Chaveiro - Aula 05

LT_\I GD LA@^DK_I - @TB@ 4 LIHNDLÍÌIG@LA@^D U@HWIM_ÀNKL@ U@HWIM _ÀNKL@BKHA@ BKHA@NI_G NI_G @ Nirg `gitiu `gitiu ` p`rtkr p`rtkr gi `hi gd 0;;= dj su` bkha` gd ùtijüvdks Nirg C`, Nkdst`, Dslirt d Jihgdi, uj hivi jigdbi gd la`vd. Dst` la`vd ë tit`bjdhtd gkndrdhtd g`s la`vds lihvdhlkih`ks pir hìi pissukr l`v`s d hdj gdhtds. J`kirds gdt`bads siord i skst` gd sdmrdgi gdst`s la`vds sdrà dstug`gi h` bkíìi siord ndla`gur`s gd ùtijüvdks. Uirëj, lihadldr ` la`vd d sòdr kgdhtknkl`r i sdu sdmrdgi ë kjpirt`htd p`r` i prinksskih`b la`vdkri. Liji Li ji gks gkssd sdji jiss db` ë gkn gknddrdhtd, piks, pissuk ‒r`jp`s‚ qud is nòrkl`htds gd jàqukh`s, listuj`j la`j`r gd gdhtd d `khg` iutris nòrkl`htds pdbi hijd gd lirtd. ^`jis `git`r, i tdrji ‒lirtd‚ qud ë i tdrji us`gi pdbi nòrkl`htd Mibg g` jàqukh` qud gdslrdvdjis. Dss` la`vd pigd tdr hi jàxkji qu`tri lirtds gkndrdhtds, huj tit`b gd sdks lirtds. ^`jis ^`j is n`z n`zdr dr uj` lij lijp`r p`r``íìi6 sdmrdgi gd pkhis utkbkz`j dj jëgk` sdks `btur`s gkndrdhtds p`r` is pkhis sdmrdgis. Is lkbkhgris gd mukbaitkh`s iu p`badt`s pigdj t`joëj utkbkz`r `të sdks `btur`s gkndrdhtds p`r` nirj`rdj i sdmrdgi. Fà dst dst`` la` la`vd vd tr` trò`b o`ba` a` lij r`jp`s iu lirtds lij qu`tri khlbkh`íôds gkndrdhtds. (Nkmur` 0). Uirt`hti, dst` la`vd pigd tdr hi jàxkji qu`tri lirtds gkndrdhtds d giks gi ks km kmu` u`ks ks hi hiss qu qu`t `tri ri l` l`ht htis is g` la`vd. LT_\I GD LA@^DK_I “ @TB@ 4

Nkmur` 0 - La`vd p`htimrànkl` Nirg.

LIJI KGDHWKNKL@_ @ LA@^D Liji fà gkssdjis is lirtds g` la`vd la` vd sìi sìip`g p`grih rihkz` kz`gis gisdj dj qu` qu`tri trilir lirtds tds ligknkl lig knkl`gi `giss g` sdm sdmukh ukhtd td j`h j`hdkr dkr`6 `6

0- \dj lirtd, rdt` iu pb`h` ?- Lirtd r`si <- Lirtd jëgki 7- Lirtd nuhgi

0

?

^df` dssds lirtds h` nkmur` ?. O`sd`gi O`sd` gi hdst hdst`s `s khnirj khnirj`íôd `íôds, s, v`jis kgdhtknkl`r ` la`vd g` nkmur` 0. Tj` nirj` o`st`htd ràpkg` d sdmur` gd kgdhtknkl`r is lirtds ë iba`r `s la`vds gd b`gi d hìi gd lkj`, lihnirjd jistr`jis h` nkmur` <. _dlijdhg`-sd n`zdr ` kgdhtknkl`íìi gis lirtds ` p`rtkr gi prkjdkri lirtd d hi sdhtkgi g` lòdí` p`r` ` piht` g` la`vd. @sskj tdjis6

< 7

Nkmur` ? - Is lirtds g` la`vd p`htimrànkl` sìi p`grihkz`gis dj qu`tri.

?

KH\WKWTWI THK^D_\@B O_@\KBDK_I

ì i l ` í l k k n n k k t g d h d k g g 0 7 i g t k k g \ d h < 0 ?

?

0

?

<

0

7

?

Nkmur` < - Ibad gd b`gi ` la`vd p`htimrànkl` p`r` m`r`htkr ` kgdhtknkl`íìi sdmur` gis lirtds.

Urkjdkri Urkjdk ri lir lirtd td r`s r`si i :? \dmuhgi lirtd nuhgi : 7 Wdrldkri Wdrld kri lirtd lirtd pb`hi pb`hi : 0 Pu`rti Pu` rti lir lirtd td jëg jëgki ki : < Pukh Pu khti ti li lirt rtdd r` r`si si :? \dxt \d xti i li lirt rtdd pb pb`h `hi i :0 Bimi i sdmrdgi gdss` la`vd ë ?.7.0.<.?.0. Iosdrvd hdstd dxdjpbi qud is lirtds 0 d ? sd rdpdtdj. \òdhgi \òd hgi kgdhg kgdhgknkl`r knkl`r ` la`v la`vdd nkl` nàlkb n`zdr ` lüpk`, gdsgd qud sd pissu` is gkspisktkvis ligknkl`girds d gd p`ssi. (Nkmur` 7). Hi gksp gkspiskt isktkvi kvi lig ligknkl` knkl`gir gir ë libil`g` ` la`vd vkrmdj, sdhgi qud i ligknkl`gir ë prdsi hi jirgdhtd (dsqud (ds qudrgi rgi)) g` nrd nrds`. s`. I gks gkspis pisktk ktkvi vi p`ssi ë libil`gi hi jirgdhtd (gkrdkti) gi `p`bp`gir.

^DF@JI\ DHWÌI LIJI LI_W@_ @ LA@^D I gkspisktkvi p`ssi tdj dkxi jüvdb qud mkr` 015¶ (mrùs) dj jivkjdhtis vkjdh tis g` gkrdkt` p`r` p`r` ` dsqudrg` dsqudrg` d vkld-vdrs`. Dj l`g` jdt`gd g` lkrluhndræhl ndr æhlk` k` gds gdssd sd dkx dkxii tdj tdjis is òd òdrti rtiss træs l`h`ks, gd nirj` kmu`b ì rdprdsdht`gi h` nkmur` 4. LT_\I GD LA@^DK_I “ @TB@ 4

Dssds l`h Dssds l`h`ks `ks lirr lirrdspi dspihgdj hgdj ìs sdks sdmrdgis g` la`vd d sìi kgdhtknkl`g gdhtk nkl`gis is pir bdtr`s bdtr`s @, O, L, G, D,

N qud lirrdspihgdj rdspdltkv`jdhtd ìs lirtds g` la`vd. \d mkr`rjis tigi i dkxi ` gkrdkt`, tdrdjis is l`-

Gkspisktkvi p`ssi

Ligknkl`gir Nkmur` 7 - Gkspisktkvis6 p`ssi d ligknkl`gir. prkjdkri, i, tdrldkri d qukhti lirtds. lirtds. B`gi @ : @, L d D : prkjdkr B`gi O : O, G d N: sdmuhgi, qu`rti d sdxti lirtds.

Oitìi gd ‒tr`v`‚ gi dkxi

Dkxi

L`h`ks

Oitìi gd mkri gi dkxi

Nkmur` 4 - Hi gkspisktkvi p`ssi is l`h`ks gi dkxi sìi kgdhtknkl`gis pir bdtr`s.

<


h`ks lirrdspihgdhtds ìs sdmrdgis6 prkjdkri, tdrldkri d qukhti lirtds. \d lihtràrki, iu sdf`, mkr`rjis tigi i dkxi å dsqudrg` tdrdjis l`h`ks lirrdspihgdhtds ìs sdmrdgis6 sdmuhgi, qu`rti d sdxti lirtds. (Nkmur` >).

Hi gkspisktkvi ligknkl`gir libiqud ` la`vd vkrmdj d lij uj` la`vd @bbdh, prdhg`-i lij nkrjds` `pdrt`hgi i p`r`nus p`r`nusi. i. (Nkmur` =). Libiqud ` la`vd dj piskíìi pb`h`, iu sdf`, hi khgkl`gir 0 g` ds-

l`b` gi ligknkl`gir. \ibtd is j`hêpubiss gi bi giss ji jirg rgdh dhtd tdss d mkr mkrdd-is is 15 15¶¶ (mrùs) p`r` i b`gi ihgd i jirgdhtd tdj `s l`vkg`gds j`ks prinuhg`s, indrdldhgii uj ndrdldhg uj`` jd jdbai bairr nkx nkx`í `íìi ìi gi giss gkspisktkvis.

@ L D 0i
Gkrdkt` \dhtkgi airàrki, iba`hgi-sd i oitìi gd nrdhtd

4i

Dsqudrg` @htk-airàrki

?i 7i >i G

O

N

Nkmur` > - Mkr`hgi tigi i dkxi p`r` ` gkrdkt` is l`h`ks lirrdspihgdj ìs sdmrdgis gis6 prkjdkri, tdrldkri d qukhti lirtds, dhqu`hti mkri tit`b p`r` ` dsqudrg` is l`h`ks lirrdspihgdj ìs sdmrdgis gis6 sdmuhgi, qu`rti d sdxti lirtds.

Nrds`r b`gi gkrdkti g` la`vd La`vd 7 < ? 0 ? < 7

U`r` nrds`r i b`gi dsqudrgi g` la`vd

Nkmur` = - Gkspisktkvi ligknkl`gir lij ` la`vd vkrmdj dj piskíìi pb`h`, iu sdf`, hi höjdri uj g` dsl`b` gi ligknkl`gir.

LT_\I GD LA@^DK_I “ @TB@ 4

7

Libiqud i gkspisktkvi p`ssi hi jirgdhtd gkrdkti d, ihgd sd bil`bkz` i `p`bp`gir d i gkspisktkvi ligknkl`gir hi jirgdhtd dsqudrgi, ihgd sd bil`bkz` ` nrds`. (Nkmur` 1). Nkx`gi Nkx` gi is gks gkspis pisktkv ktkvis, is, lib libiiqud ` nrds` gd ? jêbkjdtris d nkxd-` odj od j li lij j i p` p`r`n r`nus usi, i, dj sd sdmu mukg kg`, `, ò`kxd ` `b`v`hl` O (jivkjdhti vdrtkl`b), `të ` nrds` til`r h` la`vd. J`htdhgi ` nrds` hdst` piskíìi tr`vd i jiv jivkjd kjdhti hti vdrtkl`b vdrtkl`b g` jàqukh` h` `b`v`hl` G, å dsqudrg` g` jàqukh`. Libiqud i `p`bp`gir t`joëj oë j gd ? jêb jêbkjd kjdtri tris, s, prd prdsi si gd t`b nirj` qud dbd dhtrd his l`h`ks gi dkxi gd p`ssi, j`s hìi tiqud hi nuhgi gis l`h`ks. KH\WKWTWI THK^D_\@B O_@\KBDK_I

Ligknkl`gir

@p`bp`gir Nrds`

La`vd vkrmdj

U`ssi

Nkmur` 1 - Jirgdhtd gkrdkti lirrdspihgd ì gkspisktkvi p`ssi d i jirgdhtd dsqudrgi ì gkspisktkvi ligknkl`gir.

