CHE485 - Lab Report on Preparation of Soap and Properties Comparison with Synthetics Detergent (2017)

TABLE OF CONTENT 1.0 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ 2 2.0 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................. 3 3.0 OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................... 5 4.0 THEORY ............................................................................................................................ 6 5.0 MATERIALS & APPARATUS ...................................................................................... 10 6.0 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................... 11 7.0 RESULTS & CALCULATION ...................................................................................... 14 8.0 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................... 16 9.0 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................ 20 10.0 RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................... 21 11.0 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 22 12.0 APPENDICES ................................................................................................................ 23

Lab Report on Preparation of Soap and Properties Comparison with Synthetics Detergent

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1.0 ABSTRACT Soaps and detergents are used frequently in our daily life. There is a significant difference between them where the soaps are produced from the natural products while the detergents are synthetic or man-made. The objectives of the experiment is to prepare soap and compare its properties to that of a synthetics detergent. The soap is prepared by heating the mixture of mineral oil, ethanol and sodium hydroxide until they become paste-like mixture before being cooled off in ice bath for 15 minutes and filtered using vacuum filtration apparatus. The filtered soap is then stored in vacuum chamber for one week to ensure the water is fully removed from the soap. The synthetics detergent used in the experiment is Dynamo. The pH of the soap and detergent is 11 and 8, respectively. Emulsification occurs only on the distilled water sample and not on detergent solution and soap solution sample. Soap produce precipitate if in contact with acidic water or hardness in water such as Ca2+, Mg2+ and Fe3+ ion as in the experiment but not the case for detergent. The hydrochloric acid needed to change the pH of the soap solutions to 3 is 10 drops of HCl while for detergent solution is 2 drops of HCl. Relative cleanliness for detergent solution, soap solution and detergent without dilution with distilled water are the most clean, clean and slightly clean, respectively. Detergent solution is more effective compared to soap solution.

The objectives are successfully

obtained, therefore the experiment is successfully done.


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2.0 INTRODUCTION Soaps and detergents are used frequently in our daily life for example, to wash our hands and clean our clothes without ever really paying attention on how they work. Beneath the plain white surface of a bar of Ivory soap lies an intrigung history and a powerful chemistry. Actually, soap and detergents are very similar in their chemical properties which is same function used to wash and clean a dirt. However, there is a significant difference between them where the soaps are produced from the natural products while the detergents are synthetic or man-made. In today’s progressive world of science and technology, soap is manufactured much like it was back then where the fats and oils are technically heated with the presence of strong base which commonly used is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide to produce fatty acid salts and glycerol in a process termed as saponification process. As a matter of fact, the salt of a fatty acid is the soap, which is a soft and waxy material that brush up the ability for cleaning purpose of water. While processing of soap, a positive ion, usually Na+ or K+ and a negative ion usually the anions of long-chained carboxylic acids yielded by the hydrolysis of either animals or vegetables fats. Soap is a generic term for the sodium or potassium salts of long-chain organic acids (fatty acids) made from naturally occurring esters in animal fats and vegetable oils. All organic acids contain the RCO2H functional group, where R is shorthand notation for methyl, CH3-, ethyl CH3CH2-, propyl, CH3CH2CH2-, or more complex hydrocarbon chains called alkyl groups. Chemists use the R shorthand notation because these groups can be very large and the hydrocarbon chain has little effect on the compound's chemical reactivity. All esters contain the RCO2R functional group. The R groups in soaps are hydrocarbon chains that generally contain 12 to 18 carbon atoms. Sodium fatty acids such as lauric (vegetable oil), palmitic (palm oil), and stearic (animal fat) acids are just a few examples of soaps. The hydrocarbon chain in soaps may contain saturated which there is no double bonds or unsaturated contains double bonds chains. Sodium salts are usually solid, therefore most bars of soap are of sodium salts. Potassium salts are the basis of liquid soaps, shaving creams, and greases. Fats and vegetable oils are triglycerides. Triglycerides are esters derived from three fatty acids. Triglycerides in an ester derived from three fatty acids. A triglyceride made from three lauric acid molecules is shown in Figure 1.


