BLOCK A University of the Philippines COLLEGE OF LAW Diliman, Quezon City Law 121 – Constitutional Law I
First Semester, AY 2013-2014 Prof. Gwen Grecia-de Vera *Optional reading. Mendoza, JUDICIAL REVIEW OF CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTIONS : **May be read as excerpts in V.V. Mendoza, J CASES AND MATERIALS . I. Constituent Power and Constitutional Interpretation A. Popular sovereignty and its collective powers 1. 2. 3. 4.
Constituent power Electoral power Legislative power through initiative and referendum Power of Recall
B. Amending or Revision Process 1. In general Del Rosario v. COMELEC, 35 SCRA 367 Imbong v. COMELEC, 35 SCRA 28* Lambino v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 174153, October 25, 2006 Santiago v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 127325, March 19, 1997* 2. Proposals a.
By congress as Constituent Assembly Almario v. Alba, 127 SCRA 69* Mabanag v. Lopez Vito, 78 Phil. 1 Occena v. Commission, 104 SCRA 1 Gonzales v. COMELEC, 21 SCRA 774
b. b.
By Constitutional Convention Tan v. Macapagal, 43 SCRA 677
c.
By People’s Initiative Lambino v. COMELEC, supra. supra. Santiago v. COMELEC, supra.
d.
By the President during Emergency Sanidad v. COMELEC, 73 SCRA 33
3. Submission of Proposed Amendments
1
Tolentino v. COMELEC, 41 SCRA 702 Planas v. COMELEC, 49 SCRA 105* UNIDO vs. COMELEC, 104 SCRA 17* 4. Ratification Javellana v. Executive Secretary, 50 SCRA 30* C. Constitutional Interpretation Nitafan v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 152 SCRA 284 Francisco, Jr Francisco, Jr.. v. Nagmamalasakit ng mga Manananggol, 415 SCRA 44, 126-129 Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS, 267 SCRA 408 II. Three Departments of Government A.
CONGRESS
1.
Composition, Qualifications, and Term of Office a.
Senate - Art. VI, §§2-4
b.
House of Representatives - Art. VI, §§5-8 §§5-8;; Art. IX-C, §§6-8 §§6-8;; Art. XVIII, §7 Dimaporo v. Mitra, 202 SCRA 779 i.
Apportionment and Reapportionment
Bagabuyo v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 176970, July 176970, July 16, 2008 Aquino v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 189793, April 7, 2010 Mariano v. COMELEC, 240 SCRA 211* Aquino v. COMELEC, 248 SCRA 400* ii. Party – List Representatives – See Republic Act No. 7941 Atong Paglaum, Inc. v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 203766, April 2, 2013 Barangay Association for National Advancement and Transparency (BANAT) v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 179271, April 21, 2009, Resolution dated July dated July 8, 2009 Ang Ladlad LGBT Party v. COMELEC, G.R. 190582, April 8, 2010 2.
Election a. b.
3.
Regular election - Art. VI, §8 Special election - Art. VI, §9
Salaries, Privileges and Disqualification a. Salaries – Art. VI, §10
2
PHILCONSA v. Mathay, 18 SCRA 300* Ligot v. Mathay, 56 SCRA 823* b. Freedom from arrest – Art. VI, §11, Revised Penal Code, Art. 145 Martinez v. Morfe, 44 SCRA 22 People v. Jalosjos, G.R. Nos. 132875-76, February 3, 2000 c. Speech and Debate Clause – Art. VI, §11 Jimenez v. Cabangbang, 17 SCRA 876 Pobre v. Defensor-Santiago, A.C. No. 7399, August 25, 2009 d. Disqualifications and other prohibitions – Art. VI, §§13-14 Flores v. Drilon, 223 SCRA 563 Liban v. Gordon, G.R. 175352, January 175352, January 18, 2011 e. Duty to disclose – Art. VI, §§12 and 20, Art. XI, §17 4. Internal Government of Congress – Art. VI, §16 a. Election of Officers Santiago v. Guingona, G.R. No. 134577, November 18, 1998 b. Quorum Avelino v. Cuenco, 83 Phil. 17 c. Rules of proceedings Osmena v. Pendatun, 109 Phil. 863* Pacete v. Secretary of Commission of Appointments, 40 SCRA 58* Arroyo v. De Venecia, August 14, 1997 Garcillano v. House of Representatives Committees on Public Information, Public Order and Safety, 575 SCRA 170 (on the publication of rules and declaration that the ECommerce Act of 2000 does not make the Internet a medium for publishing laws, rules and regulations) d. Power over members and right to sit Vera v. Avelino, 77 Phil 193* e. Discipline of members Alejandrino v. Quezon, 46 Phil. 83* Santiago v. Sandiganbayan, April 19, 2001* De Venecia v. Sandiganbayan, February 2, 2002 (Resolution)* f.
Sessions – Art. VI, §§ 15 and 16(5); Art. VII, §§10-11 and 18 (par. 2)
g. Journal and Congressional Records – Art. Vi, §16 (4) See discussion under legislative power 5.
Powers of Congress
3
a. Police power U.S. v. Pompeya, 31 Phil. 245* Lao Ichong v. Hernandez, 101 Phil. 1155* Agustin v. Edu, 88 SCRA 195 People v. Siton, 600 SCRA 476* Ermita-Malate Motel and Motel Operators Assn. v. City Mayor, 20 SCRA 849 b. General plenary powers Arnault v. Nazareno, 87 Phil. 29, at 45-46 c. Legislative power (i) Substantive imitations >Express substantive limitations Art. III; Art. VI, §§25 and 28; Art. XIV§4(3); Art. VI, §§29-31 >Implied substantive limitations Prohibition against delegation of legislative powers •
•
•
Criterion of valid delegation ABAKADA Guro Partylist v. Executive Secretary, 469 SCRA 14 U.S. v. Ang Tang Ho, 43 Phil. 6* Solicitor General v. MMA, 204 SCRA 837* Undue delegation of legislative power Pelaez v. Auditor General, 15 SCRA 596 Proper delegation o
o
o
o
o
(1) By express authority of the Constitution Garcia v. Executive Secretary, 210 SCRA 256 (2) Delegation to the President – Art. VI, §23(2) Biraogo v. The Philippine Truth Commission, G.R. No. 192935, December 7, 2010 (3) Delegation to local governments – Art. X, §§2-3 Gancayco v. City Government of Quezon City, G.R. No. 177807, October 11, 2011* Social Justice Social Justice Society (SJS) v. Atienza, G.R. No. 156052, February 13, 2008 (4) Delegation of power to carry out defined policy according to prescribed standards Edu v. Ericta, October 24, 1970* Osmena v. Orbos, 220 SCRA 703 (5) Promulgation of rules and regulations
Prohibition against passage of irrepealable laws
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(ii)
Procedural limitations – Art. VI, §§26-27
d. Question hour – Art. VI, §22 e. Legislative investigations – Art. VI, §21 Arnault v. Nazareno, 87 Phil. 29; 97 Phil 358 Bengzon v. Senate Blue Ribbon Committee, 203 SCRA 767* Senate v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 169777, April 20, 2006 Senate v. Madajucon, Romero v. Estrada, April 2, 2009 f.
Act as board of canvassers for Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections – Art. VII, §4, par. 4
g. Call special election for President and Vice-President – Art. VII, §10 h. Revoke or extend suspension of privilege of habeas corpus and declaration of martial law – Art. VII, §18 i.
Approve presidential amnesties – Art. VII, §19
j.
Confirm certain appointments – Art. VIII, §9 (by Congress; Id. §16 by the Commission on Appointments) Daza vs. Singson, 180 SCRA 496* Coseteng vs. Mitra, 187 SCRA 377* Guingona vs. Gonzalez, 214 SCRA 789 *
l.
Concur in treaties - Art. VII, §21 (through the Senate) Sombilon v. Romulo, February 1, 2009
m. Declaration of war and delegation of emergency powers – Art. VI, §23 n. Be judge Be judge of president’s physical fitness – Art. VII, §11 (par. 4) o. Power of impeachment – Art. XI, §§2-3 p. Amendment or revision of the Constitution – Art. XVII 6.
The Legislative Process a. Requirements as to bills (i) As to title Review BANAT Partylist v. COMELEC, supra. Lidasan v. COMELEC, 21 SCRA 496 (ii)
Requirements as to certain laws •
Appropriation laws
5
Guingona v. Carague, 196 SCRA 221 •
•
Power of taxation and requirement as to tax laws Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court First Lepanto Ceramic v. Court of Appeals, 237 SCRA 519*
b. Procedure for the passage of bills c. The President’s veto power Bolinao Electronics Corp. v. Valencia, 11 SCRA 486 Gonzales v. Macaraig, 191 SCRA 452 Bengzon v. Drilon, 208 SCRA 133 PHILCONSA v. Enriquez, 235 SCRA 506 d. Legislative veto Macalintal v. COMELEC, 405 SCRA 719 e. Effectivity of laws f. Journal and Congressional Records Review Mabanag v. Lopez Vito on the enrolled bill doctrine See dissenting of J. Puno in Arroyo v. De Venecia, supra. Casco (Phil.) Chemical Co. v. Gimenez, 7 SCRA 347 Astorga v. Villegas, 56 SCRA 714* Morales v. Subido, 27 SCRA 131* 7.
