ln wloke‘s cle~kzshle nlz vdkhz naohix ihnk%10; Acclzfheg vl Sdav}ohiikz) vdkzk azk vwl ~aihf dhsvlzhcai pazaokvkzs ln cle~kzshle he vdk cask ln wloke% Lek fhokeshle hs vdav wloke {skf cle~kzshle nlz vdkhz lwe gahe) k%g%) vl p{zs{k a zloaevhc zkiavhlesdhp lz vl jkekfiv nzlo vdk gzkavkz pzlpkzvx zhgdvs aff lzfkf lzfkf vl O{siho wloke% Le vdk lvdkz daef) oaex zkshsvkf cle~kzshle jkca{sk ln vdk dka~x slchai pzhck vl jk pahf nlz hv% Acclzfheg vl vdk a{vdlz) fksphvk vdk hoplzvaeck ln oazzhagk he a wloae‘s ihnk) dkz jillf vhks wkzk svzlegkz% Vd{s) vdk sk~kzaeck ln vdksk vhks) wdhcd was ihbkix vl nliilw cle~kzshle) ohgdv da~k jkke s{ ffichkev vl whpk l{v wdavk~kz jkek fivs wkzk gahekf% Aivdl{gd Sdav}ohiikz‘s sv{fx illbs oaheix av casks ln plsv/oazzhagk cle~kzshle jx lek ln vdk spl{sks aef zkihks dka~hix le vdk Cahzl Gkeh}a flc{/ okevs) wdhcd azk zkik~aev olsvix vl {zjae Mkwhsd wloke) hvs cle/ ci{shles oax jk skke as appihcajik vl vdk Lvvloae pkzhlf as wkii% He ox lphehle) he appzlacdheg vdk s{jmkcv ln wloke‘s cle~kzshle jknlzk lz anvkz hevkzoazzhagk he Lvvloae slchkvx) wk sdl{if cle/ shfkz wdkvdkz vdkzk wkzk aex nacvlzs vdav oax da~k ca{skf lek lz vdk lvdkz fhokeshle vl jk floheaev he a pazvhc{iaz pkzhlf% He z{zai slchkvx) nlz ktaopik) wloke‘s skgzkgavhle was zazkix acdhk~kf vl vdk fkgzkk plsshjik he {zjae ckevkzs aef vd{s) c{iv{zai aef k~ke zkih/ ghl{s fh~hshles ohgdv elv da~k jkke s{ ffichkev vl aihkeavk a ele/ O{siho wloae) oazzhkf vl a O{siho) nzlo dkz jillf naohix% Gh~ke vdhs ke~hzleokev) oaex wloke ohgdv da~k jkke kevhckf hevl ohtkf oazzhagks jx vdk i{zk ln vdk gzkavkz pzlpkzvx zhgdvs g{azaevkkf vdko jx Hsiaohc iaw aef jx vdk jzhfk/pzhck pahf jx vdk d{sjaef he O{siho oazzhagks $he Cdzhsvhae aef Mkwhsd oazzhagks hv hs vdk jzhfk wdl o{sv jzheg vdk flwzx(%10> Aelvdkz nacvlz vl jk cleshfkzkf hs vdk pzlgzkss ln cle~kzshle% Vdk olzk af~aeckf vdk svagk ln cle~kzshle he vdk slchkvx) vdk olzk slchaiix acckpvajik vdk pzlspkcv ln oazzhagk vl a O{siho aef acclopaexheg cle~kzshle vl Hsiao% Hv oax elv jk a clhechfkeck vdav he vdk sk~kevkkevd ckev{zx‖vdk pkzhlf ln vdk olsv whfkspzkaf Hsiaoh}avhle he vdk Jaibaes‖wloke {skf cle~kz/ shle as a okaes ln ljvaheheg a q{hcb fh~lzck aef ln acq{hzheg c{s/
Oaxa Sdav}ohiikz) ’Oazzhagk) Naohix) aef vdk Nahvd= Wloke‘s Cle~kzshle vl Hsiao)‟ Ml{zeai ln Naohix Dhsvlzx) 3 $18 $188> 8>()() :3 :3;–>> ;–>>%% 10> Hjhf%) :;> aef ^zxlehs) ’Cdzhsvhaes)‟ :03% 10;
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81
vlfx ln vdkhz cdhifzke%107 Hv hs aisl plsshjik vdav vdk hesvhv{vhle ln cle/ c{jheagk) belwe as bkphe) l{zhsdkf he sk~kevkkevd/ckev{zx Lvvloae slchkvx jkca{sk zkiavhles jkvwkke O{siho oke aef ele/O{siho wloke daf jkclok whfkix acckpvajik% Bkphe was a clevzacv{ai azzaegkokev nlz a fitkf pkzhlf aef nlz a fitkf aol{ev ln olekx) wdhcd was pahf vl vdk navdkz ln vdk wloae%104 Anvkz vdk ktphzavhle ln vdk clevzacv) vdk wloae cl{if zkv{ze vl dkz cloo{ehvx aef zkoazzx% Vdk oaik cdhifzke ln s{cd a {ehle wkzk zahskf as O{sihos) wdhik vdk ghzis wkzk aiilwkf vl cdllsk vdkhz nahvd% 108 Appazkevix) vdk pzacvhck was sl whfkspzkaf he vdk sk~kevkkevd ckev{zx vdav vdk Lzvdlflt pavzhazcd pkvhvhlekf vdk s{ivae vl p{v a daiv hv% 110 He ~hkw ln vdk ajl~k cleshfkzavhles) H wl{if azg{k vdav) gh~ke vdk pzkskev svavk ln zkskazcd) hv hs hoplsshjik vl pzlel{eck whvd aex ckz/ vahevx le vdk ktvkev ln cle~kzshle as a zks{iv ln hevkzoazzhagk aef clec{jheagk% Vdk nliilwheg flc{okev) favkf 1>3;) hii{svzavks dlw clevzl~kzshai aex cleci{shle cl{if jk%111 Vdk }hooh Fhol) zkshfkev ln vdk ~hiiagk ln Aihljash) a nlzokz zkshfkev ln vdk ~hiiagk ln Fljzlohz) jzl{gdv vl vdk cl{zv vdk O{siho Lsoae) wdl hs oazzhkf vl dhs fa{gdvkz) Sdkosa Dav{e) aef he dhs pzkskeck oafk vdk nliilwheg clopiahev= ’Vdk anlzksahf Lsoae oazzhkf ox fa{gdvkz) vdk anlzksahf Sdkosa) {efkz clop{ishle $ckjzae (% (% Anvkz dk oazzhkf dkz) dk aisl clopkiikf dkz dk z vl cle~kzv vl Hsiao% H pikaf vdav sdk jk caiikf vl appkaz jknlzk a cl{zv ln iaw he lzfkz vl ksvajihsd vdk vz{vd%‟ Wdke vdk anlzksahf Sdkosa was jzl{gdv vl vdk cl{zv ln iaw aef was asbkf vl vkii vdk vz{vd sdk aeswkzkf= ’H jkcaok O{siho ln ox lwe nzkk whii aef oazzhkf vdk anlzksahf Lsoae acclzfheg vl Glf‘s clooaef%‟ Vdk zks{iv ln vdk iaws{hv was zkghsvkzkf he vdk cl{zv zkclzfs% Wzhvvke he vdk kef ln vdk olevd ln Zaoa}ae) 1066 $Oazcd 1>3;(% Whvekssks= Okdokf Knkefh‖vdk pzhfk ln vdk davhjs ) Adokf Cdkikjh‖ hoao hoao) Okdokf‖ ba}}a} ba}}a} ) Adokf‖ o{d}hz o{d}hz ) Aih‖ o{d}hz o{d}hz ) Sknkz‖ o{d}hz o{d}hz %
Sheck Sdkosa ciahokf vdav sdk daf ~li{evazhix oazzhkf Lsoae aef cle~kzvkf vl Hsiao vdk cask was cleshfkzkf cilskf% Le vdk lek daef) Skk Oliix Gzkke) ’Baefhxk 1>>8–17:0= Vdk Nlzoavhle ln a Okzcdaev Ciass‟ $Pd%F% fhsskzvavhle= Pzheckvle [eh~kzshvx) 1883(% 104 ^zxlehs) ’Cdzhsvhaes)‟ :03% 108 ^zxlehs) ’Jx}aevhek Ikgacx)‟ :44% 110 Skk nlz fkvahis) E%M% Paeva}lpl{ils) Cd{zcd aef Iaw he vdk Jaibae Pkehes{ia f{z/ heg vdk Lvvloae Z{ik $Vdkssailehbh) 18>7() 86–10:% 111 VFHOE ) ~li% : $Sblpmk) 18>>() Flc{okev :>1) 138–160% 107
8:
jaskf le dkz fkciazavhle) wk cae cleci{fk vdav sdk oax da~k oaz/ zhkf jx o{v{ai cleskev j{v clevzazx vl dkz navdkz‘s whii) wdhcd wl{if vd{s ktpiahe dhs l{vzagk% Le vdk lvdkz daef) hn wk cleshfkz vdk pls/ shjhihvx vdav sdk oax da~k jkke fhsdlelzkf) he a vzafhvhleai slchkvx vdk ihbkihdllf hs vdav sdk wl{if da~k jkke lsvzach}kf nlz ihnk jx dkz nlzokz cloo{ehvx% Vd{s) he lzfkz vl pzkskz~k slok slchai svaefheg sdk wl{if acckpv vdk oazzhagk whvd Lsoae as vdk leix aivkzeavh~k% S{cd a olvh~avhle ohgdv ktpiahe Sdkosa‘s fkciazavhle jknlzk vdk cl{zv) zkgazfikss ln vdk acv{ai k~kevs% He lvdkz wlzfs) he vdk ajskeck ln n{zvdkz fkvahis) vdk k~kevs s{zzl{efheg vdhs oazzhagk aef cle~kz/ shle vl Hsiao aef aex he lvdkz shohiaz casks cae leix jk g{ksskf av% Nacvlzs ln Cle~kzshle
Wk cae gkekzaiix fhsvheg{hsd jkvwkke vdk nacvlzs ln cle~kzshle as naiiheg hevl vdzkk gzl{ps‖kclelohc) psxcdlilghcai/slchai aef zkih/ ghl{s/c{iv{zai% As kclelohc nacvlzs) H cleshfkz fieaechai af~aevagks vdav ele/O{siho s{jmkcvs oax da~k daf {ple cle~kzshle vl Hsiao% As psxcdlilghcai/slchai nacvlzs) H wl{if heci{fk vdk fkshzk vl pzkskz~k a pzh~hikgkf plshvhle he slchkvx) lz vl af~aeck he vdk slchai dhkzaz/ cdx) as wkii as vdk aii{zk ln ilcaiix/ksvajihsdkf Hsiaohc hesvhv{vhles wdhcd svzkegvdkekf vdk O{siho ekvwlzb he vdk slchkvx as a wdlik% As zkihghl{s/c{iv{zai nacvlzs) H wl{if cl{ev vdk hopacv ln Jlglohihso le Jaibae Cdzhsvhaehvx) vdk hevkzacvhle jkvwkke O{siho aef Jaibae plp{iaz c{iv{zk) aef iasvix vdk svzkegvd lz vdk wkabekss ln vdk Lzvdlflt Cd{zcd he vdk fhff kzkev kzkev Jaibae zkghles% H% Kclelohc Nacvlzs Hv was elvkf av vdk jkgheeheg ln vdk cdapvkz vdav) acclzfheg vl vdk ’clkzchle vdklzx)‟ k~ke skkohegix ~li{evazx cle~kzshle vl Hsiao was ~hkwkf as da~heg jkke olvh~avkf jx kclelohc pzkss{zk% Acclzfheg vl ]kixa}bl~a) vdk oamlz nacvlz he Hsiaoh}avhle whvdl{v fhzkcv clkz/ chle was vdk Lvvloae fiscai sxsvko%11: Sdk svavks=
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He vdk azka ln vdk Kophzk‘s fiscai plihcx) vdk olsv shgehficaev hopacv le vdk Hsiaoh}avhle ln vdk ilcai plp{iavhle was vdk plii/vat) wdhcd was pahf jx vdk ele/O{sihos%113
Hn wk ika~k ashfk vdk s{jmkcv ln ’~li{evazx lz clkzch~k‟ cle~kzshle) ]kixa}bl~a‘s lphehle skkos vl jk sdazkf aisl jx eaicıb) wdl svavks= Hv cae jk sankix sahf vdav heczkasks aef ktacvhles ln vdk plii/vat wkzk n{efaokevai zkasles nlz vdk aihkeavhle ln vdk Cdzhsvhae plp{iavhle nzlo vdk Lvvloae zkghok nzlo vdk kef ln vdk shtvkkevd ckev{zx le% Vdk plii/vat was aisl zkspleshjik nlz oass cle~kzshles he ~azhl{s pazvs ln vdk Jaibaes he iavkz ckev{zhks% 116
He lvdkz wlzfs) vdksk vwl scdliazs dlif vdav hv was vdk kclelohc af~aevagks fkzh~kf nzlo vdk ktkopvhle nzlo ch}xk vdav pzl~hfkf vdk kclelohc olvh~avhle nlz Jaibae ele/O{sihos vl acckpv Hsiao% S{cd a cleci{shle skkos av fizsv vl clenlzo vl vdk svagks ln vdk cle~kz/ shle pzlckss) l{vihekf he vdk pzk~hl{s cdapvkz% [evhi vdk kef ln vdk finvkkevd ckev{zx) vdk ch}xk ) ik~hkf av vdk zavk ln ;0 abçk s pkz aee{o le a~kzagk)11; was elv a dka~x j{zfke aef vd{s) elv zkasle kel{gd nlz cle~kzshle% Hefkkf) as H was ajik vl sdlw he cdapvkz vwl) cle/ ~kzshle he vdk finvkkevd ckev{zx was elv ktvkesh~k% Sheck vdk ch}xk was elv a s{ffichkev kclelohc svho{i{s nlz ajaefleheg vdk Cdzhsvhae nahvd) D% Ilwzx k~ke jkihk~ks vdav vdk Lvvloaes daf vl pzl~hfk lvdkz kcl/ elohc heckevh~ks he lzfkz vl ’hevzlf{ck a O{siho kikokev hevl vdk ekwix cleq{kzkf Cdzhsvhae vkzzhvlzhks%‟11> Dk das ljskz~kf he a vhoaz zkghsvkz) favkf 16>;) vdav vdk vwl O{siho dl{skdlifs he vdk pzk/ floheaevix Cdzhsvhae ~hiiagk ln Zafhil~l) Oackfleha) wkzk ktkopvkf nzlo paxheg vdk vat belwe as zkso/h b{ii{b lz zkso/h çhnv ) wdhcd ’was vdk shegik olsv hoplzvaev pkz/caphva vat cliikcvkf nzlo vdk kophzk‘s agzhc{iv{zhsvs%‟117 Vl dho) vdhs nacv hopihks vdav ’vdk Lvvloaes wkzk Hjhf%) >7% eaicıb aef Q{avakzv) Dhsvlzx) >8% Skk aisl eaicıb) ’Hsiao he vdk Lvvloa Kophzk)‟ :34% 11; Hjhf%) 702 aef K% Gzl}fael~a) ’Plglih~ehxav faeab h za}~hvhkvl ea svlbl~l pazhcdehvk lvelsdkehxa ~ jaigazsbhvk }koh pzk} 1;–18 ~kb RVdk Plii Vat aef vdk Fk~kilpokev ln Olekx/cloolfhvx Zkiavhles he vdk J{igazhae iaefs he vdk 1;vd–18vd Ckev{zhks_)‟ he H} Hsvlzhxava ea Vazgl~hxava ~ Jaigazsbhvk }koh 1;–18 ~kb $Slfia) 1874() 1;8% 11> Dkavd Ilwzx) ’Cdaegks he Nhnvkkevd/Ckev{zx Lvvloae Pkasaev Vatavhle= Vdk Cask Sv{fx ln Zafhilnl)‟ he Aevdlex Jzxkz aef Dkavd Ilwzx) kf%) Clevhe{hvx aef Cdaegk he Iavk Jx}aevhek aef Kazix Lvvloae Slchkvx $Jhzohegdao) Wasdhegvle) 184>() 30–31% 117 Hjhf%) 30% 113 116
86
acvh~kix pzlolvheg Hsiao he vdhs pkzhlf jx gzaevheg pkasaev cle~kzvs ckzvahe kclelohc heckevh~ks%‟114 He ox lphehle) vdkzk azk sk~kzai cle/ shfkzavhles vdav plhev vl vdk ktvzalzfheazx eav{zk ln s{cd ae ktkop/ vhle% Nhzsv) Ilwzx dhoskin okevhles vdk plsshjhihvx vdav vdk vat ktkopvhle ohgdv da~k jkke ktvkefkf he zkclgehvhle ln spkchai skz/ ~hcks pkznlzokf jx vdksk O{siho dl{skdlifs% Skclef) zk zkso so//h çh çhnv nv cle/ vhe{kf vl jk pahf jx O{siho dl{skdlifs he vdk s{zzl{efheg ~hiiagks% Ilwzx‘s ktpiaeavhle vdav leix fizsv/gkekzavhle O{sihos wkzk ktkopvkf hs elv cle~hecheg%118 Vdhzf) he 1674) vdk ’ktkopvhle‟ was ihnvkf nzlo vdk ~hiiagk ln Zafhil~l as wkii% 1:0 N{zvdkzolzk) wk da~k k~hfkeck nlz ktacvix vdk lpplshvk pzlckss) h%k%) vdav cle~kzvs da~k jkke vatkf av a gzkavkz zavk vdae vdkx wkzk s{pplskf vl% He a finvkkevd/ckev{zx zkg/ hsvkz nlz vdk zkghle ln Vdkssailehca) he vdk ~hiiagk ln ^asiab) wk fief vdzkk dl{skdlifs) cikazix hfkevhfikf as cle~kzvs $oùdvkfh () vatkf av vdk zavk ln :; abçk s) s) hesvkaf ln vdk :: abçk s zkso/h çhnv as zkq{hzkf nlz O{sihos%1:1 Vdk saok shv{avhle cae jk ljskz~kf he vdk cask ln vdk vdzkk ekw O{siho dl{skdlifs he vdk ~hiiagk ln B{oaehç aef vdk lek ekw O{siho dl{skdlif he vdk ~hiiagk ln Axl Ehblia% 1:: Jaskf le vdhs k~hfkeck) Oèeagk das spkc{iavkf vdav vdkzk ohgdv da~k jkke ae hevkzokfhazx svav{s jkvwkke jkheg a }hooh aef a n{ii acckpvaeck he vdk O{siho cloo{ehvx%1:3 Oèeagk plhevs l{v vdav he aii vdzkk 114
Hjhf% 118 Hjhf% 1:0 Hjhf%) 31% 1:1 VHJH ) ~li% 4 $Slfia) 18>>() 636% 1:: Hjhf%) 66: aef 6;:% 1:3 ^%I% Oèeagk) ’Le vdk Lvvloae Wlzf A zhx e,A zhx e)‟ AL 1 $18>8() :08% Oèeagk k~ke jkihk~ks vdav a spkchai wlzf oax da~k kthsvkf vl fkelvk s{cd sva/ v{s‖a zhx e‖aef vdav vdk shv{avhle hs vl jk ktpiahekf jx ’vdk Cdzhsvhaes‘ cle/ vkopv nlz aplsvavks aef jx vdk fhsfahe ln —lif O{sihos‘ nlz pkasaev cle~kzvs%‟ He vdk ihgdv ln vdk fhsc{sshle jkilw ajl{v vdk eav{zk ln Cdzhsvhae aef O{siho jkihkns he vdk pkzhlf) H ao zki{cvaev vl acckpv vdhs as a pzljajik azg{okev% Oèeagk‘s kvdh/ olilgx nlz vzxheg vl fkzh~k a zhx e nzlo vdk Okfhk~ai Gzkkb Agazkels aef J{igazhae Agazxae Agaz xae —O{siho‘ hs aisl elv cle~hecheg% Dhs ass{opvhle vdav ae hevkzokfhazx J{igazhae wlzf adzhxae $’pkzdaps fhaikcvhcai‟ he vdk wlzfs ln Oèeagk( das kthsvkf hs elv s{p/ plzvkf jx vdk a{vdlz whvd aex k~hfkeck% Skk aisl S% Fhohvzl~‘s lphehle ajl{v vdk cleekcvhle ln adzhxae whvd agazxae he ’Ekfl{ohch h gzksdbh ~ kfea behga }a j{i/ gazhvk oldaokfaeh RJaskikss Azg{okevs aef Kzzlzs he a Jllb ajl{v vdk J{igazhae O{sihos_)‟ Zdlflphca 1 $1884() :06% Le vdk lvdkz daef) vdk s{ggksvkf iheb jkvwkke ae aechkev vzhjk Adzhxae $dkeck vdk Zdlflpk‘s aechkev eaok ln Adzhfa( aef vdk Zdlflpk Ploabs) aef vd{s) vdk cleekcvhle jkvwkke a zhx e aef —cle~kzv vl Hsiao‘ oafk jx K~ihxa Çkikjh av vdk vhok wdke vdk plp{iavhle ln vdk zkghle das iazgkix aflpvkf Hsiao) skkos o{cd olzk pzljajik‖skk Oèeagk) lp% chv%) :0;–:0>) aef Fhohvzl~) ’Kzzlzs)‟ :06%
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84
HH% Slchai Nacvlzs Hv was pzhoazhix slchai nacvlzs vdav olvh~avkf vdk cle~kzshle ln oko/ jkzs ln vdk ilcai azhsvlczacx) wdl wkzk aoleg vdk fizsv vl acckpv Hsiao he vdk Jaibaes% He ]kixa}bl~a‘s lphehle) vdk pzlckss ln acclo/ olfavhle le vdk pazv ln vdk Jaibae kihvk svazvkf whvd vdk acckpvaeck ln Lvvloae s{}kzahevx) h%k%) k~ke jknlzk vdk cleq{ksv%133 As ~assais) vdk Jaibae z{ikzs lnvke clevzhj{vkf vzllps vl aef k~ke pazvhchpavkf pkzsleaiix he Lvvloae caopahges)136 accl{evheg nlz vdk kazix assl/ chavhle jkvwkke vdk Cdzhsvhae Jaibae aef Lvvloae ohihvazx kihvks% [ple vdk n{ii aeektavhle ln vdk Jaibae svavks) slok ln vdk eljhihvx fkchfkf vl cle~kzv vl Hsiao he lzfkz vl oahevahe vdkhz okojkzsdhp he vdk kihvk%13; Dlwk~kz) he vdk pkzhlf hookfhavkix nliilwheg vdk cleq{ksv vdk ilcai azhsvlczacx svhii cle~kzvkf he zavdkz ihohvkf e{ojkzs% Cle~kzshle vl Hsiao was elv ekckssazx nlz okojkzsdhp he vdk Lvvloae ohihvazx kihvk he vdk fizsv ckev{zx lz sl ln Lvvloae z{ik he vdk Jaibaes% Vd{s) oaex ln vdk Jaibae Cdzhsvhae ohihvazx lfficks wdl cliiajlzavkf wkzk accloolfavkf jx jkheg gzaevkf vhoaz s lz shopix pkzohvvkf vl zkvahe vdkhz nlzokz fikns whvd vdk svav{s ln shpadh s% s%13> F{k vl vdk scazchvx ln sl{zcks) wk fl elv belw dlw oaex Cdzhsvhae shpadh s pazvhchpavkf he nl{zvkkevd ckev{zx Lvvloae caopahges% Acclzfheg vl vhoaz zkghsvkzs ln vdk fizsv dain ln vdk finvkkevd ckev{zx) dlwk~kz) vdk e{ojkz ln vhoaz s zkghsvkzkf vl Cdzhsvhae shpadh s he vdk nlzokz iaefs ln vdk Skzj bhegflo zaegkf nzlo ;0 pkzckev he vdk s{jfhsvzhcv ln Jzaeh k~l vl 3); pkzckev he vdav ln Ls~ma k~l) he vdk saecab ln ^hfhe%137 He Jlseha he 16>8) vdkzk wkzk 111 Cdzhsvhae shpadh s l{v ln a vlvai ln 13;% 134 He vdk saecab ln Sokfkzk~l) vdk fig{zk was 4; l{v ln 168) 138 wdkzkas) he vdk saecab ln Az~aehf) he 163:) >0 l{v ln vdk 33; vhoaz s wkzk gzaevkf vl Cdzhsvhaes%160 Vdk shv{avhle was shohiaz he aii Jaibae vkz/ zhvlzhks whvd vdk ktckpvhle ln slok pazvs ln Gzkkck wdkzk vdk nlz/ 133
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okz kihvk) jkheg ln Wksvkze K{zlpkae lzhghe) daf ajaeflekf vdkhz dlifhegs anvkz vdk Lvvloae cleq{ksv% Vdav vdk Cdzhsvhae shpadh s wkzk khvdkz nlzokz ohihvazx lffickzs) da~heg skz~kf he vdk azohks ln vdk Jaibae z{ikzs) lz vdkhz sles) hs hefhcavkf jx vdk fkshgeavhle ’lif shpadh ‟ avvacdkf vl oaex ln vdko%161 Ek~kzvdkikss) he vdk cl{zsk ln vdk finvkkevd ckev{zx) vdk e{ojkz ln Cdzhsvhae shpadh s gzaf{aiix fhohehsdkf% Vdav vdk zkasle nlz vdhs pzlckss was cle~kzshle vl Hsiao hs agahe avvksvkf vl he vdk vhoaz zkg/ hsvkzs% He vdk skclef dain ln vdk ckev{zx) vdk e{ojkz ln ekw cle/ ~kzvs vl Hsiao aoleg vdk shpadh s svkafhix heczkaskf% Nlz ktaopik) he 164;) he vdk saecab ln Sdblfza) aoleg vdk 170 shpadh s) s) khgdv daf zkckevix acckpvkf Hsiao%16: He vdk zkghle ln Abçadhsaz) he 164; vdkzk wkzk vwl ekw O{siho aef fi~k Cdzhsvhae shpadh s% s% He vdk zkghle ln Fkjaz he 16>7) 4 pkzckev ln vdk shpadh s wkzk cle~kzvs vl Hsiao% He Vkvl~l) vdk e{ojkz ln shpadh s wdl wkzk ekw O{sihos clesvhv{vkf 7 pkzckev2 he Sblpmk) 6 pkzckev2 aef he Bhcdk~l) 4%; pkzckev% 163 He vdk s{jfhsvzhcv ln Pzhikp) vdk e{ojkz ln Cdzhsvhae shpadh s fhohehsdkf nzlo 30 pkzckev ln vdk vlvai he 16;> vl :0 pkzckev he 16>7% 166 Wkii avvksvkf hs vdk pzlckss ln cle~kzshle aoleg vdk vhoaz dlifkzs he Oackfleha as a wdlik% As ln vdk ohffik ln vdk finvkkevd ckev{zx) lek vdhzf ln vdk vhoaz s wkzk he vdk daefs ln Cdzhsvhaes% Vwkevx xkazs iavkz) leix fi~k Cdzhsvhae vhoaz s zkoahekf aef av vdk jkgheeheg ln vdk shtvkkevd ckev{zx) vdk zkghsvkzs fl elv sdlw aex Cdzhsvhae shpadh s% s%16; Acclzfheg vl ]kixa}bl~a) jx vdk kef ln vdk finvkkevd ckev{zx vdk cle~kzshle ln vdk Jaibae azhsvlczacx daf ksskevhaiix jkke clopikvkf%16> Bhki s{ggksvs a naz iavkz favk% He a zkghsvkz ln 1;1> nlz vdk saecab ln B{svkefhi dk das nl{ef khgdv vhoaz s zkghsvkzkf vl Cdzhsvhae shpadh s2 s2 dlwk~kz) vdhs hs a ohe{sc{ik pkzckevagk ln vdk vlvai ln 10;:% 167 Olzkl~kz) Cd{zcd hesczhpvhles okevhle fleavhles zkckh~kf nzlo Cdzhsvhae shpadh s as iavk as 1;8:) 1>16 aef 1>33%164 Hv hs fhffic{iv vl ktpiahe vdk cle~kzshle ln vdk Cdzhsvhae shpadh s le kclelohc gzl{efs% As pazv ln vdk ohihvazx ciass) vdkx wkzk ktkopv 161 16: 163 166 16; 16> 167 164
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100
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ln cle~kzshle2 vdkx fhf elv nkki vdkx aisl sdl{if jkclok O{sihos‟ 1;: he lzfkz vl hfkevhnx vdkoski~ks as jkilegheg vl vdk Lvvloae ohih/ vazx ciass% A shohiaz fk~kilpokev was ljskz~kf jx Sadhiihl i{ whvd zkspkcv vl ele/O{siho vat/nazokzs he vdk skclef pazv ln vdk 1;vd ckev{zx%1;3 Vdk slchai aef psxcdlilghcai nacvlzs vdav clevzhj{vkf vl vdk cle/ ~kzshle ln Jaibae eljhihvx) dlwk~kz) wkzk lpkzavh~k leix whvdhe a ~kzx ihohvkf slchai svzav{o% Vdk gzkavkz pazv ln vdk ele/O{siho plp/ {iavhle he vdk Lvvloae Kophzk nkii hevl vdk vat/paxheg ciass‖vdk zkaxa % Vdk pdkelokele ln cloole zkaxa cle~kzshles aef vdkhz aojh/ vhles nlz slchai af~aeckokev das leix zkckevix avvzacvkf vdk avvke/ vhle ln scdliazs% Hv hs a cloole ass{opvhle vdav Lvvloae slchkvx was svzhcvix fkfiekf) ika~heg el plsshjhihvx ln czlssheg vdk jlzfkzs skpazavheg vdk ciassks% Acclzfheg vl eaicıb) vdk pzhechpik vdav ’vdk sle ln a zkaxa hs a zkaxa ‟ was lek ln vdk svavk‘s n{efaokevai pzhechpiks% 1;6 Ek~kzvdkikss) slok scdliazs ljskz~k vdav vdhs pzhechpik was lnvke hgelzkf he pzac/ vhck aef vdav vdk zkaxa/jlze nl{ef vdk pavd ln {pwazf oljhihvx ’lpke‟ lz ’cilskf‟ acclzfheg vl vdk sdlzv/vkzo ekkfs ln vdk svavk% Vhoaz s cleshsvheg ln {ec{ivh~avkf lz ajaeflekf iaef wkzk lccashleaiix gzaevkf vl ele/O{siho zkaxa he lzfkz vl svho{iavk agzhc{iv{zai fk~kilpokev%1;; Vdk olsv ckzvahe pavd vl slchai af~aeckokev nlz vdk zkaxa ) dlwk~kz) was vdk fk~ hzok hesvhv{vhle% Wk da~k aizkafx plhevkf vl vdk pdk/ elokele ln ’pzh~avk fk~ hzok )‟ )‟ kthsvheg as kazix as vdk ohffik ln vdk shtvkkevd ckev{zx) aef vl ~li{evazx cle~kzshle ahokf av skc{zheg afohsshle vl vdk Maehssazx clzps he vdk iavk sk~kevkkevd ckev{zx% Dkeck) vdkzk cae jk el fl{jv vdav vdk fkshzk vl af~aeck he slch/ kvx) vl cdaegk lek slchai ciass nlz aelvdkz) was a pzhok cleshfkza/ vhle aoleg vdk zkaxa ) aef vdav cle~kzshle vl Hsiao was zkgazfkf as a pzkzkq{hshvk nlz vdhs cdaegk%
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103
Whvd vdk gzaf{ai skfkevazh}avhle ln vdk eloafs) pagae/sdaoaehsvhc kikokevs kevkzkf plp{iaz Hsiao% Cdzhsvhaes) Azokehaes aef Gklzghaes wdl cle~kzvkf vl Hsiao jkvwkke vdk kik~kevd aef finvkkevd ckev{zhks he Asha Ohelz aisl clevzhj{vkf vl vdk oht whvd affhvhleai iaxkzs ln zkihghl{s jkihkns% Vdkzknlzk) lek ohgdv azg{k vdav slok ln vdk O{siho skvvikzs he vdk Jaibaes wkzk cle~kzvs lz fksckefkevs ln cle~kzvs nzlo Asha Ohelz) oaex ln wdlo daf zkvahekf slok nkav{zks ln vdkhz nlz/ okz zkihghl{s ihnk he vdkhz ~hshle ln Hsiao% He lvdkz wlzfs) vdk O{siho aef Cdzhsvhae oassks sdazkf oaex cloole waxs ln appzkdkefheg zkihghle) wdhcd svkookf nzlo vdkhz elv/vll/fhsvaev pagae lz nlzokz Cdzhsvhae pasv% Aii vdav was ekkfkf vl jzheg vdk vwl svzaefs ln jkihkn vlgkvdkz was a olvh~k nlz hevkzacvhle aef a okfh{o ln slok slzv vl skv vdhs hevkzacvhle he olvhle% Vdk hevkzacvhle jkcaok hek~hvajik whvd vdk Lvvloae cleq{ksv% Vdk okfh{o appkazs vl da~k jkke vdk ’c{iv ln sahevs‟ cdazacvkzhs/ vhc ln vdk Hsiaohc oxsvhcai lzfkzs $ vazhbav ( clojhekf whvd vdk ilcai pkecdaev nlz daghliavzx as hvs Cdzhsvhae cl{evkzpazv% 1>0 Ksskevhaiix) vdk vazhbav s k ff kcvkf kcvkf vdk heclzplzavhle ln clopazajik pagae aef ilcai ele/O{siho jkihkns hevl plp{iaz Hsiao) vd{s oabheg vdk cle~kzshle pzlckss olzk paiavajik vl vdk ekw O{sihos% Vdkhz zlik he vdk Hsiaoh}avhle ln Asha Ohelz was jzhk x aii{fkf vl ajl~k he cdapvkz lek% He vdk Jaibaes as wkii) vdk pazvhchpavhle ln vdk lzfkzs he vdk spzkaf ln Hsiao was kq{aiix shgeh ficaev% Vdk nliilwkzs ln vdk fh ff kzkev kzkev s‖vdk fkz~hsdks‖{s{aiix nl{efkf vdkhz vkbbk s aef }a~hxk s azl{ef vazhbav s‖vdk vdk gza~k ln a phl{s pkzsle) wdl was slle pzlciahokf as a sahev% Vdk fkz~hsdks aisl lnvke {vhih}kf vdk aizkafx kthsvheg ilcai c{iv ln a sahev vl pzlolvk a ekw lek) wdlsk ohzaciks wkzk oafk vl zksko/ jik vdlsk ln vdk s{pkzskfkf dlix pkzsle%1>1 Vdk czkavhle ln a clo/ ole zhv{ai shvk zks{ivkf he vdk gavdkzheg ln pklpik ln jlvd nahvds le pazvhc{iaz favks% Vdk zhv{ais pkznlzokf) s{cd as aehoai saczh fick $b{z/ ( aef lff kzheg kzheg ghnvs vl vdk sahev) wkzk lnvke shohiaz%1>: Vdhs eav/ jae ( {zai hevkzohegiheg oafk vdk plp{iaz jkihkns aef vzafhvhles ln vdk ilcai Cdzhsvhae aef O{siho plp{iavhles ekazix hevkzcdaegkajik aef vdk vzaeshvhle vl Hsiao aiolsv a skaoikss pzlckss% N% Jajhegkz) ’Fkz Hsiao he Sùflsvk{zlpa)‟ he ^þibkz {ef B{iv{zke Sùflsvk{zlpas) Scdzhnvke fkz Sùflsvk{zlpa Gkskiiscdanv $O{ehcd) 18;8() :0>–:07% 1>1 Vdk olsv naol{s sahev cloole vl jlvd zkihghles was Sazı Saiv{b) wdl was zk~kzkf he vdk Jaibaes) vdk Ohffik Kasv aef plsshjix as naz as Shebhaeg% Skk Elzzhs) Hsiao) 16>–1>0% 1>: ^zxlehs) ’Cdaegks)‟ 176% 1>0
106
He vdk Jaibaes) lek ln vdk olsv plp{iaz fkz~hsd lzfkzs das ileg jkke vdk Jkbvasdh lzfkz%1>3 Jkshfks jkheg vdk lffichai lzfkz ln vdk Maehssazhks) hv appkaikf svzlegix vl vdk Cdzhsvhae plp{iavhle he vdk z{zai azkas ln Aijaeha) Blsl~l) Oackfleha aef Fljz{fma% 1>6 Nlz ktaopik) vdk Jkbvasdh flcvzhek ln a vzhehvx cleshsvheg ln Glf) Oldaookf aef Aih was shohiaz vl vdk Cdzhsvhae Vzhehvx) wdhik vdk jkihkn he Aih aef vdk Vwki~k Hoaos zkohefkf vdk Cdzhsvhaes ln Mks{s aef vdk vwki~k Aplsviks% N{zvdkzolzk) vdk Jkbvasdh ikafkzs $ jaja s( s( acvkf as pasvlzs) l~kzskkheg vdk hoplzvaev k~kevs he vdkhz cloo{/ ehvhks s{cd as oazzhagks) n{ekzais) jhzvds) kvc% Aelvdkz Cdzhsvhae pzac/ vhck aflpvkf jx vdk lzfkz was vdk clenksshle ln lek‘s shes vl vdk jaja % Vdk Jkbvasdhs {skf whek aef zabı $wdhvk jzaefx( he vdkhz skz/ oles as wkii as f{zheg vdkhz gavdkzhegs‖acvs {ekq{h~lcaiix nlzjhf/ fke jx Hsiaohc iaw% Ae hoplzvaev slchai aspkcv ln vdk Jkbvasdh lzfkz was vdk gzkavkz nzkkflo hv ga~k vl wloke clopazkf vl olzk vza/ fhvhleai O{siho slchkvx% Acclzfheg vl A% Plpl~h )1>; vdk Jkbvasdh lzfkz daf oafk hvs hopacv nkiv kazix he vdk pkzhlf ln Lvvloae z{ik% Iavkz) lvdkz S{fi lzfkzs) k%g%) vdk Ok~ik~h) Qafazh) Dai~avh) Eab jkefh aef Zhnah jzlvdkzdllfs) aisl gahekf nliilwkzs he vdk Jaibaes% Vdk k~hfkeck ln zkihghl{s sxeczkvhso he~li~heg Jaibae Cdzhsvhaehvx aef Hsiao hs l~kzwdkioheg% Nlz ktaopik) ^abazkisbh ljskz~ks vdk s{z~h~ai aoleg vdk Ploabs he vdk Zdlflpks ln lif oaghcai pzac/ vhcks asslchavkf whvd daz~ksvheg aef slwheg) aef ln vdk B{bkzh faecks‖asslchavkf whvd Fhlexshae nkzvhihvx zhvks% 1>> Oaex cle~kzvs he Jlseha) Skzjha aef Oackfleha clevhe{kf vl ljskz~k Kasvkz jx fxk/ heg kggs) sl{gdv vdk jikssheg ln a pzhksv le nkasv faxs) bkpv cd{zcd jllbs aef hcles he vdkhz dl{sks aef clevhe{kf vl pkznlzo aehoai saczhficks he vdk xazfs ln ckzvahe cd{zcdks aef oleasvkzhks% He Aijaeha) ~hshvs vl cd{zcdks aef vdk japvhso ln O{siho cdhifzke wkzk clo/ ole pzacvhcks%1>7