U`r` `ldrt`r i lursi g`s ipdr`íôds libiqud i `p`bp`gir hi l`h`b N, qud lirrdspihgd ì öbtkji lirtd g` la`vd (`qudbd qud nkl` h` piht` g` la`vd). \ibtd i gkspisktkvi ligknkl`gir d jivkjdhtd-i `të ` nrds` til`r h` pi piht` ht` g` la` la`vd vd lir lirrds rdspih pih-gdhtd ì öbtkji lirtd. Nkxd i ligknkl`gir l`g ir hds hdst` t` pis piskíì kíìi. i. @mi @mir` r` jiv jivkkjdhtd ` `b`v `b`v`hl` `hl` ‒@‚ gd jivkjdhti airkziht`b g` jàqukh` d khklkd ` nrds`md s` mdj j pdb pdbii l`h l`h`b `b @ gi gk gksp spis isktktkv kvii p`ssi. Libiqud i `p`bp`gir hdssd l`h`b d ` nrds` ùtij`tkl`jdhtd lirt`rà i prkjdkri sdmrdgi g` la`vd qud ë i j`ks prüxkji g` lòdí` g` la`vd. Dj sdmukg`, mkrd i dkxi gi gkspisktkvi p`ssi d libiqud i `p`bp`gir hi l`h`b L, d rdpkt` ` ipdr`íìi p`r` n`zdr i sdmuhgi sdmrdgi g` la`vd, d `sskj suldsskv`jdhtd `btdrh`hgi ` piskíìi gi dkxi gi gkspisktkvi p`ssi. Lijpbdt`jis ` nrds`mdj gd uj gis l`h l`htis tis g` la` la`vd. vd. (N (Nkm kmur ur`s `s ; d ;@ ;@). ).

Urkjdkri b`gi 0` l`v` ?` l`v`

\dmuhg` l`v` d `sskj `të lihlbukr

Nkmur` ; - Urkjdkri b`gi g` nrds`mdj g` la`vd Nirg.


4


\dmuhgi b`gi 0i lirtd

0i lirtd

?i lirtd

\dmuhgi lirtd d `sskj `të i nkh`b

Nkmur` ;@ - \dmuhgi b`gi g` nrds`mdj g` la`vd Nirg.

U`r` lihlbukr ` la`vd ë prdlksi rdpdtkr ` ipdr`íìi qu`tri vdzds. Gu`s p`r` lirt`r ` la`vd gd uj b`gi d gu`s p`r` n`zdr i iutri b`gi g` la`vd. Hdstd l`si ` la`vd gdvd sdr vkr`g` d nkx`g` hiv`jdhtd hi gkspisktkvi ligknkl`g ligknkl`gir. ir. Dst` sdqòæhlk` n`z is lirtds gd uj b`gi g` la`vd. Ë prdlksi vkr`r ` la`vd gdhtri gi gkspisktkvi ligknkl`gir d lihlbukr ` la`vd. (Nkmur` 05).

LIHNDL LIHN DLÍÌ ÍÌI I G@ LA LA@^ @^D D U@HWIM_ÀNKL U@HWI M_ÀNKL@ @ WTOTB@ WTOTB@_ _ Dst`s la` Dst`s la`vds vds t`j t`joë oëj j prd prdlklks`j gd uj gkspisktkvi p`r` n`zdr `s lüpk`s gd la`vds ` p`rtkr g` irkmk-h`b. @s la la`v `vds ds gd gdvd vdj j sd sdrr pr prds ds`s `s h` jdsj` piskíìi his gkspisktkvis Ligknkl`gir d U`ssi. (Nkmur` 00). G` jdsj` nirj` qud hi l`si `htdrkir rdvdrt` rdvd rt` is jirgd jirgdhtds htds 015¶ (mrù (mrùs) s) p`r` g`r jdbair nkx`íìi his gkspiLT_\I GD LA@^DK_I “ @TB@ 4

\updrkir ?i l`hti

0i l`hti

Khndrkir 7 l`hti i

sktkvis. Urdhg` is gkspisktkvis g` la`vd irkmkh`b hi jirgdhtd g` nrds`, d ` la`vd vkrmdj prdhg`-` hi jirgdhtd gi `p`bp`gir, iosdrv`hgi qud nkqudj pisklkih`g`s kmu`bjdhtd.

Ts`hgi `s la` Ts`hgi la`vds vds liji rdndræhlk`, iosdrvd sd is pihtis gd `jo`s likhlkgdj. @bmuj`s la`vds pissudj uj` pdqudh` s`bkæhlk` dxtdrh` qudd ë ` `b qu `b`v `v`h `hl` l` gd `r `rr` r`st stii gi l`h l`haìi aìi..

>


Nkmur` 00 - La`vd p`htimrànkl` tuoub`r p`r` su` lihndlíìi dst` gdvdrà sdr prds` h` jdsj` piskíìi dj `jois is gkspisktkvis.

Hdstd l`si usd dst` `b`v`hl` liji rdndræhlk` p`r` pisklkih`r `s la`vds his jirgdhtds. I `p `p`b `bp` p`gi girr d ` nr nrds ds`` p` p`r` r` dst` la`vd ë gd ?,4 jkbêjdtris. Udmud dss`s gu`s ndrr`jdht`s d nkxd-`s his rdspdltkvis j`hgrks. Ndkti kssi, o`kxd ` `b`v`hl` O (jivkjdhti vdrtkl`b) `të ` nrds` d i `p`bp`gir `p`bp `gir.. U`r` dhlist`r h`s la`vds ì jdsji tdjpi, sd uj` iu iutr` nkl`r j`ks `lkj`, sibtd-` `të qud gdsí` d dhlistd, dj sdmukg`, nkxd-` hiv`jdhtd. Hi `ldrti `ldrti g`s la`vds, la`vds, iosd iosdrrvd qu`hgi i `p`bp`gir til`r dj uj` g`s l`vkg`gds, sd ` nrds` krà dxdlut`r ` l`v l`vkg` kg`gd gd h` la` la`vd vd vkr vkrmdj mdj h` jdsj` piskíìi. (Nkmur` 0?). Dst`hgi tugi ldrti h` nkx`íìi g`s la`vds, bkm`jis ` jàqukh`, d v`jis ò`kx`hgi ` `b`v`hl` O (jivkjdhti vdrtkl`b) v`m`ris`jdhtd p`r` dhl`kx`r i `p`bp`gir h`s l`vkg`gds g` la`vd irkmkh`b. J`htdha` ` `b`v`hl` @ (jivkjdhti vkjdh ti airkz airkziht`b iht`b)) odj nkrjd piks pigdrà pig drà a`v a`vdr dr sib sib`v` `v`hli hliss hi jir jir-gdhtd sd ` nrds` til`r h` la`vd vkrmdj. \km`` uj` sdq \km sdqòæh òæhlk` lk` air airàrk àrk`` iu `htk-aür`rk` `të lihlbukr tig`s `s l`vkg`gds gi lihtirhi g` la`vd. LT_\I GD LA@^DK_I “ @TB@ 4

NDLA@GT_@\ NDLA@G T_@\@TWIJI @TWIJIWK^@\ WK^@\ Khklk`rdjis hdst` bkíìi i dstugi siord ndla`gur`s ùtijitkv`s. Dstug`jis h` bkíìi `htdrkir `s ndla`gur`s qud sd utkbkz`j gi skstdj` gd mukbaitkh`s p`r` sdmrdgi. Is lkbk lkbkhgr hgris is gd ùt ùtijü ijüvdk vdkss t`joëj sd utkbkz`j gi jdsji skstdj`3 pirëj ` gkndrdhí` lihskstd hi skstdj` qud ë gupbi, lij mukbaitkh`s khndrkirds d supdrkirds.

I lih lihfuh fuhti ti gd lkb lkbkhg khgris ris p`r p`r`` ùtijüvdb ùtijü vdb piss pissuk uk is sdmr sdmrdgis dgis uhknkl`gis, iu sdf`, pigdj sdr `lkih`gis pir uj` öhkl` la`vd. Ë lijpisti gd lkbkhgris gd pirt`s (?) lkbkhgri gi pirt`-j`b`s, pirt`-buv`s, t`jpìi gd lijoustêvdb d i gd kmhkíìi. (Nkmur`` 0<). Dj mdr`b is lkbkhgris g`s (Nkmur pirt`s, pirt` s, pirt` pirt`s-j` s-j`b`s b`s d pirt` pirt`-bu-v -bu-v`s `s sìi khst khst`b`g `b`gis is h` h`ss prü prüpr prk`s k`s j` j`-í`hdt`s. (Nkmur` 07). Liji fà gkssdjis, is sdmrdgis g`s ndla`gur`s ùtijitkv`s sìi uhknkl`g`s, iu sdf`, pissudj i jdsji sdm sdmrdg rdgi, i, j`s hì hìii hdl hdldss dss`rk `rk``jdhtd ` jdsj` qu`htkg`gd gd mukbaitkh`s. Uirt`hti, Uirt`h ti, ë privàvdb privàvdb qud ì ì sd n`zdr uj` uj` la`vd pdb` pdb` ndla ndla`gur` `gur` gi t`jpìi gd lijoustêvdb, iu gi pir-t`j`b` pir dxdjpbi, db` òrkrà ` pirt`, j`ss hì j` hìii g` g`rà rà p` p`rtk rtkg` g` hi l` l`rr-ri ri,, pirqud pir qud ë fus fust`j t`jdht dhtdd hi sdm sdmrdg rdgii gdstd lkbkhgri qud dstà ` j`kir qu`htkg`gd gd mukbaitkh`s.

la`vds . Nkmur` 0? - Lij i `p`bp`gir d ` nrds` gd ?,4 jj rd`bkzd i `ldrti g`s la`vds

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Nkmur` 0< - Lihfuhti gd lkbkhgris p`r` ùtijüvdks.

Nkmur` 07 - Lkbkhgris6 pirt`, pirt`-j`b`s d pirt`-buv`s mdr`bjdhtd sìi dhl`kx`gis h` j`í`hdt`.