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Figure 1– A Triglyceride Molecule Made from Lauric Acid and Glycerol.

Saponification is the basic hydrolysis of an ester producing a carboxylic acid salt and an alcohol. A lone pair of electrons on the OH- is attracted to the partially positively charged C atom in the C=O bond in the ester. The C-OR' bond breaks generating a carboxylic acid (RCO2H) and an alcohol (R'OH). In the presence of NaOH carboxylic acids are converted to their sodium salts (RCO2-Na+). When a triglyceride is saponified, three fatty acid salts which is soap and glycerol are produced. The R groups in the triglyceride may or may not have the same chain length. Thus, different types of soaps may be produced from the saponification of a particular triglyceride. Futhermore, the soap tends to decrease its melting point due to the presence of double bond which known as unsaturated with fatty acids materials. Thus, the compounds are in liquid form at room temperature. Technically, the vegetable fats are relatively unsaturated and liquid under the ordinary conditions, whereas animals fats are relatively more saturated and solid or more-solid at the same temperature. Thus, double bonds are said to lower the melting point of a fatty acid chain because its cis-conformation chain by a Van der Waals attraction. Hence, a lower temperature is required for these materials to form a solid crystal lattice. Nowadays, there a variety of detergents can be found today, which generally contain surfactants, a builder and other additives such as bleaching agents and enzymes. The surfactants are the parts that are responsible for the cleaning properties of that particular detergent. Some of them may be cationic, ionic and non-ionic. The builders indeed are compounds responsible for removing the corresponding calcium and also the magnesium ions in hard water. There are two detergents which may not be safe as it may concern, mostly that contains phosphates. Such detergents will end up in wastewater and cause excessive growth of algae and other aquatic plants. When those die, bacteris that present in the dead matter consume oxygen which then results in the lack of oxygen left for the fish and other aquatics lives.


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3.0 OBJECTIVES 1) To prepare soap for the experiment. 2) To compare the properties of the soap and detergent in hard water. 3) To determine the emulsification occurrence in distilled water, soap and detergent. 4) To compare the cleansing abilities of soap and detergent. 5) To determine the effectiveness of the soap and detergent.


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4.0 THEORY Soap is a mixture of sodium salts of various naturally occuring fatty acids. Air bubbles added to a molten soap will decrease the density of the soap thus it will float on the water. If the fatty acid salt has potassium rather than a sodium, a softer lather is the result. This is because the bar soap produced in the presence of sodium hydroxide while the liquid soap is formed in the presence of potassium hydroxide.Soap is the salt of a weak acid. Most organic acids arc weak acids. Consequently, hydrolysis occurs to some extent when soap dissolves in water. Soap solutions tend to be slightly basic due to partial hydrolysis of the acid. The soap is produced by a saponification or basic hydrolysis reaction of a fat or oil. Currently, sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide is used to neutralize the fatty acid and convert it to the salt.

(Equation 1) The cleansing action of soaps results from two effects. Soaps are wetting agents that reduce the surface tension of water, allowing the water molecules to encounter the dirty object. They are also emulsifying agents. In general, organic compounds are nonpolar. Water is a polar species. These two substances will not dissolve in each other because of their dissimilar characteristics. Soaps cross the boundary between polar and nonpolar because they contain a polar hydrophobic end and a polar hydrophilic end as shown in figure 2.

Figure 2 – a) A Molecular Line Drawing and b) A Skeletal Representation of Sodium Stearate.


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Soaps have both polar and nonpolar molecular regions, hence they are soluble in both polar and nonpolar species. The hydrophobic portion of soap is soluble in non-polar compounds like grease and oils and the hydrophilic end dissolves in water. Soap molecules surround grease and oils and break them up into microscopic droplets, which can remain suspended in water. These suspended microscopic droplets are called micelles. Micelles contain very small amounts of oil or grease in their center. Thus oil or grease dissolved in water forms an emulsion; a form of suspension in water.