Electoral Tribunal
B. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
1. The President a. Singular Executive Villena v. Secretary, 67 Phil. 451* Ang-Angco v. Castillo, 9 SCRA 619* b. Qualifications, election, term and oath - Art. VII, §§2, 4 and 5 Macalintal v. Presidential Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 191618, June 7, 2001 c. Privilege and salary - Art. VII, §6 d. Prohibitions - Art. VII, §13 Funa v. Ermita, G.R. No. 184740, February 11, 2010 e. Exceptions to prohibition from holding another office
6
(Vice-President as member of the cabinet; Secretary of Justice as member of the Judicial and Bar Council) CLU v. Executive Secretary, 194 SCRA 317 Dela Cruz v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 138489, November 29, 2001 2. Powers and Functions of the President a. Executive Power – (i) Power to execute laws Art. VII, §§1 and 17 Ople v. Torres, 293 SCRA 141 (ii) Control and supervision over the executive branch of the government - Art. VII, §17 Lacson-Magallanes Co., Inc. v. Pano, 21 SCRA 895 Buklod ng Kawaning EIIB v. Executive Secretary, 360 SCRA 718 Pichay v. Office of the Deputy Executive Secretary for Legal Affairs, G.R. No. 196425, July 24, 2012
(iii)General supervision of local governments and autonomous regions - Art. X, §§4, 16 Pimentel v. Aguirre, 336 SCRA 201* Ganzon v. Court of Appeals, 200 SCRA 271* (iv)Power of appointment With consent of Commission on Appointments Sarmiento v. Mison, 156 SCRA 549 Bautista v. Salonga, 172 SCRA 160* Quintos-Deles v. Commission on Appointments, 177 SCRA 254* Manalo v. Sistoza, August 11, 1999 Limitations on appointing power of the President - Art. VII, §§13 and 15 Aytona v. Castillo, 4 SCRA 1* Jorge v. Mayor, 10 SCRA 331* Quisimbing v. Tajanglangit, 10 SCRA 446* Interim or recess appointments Art. VI, §19 Art. VII, §16 Temporary designations Administrative Code of 1987, Bk. III, §17 b. Powers over Legislation
7
(i)
Veto
(ii) Delegated decree authority Emergency powers - Art. VI, §23(2) Araneta v. Dinglasan, 84 Phil. 368 Review concept of emergency in David v. Arroyo, supra. (iii) Integrative powers c. Special Powers (i)
Powers as Commander-in-Chief - Art. VII, §18; Art. III, §13; Art. VIII, §1, par. 2 Gudani & Balutan v. Senga, G.R. No. 170165, August 15, 2006 Lansang v. Garcia, 42 SCRA 448 Burgos v. Macapagal-Arroyo, G.R. No. 183712, July 5, 2011 IBP v. Zamora, infra. Lacson v. Perez, 357 SCRA 756 Sanlakas v. Angelo Reyes, G.R. No. 159085, February 3, 2004 David v. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, infra. Datu Zaldy Uy Ampatuan, et al. v. Hon. Ronaldo Puno, et al., G.R. No. 190259, June 7, 2011
(ii) Executive clemencies Art. VII, §19 Art. IX-C, §5 (iii) Diplomatic powers Contracting and guaranteeing foreign loans - Art. VII, §20; Art. XII, §21; Rep. Act No. 4860 Power over foreign affairs Recognition of foreign states Conduct of foreign relations Pimentel vs. Office of Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 158088, July 6, 2005 Phil. International Trading Corp. vs. Angeles, 263 SCRA 421 Settlement of disputes with foreign powers Treaty-making - Art. VII, §21 Executive Agreements BAYAN vs. Executive Secretary, G.R. no. 138570, October 10, 2000. See J. Puno’s Dissenting Opinion
8
Negotiate Province of North Cotabato v. GRP, 568 SCRA 402 Deportation of undesirable aliens d. Residual Power Marcos v. Manglapus, 177 SCRA 668; 178 SCRA 760 3. Prohibitions and Immunity (i)
Immunity from suit In re Bermudez, 145 SCRA 160 Beltran vs. Makasiar, 167 SCRA 393 Nixon vs. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 731* Clinton vs. Jones, 117 S. Ct. 1636*
(ii)
Executive Privilege Neri vs. Senate Committee on Accountability of Public Officers and Investigations (Blue Ribbon Committee), G.R. No. 180643, March 25, 2008; Read CJ Puno’s Dissenting Opinion AKBAYAN v. Aquino, G.R. No. 170516, July 16, 2008
4. Succession Constructive Resignation Estrada vs. Desierto, 353 SCRA 108; Resolution on the Motion for Reconsideration, 356 SCRA 108 The Vice President - Art. VII, §§3-5, §6 and §9; Art. XI, §2-3 Right of succession and membership in Cabinet - Art. VII, §§8, 11, and 3, par. 2 Estrada v. Arroyo, 353 SCRA 452, 356 SCRA 108 5. Removal
C. JUDICIARY
1. Judicial Power – Art. VIII, section 1 All courts can exercise judicial power Ynot v. IAC, 148 SCRA 659 2. Supreme Court a.
Jurisdiction - Article 8, §5(2)(d)
9
b.
Congressional Power over the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court - Art. VIII, §2, par.1, Art. VI, §30
c.
En banc vs. Division - Art. VIII, §4 Manotok v. Barque, G.R. Nos. 162335 and 162605, December 8, 2008
d.
Composition - Art. VIII, §4 Vargas v. Rilloraza, 80 Phil 297 * De Castro v. JBC, G.R. No. 191002, March 17, 2010 and April 20, 2010
e.
Judicial and Bar Council: Appointments and Qualifications – Art. VIII, §7(1), §8, §9 Chavez v. JBC, G.R. No. 202242, July 17, 2012
f.
Salary – Art. VIII §10; Art XVIII § 17
g.
Security of Tenure – Art. VIII § 2, par.2 and §11 De la Llana v. Alba, 112 SCRA 294
h.
Removal - Art. VIII, §11; Art. XI, § 2
i.
Requirements as to Decisions – Art. VIII, §§ 13-14 Oil & Gas Nature Corporation v. CA, 315 SCRA 296, at 307-308
j.
Mandatory period for deciding cases – Art. VIII §15; Art. VII, § 18 par. 3; Art. XVIII, §12-14
k.
Presidential Electoral Tribunal Macalintal v. Presidential Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 191618, June 7, 2011
l.
m.
Administrative powers – Art. VIII, §§ 5 (3) (4) (6) and 11 1. Supervision of lower courts Maceda v. Vasquez, 221 SCRA 464 In re Demetria, A.M. No. 00-7-09-CA, March 27, 2001 2. Temporarily assign judges to other stations in public interest 3. Order a change of venue or place of trial to avoid miscarriage of justice 4. Appointment of officials and employees of the entire judiciary 5. Promulgate rules concerning the enforcement and protection constitutional rights 6. Promulgate rules concerning pleading, practice and procedure 7. Admission to the practice of law 8. Integration of the bar 9. Legal assistance to the underprivileged No quasi-judicial and administrative work for judges - Art. VIII, §12 Manila Electric Co. v. Pasay Trans Co., 57 Phil. 600 In re Judge Rodolfo Manzano, 166 SCRA 246
10
of
n. o. p.
Fiscal autonomy Report on the Judiciary – Art. VIII, § 16 Automatic release of appropriation for the Judiciary – Art. VIII, § 3.
III. Judicial Review A. Definition, Nature, Principles Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137** Angara v. Electoral Commission, 63 Phil. 139** B. Justiciable and Political Question Avelino v. Cuenco, supra. Miranda v. Aguirre, 314 SCRA 603 C. Requisites of Judicial Review !!