\ü p`r` dxdjpbknkl`r i lkbkhgri g` bkha` îbcsw`mdj tdj gdz mukbaitkh`s hi lkbkhgri g` kmhkíìi d sdtd mukbaitkh`s h`s pirt`s. Uir dss` r`zìi ë `lihsdbaàvdb, n`zdr ` la`vd sdjLT_\I GD LA@^DK_I “ @TB@ 4

prd pdbi lkbkhgri g` kmhkíìi, piks `sskj tdjis ldrtdz` qud krà g`r ` p`rtkg` d nuhlkih`r his gdj`ks lkbkhgris gi l`rri. Dstd `ssuhti sdrà tr`t`gi lij j`ks gdt`bads qu`hgi òirg òirg`r`r1

jis i tdj` ‒lkbkhgris‚ gd kmhkíìi d ` lihndlíìi g` la`vd gd ùtijüvdks. U`r` i la`vdkri ` gknklubg`gd dj rdjivdr `s ndla`gur`s gd pirt`s gd ùtijüvdks hìi ë j`ks lijpbkl`gi fà qud ì gdsmu`rhdldr uj` ndla`gur` g` pirt` gi l`rri, ` nirj` liji db` dstà prds` å pirt` ë pdrldokg`. Mdr`bjdhtd db` dstà dhl`kx`g` h` piht` d p`r`nus`g` h` tdst` g` pirt`. (Nkmur`s 04 d 04-@). Liji fà gksssdjis, dj mdr`b, is lkbkhgris g`s pirt`s, pirt`-j`b`s d pirt`-buv` pirt` -buv`ss sìi djoutkgis h` prüprk` j`í`hdt`, d dstìi ` db`s nkx`gis pir p`r`nusis, tr`v`s dbàstkl`s sio prds prdssìi sìi dhtrd iutri iutriss jdl` jdl`hkshksjis. Hìi ë gknklkb kgdhtknkl`r i lijpihdhtd nkx`gir. ^df` `bmuhs dxdjpbis h`s nkmur`s 0>, 0>-@ d 0>-O. Dj md mdr` r`bb i sd sdrv rvkí kíii j`k j`kss lijuj dj j`í`hdt`s ë ` suostktuk-íìi iu rdjiíìi rdjiíìi gi lkbkhgri lkbkhgri p`r` ju-g`hí` gd sdmrdgi (uhknkl`íìi). Ksti sd n`z hdld hd ldss ssàr àrki ki ti tig` g` vd vdzz qu qudd su suos os-tktukrj tktu krjis is uj lkb lkbkhg khgri ri p` p`r` r` qud dst dstdd lihtkhud nuhlkih`hgi lij ` la`vd gi priprkdtàrki. I j`ks kjpirt`htd d j`ks gknêlkb p`r` i la`vdkri ë ` rdjiíìi gi lkbkhgri gi liht`ti iu g` p`rtkg` (kmhkíìi). Dstds lkbkhgris dstìi khst`b khst`b``gis hi khtdrkir gd uj` l`rl`í` la`j`g` tr`v` qud pi pirr tr`v` gd gkrd gkrdíìi íìi,, qud su`` vd su vdzz ë nk nkx` x`g` g` å li libu buh` h` gd gkrdíìi (Nkmur` 0=). Hirj`bjdhtd dss` tr`v` hìi ë vkst`, piks, db` ë pritdmkg` pdb` l`rdh`mdj, nkl`hgi `p`rdhtd `pdh`s ` p`rtd pbàstkl` gi lkbkhgri qud ë ` dhtr`g` g` la`vd. H` nkmur` 01, 01@, 01O d 01L jistr`jis `bmuj`s l`rdh`mdhs. U`r` n`lkbkt`r i `prdhg `prdhgkz`-gi kz`-gi g`ss gkv g` gkvdrs drs`s `s tr` tr`v` v`ss gd gk gkrd rdíì íìii dxkstdhtds v`jis òirg`r i `ssuhti pir nòrkl`htd. Khklk`rdjis pdb` bkha` îbcsw`mdj d h` sdqòæhlk` Mdhdr`b Jitirs, Nirg d Nk`t. KH\WKWTWI THK^D_\@B O_@\KBDK_I

Nkmur` 04 - _djiíìi gd ndla`gur` gd pirt` Mib, \`ht`h`.

Nkmur` 04@ - _djiíìi gd ndla`gur` gd pirt` gi Ldbt`.

Nkmur` 0> - _dtkt`hgi i p`r`nusi gd nkx`íìi gi lkbkhgri.

Nkmur` 0>@ - _dtkr`hgi i p`r`nusi gd nkx`íìi gi lkbkhgri.

L`rl`í` g` tr`v`

Libuh` gd gkrdíìi Nkmur` 0>O - _dtkr`g` gi `hdb dbàstkli d g` ndla`gur` pirt`-j`b` gi \`ht`h`.


;

Lkbkhgri gd kmhkíìi

Nkmur` 0= - Lkbkhgri gi liht`ti iu p`rtkg`.


Nkmur` 01 - L`rdh`mdj Lirs`.

Nkmur` 01@ - L`rdh`mdj Nirg C.

Nkmur` 01O - L`rdh`mdj Mib.

Nkmur` 01L - L`rdh`mdj Mibn.


05


Is jigdbis j`ks `htkmis gd lkbkhgris g` bkha` îbcw`mdj liji is gi6 Nusl`, Or`sêbk` d ^`rk`ht, qud gdvd sdr rdjivkg` g` libuh` gd gkrdíìi,, d p`r` t`hti íìi t`hti ë pr prdl dlks ksii td tdrr uj uj`` nd ndrrr`jdht` la`j`g` s`l`-tr`v`, vdhgkg` dj bif`s gd j`tdrk`ks p`r` la`vdkri. Ksti ë hdldssàrki pirqud is p`r`nusis `bëj gd dst`rdj djoutkgis, sìi gd lòdí` rdgihg` d bks`. Dss` ndrr`jdht` ë libil`g` hi nuri ihgd sd `bif` is p`r`nusis d, lij i j`rtdbi, g`jis p`hl`g`s p`r` p`r` qud i s`l`-tr`v` n`í` sublis h` lòdí` gis p`r`nusis, pdrjktkhgi i mkri gi lkbkhgri. (Nkmur` 0;). _djivkg` ` tr`v`, p`r` rdtkr`rjiss i lk ji lkbkh bkhgr grii ë pr prdl dlks ksii n` n`zd zdrr `s sdmukht sdm ukhtds ds ipd ipdr`í r`íôds ôds.. @lij @lijp`h p`had ad i prildssi `tr`vës g` nkmur` ?5. @n`std i pkhi tr`v` g` t`jp` p`r` nir`, pigd sdr uj iu giks, nirld-is, iu nirld `s tr`v`s p`r` nir` (hìi prdlks` rdjivæ-bis) ë sunklkdhtd dbds bkodr`rdj ` s`êg` g` t`jp`. @n`st`gi i pkhi iu

Nirí`hgi ` s`êg` g` t`jp`.

Nkmur` ?5 - U`r` ` rdtkr`g` gi lkbkhgri ë hdldssàrki `n`st`r ` tr`v` g` t`jp` p`r` nir`.

pkhis tr`v` rdtkrd ` t`jp`, nirí`hgi p`r` lkj` lij uj` la`vd gd ndhg`. Tj` vdz rdjivkg` ` t`jp` i khtdrkir g` tr`v` nkl` vksêvdb, ihgd ë pissêvdb hit`r uj nuri ì b`gi gd iutri iut ri nur nurii j`k j`kir ir qud rdprdsdh rdprdsdht` t` ` p`ss`mdj gi p`r`nusi. (Nkmur` ?0).

Nkmur` 0; - Ttkbkzd ` ndrr`jdht` s`l` tr`v` p`r` rdjivdr ` tr`v` gd gkrdíìi gis ùtijüvdks6 Nusl`, Or`skbk` d ^`rk`ht.

Ë `tr`vë `tr`vëss gdssd gdssd nuri nuri qud ë bkbk-odr`gi odr `gi i lkb lkbkhg khgri, ri, o`s o`st`h t`hgi gi p`r p`r`` kss kssi, i, khtr kh trig iguz uzkrkr uj `r `r`j `jdd mr mris issi si d ni nirí rí`r `r p` p`r` r` o`kx o` kx`r `r ` ji jib` b` tr tr`v `v`` gi lk lkbkh bkhgr gri. i. Tj` vdz vdz rdjivkg rdjivkgii i lkbkhgri lkbkhgri ë dxdl dx dlut ut`g `gii i sd sdrv rvkí kíi, i, qu qudd pi pigd gd sd sdrr suostktukí suos tktukíìi ìi iu jug` jug`hí` hí` gd sdmr sdmrd-gi d-gi (uhknkl`íìi). \d i lkb lkbkhg khgri ri pis pissuk sukrr gd gdhtd htd kjpubsir rdokt`gi dbd ë gdsl`rtàvdb, piks, i j`td j` tdrkrk`b `b li lij j i qu qu`b `b ë nd ndktktii ` rd rdok okt` t`md mdj jë gi prüprki l`haìi, d ì bkj`r p`r` qud bkodrd bko drd i l`h l`haìi aìi nkl nkl`ji `jiss sdj j`t j`tdrk drk`b `b p`r`` su` p`r su`nkx nkx`íì `íìi. i. @bkàs dss dssdd pri priobd obdj` j`nik nik òir ò irg` g`gi gi qu qu`h `hgi gi ds dstu tug` g`ji jiss is lkbkhgris gd ndla`gur`s rdskgdhlk`ks lij pdhtdd kjpu pdht kjpubsir bsir rdokt rdokt`gi. `gi. Uirëj, sd nir pissêvdb rdtkr`r i lkbkhg lkb khgri ri sdj sdjg`h g`hknkl knklà-b à-bi, i, hi l`s l`si, i, sdh sdhgi gi i gd uj jigdbi lij ò`s rdokt`g`s qud pdrjkt pdr jkt`j `j tkr tkr`r `r d libil`r il`r i gdh gdhtd td kjp kjpubs ubsir, ir, dhtì dh tìii pi pigd gdji jiss n`z n`zdr dr ` uh uhknk knkl` l`íì íìi. i. (Nkmur` (Nk mur` ??) ??).. U`r`` rd` U`r rd`bkz bkz`r `r ` jih jiht`m t`mdj dj pri pri-ldg` gd nirj` khvdrs`. Libiqud i lkbkhgr bkh grii o` o`kx kx`h `hgi gi`` ji jib` b` p` p`r` r`qu qudd db dbdd dh dhtr trdd hi l`h l`h`b `b d djp djpurr urrd-i d-i`të `tëtr` tr`v`r v`r.. Lib Libiqu iqudd ` t`jp` d khtriguz` hi-v`jdhtd i pkhi iu pk pkhi hi tr tr`v `v`` g` t` t`jp jp`. `.



\`l` tr`v`

00

@pdrt`r `quk

Nkmur` ?0 - _d`bkz`g` ` rdjiíìi g` t`jp` ë pissêvdb vdrknkl`r i nuri ihgd gdvdjis `pdrt`r ` tr`v` gi lkbkhgri.