Figure 3 – Formation of micelle. Water supplies in certain areas are acidic as a result of acid rain or pollution, or hard due to dissolved mineral content. Both acidic and hard water reduce the cleansing action of soap. Soap is the salt of a weak acid and in the presence of a stronger acid, the sodium salt is converted to an insoluble organic acid as shown in equation 2.

(Equation 2) Hard water contains dissolved Ca2+, Mg2+ and Fe

3+

ions from the minerals that the

water passes over. Normally, soaps made from sodium and potassium fatty acid salts are soluble in water. However, in the presence of these metal ions, the Na+ and K+ convert to insoluble Ca2+, Mg2+ and Fe 3+ salts as shown in equation 3.


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(Equation 3) In either acidic or hard water, the soluble soaps form insoluble salts which leave scummy rings on bathtubs and black areas on shirt collars. The cleansing ability of soap is reduced because soap molecules are removed from solution. There are several techniques used to circumvent the problems generated by hard water. Water can be softened via removing hard water ions from solution using ion exchange techniques or by adding watersoftening agents, such as sodium phosphate, Na3PO4 or sodium carbonate, Na2CO3. Watersoftening agents react with the Ca2+, Mg2+ and Fe 3+ removing them from water like equation 4 and equation 5 and preventing the reaction of these ions with soap. 3Ca2+(aq) + 2 PO43- (aq) → Ca3(PO4)2 (S)

(Equation 4)

Mg2+(aq) + CO32- (aq) → MgCO3 (S)

(Equation 5)

Thus “Syndets” were developed to overcome the soap hard water problem. Syndets differ from soaps in that the nonpolar fatty acids groups are replaced with alkyl or aryl sulfonic acids, ROSO3H. The alkyl or aryl sulfonic acids have long hydrophobic carbon chains and a hydrophilic sulfonate end. The difference in polar groups is one of the key distinctions between a soap and a synthetic detergent. Syndets form micelles and cleanse in the same manner as soaps. Two examples of synthetic detergents are shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4 – Examples of synthetics detergents


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So basically, soap is a generic term for the sodium or potassium salts of long-chain organic acid which is fatty acid that are made from naturally occuring esters in animal fats and also the vegetable oils. All organic acid contain the RCOOH functional group, where R is the shorthen notation for the complex hydrocarbon which famously known as alkyl group. The term for R is used because the group can be very large and for the addition for each chain has a litter effect for the chemical reactivity. While for the ester it contain RCOOR functional group. A soap is the sodium or potassium salt of a long chain fatty acid. The fatty acid usually contain 12 to 18 carbon atoms which can be expressed as term R.Furthermore, the hydrocarbon chain in the soap may contain saturated and unsaturated chains. Sodium salts are usually solid therefore, most bars of soap are sodium salts. While potassium salts are the basis of liquid soaps, shaving cream, and greases. Triglycerides is formed by the combination of three molecules of fatty acid which are fats and vegetable oils. Triglycerides included in the ester group which is RCOOR which derived from three fatty acids. Saponification is a process that produce soap usually from fats and lye. In the other words, saponification involves base hydrolysis of triglycerides, which are esters of fatty acid to produce a product which is sodium salt od a carboxylate. Besides, saponification processes also produce glycerol. Since the cleansing action of soaps depend upon the fact that they ionize readily in water,.thus, the soap would no longer clean and emulsify the oil and dirt. This is because due to the hard water contain metal cations such as Ca2+ and Mg2+ that will react with the charged ends of the soaps and directly form the insoluble salts. As the conclusion, the synthetic detergent were developed to overcome this kind of problems. The difference in polar groups is one of the key distinctions between a soap and a synthetic detergent. The synthetic detergent form micelles and cleanse in the same manner as soaps but if it released into rivers and lakes it can cause explosive growth of algae. Thus, it can cause decay of the aquatic ecosystem due to deoxygenation from the decomposition of dead algae.


