CHAPTER 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies This chapter includes the ideas, fnished thesis, generalizaon generalizaon or conclusions, methodologies and others. Those that were included in thus chapter helps in amiliarizing inormaon that are relevant and similar to the present study 2.1.1 2.1.1
Forei Foreign gn Rela Related ted Liter Literat atur ure e
Sales & Inventor !onitoring Sste"s # Audra $ian%a 'e"and !edia Data Collecon for Decision-Making Decision- Making Using this type o system, system, a company company makes strategic strategic business decisions regarding raw material purchases, producon scheduling, pricing, logiscs and other decisions in the supply chain. Sales and inventory data enables the company to increase or decrease producon in the actory so the company wont have too many fnished goods stored in its warehouses. Funcon ! sales and inventory monitoring system collects data to aid in producon scheduling. "or e#ample, e#ample, some systems systems use recent sales data to orecast orecast how many o a type o product will be needed to meet consumer demand in the near uture. This includes monitoring the levels o a product at all locaon l ocaons. s. ! good e#ample is a global company with customers customers all over the world. The customer may live in $apan, but the system must see i the warehouse in %anada has a product available to ship to $apan. How it Works The system compares current inventory levels o a product and the number scheduled or produ produc con on with with the number number needed needed,, and determi determines nes i the level level o prod produc ucon on must must be changed. changed. & necessary necessary,, the syste system m sends sends a message message to the master master produc producon on schedule schedule to increase producon. !lso, the inventory monitoring system slows down producon when a products retail sales levels dont meet the sales orecast and the company overproduces the product. Compeve Advantage !utomated !utomated sales and inventory monitoring gives a company company a compeve compeve advantage by linking di'erent automated processes within the supply chain. "or e#ample, automang the ordering process or customers and the producon scheduling, then ad(usng manuacturing based on up)to)date inventory levels, makes a company more *e#ible, capable o deciding how to best sasy customer orders. +hen automated acvies are linked )) ensuring inormaon *ows rapidly rom one part o the supply chain to another )) a company can e#ploit these linkages.
anagement can make rapid decisions to increase revenues, such as ramping up producon immediately in one locaon because o a sudden surge in demand in another part o the world. SALES !()IT(RI)* S+STE! $ Cel,on !o#iles %elkon is one o leading manuacturing companies in &ndia. +e have pioneered mobile phone soluons and wireless technologies in &ndia. %elkon caters to the increasing smart needs o mobile users across the world. -ur orte lies in providing innovave mobile technology to every customer. !t %elkon, we believe every user needs an e#perience more personalized than ever. +e are dedicated towards manuacturing customized user riendly phones. -ur value added eatures ensure the personality o the phone matches the taste o the user. The wide range o products available at %elkon ensures that there is a phone or every pocket. very %elkon product undergoes stringent /uality tests at every stage o producon. -ur main ocus is to e#cel and provide the user with best designs paired with unmatched technology. !onitoring Sales for A%%ounta#ilit $ Sales Creator Measuring Sales Performance ost companies have the problem o measuring the perormance o their sales sta' because each salesperson is di'erent and they work in varied methods. 0ecause a sale involves customers, there are other actors impacng sales, as well. %ustomers and their needs are di'erent, business condions vary, individual customer bases di'er and the product mi# o'ered to each customer can vary. +hat are the important components to track to determine sales success1 The actors can be tangible and intangible. +hen e#amining the tangible side o the sales ledger you need to consider methods or targeng, re/uency o contact, message and presentaon, and communicaons. Some intangible actors that can be di2cult to /uany are the salespersons ability to build relaonships and 3connect3 with customers, and whether or not there is a clear purpose o the call or meeng. The reason or contact can be to help the customer, or somemes it is to help the salespersons /uota.
'ecve results rom measuring the perormance o each salesperson should have a purpose4 to help them be more proftable to your company. +hen this occurs they have more worth through addional pay and incenves, and they receive a value, and that is a good eeling about doing a great (ob. There are three steps in bringing about the improvement o an employee when a problem is idenfed4 measuring, correcng with training, and planning to make the change permanent.