Uiha` ` tr`v` h` libuh` gd gkrdíìi d khtriguz` is p`r`nusis gd nkx`íìi. @htds, pirëj, n`í` lij ` sdrr sd rr`` iu uj uj`` bkj bkj`` uj uj`` nd ndhg hg`` h` lòd l` odí` í` gi giss p` p`r`n r`nus usis is p` p`r` r` qu qudd piss`j sdr `pdrt`gis pdb` la`vd gd ndhg` (Nkmur` ?<). @s cijoks `të i `hi gd ?555 nir`j nir `j nò nòrkl rkl`g` `g`ss lij l`r l`rl`í l`í`` g` tr`v` gd gkrdíìi sdj nuri ‒N‚ pdbi qu`b qu `b pi pigd gd sd rd rdji jivd vdrr i lkb lkbkh khgr grii jdgk`htd i prdsskih`r gd su` tr`v` djoutkg`. U`r` dstd l`si, ` rdjiíìi pigdrk` sdr ndkt` gd gu`s nirj`s6

0`) Udbi usi gd uj s`l`-lkbkhgri dspdlênkli (ndrr`jdht` p`rdlkg` lij uj s`l`-riba`s) khtriguzkgi h` òdr ò drtu tur` r` g` la la`v `vdd d pd pdrj rjktktdd ` rdjiíìi gi lkkhgri ‒h` j`rr`‚3 N`zdhgi-s i-sd, d, j` j`hu hu`b`b?`) N`zdhg jdhtd, i nuri ‒N‚ h` l`rl`í`. Hdst` öbtkj` ipíìi, i nuri gdLT_\I GD LA@^DK_I “ @TB@ 4

_doktd

@o`s gd Nkx`íìi

Nkmur` ?? - Jigdbi gd lkbkhgri lij rdoktds d lij ò`s.

Nkmur` ?< - U`r` ` nkx`íìi gis p`r`nusis ë prdlksi n`zdr uj` ndhg` h` lòdí` gis jdsjis lij ùxêbki gd uj` bkj` iu sdrr`.

0?


vd sdr ndkti h` l`rl`í` dj uj pihti dspdlênkli, ihgd aà uj` bdvd j`rl` khgkl`tkv` (skjkb`rjdhtd ì rdprdsdht`gi h` nkmur` ?7). @pü @püss tdr tdr ndkti ndkti i nuri, `ê skj, o`st`rà dhtìi khtriguzkr khtriguzkr uj` a`std p`r` prdsskih`r ` tr`v` d bkodr`r i lkbkhgri. Gdshdldssàrki sd tirh` gdt`ba`r j`ks i `ssuhti vksti qud ` cijok gdkxiu gd pissukr dss`s tr`v`s `püs ` `hi gd ?555, qu`hgi

p`ssiu ` pissukr `s jdsj`s tr`v`s gis gdj`ks l`rris g` bkha` îbcsw`mdh. Uir sdr `htkm`, ` tr`v` g`s Cijoks `htdrkirds ì `hi gd ?555 lij ldrtdz` fà dst`rìi nur`g`s nur` g`squ` qu`hgi hgi `p` `p`rdl rdldrd drdj j h` inkl inklkh` kh` gi `buhi. I lkbkhgri ë kmu`b ì gi Nusl`. @s tr`v`s `tu`ks gis gdj`ks l`rris g` bkha` îbc î bcsw sw`m `mdh dh `ssd `s sdjd jdba ba`j `j-s -sdd ì nkmur` ?4, a`v jistr`gi jistr` gi h` nkmur` a`vdhg dhgii giks

jigdbis gd lkbkhgris gd kmhkíìi6 uj lij lòd l` odí` í` pb pbàs àstkl tkl`` mri mriss ss`` d iu iutri tri li lij j lòdí` lò dí` pbà pbàstkl stkl`` nkh nkh`. `. (Nkm (Nkmur` ur` ?>) ?>).. U`r` s`l`r qu`bqudr uj gdssds lkbkhgris g` l`rl`í` g` tr`v` ë prdlksi rdjivdr ` l`rdh`mdj (`lò`jdhti pbàstkli qud dhvibvd ` tr`v`). Hirj`bjdhtd ` l`rdh`mdj ë nkx`g` pir træs iu qu`tri p`r`nusis, hìi sdhgi gknêlkb bil`bkzà-bis.

N

Nkmur` ?7 - L`rl`í` g` tr`v` gd gkrdíìi g` Cijok - lij i nuri ‒N‚.

Nkmur` ?4 - L`rl`í` g` tr`v` gd gkrdíìi gis gdj`ks l`rris g` bkha` îbcsw`mdj ( U`ss`t, îby`md, Mib, dtl...).


0<

_djivkg` ` l`rdh`mdj, khgdpdhgdhtdj pdhg dhtdjdhtd dhtd gi jigd jigdbi bi g` l`rl`í` g` tr`v` iu gi tkpi gd lkbkhgri, sdrà prdlksi n`zdr uj nuri gd ° < jkbêjdtris gd gkïjdtri, ksti hi l`si gdb` hìi dst`r nur`g`. \d i vdêlubi fà tdvd i lkbkhgri rdjivkgi, lij ldrtdz` fà dxkstd i nuri. L`si lihtràrki, hìi. \d i lkbkhgri g` tr`v` nir gd lòdí` pbàstkl` mriss`, nur`-sd, h` gkrdíìi gi l`h`b g` la`vd, ` 0? jkbêjdtris g` p`rtd jdtàbkl` g` dhtr`g` gi lkbkhgri. Dj iutr`s p`b`vr`s, tr`ld pir siord ` l`rl`í` g` tr`v` uj` bkha` rdt`, `bkha`g` lij i ldhtri gi l`h`b g` la`vd. @mir`, jdí` 0? jkbêjdtris ` p`rtkr gd ihgd ` lòdí` pbàstkl` mriss` dhlist` h` l`rl`í`. Dstd ë i pihti ihgd sd gdvd nur`r. KH\WKWTWI THK^D_\@B O_@\KBDK_I

Nkmur` ?> - Wkpis gd lkbkhgris gis l`rris g` bkha` îbcsw`mdj.

U`r` i lkbkhgri gd lòdí` pbàstkl` nkh`, dst` jdgkg` jug` p`r` ?5,4 jkbêjdtris. jkbêjd tris. Uigdj Uigdjis is t`joë t`joëj j `git` `git`rr p`r `r`` `j `joi oiss is l`s `sis is ` jdg dgkg kg`` gd ?= ` ?; jkbêjdtris ` p`rtkr g` p`rtd jdtàbkl` nriht`b nrih t`b gi lkbkh lkbkhgri gri.. Dst` Dst`ss jd-g jd-gkíôd kíôdss dstìi khgkl`g`s h` nkmur` ?=.

Is lkbk lkbkhgr hgris is gd kmh kmhkíì kíìii gds gdstds tds l`rris g` îbcsw`mdj pissudj gdz mukbaitkh`s dhqu`hti qud is lkbkhgris g`s pirt`s pissudj sdtd mukbaitkh`s. @s træs mukbaitkh`s ` j`ks g` kmhkíìi nirj` nir j`j j i sd sdmrd mrdgi gi,, qu qudd dx dxkst kstdd hi lkbkhgri g` pirt`. (Nkmur`s ?1 d ?1@).

Liji i `buhi pigd pdrldodr pdb` nkmur`, i l`haìi gi lkbkhgri g` pirt` tdj uj dsp`íi j`kir dhtrd ` sdmuhg` d ` tdrldkr`, tdrldkr` d qu`rt` d sdxt` d sëtkj` mukbaitkh`. Uirt`hti dssds dsp`íis sìi gdstkh`gis ìs r`smis r`smis g`s mukbaitkh mukbaitkh`s `s qud nirj`j is p`rds gis sdmrdgis mæjdis. L`si gdsdfd n`zdr ` la`vd pdbi sdmrdgi g` pirt`, dst` nkl`rk` lihnirjd jistr` ` nkmur` ?;. Uirt`hti ë uj` la`vd qud hìi g`rk` p`rtkg` h` kmhkíìi. U`r` qud ksti ilirr` ë prdlksi, `b`rm`r `s l`v`s ?, 7 d >. U`r` kssi usd ` bkj` la`t` dj piskíìi khlbkh`g` d n` n`í` í` i `b `b`r `rm` m`jd jdht htii g` l`v l`v`. `. Hìi Hìi dsqudí` gd n`zdr ` khlbkh`íìi h` b`tdr`b g` l`v`. (Nkmur` <5).

? 0 1 ?

4 , 5 ?

1 ?

Nkmur` ?= - Bil`ks ihgd sdrìi rd`bkz`gis is nuris p`r` rdjiíìi gis lkbkhgris.


07


\dmrdgis mæjdis

Nkmur` ?1 - I lkbkhgri g` kmhkíìi pissuk j`kir qu`htkg`gd gd mukbaitkh`s.

Nkmur` ?1@ - I lkbkhgri g` pirt` pissuk træs mukbaitkh`s ` jdhis.

;5 µ

Nkmur` ?; - @s l`v`s gdvdj tdr ;5 i (mrùs) skjëtrklis dhqu`hti qud ` gis sdmrdgis mæjdis gdvdj sdr `b`rm`gis lij ` bkj` la`t`.


04


;5

µ

;5 µ

74 µ

Nkmur` <5 - \dqòæhlk` p`r` bkj`r `s l`v`s.

îlæ `pr îlæ `prdhg dhgdu du lij lijii tkr tkr`r `r i lkbkhgri g` tr`v`, pirt`hti hìi ë ldrti n`zdr ` la`vd pdbi lkbkhgri g` pirt`, j`s i `lihsdbaàvdb, liji fà gkssdjis, ë n`zdr ` la`vd pdbi lkbkhgri g` kmhkíìi. Uirt`hti, vdf`jis liji gdsjiht`r i lkbkhgri g` kmhkíìi `püs ` rdtkr`g` g` tr`v`. Libiqud uj` la`vd hi lkbkhgri, pigd sdr vkrmdj, vilæ v`k hit`r qud ` pihtdkr` gi lkbkhgri siod pdrjktkhgi qud sd vdf` i pkhi tr`v` gi l`haìi. Djpurrd-i lij uj s`l`-pkhi p`r` qud s`k` d bkodrd ` pihtdkr` qud gdvd sdr rdtkr`g`. (Nkmur` <0). Mkrd i l`haìi `të qud is giks rdss`b rds s`btis tis dxk dxkstd stdhtd htdss hi jds jdsji ji nkqudj `bkha`gis lij is giks l`h`ks gd s`êg` gi lirpi gi lkbkhgri. Hìi sd dsqudí` gd j`htdr ` la`vd gdhtri gi lkbkhgri, p`r` dvkt`r qud `s mukbaitkh`s l`k`j, fà qud i skstdj` ë gupbi lij mukbaitkh`s supdrkirds d khndrkirds Lij ksti tdrjkh`jis `s prkhlkp`ks lkp` ks khnirj khnirj`íôd `íôdss sior siordd is vdêlu vdêlu-bis g` Bkha` îbcsw`mdj

BKHA@ MDHD_@B JIWI_\ - (LAD^_IBDW) Is l`r l`rris ris Lad Ladvdt vdttd, td, Jih Jihz`, z`, C`gdtt, Kp`hdj`, Ladvy, Lirs`, @str`, Ldbt`, ^dltr` d Ijdm` g` bkha` LT_\I GD LA@^DK_I “ @TB@ 4

Ukhi tr`v`

Nkmur` <0 - Gdsjiht`mdj gi lkbhgri g` kmhkíìi.

