INGENIERÍA SANITARIA
UNIDAD ACADÉMICA DE INGENIERÍA CIVIL CARRERA DE INGENIERÍA CIVIL
INGENIERÍA SANIT SANITARIA ARIA TAREA Nª 9 TERCER TRIMESTRE TEMA:
COMO SE PRODUCE CONTAMINACIÓN EN LOS RÍOS
¿QUÉ ES LA BIOQUÍMICA DE OXIGENO (DBO)?
LA
DEMANDA
UTMACH – UAIC – 5TO B – INGENIERIA SANITARIA SANITARIA - JENNYFFER ABRIL
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INGENIERÍA SANITARIA
¿QUÉ ES LA QUÍMICA DE OXIGENO (DBQ)?
DEMANDA
DATOS INFORMATIVOS NOMBRE: VANEGAS
!ENN"FFER
ABRIL
CATEDR#TICO
ING. FREDDY AGUIRRE
CURSO:
CUARTO AÑO ING. CIVIL “B”
FEC$A DE ENTREGA DEL TRABA!O:
26 – 11 – 2015
A%O LECTIVO &' * &'+ , COMO SE PRODUCE LA CONTAMINACIÓN EN LOS RÍOS &, DEMANDA BIOQUÍMICA DE OXIGENO (DBO) -, DEMANDA QUÍMICA DE OXIGENO (DQO) OB!ETIVO Realia! "#a i#$e%&i'a(i)# %*+!e (),* %e -!*"(e la (*#&a,i#a(i)# e# l*% !/*% la e,a#a +i*"/,i(a e */'e#* la e,a#a "/,i(a e */'e#* ,eia#&e (*#%"l&a a i$e!%a% 3"e#&e% e i#3*!,a(i)# -a!a -*e! &e#e! ,a4*! (*#*(i,ie#&* 4 3*!&ale(e! ,i (!i&e!i* (*,* 3"&"!* UTMACH – UAIC – 5TO B – INGENIERIA SANITARIA - JENNYFFER ABRIL
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INGENIERÍA SANITARIA
-!*3e%i*#al 4 a%/ -*e!l*% a-li(a! e# la% *+!a% (i$ile% e la% ("ale% 3*!,e -a!&e.
MARCO TEÓRICO
, CONTAMINACIÓN DE RIOS La (*#&a,i#a(i)# e l*% !/*% e% "#a -!*+le,&i(a ,% a#&i'"a "e la (*#&a,i#a(i)# a,+ie#&al -e!* "e (*# el a",e#&* e la -*+la(i)# e la% (i"ae% "e a# #a(i* a la% *!illa% e l*% ,i%,*% el $*l",e# e e%-e!i(i*% &a#&* *!'#i(*% -!*"(&* e e%a'7e% (l*a(ale% (*,* "/,i(*% (*,* (*#%e("e#(ia% el e%a!!*ll* i#"%&!ial %e i#(!e,e#&) e ,a#e!a &al "e la% a'"a% el ,i%,* %e $e# a3e(&aa% e &al 3*!,a "e %" (*,-*%i(i)# e8a e %e! #a&"!al a3e(&a#* &a#&* a la 3a"#a 4 9*!a "e %e ali,e#&a e la ,i%,a (*,* a l*% ",a#*% "e la +e+e#.
L*% e8e,-l*% e# el ,"#* e !/*% "e a# %"3!i* a:*% i!!e-a!a+le% %*# ,"(*% 4 la -!*$*(a(i)# e l*% ,i%,*% -*! l* 'e#e!al %e e+e a la -!i*!ia(i)# e i#%&ala(i)# e i#"%&!ia% 4 3+!i(a% "e 'e#e!a# -"e%&*% e &!a+a8* -e!* %"% e%-e!i(i*% el (i(l* -!*"(&i$*. La% '!a#e% e,-!e%a% #a(ia% -!i#(i-al,e#&e e# E"!*-a l"e'* e a+e! -!*$*(a* a:*% e# %"% -a/%e% 4 "e e# l*% ,i%,*% %e le'i%la!a -a!a e$i&a! %" i#%&ala(i)# e,i'!a!*# a -a/%e% %"+e%a!!*lla*% *#e #* ei%&/a# e%a% ei'e#(ia% 4 le4e% "e -"%ie!a# "# ,a!(* -a!a la i#%&ala(i)# e e%&a% -la#&a% -!*$*(a#* a:*% e# e%&*% -a/%e% #"e$a,e#&e.