David, et al. v. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, G.R. No. 171396, May 3, 2006
1. Actual Case or Controversy a. Prematurity b. Mootness vs. Ripeness David, et al. v. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, supra. Gonzales v. Narvasa, 337 SCRA 733 c. Exceptions to the Mootness rule David, et al. v. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, supra. 2. Earliest Opportunity ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation v. Phil. Multi-Media Inc., G.R. No. 175769, January 19, 2009 Serrano v. Gallant Maritime Services Inc., G.R. No. 167614, March 24, 2009 3. Standing of a Party David, et al. vs. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, supra. 1. Standing vs. Real-Party-in-Interest 2. Types of Standing a. Citizen b. Associational IBP v. Zamora, G.R. No. 141284, August 15, 2000** c. Taxpayers ITF v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 159139, January 13, 2004 Jumamil v. Cafe, G.R. No. 144570, September 2005 d. Voters
11
e. Legislative f. Governmental g. Standing jus tertii 4. Constitutionality is the very lis mota of the case Arceta v. Mangrobang, G.R. No. 152895, June 15, 2004 Yap v. Thenamaris Ship’s Management and Intermare Maritime Agencies, Inc., G.R. No. 179532, May 30, 2011 Barangay Captain Beda Torrecampo v. Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System, et al., G.R. No. 188296, May 30, 2011 5. Effect of Declaration of Unconstitutionality Planters Products Inc. v. Fertiphil Corporation, G.R. No. 166006, March 14, 2008 IV. The Constitutional Commissions A. Civil Service Commission 1. Scope of the civil service - Art. IX-B, §2(1); Art. XII, §16 a. Terms and conditions of employment in the Civil Service (1) Oath of allegiance - Art. IX-B, §4; Art. XI, §18 (2) Merit System a. Appointment of lameducks b. Ban on partisan political activities - Art. IX-B, §7; Art. VII, §13; Art. VI, §13; Art. VIII, §8(1)(3) and (12); Art. IX-A, §2 CLU v. Executive Secretary, supra. Flores v. Drilon, supra. (3) Standardization of pay and ban on double compensation Art. IX-B, §§5 and 8 Revs. Adm. Code of 1987, §17(2) (4) Ban on partisan political activities - Art. IX-B, §2(4) Compare with Art. XVI, §5(3) as to members of the AFP (5) Removal or suspension only for cause - Art. IX-B, §2(3) (6) Right of self-organization - Art. III, §8; Art. IX-B, §2(5) (7) Right to strike 2. Review of decisions of the CSC - Art. IX-A, §7
12
3. Fiscal autonomy - Art. IX-A, §5 B. Commission on Elections See Macalintal v. COMELEC, supra. 1. Composition and qualifications of Commissioners - Art. IX-C, §1(1); Art. VII, §13, par. 2 See Cayetano v. Monsod, 201 SCRA 210 2. Appointment and term of office of Commissioners; Rule against reappointment Art. IX, §1(2) Brillantes v. Yorac, 192 SCRA 358 * 3. Powers and functions of the COMELEC - Art. IX-C, §2 Enforce election laws - Art. IX-C, §2(1) Decide administrative questions pertaining to election, except the right to vote Petition for inclusion and exclusion of voters - Art. IX-C, §2(6) Prosecute election law violators - Art. IX-C, §2(6) Recommend pardon, amnesty, parole or suspension of sentence of election law violators - Art. IX-C, §5 Deputize law enforcement agents and recommend their removal - Art. IX-C, §2(4)(8) Tan v. COMELEC, 237 SCRA 353* Registration of political parties, organizations and coalitions and accreditation of citizens’ arms - Art. IX-C, §2(5) Registration under party-list system - Art. IX-C, §§6-8; Art. VI, §5(2); Art. XVIII, §7 Regulation of public utilities and media information - Art. IX, §§4 and 9 Decide election contests - Art. IX-C, §§2(2) and (3); RA. 7166, §22 4. Rule-making - Art. IX-A, §6; Art. IX-C, §3 5. Other functions - Art. IX-A, §8 6. Act as National Board of Canvassers for senators
13
7. Review of COMELEC decisions, orders and resolutions- Art. IX-C, §2(2); Art. IXA, §7 8. Fiscal autonomy - Art. IX-A, §5 C. Commission on Audit Art. IX-D Art. VII, §12, par. 2 Art. VII, §12, par. 2 Art. XVIII, §17 Art. IX-A, §§2, 5-8 Art. XI, §2 Art. VI, §20 V. Other Agencies of the Government A. Office of the Special Prosecutor Art. XI, §7 Zaldivar v. Sandiganbayan, 160 SCRA 843
B. Central Monetary Authority Art. XII, §§20-21 C. Economic and Planning Agency: NEDA Art. XII, §§9-10 Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS, supra. D. National Commissions
VI. Accountability of Public Officers A. Public office as a public trust - Art. XI, §1; Id., §18; Art. IX-B, §4 See Rep. Act No. 6713 (Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees) B. Disclosure of assets, liabilities and net worth - Art. XI, §17 C. Ban on financial accommodations - Id., §16 D. Agencies for insuring public accountability 1. Congress-Impeachment - Art. XI, §§2-3 Francisco, Jr. v. Nagmamalasakit ng mga Manananggol ng mga Manggagawang Pilipino, Inc., supra. Gutierrez v. House of Representatives, G.R. No. 193459, February 15, 2011
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2. Sandiganbayan - Art. XI, §4 3. Ombudsman - Art. XI, §§5-6, 8-14 4. Office of Special Prosecutor - Art. XI, §7 E. Actions to recover unlawfully acquired property do not prescribe - Art. XI, §15 VII. Fundamental Principles and State Policies A. Preamble: Nature, purpose and aims B. Principles 1. Sovereignty of the People and Republicanism a. Direct and Indirect Democracy b. Representation and renovation c. Accountability to the people d. Rule of the Majority e. The Rule of Law - Article II, Section 1 (sovereignty resides in the people); Article V 2. Adherence to International Law - Article II, Section 2, 7 & 8 (independent foreign/nuclear free policy) a. Renunciation of War - Article VI, Section 23 (1) b. Adoption of International Law c. Adherence to policy of peace, freedom, amity 3. Supremacy of Civilian Authority Article II, Section 3 Article VII, Section 18 Article XVI, Section 5(4) Article XVI, Section 5(2) 4. Government as protector of People & People as Defenders of the State -
Article II,
Sections 4 and 5 5. Separation of Church and State Article II, Section 6 Article III, Section 5 (freedom of religion clause) Article IX-C, 2(5) (political party ban on sects) Article VI, Section 5(2) (no sectoral representation from religious sector) Exceptions: Article VI, Section 28(3) (tax exemption of churches) Id., Section 29(2) (no appropriation for sects; exemptions) Article XIV, Section 3(3) (optional religious instruction) Id., Section 4(2) (Filipino ownership for schools, except religious groups and mission boards)
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C. Policies 1. Independent foreign policy and a nuclear-free Philippines - Article II, Sections 7-8; Article XVIII, Sections 4 and 25 (on foreign military bases) Bayan v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 138570, October 10, 2000* Lim v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 151445, April 11, 2002* 2. A just and dynamic social order – Preamble; Article II, Section 9 a. The promotion of social justice i. Social justice defined - Art. XIII, §1 Calalang v. Williams, 70 Phil. 726 ii. Aspects of social justice 1. Labor – Art.2, § 18; Art. XIII, §3 a. The right of government workers to form unions - Article III, Section; Article IX-B, Section 2(5) 2. Agrarian and natural resources reform – Art. 2, § 2; Art. XIII, §4-8 See Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988 (Rep. Act No. 6657 and Executive Order No. 229, July 22, 1987) Assn. of Small Landowners in the Philippines v. Secretary of Agrarian Reform, 175 SCRA 343 iii. Urban land reform and housing - Art. XIII, §§9-10; See P.D. No. 1517, June 11, 1978 iv. Health - Art. XIII, §§11-13 v. Women – Art. 2, § 14; Art. XIII, §14 vi. People’s organizations – Art. 2, § 23; Art. XIII, §15-16 b. Respect for human dignity and human rights - Article XIII, Sections 17-19; Article II, Section 11; Article XVI, Section 5(2) c. The priority of education, science, technology, arts, culture & sports - Article II, Section 17 i. Education 1. Right to education - Art. XIV, §1 Villar v. TIP, 135 SCRA 706* Tangonan v. Cruz-Pano, 137 SCRA 245 * 2. Educational mandate of the state - Art. XIV, §§2 and 5 Tablarin v. Gutierrez, 152 SCRA 370 * University of the Philippines v. Ayson, 176 SCRA 571*
