Soap Lab Report by AD

Name

Lab report

 Teacher  Teacher

Subject Chemistry

Grade

Introduction

A soup is the sodium or potassium salt of a long-chain fatty fatt y acid. The fatty acid usually contains ! to " carbon atoms. a toms.  The source of the fatty acids either from animal#s fats or $egetables %hich are esters of carbo&ylic acids. They ha$e a high molecular %eight and contained alcohol and glycerol. Chemically' these fats and oils called triglycerides.

Solid soaps usually consists of sodium salts of fatty acids' %hereas li(uid soaps consists of the potassium salts of fatty acids. A soup such as sodium stearate consists of a nonpolar end )the hydrocarbon chain of the fatty* and a polar end )the ionic carbo&ylate*.

 Theorical +rame%or, +rame%or,

rganic chemistry

Is a chemistry chemistry sub  sub discipline in$ol$ing the scientic scientic study  study of the structure' properties' and reactions of organic compounds and compounds  and organic materials' materials' i.e.' matter in its $arious forms that contain carbon atoms atoms.. Study of structure includes many physical and chemical methods to determine the chemical composition and composition  and the chemical constitution of constitution of organic compounds and materials. Study of properties includes both physical properties and properties and chemical properties' properties' and uses similar methods as %ell as methods to e$aluate chemical reacti$ity'' %ith the aim to understand the beha$ior of the reacti$ity organic matter in its pure form )%hen possible*' but also in solutions' mi&tures' and fabricated forms. The study of organic reactions includes reactions  includes probing their scope through use in preparation of target compounds )e.g.' natural products'' drugs products drugs'' polymers polymers'' etc.* by chemical synthesis' synthesis' as %ell as the focused study of the reacti$ities reacti$ities of  of indi$idual organic molecules' both in the laboratory and $ia theoretical )in ) in silico* silico* study.  The range of chemicals studied in organic chemistry chemistry include hydrocarbons hydrocarbons )compounds  )compounds containing only carbon carbon and  and hydrogen hydrogen*' *' as %ell as myriad compositions based al%ays on carbon' but also containing other elements' /0/10/20 /20 especially  especially o&ygen' nitrogen' sulfur' phosphorus )these' included in many organic chemicals in biology* biology * and the radiostable radiostable elements  elements of the halogens halogens.. In the modern era' the range e&tends further into the periodic table' %ith main group elements' elements' including3

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Group  and ! organometallic compounds' compounds ' i.e.' in$ol$ing al,ali al,ali )e.g.'  )e.g.' lithium' sodium' and potassium* or al,aline earth metals )e.g.' metals )e.g.' magnesium* 4etalloids )e.g.' boron and silicon* or other metals 4etalloids )e.g.' metals )e.g.'  )e.g.' aluminium and tin*

In addition' much modern research focuses on organic chemistry in$ol$ing further organometallics organometallics'' including the lanthanides lanthanides'' but especially thetransition the transition metals; )e.g.' 5inc' copper' palladium' nic,el' cobalt' titanium and chromium*

Line-angle representation

Ball-and-stick representation

Space-lling representation  Three representations of an organic compound' 678ihydroprogesterone )67-89:*' 8ihydroprogesterone  )67-89:*' asteroid asteroid hormone. hormone. +or molecules sho%ing color' the carbon atoms are in blac,' hydrogens in gray' and o&ygens in red. In the line angle representation' carbon atoms are implied at e$ery terminus of  a line and $erte& of multiple lines' and hydrogen atoms are implied to ll the remaining needed $alences )up to 2*.

