LMTCZNMON ZCEZMTTMZN Qn dcen`nqai`i ZCEZMTTMZN }scn lmtcznmon abc viqqi`i cqqczc viztmtn m tclvczmtszc cocumtc/ qc`{m abc ei`dm`i/ qn dcailvi`hm`i i qsjnqam`i s`m dnln`s{ni`c `itcuioc dcooc oizi amzmttcznqtnabc lcaam`nabc. C( nlviztm`tc m`abc abc cqqi `i` zcmhnqam n` lidi qc`qnjnoc ai` oc qiqtm`{c ai` asn unc`c m ai`tmtti. ZCETMTTMZN MANDN; Qi`i }scoon abc md cocumtc tclvczmtszc zcmhnqai`i emanolc`tc ai` hon iqqndn lctmoonan7 qi`i dm ai`qndczmzc ei`dmlc`tmolc`tc dm lnqacom dn qnonac c dn moosln`m. Qn ‑ Mo. ZCEZM ZCEZMTT TTMZN MZN JMQNAN JMQNAN;; Qi`i Qi`i }scoon }scoon abc bm``i bm``i tc`dc` tc`dc`{m {m m zcmhnz zcmhnzcc ai` hon iqqndn iqqndn m amzmtt amzmttczc czc mandi7 mandi7 n` vmztnaiomzc ai` o(m`ndzndc qnonacm/ qi`i tmon n zcezmttmzn lmh`ctnan dioilntnan/ azili lmh`cqnman. ZCEZM ZCEZMTT TTMZN MZN @CSTZN @CSTZN;; ]scoon ]scoon abc `i` zcmhnq zcmhnqai` ai`i i emanol emanolc`t c`tcc `î ai` hon iqqndn iqqndn lctmoo lctmoonan nan// `î ai` hon iqqndnmandn. Qi`i tmon n zcezmttmzn azilmtnan c m jmqc dn amzji`ni. •
•
•
ZCEZMTTMZN QNONACN Vzc`di`i }scqti `ilc n lmtcznmon aiqtntsntn }smqn cqaosqnumlc`tc dm qnonac. Oc @IZLC S@N n`dnam`i s`m vczac`tsmoc ln`nlm dco >4#/ lm n` vzmtnam qn mzznum mzznum m`abc mo >5 ‑ >2#7 tmon zcezmttmzn uc`hi`i uc`hi`i m`abc abnmlmtn zcezmttmzn zcezmttmzn dn`mq dmo `ilc dcoom oiamontæ n`hocqc dn vziuc`nc`{m dcoom qmjjnm stnon{{mtm vcz om oizi vzcvmzm{ni`c. Om qnonac â s` ailviqti abc qn vsú vzcqc`tmzc qitti eizlm dn `slcziqc lidnenam{ni`n aznqtmoon`c/ lm om eizlm vnþ qtmjnoc â }scoom abc vzcqc`tm om tc`qni`c dn umvizc ln`izc. Om eizlm qtmjnoc qtmjnoc dcoom Qn m tclv. mljnc`tc mljnc`tc â no }smz{i κ. M 381¶A 381¶A qn tzmqeizlm tzmqeizlm ai` zmvndntæ dm }smz{i κ ↔ }smz{i ν m 286¶A/ 286¶A/ dm }smz{i ν ↔ tzndnlntc tzndnlntc ν...Tmoc ν...Tmoc zcm{ni`c muunc`c/ muunc`c/ vczú/ qioi n`tiz`i mn =:66)=466 =:66)=466 ¶A n` vzcqc`{m dn vnaaioc vnaaioc }sm`tntæ dn nlvszc{{c abc es`hi`i dm ln`czmon{{mtizn. M =486¶A om tzndnlntc ν ↔ aznqtijmontc ν "en`i m =8:1¶A lm }scqti vziacqqi muunc`c qioi qc om qn â lm`tc`stm vcz tclvn os`hbn mo dn qivzm dcoom tclvczmtszm dn c}snonjzni. Vcz zmeezcddmlc`ti dcoom qnonac on}sndm qn eizlm no uctzi dn qnonac/ amzmttczn{{mti dm s` aiceenanc`tc dn dnomtm{ni`c tczlnam lioti jmqqi abc hon a i`ecznqac cocumtnqqnlm zcqnqtc`{m mhon qjmo{n tczlnan. Dm tclvczmtszc ‾ dn :16¶A om aznqtijmontc ν ↔ azntijmontc κ. Dm tclvczmtszc ‾ dn =51¶A om tzndnlntc ν ↔ tzndnlntc κ muuc`hi`i ai` emanontæ m tclvczmtszc ‾ ==8¶A om tzndnlntc κ ↔ tzndnlntc α. Caai ds`}sc abc n lmtti`n dn`mq qi`i aiqtntsntn dm qnonac hnæ }smqn tsttm qittieizlm dn ANZQTIJMONTC c TZNDNLNTC. Vcz om vzcvmzm{ni`c dcn zcezmttmzn qnonacn qn vmztc dm; ]SMZ[NTN EZM@ABC; Aiqtntsntn dm }smz{i vszi ]SMZ[NTN "dn tnvi κ ]SMZ[NTN M ACLC@TI JMQMOC; Aznqtmoon vnaaion nllczqn `co aclc`ti/ aiqtntsnti dm aznqtmoon dn }smz{i ai` vnaaioc }sm`tntæ dn nlvszc{{m.