Ladvribd Ladvri bdtt ut utkbk kbkz` z`j j gi giks ks tkp tkpis is gd l`rl`í` gd tr`v` gd gkrdíìi. @ gkndrdhí` dhtrd `jo`s ë `pdh`s ` òdrtur` gi bil`b ihgd sd gdvd o`kx`r ` jib` tr`v` gi lkbkhgri p`r` qud dbd piss` s`kr. His jigdbis j`ks `htkmis ` òdrtur` ë rdt`hmub`r, h`s j`ks jigdrh`s ` òdrtur` ë `tr`vës gd uj nuri. (Nkmur`

H` òd òdrtur rtur`` rdt rdt`hm `hmub` ub`rr uj` la`vd gd ndhg` pdqudh` pigd prdsskih`r ` jib` tr`v` dhqu`hti hi nu-ri ë prdlksi us`r uj `r`jd (pigd sdr r`ki gd rig` gd oklklbdt`) lij ` piht` lurv`. (^drdjis h` nkmur` <4). @ l`rl`í` g` tr`v` gd gkrdíìi qud gkndrd sü h` `p`ræhlk` ë ` gi Ldbt`, fà qud i lkbkhgri d ` nirj` gd rdtkrà-bi g` l`rl`í` d su` gdsjiht`mdj sdmudj is jdsjis prkhlêpkis gis gdj`ks gdj `ks l`r l`rris ris g` bkh bkha` a` Lad Ladvri vribdt bdt.. (Nkmur` <<). KH\WKWTWI THK^D_\@B O_@\KBDK_I

K

KK

KKK

O

K

KK Nkmur`
KKK

Nkmur` <7 - Uiskíìi gd la`vd.

Nkmur` << - L`rl`í` g` tr`v` gd gkrdíìi gi Ldbt`.

_DWK_@G@ GI LKBKHG_I U`r` ` rdtkr`g` gi lkbkhgri g`s tr`v`s gd gkrdíìi g`s Bkha`s gd ùtijüvdks jüvd ks Mdhd Mdhdr`b r`b Jitir Jitirs, s, prkjd prkjdkr`kr`jdhtd rdjiv` ` l`rdh`mdj qud dhvibvd i lkbkhgri. @ sdmukr libiqud ` la`vd hi LT_\I GD LA@^DK_I “ @TB@ 4

lkbkhgri d mkrd-` p`r` ` sdmuhg` piskíìi, iu sdf`, uj` `htds g` p`rtkg`. Iosdrvd qud i `hdb pbàstkli g` lòdí` gi lkbkhgri, pissuk uj` j`rl`íìii qu íì qudd ds dst` tòd odbdl bdldd ` p` p`r` r`g` g` g` la`v la `vdd p` p`r` r` uj uj`` gdt dtdr drjk jkh` h`g` g` sktu`íìi. (Nkmur` <7). 0=

@ piskíìi gdstd `hdb ë kjpirt`htd piks qu`bqudr gdsbil`jdhti gi jdsji gknklubt` ` bil`bkz`íìi gdss`s piskíôds ` hìi sdr pir tdht`tkv`s. \d gks gkspus pusdr dr g` la la`vd `vd lib libiiqud-` h` piskíìi KK, ` sdmukr `pdrtd, `tr`vës g` òdrtur` iu nuri, ` jib` g` tr`v` gi lkbkhgri. L`si hìi tdha` dj jìis ` la`vd ë prdlksi jkla`r i lk-bkhgri p`r` libilà-bi h` sdmuhg` pisk-íìi. (Nkmur` (Nkmur`ss <4, <4 <4@, @, <4 <4O, O, <4L, <4G d <4D). KH\WKWTWI THK^D_\@B O_@\KBDK_I

Nkmur` <4- @pdrt`hgi ` tr`v` `tr`vës g` òdrtur` rdt`hmub`r lij ` la`vd h` sdmuhg` piskíìi .

Nkmur` <4@ - _dtkr`g` gi lkbkhgri.

Uiht` gi `r`jd

Nkmur` <4O - @pdrt`hgi ` tr`v` `tr`vës gi nuri lij ` la`vd h` sdmuhg` piskíìi.

Nkmur` <4L - _dtkr`hgi i lkbkhgri.

Nkmur` <4G - @pdrt`hgi ` tr`v` gi Ldbt` `tr`vës g` òdrtur` lij ` la`vd h` sdmuhg` piskíìi.

Nkmur` <4D - _djivdhgi i lkbkhgri.


01


@tdhíìi Nirí`r ` pdí` tr`v` gi lkbkhgri sdj qud ` la`vd dstdf` h` sdmuhg` piskíìi pigdrà g`hknkl`r ` tr`v` utkbkz`hgi i lkbkhgri, d ås vdzds gknklubt`hgi su` s`êg`. Is lkbkhgris g` kmhkíìi hkí ìi gis l`r l`rris ris g` bkh bkha` a` Md Mdhd hdr` r`bb Jitirs, sìi tigis kmu`ks, hi nirj`ti, gkjdhsôds, nirj` gd rdtkr`r d libil`r h` l`rl`í` g`s tr`v`s gd gkrdíìi d nirj` gd gdsjiht`r3 i qud jug` hi l`si gi ×jdm` d ^dltr` ë i nirj`ti g`s mukbaitkh`s. @ dxdjpbi gi `lihtdld lij i lkbkhgri gd kmhkíìi gis l`rr l`rris is îbcs îbcsw`md w`mdh, h, `lih `lihtdld tdld t`joëj lij dstds l`rris g` Mdhdr`b Jitirs, iu sd sdf`, f`, ` j` j`ki kirr qu`htk-g` qu`h tk-g`gd gd gd mukba mukbaitkh` itkh`ss dstà his lkbkhgri lkbkhgriss gd kmh kmhkíì kíìii gdz d sdtd mukb aitk-h` aitk-h`ss his lkbkhgri lkbkhgriss g`s pirt`s. (Nkmur` <>).

U`r` ` rdtkr`g` gi lkbkhgri g` kmhkíìi, liji fà gkssdjis, ë prdlksi libil`r ` la`vd h` sdmuhg` piskíìi. L`si hìi sd tdha` ` la`vd ë prdlksi jkla`r p`r` qud sd piss` mkr`r i l`haìi p`r` ` piskíìi gd s`êg`. Tj` vdz rdtkr`gi i lkbkhgri ë prdlksi prdlk si gdsj gdsjihtàihtà-bi bi p`r` ` dxdl dxdluuíìi gi sdrvkíi qud pigd sdr lihndlíìi g` la`vd, uhknkl`íìi gi sdmrdgi, dtl. U`r` kssi ë prdlksi rdtkr`r i pkhi tr`v` gi l`haìi bil`bkz`gi h` p`rtd tr`sdkr` gi lkbkhgri g` sdmukhtd j`hdkr`6 mkrd i l`haìi p`r` ` dsqudrg` iba`hgi i jdsji pir tràs 015¶ (mrùs) `të qud nkqud rdhtd hi dhlisti. Hdst` Hds t` pis piskíì kíìii `pd `pdrtd rtd i pkh pkhii lij uj` pdqudh` la`vd gd ndhg`, p`r` p` r` qu qudd pi piss ss`` ub ubtr tr`p `p`s `ss` s`rr i dhli dh listi sti d pi pigd gdrr sd sdrr rdt rdtkr` kr`gi gi,, h`

l`h`bd l`h` bdt` t` dx dxks kstd tdht htdd bi bimi mi `p `püs üs i dhlisti. ( Nkmur` <= d <=@). trò`ba` ba` @tdhíìi6 Dssd pkhi trò` lij uj` jib` hi khtdrkir gi sdu `bif`jdhti. Uirt`hti, ì prdsskihà-bi p`r` qud ubtr`p`ssd i dhlisti qud i gdtdj ë pr prdl dlksi ksi j` j`htæ htæ-bi -bi pri pritdm tdmkgi kgi lij i gdgi, piks ` prdssìi dxdrlkg` pdb` jib` pigdrà `tkrà-bi p`r` bihmd. (Nkmur` <1). U`r` ` rdtkr`g` gi l`haìi hìi dsqudí`` gd libil`r dsqudí libil`r hi sd khtdrkir iu ` ndrr`jdht` bks`, iu jdsji ` la`vd vkrmdj p`r` qud gdtdha` `s mukbaitkh`s hi sdu khtdrkir. (Nkmur` <;). Dssd pri prildg ldgkjd kjdhti hti ë vàb vàbkgi kgi p`r` tigis is lkbkhgris gd kmhkíìi g` bkha` bkh a` Lad Ladvri vribdt bdt,, gds gdsgd gd i Lad Ladvdt vdtd, d, `të i Jihz Jihz`, `, C`gdt, Lirs`, ^dltr` d @str`.

Kmhkíìi

Uirt`

Nkmur` <> - Lkbkhgri gd kmhkíìi pissuk j`ks mukbaitkh`s qud i lkbkhgri g` pirt`.

Nkmur` <= - Ukhi tr`v` gi l`haìi.


Nkmur` <=@ - Mkr`hgi i pkhi tr`v` p`r` ` piskíìi gd s`êg`.

0;


Nkmur` <; - _dtkr`g` gi l`haìi.

Nkmur` <1 - Ukhi tr`v` h` piskíìi gd s`êg`.

Hìi g`rdjis gdt`bads g` lihndlíìi gd la`vds hdst` ùb`, uj` vdz qud dstd `ssuhti sdrà tr`t`gi dj bkíìi dspdlênkl` .

BKHA@ NI_G Khklk`jis ` bkha` gd l`rris g` Nirg, lij6 Lirldb KK, Odbkh` Gdb _dy d U`jp`, qud sd utkbkz`j g` jdsj` l`rl`í` p`r` ` tr`v` gd gkrdíìi qud ë `prdsdht`g` h` nkmur` 75. @ dx dxdj djpb pbii gi qu qudd `l `lih ihtd tdld ld lij i lkbkhgri gd kmhkíìi g` Mdhdr`b Jitirs, ` bkha` g` Nirg t`joëj pis-suk, uj `hdb qud pigd sdr jdtàbkli iu gd pbàstk pbà stkli li dhv dhvibv ibvdhg dhgii i lkb lkbkhg khgri ri j`rl`hgi `s piskíôds g` la`vd p`r` gdtdrjkh`g`s sktu`íôds. (Nkmur` 70).

Nkmur` 75 - L`rl`í` g` tr`v` gd gkrdíìi gis ùtijüvdks6 Lirldb d Gdb _dy.