, FUENTES PRINCIPALES DE LA CONTAMINACIÓN DE LOS RÍOS Ei%&e# $a!ia% 3"e#&e% e (*#&a,i#a(i)# e la% a'"a% e l*% !/*% e#&!e la% "e a#*&a,*%; UTMACH – UAIC – 5TO B – INGENIERIA SANITARIA - JENNYFFER ABRIL
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INGENIERÍA SANITARIA
, VERTIMIENTO DE AGUAS SERVIDAS La ,a4*! -a!&e e l*% (e#&!*% "!+a#*% $ie!&e# i!e(&a,e#&e l*% e%a'7e% =a'"a% #e'!a% * %e!$ia%> a l*% !/*% a l*% la'*% 4 al ,a!. E%&e -!*+le,a e% 'e#e!alia* 4 a3e(&a al ,a! =3!e#&e a Li,a 4 Calla* 3!e#&e a Ci,+*&e> a ,"(*% !/*% =T",+e% ?i"!a @a#&a a#&a!* U(a4ali A,a*#a% a4* e&(.> 4 a la'*% =Ti&i(a(a "#/#>. L*% e%a'7e% (*#&ie#e# e(!e,e#&*% e&e!'e#&e% !e%i"*% i#"%&!iale% -e&!)le* a(ei&e% 4 *&!a% %"%&a#(ia% "e %*# &)i(a% -a!a la% -la#&a% 4 l*% a#i,ale% a("&i(*%. C*# el $e!&i,ie#&* e e%a'7e% %i# -!e$i* &!a&a,ie#&* %e i%-e!%a# a'e#&e% -!*"(&*!e% e e#3e!,eae% =+a(&e!ia% $i!"% *#'*% "e$*% e -a!%i&*% a,e+a% e&(.>.
&, VERTIMIENTO DE BASURAS " DESMONTES EN LAS AGUAS E% (*%&",+!e 'e#e!aliaa e# el -a/% el $e!&i,ie#&* e +a%"!a% 4 e%,*#&e% e# la% *!illa% el ,a! l*% !/*% 4 l*% la'*% %i# #i#'# ("ia* 4 e# 3*!,a a+%*l"&a,e#&e e%*!e#aa. E%&e -!*+le,a %e -!*"(e e%-e(ial,e#&e (e!(a e la% (i"ae% e i#"%&!ia%. La +a%"!a (*#&ie#e -l%&i(*% $i!i*% la&a% 4 !e%&*% *!'#i(*% "e * #* %e e%(*,-*#e# * al e%(*,-*#e!%e -!*"(e# %"%&a#(ia% &)i(a% =el e!!* -!*"(e )i* e e!!*> e i,-a(&* #e'a&i$*.