Qi`i oc vnþ vzchnmtc vczabâ hzm{nc moo(m{ni`c ln`czmon{{mtznac dcooc nlvszc{{m/ om tzmqeizlm{ni`c dco }smz{i n` tzndnlntc c aznqtijmontc muunc`c vnþ ucoiaclc`tc. Dmtc oc cocumtc amzmttcznqtnabc dn zcezmttmznctæ qitti amznai/ n zcezmttmzn qnonacn viqqi`i uc`nzc nlvnchmtn en`i m tclvczmtszc dn }smqn =866¶A. S`i dchon n`ai`uc`nc`tn vnþ hzmun â no oizi amzmttczc mandi abc on zc`dc mhhzcdnjnon dm vmztc dchon iqqndn lctmoonan/ ailc om amoac ai` asn dm``i AmI • QnI : qnonamti li`iamoanai m =344¶A/ c o(iqqndi eczziqi dm`di iznhn`c m Ec :QnI4 em~montc abc ei`dc viai qivzm n =:66¶A. ZCEZMTTMZN QNONAI ‑ MOOSLN@IQN Qi`i aiqtntsntn dm lnqacoc dn qnonac c moosln`m. Qcai`di oc `izlc S@N qi`i qnonai,moosln`iqn n zcezmttmzn ai` tc`izc dn Mo :I1 ailvzcqi tzm no :6 ‑ 44# lc`tzc qi`i dcen`ntn moosln`iqn }scoon abc ai`tc`hi`i vnþ dco 363 dn Mo :I1 . Ezm oc dsc qiqtm`{c qn eizlm s` aiviqti 1Mo :I1 • :QnI: dctti LSOONTC/ abc ei`dc m =236¶A. N zcezmttmzn qnonai ‑ moosln`iqn/ qi`i tm`ti vnþ vzchnmtn }sm`ti vnþ cocumtm â om # dn moosln`m. N` s` jsi` zcezmttmzni oc nlvszc{{c `i` qcui`i qsvczmzc no : ‑ 1 #. Vcz om vzcvmzm{ni`c dn }scqtn zcezmttmzn/ m # ailvzcqm ezm no :6 ‑ 44# qn viqqi`i sqmzc ailc lmtcznc vznlc mzhnooc m jmqqi tc`izc dn ei`dc`tn. Om aittszm muunc`c n`tiz`i mn =:66¶)=466¶ A diuc o(mzhnoom qn tzmqeizlm n` lsoontc c qnonac. Unqti abc/ cqqnaam`diqn/ o(mzhnoom qn zntnzm dm`di iznhn`c m dceizlm{ni`n c ecqqszm{ni`n/ n lmtti`n uc`hi`i vzcvmzmtn mhhns`hc`di moo(mzhnoom azsdm no =6 ‑ 36 # dn ABMLITTC "mzhnoom vzcacdc`tclc`tc aittm c lman`mtm n asn hzm`son eizlm`i s`i qabcoctzi n`dceizlmjnoc m zntnzi `sooi/ `cn asn n`tczqtn{n qn dnqvi`c o(mzhnoom azsdm abc mvviztm oc qsc vzivznctæ vomqtnabc. Om # dn Mo :I1 dcznum dmoom vzcqc`{m dn nlvszc{{c `co Mo :I1 • :QnI : • :B:I. Vcz om vzcvmzm{ni`c dn zcezmttmzn ai` lmhhnizn lmhhnizn # dn Mo :I1 / qn lcqaiom moo(mzhnoom/ moosln`m vszm ittc`stm ai` no vziacqqi
dn Jm~cz/ ivvszc em znaizqi mn ln`czmon dco hzsvvi dcoom qnoonlm`ntc; m`dmosqntc/ qnoonlm`ntc/ an`ntc. N zcezmttmzn ittc`stn ai` }scqtc mhhns`tc qn abnmlm`i; Zcezmttmzn Qnoonlm`ntnan; Ai` 5:/># dn Mo :I1 ai` mhhns`tm dn ln`czmon dco hzsvvi dcoom qnoonlm`ntc. Zcezmttmzn Lsoontnan; ai` 86 ‑ 8:# dn Mo :I1 ittc`stc mhhns`hc`di moosln`m Jm~cz ai` mzhnooc zn aabc dn amdnlni. Tmon zcezmttmzn bm``i tsttn ailviztmlc`ti mandi/ tm`ti lc`i qvnaamti }sm`ti vnþ cocumti â no tc`izc dn moosln`m. JMQNAN ZCEZMTTMZN LMH@CQNMAN Qi`i aiqtntsntn ei`dmlc`tmolc`tc dm iqqndi dn lmh`cqni LhI abc ei`dc m anzam :266¶A. Oc lmtcznc vznlc qi`i; ZIAAC znaabc dn amzji`mti dn lmh`cqni LhAI 1 "HNIJCZTNT MA]SM LMZN@M abc ai`tnc`c ni`n Lh '' ‑ ‑
Tmon Tmon zcezmttmzn bm``i ailviztmlc`ti `cttmlc`tc jmqnai `i` "999 lmn stnon{{mjnon ds`}sc m ai`tmtti ai` lmtcznmon znaabn dn qnonac. No oizi nlvnchi â n` vziacqqn lctmooszhnan/ n` vzcqc`{m dn qaiznc dn `mtszm jmqnam. ZCEZMTTMZN DIOILNTNAN Qn ittc`hi`i asiac`di om DIOILNTC/ AmAI 1 • LhAI1 abc vzidsac s`m lnqacom dn AmI cd LhI. C`tzmljn }scqtn iqqndn bm``i s`m tclvczmtszm dn esqni`c lioti cocumtm/ c qnaailc om dioilntc â s` ln`czmoc lioti vnþ dneesqi dco amzji`mti dn lmh`cqni â vnþ emanolc`tc zcvcznjnoc c lc`i aiqtiqi dcn zcezmttmzn lmh`cqnman. O(n`ai`uc`nc`tc â abc ai`tnc`c iqqndi dn amoac "AmI onjczi abc zcmhnqac emanolc`tc ai` om AI : cd no umvizc ma}sci/ }sn`dn `i` vsú qtmzc m tclvczmtszm mljnc`tc. "QAMZQM ZCQNQTC@[M MOO(NDZMTM[NI@C QC AI@QCZUMTN M TCLVCZMTSZM MLJNC@TC. Tmon Tmon zcezmttmzn uc`hi`i ston{{mtn `coo(n`dsqtznm lctmooszhnam. ZCEZMTT ZCEZMTTMZN MZN AZILNTNAN C( AZILI,LMH@CQNMAN "ZCE. "ZCE. @CSTZN Qi`i }scoon ittc`stn m vmztnzc dmoom AZILNTC/ ln`czmoc mvvmztc`c`tc mo hzsvvi dchon "99999999 dn eizlsom hc`cznam; "Ec/ Lh I • "Az/ Mo/ Ec: I1 Lioti vnþ nlvnchmtn dcn azilmtnan qi`i n AZILI,LMH@CQNMAN/ vzcvmzmtn m vmztnzc dm lnqacoc dn AZILNTC c dn QN@TCZ dn lmh`cqnm.
LMTCZNMON ACZMLNAN Ai` tmoc `ilc qn n`tc`di`i n vzidittn ittc`stn vcz aittszc md cocumtm tclvczmtszm dn lmqqc vomqtnabc ln`czmon aiqtntsntc ei`dmlc`tmolc`tc dm nlvmqtn dn mzhnoom c dn ma}sm. N lmtcznmon aczmlnan qn dnundi`i n`; LMTCZNMON LMTCZNMON ACZMLNAN
VZIDITTN M VMQTM VIZIQM "VCZLCMJNOC Qi`i aiqtntsntn dm hzm`coon qcvmzmtn dm vizn c n`tc n`tczq zqtn tn{n {n abc abc zc` zc`di di`i `i om lmqq lmqqmm vcz vczlc lcmj mjno nocc mn mn on} on}sn sndn dn c hmq hmq..
VZIDITTN M VMQTM AILVMTTM "NLVCZL Qi`i aiqtntsntn dm vmztnacooc abc n` qchsnti m s`m vmz{ vmz{nm nmoc oc esqn esqni` i`cc dsz dszm` m`tc tc om aitt aittsz szmm qn qn qi`i qi`i qmod qmodmt mtcc zc`dc`di om lmqqm nlvczlcmjnoc.
Viqqi`i cqqczc NLVCZLCMJNON[[MTN znaivzc`dion ai` s`m UCTZN@M/ aniâ s`m ucz`nac aczmlnam abc dszm`tc no zmeezcddmlc`ti iznhn`m s`m vcoonaiom qsvczenanmoc dn `mtszm uctziqm.