^`jis gdhijkh`r gd piskíôds fà qud `s nàorkl`s d utkbkz`j d `bmuj`s j`h j`hdkr dkr`s `s p` p`r` r` mr` mr`vàvà-b`s b`s lij bdtr`s W, @, B d U iu bdtr`s d höjdris rij`his O, I, K, KK, iu `khg`, sü höjdris rij`his 5, K, KK d KKK. U`r` rdtkr`r i lkbkhgri gd kmhkíìi gds gdstds tds l`r l`rris ris ë prd prdlks lksii prd prdssskih`r ` su` tr`v` `tr`vës gd uj` òdrtur` rdt`hmub`r h` p`rtd khndrkir g` l`rl`í`, lij ` la`vd h` sdmuhg` pi pisk skíì íìi. i. L` L`si si hì hìii pi piss ssu` u` la`v la `vd, d, ë hd hdld ldss ssàr àrki ki jk jkla la`r `r i lkbkhgri. (Nkmur`s 7?, 7?@ d 7?O).

Nkmur` 70 - Uiskíôds g` la`vd, lkbkhgri Nirg.


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Nkmur` 7? - @pdrt`hgi ` tr`v`...

_djivkgi i lkbkhgri, p`r` gdsjihtà-bi d dxdlut`r i sdrvkíi qud pigd sdr ` lihndlíìi g` la`vd, ` uhknkl`íìi dhtrd iutris, ë hdldssàrki `pdrt`r `pdrt `r i pkhi tr`v` qud sd dhlihtr` bimi `tràs gi `hdb mr`v`gi lij `s piskíôds gd la`vd h` p`rtd supdrkir gi lkbkhgri. (Nkmur` 7<). J`s p`r` qud dssd pkhi ò`kxd gdstr`v`hgi i l`haìi ë hdldssàrki j`htdr ` la`vd h` prkjdkr` piskíìi. L`si hìi tdha` ` la`vd ë prdlksi jkla`r p`r` mkr`r i l`haìi p`r` dss` piskíìi. Hdst` piskíìi o`st` `pdrt`r ` tr`v` qud i l`haìi s`k. Dstd lkbkhgri ë uj gis öbtkjis nòrkl`gis nòrkl `gis lij sdmr sdmrdgis dgis nirj` nirj`gis gis pir pkhis sdmrdgis, lihtr` pkhis d jibkha`s, liji is lkbkhgris d jihiobilis hiobi lis gd ndla ndla`gur` `gur`ss rdskg rdskgdhlk dhlk-`ks. @i rdjivdr i l`haìi bimi sd hit` uj rdss`bti, siord i qu`b lirrd uj` la`pkha` qud t`jp` is l`h`ks ihgd dstìi is pkhis sdmrdgis lihtr` pkhis d jibkha`s qud nirj`j i sdmrdgi. (Nkmur` 77). Iosdrvd qud i lihtr` pkhi ë gi tkpi ‒lipkhai‚ iu ‒l`hdqukh ‒l`hd qukha`‚, a`‚, fà gdj gdjihs ihstr` tr`gi gi dj ùb` `htdrkir qud tdj liji rdndræhlk` is lkbkhgris p`r` jivëks lijdrlk`ks qud utkbkz`j dssd tkpi gd lihtr` pkhi. LT_\I GD LA@^DK_I “ @TB@ 4

Nkmur` 7?@ - ... i lkbkhgri ë bkodr`gi.

Nkmur` 7?O - Lkbkhgri rdjivkgi.

Ukhi tr`v`

Nkmur` 7< - Bil`b gi Ukhi tr`v` gi l`haìi.

Lihtr` pkhis lipkhai

Nkmur` 77 - Lihfuhti gd lihtr` pkhis d jibkha`s gi sdmrdgi.

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@ lihndlíìi g` la`vd d jug`hí` gd sdmrdgi (uhknkl`íìi) ë ndkt` g` jdsj` nirj` qud nik dhskh`gi p`r` is lkbkhgris d jihiobilis gd ndla`gur`s rdskgdhlk`ks.

Kjpirt`htd Hìi pigdjis dsqudldr qud i prildgkjdhti gd rdtkr`g` gi lkbkhgri g` l`rl`í` g` tr`v` ë h` sdmuhg` piskíìi d p`r` tkr`r i l`haìi gi lirpi gi lkbkhgri gdvdjis `pdrt`r i pkhi tr`v` lij i l`haìi h` prkjdkr` piskíìi.

U`r` rdjivdr i lkbkhgri, rdtkr`sd ` l`r l`rdh` dh`mdj mdj d prd prdssk sskih` ih`-sd -sd ` jib` tr`v` gi lkbkhgri, `tr`vës gd uj` òdrtur` h` p`rtd khndrkir g` l`rl`í` d lij ùxêb ùxêbki ki gd uj` pdqudh` pdqudh` la`la`vd gd ndhg`. (Nkmur` 74@). Lij ksti ` jib` ò`kx` d bkodr` i l`haìi, qud sd gdsbil` uj piuli p`r` nrdhtd, j`ks `khg` hìi s`k. (Nkmu-

r` 74O). U`r` qud dbd s`k` ë prdlksi mkr`r ` la`vd gdv`m`r p`r` dhlihtr`r i rdo`kxi khtdrhi gi lirpi gi lkbkhgri pir ihgd ` tr`v` piss` p`ss`r. (Nkmur` 74L). Is lkbkhgris utkbkz`gis hdss`s tr`v`s pigdj sdr gd lòdí` pb`h` iu l÷hkl` d sìi `prdsdht`gis rdspdltkv`jdhtd h`s nkmur`s 74 d 7> .

W_@^@ GD GK_DÍÌI GI D\LI_W 0;1=/0;;4 ^`jis `prd ^`jis `prdsdht` sdht`rr p`r` dstd l`rri træs jigdbis g` tr`v` gd gkrdíìi lirrd lirrdspih spihgdht gdhtds ds ìs pdrêi pdrêigis gis 0;1=/ 0;;4. Hi pdrêigi gd 0;1=/ 0;;? ` Nirg libil`v` hdstds l`rris ` l`rl`í` g` tr`v` gd gkrdíìi. (Nkmur` 74).

Nkmur` 74@ - L`rl`í` g` tr`v` gd gkrdíìi Dslirt 0;1=/0;;4.

@odrtur` h` p`rtd khndrkir

Nkmur` 74 - @odrtur` p`r` `pdrt`r ` tr`v`.


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Nkmur` 74O - @pdrt`hgi ` tr`v` i lkbkhgri ë bkodr`gi.

Nkmur` 74L - @püs bkodr`gi, mkrd p`r` `la`r su` s`êg`.

@hdb dbàstkli

Lòdí` l÷hkl`

Kjpirt`htd

Nkmur` 7> - Lkbkhgri gd lòdí` l÷hkl`.

Dssds lkbkhgris pissudj i sdmukhtdd prkhl mukht prkhlêpki êpki gd nuhl nuhlkih`j kih`jdhti dhti.. LT_\I GD LA@^DK_I “ @TB@ 4

sd rdlibad dhlist`hgi i `hdb dbàstkli qud nuhlkih` nuhlkih` liji liji tr`v` gi l`haìi l`haìi.. (Nkmur` 7=). U`r` U` r` ks kssi si gd gdvd vd sd sdrr us us`g `gii i `bkl`td prüprki p`r` s`l`r dssd tkpi gd `hdb hi lirpi gi lkbkhgri. U`r` rdtkr`r i l`haìi p`r` is sdrvkíis aòktu`ks, t`ks liji lihndlíìi gd la`vd, uhknkl`íìi, dtl, gdvdjis khtriguzkr ` la`vd iu jkla`r p`r` qud i l`haìi mkrd + 0?5 i (mrùs) å gkrdkt`, iba`hgi-sd i lkbkhgri pdb` p`rtd gd tràs, `të qud ` tr`v` qud hìi pdrjktd jk td ` su su`` s` s`êg êg`, `, sd sdf` f` li libil bil`g `g`` gk`htd gi l`h`b qud pdrjktd ` su` p`ss`mdj d ` lihsdqòdhtd rdtkr`g` gi l` l`ha haìi ìi.. @l @lij ijp` p`ha hadd ds dss` s` sdqòæhlk` h` nkmur` 71. @püs dssd `bkha`jdhti rdlud ` la`vd gi l`haìi uj piuli, ksti n`rà lij qud ` tr`v` qud hìi pdrjktd ` su` s`êg` d qud h` rd`bkg`gd hìi gdkx` gd sdr uj` jdk` mukbaitkh`, pirëj qud hìi nuhlkih` liji sdmrdgi j`ks skj liji tr`v`, nkmur` 7;, sd dhl`kxd hi l`h`b gi lirpi gi lkbkhgri pdrjktkhgi ` s`êg` gi l`haìi. @ tr`v` gd gkrdíìi gi Dslirt 0;;?/0;;4 tdj ` l`rl`í` j`ks skjpbds qud is `htdrkirds d nik us`g` t`joëj p`r` is l`rris Bimus d Uikhtdr. U`r` rdtkr`r i lkbkhgri gd kmhkíìi gdst` l`rl`í` rdjivd-sd ` l`rdh`mdj d bimi sd pdrldod uj nuri h` jdsj` ihgd pigdjis iosdrv`r i pkhi tr`v` gi lkbkhgri. Lij uj` pdqudh` la`vd gd ndhg` ndh g` `pd `pdrt` rt`-sd -sd dss dss`` tr` tr`v` v` lij ` la`vd h` piskíìi 0.

Lij ` khtriguíìi g` la`vd, i l`haìi `v`hí`, lij ` rdtkr`g` g` la`vd dbd ?<

^df` odj, ` piskíìi gi l`haìi gdvd sdr uj d hìi giks liji his l`sis l`s is `ht `htdrki drkirds, rds, d gdv gdvd-sd d-sd `pd `pdrt`r rt`r dss` tr`v`. (Nkmur`s 45 d 45@). L`si hìi tdha` ` la`vd ë prdlksi jkla`r. I lkbkhgri gd kmhkíìi us`KH\WKWTWI THK^D_\@B O_@\KBDK_I

@hdb dbàstkli

\dj ` la`vd

Lij ` la`vd

Nkmur` 7= - @hdb dbàstkli qud tr`v` i l`haìi.

Wr`v`

L`h`b gd s`êg`

Wr`v`

Nkmur` 71 - U`rtd tr`sdkr` gi lkbkhgri, ihgd sd væ ` tr`v` d i l`h`b p`r` su` s`êg`.

Wr`v` ò`kx`g`

Uiskíìi g` tr`v`

J`htdr ` la`vd pux`g`

Nkmur` 7; - \dqòæhlk` p`r` rdtkr`g` gi l`haìi.