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Alcuaz v. PSBA, 178 SCRA 135 * 3. The educational system - Art. XIV, §§3-4 ii. Language - Art. XIV, §6-9 iii. Science and technology - Art. XIV, §§10-13 iv. Arts and culture - Art. XIV, §§14-18 v. Sports - Art. XIV, §19 d. Promotion of health and ecology - Article II, Sections 15-16; Article XIII, Sections 11-13 Oposa v. Factoran, 224 SCRA 792 3. The family as basic autonomous social institution - Article II, Section 12; Article XV (The Family); Article II, Section 13; Family Code, Article 1 a. Protection of the Unborn b. Natural Right and Duty of Parents 4. A self-reliant and independent economic order - Article II, Sections 19 – 20 : National Economy and Patrimony - Art. XII, §1 Tanada v. Angara, G.R. No. 118295, May 2, 1997 Bureau of Fisheries v. COA, G.R. No. 173088, June 25, 2008 a. Natural Resources - Art. XII, §§2-5 and 7 La Bugal-B’Laan Tribal Association v. Ramos, G.R. No. 127882, December 2004 b. Private lands 1. Citizenship requirement - Art. XII, §7; 1973 Const., Art. XVII, §11 2. Exception (a) Acquisition by legal succession Ramirez v. Vda. de Ramirez, 111 SCRA 704* (b) Acquisition by former natural born citizen - Art. XII, §8 3. Agrarian reform - Art. XIII, §§4-8 4. Urban land reform and housing - Art. XIII, §§9-10 c. Lease to foreigners of private lands valid Smith, Bell & Co. v. Register of Deeds, 96 Phil. 53* NCC , Art. 1643 d. Regulation of economic activities 1. Rationale - Art. XII, §§6 and 12-13 2. Organization and regulation of private corporations - Art. XII, §16
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3. Operation of public utilities - Art. XII, §§11 and 17 Gamboa v. Teves, G.R. No. 176579, June 28, 2011, Resolution dated October 9, 2012 4. On mass media and advertising industry - Art. XVI, §§10-11 5. Practice of professions - Art. XII, §14 6. State operation of private enterprises - Art. XII, §§17-18 Agan v. PIATCO, May 5, 2003 7. Monopolies, combinations, and unfair competition - Art. XII, §19 PPA v. Mendoza, 138 SCRA 632 8. Money, banking and credit - Art. XII, §§20-21 9. Cooperatives - Art. XII, §15 5. Communication and information in nation-building Article II, Section 24; Article XVI, Sections 10 – 11; Article XVIII, Section 23 6. Autonomy of local governments Dadole v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 125350, December 3, 2002 7. Recognition of rights of indigenous cultural communities Article II, Section 22 Article VI, Section 5(2) Article XII, Section 5 Article XIII, Section 6 Article XIV, Section 17 Article XVI, Section 12 See R.A. No. 8371 (1997), The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act 8. Honest Public Service and Full Public Disclosure Article II, Section 27 Article XI, Sections 4,5,6 (Ombudsman) Article II, Section 28 (full public disclosure) Article XI, Section 17 (statement of assets/liabilities) Article VII, Section 12 (president's health) Article VII, Section 20 (publication of loan applications) Article XII, Section 21 (make public foreign loans) Article XII, Section 2(5) (contracts with foreign groups) Article VII, Sections 12,20 (conflict of interest/books of account) Article IX-D, Section 4 (COA annual report) Article III, Section 7 (right to information) Valmonte v. Belmonte, supra. Chavez v. Public Estates Authority, G.R. No. 133250, July 9, 2002
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IDEALS v. PSALM, G.R. No. 192088, October 9, 2012
VIII. Citizenship and Suffrage Citizenship A. Definition B. Importance of Citizenship Elizabeth Lee v. Director of Lands, G.R. No. 128195, October 3, 2001* C. Modes of Acquiring Citizenship D. Who are Philippine Citizens - Article IV, Section 1 1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of adoption of the 1987 Constitution: 2. Those whose fathers & mothers are citizens 3. Those who elect Philippine Citizenship 4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law. E. Natural Born Citizens - Article IV, Section 2 1. Advantages of natural born citizens Article XII, Section 8 Article VII, Sections 2 & 3 Article VI, Sections 3 & 6 Article VIII, Section 7 (1) Article XI Section 8 Art. IX-B Section 1(1) Art. IX-C Section 1(1) Art. IX-D Section 1(1) Article XII, Section 20 Article XIII, Section 17 (2) 2. Who are Natural Born Citizens a. Those whose fathers and mother are citizens. b. Those who elect Filipino citizenship c. Former natural born citizens who reacquire citizenship by repatriation Tecson v. Comelec, G.R. No. 161434, March 3, 2004 Bengzon v. HRET, 357 SCRA 545 In re Ching, Bar Matter No. 914, October 1, 1999 Co v. HRET, 199 SCRA 692 F. Naturalization 1. By Judicial Proceeding 2. By Administrative Proceeding (R.A. No. 9138)
19
3. By Direct Act of Congress 4. Denaturalization
G. Loss of Citizenship - Article IV, Section 3 Coquilla v. Comelec, G.R. No. 151914, July 31, 2002* H. Reacquisition of Citizenship - See Com. Act. No. 63, Section 1(2) Frivaldo v. Comelec, 257 SCRA 727* Angat v. Republic, GR. No. 132244, September 14,1999* I. Dual Citizenship J. Dual Allegiance - Article IV, Sections 4 & 5; (See Sec. 40, R.A. 7160, Local Govt. Code) Mercado v. Manzano, 307 SCRA 630 Sobejana-Condon v. COMELEC, G.R. 198742, August 10, 2012 Suffrage - Article V Material points of: Macalintal v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 157013, July 10, 2003 Akbayan-Youth v. COMELEC, 355 SCRA 318
20
BLOCK C
University of the Philippines COLLEGE OF LAW Diliman, Quezon City Law 121 – Constitutional Law I
First Semester, AY 2013-2014 Prof. Gwen Grecia-de Vera *Optional reading. **May be read as excerpts in V.V. Mendoza, JUDICIAL REVIEW OF CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTIONS : CASES AND MATERIALS . I. Constituent Power and Constitutional Interpretation A. Popular sovereignty and its collective powers 1. 2. 3. 4.
Constituent power Electoral power Legislative power through initiative and referendum Power of Recall
B. Amending or Revision Process 1. In general Del Rosario v. COMELEC, 35 SCRA 367 Imbong v. COMELEC, 35 SCRA 28* Lambino v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 174153, October 25, 2006 Santiago v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 127325, March 19, 1997* 2. Proposals a.
By congress as Constituent Assembly Almario v. Alba, 127 SCRA 69* Mabanag v. Lopez Vito, 78 Phil. 1 Occena v. Commission, 104 SCRA 1 Gonzales v. COMELEC, 21 SCRA 774
b.
By Constitutional Convention Tan v. Macapagal, 43 SCRA 677
c.
By People’s Initiative Lambino v. COMELEC, supra. Santiago v. COMELEC, supra.
d.
By the President during Emergency Sanidad v. COMELEC, 73 SCRA 33
3. Submission of Proposed Amendments
1
Tolentino v. COMELEC, 41 SCRA 702 Planas v. COMELEC, 49 SCRA 105* UNIDO vs. COMELEC, 104 SCRA 17* 4. Ratification Javellana v. Executive Secretary, 50 SCRA 30* C. Constitutional Interpretation Nitafan v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 152 SCRA 284 Francisco, Jr. v. Nagmamalasakit ng mga Manananggol, 415 SCRA 44, 126-129 Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS, 267 SCRA 408 II. Three Departments of Government A.
CONGRESS
1.
Composition, Qualifications, and Term of Office a.
Senate - Art. VI, §§2-4
b.
House of Representatives - Art. VI, §§5-8; Art. IX-C, §§6-8; Art. XVIII, §7 Dimaporo v. Mitra, 202 SCRA 779 i.
Apportionment and Reapportionment
Bagabuyo v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 176970, July 16, 2008 Aquino v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 189793, April 7, 2010 Mariano v. COMELEC, 240 SCRA 211* Aquino v. COMELEC, 248 SCRA 400* ii. Party – List Representatives – See Republic Act No. 7941 Atong Paglaum, Inc. v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 203766, April 2, 2013 Barangay Association for National Advancement and Transparency (BANAT) v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 179271, April 21, 2009, Resolution dated July 8, 2009 Ang Ladlad LGBT Party v. COMELEC, G.R. 190582, April 8, 2010 2.
Election a. b.
3.
Regular election - Art. VI, §8 Special election - Art. VI, §9
Salaries, Privileges and Disqualification a. Salaries – Art. VI, §10
2
PHILCONSA v. Mathay, 18 SCRA 300* Ligot v. Mathay, 56 SCRA 823* b. Freedom from arrest – Art. VI, §11, Revised Penal Code, Art. 145 Martinez v. Morfe, 44 SCRA 22 People v. Jalosjos, G.R. Nos. 132875-76, February 3, 2000 c. Speech and Debate Clause – Art. VI, §11 Jimenez v. Cabangbang, 17 SCRA 876 Pobre v. Defensor-Santiago, A.C. No. 7399, August 25, 2009 d. Disqualifications and other prohibitions – Art. VI, §§13-14 Flores v. Drilon, 223 SCRA 563 Liban v. Gordon, G.R. 175352, January 18, 2011 e. Duty to disclose – Art. VI, §§12 and 20, Art. XI, §17 4. Internal Government of Congress – Art. VI, §16 a. Election of Officers Santiago v. Guingona, G.R. No. 134577, November 18, 1998 b. Quorum Avelino v. Cuenco, 83 Phil. 17 c. Rules of proceedings Osmena v. Pendatun, 109 Phil. 863* Pacete v. Secretary of Commission of Appointments, 40 SCRA 58* Arroyo v. De Venecia, August 14, 1997 Garcillano v. House of Representatives Committees on Public Information, Public Order and Safety, 575 SCRA 170 (on the publication of rules and declaration that the ECommerce Act of 2000 does not make the Internet a medium for publishing laws, rules and regulations) d. Power over members and right to sit Vera v. Avelino, 77 Phil 193* e. Discipline of members Alejandrino v. Quezon, 46 Phil. 83* Santiago v. Sandiganbayan, April 19, 2001* De Venecia v. Sandiganbayan, February 2, 2002 (Resolution)* f.
Sessions – Art. VI, §§ 15 and 16(5); Art. VII, §§10-11 and 18 (par. 2)
g. Journal and Congressional Records – Art. Vi, §16 (4) See discussion under legislative power 5.