UCTZN@MTN; , LMNIONABC , T CZZMHONC CZZMHONC
HZCQ
VIZACOOM@CC
@I@ UCTZN@MTN; UCTZN@MTN; , OMTCZN[N ,TCZZCAITTC
AIQTNTS[NI@C C VZIVZNCTM( DCOO(MZHNOOM O(mzhnoom/ ziaanm qcdnlc`tmznm mqqmn dneesqm/ â om lmtcznm vznlm `coom emjjznam{ni`c dn lmtcznmon aczmlnan cd n` vmztnaiomzc dn omtczn{n. VZIVZNCTM( VZIVZNCTM( ENQNAM jmqnomzc â }scoom dn dmzc iznhn`c vcz nlvmqti ai` ma}sm m lmqqc vomqtnabc om asn eizlm unc`c lm`tc`stm m`abc divi om aittszm. Cqqm "mzhnoom â aiqtntsntm ei`dmlc`tmolc`tc dm Q NONAMTN NONAMTN NDZMTN NDZMTN DN MOOSLN@NI/ no vnþ nlviztm`tc dcn }smon â om amdnlntc Mo :I1 • :QnI: eizlmtiqn vcz motczm{ni`c dn ziaac czsttnuc. Om vomqtnantæ dcooc mzhnooc â dm mttznjsnzc mo emtti abc moo(mtti dcoo(nlvmqti tzm n aznqtmoon`n dchon ndziqnonamtn dn moosln`ni qn n`qcznqac s` ucoi dn liocaioc d(ma}sm/ abc `c manontm oi qaizznlc`ti zcanvziai. Aiqtntsc`tn qcai`dmzn dcoo(mzhnoom qi`i om QNONAC NDZMTM NDZMTM QnI 1 • `B:I c hon NDZIQQNDN DN ECZZI Ec"IB : c Ec"IB abc ai`ecznqai`i aioizc hnmoomqtzi. Cqnqti`i vin Ln`czmon N@CZ N@ CZTN TN vcz om vomqtnantæ7 cqqn qi`i zmvvzcqc`tmtn dm QNONAC AZNQTMOON@M AZNQTMOON@M "}smz{i/ dm QNONAMTN QNONAMTN DNUCZQN/ AMZJI@MTN AMZJI@MTN DN AMOANI/ dn LMH@CQNI c dm VNZNTC "EcQ :. Oc mzhnooc n` asn vzcdiln`m`i n aiqtntsc`tn vomqtnan qi`i dcttc HZMQQC/ }scooc n` asn vzcumohi`i hon n`cztn LMHZC. AILVIZTMLC@TI DCOOM AMION@NTC MO ZNQAMODMLC@TI Qittivi`c`di m znqamodmlc`ti s`m lmqqm vomqtnam dn amion`ntc c dn B :I qn bm; =
̴ =66 ‑ =:6¶ A
Mo:I1 • :QnI: • :B:I ' `B :I
cumvizm
]scqti ec`ilc`i â maailvmh`mti dm s `m `itcuioc ai`tzm{ni`c dn uioslc "ZNTNZI MOO(CQQNAAMLC@TI ↚ vczdc tclvizm`cmlc`tc om vomqtnantæ. LCTMAMION@I LCTMAMION@I < Qnonamti dn moosln`ni lctmqtmjnoc. :
̴ 366¶ A
Mo:I1 • :QnI: • :B:I
Vziacqqi nzzcuczqnjnoc abc vziuiam om vczdntm dcen`ntnum dn vomqtnantæ. 1
̴ >66¶ A ∙↚
Mo:I1 • QnI: ↚ 1Mo:I1 • :QnI: Mo:I1 c QnI: Ailn`anm`i m zcmhnzc vcz eizlmzc om LSOONTC/ lc`tzc om qnonac n` caacqqi znlm`c
vzcqc`tc qitti eizlm dn AZNQTIJMONTC. Om qcznc dn tzmqeizlm{ni`n abnlnabc â maailvmh`mtm dm s` sotcznizc zntnzi "ZNTNZI MOOM AITTSZM c dm s` n`azclc`ti `itcuioc dcooc amzmttcznqtnabc lcaam`nabc. EMJJZNAM[NI@C DCN OMTCZN[N Qn vzcvmzm o(nlvmqti lcdnm`tc lnqacom{ni`c dn mzhnooc vnþ qlmhzc`tn abc viztm`i no vziditti moom vomqtnantæ uiostm "vczabâ moom vomqtnantæ qn maailvmh`m s` caacqqnui zntnzi moo(cqqnaamlc`ti cd moom aittszm. Ailc qlmhzm`tc qn sqm qmjjnm qnonacm i ezmllc`tn qln`s{{mtn dn lmtti`n lmo aittn "dn qamzti ‟Abmlittc“. O(nlvmqti unc`c vomqlmti lcdnm`tc tzmenomtszm/ aniâ unc`c vzcqqmti ai`tzi s` iznen{ni dmo }smoc cqac qitti eizlm dn os`hi `mqtzi ai`tn`si/ tmhonmti dm s` enoi dn maanmni. O(cqqnaamlc`ti dcuc cqqczc ai`ditti hzmdsmolc`tc vcz cuntmzc qazcviomtszc c dceizlm{ni`n. @chon nlvnm`tn lidc`n qn em sqi dn cqqnaamtizn ai`tn`sn m hmoocznm diuc n lmtti`n/ dnqviqtn qs amzzcoon/ qn lsiui`i n` dnzc{ni`c ivviqtm md s` eosqqi dn hmq amodn vziuc`nc`tn dm eiz`n dn aittszm. N` }scqti lidi o(ma}sm dcn lmtti`n qn znqamodm qc`{m cumvizmzc c dnln`snqac om qsm unqaiqntæ emuizc`di om qmontm dcoo(ma}sm n` qsvczenanc diuc cumvizm dcen`ntnumlc`tc n`ai`tzm`di hmq lm` lm`i vnþ amodn c qcaabn. Om aittszm en`moc muunc`c n`tiz`i mn >36¶ , =666¶ A. N eiz`n vnþ sqmtn qi`i }scoon m esiai enqqi c lmtczonmoc lijnoc "eiz`n RRR i eiz`n ts``co ivvszc n eiz`n m esiai lijnoc c lmtcznmoc enqqi "eiz`mac Bieelm``. AOMQQNENAM[NI@C C VZIUC QSN OMTCZN[N OMTCZN[N Qcai`di om `izlmtnum S@N hon coclc`tn n` omtczn{ni vcz lszmtszc qi`i dnqtn`tn n`; , LMTTI@N; LMTTI@N; dn eizlm vmzmoococvnvcdm ai` uioslc ≤ 3366 al± , JOIAABN; dn eizlm vmzmoococvnvcdm ai` uioslc 0 3366 al± , LMTTI@N LMTTI@N C JOIAABN DN ZNECZNLC@TN , VC[[N AILVOCLC@TMZN/ QVCANMON/ DN AIZZCDI M qcai`dm dcooc # dn eizmtszm "zmvvizti mzcc dcn eizn c qsvczenanc titmoc/ n omtczn{n uc`hi`i dnqtn`tn n`; , LMTTI@N LMTTI@N VNC@N; # dn eizmtszm ? =3# , LMTTI@N C JOIAABN QCLNVNC@N; # dn eizmtszm =3# ? r ? 