+inally' organic compounds form compounds form the basis of all earthly life and life  and constitute a signicant part of human endea$ors in chemistry. chemistry. The bonding patterns open to carbon' %ith its $alence of four;formal single' double' and triple bonds' as %ell as $arious structures stru ctures %ith delocali5ed electrons;ma,e the array of organic compounds structurally di$erse' and their range of applications enormous. They either form the basis of' or are important constituents constitue nts of' many commercial products including pharmaceuticals pharmaceuticals<< petrochemicals petrochemicals and  and products made from them )including lubricants lubricants'' sol$ents sol$ents'' etc.*< plastics plastics<< fuels and fuels  and e&plosi$es e&plosi$es<< etc. As indicated' the study of organic chemistry o$erlaps %ith organometallic chemistry and chemistry  and biochemistry biochemistry'' but also %ith medicinal chemistry'' polymer chemistry' chemistry chemistry' as %ell as many aspects of materials science. science. =eport

 Title and date3 :reparation :reparation and :roperties of Soap<  August' !>6 bjecti$e3  To   To 

prepare a soap ?no% ho% to do it and ,no% that#s its important for use or not.

:re-lab @uestions3 -hat is a soapB Ans-Is a protocol protocol specication  specication for e&changing structured information in the implementation of %eb ser$ices in ser$ices in computer net%or,s. net%or,s. It uses 4L Information Set for Set for its message format' and relies on other application layer protocols' layer  protocols' most notably 9yperte&t Transfer

:rotocol )9TT:* or Simple 4ail Transfer :rotocol )S4T:*' :rotocol )9TT:* :rotocol  )S4T:*' for message negotiation and transmission. !- hat does the term saponication meanB Ans- Is a process that produces soap' usually from fats and lye. 1- hat does the term emulsion meanB Ans- Is a mi&ture of t%o or more li(uids that are normally immiscible )unmi&able or unbendable*. Dmulsions are part of a more general class of t%o-phase systems of matter called colloids. 2- hat does the t he term hydrophilic and hydrophobic meansB Ans- hydrophilic is a molecule or other molecular entity that is attracted to' and tends to be dissol$ed by' %ater and hydrophobic is ha$ing little or no aEnity for %ater.

4aterials3 

FF grams of coo,ing oil  1! grams of potassium hydro&ide  12> grams of %ater  Sto$e  Coo,ing pot   Thermometers  Cups  ea,ers  eight :rocedure3

- eigh the e&act amounts of %ater' potassium potassium hydro&ide' hydro&ide' and oil. !- 9eat the oil to e&actly e&actly ">HC' the same same temperature temperature that %ill be the mi&ture of the %ater and the potassium hydro&ide. It is necessary that both of the substance are at the same temperature. hen they t hey are' carefully pour the potassium hydro&ide solution into the pot. 1- 4i& gently using a glass stic, cloc,%ise. ait ait for the settle' and the pour in into the cups for it to solidify at last. 2- ash your hands hands before before lea$ing. lea$ing. bser$ations3 +or me the most important obser$ation that I can say is about %hen %e %ere calculating the %eight of all the materials' there %e ha$e to add the %eight of material and the %eight of the lab materials and also the smell of the oil %hile boiling' it %as $ery strong. As the teacher say %e can ha$e an infection also about doing the things that %e didn#t ,no%. ,no%.

Analysis3  The fats and oils most commonly used in soap preparation preparation are lard and tallo% from animal sources' and coconut' palm and oli$e oils from $egetable sources.  Tallo%  Tallo% and lard are are the fats separated from solid beef fat )suet* and hog fat' by the process of rendering. =endering

consists of boiling the animal fat in a pot %ith an e(ual $olume of %ater until a layer of melted fat collects on top. )%hen the animal tissue is heated' the fat in the cells melts' e&pands' ruptures the cell membrane- and then o%s out. Since the fat is immiscible %ith %ater' and has a lo%er density' it forms a oating layer on the top of the %ater in the pot.* the rendered fat is then dra%n oJ' and allo%ed to solidify by cooling.

Conclusions3 In conclusions %e learn about ho% to ma,e a soup %ith coo,ing %aste oil and %e had good e&perience doing this %or, in the lab and in the end unfortunately' my group fail to ma,e the soap because %e had a fail but our friends group did %ill and %e %atch them and it %as successful.

Anne&es