-, VERTIMIENTO DE RELAVES MINEROS E%&a 3*!,a e (*#&a,i#a(i)# e la% a'"a% e% ,"4 i3"#ia 4 l*% !e%-*#%a+le% %*# l*% (e#&!*% ,i#e!*% 4 la% (*#(e#&!a*!a%. E% e%-e(ial,e#&e '!a$e e# el ,a! 3!e#&e a Ta(#a 4 *"e'"a -*! la% ,i#a% e (*+!e e T*"e-ala e# l*% !/*% R/,a( a#&a!* @a#&a el la'* e "#/# 4 &**% l*% !/*% e la% (i"ae% (e!(a#a% a (e#&!*% ,i#e!*% el ?e!. L*% !ela$e% ,i#e!*% (*#&ie#e# e!!* (*+!e i#( ,e!("!i* -l*,* UTMACH – UAIC – 5TO B – INGENIERIA SANITARIA - JENNYFFER ABRIL
INGENIERÍA SANITARIA
a!%#i(* 4 *&!a% %"%&a#(ia% %",a,e#&e &)i(a% -a!a la% -la#&a% l*% a#i,ale% 4 el %e! ",a#*. O&!* (a%* e% el e l*% la$ae!*% e *!* -*! el $e!&i,ie#&* e ,e!("!i* e# la% a'"a% e !/*% 4 "e+!aa%. E%&* e% e '!a$ea a #i$el l*(al (*,* e# a!e e Di*% 4 (e!(a e (e#&!*% a"!/3e!*%. ., VERTIMIENTO DE PRODUCTOS QUÍMICOS " DESEC$OS INDUSTRIALES C*#%i%&e e# la e-*%i(i)# e -!*"(&*% i$e!%*% =a+*#*% -e&!)le* a(ei&e% (i*% %*a a'"a% e 3*!,a(i)# * -!*3"#a% e&(.> -!*$e#ie#&e% e la% a(&i$iae% i#"%&!iale%. E%&e -!*+le,a e% 'e#e!alia* (e!(a e l*% (e#&!*% -e&!*le!*% =(*%&a #*!&e 4 %el$a> e# la% *#a% e la i#"%&!ia e a!i#a 4 a(ei&e e -e%(a* =?i%(* H ?a!a(a% Ci,+*&e ?a!a(i"e ?ai&a> e# la% *#a% e (*#(e#&!a(i)# e i#"%&!ia% ,i#e!a% =O!*4a Il*> 4 e# *#a% e i#"%&!ia% i$e!%a% =("!&ie,+!e% &e&ile!/a% e&(.>.
&, DEMANDA BIOQUÍMICA DE OXIGENO (DBO) La e,a#a +i*"/,i(a e */'e#* e% "# -a!,e&!* "e ,ie la (a#&ia e ,a&e!ia %"%(e-&i+le e %e! (*#%",ia " *iaa -*! ,ei*% +i*l)'i(*% "e (*#&ie#e "#a ,"e%&!a l/"ia i%"el&a * e# %"%-e#%i)#. OTRO CONCEPTO:
La e,a#a +i*"/,i(a e */'e#* =DBO> e% "#a -!"e+a "%aa -a!a la e&e!,i#a(i)# e l*% !e"e!i,ie#&*% e */'e#* -a!a la e'!aa(i)# +i*"/,i(a e la ,a&e!ia *!'#i(a e# la% a'"a% ,"#i(i-ale% i#"%&!iale% 4 e# 'e#e!al !e%i"al %" a-li(a(i)# -e!,i&e (al("la! l*% e3e(&*% e la% e%(a!'a% e l*% e9"e#&e% *,%&i(*% e i#"%&!iale% %*+!e la (alia e la% a'"a% e l*% ("e!-*% !e(e-&*!e%. L*% a&*% e la -!"e+a e la DBO %e "&ilia# e# i#'e#ie!/a -a!a i%e:a! la% -la#&a% e &!a&a,ie#&* e a'"a% !e%i"ale%. La -!"e+a e la DBO e% "# -!*(ei,ie#&* e-e!i,e#&al &i-* +i*e#%a4* que ,ie el */'e#* !e"e!i* -*! l*% *!'a#i%,*% e# %"% UTMACH – UAIC – 5TO B – INGENIERIA SANITARIA - JENNYFFER ABRIL