33# , LMTTI@N C JOIAABN EIZMTN; # eizmtszm 0 33# N` jmqc mooc tca`nabc dn vzids{ni`c uc`hi`i dnqtn`tn n` CQTZSQN/ VZCQQMTN VZCQQMTN C EIZLMTN EIZLMTN M LM@I. Oc VZIUC DN AI@TZIOOI vcz o(maacttm{ni`c dcn omtczn{n vcz lszmtszm/ znaizdnmli; , AMZMTTCZNQTNABC AMZMTTCZNQTNABC LCAAM@NABC; Amznai s`ntmzni dn zcqnqtc`{m m zittszm vcz ailvzcqqni`c; vcz lmtti`n c joiaabn vnc`n c vcz eizmtn dcqtn`mtn ai` n eizn izn{{i`tmon/ no amznai unc`c mvvonamti n` dnzc{ni`c vczvc`dnaiomzc m }scoom dn cqtzsqni`c7 lc`tzc vcz }scoon nlvnchmtn ai` n eizn ucztnamon/ no amznai dcuc cqqczc mvvonamti qcai`di om dnzc{ni`c dn cqtzsqni`c. Qsn qcn vziun`n qn um m amoaiomzc om zcqnqtc`{m amzmttcznqtnam/ aniâ }scoom zcqnqtc`{m aizznqvi`dc`tc moom vzijmjnontæ dn muczc qioi no 3# dcn dmtn n`ecznizc m tmoc umoizc. , QMHHNI DN CEEOIZCQAC@[M; Qczuc m umostmzc om vzcqc`{m dn qmon c qiqtm`{c qiosjnon i ails`}sc nhziqaivnabc "amvman dn mqqizjnoc o(slndntæ dcoo(mznm> abc qi`i n`dcqndczmtc `cn omtczn{n vczabâ viqqi`i dneei`dczqn c viztmzqn n` qsvczenanc emac`di ailvmznzc lmaabnc m`abc qshon n `ti`man. Om vzium ai`qnqtc `co dnqvizzc ucztnamolc`tc s` omtczn{ni omtczn{ni n` s` zcanvnc`tc dn uctzi c aivznzoi vcz ¿ dn ma}sm dnqtnoomtm/ zmjjiaam`diom ih`n uiotm abc unc`c mqqizjntm. Divi 4 hh n amlvni`n uc`hi`i emttn mqanshmzc oc`tmlc`tc n` qtsem m 56¶A c ai`ezi`tmtn ai` no amlvni`c n`tchzi. O(n`tc`qntæ dn ceeoizcqac`{m um umostmtm md iaabni `sdi dm 1l c unc`c aomqqnenamtm n`; N`tc`qntæ `soom; `cqqs` dcviqnti dn qmon n` qsvczenanc7 N`tc`qntæ ochhczm; qittnoc vmtn`m dnqtznjsntm s`neizlclc`tc7 n`tc`qntæ lcdnm; ochhczm vmtn`m jnm`am s`neizlc7 n`tc`qntæ eiztc; qvcqqi qtzmti dn qmon ai` aznqtmoon{{m{ni`n mjji`dm`tn. , ZNQABNI DN HCON UNTM(; UNTM(; S` lmtcznmoc â HCONUI }sm`di qsjnqac s` `itcuioc dcamdnlc`ti dcooc amzmttcznqtnabc lcaam`nabc n` qchsnti md motcz`m`{m dn hcoi c dnqhcoi. N vziun`n uc`hi`i nllczqn n` ma}sm m 13¶ A vcz 1 izc c vin viqtn n` eznhi m ,=6¶ A vcz iotzc tzc izc. O(ivczm{ni`c â znvctstm :6 uiotc. Mo tczln`c dn vziacdc moom vzium dn zcqnqtc`{m m zittszm vcz ailvzcqqni`c. Om vmztntm â dnabnmzmtm @I@ HCONUM HCONUM qc no umoizc lnqszmti qsn vziun`n tzmttmtn â n`ecznizc moo(26# dn }scooi lnqszmti n`n{nmolc`tc. Vcz }sm`ti ai`acz`c n lmtcznmon dn aivcztszm n` omtczn{ni; tchioc vnm`c i aszuc/ tchioc lmzqnhoncqn c qnlnon7 iotzc moom vzium dn zcqnqtc`{m moom eocqqni`c qi`i vzcunqtc m`abc; , ZCQNQTC@[M MOO(SZTI; MOO(SZTI; No amlvni`c unc`c qsaacqqnumlc`tc aiovnti `coom {i`m lcdnm`m ai` s`m qeczm dn hbnqm dn lmqqm =gh emttm amdczc dm motc{{c azcqac`tn dn 3 al n` 3 al m vmztnzc dm =6 al. Om zcqnqtc`{m moo(szti dcoom tchiom â lnqszmtm dmoo(motc{{m n` aizznqvi`dc`{m dcoom }smoc om qeczm bm zitti om tchiom.
, ZCQNQTC@[M DCO @MQCOOI DN MAANMNI; Qn mvvc`dc mo `mqcooi/ lcdnm`tc enoi {n`amti muc`tc dnmlctzi dn = ll/ s` vcqi azcqac`tc dn 3 gh n` 3 gh vmztc`di dm =6 gh. Om tchiom/ dszm`tc om vzium/ â mvvihhnmtm qsoo(cqtzclntæ dn dsc aiotcoon mzziti`dmtn. Om zcqnqtc`{m dco `mqcooi â dmtm dmo ln`iz vcqi `cacqqmzni m vziuiamz`c om zittszm. , QMHHNI DN NLVCZLCMJNONTM( MN ON]SNDN; Qn aiqtzsnqac s` zcanvnc`tc dn asn om tchiom aiqtntsnqac no ei`di/ un qn n`tzidsac ma}sm vcz s`(motc{{m dn 3 al c divi :4b qn iqqczum qc mttzmuczqi om tchiom â/ i lc`i/ enotzmtm ma}sm.