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aoleg Aijaehaes skk aisl Pkvkz Jazvik) ’Bzhpvl/Cdzhsvkev{o {ef Nlzoke fks zkihghþske Sxebzkvhso{s he Aijaehke)‟ he Gza}kz {ef Oùecdkekz Jaibaelilghscdk Sv{fhke $O{ehcd) 18>7() 117–1:7% 1>4 ^zxlehs) ’Cdaegks)‟ 173=e66% 1>8 Jhzgk) Jkbvasdh ) ;>% 170 Afko Daef h ) ’Hsiaoh}achmh)‟ 64% 171 F% Ljlikesbx) Vdk Jlglohis% A Sv{fx he Jaibae Ekl/Oaehcdakhso $Caojzhfgk) 1864() 1>7% 17: Vdkzk wkzk sk~kzai nkav{zks ln Jlglohihso vdav caeelv jk ktpiahekf jx l{v/ shfk he{keck aef vdav wkzk olsv pzljajix lzhgheai% Skk Ljlikesbx) Jlglohis ) 134%
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cae scazckix k~ke jk caiikf a dkzksx he vdk svzhcv skesk ln vdk wlzf2 nlz hv zkpzkskevkf) elv a fk~havhle nzlo Lzvdlfltx le ckzvahe paz/ vhc{iaz plhevs ln kvdhcs) j{v a wdliksaik fkehai ln vdk Cd{zcd as s{cd%‟173 Jlglohihso zkmkcvkf vdk lffichai Cd{zcd hesvhv{vhle whvd aii hvs cdazacvkzhsvhcs‖pzhksvdllf) nlzoai piacks ln wlzsdhp) ihv{zgx) zhv/ {ais s{cd as japvhso) cloo{ehle) aef clenksshle) aef k~ke sxo/ jlis s{cd as czlssks aef hcles% Vd{s) Jlglohihso daf vwl aspkcvs= a flcvzheai‖hvs f{aihsvhc clsolilgx‖aef ae kvdhcai‖a fkshzk vl zknlzo vdk Cd{zcd aef vl zkv{ze vl vdk p{zhvx aef shopihchvx ln vdk aplsvlihc agk% Vz{k Cdzhsvhaehvx) acclzfheg vl vdk Jlglohis) cl{if leix jk nl{ef he vdkhz cloo{ehvx aef dkeck vdkx ciahokf vdk ktci{/ sh~k zhgdv vl caii vdkoski~ks Cdzhsvhae%176 Jlvd aspkcvs ln vdk skcv skko vl da~k jkke hoplzvaev nacvlzs he vdk pzlckss ln cle~kzshle vl Hsiao% Vdk he {keck ln Ohffik Kasvkze jkihkns le Jlglohi flcvzhek oax da~k n{zvdkz clevzhj{vkf vl vdk zkih/ ghl{s sxeczkvhso he vdk Jaibaes% Oaehcdakhso) he pazvhc{iaz) hs sahf vl da~k he{keckf vdk gkekzai fk~kilpokev ln vdk Hsiaohc oxsvhcai lzfkzs as wkii% 17; Wk oax zkcaii aisl J{iihkv‘s ljskz~avhle vdav ]lzlasvzhae Hzae cle~kzvkf vl Hsiao shgeh ficaevix nasvkz vdae vdk Cdzhsvhaeh}kf azkas ln vdk Ohffik Kasv aef Anzhca% He ox lphehle) lek cae kashix fzaw ae aeailgx jkvwkke ]lzlasvzhae Hzae aef vdk Jlglohi cloo{ehvhks he vdk Jaibaes% Vdk kvdhcai aspkcv ln Jlglohihso nachihvavkf cle~kzshle vl Hsiao k~ke olzk fkchsh~kix% He azkas wdkzk vdk ol~kokev daf gahekf vdk gzkavksv gzl{ef) vdk nlzoai svz{cv{zk ln vdk Lzvdlflt Cd{zcd was ektv vl ele/kthsvkev% As Bhki das p{v hv‖’vdkzk was shopix el ekkf nlz e{okzl{s Lzvdlflt cd{zcdks%‟17> Vd{s) el lzgaeh}kf kccikshas/ vhcai lpplshvhle vl vdk spzkaf ln Hsiao cl{if jk l ff kzkf% kzkf% Vdk kff kcvs kcvs ln Jlglohihso skko vl da~k jkke olsv pzlel{eckf he Jlseha% O% Lbh ) le vdk k~hfkeck ln kazix Lvvloae zkghsvkzs) jkihk~kf vdav vdk oamlzhvx ln vdk Jlsehae plp{iavhle was cloplskf ln Jlglohi afdkzkevs aef vdav vdkhz oass cle~kzshle vllb piack whvdhe a nkw xkazs ln vdk cleq{ksv%177 Afko Daef h ) le vdk lvdkz
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107
daef) das sdlwe vdav vdk pzlckss ln cle~kzshle leix svazvkf vwkevx xkazs xka zs anv anvkz kz vdk cle cleq{k q{ksv% sv% 174 Aivdl{gd cle~kzshle daf pzlgzksskf shgehficaevix nasvkz vdkzk vdae he aex lvdkz Jaibae zkghle) jx vdk ohffik ln vdk shtvkkevd ckev{zx leix 60 pkzckev ln vdk plp{iavhle ln Jlseha was O{siho% Daef h das aisl azg{kf vdav jx vdk vhok ln vdk Lvvloae cleq{ksv) vdk Jlglohis daf ksskevhaiix jkke ktvkzoh/ eavkf he Jlseha%178 Fksphvk fl{jvheg vdk Jlglohi lzhghes ln vdk Jlsehae Cd{zcd) Mlde Nhek das cleci{fkf vdav cle~kzshle vl Hsiao was ktvkesh~k jkca{sk el Cdzhsvhae Cd{zcd he Jlseha daf jkke ajik vl ksvajihsd ae kffichkev vkzzhvlzhai/jaskf lzgaeh}avhle vdav cl{if avvzacv aef dlif jkihk~kzs%140 Vdhs cleci{shle skkos vl jk cle fizokf jx ktckpvhles vl vdhs z{ik) s{cd as vdk nacv vdav he vdk s{jfhsvzhcv ln Szkjzkehca) wdkzk a Nzaechscae oleasvkzx daf p{v flwe fizo ilcai zllvs) O{sihos clesvhv{vkf leix 1> pkzckev ln vdk plp{iavhle he 1;33%141 Wdkzkas vdk fkjavk ajl{v vdk cleekcvhle jkvwkke Jlglohihso aef cle~kzshle vl Hsiao he Jlseha das zkacdkf a cleshfkzajik fkgzkk ln slpdhsvhcavhle) hv hs leix zkckevix vdav scdliazs da~k jkg{e plhev/ heg vl s{cd a cleekcvhle he lvdkz Jaibae zkghles% Acclzfheg vl Bhki) lek vdhzf vl lek dain ln vdk plp{iavhle ln kazix Lvvloae J{igazha oax da~k daf Jlglohi heciheavhles lz da~k jkke av ikasv hefh ff kzkev kzkev vl vdk lffichai cd{zcd% Vdk zks{iv was ae {efkzfk~kilpkf pazhsd ekv/ wlzb) a o{cd wkabkz kccikshasvhcai s{pkzsvz{cv{zk aef a o{cd iaw fkgzkk ln sphzhv{ai cazk nlz vdk ilcai cloo{ehvhks vdae he Skzjhae lz Gzkkb iaefs%14: Vdk dlif ln Jlglohihso le vdk plp{iavhles ln Oackfleha aef vdk Zdlflpks aef dkeck) hvs he{keck le cle~kzshle vl Hsiao he vdksk zkghles das jkke k~ke ikss sv{fhkf% Vdk zkik~aev k~hfkeck das
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104
vd{s naz jkke vabke ktci{sh~kix nzlo kvdelgzapdhc sv{fhks% Nlz ktao/ pik) vdk eaok vlzjksdh ) wdhcd aisl skz~kf vl fkshgeavk vdk Jlglohis) hs svhii appihkf vl vdk Ploabs he vdk Zdlflpks aef vl vdk O{sihos he Oackfleha he vdk s{jfhsvzhcvs ln Fkjaz) Sblpmk) Bhçk~l aef vdk Sdaz Ol{evahe%143 Hv oax jk zkcaiikf vdav) clopazkf vl vdk lvdkz Oackflehae s{jfhsvzhcvs) vdk dhgdksv pkzckevagk ln cle~kzvs vl Hsiao he vdk ohffik ln vdk shtvkkevd ckev{zx was zkghsvkzkf he vdk z{zai azkas ln vdk s{jfhsvzhcv ln Fkjaz% 146 S{ooazx
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143 146
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108
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CDAPVKZ NL[Z
BHS^K JADASH PKVHVHLES AS SL[ZCKS LN CLE^KZSHLE
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111
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116
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17
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1:1
gklgzapdhcai piack/eaoks azk okevhlekf leix splzafhcaiix he vdk bhs~k jadası pkvhvhles) vdk ~hiiagks aef vdk zkghles kecl{evkzkf azk olsvix nzlo vdk Jaibaes aef Aeavliha% Leix lccashleaiix fl wk fief pkvh/ vhlekzs nzlo lvdkz Lvvloae vkzzhvlzhks%63 1%>% Lvdkz henlzoavhle% He affhvhle vl vdk ajl~k olsv cloole fksczhp/ vhles) vdk pkvhvhlekz oax jk cdazacvkzh}kf jx slok lvdkz pkzsleai henlzoavhle fkkokf hoplzvaev vl vdk s{cckss ln vdk pkvhvhle‖pzlnks/ shle) pdxshcai fhsajhihvhks) oazhvai svav{s) slchai svav{s) kvc% Nlz ktaopik= J{ b{iiazı phz/h hdvhxaz ~k êoê li{p % % % $Xl{z skz~aev hs lif aef jihef(% 66 J{ b{iiaz b{iiazıı dass dass az$a(j az$a(ja$<( a$<( jazg jazghzh hzh da$x( da$x(~aeg ~aegaz az vajias vajiasıea ıea hbh hbh skekfù skekfùzz dh}okv dh}okv kfkzh kfkzho o%%% $Xl{z s{jmkcv das jkke a skz~aev av vdk vajik ln vdk Hopkzhai svajik/ gzllos nlz vwl xkazs elw(%6; Fazjdaek/h aohzk hçhefk bùçù bùçù ùef ùefke ke jkzù jkzù bai baicıiı cıiıbb saeaa saeaavıe vıefa fa pkz~k pkz~kzfk zfk li{ li{pp % % % $Sheck a xl{eg agk H da~k jkke vzahekf he vdk czanv ln okvai p{zhnx/ heg he vdk Svavk ohev(%6> J{ b{iiazı kdih oaazhnkvvke dabho li{p % % % $Xl{z skz~aev hs aoleg vdk kf{/ cavkf pklpik(%67
:% Zk Zkas asles les nl nlzz cle cle~k ~kzs zshle hle Aivdl{gd bh bhs~ s~kk jad adaası pkvhvhles azk {s{aiix sdlzv aef svzahgdvnlzwazf) wk lnvke fief he vdk skcvhle nliilwheg vdk ’hfkevhficavhle)‟ a s{o/ oazx ln vdk pkvhvhlekz‘s ihnk svlzx aef dhs,dkz zkasles nlz cle~kz/ shle% Vdhs hs {s{aiix vdk ilegksv pazv ln vdk ktplshvhle aef vdk ikasv pzlek vl sxsvkoavh}avhle% Ek~kzvdkikss) hv hs plsshjik vl fhsvheg{hsd jkvwkke sk~kzai vxpks ln zkasles nlz cle~kzshle% Vdhs vasb) dlwk~kz) whii jk iknv vl vdk iasv cdapvkz ln vdk sv{fx) wdkzk H whii illb olzk cazkn{iix av vdk zkasles chvkf nlz vabheg s{cd a svkp% 3% Fkc Fkciaz iazavh avhle le ln acc acckpv kpvheg heg Hsi Hsiao ao Vdk ektv kikokev he vdk ktplshvhle‘s svz{cv{zk hs vdk fkciazavhle vdav vdk pkvhvhlekz das fkchfkf vl kojzack Hsiao as dhs,dkz zkihghle lz das lffichaiix aizkafx flek sl%
63 66 6; 6> 67
LAB 7>Y 7>Y;: ;: n% ; $Jagd $Jagdfaf faf(%(% EPVA TT 1Y:4) n% :% LAB 7>Y;:) n% 6;% EPVA 1Y:4) n% :>% 1AY>404%
1::
3%1% Keihgdvkeokev% As a fizsv svkp he vdk zkihghl{s ktpkzhkeck ikafheg vl vdk fkchshle vl kojzack Hsiao) vdk pkvhvhlekz plhevs vl dhs avvahe/ okev ln zkihghl{s keihgdvkeokev% Vdk nlzo{ia {skf he olsv casks hs= Dhfaxkv/h zajjaeh kzh ù kzh ù p % % % $H zkacdkf vdk fh~hek vz{vd(%64
^azhavhles le vdhs nlzo{ia heci{fk vdk {sk ln vdk wlzf ’ dabb ‟ $fh~hek lzfheaeck( hesvkaf ln ’zajjaeh ‟ $pkz $pkzva vaheh heheg eg vl vl Glf) Glf) fh~ fh~he hek( k(%%68 Lvdkz ~azhavhles azk f{k vl vdk {sk ln olzk slpdhsvhcavkf iaeg{agk) a zk/ pkvhvhlekz‘ss okojkzsdhp he he a dhgdkz slchai svzav{o) svzav{o) k%g%= kcvhle ln vdk pkvhvhlekz‘ Dhfaxkv/h s{jdaeh ~k heaxkv/h saokfaeh xkvh ù xkvh ù p % % % $H da~k elw jkke hii{oheavkf jx vdk vz{k nahvd aef H da~k zkacdkf vdk fh~hek vz{vd();0 lz B{nz/h }kiaikvhefk li{p xabheke }kiaikvhefk lif{ {o o{sadkfk % % % $H was ilsv he Rvdk fazbekss_ ln hefifkihvx% RDlwk~kz_) H {eq{ksvhleajix zkaih}kf ox kzzlz aef ktpkzhkeckf Glf he dhs Gilzx(% ;1
Vl fhsvheg{hsd vdk ajl~k svavkokevs nzlo vdk pzkckfheg pazvs ln vdk ktplshvhle vdav vl{cd le dhs pzk~hl{s ihnk) vdk pkvhvhlekz oax jkghe vdk fkciazavhle ln keihgdvkeokev whvd vdk Azajhc wlzf ’daia ‟ $elw) c{zzkevix( lz hvs V{zbhsd sxelexos ’ hofh )‟ )‟ ’j{ fkna ‟ $elw) vdhs vhok(% Pdzasks ihbk jh/heaxkv/h Aiiad vaaia ;: $jx vdk gzack ln Glf) vdk ktaivkf() ki/daof{iiad vaaia ;3 $Oax pzahsk jk vl Glf( cae aisl jk affkf av vdhs svagk% 3%:% Zke{echavhle ln nlzokz nahvd aef 3%3% Kojzacheg ln Hsiao as lek‘s ekw zkihghle% Anvkz vdk fkciazavhle ln da~heg fhscl~kzkf vdk ekw pavd) vdk pkvhvhlekz he~azhajix fkciazks vdk zke{echavhle ln dhs,dkz lif zkihghle aef vdk fkchshle vl kojzack Hsiao= Javhifke çıbıp dabb/ı fhe baj{i kfùp % % % $H da~k iknv vdk naisk aef acckpvkf vdk vz{k zkihghle(;6 lz Javhi fheh vkzb ~k zùc{‘ zùc{‘ kfùp dabb/ı fhe fhe liae fhe/h siaoh ba baj{i % % % $H zkel{eckf vdk naisk zkihghle aef v{zekf vl vdk vz{k zkihghle‖vdk zkihghle ln Hsiao(%;; 64 68 ;0 ;1 ;: ;3 ;6 ;;
Skk 1Y1110>% Skk 1Y11011% Skk EPVA 1Y:4) n% :> $Appkefht H) Flc{okev >(% 1Y11111% LAB 7>Y;:) n% 30% EPVA TT 1Y:4) n% :>% 1AY;7:>;% 1Y1110>%
BHS^K JADASH
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Lnvke) vdk pkvhvhlekz pzlnkssks dhs ekkf nlz sphzhv{ai g{hfaeck he lzfkz vl oabk vdk fhffic{iv fkchshle ln zkel{echeg dhs,dkz zkihghle= Javhi fhefke daias ~k fhe/h O{daookfh vkibhe % % % $H waev vl jk sa~kf nzlo vdk naisk zkihghle aef va{gdv vdk azvhciks ln nahvd ln vdk zkihghle ln Oldaookf(%;>
3%3% Fkciazavhle ln jkheg dlelzkf whvd Hsiao% Vdk ektv kikokev he vdk ktplshvhle ln vdk pkvhvhles hs a fkciazavhle vdav vdk pkvhvhlekz daf jkke) lz wl{if ihbk vl jk) dlelzkf whvd ’Dlix Hsiao%‟ Vdk {s{ai nlzo{ia was= kzkn/h siao hik où k où kzzkn li{p % % % $H was dlelzkf whvd Dlix Hsiao(
Vdk okaeheg ln vdhs nlzo{ia zkoahes ljsc{zk {evhi wk ljskz~k hv jkheg {skf he slok ln hvs ktvkefkf ~kzshles) k%g%= D{}{z/h saafkvvk kzkn/h siao hik où kz où kzzk zknn lio lioab ab hs hsvk vkzh zho o % % % $H waev vl jk dlelzkf whvd Dlix Hsiao he Xl{z Hopkzhai Pzkskeck();7 Knkefhoh} d{}{z/h êihikzhefk siao hik où k où kzzkn li{p % % % $H was dlelzkf whvd Hsiao he vdk Dhgdksv Pzkskeck ln Ox Ilzf() ;4 siao hik où kzzk où kzzknn lio lioab ab hsv hsvkzho kzho d{} d{}{z/ {z/hh êih êihikz ikzhef hefkk % % % $H waev vl jk dlelzkf whvd Hsiao he vdk pzkskeck ln Xl{z Oamksvx() ;8 Pafh adıo d{}{z/h kzhnhefk hoae ~k si Pafh adıo siao ao ba baj{ j{ii kvo kvokb kb hs hsvk vkzh zho o % % % $H waev vl acckpv vdk Rvz{k_ nahvd aef Hsiao he vdk Dlix Pzkskeck ln ox Pafhsdad(%>0
Hv was aisl plsshjik nlz vdk nlzo{ia siao hik où kzzkn où kzzkn lioab vl jk s{j/ svhv{vkf whvd vdk ~kzj vkibhe lioab $vl vkacd a el~hck vl zkpkav vdk azvhciks ln nahvd() k%g%= D{}{z/h saafkvheh}fk vkibhe fhe/h siao li{e{p % % % $H was va{gdv vdk azvhciks ln nahvd aef Rkojzackf_ vdk zkihghle ln Hsiao he xl{z Hii{svzhl{s Pzkskeck(%>1
Vdksk ktvkefkf nlzo{ias plhev vl vdk nacv vdav he spkabheg ln jkheg ’dlelzkf whvd Hsiao‟ vdk pkvhvhlekz okaev jkheg ’dlelzkf whvd Hsiao he vdk pzkskeck ln vdk s{ivae%‟ He lvdkz wlzfs) whvd vdhs kik/ okev vdk pkvhvhles hefhcavk vdav vdk ekw O{siho wl{if ihbk vl da~k ;> ;7 ;4 ;8 >0 >1
EPVA TT) 1Y:4) n% ;0% 1Y11011% 1AY>404% EPVA TT 1Y:4) n% :>% LAB 7> ;:) n% 6;% CG 36Y:) n% 6%
1:6
ae a{fhkeck whvd vdk s{ivae) lz olzk lnvke) vdav dk daf aizkafx daf lek% Vdkzk) dk wl{if jk pzkskevkf vl vdk iavvkz as a ekw O{siho $ek~ oùsiho ( aef plsshjix va{gdv vl pzlel{eck vdk adafkv >: he lzfkz vl fkolesvzavk dhs ekw zkihghl{s affiihavhle) aef fieaiix) vl zkckh~k dhs,dkz ekw O{siho eaok $skk jkilw(% Hv hs elv cikaz dlw o{cd s{cd a sckeazhl zkkcvkf zkaihvx) h%k%) dlw oaex vhoks vdk s{ivae was acv{aiix pzkskev av vdk ckzkolex% Nzlo lek pkvhvhle wk {efkzsvaef vdav olsv pzljajix a{fhkecks vllb piack f{zheg okkvhegs ln vdk Hopkzhai cl{echi= J{efae k~~ki fh~ae gùeù d{}{z/h d{oaxùe siao hik où kzzknk où kzzknk lif{o% $Le vdk pzk~hl{s okkvheg ln vdk Hopkzhai cl{echi) H was dlelzkf whvd Dlix Hsiao he Xl{z Hopkzhai Pzkskeck(%>3
Gh~ke l{z belwikfgk ln vdk he~li~kokev ln vdk Lvvloae s{ivaes he vdk aff ahzs ahzs ln vdk Hopkzhai cl{echi he vdk skclef pazv ln vdk sk~ke/ vkkevd ckev{zx) hv hs acv{aiix olzk ihbkix vdae elv vdav vdk s{ivae was elv pzkskev av vdk a{fhkeck% Lccashleaiix) vdk pkvhvhles fhzkcvix svavk vdav vdk acv ln ’dlelzheg‟ das jkke pkznlzokf jx dhgd/zaebheg Lvvloae lffichais) k%g%= Jlsvaecıja ı aga b{iiazı {g{efk kzkn/h siao hik où k Jlsvaecıja ı où kzzkn li{p % % % $H was dle/ lzkf whvd Dlix Hsiao {efkz vdk g{hfaeck ln xl{z skz~aev) vdk clo/ oaefkz ln vdk Hopkzhai g{azfs(%>6
Vdav vdk cle~kzvs hefkkf fhf appkaz av vdk paiack hs hefhcavkf jx vdk nlzo{ia ln s{johsshle ’ xù} sùzùj s ùzùj gkifho ‟ $H caok vl z{j ox nack( wdhcd slokvhoks cilsks vdk kikokev ’fkciazavhle ln jkheg dlelzkf‟ k%g%= kzkn/h siaoik où kzz où kzzkn kn lioa lioabb hçùe hçùe xù xù}} sùz sùzùj ùj gki gkifh fho o % % % $H caok vl z{j ox nack Rhe vdk f{sv av xl{z nkkv_ Rvl pikaf_ vl jk dlelzkf whvd Dlix Hsiao Rhe Xl{z Pzkskeck_(%>;
Dlwk~kz) wk azk henlzokf nzlo vdk pkvhvhles vdav a{fhkecks lz ckz/ kolehks wkzk pkznlzokf elv leix he vdk paiack lz k~ke he vdk cap/
Skk Si >Y14) n% :) he wdhcd hv hs wzhvvke bkihok/h où kdafkvheh où kdafkvheh j{ b{iiazı vkibhe kvvh h kvvh h (% Skk aisl b h % % % $anvkz vdhs skz~aev ln xl{zs was va{gdv vdk wlzfs ln vdk adafkv [}{eçaz ıiı) Okzbk} ) :8% >3 1Y11107% >6 1AY;7:80% Acclzfheg vl [}{eçaz ıiı Okzbk} $Okzbk} ) :4() vdk Gzaef ^h}hkz aisl a{fh/ vhlekf ekw O{sihos% >; 1Y104>>% >:
BHS^K JADASH
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hvai) j{v cl{if aisl vabk piack kiskwdkzk) nlz ktaopik) f{zheg a zlxai d{ev%>> Vdkzk azk pkvhvhles he wdhcd vdk ’fkciazavhle ln jkheg dlelzkf‟ hs vdk leix kikokev ln vdk ktplshvhle vl jk nl{ef% Vdkzknlzk) hv cae jk cleci{fkf vdav hv hs vdhs kikokev vdav clevahes vdk ksskeck ln vdk ktplshvhle aef vdav das a jkazheg le vdk okaeheg ln vdk lvdkz kikokevs% 6% Zkq{ksv Anvkz vdhs c{ioheavhle) sl vl spkab) he vdk ’fkciazavhle ln jkheg dle/ lzkf)‟ vdk ktplshvhle vabks a ekw v{ze) he wdhcd vdk pkvhvhlekz p{vs hevl wlzfs dhs acv{ai zkq{ksv% Vdhs was vdk pazv ln vdk pkvhvhle ln olsv hoplzvaeck vl vdk ekw O{siho% K~kzxvdheg {p vl vdhs plhev clesvhv{vkf) lek oax sax) a ’pzkaojik)‟ lz zavhleaih}avhle ln vdk zkq{ksv% 6%1% Lpkeheg% Hv was plhevkf l{v kazihkz vdav vdk pkvhvhles slokvhoks iacb aex ktpihchv zknkzkeck av vdk svazv ln vdk ktplshvhle vl vdk nacv vdav vdkx azk ln vdhs pazvhc{iaz cdaeckzx gkezk% He olsv casks) vdl{gd) wk kecl{evkz nlzo{ias vdav fkciazk vdk flc{okev vl jk a pkvhvhle av vdk jkgheeheg ln vdk zkq{ksv) k%g%= $ROx__ zkq zkq{ks {ksvv hs hs vdk vdk nl nliiiilwh lwheg eg % % %( Okzc{f{z bh % % % $ROx vdav % % %( Ehxa} li{e{z bh % % % $H pikaf vd pika ka hs vd vdkk nli nliil ilwh wheg eg % % %( Ehxa}ıoıefız bh % % % $Ox pi
Lccashleaiix) vdk nlzo{ia zhca li{e{z $H zkq{ksv( cae jk nl{ef av vdk kef ln vdk zkq{ksv%>7 Lvdkz ~azhavhles heci{fk vdk zkpkvhvhle ln slok ln vdk dlelzhfic vhviks ln vdk s{ivae) {skf av vdk jkgheeheg ln vdk pkvh/ vhle) k%g%= Okzadho/h êihxkikzhefke okzc{f{z bh % % % $ROx_ zkq{ksv nzlo vdk Okzchn{i Olsv Ol sv Dh Dhgd gd hs as nl nliiiilw lwss % % %(>4 lz Fk~ikvi ù s{ivaeıofa Fk~ikviù s{ivaeıofaee okzc{f{ okzc{f{zz bh % % % $ROx_ zkq{ksv nzlo ox Hii{svzhl{s S{iv S{ ivae ae hs as nl nliiiilw lwss % % %( %(%%>8
>> >7 >4 >8
Skk 1Y10417% LAB 7>Y;:) n% 30 aef EPVA TT 1Y:4) n% ;0% 1Y111112 EPVA TT 1Y:4 n% :>% EPVA TT 1Y:4) n% :>%
1:>
6%:% Ikgai gzl{efs nlz vdk zkq{ksv% Anvkz vdhs vzaeshvhle/hevzlf{cvhle) vdk pkvhvhlekz ktpiahes vdk gzl{efs nlz dhs,dkz zkq{ksv% Vdk jashc nlz/ o{ias wkzk svzhcvix vdzkk= afkv ù}kzk 70 $acclzfheg vl vdk c{svlo) pzac/ vhck() hvs sxelexo o{vaf ù}kzk )71 aef bae{e ù}kzk 7: $acclzfheg vl vdk pafh ad ù}kzk $acclzfheg vl vdk iaw s{ivaehc iaw() lz hvs ~azhaev bae{e/h pafh ad ln vdk Pafhsdad(% Vdk wlzf bafho $lif) aechkev( was lnvke affkf nlz kopdashs) k%g%= $acc cclz lzfh fheg eg vl vd vdkk lif lif c{ c{sv svlo lo % % %(%(%%73 O{vaf/h bafho ù}kzk % % % $a
Vdk elvhle ln hv jkheg a c{svlo vl oabk s{cd a zkq{ksv hs slok/ vhoks cle~kxkf fksczhpvh~kix) k%g%= Gkzh Gk zhch ch kx kxxa xaof ofae ae jk jkzù zù % % % $n $nzl zlo o li liff vh vhok okss % % %( %(%%76
Vdk nacv vdav vdk pkvhvhlekzs fhf elv ktpihchvix zknkz vl Hsiaohc iaw $ kzhav ( wdke m{svhnxheg vdkoski~ks hs a nacv ln pazvhc{iaz hoplzvaeck vl vdhs sv{fx% Vdk hopihcavhles ln vdhs ljskz~avhle) dlwk~kz) whii jk fknkzzkf vl vdk ektv cdapvkz% 6%3% Appkai nlz cdazhvx% Vdk ikgai gzl{efs nlz vdk zkq{ksv da~heg jkke ksvajihsdkf) vdk ekw O{siho wl{if da~k nkiv hv appzlpzhavk vl svavk dhs,dkz zkq{ksv% Dlwk~kz) vdk zkq{ksv hs oafk aiwaxs vl appkaz as s{jmkcv vl vdk pkzsleai fhsczkvhle ln vdk s{ivae% Nlz vdhs zkasle) hv hs pzkskevkf he vdk nlzo ln ae appkai vl vdk bhefekss aef gkekzlshvx ln vdk iavvkz as ae Hsiaohc z{ikz) wdl was vzafhvhleaiix pkzckh~kf as ljihgkf vl pzl~hfk cdazhvx vl vdk pllz% Spkchai nlzo{ias cle~kxkf vdav elvhle% H fkfiek vdksk nlzo{ias as vdk ektv skoaevhc skcvhle he vdk svz{cv{zk ln vdk ktplshvhle% Aivdl{gd vdk ’appkai nlz cdazhvx‟ skcvhle nliilws vdk wlzfheg ln vdk zkq{ksv hvskin) gzaooavhcaiix) vdk iavvkz hs vdk ljmkcv ln vdk ’appkai nlz cdazhvx%‟ Vd{s) H fief hv olzk appzlpzhavk vl fhsc{ss hv jknlzk affzkssheg oxskin vl vdk svz{cv{zk ln vdk zkq{ksv hvskin% Vdk nlzo{ias {skf he vdhs kikokev azk clopzhskf ln ~kzj pdzasks) wdhcd cleshsv ln clojheavhles ln vdk Azajhc ~kzjai el{es oksz{z
Skk 1Y10417) n% 6) >) 7) :0) :1) :: aef :6% Skk 1Y10417) n% ;) 8) 1>2 1Y104:82 EPVA TT 1Y:4 n% 10% 7: Skk 1Y10747) n% 1) :2 1Y10417) n% 112 CG 36Y:) n% :) 3) >2 EPVA TT 1Y:4) n% :3% 73 1Y10417% 76 1AY;7:80% 70 71
BHS^K JADASH
1:7
$oafk giaf) zkmlhckf( lz hdsae $jkheg gllf) n{ifiiiheg lek‘s f{vx vl Glf) acvheg bhefix) jkekfickevix( aef vdk passh~k ~lhck ln vdk V{zbhsd ~kzjai hefiehvh~ks j{x{z{ioab $vl jk lzfkzkf) fkczkkf( aef li{eoab $vl jk flek vl) whvd) jx(% Vdk clojheavhles hdsae j{x{z{ioab,li{eoab $oax $o ax xl{ xl{ bhefi bhefixx lzfkz lzfkz,f ,fll % % %(%()) lz vdk vdk ~azhav ~azhavhle hle safaba ~k hdsae j{x{/ z{ioab $oax xl{ lzfkz bhefix aef cdazhvajix() 7; aef oksz{z j{x{z{ioab $oax xl{ lzfkz Rvdav H jk oafk_ giaf Rjx_( 7> azk vdk leks olsv lnvke kecl{evkzkf% Lccashleaiix) wk fief vdk ’appkai nlz cdazhvx‟ elvhle cle~kxkf leix jx vdk olzk cliilq{hai ~kzj ~kzhiokb $vl jk gh~ke(%77 6%6% Nlzo{iavhle ln vdk zkq{ksv% As he vdk cask ln vdk ’zkasles nlz cle/ ~kzshle‟ kikokev $skk :% ajl~k() vdk ’nlzo{iavhle ln vdk zkq{ksv‟ hs fhffic{iv vl sxsvkoavh}k% Fksphvk vdk l~kzaii fh~kzshvx ln vdk zkq{ksvs) olsv lnvke vdkx shopix clevahe vdk wlzfs bhs~k $cilvdks( lz safaba $cdazhvx) fleavhle() lz pdzasks clevaheheg vdksk wlzfs) k%g%) bhs~k jadası $casd ~ai{k ln cilvdks( aef bhs~k ~k safaba $cilvdks aef Rcasd_ fleavhle(% Vxphcai zkefkzhegs ln vdk vwl kikokevs‖vdk ’appkai nlz cdazhvx‟ aef vdk ’nlzo{iavhle ln vdk zkq{ksv‟‖azk= Bhs~k R~k_ safaba ~k$shc%( hdsae j{x{z{ioab $Oax xl{ bhefix lzfkz Rvdav H jk gh~ke_ cilvdks aef a fleavhle Rhe casd_()74 lz Bhs~koh} hdsae li{eoab $Oax xl{ bhefix lzfkz Rvdav H jk gh~ke_ vdk jkekfiv ln ox cilvdks()78 lz Bhs~k jadasıo hdsae j{x{z{i{p $Oax xl{ bhefix lzfkz vdav H jk gh~ke Rvdk casd_ ~ai{k ln ox cilvdks(%40
Aivdl{gd vdk pzkskev cdapvkz fhsc{ssks leix vdk svz{cv{zk ln vdk flc/ {okevs) as he vdk cask ln vdk nlzo{ia ’dlelzkf whvd Hsiao)‟ vdk vkzos bhs~k aef bhs~k jadası zkq{hzk slok ciazhficavhle% Acclzfheg vl Hsiaohc iaw) ele/O{sihos wkzk s{pplskf vl wkaz fhsvhecvh~k cilvdks% Vdkzknlzk) wdke a ele/O{siho cdaegkf dhs zkihghl{s affiihavhle aef acckpvkf Hsiao) dk,sdk was ktpkcvkf vl cdaegk dhs cilvdheg nlz ekw) O{siho avvhzk) as a shge ln jkilegheg vl Hsiao% Vdk ’cilvdks‟ lz vdk ’casd ~ai{k ln cilvdks‟ vdav vdk ekw/O{siho pkvhvhlekzs asphzkf vl
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Skk nlz ktaopik 1Y10417 n% 1: aef 1;2 1Y11076% Skk nlz ktaopik LAB 7>Y;: n% ;2 1AY;7:80% Skk 1Y10417 n% 11% Hjhf%) n% 1:% Hjhf%) n% :1% 1AY;7318) n% >%
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cleshsvkf he vdhs ekw avvhzk lz hvs casd kq{h~aikev% He lvdkz wlzfs) vdk pkvhvhlekzs zkq{ksvkf vdav vdk svavk s{ppix vdk cilvdks lz pax nlz vdk ktpkesk ln ljvaheheg vdko%41 Vdhs cleci{shle hs clefizokf jx vdk nlzo{ia vazan/h ohzhfke bhs~k hdsae j{x{z{ioab $oax xl{ bhefix lzfkz Rvdav H jk s{ppihkf whvd_ cilvdks jx vdk svavk() wdhcd wk fief he slok pkvhvhles% Nzkq{kevix) vdk wlzf ’ bhs~k ‟ was q{aihfikf jx vdk pdzask jhz bav $lek skv() h%k%) jhz bav bhs~k $lek skv ln cilvdks(% H da~k fkchfkf vl avvzhj{vk vdk vkzo ’bhs~k jadası pkvhvhles‟ vl flc/ {okevs ln vdhs slzv pzkchskix jkca{sk vdk ajl~k zkq{ksv hs kecl{e/ vkzkf sl lnvke he vdk pkvhvhles% Vdk vkzos bhs~k aef bh bhss~k jadası azk aisl {skf he~azhajix he vdk hesczhpvhles he vdk oazghes ln vdk flc{/ okev%4: Hv shopix jkvvkz zkkcvs vdk spkchfic eav{zk ln vdksk pkvhvhles% Sheck q{ksvhles s{cd as vdk lzhghe ln vdhs pzacvhck aef vdk pzhck aef okvdlfs ln paxokev ln bhs~k jadası ) kvc%) whii jk vdk s{jmkcv ln fhs/ c{sshle he vdk nliilwheg cdapvkzs) H whii v{ze ox avvkevhle vl lvdkz slzvs ln zkq{ksvs oafk jx ekw O{sihos% Aelvdkz vxpk ln zkq{ksv was ktpzksskf jx vdk wlzf ’ çızab,çkza ‟43 $appzkevhck) el~hck) lek wdl dlifs ae lffick lz applhevokev vdzl{gd vdk eloheavhle ln aelvdkz(% He lvdkz wlzfs) vdhs vxpk ln pkvhvhle wkev jkxlef vdk shopik zkq{ksv vl jk gzaevkf vdk cilvdheg appzl/ pzhavk vl O{sihos% Hvs ljmkcv was vl ljvahe nlz vdk pkvhvhlekz a plsh/ vhle he vdk skz~hck ln vdk svavk% He olsv casks) vdk pkvhvhle k~ke spkchfiks vdk bhef ln plshvhle fkshzkf) k%g%= Ckjkdaek lca ıea lca ıea çızab j{x{z{i{p $Oax xl{ lzfkz vdav H jk applhevkf vl vdk clzps ln vdk azskeai()46 lz Xkehçkzh lca ıea lca ıea çızab j{x{z{i{p $Oax xl{ lzfkz vdav H jk applhevkf vl vdk Maehssazx clzps(%4;
Wdkzk vdk plshvhle hs elv spkch fikf) hv cae jk fksczhjkf he gkekzai vkzos) k%g%= Jhz fhzihb hik çıza çıza ıı j{x{z{ioab $Oax xl{ lzfkz vdav H jk applhevkf vl ae lffick Rgh~heg ok_ a ih~kihdllf(%4> Hv whii jkclok k~hfkev iavkz vdav vdk svavk pzknkzzkf vdk skclef lpvhle) h%k%) vl pax nlz vdk cilvdks% 4: Skk jkilw% 43 Çkza hs vdk Pkzshae nlzo ln vdk wlzf% H da~k kecl{evkzkf jlvd nlzos {skf he vdk pkvhvhles% 46 EPVA TT 1Y:4) n% :3% 4; 1AY;7318) n% 33% 4> 11:Y>6>4% 41