Powers of Congress
3
a. Police power U.S. v. Pompeya, 31 Phil. 245* Lao Ichong v. Hernandez, 101 Phil. 1155* Agustin v. Edu, 88 SCRA 195 People v. Siton, 600 SCRA 476* Ermita-Malate Motel and Motel Operators Assn. v. City Mayor, 20 SCRA 849 b. General plenary powers Arnault v. Nazareno, 87 Phil. 29, at 45-46 c. Legislative power (i) Substantive imitations >Express substantive limitations Art. III; Art. VI, §§25 and 28; Art. XIV§4(3); Art. VI, §§29-31 >Implied substantive limitations Prohibition against delegation of legislative powers •
•
•
Criterion of valid delegation ABAKADA Guro Partylist v. Executive Secretary, 469 SCRA 14 U.S. v. Ang Tang Ho, 43 Phil. 6* Solicitor General v. MMA, 204 SCRA 837* Undue delegation of legislative power Pelaez v. Auditor General, 15 SCRA 596 Proper delegation o
o
o
o
o
(1) By express authority of the Constitution Garcia v. Executive Secretary, 210 SCRA 256 (2) Delegation to the President – Art. VI, §23(2) Biraogo v. The Philippine Truth Commission, G.R. No. 192935, December 7, 2010 (3) Delegation to local governments – Art. X, §§2-3 Gancayco v. City Government of Quezon City, G.R. No. 177807, October 11, 2011* Social Justice Society (SJS) v. Atienza, G.R. No. 156052, February 13, 2008 (4) Delegation of power to carry out defined policy according to prescribed standards Edu v. Ericta, October 24, 1970* Osmena v. Orbos, 220 SCRA 703 (5) Promulgation of rules and regulations
Prohibition against passage of irrepealable laws
4
(ii)
Procedural limitations – Art. VI, §§26-27
d. Question hour – Art. VI, §22 e. Legislative investigations – Art. VI, §21 Arnault v. Nazareno, 87 Phil. 29; 97 Phil 358 Bengzon v. Senate Blue Ribbon Committee, 203 SCRA 767* Senate v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 169777, April 20, 2006 Senate v. Madajucon, Romero v. Estrada, April 2, 2009 f.
Act as board of canvassers for Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections – Art. VII, §4, par. 4
g. Call special election for President and Vice-President – Art. VII, §10 h. Revoke or extend suspension of privilege of habeas corpus and declaration of martial law – Art. VII, §18 i.
Approve presidential amnesties – Art. VII, §19
j.
Confirm certain appointments – Art. VIII, §9 (by Congress; Id. §16 by the Commission on Appointments) Daza vs. Singson, 180 SCRA 496* Coseteng vs. Mitra, 187 SCRA 377* Guingona vs. Gonzalez, 214 SCRA 789 *
l.
Concur in treaties - Art. VII, §21 (through the Senate) Sombilon v. Romulo, February 1, 2009
m. Declaration of war and delegation of emergency powers – Art. VI, §23 n. Be judge of president’s physical fitness – Art. VII, §11 (par. 4) o. Power of impeachment – Art. XI, §§2-3 p. Amendment or revision of the Constitution – Art. XVII 6.
The Legislative Process a. Requirements as to bills (i) As to title Review BANAT Partylist v. COMELEC, supra. Lidasan v. COMELEC, 21 SCRA 496 (ii)
Requirements as to certain laws •
Appropriation laws
5
Guingona v. Carague, 196 SCRA 221 •
•
Power of taxation and requirement as to tax laws Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court First Lepanto Ceramic v. Court of Appeals, 237 SCRA 519*
b. Procedure for the passage of bills c. The President’s veto power Bolinao Electronics Corp. v. Valencia, 11 SCRA 486 Gonzales v. Macaraig, 191 SCRA 452 Bengzon v. Drilon, 208 SCRA 133 PHILCONSA v. Enriquez, 235 SCRA 506 d. Legislative veto Macalintal v. COMELEC, 405 SCRA 719 e. Effectivity of laws f. Journal and Congressional Records Review Mabanag v. Lopez Vito on the enrolled bill doctrine See dissenting of J. Puno in Arroyo v. De Venecia, supra. Casco (Phil.) Chemical Co. v. Gimenez, 7 SCRA 347 Astorga v. Villegas, 56 SCRA 714* Morales v. Subido, 27 SCRA 131* 7.
Electoral Tribunal
B. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
1. The President a. Singular Executive Villena v. Secretary, 67 Phil. 451* Ang-Angco v. Castillo, 9 SCRA 619* b. Qualifications, election, term and oath - Art. VII, §§2, 4 and 5 Macalintal v. Presidential Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 191618, June 7, 2001 c. Privilege and salary - Art. VII, §6 d. Prohibitions - Art. VII, §13 Funa v. Ermita, G.R. No. 184740, February 11, 2010 e. Exceptions to prohibition from holding another office
6
(Vice-President as member of the cabinet; Secretary of Justice as member of the Judicial and Bar Council) CLU v. Executive Secretary, 194 SCRA 317 Dela Cruz v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 138489, November 29, 2001 2. Powers and Functions of the President a. Executive Power – (i) Power to execute laws Art. VII, §§1 and 17 Ople v. Torres, 293 SCRA 141 (ii) Control and supervision over the executive branch of the government - Art. VII, §17 Lacson-Magallanes Co., Inc. v. Pano, 21 SCRA 895 Buklod ng Kawaning EIIB v. Executive Secretary, 360 SCRA 718 Pichay v. Office of the Deputy Executive Secretary for Legal Affairs, G.R. No. 196425, July 24, 2012
(iii)General supervision of local governments and autonomous regions - Art. X, §§4, 16 Pimentel v. Aguirre, 336 SCRA 201* Ganzon v. Court of Appeals, 200 SCRA 271* (iv)Power of appointment With consent of Commission on Appointments Sarmiento v. Mison, 156 SCRA 549 Bautista v. Salonga, 172 SCRA 160* Quintos-Deles v. Commission on Appointments, 177 SCRA 254* Manalo v. Sistoza, August 11, 1999 Limitations on appointing power of the President - Art. VII, §§13 and 15 Aytona v. Castillo, 4 SCRA 1* Jorge v. Mayor, 10 SCRA 331* Quisimbing v. Tajanglangit, 10 SCRA 446* Interim or recess appointments Art. VI, §19 Art. VII, §16 Temporary designations Administrative Code of 1987, Bk. III, §17 b. Powers over Legislation
7
(i)
Veto
(ii) Delegated decree authority Emergency powers - Art. VI, §23(2) Araneta v. Dinglasan, 84 Phil. 368 Review concept of emergency in David v. Arroyo, supra. (iii) Integrative powers c. Special Powers (i)
Powers as Commander-in-Chief - Art. VII, §18; Art. III, §13; Art. VIII, §1, par. 2 Gudani & Balutan v. Senga, G.R. No. 170165, August 15, 2006 Lansang v. Garcia, 42 SCRA 448 Burgos v. Macapagal-Arroyo, G.R. No. 183712, July 5, 2011 IBP v. Zamora, infra. Lacson v. Perez, 357 SCRA 756 Sanlakas v. Angelo Reyes, G.R. No. 159085, February 3, 2004 David v. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, infra. Datu Zaldy Uy Ampatuan, et al. v. Hon. Ronaldo Puno, et al., G.R. No. 190259, June 7, 2011
(ii) Executive clemencies Art. VII, §19 Art. IX-C, §5 (iii) Diplomatic powers Contracting and guaranteeing foreign loans - Art. VII, §20; Art. XII, §21; Rep. Act No. 4860 Power over foreign affairs Recognition of foreign states Conduct of foreign relations Pimentel vs. Office of Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 158088, July 6, 2005 Phil. International Trading Corp. vs. Angeles, 263 SCRA 421 Settlement of disputes with foreign powers Treaty-making - Art. VII, §21 Executive Agreements BAYAN vs. Executive Secretary, G.R. no. 138570, October 10, 2000. See J. Puno’s Dissenting Opinion
8
Negotiate Province of North Cotabato v. GRP, 568 SCRA 402 Deportation of undesirable aliens d. Residual Power Marcos v. Manglapus, 177 SCRA 668; 178 SCRA 760 3. Prohibitions and Immunity (i)
Immunity from suit In re Bermudez, 145 SCRA 160 Beltran vs. Makasiar, 167 SCRA 393 Nixon vs. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 731* Clinton vs. Jones, 117 S. Ct. 1636*
(ii)
Executive Privilege Neri vs. Senate Committee on Accountability of Public Officers and Investigations (Blue Ribbon Committee), G.R. No. 180643, March 25, 2008; Read CJ Puno’s Dissenting Opinion AKBAYAN v. Aquino, G.R. No. 170516, July 16, 2008
4. Succession Constructive Resignation Estrada vs. Desierto, 353 SCRA 108; Resolution on the Motion for Reconsideration, 356 SCRA 108 The Vice President - Art. VII, §§3-5, §6 and §9; Art. XI, §2-3 Right of succession and membership in Cabinet - Art. VII, §§8, 11, and 3, par. 2 Estrada v. Arroyo, 353 SCRA 452, 356 SCRA 108 5. Removal
C. JUDICIARY
1. Judicial Power – Art. VIII, section 1 All courts can exercise judicial power Ynot v. IAC, 148 SCRA 659 2. Supreme Court a.