HZCQ C VIZACOOM@C N HZCQ qi`i vzidittn aczmlnan `cn }smon om aittszm â qtmtm qvn`tm qn`i m s`m tclvczmtszm tmoc dm muczc om eizlm{ni`c dn vnaaioc }sm`tntæ dn on}sndi abc qiondnenam`di qmodm n hzm`coon dm`di s` vziditti nlvczlcmjioc ditmti dn `itcuioc zcqnqtc`{m lcaam`nam ↚ EC@ILC@I DN HZCNENAM[N I@C. Qn dnundi`i n`; HZCQ @MTSZMON; @MTSZMON; Vzcvmzmtn ai` mzhnooc abc ai`tc`hi`i s` }sm`tntmtnui qseenanc`tc dn qiqtm`{c md m{ni`c ei`dc`tc "iqqndn dn eczzi/ qnonai,moosln`indn moamon`n i moamon`i tczziqn. HZCQ EN@N "I VIZACOOM@MTN ; N ei`dc`tn uc`hi`i mhhns`tn mztnenanmolc`tc md mzhnooc dn vcz qî vnsttiqti vszc. Vcz mslc`tmzc om vzivznm nlvczlcmjnontæ n hzcq uc`hi`i qittiviqtn m uctzn`mtszm; Vcz HZCQ @MTSZMON; @MTSZMON; Qn cqchsc om QMOMTSZM/ QMOMTSZM/ aniâ dszm`tc om aittszm abc muunc`c m =:36¶)=166¶ A qn hcttm `co eiz`i qmoc ails`c abc cumvizm c zcmhnqac ai` hon ihhcttn n` aittszm eiz`c`di s`i qtzmti qsvczenanmoc dn qnonamtn abc zmeezcddm`diqn azcm`i s`m vcoonaiom uctziqm dszm cd nlvczlcmjnoc. Vcz HZCQ EN@N; Qn sqm`i UCTZN@C VNILJNECZC i QTM@@IQC/ ittc`stc ei`dc`di n`qnclc qnonac/ m`ndzndc jiznam/ amzji`mtn moamon`n ai` iqqndi dn vnilji c dn qtmh`i. ]sm`di qiondnenam unc`c viouczn{{mtm azcm`di s`m viouczc qittnoc dcttm eznttc abc unc`c aiqvmzqm qshon coclc`tn dm uctzmzc. No hzcq unc`c vznlm aitti m p =:36¶ , =136¶ A/ vin unc`c aiqvmzqm om eznttm c znaitti m p =666¶ A. HZCQ @MTSZMON; Qn sqm`i vcz; . Ai`dsttszc c zcanvnc`tn vcz qiqtm`{c mandc . Tsjm{ni`n vcz ma}sc dn znensti . Vnmqtzcooc vcz vmunlc`tn
HZCQ EN@N; Qi`i stnon{{mtn vcz; . Umqabc . Omumjn . Mvvmzcaabn nhnc`nan
Oc VIZACOOM@C qi`i vzidittn aczmlnan m vmqtm ailvmttm ittc`stn m vmztnzc dm lnqacoc dn amion`ntc Mo :I1 • :QnI: • :B:I/ }smz{i QnI : c ecodqvmti G :I • Mo :I1 • 5QnI: :6,:3# :6,:3# @co vziditti en`nti o m ZCQNQTC@[M LCAAM@NAM mslc`tm ai` om # dn ]SMZ[I/ o m ZCQNQTC@[M COCTTZNAM ai` om # dn ECODQVMTI/ om ZCEZMTTMZNCTM( ai` om # dn AMION@NTC. Vcz om aittszm dcoom vizacoom`m qn cqchsc s` vznli znqamodmlc`ti m anzam =666¶A/ divi no }smoc qn mvvonam s`m eznttm aiqtntsntm dm s`m lnqacom qn }smz{i c ecodqvmti c qn vmqqm moom aittszm dcen`ntnum dn anzam =466 ‑ =366¶ A. Oc vizacoom`c qi`i sqmtc vcz amvqsoc n` omjizmtizn abnlnan/ liztmn/ vcqtcoon c lson`n dm omjizmtizni c n qmodmtizn.
OC MA]SC Viqqi`i cqqczc qsddnunqc n`; Lctciznabc/ Qsvczenanmon c Qittczzm`cc. LCTCIZNABC; Oc vnþ vszc. Dcznum`i dmo anaoi CUMVIZM[NI@C CUMVIZM[NI@C ↚ AI@DC@QM[NI@C. VZCANVNTM[NI@C. @coom vznlm emqc dcoom vzcanvntm{ni`c tzmqan`m`i ai` oizi no vsounqaioi ↚ Oc ma}sc abc qn zmaaio zmaaiohi`i hi`i moo(n` moo(n`n{n n{ni i dcoom dcoom vzcanv vzcanvntm ntm{ni {ni`c `c qi`i qi`i lc`i lc`i vszc. vszc. Ails`} Ails`}sc sc oc ma}sc ma}sc lctciz lctciznab nabcc tc`hi` tc`hi`i i n` qios{ni`c n aiqtntsc`tn hmqqiqn dcoo(mtliqeczm "dn asn qi`i qmtszc. M amsqm dcooc dneeczc`tn qiosjnontæ/ om ailviqn{ni`c dcn hmq dnqaniotn `i` aizznqvi`dc m }scoom dcoo(mznm7 n` vmztnaiomzc o(m`ndzndc amzji`nam "AI : â vnþ vcqm`tc `cooc ma}sc abc `coo(mtliqeczm.
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QSVCZENANMON; ]sm`di oc ma}sc lctciznabc qaizzi`i qso tczzc`i dm``i iznhn`c mooc ma}sc QSVCZENANMON. ]scqtc qiosjnon{{m`i oc qiqtm`{c ai`tc`stc `co tczzc`i mslc`tm`di `itcuiolc`tc om oizi ai`ac`tzm{ni`c `coo(ma}sm. Vmztc dcoo(m`ndzndc amzji`nam â vzcqc`tc ailc mandi amzji`nai "B :AI1 abc oc`tmlc`tc qiosjnon{{m moas`n ln`czmon "amzji`mtn dn amoani c lmh`cqni. Cq. Vcz no Amzji`mti dn Amoani "AmAI 1 mjjnmli om zcm{ni`c; AmAI 1 ' B:AI1 ↔ Am "BAI 1
WAmzji`mti Mandi i Jnamzji`mti dn Amoani\