BHS^K JADASH
1:8
Wk fief ~kzx lnvke vdk nlzo{ia jhz eae paza hik $ihvkzaiix) olekx nlz jzkaf( {skf he fksczhjheg vdk fkshzkf plshvhle) k%g%= Shpadh lca lca ıefa ıefa jhz eae paza hik çıza li{eoab $vl jk applhevkf vl vdk shpadh clzps vl oabk ox ih~heg(% 47
Slok lvdkz vkzos nl{ef he clojheavhle whvd çıza azk }ùozk $ciass) gzl{p( aef knz{dvk lz zù zù ke ke $keihgdvkekf) jzhgdv() k%g%= Çıza ı knz{nvk }ùozkshek hidab j{x{z{iasıe $Oax xl{ lzfkz vdav H jk applhevkf Çıza ı vl vdk gzl{p ln xl{z keihgdvkekf skz~aevs(%44
Hv was aisl plsshjik nlz vdk pkvhvhlekz vl clojhek vdk vwl vxpks ln zkq{ksv jx asbheg nlz vdk cilvdheg appzlpzhavk vl vdk pazvhc{iaz plsh/ vhle) k%g%= Jlsvaecı bhs~ko hdsae j{x{z{ioab $Oax xl{ lzfkz vdav H jk gh~ke vdk {eh/ nlzo ln paiack g{azf()48 lz Xkehçkzh lca ıefa lca ıefa çıza ı çıza ı ~k ~k % % % xkeh xkehçkz çkzhh bhs~ bhs~ksh ksh hds hdsae ae j{x j{x{z{ {z{ioa ioab b $Oax xl{ lzfkz bhefix vdav H jk applhevkf vl vdk Maehssazx clzps aef gh~ke a Maehssazx {ehnlzo(%80
^azhavhles ln vdhs nlzo{ia heci{fk vdk affhvhle ln vdk pdzask j{ b{iiazıea $vl vdhs skz~aev ln xl{zs( vl vdk wlzfheg ln vdk zkq{ksv he lzfkz vl oabk hv olzk pkzsleai% Vdk bh bhs~ s~kk ja jada dası sı pkvhvhles azk elv ihohvkf leix vl zkq{ksvs nlz ’cilvd/ heg‟ lz ’plshvhle%‟ Wk fief) nlz ktaopik) zkq{ksvs nlz olekx nlz a flwzx)81 a pkeshle)8: a sl{zck ln heclok nzlo svavk c{svlos) 83 vdk cdaeck vl jk chzc{ochskf aileg whvd vdk pzheck)86 kvc% Dlwk~kz) vdksk wkzk olzk fhffic{iv vl ktpzkss he nlzo{ias aef vd{s) whii elv jk fhs/ c{sskf he fkvahi dkzk% ;% Acb Acbelwi elwikfg kfgokev okev ln lek‘s lek‘s hen henkzhl kzhlzhv zhvxx Vdk plwkz ln vdk s{ivae aef vdk heshgeh ficaeck ln vdk pkvhvhlekz wkzk acbelwikfgkf leck agahe anvkz vdk zkq{ksv was wzhvvke flwe% Vdk
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130
nlzo{ias ktpzkssheg vdhs acbelwikfgokev azk vxphcai ln aii bhefs ln pkvhvhles aef zkplzvs ln l ffichais asbheg vdk s{ivae nlz a fkchshle% Vdkhz p{zplsk was vl kopdash}k vdk henkzhlzhvx ln vdk pkzsle s{johvvheg vdk flc{okev aef vdk plwkz ln vdk s{ivae) vdk leix lek da~heg vdk capachvx vl pzlel{eck le vdk hss{k) k%g%= Jabh koz/ù nkzoae s{ivaeıoıefız $Vdk zksv hs Riknv_ vl vdk fkczkk ln ox S{ivae() lz Jajıefa nkzoae/ı saafkviù s{ivaeıo da}zkvikzhefhz $He vdhs zkgazf) vdk fkczkk hs {p vl xl{z Oamksvx) ox Hii{svzhl{s S{ivae(% 8;
Agahe) hv sdl{if jk plhevkf l{v vdav vdksk nlzo{ias cae jk {skf he pkvhvhles vl dhgd/zaebheg lffichais aef elv leix vl vdk s{ivae% HHH% Nheai Pzlvlcli 1% Shgeav{zk Vdk shgeav{zk hs vdk iasv kikokev he vdk svz{cv{zk ln bhs~k jadası pkvh/ vhles% Hv hs {s{aiix cleshfkzkf pazv ln vdk fieai pzlvlcli% Dlwk~kz) he vdk gkekzai cloplshvhle ln vdksk pkvhvhles) vdk shgeav{zk hs skoaevh/ caiix ae kikokev ln vdk hfkevhficavhle ln vdk pkvhvhlekz aef as s{cd ekkfs vl jk fhsc{sskf he zkiavhle vl vdk ktplshvhle% Hv was elvkf ajl~k vdav vdk eaok ln vdk pkvhvhlekz was ek~kz okevhlekf he vdk ktplshvhle aef acv{aiix skiflo okevhlekf aexwdkzk he vdk flc{/ okev $skk HH%1% ajl~k(% Hn pzkskev) hv leix k~kz appkazs jkilw vdk vktv) he vdk shgeav{zk% [s{aiix) hv hs vdk ekwix ass{okf O{siho eaok aef leix lccashleaiix vdk eaok gh~ke av jhzvd% 8> Vdhs ekw hfkevhvx ln vdk pkvhvhlekz hefhcavkf jx dhs,dkz O{siho eaok hs he svazb cle/ vzasv vl vdk jkgheeheg ln vdk flc{okev wdkzk dk,sdk hs aiwaxs hfkevhfikf as ele/O{siho% Wdkzk vdk eaok hs elv okevhlekf he vdk shgeav{zk) vdk iavvkz sho/ pix cleshsvs ln vdk wlzf ’ jkefk ‟ $xl{z skz~aev( lz vdk olzk spkch fic pdzask ’jkefk/h ek~ oùsiho ‟ $xl{z skz~aev) vdk ekw O{siho(% H s{zohsk vdav vdk pkvhvhlekzs wdl shgekf vdk pkvhvhle {sheg vdk ajl~k nlzo{ias) daf elv xkv zkckh~kf a O{siho eaok% S{cd a eaok wl{if jk gh~ke
8; 8>
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131
vl vdko av vdk zlxai a{fhkeck%87 Lccashleaiix) a pkvhvhlekz wl{if shge dhs Cdzhsvhae eaok nlz iacb ln aex lvdkz% 84 : % F avk Vdk favk ln a flc{okev‘s wzhvheg hs elzoaiix pzkskev he Lvvloae flc{okevs as pazv ln vdk fieai pzlvlcli% He bh bhs~ s~kk ja jada dası sı pkvhvhles) dlw/ k~kz) hv hs he~azhajix iacbheg% Ek~kzvdkikss) vdk appzlthoavk favk ln wzhvheg cae jk fkvkzohekf jx vdk favks ln vdk hesczhpvhles kevkzkf le vdk oazghes ln vdk flc{okev $skk jkilw(% H^% Hesczhpvhles Vdk lffichais‘ keflzskokevs aef lvdkz oazgheai aeelvavhles hesczhjkf le flc{okevs anvkz vdkhz hss{aeck zazkix zkckh~k aex avvkevhle he s{z/ ~kxs ln Lvvloae fhpiloavhcs)88 aef) cleskq{kevix) he vdk aeaixshs ln Lvvloae flc{okevs% Dlwk~kz) vdkx cae jk ~kzx hoplzvaev nlz ciaz/ hnxheg aef {efkzsvaefheg vdk henlzoavhle gh~ke he vdk vktv ln a flc/ {okev) kspkchaiix sl he vdk cask ln bhs~k jadası pkvhvhles% Vd{s) H jkihk~k) a fkvahikf fhsc{sshle ln vdk hesczhpvhles hs ksskevhai vl ae acc{zavk svz{cv{zai aeaixshs ln vdksk flc{okevs% Vdk hesczhpvhles he bhs~k jadası pkvhvhles wkzk {s{aiix= 1( keflzskokevs jx vdk Gzaef ^h}hkz2 :( keflzskokev jx vdk Nheaeck ohehsvkz $ ja (2 aef 3( ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz aeelvavhles oafk he vdk Ckevzai Accl{evheg Fkpazvokev $ja (% ja o{daskjk o{daskjk 1% Kef Keflz lzsk skoke okevv ln vdk vdk Gzaef Gzaef ^h}h ^h}hkz kz Vdhs was {s{aiix vdk fizsv keflzskokev piackf le vdk pkvhvhle% Hv was ktkc{vkf he vdk cdaeckzx ln vdk Gzaef ^h}hkz aef piackf le vdk jiaeb) vlp plzvhle ln vdk flc{okev) m{sv jkilw vdk dù~k % He ksskeck) vdk keflzskokev was ae lzfkz vl vdk ja ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz lz dhs fkp{vx $fkn/ (100 vl pax vdk pkvhvhlekz vdk casd kq{h~aikev ln O{siho vkzfaz ~kbhih avvhzk $bhs~k jadası () zkgazfikss ln vdk zkq{ksv he vdk pkvhvhle% He lvdkz wlzfs) vdk p{zplsk ln vdk Gzaef ^h}hkz‘s keflzskokev was vl svazv
87
Skk [}{eçaz ıiı) Okzbk} ) :4% Skk 1AY;7:>;% 88 A elvajik ktckpvhle hs vdk wlzb ln A% ^kibl~% Skk ^kibl~) ^hfl~k ) aef hfko) ’Flpaiehvkieh ~phs~aehxa ~azd{ lsoaesbhvk fieaesl~h flb{okevh lv T^H fl T^HHH ~%= Fhpiloavhbl/paiklgzansbl pzl{cd~aek RHesczhpvhles le Lvvloae Nheaechai Flc{okevs nzlo vdk Shtvkkevd vl Khgdvkkevd Ckev{zhks= A Fhpiloavhcl/paiklgzapdhcai Fhpiloavhcl/paiklgzapdhcai Sv{fx_)‟ HEJBO ) 16 $187>() 43–160% 100 Skk 1Y10417 n% 6–:;% 84
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vdk afohehsvzavh~k pzlckf{zk ln aiilcavheg aef fkih~kzheg vl vdk ekw O{siho vdk n{efs nlz a ekw skv ln cilvdks nzlo vdk svavk vzkas{zx% Vdk jashc nlzo ln vdk keflzskokev was= O{vaf,bae{e ù}kzk jhz eknkzk bhs~k,bhs~k jadası ~hzhiokb,~hzhik fhxù $Gh~k vl vdk Ranlzkokevhlekf_ pkzsle vdk casd kq{h~aikev ln vdk cilvdks acclzf/ heg vl vdk iaw,c{svlo(%
Wk fief aisl ktpaefkf ~kzshles ln vdk keflzskokev) wdhcd heci{fk slok fkvahis nzlo vdk pkvhvhle) k%g%= Ok}j{z d{}{z/h d{oaxùe kzkn/h siao oùskzzkn lioa ia lioa ia o{vaf ù}kzk bhs~ksh ~hz/ hik fhxù $RSheck_ vdk anlzkokevhlekf das jkke dlelzkf whvd Dlix Hsiao he vdk Hopkzhai Pzkskeck) gh~k dho Rvdk casd kq{h~aikev ln _ vdk cilvdks acclzfheg vl c{svlo(%101
Slok ~azhavhles le vdk ajl~k nlzo{ias heci{fk vdk {sk ln vdk wlzf o{va vaf, f,ba bae{ e{ee ù} ù}kz kzk k %10: Vdk wlzf ’o{chjheck ‟ $acclzfhegix() he piack ln o{ ’afkv ‟ ek~kz appkazs dkzk as a sxelexo ln vdk iavvkz pahz) fksphvk s{cd {sagk he vdk pkvhvhle hvskin $skk HH%6%:(% Vdk hopkzsleai ktpzks/ shle ’jhz eknkz ‟ $a pkzsle,hefh~hf{ai( hs slokvhoks zkpiackf jx ek~ oùsiho/h ok}j{z $vdk anlzkokevhlekf ekw O{siho(%103 Vdk keflzsk/ okev oax aisl svazv whvd a sai{vavhle vl vdk ja ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz ) k%g%= eaxkviù ja fk ja fknv nvkz kzfa fazz kn knke kefh fh % % % $Gzachl{s ja ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz ) Shz(%106
Vdk sai{vavhle hs elv heci{fkf he olsv ln vdk Gzaef ^h}hkzai keflzsk/ okevs) dlwk~kz) pack ^kibl~‘s lphehle vl vdk clevzazx%10; Lvdkz henlzoavhle lnvke heci{fkf he vdk keflzskokev hs vdk aol{ev ln olekx paxajik vl vdk pkvhvhlekz lz vdk vxpk ln cilvdheg vl jk hss{kf%10> S{cd affhvhleai henlzoavhle hs {s{aiix nl{ef he casks wdke vdk paxokev lz vdk skv ln cilvdks was olzk gkekzl{s vdae {s{ai% He s{cd ae k~kev) vdk Gzaef ^h}hkz ohgdv k~ke da~k gh~ke ae ktpia/ eavhle nlz vdhs gkekzlshvx he dhs keflzskokev% 107 Keflzskokevs ln vdhs vxpk azk) cleskq{kevix) ilegkz) aef slokvhoks vabk {p vdk wdlik jiaeb spack ajl~k vdk pkvhvhle%104 S{cd ktvkefkf keflzskokevs azk 101 10: 103 106 10; 10> 107 104
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133
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Vdk fieai keflzskokevs ln vdk Gzaef ^h}hkz wkzk zknkzzkf vl as nkz/ oae/h êih $Hopkzhai kfhcv( he vdk Lvvloae cdaeckzx pzacvhck% 116 Vdkx wkzk aisl clopikvkf whvd sadd aef j{x{z{iv{) aef favkf% 3% Ke Keflz flzsk skok okev ev ln vd vdkk ja fknvkzfaz Anvkz vdk keflzskokev ln vdk Gzaef ^h}hkz was piackf le vdk flc/ {okev) vdk pkvhvhle was skev vl vdk lffick ln vdk ja ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz ) wdl {ivh/ oavkix ga~k lzfkzs le fieaechai oavvkzs% He vdk lffick ln vdk ja ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz ) vdk pkvhvhle was shopix fhzkcvkf vl vdk Ckevzai Accl{evheg Fkpazvokev $ja ( jkazheg vdk vdk keflzskokev= keflzskokev= vk}bkzksh ~hzhik $hss{k,gh~k a vk}bkzk ja o{daskjk o{daskjk Rnlzz vdk cilv Rnl cilvdks_ dks_(%(% Vdk Vdk vkzo vkzo ’vk}bkzk ‟ hs sdlzvdaef nlz ’ vk}bkzk/h da}hek )‟ )‟ wdhcd he Lvvloae cdaeckzx pzacvhck was {skf vl fkelvk khvdkz a flc{okev vdav cl{if jk ktcdaegkf nlz casd paxajik jx vdk svavk vzkas{zx lz a flc{okev nlz accl{evheg olekx as heclok/ktpkefh/ ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz a{vdl/ v{zk $hzaf ~k oaszan (% (%11; P{v he olfkze vkzos) vdk ja zh}kf vdk hss{k ln a Vzkas{zx jhii vl vdk pkvhvhlekz% Vdk iavvkz cl{if vdke casd hv av vdk l ffick ln vdk svavk vzkas{zx lz vdzl{gd a olekx/ cdaegkz wdl) he v{ze) wl{if ciaho vdk olekx nzlo vdk svavk% Leck vdk olekx lzfkz was casdkf) hv was skev vl vdk fkpazvokev belwe as z{}eaoçk/h k~~ki $aisl caiikf z{}eaoçk/h d{oaxùe () wdkzk hv was agahe caic{iavkf) zkghsvkzkf aef pzkskz~kf%11> Lccashleaiix) s{cd as wdke vdk Gzaef ^h}hkz daf lzfkzkf a olzk gkekzl{s vdae {s{ai skv ln cilvdks vl jk pahf,gh~ke vl a ekw O{siho) vdk ja ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz cl{if zkq{ksv nzlo vdk ja ja o{daskjk o{daskjk vdav ae ksvhoavk jk pzkpazkf nlz vdk ~ai{k ln vdk cilvdks% Vdhs zkq{ksv cl{if jk wlzfkf as nliilws= Oùbkooki bhs~k jadası ja ja o{daskjk‘fke o{daskjk‘fke dksaj li{e{z $Vdk ~ai{k ln a clo/ ja o{daskjk o{daskjk pikvk skv ln cilvdks vl jk caic{iavkf jx vdk ja ()117 lz
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He ktckpvhleai shv{avhles) vdk ja ja o{daskjk o{daskjk cl{if zkq{ksv) wzhvheg agahe le vdk oazghes ln vdk pkvhvhle) ae Hopkzhai lzfkz $ nkzoae/h êih ( sl vdav vdk Vzkas{zx jhii cl{if jk hss{kf% S{cd a pkvhvhle was vdke zkv{zekf vl vdk lffick ln vdk ja ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz wdl wl{if wzhvk a vkidhs le vdk oazghe) asbheg vdk Gzaef ^h}hkz nlz ae Hopkzhai lzfkz $skk H^%:% ajl~k( vl vdk ja ja o{daskjk o{daskjk %1:0 Vdk vkidhs was shgekf whvd vdk l~ai shgeav{zk ln vdk ja ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz $vlpi{ca (% Vdk iavvkz‘s {sk hs a shge vdav vdk vkidhs ho}a Vlpi{ca ho}a was wzhvvke jx vdk ja ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz dhoskin aef elv jx vdk Gzaef ^h}hkz‘s skczkvazx $vkidhsçh (%1:1 H fhf elv kecl{evkz vdk ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz $b{xz{bi{ ho}a sl/caiikf ’vahi‟ shgeav{zk ln vdk ja (1:: he bhs~k jadası pkvhvhles) a nacv vdav clefizos ^kibl~‘s ljskz~avhle vdav vdk iavvkz shgeav{zk was elv {skf he vdk sdlzv vkidhs ks) ks) fhzkcvkf vl vdk Gzaef ^h}hkz%1:3 Wdke vdk flc{okev was zkv{zekf vl vdk l ffick ln vdk ja ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz whvd vdk fieai keflzskokev ln vdk Gzaef ^h}hkz lzfkzheg vdk hss{k ln a Vzkas{zx jhii $skk ajl~k() vdk ja ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz wl{if wzhvk vdk wlzf ’sadd‟ {efkz vdk Gzaef ^h}hkz‘s j{x{z{iv{% Vdkzk hs a fhff kzkeck) kzkeck) dlwk~kz) jkvwkke vdk ‘s sadd aef vdk Gzaef ^h}hkz‘s sadd% ja fknvkzfaz ja fknvkzfaz ‘s Ja fknvkzfaz‘s Ja fknvkzfaz‘s sadd He vdk nlzokz) vdk swkkpheg c{z~k ln vdk ikvvkz 114
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Zkasles nlz cle~kzshle Keihgdvkeokev Zkel{eckokev ln nlzokz zkihghle Kojzacheg Hsiao Jkheg dlelzkf jx vdk s{ivae 1% Favk136 :% Pi Piac ackk ln dl dlel elzh zheg eg 3% Dlelzkf jx Lpkeheg ln vdk zkq{ksv Ikgai gzl{efs nlz vdk zkq{ksv Appkai nlz cdazhvx
133 136
Skk Sai{vavhle vl vdk s{ivae $H%:%( ajl~k% Skk Keflzskokev ln vdk Gzaef ^h}hkz $H^%1%( ajl~k%
138
160
Ktpkcvkf zkwazf 13; 1% Aol{ev :% Ph Phkc kcks ks ln ci cilv lvdh dheg eg 3 % Pl s h v h l e Acbelwikfgokev ln lek‘s henkzhlzhvx Ekw O{siho hfkevhvx 13> 1% Eaok :% Sv Svav av{s {s ln ’ek ’ekw w O{s O{sihiho% o%‟‟ Vdk ektv svkp he vdk ilghcai ik~ki ln fksczhpvhle hs vl fkvkzohek vdk zkiavhlesdhps aoleg vdk ajl~k kevhvx/sxojlis% Vdhs hs) he nacv) nachi/ hvavkf jx vdk gzaooavhcai aef ilghcai ihebs av vdk pdxshcai ik~ki% Vdk fizsv kevhvx/sxojli he vdk ihsv‖Acbelwikfgokev ihsv‖Acbelwikfgokev ln gzaefk{z‖ gzaefk{z ‖ hs zkpzkskevkf le vdk pdxshcai ik~ki jx a skevkeck gzaooavhcaiix clo/ pikvkf whvd vdk dkip ln vdk nlzo lis{e) ae hopkzavh~k ln vdk ~kzj lioab ) as hvs pzkfhcavk% Vdk cleekcvhle jkvwkke vdk iavvkz skevkeck aef vdk ektv lek) zkpzkskevheg vdk kevhvx/sxojlis Hfkevhvx vdzl{gd Jkheg dlelzkf jx vdk s{ivae) hs leix ilghcai% He hvs v{ze) vdk skclef skevkeck {s{aiix cleshsvs ln a cdahe ln s{jlzfheavk cia{sks) kacd cia{sk zkpzkskevheg ae kevhvx% Vdk s{jlzfheavk cia{sks azk cleekcvkf whvd vdk dkip ln gkz{efs kefheg he /ıp,/{p) vdk iavvkz jkheg lek ln vdk olsv lnvke {skf okaes ln ksvajihsdheg vdhs vxpk ln cleekcvhle he Lvvloae/V{zbhsd% Gzaooavhcaiix) vdk skclef skevkeck hs clopikvkf jx vdk {sk ln vdk nlzo lif{o) a shopik pasv ln vdk ~kzj lioab ) he vdk Jkheg dlelzkf jx vdk s{ivae kikokev% Hesvkaf ln lif{o) wk aisl fief vdk nlzo li{e{z ) vdk pzkskev pkznkcv ln lioab ) aef /fhz ) a pzkskev vkesk ln vdk ~kzj hokb ) he vdk ektv kevhvx/sxojli‖Lpkeheg ln vdk zkq{ksv% Vdk clopikvhle ln vdk iavvkz kevhvx/sxojli whvd vdk pazvhcik /bh hefh/ cavks a zafhcai jzkab he vdk gzaooavhcai svz{cv{zk ln vdk vktv% Vdk ektv skevkeck cleshsvs ln a s{jlzfheavk cia{sk aef a oahe cia{sk% Vdk nlzokz hevzlf{cks vdk kevhvx/sxojlis‖Ikgai gzl{efs nlz
Skk Nlzo{iavhle ln vdk zkq{ksv $HH%:() Keflzskokev ln vdk Gzaef ^h}hkz $H^%1( aef Aeelvavhle ln vdk Ja Ja o{daskjk o{daskjk $H^%6%( ajl~k% 13> Skk Shgeav{zk $HHH%1( ajl~k% 13;
BHS^K JADASH
161
vdk zkq{ksv ) Appkai nlz cdazhvx cdazhvx aef Ktpkcvkf zkwazf‖wdhc zkwazf‖wdhcd d he vdhs cia{sk n{ecvhle as ae af~kzjhai pdzask) pzkfhcavk aef ljmkcv zkspkc/ vh~kix% Vdk oahe cia{sk zkpzkskevs zkpzkskevs vdk kevhvx/sxojli kevhvx/sxojli‖ ‖ Acbelwikfgokev ln lek‘s henkzhlzhvx% Vdk vwl cia{sks azk cleekcvkf whvd vdk dkip ln khvdkz vdk – fhb (% Vdk ske/ fhb lz – oab oab gkz{ef $hdsae j{x{z{ioab,j{x{z{if{ { (% vkeck hs aiwaxs clopikvkf gzaooavhcaiix jx vdk pzkskev nlzo ln vdk ~kzj hokb $s{ivaeıoıefız (% Vdk iasv kevhvx/sxojli vl jk cleshfkzkf he vdk ktplshvhle hs vdk Ekw O{siho hfkevhvx) wdhcd le a pdxshcai ik~ki hs leix ilghcaiix cleekcvkf vl vdk zksv% He affhvhle vl vdk gzaooavhcai {enlifheg ln vdk svz{cv{zk ln vdk pkvhvhle) vdkzk hs a pazaiiki {enlifheg ln eazzavh~k hevleavhle aisl zkkcvheg vdk zkiavhlesdhps jkvwkke vdk kevhvhks% Vdhs hevleavhle appkazs vl asckef jkvwkke vdk kevhvx/sxojlis Hfkevhvx aef Jkheg dlelzkf jx vdk s{ivae ) c{ioheavheg c{ioheavheg he vdk iavvkz) aef vl fksckef fksckef jkvwkke Ikgai gzl{efs nlz vdk zkq{ksv aef Ekw O{siho O{siho hfkevhvx % Vdk vwl hevleavhles azk skpazavkf jx a piavka{ zkpzkskevkf jx vdk Lpkeheg ln vdk zkq{ksv kevhvx/sxojli% Zkgazfikss ln wdhcd ln vdk vwl czhvkzha‖gzaooavhcai lz vleai‖wk acbelwikfgk) vwl gzl{ps) h%k%) skvs) ln kevhvx/sxojlis azk cikazix fhsvheg{hsdajik% Vdkhz azzaegkokev oax jk skke he vdk nliilwheg cdazv= Lpkeheg ln vdk zkq{ksv Jkheg dlelzkf jx vdk s{ivae
Ikgai gzl{efs nlz vdk zkq{ksv
Kojzacheg Hsiao Zkel{eckokev ln nlzokz zkihghle
Appkai nlz cdazhvx
Keihgdvkeokev Zkasles nlz cle~kzshle Acbelwikfgokev ln gzaefk{z Hfkevhvx
Ktpkcvkf zkwazf Acbelwikfgokev ln lek‘s henkzhlzhvx Ekw O{siho Hfkevhvx
Hv hs lj~hl{s vdav vdk fizsv kevhvx/sxojlis skv hs zkiavkf vl vdk pzlckss ln vdk pkvhvhlekz‘s cle~kzshle vl Hsiao aef vdk skclef vl vdk pzlckss
16:
ln dhs zkq{ksvheg a zkwazf nlz vdav acvhle% Jlvd skvs) dlwk~kz) azk {ehvkf jx vdkhz ilghcai cleekcvhle whvd vdk ekw O{siho aef vdk s{i/ vae) zkgazfikss wdkvdkz vdk cle~kzshle das dappkekf he vdk pzkskeck ln vdk s{ivae lz lvdkz dhgd/zaebheg lffichai% Anvkz aii) vdk ekw O{siho {ivhoavkix ahokf av skc{zheg ae a{fhkeck whvd vdk s{ivae wdhik vdk iavvkz was fkkokf vl da~k daf vdk {ivhoavk sax he vdk oavvkz ln dhs zkq{ksv% Vdkzknlzk) hv hs olzk appzlpzhavk vl pkzckh~k vdk vwl skvs ln kevhvx/sxojlis as zkiavhlesdhp skvs% Vdk fizsv skv zkkcvs vdk sphzh/ v{ai zkiavhlesdhp jkvwkke vdk pkvhvhlekz) as a zkihghl{s el~hck skkb/ heg g{hfaeck) aef vdk s{ivae) as a caihpd pzl~hfheg s{cd g{hfaeck% Kacd kevhvx/sxojli he vdhs ’el~hck/caihpd‟ zkiavhlesdhp skv hs a svagk he vdk fk~kilpokev ln vdk zkiavhlesdhp jkvwkke vdk vwl% Vdksk wkzk) hn elv vdk acv{ai svagks) av ikasv vdk leks vdav a cle~kzv was pzk/ s{okf vl da~k ktpkzhkeckf acclzfheg vl vdk kvdhcai elzos ln vdk slchkvx% Das vdk cle~kzv acv{aiix skke vdk s{ivae lz was vdk s{ivae he a plshvhle vl hefkkf n{zehsd a sphzhv{ai g{hfaeck hs) vd{s) hzzkik~aev% Vdk skclef skv zkkcvs vdk skc{iaz zkiavhlesdhp jkvwkke s{jmkcv aef z{ikz% Kacd kevhvx/sxojli he vdhs ’s{jmkcv/z{ikz‟ zkiavhlesdhp skv zkkcvs vdk svagks he vdk wlzifix s{johsshle ln a s{jmkcv% N{zvdkzolzk) vdk vwl zkiavhlesdhp skvs azk cleekcvkf av kacd svagk ln vdk fk~kilpokev ln vdk zkiavhlesdhp) k%g%) vdk svagk ln Hfkevhvx he vdk fizsv skv clzzk/ splefs vl vdk svagk ln Ekw O{siho hfkevhvx he vdk skclef lek) m{sv as vdk svagk ln Zkasles nlz cle~kzshle das vdk svagk ln Ktpkcvkf zkwazf as hvs cl{evkzpazv) kvc% Whvd vdk ajl~k cleshfkzavhles he ohef) vdk nliilwheg scdkoa $Gzapd 3( appkazs vl zkkcv aii vdk zkiavhlesdhps aef fava kevhvhks vdav ox favajask ln ktplshvhles clevahes% Vdk scdkoa hs ae ajsvzacv ~hkw ln vdk svz{cv{zk av vdk pdxshcai ik~ki) h%k%) a svz{cv{zk ln vdk svz{cv{zk) aef vd{s) H vkzo hv vdk ’s{pkzsvz{cv{zk‟ ln vdk pkvhvhles ln ekw O{sihos%‟ Nlz vdk sabk ln shopihchvx) vdk scdkoa heci{fks leix vdk kevhvx/sxojlis) aef elv vdkhz avvzhj{vks% S{ooazx
Vl cleci{fk l{z aeaixshs ln vdk svz{cv{zk ln bh bhs~ s~kk jad adaası pkvhvhles) vdk nliilwheg plhevs oax jk oafk whvd zkgazf vl vdkhz ~ai{k as sl{zcks nlz cle~kzshle vl Hsiao he vdk pkzhlf {efkz q{ksvhle=
BHS^K JADASH
163
S[IVAE Pzl~hfks sphzhv{ai g{hfaeck as caihpd
Pzl~hfks cdazhvx as z{ikz
Lpkehe Lpk ehegg ln vdk zkq zkq{ks {ksvv Okzc{f{z
bh
Jkheg dlelzkf jx vdk s{ivae
Ikgai gzl{efs nlz zkq{ksv
siao hik où k où kzzkn li{p
Bae{e,o{vaf ù}kzk
Kojzacheg Hsiao Dabb/ı fheh baj{i
Zkel{eckokev ln nlzokz zkihghle
Appkai nlz cdazhvx
Javhi fhefke çıbıp
dsae,oksz{z j{x{z{ioab
Keihgdvkeokev Dhfaxkv/h zajjaeh kzh ùj kzh ùj
Zkasles nlz cle~kzshle
Ktpkcvkf zkwazf
$lpvhleai(
Bhs~k jadası,çıza ı jadası,çıza ı }ùozksh
Hfkevhvx
Ekw O{siho hfkevhvx
J{ }hooh b{iiazı
Acbelwikfgokev ln gzaefk{z
Jkefk/h ek~ oùsiho
Acbelwikfgokev ln lek‘s henkzhlzhvx
Fk~ikviù) eaxkviù S{ivaeıo da}zkvikzh
Jabh koz/ù nkzoae s{ivaeıoıefız
Sphzhv{ai s{johsshle as el~hck
Wlzifix s{johsshle as s{jmkcv
CLE^KZV
Gzapd 3% S{pkzsvz{cv{zk ln vdk Bhs~ Bhs~kk Jada Jadası sı Pkvhvhles
166
1% Acclzf Acclzfheg heg vl vdkhz vdkhz jash jashcc fhpiloa fhpiloavhc vhc nkav{ nkav{zks zks)) bh bhs~ s~kk ja jaddas ası ı pkvhvhles azkk fl az flc{ c{ok okev evss pk pkzv zvah aheh eheg eg vl vd vdkk Lv Lvvl vloa oae e cd cdae aeck ckzx zx gk gkez ezkk ln az}/h dai aef) he vdkhz pzlvlcli skcvhle) clenlzo vl vdk nlzoai Lvvloae cdaeckzx svxik% Vdkhz ~ai{k vl vdk dhsvlzhae) dlwk~kz) cloks nzlo vdk henlzoavhle clevahekf he vdk ktplshvhle% Vdk iavvkz was zkiavkf vl vdk zkq{ksvs ln hefh~hf{ais wdl daf cle~kzvkf lz wkzk ajl{v vl cle~kzv vl Hsiao he vdk pzkskeck ln vdk s{ivae% :% Fksphvk Fksphvk vdk nacv vdav vdav olsv olsv pkvhvhles pkvhvhles wkzk elv elv wzhvvke wzhvvke jx jx vdk cle/ ~kzvs vdkoski~ks) vdksk flc{okevs nliilwkf he vdkhz ktplshvhle skc/ vhle a pazvhc{iaz olfki ln cloplshvhle $s{pkzsvz{cv{zk() wdhcd aiilwkf nlz vdk heci{shle ln fava zkik~aev vl vdk acv ln cle~kz/ shle he gkekzai as wkii as vl vdk ekw O{sihos‘ pkzsleaihvhks% 3% Aelvdkz hoplzv hoplzvaev aev cdazacvkz cdazacvkzhsvhc hsvhc ln vdk pkvhv pkvhvhles‘ hles‘ s{pkzsv s{pkzsvz{cv{ z{cv{zk zk hs vdav zkiavkf fikifs ln fava cl{if jk clojhekf as skvs ln fava% Vdk vwl oamlz skvs azk vdk ’el~hck/caihpd‟ aef ’s{jmkcv/z{ikz‟ zkiavhlesdhp skvs) zk~kaiheg vdk slchai zkiavhles jkvwkke vdk vwl pzlvaglehsvs he vdkhz capachvx as s{jmkcv aef z{ikz) zkihghl{s el~hck aef sphzhv{ai ikafkz% Ohelz skvs heci{fk) nlz ktaopik) fava fkphcv/ heg kacd ln vdk svkps nliilwkf he lek‘s cle~kzshle vl Hsiao as ksvajihsdkf jx vdk kvdhcai elzos ln O{siho slchkvx% Vdk aeaixshs ln vdk pkvhvhles as skvs ln fava) vdkzknlzk) wl{if aiilw vdk zkcle/ svz{cvhle ln vdk cdazacvkz ln cle~kzshle as a slchai pzlckss jaskf le a fhcdlvlox‖sphzhv{ai ~s% oavkzhai) ekw ~s% nlzokz hfkevhvx ln vdk ekw O{siho) kvc% 6% Vdk Vdk plv plvke kevh vhai ai ln vd vdkk bhs~k jadası pkvhvhles‘ s{pkzsvz{cv{zk nlz vdhs sv{fx ihks aisl he vdk vxpks ln fava zk~kaiheg vdk cle~kzv‘s hfke/ vhvx% Vdk fava fikifs heci{fk vdk pkvhvhlekz‘s eaok) agk) gkefkz) kvdehc lzhghe) piack ln zkshfkeck) clenksshleai as wkii as slchai affiihavhle) zkasles nlz cle~kzshle aef vdk zkwazf fkshzkf he zkv{ze% Vdkzknlzk) as sl{zcks) vdk pkvhvhles aiilw nlz vdk clesvz{cvhle ln a cliikcvh~k plzvzahv ln vdk pkvhvhlekzs aef gh~k heshgdvs hevl vdk slchai okevaihvx ln a cle~kzv aef dhs avvhv{fk vlwazfs Hsiao% ;% Vdkzk hs hs el hefhcavh hefhcavhle le wdavslk~kz wdavslk~kz he vdk pkvhvhles pkvhvhles‘‘ s{pkzsvz{c s{pkzsvz{cv{zk v{zk plhevheg vl he~li{evazx cle~kzshle vl Hsiao% Le vdk clevzazx) vdk fava s{ggksvs vdav vdksk pklpik acvh~kix sl{gdv cle~kzshle he vdk pzkskeck ln vdk s{ivae%
CDAPVKZ NH^K
VDK HESVHV[VHLEAIH]AVHLE LN CLE^KZSHLE= BHS^K JADASH PKVHVHLES AS A SLCHAI PDKELOKELE Slok Svavhsvhcai Ljskz~avhles
He cdapvkz 6) wk da~k daf lccashle vl plhev l{v vdk ksskevhaiix fhff kzkev kzkev eav{zk ln vdk henlzoavhle zk~kaikf jx bh bhs~ s~kk jad adaası pkvhvhles) wdke clopazkf vl vdav nl{ef he vat zkghsvkzs% Ckzvaheix) wk caeelv clopazk vat zkghsvkzs whvd vdkhz hookesk svavhsvhcai ~ai{k vl vdk pkvh/ vhles ln ekw O{sihos wdhcd s{z~h~k he ihohvkf e{ojkzs leix% Dlw/ k~kz) vdk iavvkz azk svhii {skn{i as vdkx hefhcavk ckzvahe cdaegks he vdk pzlckss ln cle~kzshle aef cleclohvaevix) he Lvvloae slchkvx he gkekzai% As plhevkf l{v he vdk jkgheeheg ln vdk sv{fx) ox favajask ln pkvh/ vhles cleshsvs ln >3> flc{okevs hss{kf he vdk eaoks ln 7;; pklpik aef naiiheg whvdhe vdk pkzhlf 1>7:–173;% Vajik 8 jkilw pzkskevs vdk fhsvzhj{vhle ln flc{okevs aef ekw O{sihos pkz xkaz% H da~k aisl heci{fkf vdk oamlz hevkzeai aef ktvkzeai k~kevs vdav lcc{zzkf f{z/ heg vdk pkzhlf% As a zks{iv) vdk zkafkz oax ksvajihsd a iheb jkvwkke vdk e{ojkz ln pkvhvhles aef ekw O{sihos he a pazvhc{iaz xkaz aef vdk olsv shgehficaev k~kevs ln vdk xkaz cleckzekf% bhss~k jad adas ası ı pkvhvhles aef ekw O{sihos pkz xkaz Vaji Va jikk 8% 8% Fh Fhsv svzh zhj{ j{vh vhle le ln ln bh clopazkf vl k~kevs nzlo vdk Lvvloae dhsvlzx1 Xkaz