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5.0 MATERIALS & APPARATUS 5.1) APPARATUS 1.

Test tubes with rack

2.

Measuring cylinder

3.

pH meter

4.

Beakers

5.

Glass rod

6.

Hot plate

7.

250-mL Conical flask

8.

Vacuum filtration apparatus

9.

Buchner Funnel

10. Dropper 11. Retort stand and clamp 12. Electronic weightage scale 13. Petri dish

5.2) MATERIALS 1.

Stock soap solution

2.

Distilled water

3.

Synthetic detergent (dynamo)

4.

Calcium chloride, CaCl2 solution

5.

Magnesium chloride, MgCl2 solution

6.

Ferum chloride, FeCl2 solution

7.

1 M hydrochloric acid, HCl

8.

Tomato sauce

9.

Cloth strip


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6.0 METHODOLOGY PART A: SOAP PREPARATION 1) 25 mL of vegetable oil placed in a 250 mL Conical flask. The 20 mL of ethanol and 25 mL of 6 M Sodium Hydroxide solution added to the flask. The mixture stirred by using stirring rod to mix the contents of the flask. 2) The 250 mL flask was heated in boiling water inside of a 600 mL beaker. 3) The mixture was stirring continuously during the heating process to prevent the mixture from foaming. If the mixture should foam to the point of nearly overflowing, the flask removed from the boiling-water bath until the foaming subsides, then continue heated. The mixture heated for 20-30 minute or until the alcohol odor is no longer detectable. 4) The paste-like mixture was removed from the boiling-water bath and the flask cooled in an ice bath for 10-15 minutes. 5) While the flask is cooling assemble the vacuum filtration apparatus, the vacuum flask secured to a ring stand with a utility clamp to prevent the apparatus from toppling over. 6) A piece of filter paper weighted to the nearest 0.001 g and recorded. The filter paper placed inside the Buchner funnel. The filter paper was moisture with water so that it fits flush in the bottom of the funnel 7) The 150 mL of saturated Sodium Chloride, NaCl solution added to the flask to salt out the soap once the flask has cooled. 8) Slowly turn on the water at the aspirator. The mixture from the flask poured into the Buchner funnel. Once all of the liquid has filtered through the funnel, the soap washed with 10 mL of ice-cold water. The suction filtration was continued until the water is removed from the soap. 9) The soap removed from the funnel and pressed it between two paper towels to dry it. The filter paper and dried soap weighed and the mass to the nearest 0.001 recorded. The mass of the soap by difference was determined and the mass was recorded. 10) The dried soap kept in petri dish.


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PART B: COMPARISON OF THE SOAP AND DETERGENT PROPERTIES – PRECIPITATION AND EMULSIFICATION. 1) A stock soap solution is prepared by dissolving 2g of the prepared soap in 100 mL of boiling distilled water. The mixture is stirred until the soap has dissolved and the solution is allowed to cool. 2) Step 1 is repeated using 2 g of synthetic detergent. When both solutions are cool, the pH of each solution is determined using pH paper. 3) Three test tubes are labeled as test tube A, B, and C. 4 drops of vegetable oil are added to each test tube. 5 mL of distilled water is added to test tube A. 5 mL of stock soap solution is added to test tube B. 5 mL of stock synthetic detergent is added to test tube C. 4) Each solution is mixed by shaking and let stand for three to five minutes. The solutions, if any, which emulsifies the oil by forming a single layer, is noted. The mixtures are poured into the Waste Container. The three test tubes are cleaned and dried. 5) Three more test tubes are labeled as test tube A, B, and C. 2 mL of stock soap solution is placed in each of the three test tubes. 2 mL of 1% CaCl2 solution is added to test tube A. 2 mL of 1% MgCl2 solution is added to test tube B. 2 mL of l% FeCl2 solution is added to test tube C. Each test tube is shaken to mix the solutions. The observations are recorded. 6) 4 drops of vegetable oil are added to each of the test tubes in Step 6. Each test tube is shaken to mix the solutions and the solutions are left to stand for three five minutes. The solutions, if any, which emulsifies the oil by forming a single layer, is noted. 7) Steps 6-7 are repeated using 2 mL of stock detergent solution. The solutions that precipitated are observed. The solutions, if any, which emulsifies the oil by forming a single layer, is noted. 8) The mixtures are poured into the Waste Container. The test tubes are cleaned and dried. 9) 5 ml of stock soap solution is poured in beaker A and 5 mL of stock detergent solution in a beaker B. 1 M HC1 is added one drop at a time to both solutions until the pH in each test tube is equal to 3. The number of drops of acid added to each mixture is counted. Any precipitate formed in either mixture is observed. 10) 1 drop of vegetable oil is added to each test tube in Step 11. Each test tube is shaken to mix the solution. Any emulsification formed in either mixture is observed.