Jurisdiction - Article 8, §5(2)(d)
9
b.
Congressional Power over the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court - Art. VIII, §2, par.1, Art. VI, §30
c.
En banc vs. Division - Art. VIII, §4 Manotok v. Barque, G.R. Nos. 162335 and 162605, December 8, 2008
d.
Composition - Art. VIII, §4 Vargas v. Rilloraza, 80 Phil 297 * De Castro v. JBC, G.R. No. 191002, March 17, 2010 and April 20, 2010
e.
Judicial and Bar Council: Appointments and Qualifications – Art. VIII, §7(1), §8, §9 Chavez v. JBC, G.R. No. 202242, July 17, 2012
f.
Salary – Art. VIII §10; Art XVIII § 17
g.
Security of Tenure – Art. VIII § 2, par.2 and §11 De la Llana v. Alba, 112 SCRA 294
h.
Removal - Art. VIII, §11; Art. XI, § 2
i.
Requirements as to Decisions – Art. VIII, §§ 13-14 Oil & Gas Nature Corporation v. CA, 315 SCRA 296, at 307-308
j.
Mandatory period for deciding cases – Art. VIII §15; Art. VII, § 18 par. 3; Art. XVIII, §12-14
k.
Presidential Electoral Tribunal Macalintal v. Presidential Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 191618, June 7, 2011
l.
m.
Administrative powers – Art. VIII, §§ 5 (3) (4) (6) and 11 1. Supervision of lower courts Maceda v. Vasquez, 221 SCRA 464 In re Demetria, A.M. No. 00-7-09-CA, March 27, 2001 2. Temporarily assign judges to other stations in public interest 3. Order a change of venue or place of trial to avoid miscarriage of justice 4. Appointment of officials and employees of the entire judiciary 5. Promulgate rules concerning the enforcement and protection constitutional rights 6. Promulgate rules concerning pleading, practice and procedure 7. Admission to the practice of law 8. Integration of the bar 9. Legal assistance to the underprivileged No quasi-judicial and administrative work for judges - Art. VIII, §12 Manila Electric Co. v. Pasay Trans Co., 57 Phil. 600 In re Judge Rodolfo Manzano, 166 SCRA 246
10
of
n. o. p.
Fiscal autonomy Report on the Judiciary – Art. VIII, § 16 Automatic release of appropriation for the Judiciary – Art. VIII, § 3.
III. Judicial Review A. Definition, Nature, Principles Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137** Angara v. Electoral Commission, 63 Phil. 139** B. Justiciable and Political Question Avelino v. Cuenco, supra. Miranda v. Aguirre, 314 SCRA 603 C. Requisites of Judicial Review !!
David, et al. v. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, G.R. No. 171396, May 3, 2006
1. Actual Case or Controversy a. Prematurity b. Mootness vs. Ripeness David, et al. v. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, supra. Gonzales v. Narvasa, 337 SCRA 733 c. Exceptions to the Mootness rule David, et al. v. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, supra. 2. Earliest Opportunity ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation v. Phil. Multi-Media Inc., G.R. No. 175769, January 19, 2009 Serrano v. Gallant Maritime Services Inc., G.R. No. 167614, March 24, 2009 3. Standing of a Party David, et al. vs. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, supra. 1. Standing vs. Real-Party-in-Interest 2. Types of Standing a. Citizen b. Associational IBP v. Zamora, G.R. No. 141284, August 15, 2000** c. Taxpayers ITF v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 159139, January 13, 2004 Jumamil v. Cafe, G.R. No. 144570, September 2005 d. Voters
11
e. Legislative f. Governmental g. Standing jus tertii 4. Constitutionality is the very lis mota of the case Arceta v. Mangrobang, G.R. No. 152895, June 15, 2004 Yap v. Thenamaris Ship’s Management and Intermare Maritime Agencies, Inc., G.R. No. 179532, May 30, 2011 Barangay Captain Beda Torrecampo v. Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System, et al., G.R. No. 188296, May 30, 2011 5. Effect of Declaration of Unconstitutionality Planters Products Inc. v. Fertiphil Corporation, G.R. No. 166006, March 14, 2008 IV. The Constitutional Commissions A. Civil Service Commission 1. Scope of the civil service - Art. IX-B, §2(1); Art. XII, §16 a. Terms and conditions of employment in the Civil Service (1) Oath of allegiance - Art. IX-B, §4; Art. XI, §18 (2) Merit System a. Appointment of lameducks b. Ban on partisan political activities - Art. IX-B, §7; Art. VII, §13; Art. VI, §13; Art. VIII, §8(1)(3) and (12); Art. IX-A, §2 CLU v. Executive Secretary, supra. Flores v. Drilon, supra. (3) Standardization of pay and ban on double compensation Art. IX-B, §§5 and 8 Revs. Adm. Code of 1987, §17(2) (4) Ban on partisan political activities - Art. IX-B, §2(4) Compare with Art. XVI, §5(3) as to members of the AFP (5) Removal or suspension only for cause - Art. IX-B, §2(3) (6) Right of self-organization - Art. III, §8; Art. IX-B, §2(5) (7) Right to strike 2. Review of decisions of the CSC - Art. IX-A, §7
12
3. Fiscal autonomy - Art. IX-A, §5 B. Commission on Elections See Macalintal v. COMELEC, supra. 1. Composition and qualifications of Commissioners - Art. IX-C, §1(1); Art. VII, §13, par. 2 See Cayetano v. Monsod, 201 SCRA 210 2. Appointment and term of office of Commissioners; Rule against reappointment Art. IX, §1(2) Brillantes v. Yorac, 192 SCRA 358 * 3. Powers and functions of the COMELEC - Art. IX-C, §2 Enforce election laws - Art. IX-C, §2(1) Decide administrative questions pertaining to election, except the right to vote Petition for inclusion and exclusion of voters - Art. IX-C, §2(6) Prosecute election law violators - Art. IX-C, §2(6) Recommend pardon, amnesty, parole or suspension of sentence of election law violators - Art. IX-C, §5 Deputize law enforcement agents and recommend their removal - Art. IX-C, §2(4)(8) Tan v. COMELEC, 237 SCRA 353* Registration of political parties, organizations and coalitions and accreditation of citizens’ arms - Art. IX-C, §2(5) Registration under party-list system - Art. IX-C, §§6-8; Art. VI, §5(2); Art. XVIII, §7 Regulation of public utilities and media information - Art. IX, §§4 and 9 Decide election contests - Art. IX-C, §§2(2) and (3); RA. 7166, §22 4. Rule-making - Art. IX-A, §6; Art. IX-C, §3 5. Other functions - Art. IX-A, §8 6. Act as National Board of Canvassers for senators
13
7. Review of COMELEC decisions, orders and resolutions- Art. IX-C, §2(2); Art. IXA, §7 8. Fiscal autonomy - Art. IX-A, §5 C. Commission on Audit Art. IX-D Art. VII, §12, par. 2 Art. VII, §12, par. 2 Art. XVIII, §17 Art. IX-A, §§2, 5-8 Art. XI, §2 Art. VI, §20 V. Other Agencies of the Government A. Office of the Special Prosecutor Art. XI, §7 Zaldivar v. Sandiganbayan, 160 SCRA 843
B. Central Monetary Authority Art. XII, §§20-21 C. Economic and Planning Agency: NEDA Art. XII, §§9-10 Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS, supra. D. National Commissions
VI. Accountability of Public Officers A. Public office as a public trust - Art. XI, §1; Id., §18; Art. IX-B, §4 See Rep. Act No. 6713 (Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees) B. Disclosure of assets, liabilities and net worth - Art. XI, §17 C. Ban on financial accommodations - Id., §16 D. Agencies for insuring public accountability 1. Congress-Impeachment - Art. XI, §§2-3 Francisco, Jr. v. Nagmamalasakit ng mga Manananggol ng mga Manggagawang Pilipino, Inc., supra. Gutierrez v. House of Representatives, G.R. No. 193459, February 15, 2011
14
2. Sandiganbayan - Art. XI, §4 3. Ombudsman - Art. XI, §§5-6, 8-14 4. Office of Special Prosecutor - Art. XI, §7 E. Actions to recover unlawfully acquired property do not prescribe - Art. XI, §15 VII. Fundamental Principles and State Policies A. Preamble: Nature, purpose and aims B. Principles 1. Sovereignty of the People and Republicanism a. Direct and Indirect Democracy b. Representation and renovation c. Accountability to the people d. Rule of the Majority e. The Rule of Law - Article II, Section 1 (sovereignty resides in the people); Article V 2. Adherence to International Law - Article II, Section 2, 7 & 8 (independent foreign/nuclear free policy) a. Renunciation of War - Article VI, Section 23 (1) b. Adoption of International Law c. Adherence to policy of peace, freedom, amity 3. Supremacy of Civilian Authority Article II, Section 3 Article VII, Section 18 Article XVI, Section 5(4) Article XVI, Section 5(2) 4. Government as protector of People & People as Defenders of the State -
Article II,