Pkvhvhles
1> 71 1> 7: 1> 73 1> 76 1> 7;
1 1 4 ; ;
Ekw O{sihos
1 1 4 ; ;
Oamlz k~kevs
Okdokf H^ $1>64–47( Waz whvd Pliaef Lvvloaes fknkavkf av Bdlvhe $ Dlvhe(
Vdk vajik heci{fks aii flc{okevs ihsvkf he Appkefht : as wkii as vdk vwl flc/ {okevs p{jihsdkf jx [}{eçaz ıiı‖skk [}{eçaz ıiı) Okzbk} ) Appkefht) Nacshohiks :7 aef :4% 1
16>
Vajik 8 $clev% ( ( Xkaz
Pkvhvhles
Ekw O{sihos
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0
0
1> 77
6
;
1> 74 1> 78 1> 40 1> 41
6 :6 :3 :1
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16 :3 16
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0 0
Oamlz k~kevs
Lvvloaes fknkavkf av Iwlw) ~hcvlzhl{s av ]{zawel2 pkack ln ]{zawel gh~ks Lvvloaes vdk Kasvkze [bzahek aef Plfliha Av vdhs plhev) vdk Lvvloae Kophzk zkacdks hvs oatho{o ktvkev he K{zlpk% 1>77–41 fizsv waz whvd Z{ssha l~kz [bzahek
Pkack ln Zaf}ha2 Lvvloaes gh~k {p Kasvkze [bzahek Nhzsv pkzoaekev ilss ln vkzzhvlzx% 1>4:–88 waz whvd A{svzha Skclef shkgk ln ^hkeea Vdhzf Dlix Ikag{k $ ^kehck aef Pliaef mlhe A{svzha(2 ^hskgzêf) ^ac} ilsv Iasv fk~ hzok ln elvk Naii ln J{fa2 fknkav av ]keva agahesv A{svzha2 Z{ssha mlhes vdk claihvhle2 ^kekvhaes he vdk Olzka Lvvloaes ilsk Kgkz aef vdk skclef Javvik ln Oldac agahesv A{svzha2 fizsv Z{sshae shkgk ln A}l~2 azox zkjkiihle2 fkplshvhle ln Okdokf H^ 1>47–81 Sùikxoae HH2 naii ln Jkigzafk A{svzhaes av Blsl~l2 Lvvloaes gh~k {p S}hgkv~az) ^hfhe) aef Eh 2 Z{sshaes avvacb vdk Czhoka Lvvloaes fknkav A{svzhaes he Vzaesxi~aeha) zkcl~kz Jkigzafk aef ^hfhe 1>81–8; Adokf HH2 vat zknlzos Gx{ia ilsv 1>8;–1703 O{svana HH Lvvloae cl{evkz/avvacb he D{egazx) Ihppa zk/cleq{kzkf2 A}l~ ilsv vl Z{sshaes Lvvloaes fknkavkf agahe av ]keva
167
Vajik 8 $clev% ( ( Xkaz
Pkvhvhles Ekw O{sihos
1 >8 8
1
1
1 70 0 1 70 1 1 70 : 1 70 3
1 ; 0 11
1 ; 0 11
1 70 6 1 70 ; 1 70 > 1 70 7 1 70 4 1 70 8 1 71 0 1 71 1
13 : :1 1: 11 1 3; 13
16 : :; 1: 11 1 66 17
1 71 : 1 71 3 1 71 6
31 > 6
31 > 6
1 71 ; 1 71 >
: 6
: 11
1 71 7 1 71 4
10 7
11 7
1 71 8 1 7: 0 1 7: 1 1 7: : 1 7: 3
> 1; 4 :1 16
> :: 4 :: 14
1 7: 6 1 7: ; 1 7: > 1 7: 7 1 7: 4 1 7: 8
7 1> 16 1> > >
4 :0 14 18 7 10
Oamlz k~kevs
Vzkavx ln Bazilwhv}= Pliaef zkcl~kzs Plfliha) ^kehck aq{hzks vdk Olzka aef olsv ln Faioavha) A{svzha whes aii ln D{egazx whvd vdk ktckpvhle ln vdk Jaeav ln Vkoks~az
Azox zkjkiihle2 fkplshvhle ln O{svana HH2 1703–30 Adokf HHH
1710 –11 Waz whvd Z{ssha Javvik ln Pz{v2 Lvvloae ~hcvlzx l~kz Pkvkz H Pkack vzkavx whvd Z{ssha2 A}l~ zkcl~kzkf 1716 –14 waz whvd ^kehck2 zkcl~kzx ln vdk Olzka Cleq{ksv ln Vkels‖iasv Lvvloae cleq{ksv Waz whvd A{svzha2 Lvvloaes fknkavkf av Pkvzl~azafhe Naii ln Jkigzafk Pkack vzkavx ln Passazlwhv} whvd A{svzha aef ^kehck2 Lvvloaes ilsk Jaeav ln Vkoks~az aef Ihvvik Waiiacdha $Livkeha( Gzkav chzc{ochshle nksvh~ai he Hsvaej{i 17:3–:7 waz whvd Hzae2 Lvvloae lcc{pavhle ln A}kzjahmae aef Daoafae
164
Vajik 8 $clev% ( ( Xkaz
Pkvhvhles
Ekw O{sihos
1 73 0
6
>
17 31 17 3: 17 33 17 36 17 3;
1: 10 6 ; 1
1: 10 6 ; 1
Vlvai >3>
7; ;
Oamlz k~kevs
Pavzlea Daihi zkjkiihle2 fkplshvhle ln Adokf HHH2 kef ln V{ihp pkzhlf 1730 –;6 Oado{f H
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Xkaz
Gzapd 6% Zkiavh~k zavk ln ekw O{sihos wdl pkvhvhlekf vdk S{ivae) 1>7:–1736
Sk~ke d{efzkf aef finvx/fi~k ekw O{sihos l~kz vdk cl{zsk ln shtvx nl{z xkazs‖ae a~kzagk ln vwki~k pkz xkaz‖oax elv sl{ef ihbk a shgehficaev fig{zk wdke clopazkf vl vdk Jaibae ele/O{siho plp{/ iavhle ln olzk vdae vwl ohiihle av vdk v{ze ln vdk sk~kevkkevd cke/
168
v{zx%: Vdk sht d{efzkf aef vdhzvx sht pkvhvhles s{johvvkf jx vdksk hefh~hf{ais) dlwk~kz) zkpzkskev a svavhsvhcaiix shgeh ficaev aol{ev he vkzos ln dhsvlzhcai zkclzfs nzlo vdhs pkzhlf% Wk aisl da~k vl jkaz he ohef vdav ln aii azcdh~ai oavkzhais leck pzlf{ckf) vdlsk wdhcd da~k s{z~h~kf hevl olfkze vhoks olsv ihbkix nlzo leix a soaii nzac/ vhle2 vdhs appihks vl vdk ekw O{sihos‘ pkvhvhles as wkii% K~hfkeck vdav vdk pkvhvhles av ox fhsplsai zkpzkskev leix vdk ’vhp ln vdk hckjkzg‟ oax jk nl{ef he a flc{okev vdav accl{evs nlz vzkas{zx fhsj{zskokevs vl ekw O{sihos nlz vdk pkzhlf Ckoa}hùik~~ki 1080/Zkjhùiadız 1081 $ M{ek 10) 10) 1>78–Oax 18) 1>40(% 1>40(%3 Vdk flc{/ okev‖ksskevhaiix a zkghsvkz nlz vdk fiscai xkaz‖ihsvs 378 ekw O{sihos= 183 oke) 16> wloke) 14 jlxs aef :: ghzis) kacd gh~ke 1:00) :170) 700 aef 1000 abçk s zkspkcvh~kix as vdk kq{h~aikev ln a skv ln O{siho cilvdks $bhs~k jadası (% As plhevkf l{v he ox vktv{ai aeaixshs ln vdk pkvhvhles he cdapvkz nl{z) vdk bhs~k jadası cl{if leix jk zkikaskf anvkz ae afohehsvzavh~k pzlckf{zk hehvhavkf jx vdk s{johsshle ln a pkvhvhle le vdk pazv ln vdk ekw O{siho% Vdkzknlzk) le vdk jashs ln vdhs zkg/ hsvkz wk cae cleci{fk vdav vdkzk oax da~k jkke as oaex as 378 ekw O{sihos wdl pkvhvhlekf vdk s{ivae he fiscai xkaz 1>78–1>40% Jx clevzasv) H da~k nl{ef leix 66 acv{ai pkvhvhles s{johvvkf jx ;; ekw O{sihos $1; pkzckev ln vdk ekw O{sihos ihsvkf he vdk zkghsvkz() fav/ heg nzlo vdk saok vwki~k olevd pkzhlf% Olzkl~kz) wdke wk cle/ shfkz vdk nacv vdav :1 ln vdk 66 pkvhvhles) wdhcd wkzk s{johvvkf he vdk eaoks ln :; ekw O{sihos) s{z~h~kf vl l{z fax leix jx ~hzv{k ln da~heg jkke avvacdkf vl vdk fiscai zkghsvkz) vdk acv{ai s{z~h~ai zavk fzlps vl a okzk 4 pkzckev% Vdhs) ln cl{zsk) hs leix ae ljskz~avhle ln vdk ilw zavk ln s{z~h~ai ln azcdh~ai oavkzhai he vdk cask ln lek cliikcvhle aef sdl{if elv he aex wax jk hevkzpzkvkf as appihcajik vl vdk s{z~h~ai zavk ln flc{okevs nzlo vdhs pkzhlf he lvdkz cliikcvhles% He aelvdkz flc{okev) wk fief ae accl{evheg ln vdk vzkas{zx ktpkesks nlz 66 ekw O{sihos $:8 oke) 16 wloke aef 1 jlx( he vdk olevd ln Zkjhùik~~ki 1088 $ Mae{azx >–Nkjz{ >–Nkjz{azx azx 6) 1>44(% 1>44(%6 Hv cae jk ljskz~kf vdav vdk fig{zk ln nlzvx/nl{z ekw O{sihos hs sihgdvix
Skk cdapvkz vwl) Vajik 7) nlz vdk fig{zk ln vdk ch}xk /paxheg /paxheg plp{iavhle% H ao {sheg a o{ivhpihkz ln 3%; vl azzh~k av vdk fig{zk ln vwl ohiihle% 3 1Y10417) n% 1j–:j% 1j–:j% Skk nlz nacshohik aef n{ii vzaesiavhle) vzaesiavhle) Appkefht 1) Flc{okev 1;% 6 CG 40Y13) n% :4% :
1;0
dhgdkz k~ke vdae olsv ln vdk olevdix fig{zks he vdk zkghsvkz ln 1>78–1>40%; Vdkzknlzk) wk cae ksvhoavk vdk e{ojkz ln ekw O{sihos wdl pkvhvhlekf vdk s{ivae he vdk 1>47–44 fiscai xkaz as jkheg) hn elv dhgdkz) vdke av ikasv el soaiikz vdae vdk fig{zk nlz 1>78–40% Dlwk~kz) sheck aii 3; pkvhvhles s{johvvkf he vdk eaoks ln vdlsk 66 ekw O{sihos wkzk avvacdkf vl vdk flc{okev he q{ksvhle) vdkzk hs elv a shegik skp/ azavkix/pzkskz~kf pkvhvhle nzlo vdk zksv ln vdk xkaz% Ox cleci{shle) he ihgdv ln vdhs k~hfkeck) hs vdav vdk acv{ai e{ojkz ln pkvhvhles s{j/ ohvvkf he vdk pkzhlf 1>70s–1730s oax da~k aol{evkf vl sk~kzai vdl{saef% Lek wlefkzs k~ke olzk ajl{v vdk svavhsvhcai ~ai{k ln vdk bhs~k jadası pkvhvhles wdke illbheg av vdk whfk ~azhavhle he vdk e{ojkz ln pkvhvhles s{johvvkf k~kzx xkaz% Acclzfheg vl vdk fava vaj{iavkf ajl~k) vdkzk azk el flc{okevs he ox favajask hss{kf he vdk xkazs 1>7>) 1>81 vl 1>84) aef 170:% Le vdk lvdkz daef) vdk xkazs 1>78) 1>4>) 1>44) 1710 aef 171: aii nkav{zk olzk vdae vwhck vdk aee{ai a~kz/ agk ln s{z~h~heg pkvhvhles% Dlw fl wk accl{ev nlz vdk gaps< Hs hv jkca{sk) he nacv) el ekw O{sihos s{johvvkf pkvhvhles vl vdk s{ivae< Lz) hs hv shopix jkca{sk el bh bhs~ s~kk ja jada dası sı pkvhvhles da~k s{z~h~kf nzlo vdksk xkazs< Shohiaz q{ksvhles oax jk asbkf whvd zkgazf vl vdk dhgdkz e{ojkz ln pkvhvhles he pazvhc{iaz xkazs% Ikv {s ass{ok vdav vdk ~azhavhle he vdk e{ojkz ln s{z~h~heg pkvh/ vhles zkkcvs zkai ihnk shv{avhles% He lvdkz wlzfs) wk plshv vdav el bhs~k jadası pkvhvhles wkzk s{johvvkf he pazvhc{iaz xkazs) aef as a clzliiazx) wk o{sv ass{ok vdav vdkx wkzk s{johvvkf he iazgk e{o/ jkzs he lvdkz xkazs% He vdhs cask) ae ktpiaeavhle sdl{if jk sl{gdv he vdk k~kevs vdav lcc{zzkf he vdk xkazs he q{ksvhle) k~kevs vdav oax da~k ikf vl ae heczkask lz fkczkask he vdk e{ojkz ln pklpik skkb/ heg vl cle~kzv jknlzk vdk s{ivae% Dlwk~kz) hv hs fh ffic{iv vl iheb aex fk~havhles he vdk e{ojkz ln pkvhvhles he a pazvhc{iaz xkaz vl aex paz/ vhc{iaz k~kev) pkzsleaihvx lz vzkef he Lvvloae dhsvlzx% Nlz ktaopik) hv cae jk ljskz~kf vdav he vdk pkzhlf 1>74–1>48) vdk zavk ln pkvhvhles pkz xkaz hs zkiavh~kix dhgd% Xkv) vdhs zkpzkskevs lek ln vdk olsv fhs/ asvzl{s pkzhlfs he Lvvloae ohihvazx aef plihvhcai dhsvlzx% A jzhkn zk~hkw ln vdk pkzhlf heci{fks vdk ilss ln Kasvkze [bzahek $1>41() vdk Vdk olevdix fig{zks nlz fiscai xkaz 1>78–1>40 azk as nliilws= Ckoa}hùik~~ki / :: ekw O{sihos) Ckoa}hùiadız / 3:) Zkckj/ :8) ajae/ 1>) Zaoa}ae/ 36) k~~ai / :1) ]hibafk / 6:) ]hidhck / :6) O{dazzko/ :4) Sankz / 60) Zkjhùik~~ki / :4) Zkjhùiadız / 37% Vdk zkoaheheg :; ekw O{sihos azk ihsvkf as da~heg jkke dlelzkf whvd Hsiao f{zheg a Zlxai d{ev% ;
1;1
nahi{zk ln vdk skclef Lvvloae shkgk ln ^hkeea $1>43() vdk ilss ln D{egazx vl A{svzha) vdk naii ln Jkigzafk $1>44() vdk A{svzhae azox af~aecheg as naz as Blsl~l $1>48() aef ^kehck lcc{pxheg vdk Olzka $1>4>(% He nacv) vdk dhgdksv zavks ln pkvhvhles azk ljskz~kf he 1>4> $64 pkvhvhles() vdk xkaz wdke J{fa nkii) Z{ssha mlhekf vdk Dlix Ikag{k aef ^kehck lcc{phkf vdk Olzka) aef he 1>44 $3; pkvhvhles() vdk xkaz ln Jkigzafk‘s capv{zk jx A{svzhae nlzcks% Dlwk~kz) he lvdkz xkazs) wdhcd wkzk aisl fiiikf whvd d{ohihavheg skavjacbs nlz vdk Lvvloae svavk) vdk e{ojkz ln s{z~h~heg pkvhvhles hs khvdkz ~kzx ilw lz ele/kthsvkev% Vdhs appihks vl 1>47) wdke vdk Lvvloaes wkzk fknkavkf av vdk skclef javvik ln Oldac) wdke vdk azox zlsk he zkjkiihle aef wdke Okdokf H^ was fkplskf) as wkii as vl vdk fkcafk 1>80–1>88) wdhcd saw vdk fknkav ln vdk Lvvloae azox av S}aiaebaoke aef ]keva aef vdk ilss ln A}l~) Plfliha aef Faioavha% Olzkl~kz) vdk zavk ln pkvhvhles zlsk agahe shgehficaevix jkvwkke 1703 aef 17:0 wdke Lvvloae plihvhcai zkjl{ef nlzv{eks wkzk le vdk zhsk% He 1711) vdk Lvvloaes fknkavkf Pkvkz H av vdk jav/ vik ln Pz{v aef zkcl~kzkf A}l~% He vdk 1716–14 waz whvd ^kehck) vdkx wkzk ajik vl zkcleq{kz vdk Olzka) Clzhevd aef vdk hsiaefs ln Ihoels aef Vkekfls% Vdk fizsv vdzkk fkcafks ln vdk khgdvkkevd cke/ v{zx aisl saw a pkzhlf ln c{iv{zai k stlzksckeck‖vdk sl/caiikf V{ihp pkzhlf% Aef xkv) hv o{sv jk acbelwikfgkf vdav vdkzk azk hefh~hf{ai xkazs f{zheg vdhs pkzhlf ln ktvkzeai ohihvazx s{cckss nlz wdhcd wk da~k nkw bh bhs~ s~kk jad adaası pkvhvhles) lz k~ke elek av aii% Hevkzeai clefhvhles aef k~kevs he vdk kophzk fl elv skko vl da~k he{keckf vdk zavk ln pkvhvhles khvdkz% Nlz ktaopik) he 1>47) vdk xkaz ln vdk fkplshvhle ln Okdokf H^) vdk e{ojkz ln ktvaev pkvh/ vhles aol{evs vl 3>% Dlwk~kz) he 1703) vdk xkaz ln vdk fkplshvhle ln O{svana HH) vdk zavk ln pkvhvhles hs leix 11% He 1>81) vdk xkaz ln vdk ch}xk vat zknlzos) wdhcd wkzk fhsc{sskf he cdapvkz vdzkk) zknlzos vdav sdl{if da~k clevzhj{vkf vl vdk kclelohc pzkss{zk le ele/O{siho s{jmkcvs) vdk zavk ln pkvhvhles hs agahe }kzl% He cleci{shle) hv wl{if appkaz vdav vdk ~azhavhles he vdk zavk ln bhs~ bh s~kk ja jada dası sı pkvhvhles he vdk pkzhlf {efkz cleshfkzavhle azk olzk ihbkix vhkf vl vdk s{z~h~ai ln flc{okevs he Lvvloae azcdh~ks aef vdk fxeaohcs ln vdk Hsiaoh}avhle pzlckss zavdkz vdae aex spkch fic dhs/ vlzhcai k~kev% Vdkzknlzk) vdk svavhsvhcai shgeh ficaeck ln bhs~k jadası pkvhvhles flks elv ihk he vdk henlzoavhle vdkx pzl~hfk le dlw oaex ele/O{sihos cle~kzvkf he a pazvhc{iaz xkaz) as he vdk cask ln vat zkghsvkzs% Hn wk
1;:
azk vl skkb nlz vdk kthsvkeck ln a svavhsvhcai ~ai{k vl bh bhs~ s~kk ja jaddas ası ı pkvh/ vhles) hv wl{if jk he vdkhz e{ojkz zkpzkskevheg a clzp{s ln flc{/ okevs cdazacvkzhsvhc ln a pazvhc{iaz pkzhlf ln Lvvloae dhsvlzx‖vdk 1>70s–1730s) as vdk zkclzf sdlws% Hefkkf) vdkzk hs k~hfkeck vdav vdk bhs~ s~kk jad adaası vl ekw O{sihos clevhe{kf wkii hevl pzacvhck ln gzaevheg bh vdk ehekvkkevd ckev{zx%> Vdk pkvhvhles vdav da~k s{z~h~kf nzlo vdhs ckev{zx aef a dain) dlwk~kz) azk leix khgdv he vlvai‖7 nzlo 1467)7 aef 1 nzlo 14>7%4 He ox lphehle) vdk ekaz fhsappkazaeck ln vdk pkvhvhles anvkz vdk 1730s nzlo vdk Lvvloae azcdh~ks hs a zk kcvhle ln vdk l~kzaii fkcihek ln vdk cle~kzshle pzlckss% As plhevkf l{v he cdapvkz vwl) vdk pzlckss kefkf he olsv ln vdk Jaibae iaefs anvkz vdk fizsv q{azvkz ln vdk khgdvkkevd ckev{zx aef cle~kzshle was leix splzafhc he vdk ehekvkkevd ckev{zx% He lvdkz wlzfs) vdk nacv vdav vdk s{johsshle ln pkvhvhles zkq{ksv/ heg bh bhss~k jadası lz lvdkz na~lzs nzlo vdk s{ivae skkos vl da~k jkke a cdzlelilghcaiix ihohvkf pdkelokele aef vdav s{cd pkvhvhles oax da~k aol{evkf vl sk~kzai vdl{saef) wazzaevs l{z cleci{shle vdav vdk s{johsshle ln pkvhvhles was a slchai pdkelokele he vdk pkzhlf 1>70s–1730s% Av vdk saok vhok dlwk~kz) hv ekkfs vl jk plhevkf l{v vdav vdk pzacvhck ln zkwazfheg ekw O{sihos aef ln vdk iavvkz vzxheg vl assl/ chavk vdkoski~ks whvd pzlohekev O{sihos) cae dazfix da~k svazvkf he vdk 1>70s% Zavdkz) wk cae sankix ass{ok vdav vdk Lvvloaes leix hesvhv{vhleaih}kf ae aizkafx kthsvheg c{svlo) favheg pkzdaps nzlo kazix Hsiaohc vhoks% Ae heq{hzx hevl vdk lzhghes aef hesvhv{vhleaih}avhle ln vdk pzacvhck wl{if jk {skn{i) vdkzknlzk) he hfkevhnxheg vdk oahe cdaz/ acvkzhsvhcs ln vdk bhs~ s~kk jadası pdkelokele% Hsiaohc Vzafhvhle aef Bhs~k Jadası Pkvhvhles
Hv skkos vdav he vdk hesvaeck ln bh bhs~ s~kk ja jada dası sı pkvhvhles) wk acv{aiix da~k vdzkk lifkz Hsiaohc pzacvhcks clojhekf hevl lek= 1( asslchavhle ln cle~kzvs whvd O{sihos ln dhgdkz slchai svaefheg2 :( flc{okevavhle ln clopihaeck whvd vdk nlzoai svkps ekckssazx nlz cle~kzshle vl Hsiao2
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Skk 1AY;76332 1AY>4>12 LAB 74Y612 LAB 63Y17% LAB 86Y76) 1–>2 LAB ;0Y86% EPVA THT :Y107%
1;3
aef 3( zkwazfheg vdk ekw O{sihos fieaechaiix lz vdzl{gd vdk ghnv ln ekw cilvdks% Ikv {s affzkss olzk n{iix kacd ln vdksk kikokevs he v{ze% 1( Vdk pzacvhck pzacvhck ln a cle~kzv‘ cle~kzv‘ss asslchavhe asslchavhegg dhoskin dhoskin whvd whvd a pzlohek pzlohekev ev O{siho olsv pzljajix daf hvs lzhghes he vdk hesvhv{vhle ln clevzac/ v{ai pavzleagk he kazix Hsiao‖ wai wai ai/o{w i v %8 Aivdl{gd aexjlfx cl{if skz~k as vdk pkzsle) ’he wdlsk daefs‟ vdk cle~kzv wl{if vks/ vhnx vl dhs ekw czkkf) vdk iavvkz fhf fkshzk g{hfaeck aef pavzleagk he dhs,dkz ekw ihnk% Olsv lnvke) vdk zlik ln ktkopiaz was fiiikf jx zkclgeh}kf phl{s O{sihos% Vdk hesvhv{vhle ln wai ai/o{w ai/o{w i i v v ksvaj/ ihsdkf a spkchai jlef‖a ’ficvhvhl{s bhesdhp‟ he vdk wlzfs ln Daiiaq 10 ‖ jkvwkke cle~kzvs aef vdkhz pavzles) as vdk nlzokz jkcaok cihkevs $oaw ( ln vdk iavvkz% Vdk phl{s O{sihos) le vdk lvdkz daef) acvkf oaw i i ( as jkeknacvlzs vl vdkhz cihkevs% Hv was eav{zai vdke nlz cle~kzvs vl skkb vdk pavzleagk ln wkaivdhkz lz slchaiix af~aevagkf O{sihos) wdl wl{if pzl~hfk vdko whvd a gzkavkz fkgzkk ln asshsvaeck% Lek ln vdk kazihksv ktaopiks ln vdhs vkefkecx oax jk nl{ef he ae aekcflvk zkclzfkf he lek ln vdk jhlgzapdhcai fhcvhleazhks= S i sahf vl Xa} f j% ai/O{daiiaj av vdk vhok M{zmae was cleq{kzkf= —Hs vdkzk he Hsiao sloklek olzk hii{svzhl{s vdae xl{ av wdlsk daefs H ohgdv cle~kzv vl Hsiao< Xa} f zkpihkf= —Xks) S{iaxo e j% Ajf ai/ Oaihb Rcaihpd 71;–717_%‘ S i sahf= —vdke fhspavcd ok vl dho sl H cae cle~kzv vl Hsiao av dhs daefs%‘ Sl dk fhf% Wdke S i azzh~kf) dk sahf vl S{iaxo e wdav dk daf sahf vl Xa} f% Vdke S{iaxo e sahf= —Vdkzk hs elv elw aoleg vdk O{sihos aexlek olzk hii{svzhl{s vdae H) j{v vdk vloj vloj ln vdk Okss Oksskegk kegkzz ln Glf Glf % % % das olzk olzk%‘%‘ Vdke Vdke H sdaii sdaii cle/ cle/ ~kzv vl Hsiao vdkzk)‘ sahf S i% Sl S{iaxo e skev dho vl Oafhea) aef dk cle~kzvkf vl Hsiao av vdk vloj% Vdke dk zkv{zekf vl Xa} f j% ai/ O{daiiaj aef jkcaok dhs clopaehle aef oaeagkf dhs ktpkefhv{zks {evhi Oasiaoad j% Ajf ai/Oaihb bhiikf dho le vdk fax ln ai/ Aqz wdke dk bhiikf Xa} f j% ai/O{daiiaj%11
Clevzacv{ai pavzleagk was elv zkclgeh}kf jx aex ln vdk nl{z Hsiaohc scdllis ln iaw ktckpv vdk Daeafi%1: Dlwk~kz) jx ~hzv{k ln Daeafi
Wai ai/o{w i v sdl{if jk fhsvheg{hsdkf nzlo wai ai/ hvq ) wdhcd azhsks nzlo sia~kzx% Skk Waki Daiiaq) ’Vdk [sk aef Aj{sk ln K~hfkeck= Vdk Q{ksvhle ln Pzl~hechai aef Zloae He{kecks le Kazix Hsiaohc Iaw)‟ MALS ) 1 $1880() 46% 10 Hjhf%) 46% 11 Chvkf jx J{iihkv) ’Svlzhks)‟ 1:;% 1: Hjhf%) 43% 8
1;6
scdlli‘s jkheg vdk lffichai scdlli ln iaw ljskz~kf he vdk Lvvloae kophzk) hv hs leix eav{zai vdav wk sdl{if illb nlz vdk ikgacx ln wai ai/o{w i ai/o{w i v v he vdhs zkaio% Hv das vl jk afohvvkf vdav vdk wai ai/ o{w i o{w i v v clevzacv flks elv ekckssazhix he~li~k cle~kzshle) elz flks hv da~k vl jk cleci{fkf av aii) sheck s{cd a clevzacv hs dkif vl jk pkz/ ohsshjik $ m h} () elv ljihgavlzx ljihgavlzx $i i }ho }ho (%13 Skclef) vdk clevzacv pzks{oks kq{aihvx jkvwkke vdk pazvhks sl vdav s{pplzv he fieaechai aef olzai oavvkzs sdl{if jk o{v{ai%16 Vdk iavvkz cae dazfix jk sahf ln vdk ’s{ivae/cle~kzv‟ zkiavhlesdhp zkkcvkf he bh bhs~ s~kk ja jada dası sı pkvhvhles% He lvdkz wlzfs) vdkzk cae jk el fhzkcv clopazhsle jkvwkke vdk wai ai/ o{w i o{w i v v clevzacv aef bhs~k jadası pkvhvhles he a svzhcvix ikgai skesk% Vdk cleekcvhle jkvwkke vdk vwl hs pzhoazhix cleckpv{ai% He ox lphe/ hle) vdk hesvhv{vhle ln clevzacv{ai pavzleagk o{sv da~k gzaf{aiix jkclok pazv ln vdk slchai elzos ln O{siho slchkvx he fkaiheg whvd ekwclokzs he vdk O{siho cloo{ehvx% As s{cd) slok ln vdk ikgai cdazacvkzhsvhcs ln vdk hesvhv{vhle jkcaok ji{zzkf aef wkzk zkpiackf bhs~ s~kk jad adaası pkvhvhles azk jx pavvkzes ln slchai jkda~hlz% Nlz ktaopik) bh fkfiehvkix elv clevzacvs he ~hkw ln vdkhz fhpiloavhc nkav{zks% Ek~kzvdkikss) lek caeelv kscapk vdk nkkiheg vdav vdk ekw O{sihos wdl pkvhvhlekf vdk s{ivae vdl{gdv he vkzos ln jazgaheheg% Vdkhz pazv ln vdk jazgahe was vl sdlw gke{hek jkihkn he Hsiao aef vl appkai vl vdk s{ivae sdlwheg aii vdk f{k zkspkcv ln kagkz zkihghl{s el~hcks aef ljkfhkev s{jmkcvs% He slok pkvhvhles) ae kikokev ln lff kz kz hs cikazix pzlel{eckf%1; He zkv{ze) vdk ekw O{sihos ktpkcvkf vdk s{ivae‘s pavzleagk aef ckz/ vahe na~lzs as ksvajihsdkf jx c{svlo% Vdav vdk s{ivae zkgazfkf vdk pkvhvhles whvd vdk skesk ln ae ljihgavhle vl n{ifiii dhs pazv ln vdk cle/ vzacv hs aisl appazkev nzlo vdk okvhc{il{s zkclzfheg he vdk oazghes ln vdk flc{okevs ln vdk aol{evs aef,lz plshvhles gzaevkf vl vdk pkvhvhlekzs% Aelvdkz nkav{zk ln vdk wai ai/o{w ai/o{w i i v v clevzacv‖vdav vdk cihkev hs elv s{pplskf vl da~k a eavai gzl{p‖aisl oaehnksvkf hvskin he vdk pzacvhck ln bh bhss~k jadası pkvhvhles%1> As whii jk plhevkf l{v jkilw) a shgehficaev e{ojkz ln vdk ekw O{sihos wdl s{johvvkf pkvhvhles vl
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vdk s{ivae) jkilegkf vl vdhs cavkglzx% Olzkl~kz) he slok casks ae kff lzv lzv skkos vl da~k jkke oafk le vdk pazv ln vdk pkvhvhlekz vl appkaz vl clenlzo vl s{cd a czhvkzhle%17 :( Whvd zkgazf zkgazf vl vl vdk flc{okev flc{okevheg heg ln cle~kzs cle~kzshle) hle) hv sdl{if sdl{if jk plhevk plhevkf f l{v vdav he kazix Hsiao vdk pzacvhck was elv acclopaehkf jx a zhv/ {ai lz saczaokevai pkznlzoaeck kq{h~aikev vl japvhso) elz was aex zkghsvzavhle lz flc{okevazx pzlln ln cdaegk ln zkihghle fkoaefkf% Vdk nlzoai pzlckss ln cle~kzshle was shopix ihohvkf vl vdk pzl/ e{echavhle ln vdk adafkv $Az% sdad fa (%14 Cleskq{kevix) ihvvik was ktpkcvkf sphzhv{aiix lz hevkiikcv{aiix ln vdk kazix cle~kzvs vl Hsiao% 18 Ek~kzvdkikss) acclzfheg vl J{iihkv) a cdaegk he vdk cdazacvkz ln cle/ ~kzshle lcc{zzkf he vdk vkevd $nl{zvd Hsiaohc( ckev{zx wdke cle~kz/ shle caok vl jk zkgazfkf aisl as a oavvkz ln jkihkn% :0 He affhvhle vl jkheg a slchl/plihvhcai cdaiikegk) cle~kzshle jkgae vl plsk a sphzh/ v{ai cdaiikegk as wkii% Dlwk~kz) hv was elv {evhi cle~kzshle jkcaok aisl a oavvkz ln ikgai hevkzksv‖vdk iavvkz jkheg lnvke vdk cask whvd cdaegks he oazhvai svav{s lz pzlpzhkvlzsdhp zhgdvs‖vdav vdksk ekw nlzoai zkq{hzkokevs caok vl jk wzhvvke flwe% Vdk m{zhsvs ksvaj/ ihsdkf a skv ln g{hfkiheks vl jk nliilwkf he fkchfheg wdke a cle/ ~kzshle wl{if jk fkkokf ikgaiix ~aihf aef jkgae hss{heg cle~kzshle ckzvhficavks% Acclzfheg vl m{fhchai olfkis ln cle~kzshle ckzvh ficavks nzlo vkevd/ckev{zx Spahe) vdk ekckssazx kikokevs ln cle~kzshle heci{fkf= 1( a svavkokev ln sl{ef okevai dkaivd2 :( a svavkokev ln cle~kzshle vl Hsiao aef zkmkcvhle ln lek‘s nlzokz zkihghle) jlvd {efkzvabke ~li{evazx2 3( zkchvheg vdk adafkv 2 6( {efkzvabheg vl n{i fiii vdk fhff kzkev kzkev f{vhks hoplskf le a O{siho2 aef ;( a zkclzf ln vdk whvekssks vl vdk cle~kzshle%:1 Vdk svzhcv ljskz~aeck ln aii ln vdk ajl~k ikgai pzlckf{zks lz vdkhz pzkchsk zkpzlf{cvhle he ele/ikgai flc{okevs) s{cd as bh bhs~ s~kk ja jada dası sı pkvh/ vhles cae dazfix da~k jkke ktpkcvkf% Ek~kzvdkikss) hn wk illb av vdk pkvhvhles‘ s{pkzsvz{cv{zk) wdhcd was fksczhjkf he scdkoavhc nlzo he cdapvkz nl{z) lek cae skk vdav vdk kikokevs ln vdk ’el~hck/caihpd‟ zkiavhlesdhp skv azk ~kzx shohiaz vl vdlsk fksczhjkf ajl~k% Vdk kevhvx
17 14 18 :0 :1
Skk kspkchaiix 1AY;7:>; $Appkefht 1) Flc{okev 4(% J{iihkv) ’Svlzhks)‟ 1:8 aef hfko) Cle~kzshle) 33% J{iihkv) ’Svlzhks)‟ 13:% Hjhf% Sdav}ohiikz) ’Oazzhagk)‟ :34%
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fkshgeavkf ’keihgdvkeokev‟ he vdk pkvhvhle‘s s{pkzsvz{cv{zk pkzvahes vl vdk cle~kzv‘s heekz ktpkzhkeck) aef as s{cd hv hefhcavks vdk ~li/ {evazx eav{zk ln vdk iavvkz‘s fkchshle% ’Zkel{eckokev ln nlzokz zkih/ ghle‟ cloks ektv) as he vdk cask ln cle~kzshle ckzvhficavks% ’Kojzacheg Hsiao‟ heci{fks vdk pzle{echavhle ln vdk O{siho czkkf aef vdk aflp/ vhle ln a O{siho eaok% Nheaiix) ’jkheg dlelzkf whvd Hsiao‟ plhevs vl vdk ekw O{siho jkheg va{gdv vdk azvhciks ln nahvd aef vdk cle/ ~kzshle vabheg piack he vdk pzkskeck ln vdk s{ivae% Agahe) H azg{k vdav vdk cilsk shohiazhvx jkvwkke vdk svkps ln cle/ ~kzshle fksczhjkf he bhs~k jadası pkvhvhles aef he vdk olfki cle~kz/ shle ckzvhficavks hs f{k vl vdk vzaesnlzoavhle ln vdksk svkps nzlo ikgai vl olzai cavkglzhks% K~kev{aiix) O{siho slchkvx caok vl pkzckh~k gke{hek cle~kzshle he vkzos ln vdk ksvajihsdkf olzai elzos) m{sv as ekw O{sihos caok vl clenlzo vl s{cd ktpkcvavhles% Vdkzknlzk) flc/ {okevavhle ln ckzvahe nlzoai svkps he lek‘s cle~kzshle) k~ke he a ele/ikgai flc{okev) aivdl{gd elv ekckssazhix nzlo a ikgai plhev ln ~hkw) was m{svhfikf he ihgdv ln ktpkcvkf slchai jkda~hlz% 3( Vdk vdh vdhzf zf hopl hoplzv zvaev aev asp aspkc kcvv ln bh bhs~ s~kk ja jaddas ası ı pkvhvhles hs vdk fieaechai zkwazf vdav was lff kzkf kzkf vl ekw O{sihos {ple cle~kzshle% H fhf elv fief aex k~hfkeck as vl wdke vdhs pzacvhck fizsv jkgae% Olsv ihbkix) vdl{gd) hv fhf elv fkzh~k nzlo slok kazix Hsiaohc ikgai pzacvhck) as was vdk cask whvd vdk lvdkz vwl aspkcvs ln bhs~k jadası pkvhvhles% As hs k~hfkev nzlo vdk ’ikgai gzl{efs nlz zkq{ksv‟ cloplekev ln vdk pkvhvhle‘s s{pkzsvz{cv{zk) vdk ekw O{sihos) ihbk vdk Lvvloae fieaechai a{vdlzhvhks he vdkhz keflzskokevs) zknkz he vdkhz pkvhvhles ktci{sh~kix vl s{ivaehc iaw $bae{e ( ( lz vl ksvajihsdkf c{svlo $o{vaf) afk (% v Hsiaohc iaw $ kzhav ( hs ek~kz okevhlekf% Olzkl~kz) aivdl{gd vdk vdzkk vkzos‖ afkv) o{vaf aef bae{e‖ skko skko vl jk {skf q{hvk hevkzcdaegkajix he vdk pkvhvhles) vdk l~kzaii hopzksshle hs vdav vdk vkzo bae{e was {skf heczkashegix olzk lnvke anvkz 1700 vdae vdk lvdkz vwl% A pzljajik zkasle nlz vdhs {sagk oax da~k jkke vdk hss{aeck ln a nlzoai kfhcv ln vdk s{ivae zkgazfheg ekw O{sihos azl{ef vdhs favk% Vdk kfhcv oax da~k cleskq{kevix jkke heci{fkf he vdk bae{eeaok s:: aef wl{if vd{s da~k jkclok a iaw) vl wdhcd vdk ekw O{sihos ohgdv da~k zknkzzkf as ikgai pzkckfkev he vdk pkvhvhles% [}{eçaz ıiı okevhles vdk kthsvkeck ln a ckzvahe Bae{e/h ek~oùsiho he vdk bae{e/ eaok s whvdl{v) dlwk~kz) spkchnxheg vdk favk lz gh~heg a zknkzkeck vl vdk pazvhc{iaz bae{eeaok $[}{eçaz ıiı) Okzbk} ) :4(% ::