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PART

C:

COMPARISON

OF

CLEANING

ABILITIES

OF

SOAP

AND

DETERGENTS 1) The three beakers are cleaned, dried and labeled. Then 20 mL of stock soap solution from part B is placed in the first beaker. After that, 20 mL of stock detergent solution (from Step 2 in Part B) is placed in the 2nd beaker. 20 mL of a commercial liquid is added in a third beaker. 2) Three cloth test strips that have been soaked in tomato sauce are obtained and then one strip is placed in each of the beakers. Repeatedly each solution is stirred with a stirrer bar for 5 minutes. 3) The cloth strips is removed from the soap and detergent solution and then the excess water is squeezed out. Each cloth strip is observed and compared to determine their relative cleanliness.


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7.0 RESULTS & CALCULATION Table 1 – Soap Preparation Mass of Petri dish (g)

6.7024

Mass of Filter paper (g)

0.9907

Mass of filter paper + Soap + petri dish (g)

35.7087

Mass of Soap recovered (g)

28.0156

Table 2 – pH Of Soap And Detergent Solution Brand Name of Synthetics Detergent

Dynamo

pH of soap solution

11

pH of synthetics detergent solution

8

Table 3 – Emulsification Occurrence System

Emulsification Occurrence

Observation

Distilled water

Yes

Emulsify

Soap

No

Cloudy

Detergent

No

Clear

Table 4 – Comparison of Soap and Detergent Properties Precipitate System

Oil Emulsified

Soap

Detergent

Soap

Detergent

CaCl2

Yes

No

No

No

MgCl2

Yes

No

No

No

FeCl3

Yes

No

No

No

Table 5 – Soap Solution And Detergent Solution Properties In Hard Water System

Amount of HCl

Oil Emulsified

Precipitate

needed to change pH to 3 Detergent Stock

2

No

Precipitated

Soap stock

10

No

No Precipitated


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Table 6 – Relative Cleanliness of Soap Solution, Detergent Solution and Detergent System

Relative cleanliness

Soap Solution

Clean

Detergent solution

Most Clean

Detergent

Slightly clean


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8.0 DISCUSSION The main objective of this experiment is to prepare soap and compare its properties to that of a synthetic detergent. There are three parts of this experiment. The first part which is Part A is about preparation of the soap. Next, Part B which is about the comparison of soap and detergent properties to test precipitation and emulsifying, followed by Part C, the comparison of cleaning abilities of soap and detergent. In Part A, during the soap preparation, saponification process occur where the fatty acid carboxylate ions are formed in the presence of the strong base which is used sodium hydroxide, NaOH for this experiment. Then, these carboxylate ions are the conjugate bases of the fatty acids therefore, it is able to accept a proton to form stable compound.