Measuring te Performance The ability to measure perormance depends on the use o success)based criteria as a model to compare daily, weekly and monthly numbers. 5ere are some o the criteria that Sales %reators uses when designing a monitoring system or their customers4
6. Time spent selling, me spent in administraon, me prospecng 7. 8umber o calls made on e#isng accounts 9. 8umber o calls made to new customers, and number o new customers :. ;romptness in submi
olume o sales, number, size, product mi# and repeat account ?. !ccuracy in /uong prices and delivery inormaon with approved margins to customer @. ethod o call backs set up with the customer A. %ost o customer to company B. arkeng and promoonal me, specifc areas 6C. &mprovement areas where me is being invested on the part o the salesperson and managementD this includes topics such as behavior modifcaon, appearance, schooling and other personal issues easuring must start with standards that are compiled rom the averages o all employees who are doing the same task. Then review the progress or the last 67 months and determine how it compares to the budget compliance standards. & the perormance levels do not meet the basic standards set by the company, or i their perormance alls more than 6C percent rom last years numbers then it is me to move into a correcve step o acon. !raining and Process for Correcon This is a posive step or improvement and it starts with management reevaluang the sales and markeng systems. &s there a need to increase promoonal campaigns, change or add prospecng methods, establish ghter controls with price variances, or get input to problems rom the sales sta'1 anagements frst duty means me spent working on f#ing the systemsD then it is me to provide help or the salesperson. They should have daily direcon and support, be provided with proper coaching by role)playing on specifc areas o weakness ound in the measuring perormance secon. ake mentoring me available with best salesperson and the salesperson that needs help and have them observe and listen to their instructor. Eaily progress must be recognized and acknowledged unl the problem is resolved by noceable improvement in a given area. Planning for a Posive Cange -nce a problem has been ound, management must help get it corrected. -nce it has been corrected it is me to outline an agreement to reach the stated goals. ;lanning in its fnal orm should be in wring with the steps needed to reach the fnal desnaon. Then the me must be alloFed to put managements system changes into e'ect by introducing them to the employees at a meeng.
2.1.2
Lo%al Related Literature Inventor (rdering Sste" $ *lo#e $usiness P-iliines +ith (ust a ew keystrokes, track your supplies using GlobeHs &nventory -rdering System. The cost)e'ecve and highly innovave inventory management system gives you instant access to stock levels, allowing or mely orders and zero wastage. Get real)me reports +hat the inventory system does is allow you to order supplies based on the most current data. This minimizes overstocking and at the same me, rees up resources or more urgent needs. %ut through red tape The &nventory -rdering System gives you beFer control over your supply chain, a'ording you the convenience o being able to place orders online or via SS. !nd because the system automacally generates inventory and sales reports, your employees will have less paperwork to fle and more me to ocus on operaons. ;erect or businesses with ranchise operaons, this user)riendly inventory management system can be customized or any mul)site company, commissary, or warehouse backend ordering operaon. "eatures I 0enefts Jegistraon odule -rder anagement &nventory anagement Sales anagement Jeports odule Te#t 0roadcast (nline Sales !onitoring and Inventor Sste" /an 2011 The problem o the conducted research is about the companyHs sales monitoring and inventory system. Keeping records o sales and inventories manually are the current method used by the company. Eue to this current method o inventory system, the company has encountered several problems regarding the monitoring and stocks checking. K-8K.%- management once said, Lanual method is very hassle and me consuming process o inventory. &t has many drawbacks as there are many mistakes while recording large data and it disturb some important transacon somemesM.