1;7
Ek~kzvdkikss) H ao zki{cvaev vl avvzhj{vk vdk lzhghes ln vdk pzac/ vhck ln gzaevheg bh bhss~k jadası slikix vl vdk Lvvloae pkzhlf% Anvkz aii) a vdklilghcai m{svhficavhle nlz vdk spkchai vzkavokev ln a cle~kzv vl Hsiao hs nl{ef he a passagk ln vdk Q{zae) S{zad :4) wdhcd oax jk hevkzpzkvkf he vdk skesk vdav s{cd a pkzsle fkskz~ks a zkwazf nlz fhsckzeheg vdk vz{k nahvd he sphvk ln vdk kzzlzs he dhs {pjzhegheg= ;1% Vdlsk {evl wdlo Wk ga~k vdk Sczhpv{zk jknlzk hv Rvdk Q{zae_) vdkx jkihk~k he hv% ;:% Aef wdke hv hs zkchvkf {evl vdko) vdkx sax= Wk jkihk~k he hv% Il! Hv hs vdk Vz{vd nzlo l{z Ilzf% Il! Wk wkzk O{sihos jknlzk vdhs% ;3% Vdksk whii jk gh~ke vdkhz zkwazf vwhck l~kz) jkca{sk vdkx azk svkafnasv aef zkpki k~hi whvd gllf) aef spkef ln vdav wdkzkwhvd Wk da~k pzl~hfkf vdko%:3
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1;4
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1>3
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38
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60
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VDK CLIIKCVH^K HOAGK LN EKW O[SIHOS WDL S[JOHVVKF BHS^K JADASH PKVHVHLES VL VDK S[IVAE) 1>70s–1730s Pzlslplgzapdx aef vdk ’Favajask Oaeagkokev Sxsvko‟ Okvdlf ln Aeaixshs
He cdapvkz fi~k) l{z aeaixshs ln vdk pkvhvhles was jaskf le vdk s{pkz/ svz{cv{zk‘s fava fikifs as clojhekf he zkiavhlesdhp skvs zavdkz vdae le vdk henlzoavhle clevzliikf jx kacd fava fikif% L{z cleci{shles) vdkzknlzk) vkefkf vl jk slokwdav gkekzai‖vdkx wkzk zkik~aev vl cle~kzshle as a pzlckss he vdk pkzhlf 1>70s–1730s aef vl vdk piack ln vdk pdkelokele ln bhs~k jadası pkvhvhles he hv% Vdk p{zplsk ln s{cd ae appzlacd was vl p{v vdk pkvhvhlekzs‘ pkzsleaihvhks he vdkhz appzlpzhavk slchai clevktv% Ek~kzvdkikss) as plhevkf l{v he cdapvkz nl{z) vdk ~ai{k ln vdk bhs~k jadası pkvhvhles‘ s{pkzsvz{cv{zk aef vdk ’favajask sxsvkos‟ okvdlf ln aeaixshs vl vdk dhsvlzhae ihks he vdkhz ajhihvx vl pzl~hfk a ’~hkw‟ ik~ki ln aeaixshs) h%k%) vl cdaeeki henlz/ oavhle acc{o{iavkf he vdk favajask ln pkvhvhles) vdzl{gd vdk okfh{o ln vdk s{pkzsvz{cv{zk‘s fava fikifs% Lek ln vdk plsshjik ’~hkws‟ hs ln vdk fava zkik~aev vl vdk pkzsleaihvhks ln vdk pkvhvhlekzs% Da~heg s{cd fava nlz sk~kzai d{efzkf ekw O{sihos wdl s{johv/ vkf bh bhs~ s~kk ja jaddas ası ı pkvhvhles vl vdk s{ivae eav{zaiix zahsks vdk pzlspkcv ln wzhvheg a pzlslplgzapdhc lz gzl{p jhlgzapdx s{z~kx ln vdlsk pkl/ pik as a slchai gzl{p% Pzlslplgzadx hs a ekw appzlacd vl Lvvloae dhsvlzhlgzapdx% Acclzfheg vl Okvhe B{ev) pzlslplgzapdx hs {skf vl sv{fx) jx okaes ln jhlgzapdhcai fava) ’a spkchfic gzl{p he vkzos ln) nlz ktaopik) hvs plshvhle he slchkvx) hvs n{ecvhle) hvs hoplzvaeck) hvs plihvhcai lz kclelohc plwkz) aef hvs zlik he slchai lz plihvhcai cdaegk%‟1 Vdhs okvdlf das leix jkke {vhih}kf sl naz vl sv{fx slchai gzl{ps he vdk Lvvloae {ppkz svzav{o‖vdk {ikoa : aef vdk ohihvazx B{ev) S{ivae‘s Skz~aevs ) t~h% E% Hv}blwhv} aef Mlki Sdhefkz) ’Vdk Lffick ln kxd ùi– si ùi– si o aef vdk Vae}hoav‖ A Pzlslplgzapdhc Keq{hzx)‟ Ohffik Kasvkze Kasvkze Sv{fhks ) 4 $187:() 86–1012 S{zahxa Nazlqdh) 1 :
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kihvk%3 Vdk clesvz{cvhle ln a cliikcvh~k hoagk ln a slchai gzl{p whvdhe vdk oassks) vdkzknlzk) wl{if jk a s{jsvaevhai clevzhj{vhle vl Lvvloae slchai dhsvlzx jx hvskin% Whvd zkgazf vl cle~kzshle he Lvvloae vhoks) vdk cliikcvh~k plzvzahv ln vdk pkvhvhlekzs whii dkip hfkevhnx vdk cdaz/ acvkzhsvhcs vdkx sdazkf vdav ikf vdko vl cle~kzv vl Hsiao% Slchai Svav{s
He gkekzai) vdk slchai svav{s ln vdk pkvhvhlekzs hs fksczhjkf jx vdk {sk ln vdk wlzfs b{i ) lz cazhxk nlz a wloae) nl{ef he vdk ’hfkevhvx‟ fikif ln vdk pkvhvhle‘s s{pkzsvz{cv{zk% Dlwk~kz) vdk vkzo b{i ) as {skf he vdk pkvhvhles) cae dazfix jk vzaesiavkf as ’elokebiav{zcdhb)‟ as azg{kf kazihkz he cleekcvhle whvd hvs {sk vl fkshgeavk vdk svav{s ln Maehssazx% As plhevkf l{v he cdapvkz nl{z) b{i aef cazhxk wkzk vkzos {skf jx pklpik cloheg nzlo aii svzava ln slchkvx wdke affzkssheg vdk s{ivae) heci{fheg vdk ohihvazx ciass aef vdk kihvk) jkca{sk aii Lvvloae s{jmkcvs wkzk cleshfkzkf vdk s{ivae‘s sia~ks,skz~aevs% Vdk bhs~ s~kk ja jada dası sı pkvhvhles) vdkzk/ olsv appzlpzhavk vzaesiavhle he vdk cask ln bh nlzk) oax jk shopix ’s{jmkcv%‟ Ek~kzvdkikss) he a daefn{i ln pkvhvhles a fkgzkk ln slchai svzavhficavhle aoleg vdk pkvhvhlekzs cae jk avvksvkf% Vdk henlzoavhle he vdkhz ’hfke/ vhvx‟ fikif zk~kais vdk pkvhvhlekzs vl da~k plssksskf a dhgdkz/vdae/ a~kzagk ik~ki ln sbhiis aef belwikfgk aef vl da~k kemlxkf a dhgdkz slchai svaefheg he vdkhz zkspkcvh~k cloo{ehvhks% He zkv{ze nlz vdkhz cle~kzshle) vdlsk pkvhvhlekzs {s{aiix zkq{ksvkf plshvhles vdav cl{if oahevahe lz zahsk vdkhz slchai pzksvhgk% Wk cae chvk dkzk as ae ktao/ pik a pkvhvhle jx a Mkw) wdl) jkheg vzahekf he vdk czanv ln okvai p{zhnxheg) zkq{ksvkf ae applhevokev as dkaf ln vdk svavk ohev) 6 aef lvdkzs jx pkvhvhlekzs zkq{ksvheg plshvhles as s{zgkles he vdk dlsphvai ln vdk Maehssazx clzps%; Aelvdkz pkvhvhlekz svavkf he dhs zkq{ksv vdav
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dk was aizkafx kopilxkf as ae hevkzpzkvkz $fzagloae ( ( ln Skzjhae%> Lek ln vdk olsv hevkzksvheg pkvhvhles he vdhs gzl{p hs vdav ln a pzhksv) cle~kzvkf vl Hsiao) wdl svavkf vdav dk was ’nzlo vdk kf{cavkf pklpik‟ aef fkshzkf vdav dhs slchai svaefheg jk oahevahekf anvkz vdk cle~kzshle vdzl{gd ae applhevokev he vdk paiack) s{hvkf vl dhs q{aihficavhles%7 He affhvhle vl fhzkcv svavkokevs) vdk dhgdkz slchai svaefheg ln slok ekw O{sihos oax jk zk~kaikf aisl jx vdk ’zkwazf‟ fava fikif% Hv cae jk ljskz~kf vdav he aii vdk casks okevhlekf ajl~k) vdk pkvh/ vhlekzs wkzk zkwazfkf whvd a i{t{zx skv ln cilvdks $ oùbkooki bhs~k ( lz hvs casd ~ai{k% Vdkzknlzk) H ass{ok vdav he lvdkz pkvhvhles vdav fl elv spkchnx vdk slchai plshvhle ln vdk ekw O{siho j{v shopix zkq{ksv vdk gzaevheg ln a i{t{zx skv ln cilvdks) vdk cle~kzv o{sv da~k jkke fkkokf wlzvdx ln s{cd a zkwazf jx ~hzv{k ln dhs slchai svaefheg% Hn wk acckpv vdk czhvkzhle ln a i{t{zx ~s% ae lzfheazx skv ln cilvdks as sl{ef) vdhs wl{if keiazgk l{z plli ln pkvhvhlekzs kemlxheg a dhgdkz slchai svaefheg whvdhe vdkhz nlzokz cloo{ehvhks vl 10‖zkpzkskevheg 1%3 pkzckev ln vdk vlvai e{ojkz ln pkvhvhlekzs% Hv oax jk ljskz~kf vdav vdhs fig{zk hs ~kzx heshgehficaev wdke clopazkf vl vdk 76; ekw O{sihos wdl zkckh~kf lzfheazx skvs% Dlwk~kz) {evhi olzk clopzk/ dkesh~k zkskazcd le vdk ele/O{siho c{iv{zai aef kclelohc kihvk jkcloks a~ahiajik) H ao zki{cvaev vl cleci{fk vdav kf{cavkf lz sbhiikf ele/O{sihos wkzk ikss ihbkix vl cle~kzv vl Hsiao he vdk pkzhlf {efkz cleshfkzavhle% Vdk fig{zk ln 1%3 pkzckev oax wkii jk zkpzkskevavh~k nlz vdk svagk ln kihvk nlzoavhle aoleg vdk ele/O{siho cloo{ehvx av vdk vhok% Nlz ktaopik) acclzfheg vl a sv{fx jx D{pcdhcb) vdk sk~kevkkevd/ckev{zx J{igazhae c{iv{zai kihvk heci{fkf a okzk 134 hefh/ ~hf{ais fkskz~heg vl jk cl{evkf aoleg vdk ihvkzazx hevkiihgkevsha aef azvhsvs) aef 1;4 c{iv{zai pavzles) h%k%) kclelohcaiix wkii kel{gd keflwkf vl spleslz c{iv{zai acvh~hvhks%4 Clopazkf vl ae ksvhoavkf J{igazhae/spkabheg J{igazhae/sp kabheg plp{iavhle ln 7;8)740 he vdk iavk sk~kevkkevd cke/ v{zx)8 s{cd fig{zks azk zavdkz heshgehficaev aef scazckix plshvheg vdk kthsvkeck ln a sh}ajik ele/O{siho kihvk av vdk vhok%
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Vdk z{zai lz {zjae lzhghes ln vdk pkvhvhlekzs oax skz~k as aelvdkz czhvkzhle ln vdkhz slchai svav{s% Hn wk vabk pkvhvhlekzs‘ z{zai lzhghes as hefhcavheg vdkhz pkasaev jacbgzl{ef aef {zjae lzhghes as plhevheg vl vdkhz ele/agzazhae lcc{pavhles) vdk nliilwheg fh~hshle kokzgks% He vdk 66 pkvhvhles vdav okevhle vdk gklgzapdhc lzhghes ln vdk pkvhvhlekz) :3 $;:%3 pkzckev( spkchnx khvdkz vdk zkghle lz vdk fhsvzhcv he gkekzai) lz gh~k vdk eaok ln a ~hiiagk as vdkhz lzhgheai zkshfkeck% Vdk zkoahe/ heg :1 pkvhvhles‖67%7 pkzckev‖spkchnx vdk pkvhvhlekz as a zkshfkev ln a vlwe lz a chvx% Lccashleaiix) aoleg vdlsk he vdk iavvkz gzl{p) hefh~hf{ai ~lcavhles) s{cd as czanvsoke lz okzcdaev) azk aisl oafk appazkev%10 Hv oax jk ljskz~kf vdav vdk sdazk ln {zjae zkshfkevs illbs zavdkz shgehficaev wdke clopazkf vl vdk l~kzaii pzlplzvhle ln vdk Lvvloae plp{iavhle ih~heg he {zjae azkas av vdk kef ln vdk sk~/ kevkkevd ckev{zx‖ikss vdae 10 pkzckev% Olzkl~kz) hv sdl{if aisl jk plhevkf l{v vdav zkshfkevs ln Hsvaej{i lz hvs ke~hzles accl{ev nlz aiolsv lek dain ln vdk {zjae fwkiikzs wdl s{johvvkf pkvhvhles vl vdk s{ivae‖6:%8 pkzckev% He lvdkz wlzfs) hv oax da~k jkke olzk ihbkix nlz {zjae zkshfkevs kegagkf he ele/agzhc{iv{zai acvh~hvhks vl cle~kzv vdzl{gd vdk bh bhss~k jadası hesvhv{vhle vdae z{zai zkshfkevs% Agk) Gkefkz) Oazhvai svav{s
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171
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173
Sheck J{iihkv das fkolesvzavkf vdk gzkav hoplzvaeck ln s{z~kxheg O{siho eaoks nlz fkvkzoheheg vdk svagk ln cle~kzshle) a fhsc{sshle ln vdk O{siho eaoks nl{ef he bh bhs~ s~kk jad adaası pkvhvhles wl{if jk {skn{i% Lek ln vdk ihohvavhles ln ox favajask ln eaoks) dlwk~kz) cleshsvs he vdk nacv vdav vdkx azk pzlpkz eaoks $ hso (% Acclzfheg vl J{iihkv) leix a clopazhsle jkvwkke vdk plp{iazhvx ln vdk vdzkk cavkglzhks ln O{siho eaoks aoleg O{sihos he gkekzai aef aoleg vdk sles ln ekw O{sihos cae acc{zavkix sdlw vdk svagk ln vdk pzlckss ln cle/ ~kzshle%14 He ~hkw ln vdk ihohvkf sh}k ln vdk saopik ln eaoks he vdk favajask ln pkvhvhles‖leix ;3 oaik eaoks18 ‖vd ‖vdkk svavh svavhsvh svhcai cai shg shgeh ehficaeck cae leix jk jzl{gdv l{v jx clopazheg vdko vl a clevktv wdkzk a gzkavkz e{ojkz ln eaoks cae jk accksskf‖pzlpkz $ hso ( as wkii as naohix eaoks $easaj (% (% Vdk paxzlii zkghsvkzs zkghsvkzs ln vdk Maehssazx clzps clzps $ xlb/ ( nlz vdk pkzhlf {efkz cleshfkzavhle pzl~hfks vdk jksv iaoa fknvkzikzh sl{zck nlz s{cd clopazhsle% As plhevkf l{v he cdapvkz vdzkk) vdk ekw cle~kzvs $~li{evazx as wkii as zkg{iaz fk~ hzok ( he vdk sk~kevkkevd/ sk~kevkkevd/ ckev{zx clzps wkzk dka~hix ohtkf whvd sles ln Maehssazhks aef O{siho/ jlze cafzks% A s{z~kx ln vdkhz eaoks) vdkzknlzk) whii dhgdihgdv vdk ekw O{siho eaoks nl{ef he pkvhvhles olzk pzkchskix% Vdk vajik jkilw hs jaskf le vdk eaoks ln ;7> g{iaos $a pagk) a vzahekk nlz vdk paiack skz~hck) ackohl iae ( skz skz~heg ~heg he vke ln vdk {eh {ehvs vs $jþiùb s( s( avvacdkf vl vdk s{ivae‘s gazfkes he vdk caphvai f{zheg vdk iasv vdzkk olevds ln 1080 $Skpvkojkz ;) 1>78–Nkjz{azx 1) 1>40(% :0 Vdk fizsv cli{oe ln vdk vajik ihsvs aii eaoks kecl{evkzkf he vdk zkghsvkz% Ele/ O{siho eaoks aef easajs clesvhv{vheg ln eaoks ln ~hiiagks lz zkghles ln lzhghe azk gh~ke leix as vlvais% Cli{oes vwl aef vdzkk gh~k vdk appkazaeck nzkq{kecx ln vdk eaoks ihsvkf he cli{oe lek as vdk g{iaos‘ fizsv eaoks aef vdkhz pkzckevagk ~ai{ks% Cli{oes nl{z aef fi~k vaj{iavk vdk nzkq{kecx ln vdk eaoks he cli{oe lek aoleg fizsv gkekzavhle O{sihos ihsvkf he vdk wdlik zkghsvkz aef vdkhz pkzckevagk ~ai{k% As fizsv gkekzavhle O{sihos) H cleshfkz vdlsk g{iaos wdl da~k a ele/O{siho hso $k%g% Oiafke ln Abça Dhsaz() vdk eaok Ajf{iiad lz a ele/O{siho eaok as easaj $k%g% Oado{f Ajf{iiad) O{svana Z{fa() lz whvd a ele/O{siho kvdehchvx as ehsja $k%g% Aih vdk D{egazhae2
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ktaopik) vdk bhs~k jadası gzaevkf vl vdk Azokehae nzlo Vkbn{zfa aef vdk wloae nzlo Xkfh B{ik was spkch fikf as jkheg wlzvd 1)000 abçk s he 1>48)63 wdhik vdk lek gzaevkf vl vwl oke nzlo Czkvk was ~ai{kf av leix 400 abçk s he 1700%66 Jx 170>) dlwk~kz) vdk casd ~ai{k ln a zkg{iaz skv ln cilvdks daf agahe heczkaskf vl vdk zavk ln 10 g{z{ $1):00 abçk s(% s(%6; Leix a nkw xkazs iavkz) he 1710) vdk Ckevzai Accl{evheg Fkpazvokev elvkf vdav hv daf jkclok vdk pzacvhck nlz vdk zkg{iaz skv ln cilvdks vl jk pahf av vdk zavk ln :–3) hesvkaf ln 10 g{z{ aef a i{t{zx skv av 1;–:0) hesvkaf hesvkaf ln ;0–>0 ;0 –>0 g{z{ ) aef pzlplskf vdk zavks ln > aef :; g{z{ as olzk afkq{avk%6> Whvd zkgazf vl vdk ~azhavhle he vdk zavks ln où oùbk bkoo ooki ki bh bhs~ s~kk jad jadas ası ı ) H whii leix chvk a pkvhvhle favheg nzlo 17:1) he wdhcd vdk ja ja fknvkz/ fknvkz/ faz zkq{ksvs ae ksvhoavk nlz vdk ~ai{k ln où oùbk bkoo ooki ki bh bhs~ s~k k jkheg gzaevkf vl vdk pkvhvhlekz% Acclzfheg vl vdk ksvhoavk) wdhcd vzacks vdk ~ai{k ln a i{t{zx skv l~kz ae vdk hevkz~ai ln nl{z xkazs) vdk aol{ev pahf was 1> g{z{ he 171>) :; g{z{ he 1718 aef >6 g{z{ he 17 17:0% Vdk ja fknvkzfaz ja fknvkzfaz lzfkzs vdav vdk pkvhvhlekz jk pahf av vdk zavk ln :; g{z{ %67 Lj~hl{six) vdk zavks ln bhs~k jadası ~azhkf) fkpkefheg le vdk casd a~ahiajik he vdk vzkas{zx) le vdk pazvhc{iaz pkvhvhle aef le vdk wdhos ln vdk gzaefkks vdkoski~ks% Sl naz) l{z heq{hzx hevl vdk acv{ai zkwazfs gzaevkf vl vdk pkvh/ vhlekzs das jkke cleckzekf whvd vdk casd ~ai{k ln a skv ln O{siho cilvdks% Vdkzk hs k~hfkeck) dlwk~kz) vdav vdk zkwazf lff kzkf kzkf was elv ihohvkf vl vdk iavvkz% Vl slok pkvhvhlekzs fkkokf as jkheg he kspk/ chaiix phvhn{i chzc{osvaecks) s{cd as nlz ktaopik a pkeehikss) jihef kifkzix oae64 lz a whflwkz whvd sk~ke cdhifzke)68 vdk czlwe was olzk gkekzl{s% Vdlsk pkvhvhlekzs wkzk zkwazfkf jx jkheg p{v le vdk gl~kzeokev paxzlii‖vwl abçk s pkz fax he vdk fizsv cask aef 16 abçk s pkz fax he vdk skclef% He aelvdkz cask) a wloae jkheg dazasskf jx dkz nlzokz cl/zkihghlehsvs nlz cle~kzvheg vl Hsiao was gzaevkf 60 g{z{ vl j{x a dl{sk he a ekw piack) wdkzk sdk wl{if jk sank%;0 N{zvdkzolzk) wdkzkas casks ln hopl~kzhsdkf pklpik jkheg p{v le 63 66 6; 6> 67 64 68 ;0
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144
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Vdk pzagoavhso sdlwe jx vdk pkvhvhlekzs das aizkafx jkke elvkf vl he l{z fhsc{sshle ln vdkhz olvh~avhles he cle~kzvheg% Vdk cleci{/ shles azzh~kf av he cleekcvhle whvd vdk eaoheg pavvkzes ln vdk ekw O{sihos nlz vdk pkzhlf 1>70s–1730s‖vdk ’iaggazfs‟ pkzhlf he vdk pzlckss ln cle~kzshle he vdk Jaibaes‖oax aisl skz~k as ae hefhca/ vhle ln vdkhz jkda~hlz% Acclzfheg vl J{iihkv) vdlsk pklpik vabheg vdk fkchshle vl cle~kzv vl Hsiao he vdhs pkzhlf wl{if vzx dazfkz vl jzkab awax nzlo vdkhz lif cloo{ehvx aef afapv vdkoski~ks vl vdk ekw lek vdae pzk~hl{s gkekzavhles ln cle~kzvs daf flek% Vdk glai ln fhsvheg{hsdheg vdkoski~ks nzlo vdk lif cloo{ehvx av aex pzhck) he hvs v{ze) oax zks{iv he vdk dazfkeheg ln slchai zkiavhles aef k~ke Skk 1Y10841) n% 1–4% Skk nlz ktaopik) EPVA TT 1Y:4) n% :32 1AY;7318) n% 6>–672 1Y11000) n% 6 aef 1AY;7:80) n% 1% ;3 1,11111 $Appkefht 1) Flc{okev 16(% ;1 ;:
148
gh~k zhsk vl clehcvs jkvwkke ekw O{sihos aef ele/O{sihos% S{cd a pdkelokele hs avvksvkf he sk~kzai pkvhvhles favheg nzlo vdk iasv fkcafks ln vdk pkzhlf {efkz sv{fx‖17:0s–1730s% He vdksk pkvhvhles) vdk ekw O{sihos zkplzv vdav) as a cleskq{keck ln vdkhz cle~kzshle) vdkx nl{ef vdkoski~ks lsvzach}kf nzlo vdkhz nlzokz cloo{ehvhks%;6 Le vdk lvdkz daef) kvdehc hfkevhficavhle he vdk bh bhs~ s~kk ja jaddas ası ı pkvhvhles sdlws vdav slok ln vdk ekw O{sihos fhf elv ekckssazhix asslchavk cle~kzshle vl Hsiao whvd ilsheg vdkhz kvdehc hfkevhvx% S{cd a ohef/ skv oax ktpiahe vdk iazgk e{ojkz ln nkv~a nkv~a s hss{kf f{zheg vdk pkzhlf {efkz cleshfkzavhle vdav fhsc{ss c{iv{zai cle hcvs jkvwkke ekw O{sihos aef vdkhz ekw cloo{ehvx anvkz cle~kzshle% Aelvdkz hoplzvaev cdazacvkzhsvhc ln vdk pkvhvhlekzs‘ jkda~hlz) aizkafx aii{fkf vl he cdapvkz fi~k) hs vdk acvh~k zlik vdkx piaxkf he vdk bhs~k jadası hesvhv{vhle% Vdk ekw O{sihos cle~kzvkf vdzl{gd vdk hesvhv{/ vhle wkzk ekhvdkz zaefloix phcbkf nzlo vdk svzkkvs ln Hsvaej{i aef fzaggkf jknlzk vdk s{ivae vl pzlel{eck vdk adafkv ) elz fhf vdkx shopix zkckh~k olekx aef cilvdks leix jx ~hzv{k ln fiefheg vdko/ ski~ks ’slokdlw he vdk nzlev ln vdk vzkas{zx)‟ as S% Fhohvzl~ jkihk~ks vl da~k jkke vdk cask%;; He s{pplzv ln s{cd a ~hkw) wk cae plhev vl vdk nacv vdav) aivdl{gd vdk cle~kzshles lcc{zzkf olsvix he vdk paiack aef a s{jsvaevhai e{o/ jkz ln vdk pkvhvhlekzs wkzk hefkkf zkshfkevs ln Hsvaej{i lz hvs s{z/ zl{efhegs) olzk vdae vwl vdhzfs ln vdk pkvhvhlekzs daf clok vl vdk caphvai nzlo vdk pzl~hecks% H azg{k vdav vdksk pklpik oax da~k dkazf ajl{v vdk jkekfivs ln cle~kzshle jknlzk vdk s{ivae aef cleschl{six fkchfkf vl gl vl vdk caphvai aef cle~kzv he dhs pzkskeck) zavdkz vdae shopix acckpv Hsiao he vdk piack ln vdkhz zkshfkeck% N{zvdkzolzk) vza~kiheg vl vdk caphvai) kspkchaiix nzlo zkolvk pzl~hecks) o{sv da~k jkke q{hvk a cdaiikegk av vdk vhok) a cdaiikegk vdav elv k~kzxlek wl{if da~k daf vdk cl{zagk vl {efkzvabk% Lek pkvhvhle) he wdhcd a wloae cloheg nzlo Jagdfaf okevhles vdav sdk daf jkke zljjkf le vdk wax vl vdk caphvai) avvksvs vl vdk pzacvhcai fh ffic{ivhks nacheg vdk cle~kzvs%;> Olzkl~kz) vdkzk hs el k~hfkeck vl s{ggksv vdav k~kzx/ lek wdl pkvhvhlekf vdk s{ivae s{cckkfkf he gaheheg ae a{fhkeck whvd dho% Le vdk clevzazx) vdk iazgk e{ojkz ln pkvhvhles okevhleheg ae
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Skk 1Y11107) n% 1 aef 1Y110>3) n% 1% Fhohvzl~) ’A~aev/pzlpls)‟ 3;% LAB 7>Y;:) n% ;%
180
Lvvloae lffichai acvheg as okevlz hopihks vdav hv oax da~k jkke zavdkz fhffic{iv nlz pklpik whvdl{v dkip nzlo ’heshfk‟ vl ljvahe zlxai na~lzs% A pkvhvhlekz nzlo Kz}kz{o) nlz ktaopik) okevhles vdav dk daf vl wahv nlz vdzkk olevds jknlzk zkckh~heg a zlxai a{fhkeck% ;7 Hv das jkke aizkafx s{ggksvkf vdav ilwkz n{ecvhleazhks he vdk paiack ohgdv da~k aisl acvkf as hevkzokfhazhks jkvwkke vdk ekw O{sihos aef vdk paiack fhgehvazhks wdl wkzk he a plshvhle vl ’dlelz‟ vdko whvd Hsiao%;4 He lvdkz wlzfs) hv oax jk cleci{fkf vdav vdk fkchshle vl cle~kzv vdzl{gd vdk hesvhv{vhle ln bh bhs~ s~kk ja jaddas ası ı was elv ae azjhvzazx lek% Zavdkz) hv was ae ktpzksshle ln vdk fkvkzoheavhle ln pklpik whvd a pazvhc{iaz glai he ohef) pklpik wdl wkzk pzkpazkf vl {efkz/ vabk a pkzhil{s ~lxagk vl vdk caphvai aef kef{zk s{jsvaevhai dazf/ sdhp he vdk lnvke nlzilze dlpk ln ljvaheheg ae a{fhkeck whvd vdk s{ivae% He ox lphehle leix vdk olsv fkvkzohekf wkzk ajik vl s{c/ ckkf he vdk clopkvhvhle nlz zlxai na~lz% Vdhs ljskz~avhle oax jk bhs~ s~kk jadası hesvhv{vhle as cle/ kspkchaiix hoplzvaev he zkgazf vl vdk bh vhe{avhle ln vdk fk~ hzok hesvhv{vhle% Vdk fkvkzoheavhle aef kef{zaeck sdlwe jx vdk pkvhvhlekzs okaes vdav g{hfkiheks appihkf he vdk skikcvhle ln Maehssazhks vdzl{gd vdk fk~ hzok ) fkshgekf vl kes{zk vdav vdkx pls/ sksskf ckzvahe q{aihvhks) daf shopix jkke zkpiackf jx eav{zai skikcvhle% Elv leix wkzk vdk pkvhvhlekzs acvh~k he vdk hehvhavhle ln vdkhz acv ln cle~kzshle) vdkx wkzk aisl acvh~k pazvhchpaevs he fkvkzoheheg wdav vdkx wl{if zkckh~k he zkv{ze% Vdk zaegk ln pkvhvhlekzs‘ zkq{ksvs fhs/ c{sskf ajl~k fkolesvzavks vdk hoplzvaeck ln pzacvhcai cleshfkzavhles l~kz sphzhv{ai leks he vdk ekw O{sihos‘ olvh~avhle vl cle~kzv% As plhevkf l{v he cdapvkz fi~k) ae kikokev ln jazgaheheg cae lnvke jk fkvkcvkf he vdk pkvhvhles% A pkznkcv ktaopik he vdhs zkspkcv hs vdk anlzkokevhlekf pkvhvhle ln vdk Mkw wdl waevkf ae applhevokev as dkaf ln vdk svavk ohev% Appazkevix) av svabk dkzk was a ~kzx pzl fivajik lpkzavhle) sl vdav dk fhf elv cl{ev le dhs cle~kzshle as s{ ffichkev zkasle vl acdhk~k vdhs glai j{v aisl l ff kzkf kzkf vl pax aee{aiix vdk aol{ev ln 31)000 abçk s vl vdk vzkas{zx aef vl {sk dhs he {keck aoleg vdk Mkwhsd cloo{ehvx vl avvzacv olzk cle~kzvs vl Hsiao% ;8 He aelvdkz pkvhvhle) a ekw O{siho zkq{ksvs as zkwazf a i{t{zx skv ln cilvdks j{v) zkaih}heg pkzdaps vdav dk oax elv q{aihnx nlz s{cd ae dlelz) okevhles vdav dk wl{if elv jk fhsapplhevkf vl zkckh~k dain ln hvs ;7 ;4 ;8
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181
casd ~ai{k%>0 Vdk cask ln vdk pkvhvhlekz wdl sl{gdv vl q{aihnx nlz vdk ckjkch clzps jx pzkvkefheg vl jk fhsajikf das jkke aizkafx chvkf ajl~k% Slok pkvhvhlekzs avvkopvkf vl fhsg{hsk vdk wlzifix zkasles {efkzixheg vdkhz fkchshle vl cle~kzv jx svavheg he vdkhz pkvhvhles vdav vdk hfka fizsv lcc{zzkf he a fzkao% >1 A zklcc{zzkeck ln vdhs fzkao‖vdzkk vhoks as a z{ik‖hs {s{aiix p{v nlzwazf as pzlln ln vdk fzkao‘s s{pkz/ eav{zai lzhghe% Vdk cask ln a Gzkkb wloae) wdl das jkke vzxheg vl fief a wax vl pax lff dkz fkjv) hs kspkchaiix hevkzksvheg% He dkz fzkao) a ~lhck saxs vdzkk vhoks= ’Acckpv Hsiao aef le vdk Hopkzhai cl{echi vdk Z{ikz ln vdk Bhegflo whii zkwazf xl{ nlz vdav!‟>: Aivdl{gd vdk hoagheazx eav{zk ln vdhs fzkao hs appazkev vl olfkze zkafkzs) nlz vdk s{pkzsvhvhl{s ohefs ln vdk khgdvkkevd ckev{zx hv oax da~k sl{efkf ihbk ae heczkfhjik zk~kiavhle% S{ooazx
Wk cae s{ooazh}k vdk olsv cloole slchai) fkolgzapdhc aef psx/ cdlilghcai cdazacvkzhsvhcs ln vdk gzl{p ln ekw O{sihos he l{z fava/ jask cle~kzvkf vdzl{gd vdk hesvhv{vhle ln bhs~k jadası as jkheg vdk nliilwheg% 1% Fksphvk Fksphvk vdk casks wdkzk ekw ekw O{sihos O{sihos pkvhvhl pkvhvhlekf ekf vdk vdk s{ivae s{ivae nlz a casd zkwazf leix) da~heg aizkafx zkckh~kf ae a{fhkeck aef jkke awazfkf a plshvhle $okaeheg vdav dk was ln asbkzh ciass av vdk vhok ln vdk pkvhvhle() olsv pkvhvhlekzs wkzk lzhgheaiix nzlo vdk zkaxa ciass% Vdk heshgehficaev sdazk ln pkvhvhlekzs whvd dhgdkz slchai svaefheg oax wkii jk a zkkcvhle ln vdk kazix svagk he vdk fk~ki/ lpokev ln ae kihvk aoleg ele/O{sihos% :% Hv was olzk ihbkix ihbkix nlz nlz {zjae {zjae fwkiikzs fwkiikzs vl skkb a cle~kzs cle~kzshle hle he vdk vdk zlxai pzkskeck vdae agzhc{iv{zaihsvs% He affhvhle vl zkshfkevs ln Hsvaej{i aef hvs ke~hzles) olsv pkvhvhlekzs lzhgheavkf nzlo vdk elzvd/kasv Jaibaes%
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18:
3% Vdk pkvhvh pkvhvhlekzs lekzs wkzk pzhoazh pzhoazhix ix af{iv af{iv shegik oke% Aoleg Aoleg wloke) whflwkf wloke wkzk olsv ihbkix vl cle~kzv% 6% He vk vkzo zoss ln ln zki zkihg hghl hl{s {s affiihavhle) hv was Kasvkze Lzvdlflt Cdzhsvhaes vdav pzkfloheavkf aoleg vdk pkvhvhlekzs% Dlwk~kz) Mkws aef Olelpdxshvk Azokehaes) aef k~ke Cavdlihcs he vdk iavkz pazv ln vdk pkzhlf) wkzk aiolsv as ihbkix vl skkb vl cle~kzv f{k vl vdkhz pzhoazhix {zjae jacbgzl{efs% ;% Vdk ohefskv ohefskv ln vdk pkvhvh pkvhvhlekzs lekzs oax jk cdazac cdazacvkzh}kf vkzh}kf as ktdhjhv/ ktdhjhv/ heg a zavdkz pzacvhcai avvhv{fk vlwazfs cle~kzshle vl Hsiao aef ae ktckpvhleai fkvkzoheavhle vl acdhk~k vdkhz glais% Vdk oamlz/ hvx ln vdk ekw O{sihos skkbheg cle~kzshle he vdk s{ivae‘s pzks/ keck wkzk olvh~avkf vl cle~kzv jx vdk dlpk ln fieaechai zkwazf) gzaevkf vl vdko he vdk nlzo ln bh bhs~ s~kk ja jaddas ası ı % Vdhs gzl{p heci{fkf ele/O{sihos jkilegheg vl vdk cavkglzx ln vdk slchaiix fhsaf~ae/ vagkf) h%k%) lzpdaes) whflws) shegik navdkzs) shegik olvdkzs) kifkzix whvdl{v s{pplzv aef svzaegkzs {eajik vl p{v flwe zllvs he vdk cl{evzx% Vdk lvdkz oamlz olvh~avhle nlz cle~kzshle was vdk fkshzk nlz slchai af~aeckokev% Vdhs gzl{p cleshsvkf olsvix ln shegik oaik pkvhvhlekzs% Cloheg pzhoazhix nzlo ilwkz slchai ciassks) vdkx asphzkf vl elvdheg olzk vdae ae applhevokev vl vdk cloole zaebs ln vdk Maehssazx clzps% Vdk nkw aoleg vdko whvd dhgdkz slchai svaef/ heg sl{gdv dhgdkz plshvhles he vdk azox lz vdk paiack% >% Vdk zkiavhles zkiavhles jkvwkke vdk pkvhvhle pkvhvhlekzs kzs aef aef okojkzs okojkzs ln vdkhz nlz/ okz clenksshleai gzl{p) wdkvdkz naohix lz ekhgdjlzs) wkzk lnvke oazbkf jx zkskevokev av vdkhz avvkopvs vl fhsasslchavk vdkoski~ks nzlo vdk iavvkz as o{cd as plsshjik aef jx cle hcvs whvd vdk okojkzs ln vdkhz ekw cloo{ehvx f{k vl c{iv{zai fhff kzkecks% kzkecks%