In part B, all the comparison of properties had been observed and recorded. The pH value of soap solution and synthetics detergent (dynamo) is pH 11 and pH 7 respectively. From the result, the pH value of the soap solution is neutral and synthetic detergent is alkaline solution. Therefore, alkaline detergent is recommended for cleaning because it allowing the cleaner to produce more efficient and effective results than the soap solution. Thus, detergent is better in cleaning compare to the soap solution. This part determined the comparison of oil emulsification for the three types of sample in test tube A, B and C which are distilled water, soap solution and finally the synthetic detergent. Emulsify means is a colloid of two or more immiscible liquids where one liquid contains a dispersion of the other liquids. In other word, an emulsion is a special type of mixture made by combining two liquids that normally don’t mix. From the observation, the distilled water emulsified the oil meanwhile the synthetics detergent and soap solution not emulsified the oil which formed clear solution and cloudy solution respectively.

From the result in test tube A, the distilled water emulsified the oil because the mixtures have two immiscible fluids which given time will separate spontaneously. Under the influence of gravity the oil will rise to the surface and form a layer on top of the water phase. This is what is called gravity separation. Oil is not dissolved in the water phase but is dispersed throughout the water phase as very fine droplets. It causes the oil to emulsify and separate less readily from the aqueous medium. In test tube B and C, the synthetics detergent and soap solution not emulsified the oil. The detergents are structurally similar to soaps, but


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differ in the water-soluble portion. Detergent and soap solution is attracted to both water and oil. This is reason why detergent and soap not emulsified with oil.

Next, the comparison of properties of soap and detergent in hard solution, it represents the water condition in hard water which contains CaCl2, MgCl2 and FeCl2 for each of the test tubes respectively. By using our soap, precipitate form in three of the test tubes. This is because the metal ions from the hard water will cause the soap to form an insoluble salt. That is why the water does not mix with the soap and forming precipitate. Although soap is a good cleaning agent, its effectiveness is reduced when used in hard water. Hardness in water is caused by the presence of mineral salts because the mineral salts react with soap to form an insoluble precipitate known as soap film or scum.

After that, mineral oil was added to all of the test tubes. Based on the observation, before adding the mineral oil, the precipitate is formed in the soap solution for all three test tubes, but after adding the mineral oil there are no oil emulsified observed in the soap. This is because the hydrocarbon is hydrophobic and soluble with the oil, but micelles will still be form even though the metal ions causing the soap to be insoluble with water. So that, this is a good characteristics for the soap as the cleaning agent if there no emulsifies oil on the cloth. Compare to the properties of soap in the hard solution, detergent is more preferable since there is no precipitate and oil emulsified in the detergent solution before and after adding the mineral oil into the detergent solution.

However, although the detergent have the advantages compare to the soap, but there is a significant issue regarding the use of synthetic detergent that is the biodegradability of some of its components. In fact, many of the surfactants initially used in detergents were not biodegradable whereas soaps are biodegradable, apparently can be degraded by bacteria. The amount of hydrochloric acid need to change the pH of the soap solution to 3 is about 10 drop whereas for detergent solution is about 2 drops. The big difference could be due to the difference in initial value of the pH of the cleaning agents which is 11 for soap solution and 8 for detergent solution. Therefore, higher concentration of hydronium ion is required to change the soap solution as compared to detergent solution from basic to acidic.


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Soap produce precipitate as the pH turned from 11 to 3. Hard water reduces the cleansing action of the soap as the acid presence in the water convert the soap to an insoluble organic acid. Detergent do not produce precipitate as the pH turned from 8 to 3 since the hydrophobic portion in the detergent differ from soaps in that the nonpolar fatty acids group is replaced with alkyl or aryl sulfonic acid. The sulfonic acid is much stronger than carboxylic acid, thus the detergent do not produces precipitate like soap.

Oil emulsion do not occurred for both sample in hard water since no presence of grease or oil in the sample. However, even if there is grease or mineral oil present in the solution, there will still be no oil emulsion since the hydrophobic portion of the cleaning agents is soluble in nonpolar compound like grease and oil.