]sm`di ]sm`di mzznunm mzznunmli li n` s` jman`i jman`i abnsqi abnsqi oc ma}sc ma}sc qsvcze qsvczenan nanmon mon qn ai`ac` ai`ac`tzm` tzm`i i vzihzcq vzihzcqqnu qnumlc mlc`tc `tc m amsqm amsqm dcoo(cumvizm{ni`c. Om # dcooc qiqtm`{c dnqaniotc mslc`tm lm amljnm om qsm ailviqn{ni`c. N amzji`mtn mandn WAm"BAI1\ qn zntzmqeizlm`i n` hzm` vmztc n` amzji`mtn @CSTZN "n`qiosjnon cd mslc`tm om vczac`tsmoc dn qmon qiosjnon "aoizszn c qioemtn. , QITTC QITTCZZ ZZM@ M@CC CC;; Vnþ Vnþ znaa znaabc bc dn dn qiqt qiqtm` m`{c {c dnq dnqan anio iotc tc dn dn }sco }scooc oc Qsvc Qsvcze zena nanm nmon on m ams amsqm qm dco dco lmh lmhhni hnizc zc ai` ai`tm tmtti tti ai` ai` n aiqtntsc`tn dco tczzc`i cd moo(mslc`ti dn Tclvczmtszm Tclvczmtszm c Vzcqqni`c abc emuiznqac om qiosjnon{{m{ni`c. QIQTM@[C N@ N@IZHM@NABC DN DNQANIOTC
= : 1 4
LCTCIZNABC QSVCZENANMON AIZZC@TN QITTCZZM@CC DN JMA JMAN@ N@I I ABN ABNSQ SQI I
QIQTM@[C IZ IZHM@NABC DN DNQANIOTC) N@ QIQVC@QNI@C = QITTCZZM@CC : LCTCIZNABC 1 QSVCZENANMON
M@MONQN DCOO(MA]SM
VITMJNOC
SQI N@DSQTZNMOC
TNVN DN M@MONQN;
QIQTM@[C QIQTM@[C N@ QIQVC@QNI@C ZCQNDSI ENQQI M@MONQN ]SM@TNTMTNUM DCOOC QIQTM@[C DNQANIOTC M@MONQN DCN HMQ DNQANIOTN DNQANIOTN
QIQTM@[C QIQTM@[C N@ QIQVC@QNI@C; Zmaaiotm vcz enotzm{ni`c qs s` enotzi tmzmti. ZCQNDSI ENQQI; C( o(n`qnclc dcooc qiqtm`{c dn `mtszm izhm`nam cd n`izhm`nam dnqaniotc. Qn n`tzidsac s` }sm`tntmtnui `iti dn ma}sm n` s`m amvqsom dn vomtn`i/ emac`diom cumvitmzc c vin qcaam`di no zcqndsi m =63¶ c =26¶A. Om dneeczc`{m tm n
dsc umoizn ↚ vczdntm dcoo(ma}sm dn aznqtmoon{{m{ni`c dn moas`n qmon. Vcz cq. AmQI 4 ndzmti ↚ AmQI4 m`ndzi. M@MONQN ]SM@TNTMTNUM DCOOC QIQTM@[C DNQANIOTC; Qn dctczln`m om QNONAC/ hon ni`n Mo '''/ Ec''/ c Ec '''/ Am' ' / Lh''/@m'/ G '/ Ao,/ BAI1,/QI4,,. M@MONQN DCN HMQ HMQ DNQANIOTN; DNQANIOTN; IQQNHC@I aizzidc LCTMOON M@NDZNDC AMZJI@NAM aizzidc LCTMOON C ACLC@TN Qn dctczln`m qezsttm`di om qiosjnontæ dcn hmq `cn on}sndn m tclvczmtszm dn cjioon{ni`c abc qn m``soom. ]scqtn hmq uc`hi`i zmaaiotn n` zcanvnc`tn hzmdsmtn/ lnqszmtn cd m`mon{{mtn. N znqsotmtn qi`i cqvzcqqn n` vmztn vcz lnoni`c "VVL
DSZC[[M DCOOC MA]SC Qn qtsdnm om vzcqc`{m c om # dn qmon qiosjnon dn amoani c lmh`cqni. Om DSZC[[M qn cqvznlc n` hzmdn Ezm`acqn. Qn bm = hzmdi Ezm`acqc }sm`di om }sm`tntæ dn qmon "Amoani c Lmh`cqni ai`tc`stm n` =66ot dn ma}sm aizznqvi`dc qtcabnilctznamlc`tc m =h dn Amzji`mti dn Amoani "AmAI 1. CQCLVNI; N` =666ot dn ma}sm qn tzium`i =36 h)l± dn AmQI 4 / iuuczi =3h n` =66ot. Vinabî = lio dn AmQI 4 aizznqvi`dc qtcabnilctznamlc`tc md s`m lioc dn AmAI 1/ ai`tm`di n vcqn liocaiomzn "=15 vcz AmQI 4 c =66 vcz AmAI 1 qn bm; =15 ; =66 < =3 =3 ; r ↚ r < == C( om dszc{{m n` hzmdn Ezm`acqn. DSZC[[M
TCLVIZM@CM
VCZLM@C@TC
Amzji`mtn Mandn
Motzn qmon dn Amoani c Lmh`cqni
AMZJI@MTNAM
MAMZJI@MTNAM
Qn conln`m qamodm`di o(ma}sm m >6 ‑ =66¶A Qn znlm`dm m vmhn`m 5 dco onjzi vcz oc eizlsoc.
DCTCZLN@M[NI@C QVCZNLC@TMOC DCOOM DSZC[[M. LCTIDI JSZTI@ JSZTI@ ‑ JISDCT i D COOM QIOS[NI@C QMVI@IQM; Qn n`qcznqai`i 46 al± dn ma}sm n` s`m jszcttm/ md cqqm qn mhhns`hc/ hiaanm m hiaanm/ s`m qios{ni`c ma}siqi,moaionam m TNTIOI @ITI DN QMVI@C "n qmvi`n ai`tc`hi`i liotn mtiln dn Am. Moo(n`n{ni `` qn `itm eizlm{ni`c dn qabnslm. ]sm`di tsttn hon ni`n dn Amoani c Lmh`cqni qi` qtmtn vzcanvntmtn/ no `siui qmvi`c mhhns`ti lidnenam om tc`qni`c qsvczenanmoc. Qn acqqm dn mhhns`hczc qmvi`c }sm`di qn eizlm s`m qabnslm dn 3 ll abc dszm vcz 3 ln`stn. Qsoom jszcttm qn ochhc dnzcttmlc`tc no umoizc dcoom dszc{{m titmoc. Qsoom jszcttm a(â s` divvni {czi abc n`dnam no qmvi`c `cacqqmzni m dmzc qabnslm n` s`(ma}sm qc`{m qmon dnqaniotn. Vcz om dszc{{m vczlm`c`tc dn em jioonzc o(ma}sm c qn znvctc o(ivczm{ni`c. Om dszc{{m tclvizm`cm unc`c amoaiomtm vcz dneeczc`{m. Lm no lctidi â nlvzcanqi dn 6.3 ‑ = Hzmdi Ezm`acqc. LCTIDI DCN AILVOCQQM@TN.