Upon hearing this, the researchers developed a system which will help the management keep record o inventories in systemac way and help them produce report about the inventory or stock currently available in their store in automac way. Through this the hassle and commi
Technology has never stopped rom advancing through the years. &ts new innovaons helps answer the peopleHs urther comple# /uesons. +hy not use these advantages to beneft ourselves1 any people use computers in their daily lives. Some use it or transacons, some use it or educaonal purposes and others use it or data storage. Though it might sound unnecessary but in some cases when storing a fle or such a big company, can you manage it properly1 -rganizing, fnding a fle, etc. +ith computers, it can help you simpliy the process o storing and managing the fles you need or uture use and make fnding fles easier than the manual process. A Proposed Sales and $nventor# S#stem &n business like merchandising, Sales and &nventory system plays an important role. &t is used to track all the transacons made by the business and responsible or monitoring the items supplies. !ll the business transacons must be properly recorded and must be ully secured by password. ! %omputerized system is the best soluon and most innovave answer or their needs.
The researchers had been movated to do a study on this topic according to the above observaon. The result may help others to understand more about computer)generated data processing, especially on how to deal with computers in terms o speed, accuracy and data security. onitoring the transacons and other signifcant inormaon regarding the customer is the main concern o this study.
2.1. Foreign Related Studies T-ailand I"le"enta3ons Inventor Sste" ARTICLE E4CERP This survey)based research idenfes the di'erent inventory models in use by mulnaonals operang in Thailand. Unlike many o the newly industrialized countries, Thailand has received relavely less aFenon in the internaonal operaons management literature. This arcle highlights key actors a'ecng the type o inventory systems implemented in Thailand, which can be o value to developing countries making the transion into newly industrialized ones. This study shows that inventory systems in Thailand are a'ected by the type o producon, locaon o the mulnaonals head/uarters, demands, supply base, and the e#tent to which materials were either e#ported or imported. I)TR('5CTI() Oike any other country, Thailand is characterized by a uni/ue set o inrastructural, regulatory, legal, and economic condions. %heap labor coupled with a relavely stable economic and polical climate has aFracted ulnaonal %orporaons P8%sQ to Thailand. !s mulnaonals invest billions o dollars into Thai operaons, it is essenal that they design and manage systems that are congruent with the local needs. -ne key operaonal area o interest is the management o inventories. &nventory systems can be a'ected by a host o internaonal, product, and supply actors. &n this research we aFempt to empirically ascertain how inventory systems are in*uenced by industry type and look or interacons with cultural, inrastructural and economic issues. This research is e#pected to be o value to 8% managers in designing inventory systems that work more e'ecvely in Thailand. &n addion, it could also provide direcon to naons making the transion to 8ewly &ndustrial %ountries P8&%Q status rom that o developing one. ! signifcant amount o literature is available on inventory systems. ! ma(ority o the fndings are derived rom e#periences in the US, $apan and +estern urope. Some inventory systems however, can be a'ected by variaons in local condions such as inrastructure, customs, dues, and regulaons. 5ence, it is essenal to view such systems in an internaonal conte#t.
To rame this research, we will e#amine the literature on operaons in 8&% countries ollowed by an analysis o local condions in Thailand. ! number o arcles are available that e#amine the inventory setups in Singapore, 5ong Kong, and Korea P!msden, 6BABQ. "or e#ample, %heng P6BAAQ and 5um and 8g P6BB=Q e#amine the workings o $ust &n Time P$&TQ systems in 5ong Kong and Singapore, respecvely. -ther studies related to inventory management include acility locaon decisions PSisodia, 6BB7D 8ambiar, felders, and >an +assenhove, O. 8, 6BABD athews, 6BB@Q and distributed systems. These studies indicate that Thailand is not as industrialized as the other 8&% countries such as Singapore, and inrastructure shortcomings play an important role. 8e#t, we will e#amine the literature on the /uality o inrastructure in Thailand. &nrastructure a'ects both the producvity and e'ecveness o manuacturing companies. &t has a direct impact on the distribuon o raw materials, parts, and fnished goods to customers. The ew studies ocused on Thailand have primarily addressed inrastructural problems in Thailand P%halamwong, %halongphob and +aFanalee, 6BB:D %halamwong, 6BB9Q. &n idenying the inrastructure)related problems, Rukio P6BBCQ calls or the Thai government to pay closer aFenon to transportaon systems in their e'ort to aFract more $apanese and oreign investment. Sibunruang P6BA?Q also points to inrastructural constraints having a bearing on the development o the Thai economy. The present government, however, does realizes the importance o inrastructure or the countrys overall economy. &n its e'orts to improve inrastructure, the Thai government has privazed telecommunicaon service and has started seeking help rom private local and oreign companies to cope with the road shortage.