In part C, the dirt in the experiment which is tomato sauce contains olive oils along with other organic species (Batali) are nonpolar species whereas water is polar species. Water alone cannot remove the dirt since oil repels water molecules since it is hydrophobic while water is hydrophilic. Thus, due to dissimilar characteristics, they cannot dissolve in each other. Therefore, they need other medium to allow the removal of dirt from affected area or in this experiment, the cloth strips. Soap and detergent have both polar and nonpolar region in the molecule which function by breaking down the interface between water and the dirt. They hold the dirt in suspension and allow their removal. (Surfactants, 2013)

Based on the visual comparison between the cloth strips in the three cleaning agents (20mL soap solution, 20mL detergent solution and 20mL detergent), the most clean is the one in the detergent solution, followed by soap solution and detergent without dilution with distilled water. Thus, showing that detergent solution is the most effective compared to the other two cleaning agents sample. Soap and detergent reduce surface tension in water allowing the water to spread and contacted with the whole cloth strips surface area which then allow the water to encounter the dirt presence on the cloth strips. They are also emulsifying agents which lead to separation of dirt from the cloth strips. Detergent contained one or more surfactants. The surfactants in detergents can be engineered to perform well under a variety of conditions due to their chemical makeup. (SDAC) Thus, making detergent much more effectives compared to soap solution.


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However, just like water alone cannot remove the stain on the cloth strips, soap and detergent are also the same. The cloth strip in the third sample of the cleaning agent which is the detergent without dilution with distilled water shows the least effective cleaning agents since only little amount of dirt is removed. This could be due to the stirring effect and not even the detergent that functioning as the cleaning agent. Since, the detergent is too concentrated to penetrate the cloth strip and separating the dirt from the cloth strip, it can hardly be concluded that high concentration of detergent without the spreading mechanism which is water molecules is a good way to use the cleaning agent. Therefore, the right ratio is required between the cleaning agents and water in order for dirt or stains to be removed from the affected area or cloth strips.


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9.0 CONCLUSION This experiment was performed successfully and the objective was achieved. The objective of this experiment is to prepare soap and compare its properties to that of a synthetic detergent. There are three parts in these experiments. The first part which is part A is about preparation of soap, part B is about comparison of soap and detergent properties to test precipitation and emulsifying followed by the part C is comparison of cleaning abilities of soap and detergent. In part A, the soap is prepared and the mass of filter paper, soap and soap recovered was recorded. All the comparison of properties had been observed and recorded in part B. From the result, the pH value of the soap solution is neutral and synthetic detergent is alkaline solution. Therefore, alkaline detergent is recommended for cleaning than the soap solution. The comparison of oil emulsification determined for the three types of sample which are distilled water, soap solution and synthetic detergent. In test tube A, the distilled water emulsified the oil because the mixtures have two immiscible fluid. In test tube B and C, detergent and soap solution is attracted to both water and oil. So, this is reason why detergent and soap not emulsified with oil. This part also determined the comparison of properties of soap and detergent in hard solution. There are three types of sample in test tube A, B and C which are calcium chloride, magnesium chloride and ferum chloride. Based on result, the soap has the precipitate of properties if compare with the synthetic detergent that does not formed any precipitate although react with either CaCl2, MgCl2 nor FeCl2. For acidic test, it observe that the amount of HCl titrate until the pH 3 of the soap has a high compare with the synthetic detergent and the soap formed the precipitate when react with the acid and not for the synthetic detergent. In part C, the relative cleanliness for beaker of soap solution (A), detergent solution (B) and detergent (C) was determined. Based on result, the detergent solution shown the high relative cleanliness compare with the soap solution and the detergent. The relative cleanliness can be concluding as: detergent solution < soap solution < detergent. Thus, the objective of the experiment is achieved.