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186
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Flc{okev 1 Xl{z Oamksvx) ox Hii{svzhl{s aef Pzlspkzl{s S{ivae) oax xl{ jk dkaivdx! Xl{z d{ojik sia~k hs lif aef jihef% Elw H was dlelzkf whvd vdk Dlix Hsiao j{v H ao elv ajik vl kaze ox ih~heg aef jkca{sk ln a fkjv) H el ilegkz da~k aex plssksshles% H ao vdzlwheg oxskin av xl{z nkkv aef H ao pikafheg whvd xl{) ox Okzchn{i S{ivae) vdav xl{ bhefix lzfkz a pkeshle ln sk~kzai abçk s aiilvvkf nzlo vdk c{svlos ln Kfhzek vl jk jksvlwkf le xl{z pllz sia~k% Vdk zksv hs iknv vl vdk fkczkk ln xl{z Oamksvx) ox Hii{svzhl{s S{ivae% Xl{z skz~aev) Sùikxoae) ekw O{siho RKeflzskokev ln vdk Gzaef ^h}hkz_= Clzzkcv! Vl jk zkghsvkzkf jx vdk appzlpzhavk fkpazvokev vdav jkca{sk dk hs jihef aef was dle/ lzkf whvd vdk Dlix Hsiao he vdk Hopkzhai pzkskeck) dk hs gh~ke ae heclok ln vwl abçk s a fax% Vdhs hs ox clooaef! RFavk_= Apzhi 1) 1>71 RKeflzskokev ln vdk ja _= Clz Clzzkcv! zkcv! Accl Accl{evk {evkf! f! Pzk Pzkpazk pazk a ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz Vzkas{zx jhii! RElvk nzlo vdk ja _= Zkghsvkzkf% Zkghsvkzkf% Vdk Vdk Vzkas{zx Vzkas{zx jhii was was hss{kf% hss{kf% ja o{daskjk o{daskjk
BHS^K JADASH =
Flc{ Fl c{ok okev ev :% LA LAB B 7>Y 7>Y;: ;:)) n%n% 6;) 6;) :1 :1×13%3 co) fh~aeh $1>4>(
:03
:06
Flc{okev : Ox Pzlspkzl{s Pafhsdad) oax xl{ jk dkaivdx! Xl{z d{ojik sia~k das jkke a skz~aev av vdk vajik ln vdk svajik/ gzllos ln vdk Hopkzhai dlzsks nlz vwl xkazs elw aef H ao ae {ejk/ ihk~kz) sle ln ae {ejkihk~kz% H waev vl acckpv vdk Rvz{k_ nahvd aef Hsiao he vdk dliix pzkskeck ln ox Pafhsdad% Vdk zksv hs iknv vl vdk fkczkk ln ox Pafhsdad% RKeflzskokev ln vdk Gzaef ^h}hkz_= Clzzkcv! Gh~k vl Rvdhs_ lek pkz/ sle vdk Rcasd ~ai{k ln ekw_ cilvdks acclzfheg vl vdk c{svlo! Vdhs hs ox clooaef! Oazcd 4) 1>4>
BHS^K JADASH =
Flc{ok Flc {okev ev 3% 3% LAB 7>Y; 7>Y;:) :) n%n% 30) 30) :1%6 :1%6×1;%: co) fh~aeh $1>4>(
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Flc{okev 3 Xl{z Oamksvx) ox Pzlspkzl{s aef Gkekzl{s S{ivae) oax xl{ jk dkaivdx! Xl{z d{ojik sia~k hs a Gzkkb jlx nzlo Gþiùbkszk wdl wlzbkf as a czanvsoae he Hsvaej{i% He xl{z pzkskeck) jx vdk gzack ln Glf) vdk ktaivkf) H was dlelzkf whvd vdk Dlix Hsiao aef whsdkf vl gl le a Dlix waz% H whsd) he Rzkv{ze_ nlz ox fkshzk vl gl le a Dlix waz aef nlz vdk Rcasd ~ai{k ln ekw_ cilvdks) vdav xl{ dkip ok gkv a ilw zaeb plshvhle he xl{z eljik skz~hck% Vdk zksv hs iknv vl vdk fkczkk ln ox S{ivae% Xl{z Skz~aev RKeflzskokev ln vdk Gzaef ^h}hkz_= Clzzkcv! Gh~k Rekw_ cilvdks nlz ktacvix lek pkzsle acclzfheg vl vdk c{svlo% Vdhs hs ox clooaef! RFavk_= Apzhi 16) 1>4>
BHS^K JADASH =
Flc{ Fl c{ok okev ev 6% 1Y 1Y10 104> 4>>) >) :0 :0%7 %7×16%1 co) jiacb heb) fh~aeh $1>48(
:07
:04
Flc{okev 6 Xl{z Oamksvx) ox Hii{svzhl{s aef Gkekzl{s S{ivae) oax xl{ jk dkaivdx! H ao ae Azokehae nzlo Vkbn{zfag% H caok vl z{j ox nack Rhe vdk f{sv av xl{z nkkv_ Rvl pikaf_ vl jk dlelzkf whvd vdk Dlix Hsiao Rhe xl{z pzkskeck_ aef vl jk gzavhkf bhefix whvd Rekw_ cilvdks% Vdk zksv hs iknv vl vdk fkczkk ln ox S{ivae% Xl{z skz~aev RKeflzskokev ln vdk Gzaef ^h}hkz_= Clzzkcv! Le vdk pazv ln vdk svavk) gh~k vdk ajl~kokevhlekf ktacvix 1)000 abçk s acclzfheg vl vdk iaw! Vdhs hs ox clooaef! RKeflzskokev ln vdk ja _= Hss{k Vzkas{zx jhii! ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz RElvk nzlo vdk ja _= Vzkas{zx jhii was hss{kf le Oax 3) ja o{daskjk o{daskjk 1>48 RHesczhpvhle le ~kzsl _= _= RGh~ke_ pkzsleaiix vl Okdokf Ça~{
BHS^K JADASH =
Flc{okev Flc{ okev ;% CG CG 36Y:) 36Y:) n% 6) 1>%; 1>%;×:: co) jiacb heb) fh~aeh $1706(
:08
:10
Flc{okev ; Xl{z Oamksvx) ox Hii{svzhl{s aef Gkekzl{s S{ivae) oax xl{ jk dkaivdx! Xl{z d{ojik sia~k cloks nzlo vdk fhsvzhcv ln Z{svcd{b% H zkacdkf vdk fh~hek vz{vd aef whsdkf vl clok aef ciazhnx ox zkihghle% H was va{gdv vdk azvhciks ln nahvd aef Rkojzackf_ vdk zkihghle ln Hsiao he xl{z pzkskeck% H pikaf vdav xl{ applhev ok el~hck he vdk shpadh clzps vl oabk ox ih~heg% Vdk zksv hs iknv vl vdk fkczkk ln ox S{ivae% Xl{z skz~aev RKeflzskokev ln vdk Gzaef ^h}hkz_= Clzzkcv! Gh~k Rekw_ cilvdks vl Rvdhs_ lek pkzsle acclzfheg vl vdk iaw! Vdhs hs ox clooaef! El~ko/ jkz 10) 1706 RKeflzskokev ln vdk ja _= Clzzkcv! ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz
BHS^K JADASH =
:11
Flc{ Fl c{ok okev ev >% EP EPVA VA TT 1Y 1Y:4 :4)) n%n% :>) :>) 3>×:1%; co) jiacb heb) fh~aeh aef shxabav $1707(
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Flc{okev > Xl{z Oamksvx) ox Pzlspkzl{s aef Okzchn{i S{ivae) oax xl{ jk dkaivdx! Xl{z d{ojik sia~k hs a Mkw% Nzlo xl{eg agk) H da~k jkke vzahekf he vdk czanv ln okvai p{zhnxheg he vdk Svavk ohev% Oax pzahsk jk vl Glf) aef oax Dk jk ktvliikf) H da~k elw jkke hii{oheavkf jx vdk vz{k nahvd aef H da~k zkacdkf vdk fh~hek vz{vd% Anvkz pkvhvhleheg vl jk dlelzkf whvd Hsiao he vdk pzkskeck ln Xl{z Oamksvx) H wl{if ihbk vl zkq{ksv nzlo Xl{z Okzchn{i) Olsv Dhgd vdk nliilwheg= Vdav H) xl{z d{ojik sia~k) jk zkcblekf jx ox Gllf Hii{svzhl{s Ilzf aoleg dhs skz~aevs whvd ae Ktaivkf Lzfkz piacheg ok he cdazgk) nlz vdk f{zavhle ln ox ihnkvhok) ln vdk g{hif ln okvai p{zh kzs av vdk Svavk Ohev% He zkv{ze) H whii jk accl{evajik vl vdk svavk jx fkplshv/ heg kacd xkaz he vdk Svavk Vzkas{zx vdk aol{ev ln 31)000 abçk s% s% He lzfkz vl spzkaf vdk O{siho }kai aoleg vdk acc{zskf Mkws) fkhge vl aiilw xl{z d{ojik sia~k vl avvahe dhs glai% He vdhs zkspkcv) vdk zksv hs iknv vl vdk na~lz aef gzack gh~heg fkczkk ln Xl{z Oamksvx) ox Hii{svzhl{s S{ivae% Xl{z skz~aev RKeflzskokev ln vdk Gzaef ^h}hkz_= Vl jk gh~ke a i{t{zx skv ln cilvdks) acclzfhegix! Vdhs hs ox clooaef! 0>%1:%1707 ja o{daskjk o{daskjk RKtvzacv nzlo vdk accl{evs ln vdk ja _= Ktpkesks nlz i{t{zx skv ln cilvdks nlz a ekw O{siho dlelzkf whvd vdk Dlix Hsiao aef gh~ke cilvdks jaskf le Rdhs_ pkvhvhle aef vdk Hopkzhai fkczkk= Pzkoh{o gzafk jzlafcilv lvd d Q{aevhvx 1 Nlz kojzlhfkzkf zljk= }hzaa 6 R }hzaa _ Pzhck ln lek }hzaa 3 R g{z{ _ g{z{ 1:
Clvv vvlle paevs Q{aevhvx 1
g{z{ 4
Pzkoh{o gzafk jzla laffcil ilvvd Q{aevhvx 1 Nlz vzl{skzs= }hzaa : R }hzaa _ Pzhck ln lek }hzaa 3 R g{z{ _ g{z{ >
:13
BHS^K JADASH =
Ktpkesks nlz vahilz 1 %; R Vlvai_ 13%; ^ksv Q{aevhvx 1 g{z{ 3% ;
Sdhzv 1 g{z{ ;
Ktpkesks nlz vahilz : R Vlvai_ 10 Ji{k jkiv Q{aevhvx 1 g{z{ ;
Ktpkesks nlz vahilz 1 R Vlvai_ 7
[efkzpaevs V{zjae Pahz Q{aevhvx 1 1 g{z{ g{z{ 6 1
Sihppkzs Pahz 1 g{z{ 1
Vlvai g{z{ pahf= ;0
Acclzfheg vl vdk Hopkzhai fkczkk) a i{t{zx skv ln cilvdks was jl{gdv nlz lek) ekw O{siho dlelzkf whvd vdk Dlix Hsiao% Vl bhefix lzfkz Rvdk hss{k ln _ a Vzkas{zx jhii) skk vdk Rajl~k_ zkclzfs ln vdk Ckevzai Accl{evheg Fkpazvokev% He vdhs zkgazf) k~kzxvdheg hs iknv vl vdk fkczkk ln Dhs Oamksvx ox Pzlspkzl{s S{ivae% RZaplzv $vkidhs ( ln vdk ja ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz vl vdk Gzaef ^h}hkz_= Vdk zkplzv ln xl{z skz~aev hs as nliilws= Ktacvix ;0 g{z{ wkzk spkev nlz vdk p{zcdask) fzkssheg aef vabheg ln ek okas{zks nlz a i{t{zx skv ln cilvdks nlz lek pkzsle acclzf/ heg vl vdk Hopkzhai fkczkk nlz vdhs d{ojik s{jmkcv) a ekw O{siho dlelzkf whvd vdk Dlix Hsiao% Wdke vdhs jkcloks belwe vl Xl{z Ktckiikecx) hv hs ekckssazx vdav xl{ bhefix lzfkz vdk hss{k ln a Vzkas{zx jhii nzlo vdk Ckevzai Accl{evheg Fkpazvokev% RDlwk~kz_) k~ke hn a fkczkk ln Xl{z Ktckiikecx hs hss{kf he vdhs zkgazf) Rvdk eai fkch/ shle_ hs iknv vl vdk fkczkk ln Dhs Oamksvx) ox Pzlspkzl{s S{ivae% RL~ai shgeav{zk ln vdk ja _ ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz RNheai keflzskokev ln vdk Gzaef ^h}hkz_= Clzzkcv! Vl jk hss{kf a Vzkas{zx jhii acclzfheg vl vdk zkplzv! Vdhs hs ox clooaef! RFavk_= Fkckojkz :1) 1707 RNheai keflzskokev ln vdk ja _= Clzzkcv! ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz ja o{daskjk o{daskjk RElvk nzlo vdk ja _= Vzkas{zx jhii was hss{kf le Fkckojkz ::) 1707%
:16
Flc{ Fl c{ok okev ev 7% 1Y110 1Y11011) 11) ::%6 ::%6×16%6 co) jiacb heb) fh~aeh $171:(
BHS^K JADASH =
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Flc{okev 7 Xl{z Oamksvx) ox Hii{svzhl{s aef Pzlspkzl{s S{ivae) oax xl{ jk dkaivdx! Xl{z heshgehcaev) d{ojik skz~aev hs a Cdzhsvhae ghzi nzlo aoleg vdk hedajhvaevs ln Bafıbþx) nzlo vdk Gzkkb pklpik% H avvahekf vl vdk fh~hek vz{vd aef whsd vl jk dlelzkf whvd vdk Dlix Hsiao Rjkca{sk_ ox pazkevs waev vl oazzx ok vl ae {ejkihk~kz% H waev vl jk dle/ lzkf whvd vdk Dlix Hsiao he Xl{z Hopkzhai pzkskeck% Ox zkq{ksv hs vdk nliilwheg= H pikaf vdav) Rsheck_ H acckpvkf vdk Hsiaohc nahvd) H jk bhefix gzaevkf Rvdk casd ~ai{k_ ln ox Rekw_ cilvdks% Vdk zksv hs iknv vl vdk fkczkk ln ox Hii{svzhl{s S{ivae% RKeflzskokev ln vdk Gzaef ^h}hkz_= Clzzkcv! Gh~k Rdkz_ vdk casd ~ai{k ln Rekw_ cilvdks nlz lek wloae! Vdhs hs ox clooaef! RFavk_= Lcvljkz :;) 171: RKeflzskokev ln vdk ja _= Hss{k a Vzkas{zx jhii% ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz RElvk nzlo vdk ja _= Vzkas{zx jhii was hss{kf le Lcvljkz ja o{daskjk o{daskjk :3) 171:$<(
:1>
Flc{ Fl c{ok okev ev 4% 1AY; 1AY;7:> 7:>;) ;) 31×:1%; co) jiacb heb) fh~aeh $17:0(
BHS^K JADASH =
:17
Flc{okev 4 Xl{z Oamksvx) Eljik) Oagehckev Pafhsdad) vdk sdaflw ln Glf Rle Kazvd_) oax Glf) Wdlsk pzahsks H zkchvk aef Wdl hs vl jk ktvliikf) g{azf aef sa~k xl{z jiksskf Hopkzhai jlfx nzlo kzzlzs aef ek~kz p{v ae kef vl vdk zkhge ln xl{z eljik okzcx l~kz oaebhef% Aoke% Vdk i{cbx pkvhvhle ln xl{z d{ojik sia~k Rhs vdk nliilwheg_= H da~k m{sv iknv vdk naisk aef acckpvkf vdk vz{k zkihghle) aef dle/ lzkf whvd Hsiao Rhe xl{z pzkskeck_% RH pikaf vdav_ xl{ lzfkz) H) a pllz/oae‘s sle) vl jk chzc{ochskf Rvlgkvdkz_ whvd Dhs Oamksvx vdk Zlxai pzheck aef lvdkzs ln xl{z phl{s cdhifzke% He affhvhle) Rpikask_ oabk ok) xl{z ljkfhkev sia~k) dappx jx afohvvheg ok aoleg vdk gzl{p ln Hopkzhai skz~aevs aef jx Rapplhevheg ok_ vl vdk clzps ln vdk azskeai) Rvd{s_ gh~heg ok a sl{zck ln heclok% He vdhs zkspkcv Rk~kzxvdheg_ hs he vdk daefs ln xl{z Oamksvx) vdk Aii/plwkzn{i aef Okzchn{i) ox Pafhsdad% H fle‘v da~k aexjlfx) Rvdkx azk aii_ fkaf aef ox pllz ikgs azk fhsajikf% Xl{z skz~aev Dzhsvl RKeflzskokev ln vdk Gzaef ^h}hkz_= Clzzkcv! Gh~k Rdho_ vdk casd ~ai{k ln Rekw_ cilvdks nlz lek pkzsle) acclzfheg vl vdk iaw! Vdhs hs ox clooaef! RFavk_= A{g{sv 30) 17:0 ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz RKeflzskokev ln vdk ja _= Hss{k a Vzkas{zx jhii!
RElvk ln vdk ja _= Vzkas{zx jhii was hss{kf le Skpvkojkz :) ja o{daskjk o{daskjk 17:0
:14
Flc lc{o {oke kevv 8% 1A 1AY> Y>40 404) 4) 30 30%4 %4×:1 co) jiacb heb) fh~aeh aef shxabav $17:1(
BHS^K JADASH =
:18
Flc{okev 8 Xl{z Oamksvx) ox Hii{svzhl{s aef Okzchn{i Ilzf) ox S{ivae) oax xl{ jk dkaivdx! Xl{z d{ojik skz~aev hs lek ln vdk kf{cavkf pklpik% H was dlelzkf whvd vdk Dlix Hsiao he vdk Dhgdksv Pzkskeck ln Ox Ilzf% H pikaf vl ox Olsv Dhgd Okzchn{i Okzchn{i Ilzf vdav) sheck sheck Rvdk gh~heg ln _ ox Rekw_ cilvdks aef ox chzc{ochshle azk svhii vl clok aef H fle‘v da~k a piack Rfkshgeavkf nlz vdk iavvkz_ xl{ lzfkz vdav a piack nlz pkznlz/ oaeck ln ox chzc{ochshle jk fkshgeavkf% H aisl pikaf vl jk applhevkf aoleg vdk gzl{p ln Rxl{z_ keihgdvkekf skz~aevs% Vdk zksv hs iknv vl vdk fkczkk ln vdk Hii{svzhl{s aef Gzachl{s ox S{ivae% Xl{z skz~aev) vdk ekw O{siho) a Rnlzokz_ pzhksv RKeflzskokev ln vdk Gzaef ^h}hkz_= Clzzkcv! Gh~k Rdho_ acclzfhegix vdk casd ~ai{k ln a i{t{zx skv ln Rekw_ cilvdks nlz lek pkzsle! Vdhs hs ox clooaef! Skpvkojkz ::) 17:1 RKeflzskokev ln vdk ja _= Hss{k a Vzkas{zx jhii! ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz RSkclef keflzskokev ln vdk ja _= RGh~k_ ae ksvhoavk nlz lek ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz i{t{zx skv ln cilvdks he vdk oazghe Rln vdk flc{okev_! RKtckzpvs nzlo vdk accl{evs ln vdk ja _= ja o{daskjk o{daskjk Casd ~ai{k ln i{t{zx skv ln cilvdks Racclzfheg_ vl p{zcdask lzfkz nzlo 07,0;,17:1 g{z{ >6
Casd ~ai{k ln i{t{zx skv ln cilvdks Racclzfheg_ vl p{zcdask lzfkz nzlo 14,0;,17:0 g{z{ :;
Casd ~ai{k ln i{t{zx skv ln cilvdks Rle_ 10,11,1717 g{z{ 1>
RNheai keflzskokev ln vdk ja ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz le vlp ln ktckzpv :_= Hss{k a Vzkas{zx jhii acclzfheg Rvl vdhs ktckzpv_% R Elvk ln vdk vdk ja _= A Vzkas{zx jhii was hss{kf hss{kf le 07,10,17:1% ja o{daskjk o{daskjk RHesczhpvhle le ~kzsl _= _= RGh~ke_ pkzsleaiix vl Dasae Ça~{
::0
Flc{ Fl c{ok okev ev 10 10%% EP EPVA VA TT TT)) 1Y 1Y:4 :4)) n% ;0 ;0)) 3;×:: co) jiacb heb) fh~aeh $17::(
BHS^K JADASH =
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Flc{okev 10 Xl{z Oamksvx) ox Hii{svzhl{s) Pzlspkzl{s aef Okzchn{i Ilzf) ox S{ivae) oax xl{ jk dkaivdx! H) a pllz Rwloae_) da~k a sk~kevkke/xkaz/lif sle nzlo ox ileg agl fkckaskf d{sjaef) vdk }hooh Bazajkv% Vdk anlzkokevhlekf fkckaskf lek jkq{kavdkf ok) vdk pllz lek) aef ox sle) vdk }hooh Da}azls) a nzkkdlif dl{sk he Hsvaej{i) he vdk q{azvkz ln Bazaokv% Dlwk~kz) sheck vdk anlzkokevhlekf dl{sk was {ehedajhvajik) H) vdk pllz lek) jlzzlwkf olzk vdae :00 g{z{ nzlo lvdkz pklpik aef clopikvkix zkel~avkf vdk dl{sk okevhlekf ajl~k% Anvkz vdav) jkca{sk ln ox fkjv) H Rslif_ vdk vhvik ln vdk dl{sk vl aelvdkz ~abın nlz 100 g{z{ he af~aeck aef vdke ikaskf hv Rjacb_ nlz 1%; abçk s a fax% Vdke) wdke vdk ~abın ga~k R{s_ flc{okev ln lwekzsdhp aef plssksshle zhgdvs nlz vdk Relw_ ~abın dl{sk okevhlekf ajl~k) sheck vdkzk azk vwl Rikgai_ dai~ks Rln vdk dl{sk_) wk wkzk Rcl_/lwekzs whvd ox sle% Iavkz le) ox sle) ln dhs lwe nzkk whii) vzaesnkzzkf vl ok) vdk pllz lek) vdk dain he dhs plssksshle aef vd{s) vdk wdlik dl{sk ln vdk anlzkoke/ vhlekf ~abın caok he ox plssksshle% H was clopikvkix fkjv aef ihke nzkk nzlo ox sle% Dlwk~kz) ox sle‘s {ecik) vdk Azokehae Vkijhs Baoj{z) slok/ dlw hechvkf ox sle% RVdk iavvkz_ das fkoaefkf vdk dl{sk nzlo ok aef ikf a s{hv% Aivdl{gd H fhf elv da~k aex fkjv Rvl ox sle_) pzh/ oazhix as a zks{iv ln ox gzkav nkaz ln vdk anlzkokevhlekf sle ln vdk pllz lek aef Rdhs {ecik_) aef vdkhz k~hi Reav{zk_) H fkciazkf= ’wdke H skii vdk dl{sk vl slokjlfx kisk aef pax l ox lvdkz fkjvs H whii gh~k xl{ 1;0 g{z{ %‟ RVabheg af~aevagk_ ln ox nkaz) vdkx oafk ok shge a swlze fkciazavhle Rvl vdav k kcv_ kcv_ aef vl zkghsvkz hv av vdk cl{zv% Fksphvk Rvdk nacv_ vdav vdk dl{sk ln vdk ~abın hs svhii elv slif aef Rnacv vdav_ H fl elv da~k aex lvdkz fkjvs) Rox sle_) whvdl{v appzkchavheg vdk ~ai{k ln ox dl{sk) waevs vl skii hv kevhzkix nlz Raex_ pzhck% Olzkl~kz) dk das sahf= ’H whii p{v xl{ he pzhsle)‟ aef slok/ dlw ljvahekf a wazzaev Rnlz vdav_% Vdk iavvkz hs elw he vdk daefs ln xl{z ljkfhkev skz~aev) vdk plihck l ckz) wdl he vdksk jiksskf faxs vllb phvx Rle ok_ aef fhf elv p{v ok he pzhsle% Jkca{sk ln ox chzc{osvaecks) Xl{z Oamksvx) ox Gzachl{s Ilzf) H da~k caok d{ojix vl Xl{z Hii{svzhl{s Pzkskeck vl z{j ox nack he vdk f{sv Rav xl{z nkkv_% Elw) Rwdke_ ox sle) aivdl{gd H fl elv da~k aex fkjvs) waevs vl p{v ok he pzhsle nlz nahiheg vl n{i ii ox
:::
ljihgavhle Rvl dho_) he vdk eaok ln Aiohgdvx Glf) vabk phvx le ox ohskzajik shv{avhle% Anvkz vdk flc{okev ln vzaesnkz Rln vdk dl{sk_) wdhcd H da~k) aef vdk cl{zv fkchshle ljvahekf jx vdk ajl~k oke/ vhlekf Rsle ln ohek_) azk skke jx xl{z sdazp Hopkzhai ga}k) hv whii jkclok belwe vl Xl{z Oamksvx vdav H fl elv da~k aex fkjvs Rhe zkaihvx_ j{v da~k vabke le s{cd ln ox lwe nzkk whii% H pikaf vdav xl{ lzfkz ox fkih~kzaeck nzlo vdk daefs ln vdk anlzk/ okevhlekf sle ln ohek% Olzkl~kz) H) vdk pllz lek) zkaih}k vdav aii vdav vhok H da~k jkke ilsv he hefkihvx% RDlwk~kz_) elw Rvdav_ vdk fh~hek g{hfaeck das zkacdkf ok) H waev vl jk sa~kf nzlo vdk naisk zkihghle aef va{gdv vdk azvhciks ln nahvd ln vdk zkihghle ln Oldaookf% H aisl waev vl jk dlelzkf whvd Hsiao Rhe xl{z pzkskeck_ aef giafix jkclok xl{z kagkz skz~aev% H pikaf vdav xl{ gzachl{six hss{k ae lzfkz vl vdhs k kcv% kcv% Xl{z Skz~aev RKeflzskokev ln vdk Gzaef ^h}hkz_= Clzzkcv! Gh~k Rdkz_ vdk casd ~ai{k ln Rekw_ cilvdks! Vdhs hs ox clooaef! RKeflzskokev ln vdk ja _= Hss{k a Vzkas{zx jhii! ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz RElvk nzlo vdk ja _= A Vzkas{zx jhii was hss{kf le M{ek :1) ja o{daskjk o{daskjk 17::
BHS^K JADASH =
::3
Flc{ Fl c{ok okev ev 11 11%% EJ EJBO BO)) 1AY; 1AY;7: 7:80 80)) :1%4 :1%4×1;%1 co) jiacb heb) fh~aeh $17::(
::6
Flc{okev 11 Xl{z Oamksvx) ox Hii{svzhl{s aef Okzchn{i S{ivae oax xl{ jk dkaivdx! Vdk pkvhvhle ln xl{z skz~aev hs as nliilws= H was dlelzkf whvd vdk Dlix Hsiao he vdk pzkskeck ln vdk clo/ oaefkz ln vdk Hopkzhai g{azfs) oax pzahsk jk vl Glf) aef H ao Relw_ vlvaiix fk~lvkf vl vdk zkihghle ln Hsiao% C{zzkevix H zkshfk he vdk q{azvkzs ln vdk Hopkzhai g{azfs% Ox zkq{ksv nzlo ox Hii{svzhl{s Ilzf hs vdav xl{ bhefix lzfkz vdav vdk casd ~ai{k ln Rekw_ cilvdks gh~ke Rvl ekw O{sihos_ sheck kazix vhoks jk gh~ke vl ok) xl{z d{o/ jik skz~aev) as wkii% Vdk zksv hs iknv vl vdk fkczkk ln Xl{z Oamksvx) Hii{svzhl{s aef Pzlspkzl{s ox S{ivae% Xl{z skz~aev) vdk ekw O{siho O{svana RKeflzskokev ln vdk Gzaef ^h}hkz_= Clzzkcv! Hn elv aizkafx gh~ke) gh~k Rdho_ vdk casd ~ai{k ln Rekw_ cilvdks nlz lek pkzsle acclzf/ heg vl vdk iaw! Vdhs hs ox clooaef! RFavk_= Fkckojkz 11) 17:: RKeflzskokev ln vdk ja _= Vdk oavvkz vl jk ~kzhkf jx vdk ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz ja o{daskjk ja o{daskjk ! R Elvk nzlo nzlo ja _= Wk da~k gh~ke oaex) oaex vhoks Rvdk casd ja o{daskjk o{daskjk ~ai{k ln ekw_ cilvdks vl ekw O{sihos) Rj{v leix_ wdke vdkhz eaoks azk belwe% A gzaev ln Rvdk casd ~ai{k ln ekw_ cilvdks le vdk jashs Ja o{daskjk o{daskjk % Vdk ln vdk Rajl~k_ pkvhvhle hs elv zkghsvkzkf jx vdk Ja R eai_ lzfkz hs vl Dhs Oamksvx) ox S{ivae% RFavk_= Fkckojkz 1:) 17:: RSkclef keflzskokev ln vdk ja _= Hss{k a Vzkas{zx jhii! ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz RElvk nzlo ja _= A Vzkas{zx jhii was hss{kf le Fkckojkz ja o{daskjk o{daskjk 13) 17::
BHS^K JADASH =
::;
Flc{ Fl c{ok okev ev 1: 1:%% EJ EJBO BO)) 1Y 1Y11 1110 107) 7) 36×:0 co) jiacb heb) ekshd aef fh~aeh $1731(
::>
Flc{okev 1: Xl{z Gzkavksv Oamksvx) ox Gilzhl{s) Hii{svzhl{s aef Oamksvhc Pafhsdad Rwdl hs_ Pafhsdad ln vdk Wlzifs) oax Glf) wdlsk ia{fs H zkchvk aef wdl jk ktvliikf) pzkskz~k xl{z Hopkzhai zkhge nzlo kzzlzs! Oax xl{ jk vdk pkznkcv sphzhv{ai ikafkz le vdk Hopkzhai vdzlek) vdk vz{svkk Rle kazvd_ ln vdk Ilzf ln vdk Wlzifs! He vdk eaok ln Xl{z Oamksvx) ox Gilzhl{s aef Hii{svzhl{s Pafhsdad) le vdk pzk~hl{s okkvheg ln vdk Hopkzhai cl{echi H was dlelzkf whvd vdk Dlix Hsiao he Xl{z Hopkzhai pzkskeck) oax pzahsk jk vl Glf) vdk Olsv Dhgd% Ox whsd hs Rvl zkckh~k_ vdk casd/~ai{k ln vdk vzl{sska{) zkq{hzkf jx vdk zkihghle ln Hsiao lz vdk casd/~ai{k ln a dl{sk Rjkca{sk_ sheck H was dlelzkf whvd Hsiao H fle‘v da~k a piack vl svax Raex/ olzk_% Aisl) jkca{sk H ao fhsfahen{i ln vdk {ejkihk~kzs) vdkx Relw_ pilv k~hi vdhegs nlz ok% Ox zkq{ksv hs vdk nliilwheg= H zkspkcvn{iix pikaf vdav xl{ lzfkz vdav H jk gzavh kf whvd vdk gza/ chl{s cdazhvx ln ox Pafhsdad gh~ke vl wloke dlelzkf whvd Hsiao he xl{z Hopkzhai pzkskeck% Vdk R eai_ fkczkk hs iknv vl Xl{z Oamksvx) vdk Gilzhl{s aef Hii{svzhl{s ox Pafhsdad ln vdk Wlzifs% Xl{z skz~aev) ekw O{siho) Ahsdk) vdk pllz RKeflzskokev ln vdk Gzaef ^h}hkz_= Clzzkcv! Jx okzcx ln vdk shv{/ avhle ln vdk ajl~k/okevhlekf Rwloae_) gh~k Rdkz_ ktacvix 60 g{z{ as vdk casd ~ai{k ln Rekw_ cilvdks! Vdhs hv ox clooaef! RFavk_= El~kojkz >) 1731 ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz RKeflzskokev ln vdk ja _= Hss{k a Vzkas{zx jhii!
RElvk nzlo vdk ja _= Vzkas{zx jhii was hss{kf le El~kojkz ja o{daskjk o{daskjk 8) 1731
BHS^K JADASH =
::7
Flc{ Fl c{ok okev ev 13 13%% EJ EJBO BO 1Y 1Y11 1110 10>) >) 31 31%7 %7×:: co) jiacb heb) fh~aeh $1731(
::4
Flc{okev 13 Xl{z Oamksvx) ox Hii{svzhl{s aef Okzchn{i S{ivae) oax xl{ jk dkaivdx! Xl{z d{ojik skz~aev hs a Cdzhsvhae wloae nzlo vdk Gzkkb Rpkl/ pik_% H fle‘v da~k a d{sjaef aef nlz vke xkazs) H wlzbkf ~kzx dazf% R Nheaii Nheaiix_ x_ H sahf Rvl oxskin oxskin _= ’Gl vl aelvdkz aelvdkz piack vl ef Rxl{z_ nlz/ v{ek‟ aef H vllb a ilae ln nvx g{z{ % Wdhik H was vzxheg vl ef a wax vl pax hv l ) Ra ~lhck_ sahf cikazix he ox fzkao= ’Acckpv Hsiao!‟ Vdzkk vhoks hv was cikazix sahf he ox fzkao= ’Acckpv Hsiao aef le vdk Hopkzhai cl{echi vdk Z{ikz ln vdk Bhegflo whii zkwazf xl{ nlz vdav!‟ RVd{s_) H avvahekf vdk fh~hek vz{vd) zkel{eckf vdk naisk zkih/ ghle aef v{zekf vl vdk vz{k zkihghle‖vdk zkihghle ln Hsiao% RVdke_ H was dlelzkf whvd vdk vz{k zkihghle ln Hsiao aef va{gdv vdk azvh/ ciks ln nahvd ln vdk zkihghle ln Hsiao% RJkca{sk_ H ao a wloae) R pikask_ lzfkz lzfkz Rvdav_ H jk gzavhkf acclzfheg vl vdk vzafhvhle% He vdhs zkgazf) vdk fkczkk hs iknv vl Xl{z Oamksvx) ox Hii{svzhl{s aef Okzchn{i S{ivae% Xl{z skz~aev) vdk ekw O{siho RKeflzskokev ln vdk Gzaef ^h}hkz_= Clzzkcv! Gh~k Rdkz vdk casd ~ai{k ln ekw_ cilvdks acclzfheg vl vdk c{svlo! Vdhs hs ox clooaef! Lcvljkz :4) 1731 RKeflzskokev ln vdk ja _= Hss{k a Vzkas{zx jhii! ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz ja o{daskjk o{daskjk RElvk nzlo vdk ja _= Vzkas{zx jhii was hss{kf le Lcvljkz :4) 1731
BHS^K JADASH =
Flc{ Fl c{ok okev ev 16 16%% 1Y 1Y11 1111 111) 1) :1 :1%; %;×16%4) vaihb) fh~aeh aef shxabav $173:(
::8
:30
Flc{okev 16 Xl{z Oamksvx) Hii{svzhl{s) ^hzv{l{s) Rvdk lek_ wdl illbs anvkz vdk pklpik) ox Okzchn{i Ilzf) ox S{ivae) oax xl{ jk dkaivdx aef oax vdk zksv Rln xl{z ihnk_ jk pzlilegkf! H) xl{z d{ojik sia~k) ao nzlo vdk cl{evzx ln ^kehck aef H was ilsv he Rvdk fazbekss_ ln hefkihvx% RDlwk~kz_) H {eq{ksvhleajix zkaih}kf ox kzzlz aef ktpkzhkeckf Glf he dhs Gilzx% Jx vdk whsd aef appzl~ai ln Glf) vdk Olsv Dhgd) H sk~kzkf aii cleekcvhles whvd ox zkiavh~ks aef ox cl{evzx% Sheck H was hii{oheavkf kevhzkix jx vdk Dlihekss ln Hsiao aef vdk s{e hs sdheheg elw Rnlz ok_) H v{ze vlwazf Glf nlz sphzhv{ai g{hfaeck aef nzlo dkazv aef ohef H ileg nlz vdk zkihghle ln Oldaookf% Jkca{sk H ao elw fk~lvkf vl Glf aef H ao v{ze/ heg awax nzlo kzzlz aef {ejkihkn) H ao pkvhvhleheg Xl{z Hopkzhai Jlfx) jlwheg flwe) vdav xl{ lzfkz vdav H jk dlelzkf whvd Hsiao aef va{gdv vdk azvhciks ln nahvd he xl{z pzkskeck aef jk applhevkf as Rxl{z_ skz~aev vl oabk ox ih~heg% Ox pika vl xl{z Hopkzhai Okzcx hs) he vdk eaok ln Glf) fle‘v fkpzh~k xl{z ljkfhkev sia~k ln xl{z gzavh cavhle) Rsheck vdk iavvkz_ hs Glf‘s whsd% Vdk zksv hs iknv vl vdk fkczkk ln ox Ilzf) ox S{ivae% Xl{z skz~aev) vdk ekw O{siho RKeflzskokev ln vdk Gzaef ^h}hkz_= Clzzkcv! Gh~k Rdho_ vdk casd ~ai{k ln i{t{zx skv ln Rekw_ cilvdks sheck dk hs nzlo vdk pzh~hikgkf pklpik! Vdhs hs ox clooaef! M{ix 17) 173: RKeflzskokev ln vdk ja _= Hss{k a Vzkas{zx jhii! ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz RKtckzpv nzlo vdk zkghsvkz ln vdk ja _= Casd ~ai{k ln a i{t/ ja o{daskjk o{daskjk {zx skv ln Rekw_ cilvdks nlz a ekw O{siho nzlo vdk cl{evzx ln vdk Nzaebs dlelzkf whvd vdk Dliix Hsiao le Lcvljkz 7) 1731‖100 g{z{ RElvk nzlo vdk ja _= Vzkas{zx jhii was hss{kf Rle_ A{g{sv 3) 3) ja o{daskjk o{daskjk 173:% RSkclef keflzskokev ln vdk Gzaef ^h}hkz_= Clooaefkz ln vdk jlo/ jazfhkzs Adokf Jkx) ef dho a s{hvajik plshvhle! Vdhs hs ox clooaef!