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INGENIERÍA SANITARIA
-!*(e%*% ,e&a+)li(*% al (*#%",i! la ,a&e!ia *!'#i(a -!e%e#&e e# la% a'"a% !e%i"ale% * #a&"!ale%. La% (*#i(i*#e% e%&#a! el e#%a4* i#(l"4e# i#("+a(i)# e# la *%("!ia a 20JC -*! "# &ie,-* e&e!,i#a* 'e#e!al,e#&e (i#(* /a%. La% (*#i(i*#e% #a&"!ale% e &e,-e!a&"!a -*+la(i)# +i*l)'i(a ,*$i,ie#&* el a'"a l" %*la! 4 la (*#(e#&!a(i)# e */'e#* #* -"ee# %e! !e-!*"(ia% e# el la+*!a&*!i*. L*% !e%"l&a*% *+&e#i*% e+e# &*,a! e# ("e#&a l*% 3a(&*!e% a#&e!i*!e% -a!a l*'!a! "#a ae("aa i#&e!-!e&a(i)#. La% ,"e%&!a% e a'"a !e%i"al * "#a il"(i)# (*#$e#ie#&e e la% ,i%,a% %e i#("+a# -*! (i#(* /a% a 20JC e# la *%("!ia. La i%,i#"(i)# e la (*#(e#&!a(i)# e */'e#* i%"el&* =OD> ,eia -*! el ,&** Ki#le! * "#a ,*i(a(i)# el ,i%,* "!a#&e el -e!i** e i#("+a(i)# -!*"(e "#a ,eia e la DBO. LIMITACIONES E INTERFERENCIAS Ei%&e# #",e!*%*% 3a(&*!e% "e a3e(&a# la -!"e+a e la DBO e#&!e ell*% la !ela(i)# e la ,a&e!ia *!'#i(a %*l"+le a la ,a&e!ia *!'#i(a %"%-e#ia l*% %)li*% %ei,e#&a+le% l*% 9*&a+le% la -!e%e#(ia e ie!!* e# %" 3*!,a *iaa * !e"(ia la -!e%e#(ia e (*,-"e%&*% a"3!a*% 4 la% a'"a% #* +ie# ,e(laa%. Al ,*,e#&* #* ei%&e "#a 3*!,a e (*!!e'i! * a8"%&a! l*% e3e(&*% e e%&*% 3a(&*!e%. DBO (a!+*#(ea (*#&!a #i&!*'e#(ea. La *ia(i)# e la% 3*!,a% !e"(ia% el #i&!)'e#* (*,* a,*#ia(* 4 #i&!)'e#* *!'#i(* ,eiaa -*! l*% ,i(!**!'a#i%,*% e8e!(e# "#a e,a#a #i&!*'e#(ea "e a %i* (*#%ie!aa (*,* "#a i#&e!3e!e#(ia e# la -!"e+a %i# e,+a!'* e%&a -"ee %e! eli,i#aa (*# la ai(i)# e i#i+i*!e% "/,i(*%. C"a#* %e i#i+a la e,a#a #i&!*'e#(ea e */'e#* !e-*!&a! l*% !e%"l&a*% (*,* e,a#a +i*"/,i(a e */'e#* (a!+*#(ea =DBOC5> ("a#* #* %e i#i+a !e-*!&a! l*% !e%"l&a*% (*,* DBO 5. Re"e!i,ie#&*% e il"(i)#. @i el a'"a e il"(i)# e% e +a8a (alia %" DBO a-a!e(e! (*,* DBO e la ,"e%&!a e3e(&* "e %e! a,-li(a* -*! el 3a(&*! e il"(i)# 4 el !e%"l&a* &e#! "#a e%$ia(i)# -*%i&i$a. El ,&** e a#li%i% e+e i#(l"i! a'"a e il"(i)# e $e!i(a(i)# 4 a'"a e il"(i)# (*,* +la#(* -a!a e%&a+le(e! %" (alia ,eia#&e la ,ei(i)# el (*#%",* e */'e#* (*# "#a ,e(la *!'