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10.0 RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the experiment, there are many ways to improve the experiment in order to obtain the accurate results. Firstly, in order to avoid any mistakes, conduct the experiment with the guidance of the lecturer or lab assistant to ensure that the experiment run smoothly.

Besides, to get the accurate result for the pH value for the soap and detergent, the pH value should be record when the pH meter is constant. This is to make sure that we can achieve the accurate data results. The pH electrode also should be wash with distilled water so that the pH reading is more accurate.

Other than that, when measuring 2mL of stock solution using the dropper, it should be taken at eye level which is parallel to our eyes to avoid parallax error. Other than that, air bubble must be completely removed from the dropper to avoid any inaccuracy of the readings. If the air bubble present, the data recorded will be affect, thus the calculation will deviates from the theory.

Besides, make sure that when mixing the vegetable oil with ethanol and sodium hydroxide solution, the mixture is stirred completely to ensure the solution is dissolved completely. Then, during the heating process the mixture should stir continuously and if the mixture foam to the point of nearly overflowing, the flask should be remove from the boiling water until the foaming subsides, then the heating is continued.

Last but not least, study the lab manual that have been given to us before start up the experiment. We also can improve our skill and knowledge to ensure that experiment can be done smoothly.


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11.0 REFERENCES The characteristics of oil/water separation. (2003). Retrieved December 7, 2017, from Suparator: http://suparator.com/volume4_e/characteristics.html Lab Report 6 Soap and Detergent UiTM. (2013, May 20). Retrieved December 8, 2017, from Scribd: https://www.scribd.com/document/146911988/Lab-Report-6-Soap-AndDetergent-Uitm Surfactants. (2013, March 18). Retrieved December 8, 2017, from The Essential Chemical Industry - Online: http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/materials-andapplications/surfactants.html Batali, M. (n.d.). Basic Tomato Sauce. Retrieved December 8, 2017, from Food Network: http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/mario-batali/basic-tomato-sauce-recipe121913832 Katz, D. A. (2000). The Science of Soaps and Detergents. Retrieved December 9, 2017, from Scribd: https://www.scribd.com/doc/38611220 Lab Manual 6 Soap and Detergent. (n.d.). Retrieved November 24, 2017, from I-Learn: http://i-learn.uitm.edu.my/ SDAC. (n.d.). Information About Soaps and Detergents. Retrieved December 8, 2017, from Healthy Cleaning 101: http://www.healthycleaning101.org/information_about_soaps_and_detergents/


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12.0 APPENDICES PART A: SOAP PREPARATION

Figure 5 heating the water until boiled

Figure 7 the conical flask heated in boiled water

Figure 6 the mixture of vegetable oil, ethanol and sodium hydroxide

Figure 8 the soap in conical flask heated in boiled water


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Figure 10 vacuum filtration apparatus Figure 9 the soap in conical flask cooled in the beaker contained ice cubes

Figure 11 the soap dried by using vacuum filtration apparatus

Figure 12 the dry soap in buchner funnel

Figure 13 the dry soap kept in petri dish


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PART B: COMPARISON OF THE SOAP AND DETERGENT PROPERTIES – PRECIPITATION AND EMULSIFICATION.

Figure 14 the water boiled using hot plate

Figure 15 the stock soap mixed with hot water

Figure 16 the detergent mixed hot water

Figure 17 the pH value of soap solution and detergent solution


25

Figure 18 to observed the emulsion of the test tube A,B and C

Figure 19 to observed the precipitation of the test tube A, B and C in detergent solution

Figure 21 acidity test of soap solution

Figure 20 to observed the precipitation of the test tube A, B and C in soap solution


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PART

C:

COMPARISON

OF

CLEANING

ABILITIES

OF

SOAP

AND

DETERGENTS.

Figure 22 the beaker A, B and C before mixed with strip cloths

Figure 23 to observed the cleanliness ability


27

CHE485 - Lab Report on Preparation of Soap and Properties Comparison with Synthetics Detergent (2017)

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