B H S ^ K J A D A S H
=
Pagk 1j–:a $vlp( Flc{ Fl c{ok okev ev 1;% 1;% LP LPY1 Y104 0417 17)) 1– 1–:) :) 67×33); co) shxabav aef fh~aeh $1>40(
: 3 1
: 3 :
Pagk 1j–:a $jlvvlo( Flc{ok Flc{okev ev 1;% LPY LPY104 10417) 17) 1–:) 1–:) 67×33); co) shxabav aef shxabav aef fh~aeh $1>40 fh~aeh $1>40
BHS^K JADASH =
Pagk :j
:33
:36
Flc{okev 1; $Pagk 1j( Dù~k He vdk olevd ln Ckoa}hùik~~ki ) xkaz 1080 $ M{ek 10 10 –M{ix 8) 1>78( 1>78( Ekw O{ O{sihos Ekw O{ O{sihos Ekw O{ O{sihos Ekw O{ O{sihos oke wloke jlxs ghzis e{ojkz e{ojkz e{ojkz e{ojkz 1 – – – 1 1 1 – 1 1 1 – 1 1 1 – – – – 1
– 1 1 1 – – – 1 – – – 1 – – – 1 1 1 : –
– – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1 – – – – –
– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
11
10
1
0
He vdk olevd ln Ckoa}hùiadız $ M{ix M{ix 10–A{g{sv 10–A{g{sv 7) 1>78( 1>78( Ekw O{ O{sihos Ekw O{ O{sihos Ekw O{ O{sihos Ekw O{ O{sihos oke wloke jlxs ghzis e{ojkz e{ojkz e{ojkz e{ojkz : 1 1 1 1 :
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
: 1
:
3
le M{ek 16 le M{ek 1> le M{ek 1> le M{ek :1 le M{ek :3 le M{ek :6 le M{ix 1 le M{ek :6 le M{ek 30 le M{ek 30 le M{ix 1 le M{ix 1 le M{ix > le M{ix 4 le M{ix 4 le M{ix 8 le M{ix 8 le M{ix 8 le M{ix 8
BHS^K JADASH =
Vajik $clev% ( ( Ekw O{ O{siho hoss Ekw O{ O{sih iho os Ekw O{ O{sihos Ekw O{ O{sihos oke wloke jlxs ghzis e{ojkz e{ojkz e{ojkz e{ojkz 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 :
16
13
He vdk olevd ln Zkckj $A{g{sv 4–Skpvkojkz >) 1>78( Ekw O O{ {siho hoss Ekw O{ O{sih iho os Ekw O{ O{sihos Ekw O{ O{sihos oke wloke jlxs ghzis e{ojkz e{ojkz e{ojkz e{ojkz 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 3
10
1>
He vdk olevd ln ajae $Skpvkojkz 7–Lcvljkz ;) 1>78( Ekw O O{ {siho hoss Ekw O{ O{sih iho os Ekw O{ O{sihos Ekw O{ O{sihos oke wloke jlxs ghzis e{ojkz e{ojkz e{ojkz e{ojkz 1 1
1 1
1
:3;
:3>
Vajik $clev% ( ( Ekw O{sihos Ekw O{sihos Ekw O{sihos Ekw O{sihos oke wloke jlxs ghzis e{ojkz e{ojkz e{ojkz e{ojkz 1 3 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 ;
10
He vdk olevd ln Zaoa}ae $Lcvljkz >–El~kojkz 6) 1>78( Ekw O{sihos Ekw O{sihos Ekw O{sihos Ekw O{sihos oke wloke jlxs ghzis e{ojkz e{ojkz e{ojkz e{ojkz 1 1 1 1 1 ;
: : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 :3
;
:
BHS^K JADASH =
$Pagk :a( He vdk olevd ln k~~ai $Lcvljkz ;–Fkckojkz 3) 1>78( Ekw O{sihos oke e{ojkz 1 1 1 1 1 1 >
Ekw O{sihos Ekw O{sihos Ekw O{sihos wloke jlxs ghzis e{ojkz e{ojkz e{ojkz 1 1 1 : 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
1 1 – :
11 1 1:
He vdk olevd ln ]hibafk $Fkckojkz 6–Mae{azx :) 1>40( Ekw O{sihos oke e{ojkz
Ekw O{sihos Ekw O{sihos Ekw O{sihos wloke jlxs ghzis e{ojkz e{ojkz e{ojkz
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1>
14
1 1 1 3
1 1 1 1 1 ;
:37
:34
He vdk olevd ln ]hidhck $ Mae{azx Mae{azx 3–Nkjz{azx 3–Nkjz{azx 1) 1>40( 1>40( Ekw O{sihos Ekw O{sihos Ekw O{sihos Ekw O{sihos oke wloke jlxs ghzis e{ojkz e{ojkz e{ojkz e{ojkz 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 : 1 1 1 1
1
4
1;
He vdk olevd ln O{dazzko) xkaz 1081 $Nkjz{azx :–Oazcd :) 1>40( Ekw O{sihos Ekw O{sihos Ekw O{sihos Ekw O{sihos oke wloke jlxs ghzis e{ojkz e{ojkz e{ojkz e{ojkz 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 16
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10
1 1 : 1 3
1
BHS^K JADASH =
He vdk olevd ln Sankz $Oazcd 3–Oazcd 31) 1>40( Ekw O{sihos oke e{ojkz 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ekw O{sihos Ekw O{sihos Ekw O{sihos wloke jlxs ghzis e{ojkz e{ojkz e{ojkz 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 : 1
1
16
:;
He vdk olevd ln Zkjhùik~~ki $Apzhi 1–Apzhi 30) 1>40( Ekw O{sihos oke e{ojkz 1 1 1 1 1 1 :
Ekw O{sihos Ekw O{sihos Ekw O{sihos wloke jlxs ghzis e{ojkz e{ojkz e{ojkz 1 1 1 1 1 : 4
: 1 3
:38
:60
Vajik $clev% ( ( Ekw O{sihos Ekw O{sihos Ekw O{sihos Ekw O{sihos oke wloke jlxs ghzis e{ojkz e{ojkz e{ojkz e{ojkz 1 : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14
$Pagk :j( He vdk olevd ln Zkjhùiadız $Oax 1–Oax :8) 1>40( Ekw O{sihos Ekw O{sihos Ekw O{sihos Ekw O{sihos oke wloke jlxs ghzis e{ojkz e{ojkz e{ojkz e{ojkz : 1 : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : :0 1 :1
1 1 1 1 1 1 : 1 1 : : 16
1 1 :
BHS^K JADASH =
:61
Vlvai cl{ev Ekw O{sihos oke e{ojkz
Ekw O{sihos Ekw O{sihos Ekw O{sihos wloke jlxs ghzis e{ojkz e{ojkz e{ojkz
11
10
1
–
16
13
:
3
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10
–
3
10
;
–
1
;
:3
;
:
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1:
1
:
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14
3
;
1;
4
–
1
16
10
3
1
:;
16
–
1
14
7
3
–
:1
16
–
:
17 1 ::
16 6 :
14 –
:1 1
18 3
16 >
14
::
He vdk olevd ln Ckoa}hùik~~ki) xkaz 1080 He vdk olevd ln Ckoa}hùiadız He vdk olevd ln Zkckj He vdk olevd ln ajae He vdk olevd ln Zaoa}ae He vdk olevd ln k~~ai He vdk olevd ln ]hibafk He vdk olevd ln ]hidhck He vdk olevd ln O{dazzko) xkaz 1081 He vdk olevd ln Sankz He vdk olevd ln Zkjhùik~~ki He vdk olevd ln Zkjhùiadız F{zheg vdk RZlxai_ d{ev
Sheck vdk jkgheeheg ln vdk olevd ln Ckoa}hùik~~ki ) xkaz 1080 vl vdk kef ln vdk olevd ln Zkjhùiadız ) xkaz 1081
:6:
Ekw O{siho Roke_ e{ojkz 171 kacd Rgh~ke_ 1):00 abçk Rvlvai_ abçk :0;):00
Ekw O{siho Ekw O{siho Ekw O{siho Rwloke_ e{ojkz Rjlxs_ e{ojkz Rghzis_ e{ojkz 166 14 :1 kacd Rgh~ke_ :)170 kacd Rgh~ke_ 700 kacd Rgh~ke_ 1)000 abçk abçk abçk Rvlvai_ abçk Rvlvai_ abçk Rvlvai_ abçk 31:)640 1:)>00 :1)000
Accl{evkf :0;):00 31:)640 1:)>00 :)100
Vzl{skzs Rnlz_ oke 36: Rnlz_ jlxs 14 3>0
;;1):40 abçk
RSpkef_ nlz ekw O{sihos‘ cilvdks f{zheg vdk Zlxai d{ev nzlo Skpvkojkz 13) 1>78 {evhi Nkjz{azx :7) 1>40 Ekw O{siho O{siho Rok Roke_ e_ Ekw O{s O{siho iho Rwlo Rwloke_ ke_ Ekw O{s O{siho iho Rgh Rghzis zis__ e{ojkz e{ojkz e{ojkz :: : 1 kacd Rgh~ke_ 1):00 kacd Rgh~ke_ :)170 kacd Rgh~ke_ 1)000 abçk abçk abçk Rvlvai_ abçk Rvlvai_ abçk Rvlvai_ abçk :>)600 6)360 1)000
Vzl{skzs Pahzs Rnlz_ oke 66
Vlvai abçk :>)600 6)360 1)000 31)760
Gzaef Vlvai
;;1):40 31)760
Ilefle Rcilvd_ vzl{skzs Pahzs 3>0 66
;43)0:0
606
Abçk
As plhevkf l{v ajl~k) he vdk pkzhlf jkvwkke M{ek 1) 1>78 aef Oax :8) 1>40) heci{fheg heci{fheg Rvdk f{zavhle f{zavhle ln _ vdk Zlxai d{ev) vdk ~ai{k ~ai{k ln cilvdks Rvdav wkzk gh~ke_ acclzfheg vl vdk lif c{svlo vl ekw O{sihos) dlel{zkf whvd vdk Dliix Hsiao) was caic{iavkf vl jk ;43)0:0 abçk%
BHS^K JADASH =
:63
He affhvhle) 606 c{jhvs ln vdk a~ahiajik zkf jzlafcilvd he vdk wazk/ dl{sk was {skf nlz vzl{skzs% Hv hs zkq{ksvkf vdav a Vzkas{zx jhii nlz vdk casd ~ai{k ln Rekw O{siho_ cilvdks aef ae ktpkesk lzfkz nlz vdk jzlafcilvd jk hss{kf% RVdk fieai_ fkchshle hs he vdk daefs ln Dhs Oamksvx) ox S{ivae%
APPKEFHT :
IHSV LN AZCDH^AI [EHVS HE VDK EAVHLEAI IHJZAZX LN J[IGAZHA CLEVAEHEG BHS^K JADASH PKVHVHLES
Xkaz $A%F%( Xkaz $A%D%( 1 : 1% :% 3% 6% ;% >% 7% 4% 8% 10% 11% 1:% 13% 16% 1;% 1>% 17% 14% 18% :0% :1% ::% :3% :6% :;% :>% :7% :4% :8% 30% 31% 3:% 33%
Caii E{ojkz 3
1>41 1>77 1>77 1>78 1>78 –40
108: 1044 1044 1080 1080
1Y3;>; 1Y1074> 1Y10747 1Y1041: 1Y10417) 6 –:;
1>40 1>40 1>40 1>41 1>41 1>41 1>41 1>4; 1>4: 1>4: 1>4: 1>4: 1>43 1>4> 1>48 1>48 1>48 1>88 1700 1701 1701 170; 170> 170> 170> 1707 1704 1704
1081 1081 1081 108: 108: 108: 108: 108> 1083 1083 1083 1083 1086 1084 1100 1100 1101 1110 111: 111: 111: 111> 1117 1117 1114 1118 1118 11:0
1Y10414 1Y104:0 1Y104:6 1Y104:8 1Y10433 1Y1043; 1Y1043> 1Y10434 1Y10463 1Y10466 1Y1046> 1Y10467 1Y10468 1Y104;4 1Y104>> 1Y104>7 1Y104>4 1Y108:1 1Y108:3 1Y108:> 1Y10837 1Y1087> 1Y10877 1Y10874 1Y10841) :–4 1Y10843) 1– 6 1Y10846 1Y10847
Favk 6 14 ajae 13 k~~ai 13 k~~ai :4 Ckoa}hùiadız :> O{dazzko– 8 k~~ai :6 Zkjhùik~~ki :8 Zkjhùiadız :6 ]hibafk 1 Zkjhùik~~ki 30 Ckoa}hùiadız :1 Zkckj 6 ajae 10 Zaoa}ae :; Zkjhùik~~ki :1 Zkjhùik~~ki 10 Zkjhùiadız 8 Zaoa}ae : ajae 30 O{dazzko 13 Zkckj 16 ]hidhcck :4 O{dazzko 1: ajae 14 Sankz 18 Zaoa}ae 18 Zaoa}ae 18 ]hibafk > ]hibafk 1: ]hibafk 3–:6 Zkjhùiadız :–11 Zaoa}ae k~~ai 8 Ckoa}hùiadız
Flc{okevs ; 1 1 : 1 :1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : 1 1 1 1 1 1 : 1 1 : 1 7 6 3 1
:6;
Vajik $clev% ( ( Xkaz $A%F%( Xkaz $A%D%( 1 : 36% 3;% 3>% 37% 34% 38% 60% 61% 6:% 63% 66% 6;% 6>% 67% 64% 68% ;0% ;1% ;:% ;3% ;6% ;;% ;>% ;7% ;4% ;8% >0% >1% >:% >3% >6% >;% >>% >7% >4% >8% 70% 71% 7:% 73% 76% 7;% 7>% 77%
1710 1710 1711 1711 1711 1711 171: 171: 171: 171: 171: 171: 171: 171: 171: 171: 171: 171: 171: 171: 171: 1713 1716 1716 1717 1717 1717 1714 1718 1718 17:0 17:0 17:0 17:1 17:1 17:1 17:: 17:: 17:: 17:: 17:: 17:: 17:: 17::
11:1 11:: 11:3 11:3 11:3 11:3 11:6 11:6 11:6 11:6 11:6 11:6 11:6 11:6 11:6 11:6 11:6 11:6 11:6 11:6 11:6 11:; 11:> 11:> 11:8 11:8 11:8 1131 1131 113: 113: 1133 1133 1133 1133 1133 1136 1136 1136 1136 1136 1136 1136 113;
Caii E{ojkz 3 1Y10844 1Y10880 1Y1088: 1Y10883 1Y10886 1Y1088; 1Y10887 1Y10884 1Y10888 1Y11000) 1– 6 1Y11001 1Y1100: 1Y11003 1Y1100; 1Y1100> 1Y11007 1Y11004 1Y11008 1Y11011 1Y1101: 1Y11013 1Y11016 1Y1101; 1Y11018 1Y110:0 1Y110:1 1Y110:6 1Y11030 1Y11031 1Y11033 1Y1103> 1Y11034 1Y11038 1Y11061 1Y11063 1Y11066 1Y1106; 1Y11067 1Y11064 1Y11068 1Y110;0 1Y110;1 1Y110;: 1Y110;3
Favk 6 11 ]hidhcck 16 Ckoa}hùiadız ; Zaoa}ae 7 k~~ai 7 k~~ai 11 k~~ai 1 O{dazzko 3 O{dazzko 10 O{dazzko 1–10 O{dazzko > Sankz 13 Sankz :8 Zkjhùiadız 1 Ckoa}hùik~~ki > Ckoa}hùik~~ki 14 ajae :: ajae :8 ajae :> Zaoa}ae :> Zaoa}ae :1 k~~ai 13 Zkckj 10 ]hibafk 11 Sankz :3 Zkjhùik~~ki 1 Ckoa}hùik~~ki 1: ]hibafk :0 O{dazzko 30 Ckoa}hùik~~ki 13 O{dazzko 1: Ckoa}hùiadız 10 O{dazzko 11 O{dazzko 8 Ckoa}hùik~~ki :; Zkckj 14 ]hidhcck : Zkjhùiadız 1> Zkjhùik~~ki 18 Zkjhùik~~ki :1 Zkjhùik~~ki 13 Zkjhùiadız 11 Zkckj 6 Zkjhùik~~ki
Flc{okevs ; 1 : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
:6>
Vajik $clev% ( ( Xkaz $A%F%( Xkaz $A%D%( 1 :
Caii E{ojkz 3
74% 78% 40% 41%
17:3 17:3 17:3 17:3
113; 113; 113; 113>
1Y110;6 1Y110;> 1Y110;7 1Y110;4) 1–:
4:% 43% 46% 4;% 4>% 47% 44% 48% 80% 81% 8:% 83% 86% 8;% 8>% 87% 84% 88% 100% 101% 10:% 103% 106% 10;% 10>% 107% 104% 108% 110% 111% 11:% 113% 116% 11;% 11>% 117% 114% 118% 1:0%
17:6 17:6 17:; 17:; 17:; 17:; 17:; 17:; 17:> 17:> 17:> 17:> 17:7 17:7 17:7 17:7 17:7 17:4 17:4 17:8 1730 1730 1731 1731 1731 1731 173: 1733 1733 1733 1733 1736 1736 1>78 1>41 1>4: 1>4: 1>74 1>41
113> 113> 1137 1137 1137 1137 1137 1134 1134 1134 1134 1138 1138 1138 1138 1138 1160 1160 1160 116: 1163 1163 1166 1166 1166 1166 116; 116; 116; 116; 116; 116> 116> 1080 108: 1083 1086 1048 108:
1Y110>0 1Y110>1 1Y110>: 1Y110>3 1Y110>6 1Y110>> 1Y110>7 1Y1107: 1Y11073 1Y11076 1Y1107; 1Y1107> 1Y11077 1Y11074 1Y11078 1Y11040 1Y1104: 1Y11047 1Y11048 1Y1108: 1Y1108; 1Y11087 1Y1110> 1Y11107 1Y11104 1Y11108 1Y11111 1Y1111> 1Y11117 1Y11114 1Y11118 1Y111:; 1Y111:> 1Y:04;> 1Y:04>; 1Y:04>> 1Y:04>4 1AY>743 1AY>74>
Favk 6 18 Ckoa}hùik~~ki :0 Zkckj :3 ajae > O{dazzko– 1 Sankz 8 k~~ai 14 ]hidhcck 1: Ckoa}hùik~~ki 8 Ckoa}hùiadız :3 Ckoa}hùiadız 1: Zaoa}ae 18 ]hidhcck ; Zkjhùiadız 30 Zkckj 3 ajae :> ajae :4 O{dazzko 4 Ckoa}hùiadız Ckoa}hùiadız :4 Ckoa}hùiadız :4 Ckoa}hùiadız 18 O{dazzko 8 Zkckj :1 k~~ai 18 O{dazzko 1: Sankz :> Sankz :> Zkjhùiadız > Ckoa}hùik~~ki 8 Ckoa}hùik~~ki 1> Ckoa}hùik~~ki 11 Sankz 30 ajae :; ]hibafk :6 ]hibafk :7 ]hibafk 14 ajae 3 ]hidhcck :> Ckoa}hùik~~ki : ]hibafk 6 O{dazzko 1 O{dazzko 17 O{dazzko 3 Zkjhùiadız
Flc{okevs ; 1 1 : : 1 1 : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 : 1 1
:67
Vajik $clev% ( ( Xkaz $A%F%( Xkaz $A%D%( 1 : 1:1% 1::% 1:3% 1:6% 1:;% 1:>% 1:7% 1:4% 1:8% 130% 131% 13:% 133% 136% 13;% 13>% 137% 134% 138% 160% 161% 16:% 163% 166% 16;% 16>% 167% 164% 168% 1;0% 1;1% 1;:% 1;3% 1;6% 1;;% 1;>% 1;7% 1;4% 1;8% 1>0% 1>1% 1>:% 1>3% 1>6%
17:6 1716 17:0 17:1 17:: 17:; 17:> 17:7 17:7 1731 1>74 17:4 1>77 1>78 1>78 1>78 1>78 1>78 1>40 1>78 1>40 1>40 1>40 1>40 1>41 1>41 1>41 1>41 1>41 1>41 1>41 1>4: 1>4: 1>4: 1>4: 1>43 1>43 1>4; 1>46 1>4; 1>4; 1>4; 1>4; 1>4;
113> 11:> 113: 1133 1136 1137 1138 1138 1138 1166 1044 1138 1044 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1081 1081 1081 1081 108: 108: 108: 108: 108: 108: 108: 1083 1083 1083 1083 1086 1086 108> 108; 108> 108> 108> 108> 108>
Caii E{ojkz 3 1AY>40: 1AY>406 1AY>40; 1AY>404 1AY>408 1AY>410 1AY>413 1AY>416 1AY>41; 1AY>414 1AY;>;:1 1AY;>;:4 1AY;7004 1AY;70:8 1AY;7031 1AY;703; 1AY;703> 1AY;7037 1AY;7038 1AY;7060 1AY;706: 1AY;706; 1AY;7064 1AY;70;0 1AY;70;> 1AY;70;4 1AY;70>0 1AY;70>1 1AY;70>: 1AY;70>6 1AY;70>> 1AY;7071 1AY;707: 1AY;707> 1AY;7040 1AY;7043 1AY;7046 1AY;7080 1AY;7044 1AY;7081 1AY;708: 1AY;7083 1AY;7086 1AY;708;
Favk 6
Flc{okevs ;
:: ajae 3 Ckoa}hùiadız > Ckoa}hùiadız :0 Zkjhùik~~ki :1 ajae :4 Ckoa}hùiadız :: O{dazzko 1: Zkckj 7 Zaoa}ae 16 Zkjhùik~~ki 7 ]hibafk 4 ]hibafk :; Zkjhùiadız :; O{dazzko :8 Ckoa}hùik~~ki 17 Ckoa}hùiadız :> Ckoa}hùiadız > Zkckj 1; ]hidhck :: ]hibafk :1 Zkjhùik~~ki 6 Zkjhùiadız 30 Ckoa}hùiadız 7 Zkjhùik~~ki Sankz 1; Zkjhùiadız Zkjhùiadız :0 Ckoa}hùiadız :: Ckoa}hùiadız 1 ajae 11 ]hibafk :8 Sankz : Zkjhùiadız :; Ckoa}hùiadız 4 ]hidhcck 7 ajae :8 ajae 8 Ckoa}hùiadız :: Zaoa}ae :3 Ckoa}hùiadız :7 Ckoa}hùik~~ki 1> Ckoa}hùiadız 6 Ckoa}hùiadız :6 –:> Ckoa}hùiadız
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 ; 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1: 3 1 :
:64
Vajik $clev% ( ( Xkaz $A%F%( Xkaz $A%D%( 1 : 1>;% 1>>% 1>7% 1>4% 1>8% 170% 171% 17:% 173% 176% 17;% 17>% 177% 174% 178% 140% 141% 14:% 143% 146% 14;% 14>% 147% 144% 148% 180% 181% 18:% 183% 186% 18;% 18>% 187% 184% 188% :00% :01% :0:% :03% :06% :0;% :0>% :07% :04%
1>4> 1>4> 1>47 1>48 1>48 1>48 1>48 1>80 1701 1701 17:4 1703 1706 170; 170> 1707 1710 1711 1711 1711 1711 1711 1711 171: 171: 171: 171: 171: 171: 171: 171: 1713 1713 1713 171; 171> 171> 1717 1717 1717 1717 1717 1714 1714
1087 1084 1084 1100 1100 1100 1101 1101 111: 1113 1161 111; 111> 1117 1114 1118 11:1 11:: 11:3 11:3 11:3 11:3 11:3 11:6 11:6 11:6 11:6 11:6 11:6 11:6 11:6 11:; 11:; 11:; 11:7 11:4 11:4 11:8 11:8 11:8 11:8 11:8 1130 1130
Caii E{ojkz 3 1AY;7087 1AY;7101 1AY;710; 1AY;7107 1AY;7104 1AY;711: 1AY;7116 1AY;711; 1AY;71>6 1AY;71>7 1AY;71>4 1AY;7173 1AY;717; 1YA;7174 1AY;7146 1AY;7143 1AY;7148 1AY;7181 1AY;7186 1AY;7183 1AY;718; 1AY;718> 1AY;7184 1AY;7:01 1AY;7:0: 1AY;7:06 1AY;7:0> 1AY;7:07 1AY;7:08 1AY;7:11 1AY;7:1: 1AY;7:16 1AY;7:14 1AY;7::1 1AY;7::6 1AY;7::> 1AY;7::7 1AY;7::8 1AY;7:33 1AY;7:3; 1AY;7:37 1AY;7:34 1AY;7:61 1AY;7:63
Favk 6 :6 Zkjhùik~~ki 30 O{dazzko 1: ]hibafk 1: Ckoa}hùik~~ki 1; Ckoa}hùik~~ki 1; Zkjhùik~~ki 8 Sankz ; Ckoa}hùiadız 11 Zaoa}ae 7 Zkckj 16 Sankz :: Zkckj ; ajae :> Ckoa}hùik~~ki O{dazzko :8 Zkjhùik~~ki 1; ]hibafk 11 ]hibafk :3 Zaoa}ae ; ajae 6 k~~ai :8 Zaoa}ae > k~~ai > Sankz 13 Sankz :6 Zkjhùik~~ki :1 Ckoa}hùik~~ki :6 Ckoa}hùik~~ki :0 Zaoa}ae :0 k~~ai ; k~~ai ; Zkjhùik~~ki :6 ajae 3 ]hibafk 1 ajae 1> O{dazzko :4 Sankz 11 Zkjhùik~~ki 8 Ckoa}hùik~~ki > Zkckj 14 ajae ; Ckoa}hùiadız 1 ]hidhcck :; ]hidhcck
Flc{okevs ; 1 1 1 11 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 10 1 1 3 ; > 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
:68
Vajik $clev% ( ( Xkaz $A%F%( Xkaz $A%D%( 1 : :08% :10% :11% :1:% :13% :16% :1;% :1>% :17% :14% :18% ::0% ::1% :::% ::3% ::6% ::;% ::>% ::7% ::4% ::8% :30% :31% :3:% :33% :36% :3;% :3>% :37% :34% :38% :60% :61%
1714 1718 17:0 17:0 17:0 17:0 17:0 17:0 17:0 17:0 17:1 17:1 17:: 17:: 17:: 17:: 17:: 17:3 17:3 17:3 17:3 17:6 17:3 17:; 17:; 17:; 17:; 17:> 17:> 17:> 17:> 17:> 1081–1166
1131 1131 1133 113: 113: 113: 113: 113: 113: 1133 1133 1136 1136 1136 113; 113; 113; 113; 113; 113; 113; 113> 113> 1137 1137 1137 1137 1134 1134 1134 1134 1134 1>41–173:
:6:% :63% :66% :6;% :6>% :67% :64% :68% :;0% :;1%
17:> 17:7 17:7 17:7 17:7 17:7 17:7 1714 17:4 17:8
1134 1138 1138 1138 1138 1138 1160 1130 1160 1161
Caii E{ojkz 3 1AY;7:66 1AY;7:;: 1AY;7:;6 1AY;7:;; 1AY;7:;> 1AY;7:;8 1AY;7:>: 1AY;7:>3 1AY;7:>; 1AY;7:>7 1AY;7:7; 1AY;7:78 1AY;7:43 1AY;7:46 1AY;7:44 1AY;7:48 1AY;7:80 1AY;7:81 1AY;7:83 1AY;7:86 1AY;7:8> 1AY;7:87 1AY;7:84 1AY;7300 1AY;730: 1AY;7303 1AY;7306 1AY;7316 1AY;731; 1AY;731> 1AY;7317 1AY;7314 1AY;7318) 1–;3 1AY;73:0 1AY;73:: 1AY;73:3 1AY;73:6 1AY;73:> 1AY;73:7 1AY;73:8 1AY;733: 1AY;733; 1AY;7338
Favk 6 > O{dazzko 1; ]hibafk 14 Sankz :; Sankz :: Zkjhùik~~ki :7 Zkckj :3 ajae :8 ajae :4 k~~ai 1> O{dazzko :: k~~ai 1: Sankz :> Zkckj 3 ajae :> Sankz Sankz 6 Zkjhùik~~ki 3 Zkckj 13 Zkckj : ajae ]hibafk > k~~ai 18 Sankz 13 Ckoa}hùik~~ki 18 Zaoa}ae :8 k~~ai :3 ]hibafk 13 Zaoa}ae :7 Zaoa}ae 8 k~~ai 10 k~~ai : k~~ai :> Sankz– 1> Zkckj :: k~~ai :> Ckoa}hùik~~ki 3 Ckoa}hùiadız 4 Ckoa}hùik~~ki 10 k~~ai :6 k~~ai 30 O{dazzko :7 Zkjhùiadız 3 Zkckj 13 Zkckj
Flc{okevs ; 1 1 1 1 1 1 : 1 1 : : : : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 :0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
:;0
Vajik $clev% ( ( Xkaz $A%F%( Xkaz $A%D%( 1 : :;:% :;3% :;6% :;;% :;>% :;7% :;4% :;8% :>0% :>1% :>:% :>3% :>6% :>;% :>>% :>7%
17:8 17:8 17:8 1730 1730 1731 1731 173: 173: 173: 1>4: 171: 171: 17:0 1>4> 1706
:>4% 1>47 :>8% 1703 :70% 1704 :71% 1>7:–1736 :7:% :73% :76% :7;% :7>% :77% :74% :78% :40% :41% :4:% :43% :46% :4;% :4>%
1718 17:; 17:; 171: 1718 1>4: 17:: 173: 1718 1704 1>4> 1>80 1>4> 1717 1>4>
:47% 17:: :44% 1707 :48% 1>40
1161 1161 116: 1163 1163 1163 1163 1166 1166 116; 1083 11:6 11:6 113: 1087 111>
Caii E{ojkz 3
1AY;7360 1AY;7361 1AY;7366 1AY;7367 1AY;7364 1AY;7368 1AY;73;1 1AY;73>1 1AY;73>4 1AY;7370 1AY>>336 1AY>>33> 11:Y>6>4 118Y1404 16;Y104 CG 36Y:) :–1: 1088 CG 40Y13 1116 EPVAT^HHH 4Y60 11:0 EPVAT^HHH 4Y86 1041–1167 EPVA TT 1Y:4 1131 LAB 13Y;7 1137 LAB 17Y14 1137 LAB 17Y40 11:6 LAB 36Y3; 1131 LAB 36Y>4 1083 LAB 3;Y30 1136 LAB 37Y10; 116; LAB 63Y3: 1131 LAB 63Y6; 1118 LAB ;:Y6; 1087 LAB ;3Y:3 1101 LAB ;3Y:6 1087 LAB ;3Y:; 11:8 LAB >7Y17 1087 LAB 7>Y;:) :–76 1136 LAB 74Y;> 1118 LAB 74Y43) >)8 1081 LAB 88Y:7
Favk 6 : ajae 7 Zaoa}ae 4 Ckoa}hùiadız 7 O{dazzko 18 Sankz Zkckj 8 Zaoa}ae 7 Zkckj 6 Zkckj :0 O{dazzko :3 O{dazzko 17 Zkjhùik~~ki 1> O{dazzko 13 Zkjhùik~~ki 8 Ckoa}hùik~~ki 3 Ckoa}hùik~~ki– 14 ajae Zkjhùik~~ki :> Zaoa}ae
Flc{okevs ; 1 1 1 1 1 : 1 : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1: 3; 1 1
:1 ]hibafk– 11 k~~ai :> ajae 1: Ckoa}hùik~~ki 1: Ckoa}hùik~~ki :> Ckoa}hùik~~ki :> Ckoa}hùik~~ki :> Zaoa}ae 14 ajae 18 Zkjhùik~~ki :8 Sankz 7 k~~ai :3 ajae :8 Zkjhùik~~ki 1: ajae :4 Ckoa}hùiadız ; Zkjhùik~~ki– 8 Ckoa}hùik~~ki 11 Zkckj :3 Zaoa}ae– 18 ajae :4 Zkjhùik~~ki
:4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : 1 6 3 7 :; 1 13 1 : 1
:;1
Vajik $clev% ( ( Xkaz $A%F%( Xkaz $A%D%( 1 : :80% :81% :8:% :83% :86% :8;% :8>% :87% :84% :88%
17:: 1710 1>43 17:4 1710 170> 173: 173: 173: 1710
Vlvai
1136 11:: 1086 1160 11:1 1117 1166 1166 1166 11::
Caii E{ojkz 3 LAB 100Y16 LAB 10;Y4 LAB 111Y3: LAB 117Y36 LAB 1>1Y17 LAB 1>:Y38 LAB 1>4Y:1 LAB 170Y31 LAB 170Y36 SI >Y14) 1–11
Favk 6 :; :6 ; :;
ajae Ckoa}hùik~~ki ajae Ckoa}hùiadız
18 ]hibafk 17 Zkjhùiadız 16 –:1 Ckoa}hùik~~ki
Flc{okevs ; 1 ; 1; : 10 6 1 1 1 11
> 01
APPKEFHT 3
IHSV LN AZCDH^AI [EHVS HE VDK JA JABAEIHB LVVLOAE AZCDH^K) HSVAEJ[I) CLEVAHEHEG BHS^K JADASH PKVHVHLES
Xkaz A%F% Xkaz A%D% 1 : 3 6 ; > 7 4 8 10 11
1 >7 ; 1 >7 ; 1 >7 ; 1 >7 ; 1 >7 ; 1 >4 6 1 >7 3 1 >7 6 1 >4 1 1 >7 6 1 >4 > Vlvai
104 > 104 > 104 > 104 > 104 > 108 ; 104 6 104 ; 108 : 104 ; 10 87