#i(a (*#*(ia 'e#e!al,e#&e 'l"(*%a 4 (i* 'l"&,i(*. La 3"e#&e el a'"a e il"(i)# -"ee %e!; e%&ilaa a -a!&i! el a'"a e '!i3* * a'"a li+!e e %"%&a#(ia% *!'#i(a% +i*e'!aa+le% * +i*i#i+i&*!ia% &ale% (*,* (l*!* * ,e&ale% -e%a*%. UTMACH – UAIC – 5TO B – INGENIERIA SANITARIA - JENNYFFER ABRIL
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INGENIERÍA SANITARIA
El a'"a e%&ilaa -"ee (*#&e#e! a,*#ia(* * (*,-"e%&*% *!'#i(*% $*l&ile% el a'"a e%i*#iaa &a,+i# -"ee e%&a! (*#&a,i#aa (*# (*,-"e%&*% *!'#i(*% %*l"+le% lii$ia*% el le(* e la !e%i#a el "%* e e%&ila*!e% (*# (*#"(&*% * a((e%*!i*% e (*+!e e# la% l/#ea% e a'"a e%&ilaa -"ee# -!*"(i! a'"a (*# (a#&iae% e(e%i$a% e (*+!e "e a(&a (*,* +i*(ia. TOMA " PRESERVACIÓN DE MUESTRAS La% ,"e%&!a% -a!a e&e!,i#a(i)# e la DBO %e e+e# a#alia! (*# -!*#&i&" %i #* e% -*%i+le !e3!i'e!a!la% a "#a &e,-e!a&"!a (e!(a#a al -"#&* e (*#'ela(i)# 4a "e %e -"ee# e'!aa! "!a#&e el al,a(e#a,ie#&* a#* (*,* !e%"l&a* $al*!e% +a8*%. @i# e,+a!'* e% #e(e%a!i* ,a#&e#e!la% el ,/#i,* &ie,-* -*%i+le e# al,a(e#a,ie#&* i#(l"%* %i %e lle$a# a +a8a% &e,-e!a&"!a%. A#&e% el a#li%i% (ale#&a!la% a 20JC. "e%&!a% %i,-le%. @i el a#li%i% %e e,-!e#e e# el i#&e!$al* e 2 e%-"% e la !e(*Hle((i)# #* e% #e(e%a!i* !e3!i'e!a!la% e l* (*#&!a!i* '"a!a! la ,"e%&!a a JC * ,e#*% !e-*!&a! 8"#&* (*# l*% !e%"l&a*% el &ie,-* 4 la &e,-e!a&"!a e al,a(e#a,ie#&*. Ba8* #i#'# (*#(e-&* i#i(ia! el a#li%i% e%-"% e 2 e a+e! &*,a* la ,"e%&!a la% ,"e%&!a% e,-leaa% e# la e$al"a(i)# e la% &a%a% !e&!i+"&i$a% * e# *&!*% i#%&!",e#&*% #*!,a&i$*% e+e# %e! a#aliaa% a#&e% e "e &!a#%("!!a# 6 a -a!&i! el ,*,e#&* e la &*,a. "e%&!a% (*,-"e%&a%. a#&e#e! la% ,"e%&!a% a JC * ,e#*% "!a#&e el -!*(e%* e (*,-*%i(i)# "e %e e+e li,i&a! a 2 . A-li(a! l*% ,i%,*% (!i&e!i*% "e -a!a la% ,"e%&!a% %e#(illa% (*#&a#* el &ie,-* &!a#%("!!i* e%e el #al el -e!/** e (*,-*%i(i)#. E%-e(i(a! el &ie,-* 4 la% (*#i(i*#e% e al,a(e#a,ie#&* (*,* -a!&e e l*% !e%"l&a*%.