Sections 4 and 5 5. Separation of Church and State Article II, Section 6 Article III, Section 5 (freedom of religion clause) Article IX-C, 2(5) (political party ban on sects) Article VI, Section 5(2) (no sectoral representation from religious sector) Exceptions: Article VI, Section 28(3) (tax exemption of churches) Id., Section 29(2) (no appropriation for sects; exemptions) Article XIV, Section 3(3) (optional religious instruction) Id., Section 4(2) (Filipino ownership for schools, except religious groups and mission boards)
15
C. Policies 1. Independent foreign policy and a nuclear-free Philippines - Article II, Sections 7-8; Article XVIII, Sections 4 and 25 (on foreign military bases) Bayan v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 138570, October 10, 2000* Lim v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 151445, April 11, 2002* 2. A just and dynamic social order – Preamble; Article II, Section 9 a. The promotion of social justice i. Social justice defined - Art. XIII, §1 Calalang v. Williams, 70 Phil. 726 ii. Aspects of social justice 1. Labor – Art.2, § 18; Art. XIII, §3 a. The right of government workers to form unions - Article III, Section; Article IX-B, Section 2(5) 2. Agrarian and natural resources reform – Art. 2, § 2; Art. XIII, §4-8 See Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988 (Rep. Act No. 6657 and Executive Order No. 229, July 22, 1987) Assn. of Small Landowners in the Philippines v. Secretary of Agrarian Reform, 175 SCRA 343 iii. Urban land reform and housing - Art. XIII, §§9-10; See P.D. No. 1517, June 11, 1978 iv. Health - Art. XIII, §§11-13 v. Women – Art. 2, § 14; Art. XIII, §14 vi. People’s organizations – Art. 2, § 23; Art. XIII, §15-16 b. Respect for human dignity and human rights - Article XIII, Sections 17-19; Article II, Section 11; Article XVI, Section 5(2) c. The priority of education, science, technology, arts, culture & sports - Article II, Section 17 i. Education 1. Right to education - Art. XIV, §1 Villar v. TIP, 135 SCRA 706* Tangonan v. Cruz-Pano, 137 SCRA 245 * 2. Educational mandate of the state - Art. XIV, §§2 and 5 Tablarin v. Gutierrez, 152 SCRA 370 * University of the Philippines v. Ayson, 176 SCRA 571*
16
Alcuaz v. PSBA, 178 SCRA 135 * 3. The educational system - Art. XIV, §§3-4 ii. Language - Art. XIV, §6-9 iii. Science and technology - Art. XIV, §§10-13 iv. Arts and culture - Art. XIV, §§14-18 v. Sports - Art. XIV, §19 d. Promotion of health and ecology - Article II, Sections 15-16; Article XIII, Sections 11-13 Oposa v. Factoran, 224 SCRA 792 3. The family as basic autonomous social institution - Article II, Section 12; Article XV (The Family); Article II, Section 13; Family Code, Article 1 a. Protection of the Unborn b. Natural Right and Duty of Parents 4. A self-reliant and independent economic order - Article II, Sections 19 – 20 : National Economy and Patrimony - Art. XII, §1 Tanada v. Angara, G.R. No. 118295, May 2, 1997 Bureau of Fisheries v. COA, G.R. No. 173088, June 25, 2008 a. Natural Resources - Art. XII, §§2-5 and 7 La Bugal-B’Laan Tribal Association v. Ramos, G.R. No. 127882, December 2004 b. Private lands 1. Citizenship requirement - Art. XII, §7; 1973 Const., Art. XVII, §11 2. Exception (a) Acquisition by legal succession Ramirez v. Vda. de Ramirez, 111 SCRA 704* (b) Acquisition by former natural born citizen - Art. XII, §8 3. Agrarian reform - Art. XIII, §§4-8 4. Urban land reform and housing - Art. XIII, §§9-10 c. Lease to foreigners of private lands valid Smith, Bell & Co. v. Register of Deeds, 96 Phil. 53* NCC , Art. 1643 d. Regulation of economic activities 1. Rationale - Art. XII, §§6 and 12-13 2. Organization and regulation of private corporations - Art. XII, §16
17
3. Operation of public utilities - Art. XII, §§11 and 17 Gamboa v. Teves, G.R. No. 176579, June 28, 2011, Resolution dated October 9, 2012 4. On mass media and advertising industry - Art. XVI, §§10-11 5. Practice of professions - Art. XII, §14 6. State operation of private enterprises - Art. XII, §§17-18 Agan v. PIATCO, May 5, 2003 7. Monopolies, combinations, and unfair competition - Art. XII, §19 PPA v. Mendoza, 138 SCRA 632 8. Money, banking and credit - Art. XII, §§20-21 9. Cooperatives - Art. XII, §15 5. Communication and information in nation-building Article II, Section 24; Article XVI, Sections 10 – 11; Article XVIII, Section 23 6. Autonomy of local governments Dadole v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 125350, December 3, 2002 7. Recognition of rights of indigenous cultural communities Article II, Section 22 Article VI, Section 5(2) Article XII, Section 5 Article XIII, Section 6 Article XIV, Section 17 Article XVI, Section 12 See R.A. No. 8371 (1997), The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act 8. Honest Public Service and Full Public Disclosure Article II, Section 27 Article XI, Sections 4,5,6 (Ombudsman) Article II, Section 28 (full public disclosure) Article XI, Section 17 (statement of assets/liabilities) Article VII, Section 12 (president's health) Article VII, Section 20 (publication of loan applications) Article XII, Section 21 (make public foreign loans) Article XII, Section 2(5) (contracts with foreign groups) Article VII, Sections 12,20 (conflict of interest/books of account) Article IX-D, Section 4 (COA annual report) Article III, Section 7 (right to information) Valmonte v. Belmonte, supra. Chavez v. Public Estates Authority, G.R. No. 133250, July 9, 2002
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IDEALS v. PSALM, G.R. No. 192088, October 9, 2012
VIII. Citizenship and Suffrage Citizenship A. Definition B. Importance of Citizenship Elizabeth Lee v. Director of Lands, G.R. No. 128195, October 3, 2001* C. Modes of Acquiring Citizenship D. Who are Philippine Citizens - Article IV, Section 1 1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of adoption of the 1987 Constitution: 2. Those whose fathers & mothers are citizens 3. Those who elect Philippine Citizenship 4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law. E. Natural Born Citizens - Article IV, Section 2 1. Advantages of natural born citizens Article XII, Section 8 Article VII, Sections 2 & 3 Article VI, Sections 3 & 6 Article VIII, Section 7 (1) Article XI Section 8 Art. IX-B Section 1(1) Art. IX-C Section 1(1) Art. IX-D Section 1(1) Article XII, Section 20 Article XIII, Section 17 (2) 2. Who are Natural Born Citizens a. Those whose fathers and mother are citizens. b. Those who elect Filipino citizenship c. Former natural born citizens who reacquire citizenship by repatriation Tecson v. Comelec, G.R. No. 161434, March 3, 2004 Bengzon v. HRET, 357 SCRA 545 In re Ching, Bar Matter No. 914, October 1, 1999 Co v. HRET, 199 SCRA 692 F. Naturalization 1. By Judicial Proceeding 2. By Administrative Proceeding (R.A. No. 9138)
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3. By Direct Act of Congress 4. Denaturalization
G. Loss of Citizenship - Article IV, Section 3 Coquilla v. Comelec, G.R. No. 151914, July 31, 2002* H. Reacquisition of Citizenship - See Com. Act. No. 63, Section 1(2) Frivaldo v. Comelec, 257 SCRA 727* Angat v. Republic, GR. No. 132244, September 14,1999* I. Dual Citizenship J. Dual Allegiance - Article IV, Sections 4 & 5; (See Sec. 40, R.A. 7160, Local Govt. Code) Mercado v. Manzano, 307 SCRA 630 Sobejana-Condon v. COMELEC, G.R. 198742, August 10, 2012 Suffrage - Article V Material points of: Macalintal v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 157013, July 10, 2003 Akbayan-Youth v. COMELEC, 355 SCRA 318
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BLOCK E UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF LAW
POLITICAL LAW Florin T. Hilbay
PRELIMINARY R EADINGS
(1978).
Laurence Tribe, On Reading The Constitution 1-30 (1991) F.T. Hilbay, Where The Shadows Lie,85PHIL.L.J.104(2010) Vicente V. Mendoza, From McKinley’s Instructions to the New Constitution 1-55 CONST., arts. II, VI, VIII, VIII, IX, XI.
INTRODUCTORY CASES
Lawyers’ League for a Better Philippines v. Aquino, G.R. No. 73748, 22 May 1986. De Leon v. Esguerra, G.R. No. 78059, 31 August 1987. Letter of Associate Justice Reynato S. Puno, A.M. No. 90-11-2697-CA. 29 June 1992. Estrada v. Desierto, G.R. Nos.146710-15, 2 March 2001. Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cranch (5 U.S.) 137, 2 L.Ed. 60 (1803). Angara v. Electoral Commission, G.R. No. 4501, 15 July 1936. Government of the Philippine Islands v. Springer, G.R. No. 26979, 1 April 1927. Springer v. Government of the Philippine Islands, 277 U.S. 19 (1928). Francisco v. House of Representatives, G.R. No. 160261, 10 November 2003. Biraogo v. the Philippine Truth Commission, G.R No. 192935, 7 December 2010.