2.1. Foreign Related Studies Sales and Inventor Sste" $ 6a"6a"1278 !ar 2011 !ccording to the U.S. Small 0usiness !dministraon, L&nventory reers to stocks o anything necessary to do businessM PU.S. Small 0usiness !dministraon, 7C6CQ. The U.S. Small 0usiness !dministraon publicaon describes what constutes successul inventory management Pbalancing cost versus benefts o inventoryQ, includingD 6Q aintaining a wide assortment without spreading the rapidly moving items too thin, 7Q &ncreasing inventory turnover without sacrifcing service, 9Q Keeping stock low without sacrifcing perormance, :Q -btaining lower prices by making volume purchases,
=Q aintaining an ade/uate inventory without an e#cess o obsolete items. !nyone in business must understand the business o inventory. 0elow is a look at si# di'erent inventory systems as well as a comparison o the advantages and disadvantages.
Wal-Mart $nventor# S#stem +al)art runs its stores on a perpetual inventory system. This system records the /uanty o items sold as items are purchased. The computer system at +al)art constantly keeps up with addions or deducons rom inventory and tells management what items are on hand. The organizaon also conducts counts o employee manual counts o inventory periodically. +hen an item arrives at the +al)art distribuon centre it is scanned into the inventory system. +hen the items are purchased by the consumer, the point)o)sale system reduces the inventory rom that purchase. !ccording to +al)artHs Gail Oavielle, a leaner inventory will help clear out store cluFer and help +al)art ocus on specifc brands and products that consumers want PThe !ssociated ;ress, 7CC?Q.
!dvantages and Eisadvantages o the +al)art &nventory System The advantages o a perpetual inventory system are that inventory is /uickly updated in real) me, which gives a constant picture o the inventory status. 5S Pu#!ed.gov Auto"a3ng t-e ur%-asing and inventor %ontrol fun%3ons. "actors involved in computerizing the purchasing and inventory control uncons in hospital pharmacies are described. +hen iniang an automated purchasing and inventory control system, a easibility study should frst be conducted to determine the e#tent o automaon needed to develop a cost)e'ecve system. The design o the system will depend on the e#tent to which the department o materials management is involved with other hospital departments. The advantages and disadvantages o decentralized versus centralized systems are discussed, and criteria or selecng hardware and soware vendors are presented. ! return)on)investment analysis should be perormed to validate the benefts or savings e#pected rom implemenng the new automated system. "actors to consider during implementaon o the new system and uture developments a'ecng purchasing and inventory control systems, such as bar coding, are discussed. +ith the current concern about rapidly rising health)care costs and the need to enhance producvity, the development and implementaon o automated purchasing and inventory control systems are important strategies or instuons to pursue now. CISS 9Co"uter Inventor Sste" Se%ialists Ltd.: Pur%-ase (rder !anage"ent &nventory ;ros ;urchasing System allows you to order, track, and receive both inventory items and assets. &t also provides the ability to browse purchase orders, list currently outstanding purchase orders, and generate reports based on purchase orders. Oike most parts o
&nventory ;ro, the ;urchasing System can be customized with logos, messages, felds, and terms to adapt it to your specifc business. ;urchase !ssets or &nventory &tems ;urchase -rder !pprovals Eelivery Schedule P0lanket ;-sQ &nbound !ppointment Scheduling Suppliers %atalogue Supplier 5istory Term !greement PSupplier %ontractsQ !utomac Generaon o ;urchase -rders !ccounng Soware &ntegraon %ost 5istory o ;urchased &tems Jeceiving P;arals and %omplete -rdersQ Jeporng
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Taguig Cit 5niversit (nline !edi%al Inventor Sste" 92017: T-esis