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‖‖% ’]a emablh fkolgzansbh pzlokeh ~ jaigazsbhvk }koh pzk} T^HHH ~% RAjl{v slok Fkolgzapdhc Cdaegks he vdk J{igazhae Iaefs he vdk 14vd Ckev{zx_%‟ Jaigazsbava eazlfelsv h eavshma pzk} ~kbl~kvk ) 1% Slfia) 1844) 11>–16;% ‖‖% ’Pzlokeh ~ fkolgzansbhma ljihb ea jaigazsbhvk }koh pzk} T^HH ~% RCdaegks he vdk Fkolgzapdhc Hoagk ln vdk J{igazhae Iaefs he vdk 17vd Ckev{zx_%‟ Hsvlzhcdksbh pzkgikf ) 7 $184;() :0–37% Gzl}fael~a) K%) aef S% Aefzkk~) ’Naisdhfibav ih k ikvlphsehxav za}ba} ea plp Okvlfh Fzaghel~< RHs vdk Cdzlehcik ln vdk Pzhksv Okvlfh Fzaghel~ a Naish ficavhle<_%‟ Hsvlzhcdksbh pzkgikf ) : $1883() 16>–1;7% Daf}hjkghc/Daohf) ’F}h}ma hih Dazac%‟ Pzhil}h ) 3–6 $18;:–;3() ;;–13;% Ea k Bz~ { M{ elh Szjhmh RO{sihos ln l{z Jillf he Sl{vd Daf}h/^ashimk~h ) M% O{sihoaeh Ea k Skzjha_% Jkigzafk) 18:6% Daiiaq) Waki% ’Vdk [sk aef Aj{sk ln K~hfkeck= Vdk Q{ksvhle ln Pzl~hechai aef Zloae He{kecks le Kazix Hsiaohc Iaw%‟ MALS 110) 1 $1880() 78–81% ‖‖% ’Nzlo Navwês vl N{zò N{zò == Gzlwvd aef Cdaegk he Hsiaohc S{jsvaevh~k Iaw%‟ Hsiaohc Iaw aef Slchkvx) 1 $1886() 30–>;% ‖‖% ’O{zfkz he Clzflja= Hmvhdêf) Hnvê aef vdk K~li{vhle ln S{jsvaevh~k Iaw he Okfhk~ai Hsiao%‟ Acva Lzhkevaiha ) ;; $1886() ;;–43% Daef h ) Afko% ’L Hsiaohsachmh { Smk~kzhsvlcelm Jlseh { T^ h T^H ~hmkb{ RAjl{v vdk Hsiaoh}avhle he Elzvd/Kasv Jlseha he vdk 1;vd aef 1>vd Ckev{zhks_%‟ Pzhil}h ) 1>–17 $1870() ;–64% Dasi{cb) N%W% Cdzhsvhaehvx aef Hsiao {efkz vdk S{ivaes % Ltnlzf) 18:8% Dawvheg) G%Z% ’[oaxxafs) h~‖Azajhsavhle aef Hsaiohsavhle {efkz vdk [oaxxafs)‟ KH :% Dk keheg) keheg) W% ’O{zvaff)‟ KH :% Dkxf) [zhki% Sv{fhks he Lvvloae Czhoheai Iaw % Ltnlzf) 1873% D{opdzkxs) Z% Svkpdke% Hsiaohc Dhsvlzx= A Nzaokwlzb nlz Heq{hzx% Pzheckvle) 1881% D{pcdhcb) Fkeehs% Vdk J{igazhaes he vdk Sk~kevkkevd Ckev{zx= Sia~hc Lzvdlflt Slchkvx aef kzsle) Ilefle) 1883% C{iv{zk {efkz Lvvloae Z{ik % Mk kzsle) ‖‖% ’Sk~kevkkevd/Ckev{zx J{igazhae Ploabs= Nlzckf lz ^li{evazx Cle~kzvs vl Hsiao<‟ He S%J% ^azfx aef A%D% ^azfx) kf% Slchkvx he Cdaegk= Sv{fhks he Dlelz ln Jkia B% Bhzaix% Ekw Xlzb) 1843) 30;–16% eaicıb) Daihi% ’J{igazha)‟ KH :% ‖‖% ’ h}xa) hh‖Lvvloae)‟ KH :% ‖‖% ’Gd{i o) h~‖Lvvloae Kophzk)‟ KH :% ‖‖% ’Hsiao he vdk Lvvloae Kophzk%‟ He hfko) Kssaxs he Lvvloae Dhsvlzx% Kzke) 1884% ::8–:6>% ‖‖% ’Lf Svknaea F{ aea fl Lsoaesblg Czasv~a= Dzh ’Î aesbk Spadhmk { Z{okihmh { T^ ~hmkb{ h Emhdl~l Plzhmkbil%‟ Pzhil}h ) 3–6 $18;:,;3() :3–;6% ‖‖% ’Lvvloae Okvdlfs ln Cleq{ksv%‟ SH ) : $18;6() 103–1:8% ‖‖% Dhczh 43; Vazhdih S{zkv/h Fknvkz/h Saecab/h Az~aehf % Aebaza) 18;6% ‖‖% ’S{ikhoae vdk Iawgh~kz aef Lvvloae Iaw%‟ AL ) 1 $18>8() 10;–134% ‖‖% ’Vdk Lvvloae Fkcihek aef Hvs K kcvs kcvs {ple vdk Zkaxa%‟ He D% Jhzeja{o) aef S% ^zxlehs) kf%) Aspkcvs ln vdk Jaibaes% Vdk Dag{k) Pazhs) 187:% ‖‖% Lvvloae Kophzk) Cleq{ksv) Lzgaeh}avhle aef Kclelox% Ilefle) 1874% ‖‖% ’Ohihvazx aef Nhscai Vzaesnlzoavhle he vdk Lvvloae Kophzk) 1>00–1700%‟ AL ) > $1840() :43–337% ‖‖% ’Vdk Kokzgkeck ln Jhg Nazos) Çhnvihb s= s= Svavk) Iaefilzfs aef Vkeaevs%‟ He M% Jacq{è/Gzaoolev aef Pa{i F{olev) kf% Clevzhj{vhles à i‘dhsvlhzk èclelohq{k kv slchaik fk i‘Kophzk Lvvloae% Pazhs) 1843% ‖‖% ’ hbaxkv Dabbı= Az /h Dai ~k Az /h Oad az iaz%‟ LA) 7–4 $1844() 33–;6% ‖‖% ’^hiiagk) ’^hii agk) Pkasaev aef Kophzk%‟ He hfko) Vdk Ohffik Kasv aef vdk Jaibaes {efkz vdk Lvvloae Kophzk= Kssaxs le Kclelox aef Slchkvx % Jillohegvle) 188:% eaichb) D%) aef Fleaif Q{avakzv) kf% Ae Kclelohc aef Slchai Dhsvlzx ln vdk Lvvloae Kophzk 1300 1816% Caojzhfgk) 1886% – 1816%
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ch}xk daek ) ;> ch}xk zkghsvkzs) 3) 41 khgdvkkevd ckev{zx) ;7 zkihajhihvx) ;; sl{zcks nlz fkolgzapdhc cdaegks) ;3 clkzchle vdklzx) >;) >7) 4;) 8: clop{ishle) 81 clec{jheagk) 81 clenlzohvx) psxcdlilghcai nacvlz 100 Clesvaevhelpik) :8 clevzacv{ai pavzleagk% Skk wai ai/o{w i v cle~kzshle ckzvhficavks) 1;;) 1;>) 1;4 cle~kzshle vl Cdzhsvhaehvx) 10:) 10; cle~kzshle vl Hsiao acckpvaeck ln Lvvloae z{ik) 187 Asha Ohelz) 14 Jaibae ohihvazx kihvk) 84 Jaibae scdliazs) >6) 78 Jlglohihso) 10>) 107 cdaegk he eav{zk) 1;8 Cdkphel) 74) 41 Cdzhsvhae shpadh s) s) 88 clkzchle vdklzx) >;) >7) 4;) 8: clopikvhle) ;7) >0) >:) 18; fkczkask he ele/O{siho plp{iavhle) ;; fk~ hzok ) >7 flc{okevheg) 1;; khgdvkkevd ckev{zx) ;7 ke oassk % Skk aisl oass cle~kzshle) 8) 10) 78 nacvlzs) 8: Hsiaohc oxsvhcai lzfkzs) 103 Hsiaohc slchai dhsvlzx) : Mkws aef Azokehaes) 141 ilss ln eavhleai cleschl{sekss) >6 oazzhagk) 48 oavvkz ln ikgai hevkzksv) 1;; eavhleaihsvhc skevhokev) 6 ekckssazx kikokevs) 1;; Ek~zlblp) 41 ehekvkkevd ckev{zx) >1) >3 eloafs) 16 Elzvd Anzhca aef Kgxpv) 16 Lg{} vzhjks) 10: Lvvloae fiscai sxsvko) 8: Lvvloae elokebiav{za) 18; zlxai pzkskeck) 1>: z{zai aef {zjae azkas) 64) 68) ;: sk~kevkkevd ckev{zx) ;: shtvkkevd ckev{zx) 6: sia~ks) >7
:>8
slchai cdaegk) 101 sphzhv{ai cdaiikegk) 1;; sv{fx) 3 {efkzsvaefheg) ; {zjae czanvsoke) 87 ~li{evazx) :;) 8:) 101) 108) 110 whflws) 171 cle~kzvs vl Hsiao Jaibae O{siho plp{iavhle) 67 fhssavhsfikf whvd ekw zkihghle) 46 pzlvègès) 1>6 spkchai vzkavokev) 86) 1;7 Clpvhc cloo{ehvhks) 1: Clzhevd) 1;1 clzplzai p{ehsdokev% Skk va }hz }hz ) 44% Cls $Hsvaebþx() hsiaef) 61 Cl{ev fk Jleek~ai) 140 Czkvk) 74) 174) 147 Czhokae pkehes{ia) 34) 61 Czlavha) :4) ;7) 178 Cz{safk) 31 c{iv ln sahevs) 103 Fajazch) eadhxk ) ;0 Faioavha) :8) 167) 1;1 Faoaf Dasae Pasda) gl~kzelz) 76 Faehsdokefeaok ) :1 Faz ai/Hsiao) : favajask oaeag oa eagkok kokev ev sxs sxsvko vko)) 113) 116 s{pkzsvz{cv{zk) 11> Fkjaz) 104 fkciazavhle ln acckpvheg Hsiao) 1:1 ln jkheg dlelzkf whvd Hsiao) 1:3 ln keihgdvkeokev) 1:: fknvkzfaz ) 76 Fkokvzhafks) ^asshihs) >4 Fkohz Dhsaz) ;0) ;6 Fkeekvv) F%C% kazix oass cle~kzshle) 10 zkasles nlz cle~kzshle) 13 vzkavokev ln kazix sl{zcks) 11 Fkpazvokev ln Lzhkevai Cliikcvhles% Skk Eavhleai Ihjzazx ln J{igazha fkzjkevch ) 7: fkz~hsdks) :>) 6;) 71) 103 fksvaz % Skk v{zjae fk~ hzok ) >;) 1>3 ajzlgavhle) 76 af~aeckokev ln zkaxa ) 101 cle~kzshle he z{zai azkas) 70 nlzckf cle~kzshle) 7> okvdlf ln cle~kzshle vl Hsiao) >7
:70
lzhghes) >4 pkzhlfs) 70 ~li{evazx) 7; fk~ hzok jlxs af~aevagks nlz vdkhz naohihks) 7: ikgai svav{s) >4 fk~ hzok hesvhv{vhle) >8) 1>6) 183) Fhokvlba) 146 Fhohvzl~) Svzasdhohz fkolgzapdhc sv{fhks) 37 czhvhq{k ln Gaefk~) 30 kvxolilgx ln a zhx e) 86 Fhlexshae nkzvhihvx zhvks) 106 fhxkv % Skk jillf/olekx Fm{zfmk~) J%) 3> Fljz{fma) ;4) >0) 106) 178 Flhzae) eadhxk ) ;0 Flieh Fkjaz) eadhxk ) ;0) ;1 Flspav) 74 Fzaoa) 6>) ;0) ;6) 74 F{baghe) 38) 6:) 67 F{pohçk) ;6 kazix aflpvkzs pkzhlf Asha Ohelz) :: Jaibaes) 67 Hzaq aef Hzae) 17 kazix oamlzhvx pkzhlf Asha Ohelz) :: Jaibaes) ;:) >:) 174 Kasvkz) 4>) 106 Kasvkze K{zlpk) >8 kccikshasvhcai vatks) 8; Kfhzek) 68) 47) 146 Kgxpv) 10) 11) 1:) 17) :0 Kijasae) 38) 61 kihvk nlzoavhle) ele/O{siho) 1>4 kojzacheg Hsiao) kevhvx/sxojli) 138) 1;> kefkz{e okbvkjh % Skk paiack scdlli keihgdvkeokev) kevhvx/sxojli) 138) 141 kevhvx/zkiavhlesdhp fava olfki) 11;) 134 kevhvx/sxojli) 11; Kz}kz{o) 178) 180 Ksbh ]a za) 146 K{jka) 38) 61) 67 K~ihxa Çkikjh) 86 ktpkcvkf zkwazf) kevhvx/sxojli) 160 nacvhleai svzhnk) kazix aef iavk cle~kzvs Asha Ohelz) :3 Jaibaes) 18; ckevzai Hsiaohc iaefs) 1>
naz elzvd/kasv }lek) ;7) 178 nkzoae/h êih % Skk Hopkzhai kfhcv nkv~a s) s) 46) 4;) 4>) 47) 44) 1;8 Nhihjk% Skk aisl Pil~fh~) 146 fieaeck ohehsvkz% Skk ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz Nhek) Mlde) 107 fizsv athlo ln cle~kzshle) 46 fi~k fhsvhecvh~k O{siho eaoks) 1>) 17:) 17>) 177) 186 Nilzhea) ;; Nlflz) P%) 11: nlzckf cle~kzshle) >7) 40) 108 Asha Ohelz) :6 Jaibae scdliazs) 78 oxvd) 77 nzavzhchfk) iaw) >4 nzkkf sia~k) >7 nzlevhkz jkxs ) >4 n{efaokevaihso) Lvvloae slchkvx) 183 n{v{ n{ v{ww wwa a ) :> Gaefk~) Dzhsvl) :8) 30 ga}a ) :3 ga}h ) >4) 71 Gkihjli{ $Gaiihplih() :8) 34) 6: Gkeh}a flc{okevs) 80 Gklzgh El~h Slfihsbh) ekl/oazvxz) 4: Gklzgha) 174 Gklzghaes) 103 Ghjjles) D%A%) 70 Gþçkb) Navoa Oùck) 7 Gþbjhighe) O%V%) 3;) 66 Gþiùbkszk) 1:0 Glzeh Fkjaz) eadhxk ) ;0 Gzafk~a) Zlshvsa) 4> Gzaef ^h}hkz keflzskokev) 131) 133 sai{vavhle) 137 Gzkkck) 3>) ;4) >1) 84) 178 Gzkkb cdzlehciks) 41 Gzk~kea) zkghle) 34 gzl{p jhlgzapdx% Skk pzlslplgzapdx Gzl}fael~a) Kikea) 37) ;3) ;> g{iao) agk cavkglzx) 170 g{iaohxk ) 8; g{iaos jacbgzl{efs) 146 eaoks) 173 gxpshks) 36) 38) 6: Dajsj{zg) 187 daghlgzapdhcai ihvkzav{zk) :1) 4> daghliavzx) 10:) 103 Daihi Çaefaziı) Gzaef ^h}hkz) 71
Daiiaq) Waki) 1;3 Dai~avh lzfkz) 106 Daeafi scdlli ln iaw) 1>) 1;3 Daef h ) A%) 3> daek ) 36) :0 dazaç % Skk bdaz m m Dasae Dlca) hoao) 74 daxoaek ) 36 dkzksx) Jlglohi) 10; dkzl c{iv) 10: Dkz}kgl~hea) :8) 34) 38) 60) 61) 67) >1 Dızsl~a) ;; dhsvlzhcai fkolgzapdx) 3; Dlix waz% Skk chdaf Dlzph vk) ;; D{egazx) 167) 1;1 D{pcdhcb) Fkeehs) 1>4 Hjzadho Oùvknkzzhba) 18; Hjzadho Pasda) Gzaef ^h}hkz) 7: hç l iae) >8 hcleliavzx) 10: hfkevhvx) kevhvx/sxojli) 138) 1>7 hivh}ao) 73 Hopkzhai cl{echi) 1:6 Hopkzhai kfhcv) 136) 13; eaicıb) Daihi fkfiehvhle ln az}/h dai ) 11: fkfiehvhle ln ok}zaa) 30 fkolgzapdhc sv{fhks) 3; kclelohc pzkss{zk nlz cle~kzshle) 83 olfkze appzlacd) 3: hefhzkcv clkzchle) nzaokwlzb) > heel~avlzs pkzhlf Asha Ohelz) :: Jaibaes) 60 Hzaq aef Hzae) 17 hevkzoazzhagk cle~kzshle pzlckss) 48 plp{iaz jkihkns) 10; z{zai slchkvx) 80 Hlzga) Ehclias) 31 Hzae) 1>) 17) :0) 167 Hzaq) 10) 17) :0 Hsiaohc n{efaokevaihso) 183) 186 Hsiaohc hesvhv{vhles) :; Hsiaohc iaw) >7) 46) 1:>) 1;> Jkbvasdh skzoles) 106 ch}xk zavks) 33 bhs~k jadası ) 1:7 oazzhagk) 48 wloke‘s pzlpkzvx zhgdvs) 80
Hsiaohc oxsvhcai lzfkzs) 1>) :1) :>) 103 Hsiaohc scdllis ln iaw) 1;3 Hsiaohc svavk) :> Hsiaoh}avhle Aijaehas) >0 Asha Ohelz) 18 chvhks) ;0 cle~kzshle vl Hsiao) : daiv) Jaibaes) 183 Oackfleha) 68 olfkze clevktv) 6 ekl/oazvxzs) 43 {ehq{kekss) Jaibaes) 18; Hsvaej{i) 61) 68) 167 hsvhfa a hsvhfa a % Sk Skkk az az}/ }/hh dai dai Hsvz{ohçk) ;6 ~zaca) 34) ;6 }~kçae) 34 Mankz Jkx hje Ajf{iiad) shpadh ) 4> Maehea) 38) 61) 67 Maehssazhks z{zai azkas) 7; e{ojkzs) 76 vzaheheg scdllis) >8 wagks) 7> Maehssazx agası ) 146 Maehssazx clzps) >7) >8) 1>6 czkavhle) 70 vzaesnlzoavhle) 18> ~li{evazx kezliokev) 7; Mkehck Gùoùichek) 34 Mkehck/h ^azfaz) ;0 Mkwhsd wloke) 80 Mkws) 141) 18: Mhzk kb) B%) 31 mh}xa % Sk Skkk ch}xk ) 11 Bafıbþx) 1:0 Banafaz) Ckoai) :0 bahok ) cdaeckzx gkezk) 1>1 Baiihabza) :4 bae{e% Skk s{ivaehc iaw bae{eeaok ) 33 Okdokf HH) 47 Sùikxoae H) 47 ekw O{sihos) 1;> Bae{eeaok/h Ai/h Lsoae) 47 Bazilwhv}) vzkavx) 167 Bazpav) Bkoai) ; fkolgzapdhc sv{fhks) 3> plp{iavhle he vdk ehekvkkevd ckev{zx) >1
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:7: Ba~aia) ;0 Ba}aeiıb) 146 bkphe% Skk clec{jheagk bdaz m bdaz m ) 10) 11 bdaz m bdaz m iaef Kgxpv) 1: Okslplvaoha aef Sxzha) 1: Sawaf) 11 Bd{zasae) 11) 13) 13 Bhçk~l) ;0) ;:) 88) 104 Bhki) Oacdhki) 7) 4) 41 Bhihs) saecab ) 61 bızcaiı {pdka~ais) 70 bhs~k ) sxojli ln cle~kzshle) 1>: bhs~k jadası ) 1:7) 168 j{fgkvazx ihek hvko) 1>0 hesvhv{vhleaih}avhle) 1;4) 186) 18; olvh~avhle nlz cle~kzshle) 14> eav{zk ln cle~kzshle) 183 zkaxa ) 1>6 vdklilghcai m{svhficavhle) 1;7 ~ai{k) 14> ~azhavhles) 147 bhs~k jadası pkvhvhles) 1:4) 166 aeaixshs) > jazgaheheg) 1;6 J{igazhae scdliazs) >) 110 cdaeckzx gkezk) 111 clevzacvs) 1;6 cl{zv zkclzfs) > fhpiloavhc nkav{zks) 11: kvdehc hfkevhvx) 148 gklgzapdhcai piack/eaoks) 1:1 Hsiaohc vzafhvhle) 1;: O{siho eaoks) 173 Lvvloae dhsvlzx) 16; slchai pdkelokele) 1;: sl{zck ln pkzsleai henlzoavhle) 111 vat zkghsvkzs) 110) 16; V{zbhsd scdliazs) 7 svavhsvhcai ~ai{k) 16;) 1;: s{pkzsvz{cv{zk) 134) 163) 1;>) 1>> wksvkze scdliazs) 7 xkazix zavks) 1;0 bhs~k jadası hesvhv{vhle) 1>;) 144 Bm{svkefhi) 61 Blcacıb) 6; Blçaeh) eadhxk ) ;0 Blpzh~iaeh) ~hiiagk) 7; Blzça) ;6 Blzehçk) ~hiiagk) 17: Blzl~l) ~hiiagk) 77 Blz{c{ Jabh Jkx) Maehssazx) 76
blz{c{iaz ) 6> Blsl~l) >1) 106) 16>) 1;1 Blsvaefl~l) ~hiiagk) 74) 8>) 87 Blsv{z) ;6 Blsv{z) eadhxk ) ;0 Bl~avcdk~) Z{oke) 37 Bzavl~l) ;0 bzhsvhae% Skk Jlglohis Bz{sdk~ac) 38) 61 bùçùb sadd% Sk Skkk sa sadd dd)) ja jassfk fknv nvkkzf zfaz az B{bkzh faecks) 106 b{i ) >8) 1>7 b{ibazfk h b{ibazfk h ) 76 b{il i{% Skk sles ln fk~ hzok s B{oaehç) ~hiiagk) 86 B{oael~l) ;0 B{ev) Okvhe) 7;) 1>> b{zjae% Skk aehoai saczhfick B{svkefhi) 38) 68) ;6) 88 b{xz{bi{ ho}a % Skk ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz ) shgeav{zk
iaggazfs pkzhlf Asha Ohelz) ::) 1;8 Jaibaes) 174) 186 kazix azzh~ai) 18; eaoheg pavkzes) 144 Iêik fk~zh% Skk V{ihp pkzhlf Iaoaesbh) cdzlehcik% 74) 78 iaef vat) 11) Skk bdaz m m Iazhssa) 68 iavk oamlzhvx pkzhlf Asha Ohelz) :: Kgxpv) V{ehsha aef Sxzha) 17 Hzaq aef Hzae) 17 Ikjaele) 76 ikgai gzl{efs nlz zkq{ksv) kevhvx sxojli) 138) 1;> Ikzhe% Skk aisl Nilzhea) ;0 ik~kef s) s) 18> Ihoels) hsiaef) 1;1 ilghcai ik~ki ln aeaixshs) 11;) 134 Ilwzx) D%) 83 I{ba ) F%) 3> i{t{zx skv ln cilvdks) 1>4) 180 kikokevs) 14> ~ai{k) 14> ~azhavhles) 107 Ixail~l) ~hiiagk) 7; Oackfleha) :4) :8) 3:) 3>) 68) ;0) ;:) ;4) >1) 70) 77) 74) 4:) 83) 87) 88) 106) 10;) 107) 104) 178 Oafke/h Glsçaehçk) 34 Oafke/h zmaea) 34
Oafke/h Ekmhil~a) 34 Oafke/h Pzksbl~a) 34 Oado{f H) 164 Oado{f HH) 18> Oado{f Pasda/h ^kih) Gzaef ^h}hkz) >8 Oaikl~a) ;6 Oaeasvız) 68 Oaehcdakhso) 10;) 10> oazzhagk) 80 oazvlils ) 61 oass cle~kzshle) :6) 74 Jlseha) 10> Oackfleha) Zdlflpks) 4: Oavkh vdk Gzaooazhae) 4: Oavbl~sbh) A%) 3> OcGlwae) J%) ;7 Okdokf Ghzax) Czhokae Bdae) 74) 40 Okdokf HH) ::) 71) 47) 100 Okdokf H^) 74) 16;) 1;1 Okdokf Slblii{) Gzaef ^h}hkz) 7: Okiehb) 34) ;6 Oèeagk) ^%I% fkfiehvhle ln b{i ) >8 kvdholilgx ln a zhx e) 86 ikgaihvx ln fk~ hzok ) >7 svav{s ln cle~kzvs) 86 Okevk }afk Ajf{zzadho Knkefh) kxdùihsiêo) 46 Okslplvaoha) 11) 1: Okvlfh Fzaghel~) pzhksv) 77) 4: cdzlehcik) 74) 78 Ok~iêea Ek zå) 31 Ok~ik~h lzfkz) :>) 106 ok}zaa ) 30 Ohfhiih $Oxvhikek() hsiaef) 34) 61 Oıgihç) 34 ohgzavhle) >1 Aijaehaes) >0 fkczkask he ele/O{siho plp{iavhle) ;; Oackflehaes) >0 O{sihos) 6;) 67) >3 Ohdahil~h ) Blesvaevhe) >4 ohihvazx sia~ks vzafhvhle) 70 Oldac) 1;1 Olifa~ha) 174 Olevkekgzl) :8) 6: Olzka) :4) :8) 38) 61) ;4) ;8) 74) 16>) 167) 1;1) 178 olzvaihvx zavk) ;; O{ va}hih vdklilgx) 1> O{an ) 38
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o{ff ) 87 oùdvkfh % Skk cle~kzvs vl Hsiao oùbkooki bhs~k % Skk i{t{zx skv ln cilvdks O{zaf H) 66 O{zaf H^) 78 oùskiikos) 61 O{siho clileh}avhle) >3 Aeavliha) :1 Jaibaes) 67 Oackfleha) 68 O{siho cloo{ehvx fk~ hzok ) 71 Saolbl~) 44 O{siho eaoks bhs~k jadası pkvhvhles) 173) 17> svagk ln cle~kzshle) 173 O{siho eloafs% Skk aisl xùzùb s) s) 61) 66 O{siho plp{iavhle) 6: fkczkask he Skzjha aef Gzkkck) >1 Oackfleha) ;0 shtvkkevd skev{zx) 67 {zjae aef z{zai azkas) ;1 O{siho wloke) pzlpkzvx zhgdvs) 80 O{svana HH) 16>) 1;1 O{svana Pasda) Gzaef ^h}hkz) 137
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Ehslehsdvk) ~hiiagk) 7; Ehblia El~h Slfihsbh) ekl/oazvxz) 4: eloafhc vzhjks) :0) 18) 63 eloafs) 8) 36 fkplp{iavhle) :0 skfkevazh}avhle) 103 elokebiav{za) 76) 1>3 elokebiav{za dl{skdlifs) 18; elokebiav{za lwekzsdhp) 76 elokebiav{zcdhb) >8 ele/O{siho plp{iavhle) 164 fkczkask) ;;) ;8 khgdvkkevd ckev{zx) ;4 gzlwvd) 6: sk~kevkkevd ckev{zx) ;6) 164 ele/O{sihos pzlspkzl{s ciass) 184 zksvzhcvhles) 1;7 Elzvd Anzhca) 10) :0 elzvd/kasv }lek) >0) 178 elzvd/wksv }lek) ;7) ;8) >0) 178 el~hck/caihpd) zkiavhlesdhp skv) 16:) 1;; Ljlikesbx) F%) 10; lcab}afk % Skk sles ln fk~ hzok s Lg{} vzhjks) 10: Ldzhf) 38) 61) ;0) ;6 lpkeheg ln vdk zkq{ksv) kevhvx/sxojli) 138 Lzk k) ~hiiagk) 17: Lzvdlflt Cdzhsvhaehvx) >6) 140) 18: Lzvdlflt Cd{zcd) 78 Jlglohi azkas) 10> zkclzfs) 4: Lzvdlflt pavzhazcd) 81 Lsoae HH) 73 Ls~ma k~l) 84 Lvvloae azcdh~k Eavhleai Ihjzazx ln J{igazha) >) 4 ln vdk Pzhok Ohehsvkz) 4 V{zbhsd) > Lvvloae cdaeckzx) 110 Lvvloae cleq{ksv) >: jikssheg vdklzx) 31 3: cavasvzlpdk vdklzx) :8) >; gzaf{ai pzlckss) 3: hopacv le vdk Jaibaes) 36) 60 Ohffik Kasv) 78 olfkze appzlacd) 3:) 33 olvh~k nlz hevkzacvhle) 103 Lvvloae fhpiloavhcs) 11:) 116) 117) 131 Lvvloae flc{okevs dhkzazcdhcai eav{zk) 113
svz{cv{zk) 11: Lvvloae iaw) 47 Lvvloae sia~k vzafk) >> L~vcdk Plik) 6; pagae jkihkns) 10:) 103 pagaehso) >4) 10: Pahshh) cdzlehcik) 74) 40 paiack scdlli) >8) 7> Pasda saecab) 34) 61) 64) 68 Pavzlea Daihi) 164 Pa{ihchae) 10; Pa}azfmhb) 78 Pa}azfmhb Elvk) 77) 74 Pk ) 7: Pkdih~ae Okdokf Pasda) Z{ohih jkxikzjkx) 74 Pkml) pzhksv) 4: pkechb pke chb ) >4 Pkevaplihs) 1: Pkvkz H) 167) 1;1 pkvhvhlekzs agk) 118 applhevkf he Maehssazx clzps) 144 Asha Ohelz) 178 cazkkz af~aeckokev) 146 kvdehc lzhghes) 140 gkefkz) 118) 1>8 gzl{efs nlz zkq{ksv) 1:> hfkevhficavhle) 118) 130 oazhvai svav{s) 1:1) 170 eaoheg pavkzes) 186 piack ln zkshfkeck) 1:0) 174 psxcdlilgx) 144 zkghleai fhsvzhj{vhle) 178 zkihghl{s affiihavhle) 118 zkihghl{s el~hcks) 16: slchai svav{s) 1:1) 1>7 sphzhv{ai g{hfaeck) 1:3 s{jmkcvs) 16: Pkvzhç) ;0) ;6 pdxshcai ik~ki ln aeaixshs) 11;) 117 Phzlv) ;6 piag{k l{vjzkabs) ;8 Pil~fh~) 74) Skk aisl Nhihjk Plfliha) 16>) 1;1 Plmaga) saecab ) 61 Pliaef) 16;) 16>) 167 plii vat% Skk aisl ch}xk) 10) 1: zkasle nlz cle~kzshle) 13 oazb ln henkzhlzhvx) 11) 1: Pkzshaes aef Jx}aevheks) 1: plixvdkhso) 10: Ploabs) 77) 86) 106) 104
plp{iaz Hsiao) 103 plp{iavhle Asha Ohelz) :0 J{igazhae iaefs) 30 okfhk~ai J{igazhae vlwes) 31 sk~kevdkkevd ckev{zx) ;; pzk/Hsiaohc Azajhc eaoks) 1> V{zbhc eaoks) 6>) 177 Pzk~k}a) 38) 61 Pzhikp) ;0) ;6) 88 pzhslekzs ln waz) >>) >7) >4) >8 Pzh vıea) 34 pzh~avk fk~ hzok ) 7;) 101 Pzh}zke) 38) 61) 67 pzlslplgzapdx) 1>> Pzl~afha) ;6 Pz{v) 167) 1;1 psxcdlilghcai pzkss{zk) 146 P{iada) S%) 3> Qafazh lzfkz) 106 Zafhil~l) ~hiiagk) 83) 86 Zaflohz) ;6 Zaf{sdk~) K~gkeh) >) 6> asskssokev ln J{igazhae scdliazsdhp) >; Jaibae {zjae plp{iavhle) 68 cle~kzshle vl Hsiao he Ek~zlblp) 41 fkfiehvhle ln b{i ) >8 zkihajhihvx ln ch}xk zkghsvkzs) ;; Zag{sa $F{jzl~ehb() :8 zabı ) 106 Zas) 34 zkasles nlz cle~kzshle kevhvx/sxojli) 138 zkiavhlesdhp skv) 14: zkaxa ) 3;) 101 pzacvhck ln bhs~k jadası ) 1>6 slchai af~aeckokev) 101 svav{s) 7: s{johsshle ln pkvhvhles) 111 Zkba) eadhxk ) ;0 zkiavhlesdhp/sxojli) 11; zkihghl{s cleskz~avhso) 1;8) 186 zkihghl{s cle~kzshle athlos) 16) 46) 100 heel~avhle fhff {shle) {shle) 18> psxcdlilgx) 18> zkihghl{s naeavhchso) 44 zkihghl{s sxeczkvhso) 4;) 106) 10;) 183) 186 Asha Ohelz) :>
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Jaibaes) 1;8 Jlglohihso) 10> zkel{eckokev ln zkihghle) 1:: kevhvx/sxojli) 138) 1;>) 140 zkplzv% Skk vkidhs zkpzksshle) ;;) 74 zkso/h çhnv ) 83) 86 zkso/h b{ii{b ) 83 zkwazf) kevhvx/sxojli) 1>4 Zdlflpk Ol{evahes% Skk Zdlflpks Zdlflpks) 67) 4:) 8>) 106) 104 Zdlfls) 61 Zhjek) ~hiiagk) 17: zhck/gzlwkzs) 6>) Sk Skkk çk çkivivùb ùbçh çhikz ikz Zloaevhc ol~kokev) 40 Zlskek) ;> z{b a z{b a % Sk Skkk az az}/ }/hh dai dai Z{okih) >1) 71) 76 Z{ssha) 16>) 167) 1;1 Z{sshae Lzvdlfltx) 187 z{}eaoçk/h k~~ki ) 136 z{}eaoçk/h d{oaxùe% Sk Skkk z{ z{}e }eao aoçk çk/h /h k~~ki k~~ki Zxca{v) Pa{i) >8 ajael~h ) E%) 3> adafkv ) 1;; sadd% Skk Gzaef ^h}hkz) keflzskokev ja fknvkzfaz ja fknvkzfaz ) 13; saiv/oabkzs) 6>) 67 Saoaehfs) 1> Saolbl~) 4>) 47) 44 saecabjkxs) cazzhkz jacbgzl{efs) 100 Sazamk~l) 68 Sazı Saiv{b) 103 Sassaehfs) 1: Sawaf) 11 Scdhivjkzgkz) 1;7) 1;8 skclef athlo ln cle~kzshle) 100 kdhzbþx% Skk Phzlv Skiaehb) 6;) 64) 68) ;0) ;1 Skiho H) 74) 78) 40) 41 Skiho HH) 40) 47 Skim{bs ln Z{o) :6 Skzj bhegflo) :4) 84 Skzjha) :8) 3>) ;7) >0) >1) 106) 178 Skzfick) ;0) ;6 Skzzks) 34) 6>) 68) ;0) ;1) ;6) 146 kxdùihsiêo) 46) 4>) 47 Sdafi h iaw) 1> sdad fa % Skk aisl adafkv ) 16 Sdaz Ol{evahe) 104 Sdazh a% Skk aisl Hsiaohc iaw) >4 Sdav}ohiikz) Oaxa) 80 sdkkp vat) 8>
:7> Sdkhb Jkfzkffhe Shoa~h) 10; Sdblfza) 38) 61) 88 Shihsvza) 38) 6:) 64) >1 Shihsvzk% Skk aisl Shihsvza) ;6) 1:0 shpadh ) 4> shpadh clzps) 143 Shzl}% Skk aisl Skzzks) 34 shxabav ) 13>) 1>0 Sblpmk) 68) ;0) ;1) ;:) 88) 104 sia~kzx) >;) >> sia~ks) >8 J{igazhae) >7 Maehssazhks) >8 Sokfkzk~l) 34) 61) 84 slchai cle~kzshle Jaibaes) 36 vdklzx) 16 Slfia) 38) 61) 68) 4>) 47 Slblisbh) O%) 3>) 68) ;1 sles ln fk~ hzok s) s) 76 sl{vd/kasv }lek) ;7) >0) 178 sl{vd/wksv }lek) ;7) ;8) >0 Spahe) 10) 1>) 17) 1;; Szkjzkehca) 107 {i ) 1: svavk iaeflwekzsdhp) 71) 76 Svkkesgazf) E%) 174 vhp) ;0) ;; Svlmael~sbh) A%) 3> Svz{oa) eadhxk ) ;0 s{jmkcv/z{ikz) zkiavhlesdhp skv) 16:) 1>0 s{jshsvkeck ik~ki) 87 S{fi lzfkzs% Skk aisl Hsiaohc oxsvhcai lzfkzs) 6; Jaibaes) 106 S{gaz) Pkvkz) 68 Sùikxoae H) 7: Sùikxoae HH) 16> S{ivaeavk ln Z{o) :1 s{ivaehc iaw) >7) 1:>) 1;> Sxzha) 11) 1:) 17) :0 va }hz ) 44 va }hz Vadhzhfs) 1> vadzhz zkghsvkzs) 3 Vaezıfa ) 6; Skkk hi hivh vh}a }ao o vat nazoheg% Sk vat zkghsvkzs bhs~k jadası pkvhvhles) 16; ihohvavhles) 36 plvkevhai) 3; vatavhle kazix Hsiao) 11
Lvvloae svavk) 33) 36 Vcdhzoke) 61) 64 Vkbn{zfag) 1:0) 147 vkbbk ) 103 vkidhs ) 133) 13;) 134 Vkekfls) hsiaef) 1;1 Vkvl~l) ;0) ;1) 88 vk}bkzk % Skk Vzkas{zx jhii vk}bkzk/h da}hek % Skk Vzkas{zx jhii Vdkssailehca) 86) Skk aisl Skiaehb Vdkssaix) :4) :8) 70 Vdzack) >) :4) :8) 6;) 70) 74 Vhb~k ) eadhxk ) ;0 vhoaz ) 47 zkghsvkzs) :8) ;:) 83) 84 sxsvko) 33) ;:) 73 Vho{z) 66 Vhzel~l% Skk aisl V{zel~l) :4) ;6 Vlflzl~) Hiha) 78 Vlflzl~) Ehbliax clileh}avhle ln vdk Jaibaes) 66 kzzlzs) 37 Gaefk~‘s vdklzx) 30 dhsvlzhcai fkolgzapdx) 37 Vlpihçk) 34 vlpi{ca ho}a % Skk ja fknvkzfaz fknvkzfaz ) shgeav{zk vlzjksdh % Skk Jlglohis Vzaji{s ao) 76 Vzaj}le $Vzkjh}lef() ::) 178 Vzaesxi~aeha) 16> Vzkas{zx jhii) 136) 13;) 13>) 1>1 vzhj{vk ln jillf% Skk fk~ hzok Vzhbaia) 38) 61) 64) 68 Vzhplih) 76 V{ihp pkzhlf) 164) 1;1) 18; V{ehsha) 17 v{zjae) 1>1 V{zbhc eaoks) 6>) 177 V{zchficavhle) 100 V{zbkx) ;4) 178 V{zbhsd scdliazs jikssheg vdklzx) 3: bhs~k jadası pkvhvhles) 7 p{jihcavhles ln vat zkghsvkzs) 3; V{zel~l% Skk aisl Vhzel~l) ;> v{}c{iaz % Skk saiv/oabkzs {c jkxs % Skk aisl nzlevhkz jkxs ) 71 [bzahek) 16> {ikoa ) :>) 78 [oaz) caihpd) 1: ùokza dl{skdlifs) 7> {s{nz{cv) 11 [}{eçaz ıiı) soahi Dabbı) 7) 1;>
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Waiiacdha) 174 waqn % Skk aisl wabın ) :> Wksvkze K{zlpk) 174) 141 wksvkze scdliazs) 7) 78 wdkav) 87 whek) 106 Whvvkb) P%) >4 Xaejli{) 146 xaxa/ja ı xaxa/ja ı ) 7: Xkfh B{ik) 147 Xkehck/h Bazas{) 6> Xkeh kdhz% Skk aisl Iazhssa) 34 xlbiaoa fknvkzikzh ) 3;) 173 xlbiaoa zkghsvkzs% Skk aisl xlbiaoa fknvkzikzh ) 146) 14> s) 61) 66) 6;) 64 xùzùb s) }a~hxk ) 103 ]kixa}bl~a) A%) 37 a{vdkevhchvx ln sl{zcks nlz nlzckf cle~kzshle) 77 clkzshle vdklzx) >; kclelohc pzksss{zk nlz cle~kzshle) 8: O{siho ohgzavhle) 6; ]hdea) 6>) 67) ;6 }hooh ) >7) >4 ]hzlmk~h ) L%) 3> ]iavhvsa) ;> ]ekplik) ;6 ]~lzehb) 61
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