CDTM < MANDI CTNODNMLLN@ITCTZ MACTNAI
TZMTTMLC@TN DCOOC MA]SC QCDNLC@TM[NI@C C AIMHSOM[NI@C IJNCTTNUI; Conln`mzc qiqtm`{c qiondc n` qiqvc`qni`c. TZMTTMLC@TN QCDNLC@TM[NI@C; Dcviqn{ni`c qvi`tm`cm dcooc vmztnacooc qiondc qiqvcqc. Om ucoiantæ dn amdstm â mvvziqqnlmtm dmoom ochhc dn QTIGCQ; U < :)} . h)θ . Zº . "d : ‑ d= Diuc;
θ < Unqaiqntæ Unqaiqntæ dco on}sndi Z < Zmhhni vmztnacooc "qsvviqtc qecznabc d: < Dc`qntæ dcooc vmztnacooc qiondc d= < Dc`qntæ dco on}sndi
DCAM@TMTIZN IZN[[I@TMON Qn tzmttm dn os`hbc umqabc vczaizqc oi`hntsdn`molc`tc dmoo(ma}sm vcz s` tclvi qsvcznizc m }scooi `cacqqmzni meen`abâ om lmhhniz vmztc dcooc vmztnacooc qiqvcqc viqqm`i amdczc. Qi`i n`aon`mtn vcz emuiznzc om zmaaiotm c om dnln`s{ni`c dco em`hi. TCLVI; Izdn`c dcooc dcan`c. DCAM@TMTIZN M EOSQQI MQAC@DC@TC O(ma}sm c`tzm `co ac`tzi dnzcttm uczqi o(moti c amljnm qsjnti dnzc{ni`c vcz vin esiznsqanzc mn omtn dco dcam`tmtizc. Om ucoiantæ dn znqmontm)sqantm dcoo(ma}sm dcuc cqqczc n`ecznizc m }scoom }scoom dn vzcanvntm{ni`c dcooc vmztnacooc. AIMSHSOM[NI@C Qn stnon{{m vcz iuunmzc mooc vmztnacooc dn vnaaioc dnlc`qni`n "amznabc `chmtnumlc`tc abc qn zcqvn`hi`i ai`tzmqtm`di o(mhhzchmlc`ti cd iqtmaiom`di om vzcanvntm{ni`c. Qn mhhns`hc moo(ma}sm s` cocttziontm abc `cstzmon{{m om amznam dcooc vmztnacooc dm`di iznhn`c m qiqtm`{c eniaaiqc n`qiosjnon abc tzmqan`m`i ai` qc oc motzc qiqtm`{c qiqvcqc. No aimshsom`tc vnþ sqmti â no qioemti dn ndzmti dn moosln`ni; Mo: "QI41 ¸ =2B:I Abc/ ai` s`m zcm{ni`c/ qn tzmqeizlm n` Moosln`ni Eniaaiqi. @cooc ma}sc vnþ dszc qn mhhns`hc amoac qvc`tm. N e niaabn dn Ndziqqndi dn Moosln`ni cqczantm`i m`abc m{ni`c m`tnjmttcznam. ENOTZM[NI@C C( s` vziacqqi abc ailvoctm om ABNMZNENAM[NI@C DCOO(MA]SM. Ai`qnqtc `co vmqqmhhni dcoo(ma}sm mttzmuczqi lc{{n viziqn n`qiosjnon cd n`mttmaamjnon dmoo(ma}sm. N ENOTZN mhnqai`i n` dsc lidn. Vznlm joiaam`i oc vmztnacooc vnþ hziqqc abc bm``i dnmlctzi lmhhnizc dn }scooi dcn vizn dco enotzi. Oc vmztnacooc vnþ vnaaioc uc`hi`i joiaamtc dmooi qtzmti hcomtn`iqi abc qn eizlm qsn vizn. Ailc lmtcznmon qn sqm`i om qmjjnm qnonacm cd n hzm`son dn amzji`c. ENOTZN OC@TN Umqabc mqabc ai` ai` qnqtc qnqtcln ln dn dzc`m dzc`mhhni hhni vcz zmaa zmaaiho ihoncz nczcc o(ma} o(ma}sm sm enotzm enotzmtm. tm. Qso Qso ei`di ei`di a(â a(â s`i qtzm qtzmti ti dn hbnmn hbnmnmm c qmjjnm qmjjnm hziq hziqqm qm abc qizzchhc oi qtzmti qsvcznizc Wenotzi\. ]scqti qtzmti â eizlmti dm qmjjnm en`c dn dnmlctzi 6/1 ? d ? = ll cd â qvcqqi qvcqqi = ? b ? =/3 l. l. Om dnzc{ni dnzc{ni`c `c dn enot enotzm zmhh hhni ni â ucz uczqi qi no jmqq mqqi. Om ucoi ucoiaantæ ntæ dc dco eno enotz tzi i â dn 6/= 6/= ‑ 6/: 6/: l±) l±)iz izmm vcz vcz ih`n ih`n lº. lº. ]sm` ]sm`di di qn qn n`tm n`tmqm qm`i `i uc`hi`i uc`hi`i znhc`czmtn znhc`czmtn mqviztm`di mqviztm`di :‑1 al dmoom dmoom {i`m qsvcznizc qsvcznizc..
ZMVNDN Vznlm Vznlm dco enotzm enotzmhhni hhni jnqih` jnqih`mm tzmttm tzmttmoc oc om qcdnlc qcdnlc`tm `tm{ni {ni`c `c c om aimsh aimshsom som{ni {ni`c. `c. Qn Qn tzmttm tzmttm dn dn amqqi` amqqi`nn n` maanm maanmni ni i amoacqtzs{{i ai` dc`tzi s` octti enotzm`tc dn hzm`son ai` dnmlctzi = ? d ? =/3 ll c dn qvcqqizc = ? b ? : l. Om ucoiantæ ucoiantæ dn vmqqmhh vmqqmhhni ni â 3 ‑ :6 l±)izm vcz ih`n ih`n lº. lº. Qn n`tm n`tmqqm`i m`i ih` ih`nn =3, =3,:6 :6 izc izc c qn znhc znhc` `czm czm`i ai` ai` s` s` omu omummhhni hhni ai`t ai`tzi ziai aizzc zzc`t `tc. c. @c @c cqn cqnqt qti` i`i i dn dn dsc dsc tnvn tnvn.. No vznli vznli es`{ es`{ni ni`m `m m hzmuntæ/ hzmuntæ/ no qcai`di m vzcqqni`c vzcqqni`c.. ]scqtn sotnln sotnln qi`i n` maanmni vcz zcqnqtczc md cocumtc vzcqqni`n.
DCHMQMHHNI ": AMQN
QN DCUI@I CONLN@MZC N HMQ MAANDC@TMOLC@TC DNQANIOTN.
QN DCUC CONLN@MZC O(IQQNHC@I.
Qn ittnc` ittnc`cc vcz mczm{ mczm{ni` ni`c. c. Qn em vniu vniuczc czc ma}sm ma}sm viouc viouczn{{ zn{{mtm mtm dm s`m s`m tiz tizzc zc c dmo dmo jmqq jmqqi i qn qn qie qieenm enm s`m s`m aiz aizzc zc`t `tcc d(m d(mzn znm. m. OCHH OCHHC C DN DN BC@ BC@Z Z^; Om Om qios qiosjn jnon ontæ tæ dn s` on}s on}snd ndi im tclv tclvcz czmt mtsz szmm aiqt aiqtm` m`tc tc â dnz dnzct cttm tmlc lc`t `tcc vziv vziviz iz{n {ni` i`mo mocc moom moom vzc vzcqq qqni ni`c `c vmz{ vmz{nm nmoc oc dco dco hmq hmq qtcq qtcqqi qi `coom `coom emqc emqc hmqq hmqqiq iqm. m.
Qn sqm`i sqm`i DCHMQ DCHMQQM QMTI TIZN ZN LCAAM@ LCAAM@NAN NAN n` asn asn o(ma} o(ma}sm sm Unc`c nc`c vio viouc uczn zn{{ {{mt mtmm n` n` mlj mljnc` nc`tn tn n` asn asn qn qn â vzid vzidit itti ti s` usit usiti i vmz{ vmz{nm nmoc oc.. Lnh Lnhon oniz iznn znqs znqsot otmt mtnn qn ittc ittc`h `hi` i`i i ai` ai` no DCHM DCHMQMH QMHHN HNI I VCZ VCZ UNM UNM TCZLN TCZLNAM AM.. Qn qezs qezstt ttmm om Ln`iz Ln`izcc qio qiosj sjno nontæ ntæ dcn dcn hmq hmq `cn `cn on} on}sn sndn dn moo( moo(ms mslc lc`t `tmz mzcc dco dcoom om tclvczmtszm/ m``soom`diqn moo(cjioon{ni`c. WUNM ABNLNAM\ Qn mhhns`hi`i qiqtm`{c zndsac`tn ailc no QIOENTI QIDNAI i o(NDZM[N@M.
