Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
In relation to the problem statement whereas, the rising cost of diesel fuels in the world market, the negative result of greenhouse gases emissions in the environment and and the the bad bad effe effect cts s to our our heal health th – this this pape paperr prov provid ide e info inform rmat atio ion n with with bett better er understanding of what Jatropha oil is, the process of how it is produces as well as the equipm equipmen ents ts used; used; the publi public c polic policy y curren currently tly appro approve ved; d; the impo importa rtance nce of using using biodiesel biodiesel as an alternative; the advantage and disadvantages disadvantages of using Jatropha oil, the economic benefits and the up-to-date information about Jatropha curcas as one of the potential source of biodiesel in the Philippine market in the future.
2.1 INTRODUCTION
By 2030, 2030, the world’ world’s s popula populati tion on is expec expected ted to reach reach 8 billio billion n and as the population grows, more energy is required to produce the basic needs of people. An energy that is more practical to use in the same way that it is safer, renewable, available and of course – affordable. Biodiesel is one of the candidates of this needed energy because of its abundance and potential source in the country. Biodiesel is a cleanburning diesel replacement fuel that can be used in compression-ignition (CI) engines, and which is manufactured from the following renewable, non-petroleum based sources: •
Virgin vegetable oils such as jatropha, soy, mustard, canola, rapeseed rapeseed and palm oils;
•
Animal fats such as poultry offal, tallow, and fish oils; and
•
Used cooking oils and trap grease from restaurants
Biodie Biodiese sell is gene genera rally lly made made when when fats fats and and oils oils are are chemic chemicall ally y react reacted ed with with an alcohol, typically methanol, and a catalyst, typically sodium or potassium hydroxide, to produce an ester, or biodiesel.
2.2 JATROPHA OIL
Oil that is prod produce uced d from from the seeds seeds of Jatrop Jatropha ha plant plant that grow grows s in all all the common and marginal lands is called as Jatropha oil. The species of plant that is used for oil extraction is known as Jatropha Curcas. Since Jatropha Curcas is very toxic, they are not consumed by humans and other living things. The main goal of cultivating Jatropha all over the world is to extract oil from the seeds which is used as an alternative energy source. Jatropha oil extraction methods have also gained the same importance like Jatropha cultivation. Since the oil extracted from Jatropha Jatropha seeds is the primary primary source source for biodiesel, biodiesel, the process process of extracti extraction on methods have also become significant. The oil extracted from the seeds is processed to prepare high quality bio-fuel as an alternative source that can be used in diesel car. While the residue that remains after extracting oil is also processed and used a biomass feedstock to produce electricity and is also used as a fertilizer. Jatropha oil is non edible and is also poisonous. Below is the table that shows some properties of the Jatropha oil.
No
Property
Value
1
Density
0,92 g/cm3
2
Ignition point
340°C
3
Solidification point
5 Kin
4
Viscosity
75 to 710 -6m2/s
5
Iodine value
13
6
Saponification value
198
7
Cetan number
23 / 51
8
Heating value
39,628 MJ/kg
9
Flash point
240/110°C
10
Carbon residue
0.64
2.3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
11
Distillation point
295°C
12
Kine inematics tics Visco iscos sity ity
50.73 .73 cs
13
Sulphur
0.13
14
Calorific value
9 470 kcal/kg
15
Pour point
8°C
16
Co Color
4.0
17
Acid value
1.0 – 38.2
18
Specific gr gravity
0.917/0.923 (0.881)
19
Solidifying Point
2.0
20
Refractive Index
1.47
A plant, in Europe not well known yet, is providing unusual amount of oil, which could be utilized even without further refining as a motor fuel. Jatropha curcas is a new sensation really however was described and found much earlier. During the Second World War, Japanese military researchers have experimented with Jatropha obtained oil. How is then possible, that Jatropha curcas was virtually “forgotten” “forgotten” for another sixty
years? Total contrary is the case. Jatropha curcas is being researched silently for many years by well known research institutes as well as by the famous motor car companies. An origin of Jatropha curcas is a bit mysterious and matter of legends, but generally is known that it comes from Mexico and the other states of Central America. Gradually plant was experimentally grown by colonizers in Africa and Asia, where that generally tolerant plant grows with a great vitality. Even in a current days, Jatropha curcas is daily used by native healers, in addition to, oil extract obtained from the seeds is a very effective anti venom serum, hemorrhoids, paralyses, edemas, even has the anti cancer properties. Actually,
Jatropha
curcas
is
a
perennial
plant,
from
the
family
of
(Euphorbiaceae), what an advantage is for its grower. Seeds containing desired oil are reaped for first time within two to five years from planting. Oil content of seeds is very interesting, about %37, and additionally to, another amount of oil is in kernels: about %60, later modified by esterification esterification to bio-fuel. bio-fuel. Extracted Extracted oil burns by bright, smokeless flames. Currently, Currently, the oil from Jatropha curcas curcas seeds is used for making biodiesel fuel in Philippines and in Brazil, where it grows naturally and in plantations in the Southeast, and the North/Northeast Brazil. Likewise, Jatropha oil is being promoted as as easily grown grown biofuel biofuel crop crop in hundreds hundreds of projects projects throughout throughout India and other developi developing ng countries. countries. The railway line between Mumbai and Delhi is planted with Jatropha and the train itself runs on 15-20% biodiesel. biodiesel. In Africa, cultivation cultivation of Jatropha is being promoted and it is grown successfully in countries such as Mali. In the Gran Chaco of Paraguay,
where also a native variety grows, studies have shown suitability of Jatropha cultivation cultivation and agro producers are starting to consider planting in the region. 2.4 BASIC PRODUCTION PROCESS
Biodiesel is generally made when fats and oils are chemically reacted with an alcohol, typically methanol, and a catalyst, typically sodium or potassium hydroxide to produce an ester, or biodiesel. Biodiesel is produced by transesterification of large, branched triglycerides in to smaller, straight chain molecules of methy esters, using an alkali or acid or enzyme as catalyst. There are three stepwise reactions with intermediate formation of diglycerides and monoglycerides monoglycerides resulting in the production production of three moles of methyl esters and one mole of glycerol from triglycerides. The overall reaction is CH2-OOC-R1 | CH-OOC-R 2 | CH2-OOC-R3 Glyceride
+
3R+OH Alcohol