PRINCIPLES & STATE POLICIES
I NCORPORATION CLAUSE Merlin M. Magallona, The Supreme Court and International Law, 85 PHIL. L. J. 1 (2010). BAYAN MUNA v. Romulo, G.R. No. 159618, 1 February 2011.
CIVILIAN SUPREMACY Integrated Bar of the Philippines v. Zamora, G.R. No. 141284, 15 August 2000. SEPARATION OF CHURCH &STATE Raul C. Pangalangan, Transplanted Constitutionalism: The Philippine Debate on the Secular State and the Rule of Law,82PHIL.L.J.1 (2008). Florin T. Hilbay, The Establishment Clause: An Anti-Establishment View, 82 PHIL.L.J.24 (2008). Estrada v. Escritor, A.M. No. P-0201651, 4 August 2003. Estrada v. Escritor, A. M. No. P-02-1651, 22 Jun 2006. FAMILY LIFE &LIFE OF THE U NBORN See rhbill.org for text of the RH bill. Primer on Legal Issues in Reproductive Health (Pangalangan, AguilingPangalangan, Roque & Hilbay, 2012) BALANCED &HEALTHFUL ECOLOGY Oposa v. Factoran, G.R. No. 101083, 30 July 1993. MMDA v. Concerned Residents of Manila Bay, G.R. Nos. 171947-48, 18 December 2008. PRIORITY TO EDUCATION,SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY Guingona, Jr. v. Carague, G.R. No. 94571, 22 April 1991. ECONOMY EFFECTIVELY CONTROLLED BY FILIPINOS Tañada v. Angara, G.R. No. 118295, 2 May 1997. Garcia v. Board of Investments, G.R. No. 92024, 9 November 1990. Garcia v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 100883, 2 December 1991. Espina v. Zamora, G.R. No. 143855, 21 September 2010. Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS, G.R. No. 122156, 3 February 1997. I NDIGENOUS CULTURAL COMMUNITIES Cruz v. Secretary of Environment & Natural Resources, G.R. No. 135385. FULL PUBLIC DISCLOSURE The Province of North Cotabato v. GRP, G.R. No. 183591, 14 October 2008. Chavez v. PCGG, G.R. No. 130716, 9 December 1998. Aquino-Sarmiento v. Morato, G.R. No. 92541, 13 November 1991. Legaspi v. Civil Service Commission, G.R. No. 72119, 29 May 1987. Valmonte v. Belmonte, Jr., G.R. No. 74930, 13 February 1989. Bantay Republic v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 177271, 4 May 2007. Antolin v. Domondon, G.R. No. 165036, 5 July 2010. Chavez v. Public Estates Authority, G.R. No. 133250, 9 July 2002. AKBAYAN v. Aquino, G.R. No. 170516, 16 July 2008.
LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT
PRELIMINARY DISCUSSION : ARTICLE VI MEMBERSHIP Veterans Federation Party v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 136781, 6 October 2000. Ang Bagong Bayani v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 14759, 26 June 2001. BANAT v. COMELEC, G.R. NO. 179271, 21 April 2009. SPEECH & DEBATE; DISCIPLINE Osmena v. Pendatun, G.R. No. L-17144, 28 October 1960. Jimenez v. Cabangbang, G.R. No. 15905, 3 August 1966. Defensor-Santiago v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 128055, 18 April 2001. I NTERNAL BUSINESS Avelino v. Cuenco, G.R. No. L-2821, 4 March 1949. Santiago v. Guingona, G.R. No. 134577, 18 November 1998. Daza v. Singson, G.R. No. 86344, 21 December 1989. Coseteng v. Mitra, Jr., G.R. No. 86649, 12 July 1990. Guingona, Jr. v. Gonzales, G.R. No. 106971, 1 March 1993. Bondoc v. Pineda, G.R. No. 97710, 26 September 1991. LEGISLATIVE I NQUIRIES Bengzon v. Senate Blue Ribbon Committee, G.R. No. 89914, 20 November 1991 The Senate Blue Ribbon Committee v. Majaducon, G.R. No. 136760, 29 July 2003. Senate v. Ermita, G.R. No. 169177, 20 April 2006. In the Matter of the Petition for Issuance of Writ of Habeas Corpus of Sabio, G.R. No. 174340, 17 October 2006. Standard Chartered Bank v. Senate, G.R. No. 167173, 27 December 2007. Neri v. Senate, G.R. No. 10643, 25 March 2008. Garcillano v. House, G.R. No. 170338, 23 December 2008. THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS Pascual v. Secretary of Public Works, G.R. No. L-10405, 29 December 1960 Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance, G.R. No. 115525, 25 August 1994; 30 October 1995 PHILCONSA v. Enriquez, G.R. No. 113105, 19 August 1994. ABAKADA v. Ermita, G.R. No. 16056,
1 September 2005; 18 October 2005. Arroyo v. De Venecia, G.R. No. 127255, 14 August 1997. Bengzon v. Drilon, G.R. No. 103524, 15 April 1992. Gonzales v Macaraig, G.R. No. 7636, 19 November 1990. I NITIATIVE & R EFERENDUM Lambino v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 174153, 25 October 2006.
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
PRELIMINARY DISCUSSION: ARTICLE VII EXECUTIVE POWER Marcos v. Manglapus, G.R. No. 88211 15 September 1989; 27 October 1989 Villena v. Secretary of the Interior, G.R. No. 46570, 21 April 2939. Anak Mindanao Party-List Group v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 166052, 29 August 2007. MULTIPLE OFFICES Civil Liberties Union v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 83896, 22 February 1991. Bitonio v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 147392, 12 March 2004. APPOINTMENTS De Castro v. Judicial and Bar Council, G.R. No. 191002, 17 March 2010; 20 April 2010 Sarmiento v. Mison, G.R. No. L-79974, 17 December 1987. Pimentel v. Ermita, G.R. No. 164978, 13 October 2005. Rufino v. Endriga, G.R. No. 139554, 21 July 2006. Matibag v. Benipayo, G.R. No. 149036, 2 April 2002. MILITARY POWERS David v. Macapagal-Arroyo, G.R. No. 171396, 3 May 2006. Fortun v. Macapagal-Arroyo, G.R. No. 190293, 20 March 2012. CLEMENCY Barrioquinto v. Fernandez, G.R. No. L-1278, 21 January 1949. Monsanto v. Factoran, G.R. No. 78239, 9 February 1989.
JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT
PRELIMINARY DISCUSSION: ARTICLE VIII PRUDENTIAL CONSIDERATIONS Francisco v. House of Representatives, G.R. No. 160261, 10 November 2003. EFFECT OF NULLITY Municipality of Malabang v. Benito, G.R. No. L-28113, 28 March 1969. CASES V.MATTERS Fortich v. Corona, G.R. No. 131457, 19 August 1999.
ADMINISTRATIVE SUPERVISION Caoibes v. Ombudsman, G.R. No. 132177, 19 July 2001. PRACTICE OF LAW Cayetano v. Monsod, G.R. No. 100113, 3 September 1991. JUDICIAL & BAR COUNCIL Chavez v. Judicial & Bar Council, G.R. No. 202242, 17 July 2012. DISCIPLINE OF JUDGES People v. Gacott, G.R. No. 116049, 13 July 1995. NON-JUDICIAL TASKS In Re Designation of Judge Manzano, A.M. No. 8-7-1861-RTC, 5 October 1988. I NCREASE I N APPELLATE JURISDICTION Fabian v. Desierto, G.R. No. 129742, 16 September 1998.
CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS
PRELIMINARY DISCUSSION: ARTICLE IX R OTATIONAL SCHEME OF APPOINTMENTS Gaminde v. COA, G.R. No. 140335, 13 December 2000. SECURITY OF TENURE De los Santos v. Mallare, G.R. No. L-3881, 31 August 1950.
Demaisip v. Bacal, G.R. No. 139382, 6 December 2000. Buklod ng Kawaning EIIB v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 142801, 10 July 2001. MULTIPLE APPOINTMENTS Flores v. Drilon, G.R. No. 104732, 22 June 1993. EXTERNAL AUDIT DBP v. COA, G.R. No. 88435, 16 January 2002.
ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS PRELIMINARY DISCUSSION : ARTICLE XI
IMPEACHMENT Gutierrez v. House Committee on Justice, G.R. No. 193459, 15 February 2011; 8 March 2011. Corona v. Senate, G.R. No. 200242, 17 July 2012.
IMPRESCRIPTIBILITY OF STATE’S R IGHT TO R ECOVER Presidential Ad Hoc Fact-Finding Cmte. On Behest Loans v. Desierto, G.R. No. 135482, 14 August 2001.
BLOCKS B, F