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Nkmur` 45 - @pdrt`hgi ` tr`v` p`r` rdtkr`g` gi lkbkhgri gd kmhkíìi.

gi hdstd pdrêigi, his l`rris lkt`gis `htdrkirj`htd sìi jistr`gis h`s nkmur`s 40 d 40@ . U`r` rdtkr`r i l`haìi p`r` is sdrvkíis aòktu`ks, liji pir dxdjpbi, lihndlíìi gd la`vd, uhknkl`íìi, dtl, prildgd-sd g` sdmukhtd j`hdkr`6 _djiv` lij uj s`l`-pkhi i pkhi tr`v`, qud sd dhlihtr` h` p`rtd tr`zdkr` gi l`haìi. _djivkgi i pkhi i l`haìi nkl` bkodr bko dr`g `gi, i, j` j`ss ë hd hdlds ldssàr sàrki ki mkr mkr`r `r ` la`vd la` vd `të `la `la`r `r ` p`s p`ss`m s`mdj dj gis giks rdss`btis dxkstdhtds hi l`haìi. (Nkm (N kmur ur`` 4? 4?,, 4? 4?@ @ d 4? 4?O) O).

Nkmur` 45@ - Lkbkhgri rdtkr`gi.

Ukhi tr`v`

Nkmur` 4? - _djivdr i pkhi tr`v`.

Nkmur` 40 - Wkpis gd lkbkhgris gd kmhkíìi gi Dslirt his pdrêigis gd 0;;?/0;;4.


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Nkmur` 40@ - Lkbkhgri gd kmhkíìi gi Dslirt Nkmur` `püs 0;;=.


Nkmur` 4?O- \`êg` gi l`haìi.

Nkmur` 4?@- _djivkgi i pkhi, mkrd p`r` s`êg` gi l`haìi.

L`si hìi tdha` ` la`vd ë prdlksi jkla`r p`r` pigdr mkr`r i l`haìi d bil`bkz`r is l`h`ks gd s`êg` p`r` is rdss`btis p`ss`rdj.

W_@^@ GD GK_DÍÌI GI D\LI_W, ^D_IH@ D BIMT\ 0;;4/0;;> @ l`rl`í` g` tr`v` gd gkrdíìi gis l`rris g` bkha` Nirg `hi 0;;4/ 0;;> ë jistr`g` h`s nkmur`s 4< d 4<@. U`r` rdjivdr i lkbkhgri gdst` tr`v`` prildg` tr`v prildg` g` nir nirj` j` `htdrkir, `htdrkir, iu sdf`, `pdrtd lij uj` pdqudh` la`vd gd ndhg`, i pkhi tr`v`, `tr`vës g` òdrtur`, lij ` la`vd h` prkjdkr` piskíìi.

Nkmur` 4<- @pdrt`hgi ` tr`v`.

W_@^@ GD GK_DÍÌI GI D\LI_W @UÜ\ I @HI GD 0;;> @ l`rl`í` g` tr`v` gd gkrdíìi dj rdndræhlk` d ` nirj` gd rdtkr`r i lkbkhgri tdj piul` gkndrdhí` lij `s `prdsdht`g`s `të i jijdhti. I qud jug` ë i lkbkhgri lkbkhgri,, hìi i `pdrti nksêli, nksêli, j`s skj hi sdmrdgi, hìi sdhgi j`ks gi skstdj` gd p`badt`s iu mukbaitkh`s, h` s, `m `mir ir`` i sk skst stdj dj`` p` p`ss ss`` ` sd `prdsdht`r dj nirj` gd gkslis (Nkmur` 47), luf` la`vd i `buhi fà tijiu lihadlkjdhti qu`hti ` su` lihndlíìi hi ktdj ‒jàqukh` p`htimrànkl`‚. LT_\I GD LA@^DK_I “ @TB@ 4

Nkmur` 4<@- Lkbkhgri sdhgi rdjivkgi.

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Nkmur` 47- Lijpihdhtds gi sdmrdgi gis lkbkhgris gis l`rris g` bkha` Nirg6 Nirg C, Nkdst` d Dslirt.

^`jis lih ^`jis lihad adldr ldr `qu `qukk lij lijii nuhlkih` i skstdj`. I sdmrdgi ë nirj`gi pir sdks gkslis, qud rdqud-rdj qu`tri qu` tri khl khlbkh bkh`íô `íôds ds his l`h l`htis tis g` g`ss la`vds. Uirt`hti, tigi sdmrdgi rdpdtd hi jêh jêhêji êji giks gks gkslis lis.. Is gks gkslis lis pissudj qu`tri l`vkg`gds, uj` vdrg`gdkr g`g dkr`` d træs træs n`bs`s n`bs`s.. Ë prdl ksi qud a`f`` i `bkh a`f `bkha`j a`jdht dhtii g`s l`v l`v`s `s vdr-g`gdkr`s p`r` qud i l`haìi mkrd. (Nkmur` 44) . ^`jis, p`r` dxdjpbknkl`r, supir qud ` la`vd tdha` i sdmukhtd sdmrdgi6 0.?.<.0.7.?. ^df` i qud `lihtdld qu`hgi khtriguzkjis ` la`vd hi lkbkhgri6 N, qud lirrdspihgd ì lirtd 5 `bkha` i sdxti gksli, D qud lirrdspihgd ì lirtd 5,7 jkbêjdtris `bkha` i qukhti gksli, G qud lirrdspihgd ì lirtd 0,5 jkbêjdtris qud `bkha` i qu`rti gksli L, qud rdpdtd i lirtd 5 d `bkha` i tdrldkri gksli, O qud lirrdspihgd ì lirtd gd 0,4 jkbêjdtris, `bkha` i sdmuhgi gksli d nkh`bjdhtd @ qud rdpdtd 5,7 jkbêjdtris gd lirtd, `bkha` i prkjdkri gksli. Dst` la`vd ë ndkt` h` nrds`giLT_\I GD LA@^DK_I “ @TB@ 4

r` p`htimrànkl`, fà dstug`gi `htdrkirjdhtd. @ lih lihndl ndlíìi íìi gdss` la`vd å jìi ë jukti gknêlkb d trò`bais`, ` hìi sdr qud piss` sdr utkbkz`gi i gkspisktkvi ligknkl`gir p`r` la`vd Nirg rdldhtdjdhtd b`hí`gi pdb` Mibg. I qud nik vksti `të i jijdhti d qud lirrdspi lirrdspihgd hgd ` bkha` bkha` Nirg, hi l`si i ùtijüvdb Dslirt v`bd t`joëj p`r` p`r` i ùtijüvdb ùtijüvdb Nkdst` Nkdst`,, Nirg C d Jihgdi. Liji vkjis ` bkha` Nirg nik ` jiht`gir` qud j`ks `btdr`íôds rd`bkziu his tkpis gd tr`v`s gd gkrdíìi liji t`joëj gd lkbkhgris.

Kjpirt`htd I qud v`jis dxpbkl`r hìi v`bd sijdhtd p`r` is l`rris g` bkha` Nirg, j`s p`r` tig` d qu`bqudr bkha` gd vdêlubis. U`r` s`l`r i lkbkhgri g` kmhkíìi ë hdl hdldss dssàrk àrkii lib libil` il`rr ` la` la`vd vd p`r` uj` gdtdrjkh`g` piskíìi dj mdr`b ` sdmuhg` piskíìi. Wigi lkbkhgri gd kmhkíìi, liji gkssdjis, pissuk uj` j`rl`íìi gd piskíìi gd la`vd mr`v`g` h` prü?=

prk` lòdí` gi lkbkhgri dj uj `hdb qud dhvibvd ` lòdí` g` jdsj`. (Nkmur` @). Pu`hgi ë mr`v`g` ` j`rl`íìi gd piskíìi gd la`vd h` prüprk` lòdí` gi lkbkhgri hìi `lihtdld i qud v`jis rdb`t`r. I gksli qud j`rl` dss`s piskíôds gd la`vd hirj`bjdhtd dstà, gd `bmuj` nirj`, nkx`gi ì lkbkhgri, j`s hìi r`ri `lihtdld gd mkr`r, jug`hgi gd piskíìi. Ir` kmhir`hgi dss` jug`hí`, libil`jis ` la`vd h` sdmuhg` piskíìi d ` tr`v` gi lkbkhgri hìi ò`kx` kjpisskokbkt`hgi ` s`êg` gi sdmrdgi. Pu`hgi Pu` hgi ili ilirrd rrd dst dstdd n`t n`tii gdv gdvdj djis is prildgdr g` sdmukhtd nirj`. U`rtkhgi U`rtkh gi g` piskí piskíìi ìi khklk` khklk`bb 5 iu O, v`jis mkr`hgi gdv`m`r ` la`vd ì jdsji tdjpi qud `pdrt`jis lij uj` pdqudh` la`vd gd ndhg` ` tr`v` gi lkbkhgri. (Nkmur` O). Pu`hgi ` la`vd p`ss`r pdb` piskíìi ldrt` ` tr`v` ò`kx` bkodr`hgi i l`haìi. Ksti pigd `lihtdldr `htds g` sdmuhg` piskíìi, liji `püs ` sdmuhg` sdmu hg` pisk piskíìi, íìi, gdpdhgdhgi p`r` qud b`gi i `hdb mkriu. KH\WKWTWI THK^D_\@B O_@\KBDK_I

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Wigis gkslis `bkha`gis

Nkmur` 44- Lirtds lirrdspihgdhtds ìs höjdris gi gksli.

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Nkmur` @- Uiskíìi gd la`vd.


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@pdrt`r ` tr`v` gi lkbkhgri

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Nkmur` O- Uiskíôds gd la`vd.

W_@^@ GD GK_DÍÌI BKHA@ NK@W @ dx dxdj djpb pbii gi qu qudd `l `lih ihtd tdld ld lij is l`sis g`s jiht`gir`s `htdrkirds, ` tr`v` g` gkrdíìi gis l`rris g` Nk`t, t`joëj hìi prdlks` sdr rdjivkg` g` libuh` gd gkrdíìi. O`st` rdjivdr ` l`rdh`mdj qud db` nkl` `p`rdhtd. H` nkmur` 4> jistr`jis ` l`rl`í` g` tr`v` gi Thi, Uræjki d Dbo`. U`r` rdjivdr i lkbkhgri ë prdlksii pr lks prds dssk skih ih`r `r ` tr tr`v `v`, `, `t `tr` r`vë vëss gd uj` òdrtur` h` p`rtd khndrkir g` l`rl`í`. Urdsskihd ` tr`v` lij uj` pdqudh` la`vd gd ndhg`, mkrd ` la`vd p`r` ` sdmuhg` piskíìi. îlæ v`k tdr uj` surprds`, piks hìi s`k i lkbkhgri liji his l`rris `htdrkirds, i qud s`k ë i l`haìi. (Nkmur` 4=). L`si hìi pissu` ` la`vd ë prdlksi jkla`r p`r` bdv`r ` la`vd å sdmuhg` piskíìi. Dst` ë uj` g`s p`rtklub`rkg`gds g` bkha` Nk`t. LT_\I GD LA@^DK_I “ @TB@ 4

Nkmur` 4>- @pdrt`hgi ` tr`v`.