-, DEMANDA QUÍMICA DE OXIGENO (DQO) La e,a#a "/,i(a e */'e#* =DMO> e% "# -a!,e&!* "e ,ie la (a#&ia e %"%&a#(ia% %"%(e-&i+le% e %e! *iaa% -*! ,ei*% "/,i(*% "e a4 i%"el&a% * e# %"%-e#%i)# e# "#a ,"e%&!a l/"ia. @e "&ilia -a!a ,ei! el '!a* e (*#&a,i#a(i)# 4 %e e-!e%a e# ,ili'!a,*% e */'e#* ia&),i(* -*! li&!* =,'O2l>. A"#"e e%&e ,&** -!e&e#e ,ei! -!i#(i-al,e#&e la (*#(e#&!a(i)# e ,a&e!ia *!'#i(a %"3!e i#&e!3e!e#(ia% -*! la -!e%e#(ia e %"%&a#(ia% UTMACH – UAIC – 5TO B – INGENIERIA SANITARIA - JENNYFFER ABRIL
INGENIERÍA SANITARIA
i#*!'#i(a% %"%(e-&i+le% e %e! *iaa% =%"l3"!*%%"l&*% 4*"!*%...> "e &a,+i# %e !e9e8a# e# la ,eia. E% "# ,&** a-li(a+le e# a'"a% (*#&i#e#&ale% =!/*% la'*% * a("/3e!*%> a'"a% #e'!a% a'"a% -l"$iale% * a'"a e ("al"ie! *&!a -!*(ee#(ia "e -"ea (*#&e#e! "#a (a#&ia a-!e(ia+le e ,a&e!ia *!'#i(a. E%&e e#%a4* e% ,"4 &il -a!a la a-!e(ia(i)# el 3"#(i*#a,ie#&* e la% e%&a(i*#e% e-"!a*!a%. N* e% a-li(a+le %i# e,+a!'* a la% a'"a% -*&a+le% 4a "e al &e#e! "# (*#&e#i* &a# +a8* e ,a&e!ia *ia+le la -!e(i%i)# el ,&** #* %e!/a ae("aa. E# e%&e (a%* %e "&ilia el ,&** e *ia+ilia (*#-e!,a#'a#a&* -*&%i(*. La DQO $a!/a e# 3"#(i)# e la% (a!a(&e!/%&i(a% e la% ,a&e!ia% -!e%e#&e% e %"% -!*-*!(i*#e% !e%-e(&i$a% e %"% -*%i+iliae% e *ia(i)# 4 e *&!a% $a!ia+le%. E% -*! e%&* "e la !e-!*"(&i$ia e l*% !e%"l&a*% 4 %" i#&e!-!e&a(i)# #* -"ee# %e! %a&i%3e(a% ,% "e e# (*#i(i*#e% e ,e&**l*'/a e e#%a4* +ie# e#ia% 4 e%&!i(&a,e#&e !e%-e&aa%.
COMENTARIO E%&*4 e a("e!* (*# l*% (*#(e-&*% e-"e%&*% a"/ e# e%&e &!a+a8* a(a,i(* $ale !e(al(a! "e e%&*% (*#(e-&*% 4 e#"#(ia*% #* %*# e ,i a"&*!/a e !e(*-ila* l* ,% i,-*!&a#&e e la% 3"e#&e% e i#3*!,a(i)# e# %" ,a4*!/a -'i#a% Pe+. e -a!e(e ,"4 i,-*!&a#&e "e a'a,*% (*#(ie#(ia e# ("a#&* a la (*#&a,i#a(i)# e l*% !/*% e+i* a "e el a'"a 4a e% (*#%ie!aa "# -!*"(&* #* !e#*$a+le -*! l* ("al %i (*#&i#"a,*% %" (*#&a,i#a(i)# -*!/a,*% e# "# 3"&"!* #* ,"4 le8a#* #* (*#&a! (*# e%&e &i-* e a9"e#&e% /!i(*%. E# ("a#&* a l*% e#%a4*% DMO 4 DBO ,e -a!e(e# i#&e!e%a#&e "e %e -"ie!a# !ealia! e# l*% la+*!a&*!i*% e la UAIC -a!a &e#e! "# (!i&e!i* ,% (la!* %*+!e e%&*% &e,a%.
CONCLUSIONES L"e'* e a+e! !ealia* e%&a i#a'a(i)# a i$e!%a% 3"e#&e% e i#3*!,a(i)# lle'"e a la% %i'"ie#&e% (*#(l"%i*#e%;
UTMACH – UAIC – 5TO B – INGENIERIA SANITARIA - JENNYFFER ABRIL
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INGENIERÍA SANITARIA
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UTMACH – UAIC – 5TO B – INGENIERIA SANITARIA - JENNYFFER ABRIL