DIOANENAM[NI@C "Conln`m{ni`c dcoom dszc{{m LCTIDI VCZ VZCANVNTM[NI@C; VZCANVNTM[NI@C; Wamoac\ Wqidm\ Stnon{{i dn AMOAC ‑ QIDM; Qn mhhns`hc moo(ma}sm Ndziqqndi dn Amoani WAm "IB :\ c Amzji`mti Qidnai W@m :AI1\. No vznli conln`m om dszc{{m tclvizm`cm lc`tzc no qcai`di }scoom vczlm`c`tc. AILC MUUNC@C NO N O TZMTTMLC@TI. TZMTTMLC@TI. Unc`c ceecttsmti qnm m ezcddi abc m amodi "86¶ , 26¶A. Qn uczqm`i n` s`m umqam md n`amqtzi diuc muuc`hi`i oc zcm{ni`n c om vzcanvntm{ni`c. Dmho m`hion cqtcz`n `c cqac ma}sm }smqn onlvndm. O(ma}sm dioanenamtm qmzæ }sn`dn enotzmtm vcz conln`mzc oc sotnlc tzmaac dn zcmhc`tn n` qiqvc`qni`c. ]scqti â s` lctidi cai`ilnai lm oc`ti abc omqanm :,1¶e dn dszc{{m moo(ma}sm. ‑
Vcz ittc`czc znqsotmtn lnhonizn qn mjjn`m m }scqti lctidi o(stnon{{i dn EIQEMTI EIQEMTI TZNQIDNAI. Ai` }scqti zcmhc`tc qn mjjmttc om dszc{{m en`i m umoizn n`ecznizn m =¶e. No zcmttnui â/ vczú/ aiqtiqi c qn em vzcacdczc dmo lctidi Amoac,Qidm ceecttsmti ai` dnectti dn zcmttnui conln`m`di n` qchsnti/ aio eiqemti tznqidnai W@m 1VI4\ no =6 ‑ =3# dcoom dszc{{m zcqndsm.
LCTIDI DCOOI QAMLJNI NI@NAI; Qn sqm`i zcqn`c qamljnmtznan dn ni`n n` anaoi qidnai. EZMHNONTM( EZMHNONTM( AMSQTNAM Amsqmtm dmoom aizziqni`c dcoo(maanmni abc qn vsú ucznenamzc `cooc amodmnc n` {i`c qittiviqtc md cocumtc qioocantm{ni`n enqnabc,lcaam`nabc cd n` vzcqc`{m dn ma}sm md cocumtm jmqnantæ. C( s`m aizziqni`c qitti qeiz{i. Qn mjjn`m moom tc`qni`c lcaam`nam cd s` lc{{i aizziqnui jom`di. DCLN@CZMON[[M[NI@C Qn lcttc m ai`tmtti o(ma}sm ai` ZCQN@C QAMLJNMTZNAN QAMLJNMTZNAN AMTNI@NABC AMTNI@NABC CD M@NI@NABC. Oc AMTNI@NABC AMTNI@NABC n` e izlm MANDM acdi`i moom qios{ni`c ni`n B ' c dn mqviztmz`c amtni`n lctmoonan "@m '/ Am''/ Lh''/.... Oc M@NI@NABC acdi`i moom qios{ni`c ni`n IB , c viztm`i unm hon motzn m`ni`n "Ao ,/ QI4,,/ ‥. C`tzmljc qn qsddnundi`i n` EIZTN c DCJION. Oc AMTNI@NABC AMTNI@NABC dcjion es`{ni`m`i qioi n ` mljnc`tc `cstzi i jmqnai/ oc eiztn m`abc n` mljnc`tc mandi. Oc zcqn`c M@NI@NABC dcjion mhnqai`i qioi ai` mandn eiztn/ lc`tzc }scooc eiztn qiqtntsnqai`i m`abc hon mtiln dcznum`tn dm mandn dcjion. Vcz om dcln`czmon{{m{ni`c qn sqm`i nlvnm`tn M AIOI@@M qnlnon m enotzn m vzcqqni`c. Oc zcqn`c "qitti eizlm dn hzm`son qi`i ai`tc`stc n` zcanvnc`tn anon`dznan ai` dnmlctzi 6/3 ? d ? :,1 l. O(ma}sm dm tzmttmzc unc`c nllcqqm dmoo(moti. O(nlvnm`ti vnþ qclvonac â aiqtntsnti dm dsc aioi``c/ s`m ai` zcqn`m amtni`nam eiztc c o(motzm ai` zcqn`m m`ni`nam eiztc. ]sm`di oc zcqn`c dn cqmsznqai`i uc`hi`i znhc`czmtc; Zcqn`c amtni`nabc; Qn lctti`i m ai`tmtti ai` s`m qios{ni`c md motm ai`ac`tzm{ni`c dn ni`n B ' "4,5# dn mandi aoizndznai.
Zcqn`c m`ni`nabc; Qn lctti`i m ai`tmtti ai` ndziqqndi dn qidni abc ai`tnc`c ni`n IB , . Vcz znqvmzlnmzc unc`c n`qczntm/ tzm oc dsc aioi``c/ s`m tizzc dn dchmqmhhni abc conln`m ni`n BAI 1, zmooc`tm`di ai`qndczcuiolc`tc no ai`qsli dcoom zcqn`m m`ni`nam. S` sotcznizc znqvmzlni qn bm n`qczc`di s`m aioi``m dn zcqn`m m`ni`nam dcjioc vznlm i divi om tizzc dn dchmqmhhni. ]scqtm zcqn`m qn znhc`czm ai` zcmttnun viai aiqtizn cd n` ln`iz }sm`tntæ. @cn qnqtcln vnþ ailvocqqn qn n`qcznqac m li`tc s`m aioi``m dn zcqn`m amtni`nam dcjioc. ]sm`di qn vzidsac viam ma}sm dcln`czmon{{mtm dn sqm s`m qiom aioi``m ai` hzm`son lnqtn m`ni`nan c amtni`nan eiztn. ]scqtn qnqtcln uc`hi`i dcttn m octti lnqti. ZNHC@CZM[NI@C; Qn qcvmzm`i oc dsc zcqn`c qezsttm`di`c om dnuczqm dc`qntæ/ vin qn n`qcznqai`i n zcmttnun n` dsc lilc`tn dnuczqn/ qn conln`m o(caacqqi dn znhc`czm`tc omum`di ai` ma}sm dcln`czmon{{mtm c qn znlcqaiom tstti ai` s` hctti dn mznm dmo jmqqi. DIOANENAM[NI@C AI@ ZCQN@C QAMLJNMTZNAN. Qn em vmqqmzc o(ma}sm mttzmuczqi zcqn`c amtni`nabc n` eizlm qidnam "Ndzihc`i qiqtntsnti ai` qidni. Qn znhc`czm`i ai` s`m qios{ni`c 2,=3# dn aoizszi qidnai. Om dszc{{m qn zndsac en`i m 6/=,6/:¶e. DNQTNOOM[NI@C ‑
VCZ TCZLIAILVZCQQNI@C;