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Iutr` ë qud `s mukbaitkh`s hìi s`dj liji his gdj`ks. Db`s sìi tr`v`g`s. (Nkmur` 41). Uirt`h Uir t`hti, ti, sì sìii lih lihskg skgdr` dr`g` g`ss gdsl`rt gds l`rtàvd àvdks. ks. W`ht W`htii ksti ë vdr vdrg`g g`gd, d, qud hìi sd dhlihtr` hi lijërlki uj` öhkl` pdí`, d skj i ckt lijpisti gd qu`tri pdí`s, ? pirt`s, kmhkíìi d pirt`j`b`s. (Nkmur` 4;). Uirt`hti, Uirt` hti, qu` qu`bqud bqudrr prio priobdj` bdj` qudd pi qu piss ss`` il ilir irrd rdrr dj uj gi giss lk lkbkh bkh-g -gri riss sdf` i g` pirt`, pirt`-j`b`s iu kmhkíìi ë rdlijdhg`gi tril`r i ckt lijpbdti p`r` p` r` hì hìii nkl nkl`r `r li lij j la la`v `vds ds gk gknd ndrd rdht htds ds,, fà qud, pir sdrdj tr`v`-g`s `s mukbaitkh`s, hìi ë pissêvdb uhknkl`r is sdmrdgis. Liji sd pigd vdr pdb` nkmur` 4;,, ti 4; tigi giss is l` l`ha haôd ôdss sì sìii km kmu` u`ks ks d piss pi ssud udj j i jd jdsj sjii hö höjd jdri ri gd mu muk-kbaitkh`s. Is gd gdj` j`ks ks l` l`rr rris is g` Nk` Nk`t,t, li li-j -jii Wdjpr`, U`bki, Wkpi, \kdh`, J`rd` d Or`v` Or` v` tæj l` l`rl rl`í `í`s `s g` g`ss tr` tr`v` v`ss gd gkrdíìii gkndrdhtds, gkrdíì gkndrdhtds, pirëj pirëj tig`s tig`s db`s pissudj òdrtur` p`r` qud sd piss` `pdrt`r ` tr`v` gi lkbkhgri gd kmhkíìi lij ` la`vd h` sdmuhg` piskíìi. Hìi pissukhgi ` la`vd ë prdlksi jkla`r. Liji pir dxdjpbi jistr`jis h` nkmur` >5 ` l`rl`í` g` tr`v` gd gkrdíìi gi U`bki d J`rd`. U`r` rdjivdr i lkbkhgri gd kmhkíìi hkí ìi gds gdst`s t`s tr` tr`v`s v`s,, lib libil` il`-sd -sd ` la` la`-vd -vd h` sd sdmu muhg hg`` pi piskí skíìi ìi d `p `pdr drt`t`-sd sd ` tr`v`. (Nkmur`s >0 d >0@). Liji Li ji gk gkss ssdj djis is `l `lkj kj`, `, hì hìii td tdhg hgii ` la`vd, ë hdldssàrki jkla`r. \ü qud p`r` jkla`r dstds lkbkhgris gd kmhkíìi, ë prdlks prd lksii `pd `pdrt` rt`rr ` tr` tr`v` v` g`s mukbaitkh baitkh`s `s dhqu dh qu`h `hti ti ds dstktkvd vdrr j` j`hk hkpu pub` b`hg hgii ` ndrr`jdht` gd òdrtur`. J`s ksti hìi ë pissêvdb, pir dst`r i lkbkhgri libil`gi h` l`rl rl``í` d td tdrr i sdu lirp rpii tit`bjdhtd tit`bj dhtd ndla ndla`gi `gi hìi piss pissukhgi ukhgi hdhauj nuri p`r` p`r` qud sd piss` `tkhmkr ` tr`v` g`s mukbaitkh`s.

Nkmur` 4=- _djivdhgi i l`haìi.

Wr`v` g`s mukbaitkh`s

Nkmur` 41- \kstdj` gd tr`v` g`s mukbaitkh`s.

Nkmur` 4;- Ckt gis lkbkhgris p`r` l`rris g` bkha` Thi.


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Ë hd hdlds ldssàr sàrki ki n`z n`zdr dr lij uj` oril` gd + < jkbêjdtris gd gkïjdtri uj nuri h` l`rl`í` d hi lirpi gi lkbkhgri dj uj` gdtdrjkh`g` piskíìi. (Nkmur` >?).

Nkmur` >5- L`rl`í` g` tr`v` gd gkrdíìi U`bki d J`rd`.

Nkmur` >?- Lkbkhgri vksti pir tràs.

Uir kssi `lihsdba`-sd n`zdr ` la`vd pdbi lkbkhgri g` pirt`, qud ë j`ks nàlkb gd tdr sdu l`haìi rdjivkgi, vkg i, p`r p`r`` lih lihndl ndlíìi íìi g` la` la`vd. vd. @ tr`v` g`s mukbaitkh`s hi lkbkhgri `lkj` gdslrkt`, nkl` h` b`tdr`b d khtdrh`jdhtd hi sdhtkgi bihmktugkh`b gi l`haìi, pirt`hti gkndrdhtd g` tr`v` gi l`haìi g` bkha` Thi qud ë h` p`rtd supdrkir d vksêvdb. (Nkmur` ><). Iosdrvd pdb` nkmur` qud i höjdri gd mukbaitkh`s t`joëj ë gkndrdhtd dhqu`hti i g` bkha` Thi ë skstdj` skjpbd skjpbdss lij lkhli mukbaitkh`s, mukbaitkh`s, hdstd qud dst`jis gdslrdvdhgi, i skstdj` ë gupbi lij lkhli mukbaitkh`s h` p`rtd supdrkir d qu`tri h` khndrkir. Gdt`bads g` lihndlíìi g` la`vd sdrà g`gi hi p`ssi ` p`ssi. Lij ` bkha` Nk`t, dhldrr`jis i `ssuhti qud tr`t` siord tr`v`s gd gkrdíìi d lkbkhgris gd kmhkíìi.

Nkmur` >0- @pdrt`hgi ` tr`v`.

Nkmur` >0@- _djivdhgi i lkbkhgri.


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@ sdmukr n`rdjis uj rdsuji qud sdrà jukti ötkb p`r` lihsubt` pir p`rtd gi `buhi. I prüxkji `ssuhti sdrà lihndlíìi gd la`vds gd ùtijüvdks.

_D\TJI @tr`vës gdstd rdsuji i `buhi sòdrà qu`ks is l`rris qud gdvdrìi tdr su`s l`rl`í`s g` tr`v` gd gkrdíìi nur`g`s p`r` pigdr rdjivdr i lkbkhg lkb khgri, ri, qu` qu`ks ks is l`r l`rris ris qud qudpis pissudj sudj i jdsji höjdri gd mukbaitkh`s his lkbkhgris g` pirt` d g` kmhkíìi, i qud v`k bad pdrjktkr n`zdr ` la`vd pdbi lkbkhgri g` pirt`, d is l`rris lufi lkbkhgris gdvdj sdr jkla`gis p`r` pigdrdj sdrdj bdv`gis ` sdmuhg` piskíìi p`r` sdrdj rdjivkgis.

0- Lij dxldíìi gi Mib, îy`md, U`r`tk, \`ht`h` d \`vdri, tigis is gdj`ks l`rris gdvdj tdr sdus lkbkhgris gd kmhkíìi jkla`gis p`r` sdrdj bdv`gis p`r` ` sdmuhg` piskíìi. ?- Wigis is l`rris dxldti Mib,, îy Mib îy`md `md,, U`r U`r`tk `tk,, \`h \`ht`h t`h`` d \`vdri, fà væj gd nàorkl` lij ` l`rl`í` g` tr`v` gd gkrdíìi nur`g` iu lij òdrtur` p`r` gdstr`v`r i lkbkhgri gd gkrdíìi. <- Is lkbkhgris gi Mib, îy`md, \`ht`h`, U`r`tk d \`vdri hìi prdlks prd lks`j `j sd sdrr jkl jkla` a`gis gis,, j` j`ss ë prdlksi nur`r ` l`rl`í` g` tr`v` gd gkrdíìi. 7- Is l` l`rr rris is g` Md Mdhd hdr` r`bb Jitirs,, pissu Jitirs pissudj dj j`ks mukbaitkh`ss hi h` hiss lk lkbk bkhgr hgris is gd kmh kmhkí kíìi ìi d jdhis his lkbkhgris g`s pirt`s. LT_\I GD LA@^DK_I “ @TB@ 4

Wr`v` gd mukbaitkh`s gi Thi

Wr`v` khtdrh` g`s mukaitkh`s gi U`bki d J`rd`

Nkmur` ><- \kstdj` gd tr`v` g`s mukbaitkh`s gi lkbkhgri gi U`bki d J`rd`.

4- Is ùt ùtijü ijüvd vdks ks Dsl Dslirt irt,, Bimus, Uikhtdr, ^drih`, Mib, \`ht`h`, U`r`tk, Mibn, ^drs`bbds, _iydbds d iutris qud t`joëj utkbkz`j i jdsji tkpi gd lkbkhgri dj qu qudd ` la la`v `vdd nu nuhl hlki kih` h` h` h`ss gu`s piskíôds, tæj j`ks mukbaitkh`s hi lkbkhgri gd kmhkíìi gi qud his lkbkhgris g`s pirt`s.

>- Is l`rris g` Nk`t, Thi Wdjpr`, J`rd`, \kdh`, \tkbi, \tr`g`, tæj i jdsji höjdri gd mukbaitkh`s his lkbkhgris g`s pirt`s d gd kmhkíìi. Uirt`hti, sìi l`rris qud hìi hdldsskt`j rdtkr`r i lkbkhgri g` kmhkíìi p`r` ` lihndlíìi. D ` la`vd gdvd sdr ndkt` pdbi lkbkhgri g` pirt` d `të gi pirt`j`b`s.

=- His l`rris tkpi Wdjpr`, \tr`g`, J`rd`, Or`v`, U`bki, Dxpbirdr, \kdh`, Ob`zdr d \kbvdr`gi, is lkbkhgris gd kmhkíìi hìi pigdj sdr jkla`gis hirj`bjdhtd liji lij i his gdj gdj`ks `ks l`r l`rris ris.. U`r U`r`` jkla`r ë prdlksi n`zdr uj nuri h` l`rl`í` g` tr`v` gd gkrdíìi, ` nkj gd bkodr`r uj` tr`v` qud prdhgd `s mukbaitkh`s. \ü gd gdpik pikss gd bko bkodr dr`g `g`s `s `s mukbaitkh`s mukbaitk h`s ë qud pigdjis jk-la`r jk-la`r hirj`bjdhtd. Dssd nuri ë ndkti ` + ?5 jkbêjdtris g` dhtr`g` g` la`vd. 1- Lij dxldíìi gi Nusl`, Or`sêbk`, ^`rk`ht, qud ` tr`v` gd gkrdíìi gdvd sdr rdtkr`g` g` libuh` gd gkrdíìi, is gdj`ks l`rris `qu `qukk lkt lkt`gi `giss hìi prd prdlks lks`j. `j. O`st` rdjivdr ` l`rdh`mdj qud nkl`j vksêvdks d nàldks gd sdrdj trò`ba`g`s. KH\WKWTWI THK^D_\@B O_@\KBDK_I

Chaveiro - Aula 05

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