LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES
Figura 1: Caldeira de Haycock, 1720.......................................................................................10 1720 .......................................................................................10 Figura 2: Caldeira Vagão de James Watt................................................................................10 Watt ................................................................................10 Figura 3: Caldeira de tubos retos,Babcock e Wilcox, 1877. .....................................................11 Figura 4: Caldeira de tubos curvados, Stirling ........................................................................11 Figura 5: Maquina de Hero....................... Hero .............................................. .............................................. .........................................................15 ..................................15 Figura 6: Caldeira Flamotubular .................... Flamotubular ........................................... .............................................. ....................................................16 .............................16 Figura 7: Caldeira aquotubul aquotubular ar .................................................................................................17 .................................................................................................17 Figura 8: Esquema de um caldeira aquotubular ............................................. ........................................................................18 ...........................18 Figura 9: Bicos injetores...........................................................................................................20 injetores ...........................................................................................................20 Figura 10: Indicador de Nível...................................................................................................21 Nível ...................................................................................................21 Figura 11: Câmara de combustão combustão.............................................................................................22 .............................................................................................22 Figura 12:Tubulão.................... 12:Tubulão ........................................... ............................................... ............................................... ..................................................23 ...........................23 Figura 13: Superaquece Superaquecedores dores ........................................... ................................................................... ........................................................24 ................................24 Figura 14 Superaquec Superaquecedores edores por por ............................................ ................................................................... ..................................................25 ...........................25 Figura 15: Superaquecedores por Radiação ........................................... .................................................................. ...................................26 ............26 Figura 16: Localização super aquecedores ..............................................................................27 Figura 17: Pré-aquecedor de Ar ............................................ ................................................................... ....................................................28 .............................28 Figura 18: Economizad Economizadores ores......................................................................................................30 ......................................................................................................30 Figura 19: Queimadoras....................... Queimadoras.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .......................................31 ................31 Figura 20: Soprador de Fulige .................................................................................................33 Figura 21: Precipitador Eletoestático ............................................ ................................................................... ............................................35 .....................35 Figura 22: Esquema com os ventiladores em uma caldeira ......................................................36 Figura 23: Fluxograma básico do processo de picagem de madeira. .......................................46 Figura 23: Fluxograma básico do processo de picagem de madeira.
RESUMO
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As caldeiras ou geradores de vapor são equipamentos que se destinam a gerar vapor através de uma troca térmica entre o combustível e a água, o vapor de água é usado como meio de geração, transporte e utilização de energia Exis xisttem dive diver r sos sos tipos tipos de ca caldeira ldeiras, s, as qua quais pode podem se ser r cclass assiif ica caddas segund segundoo di dive ver r sos sos critér ios. Segund Segundoo uma classif icação ma maiis genéric genérica, a, as caldeiras ldeiras se class classiifica ficam m em fumotubulaes, que se car car acteri acteriza zam m pe pela circul circulaação inte interna a dos dos gases de co com m b buustão stão,, ou se ja ja, os tub tubos os condu conduze zem m os gases por por ttodo o inte interi rioor da r da cald caldeeira; e aquotubulares aquotubulares que se car acteri acterizzam pe pela cir cir cul ulação ação ext extern rnaa dos gases de com co m b buustã stãoo e os tub t ubos os conduzzem mass condu massa de de água água e va p por or . Geralmente possuem os seguintes seguintes componentes, s istema de conntro co trolle da ág águua de alim limeent ntaação, in in je jettor es, es, indi indica caddor de ní nível, vel, câmara câmara de combustão, tubos, colet coletore ores, s, tub tubulã ulão, o, supera superaque queced cedor, or, pré-aq pré-aque ueced cedor or de ar, econom economiz izado ador, r, queim queimado adoras ras,, refratário, sopradores de fuligem, ventiladores, chaminé e válvulas de segurança. Caldeiras de Biomassa tem como seu principal objetivo complementar complementar a geração de vapor para a produção da fábrica, para isto, utiliza como seu principal combustível a biomassa em que a principio seria um resíduo da produção.
Palavras-chave: Caldeira, vapor, biomassa
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The boilers and steam generators are devices that are designed to generate steam through a heat exchange between the fuel and water, water vapor is used as a means of generation, transmission and use of energy There are various types of boilers, which can be classified according according to various various criteria. criteria. Accordin Accordingg to a more general classifica classification tion,, the boilers are classified in fumotubulaes, characterized by the internal circulation of combustion gases, ie, the tubes leading the gas throughout the interior of the boiler, and aquotubulares characterized characterized by external circulation of the gases combustion and the tubes leading body of water and steam. They generally have the following components, control system of water supply, injec inj ector tors, s, gauge, gauge, combus combusti tion on chambe chamber, r, pip pipes, es, sinks, sinks, pip pipes, es, superh superheat eater, er, air air prehea preheate ter, r, economiz economizer, er, burners, burners, refractor refractory, y, soot blowers, fans, fans, chimney chimney and safety safety valves. valves. Biomass Biomass Boilers has as its main objective to generate additional steam to the plant's production, for it uses as its main fuel biomass in the beginning would be a waste of production.
Keywords: boiler, steam, biomass
SUMÁRIO
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2.1 Aspectos Gerais Relacionados a Caldeiras ...........................................................................9 2.1.1 Desenvolvimento das Caldeiras............................................ ................................................................... ...........................................10 ....................10 2.1.2 Conceitos da Termodinâmica Relacionados à Operação de Caldeiras ..........................13 2.2 Tipos e classificação das caldeiras ............................................ ................................................................... ..........................................15 ...................15 2.2.1 Componentes das Caldeiras Aquatubulares ....................................................................20 2.2.1.1 Sistema de controle da água de alimentação .............................................. .................................................................21 ...................21 2.2.1.2 Injetor ............................................. .................................................................... .............................................. ........................................................21 .................................21 2.2.1.3 Indicador de nível.........................................................................................................22 nível .........................................................................................................22 2.2.1.4 Câmara de combustão...................................................................................................22 combustão ...................................................................................................22 2.2.1.5 Tubulão.................... Tubulão ........................................... .............................................. .............................................. .................................................. ................................23 .....23 2.2.1.6 Superaquece Superaquecedores dores.........................................................................................................24 .........................................................................................................24 2.2.1.6.1 Superaquecedores por Convecção Convecção.............................................................................25 .............................................................................25 2.2.1.6.2 Superaquecedores por Radiação Radiação................................................................................26 ................................................................................26 2.2.1.6.3 Localização de Superaquec Superaquecedores edores.............................................................................27 .............................................................................27 2.2.1.7 Pré-aquecedor Pré-aquecedor de Ar .....................................................................................................28 .....................................................................................................28 2.2.1.8 Economizadores...................... Economizadores ............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ........................................30 .................30 2.2.1.9 Queimadoras.................................................................................................................31 Queimadoras .................................................................................................................31 2.2.1.10 Refratário....................................................................................................................33 Refratário ....................................................................................................................33 2.2.1.11 Sopradores de fuligem fuligem................................................................................................33 ................................................................................................33 2.2.1.12 Precipitador eletroestático ............................................ ................................................................... ...............................................34 ........................34 2.2.1.13 Ventiladores.................... Ventiladores ........................................... .............................................. .............................................. ......................................... .......................35 .....35 2.2.1.14 Chaminé...................... Chaminé............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ............................................... ...........................36 ...36 2.2.1.15 Válvulas de segurança segurança..................... ............................................ .............................................. .............................................. ..............................36 .......36 2.2.2 Classificação das Caldeiras Aquatubulares ....................................................................36 2.2.2.1 Caldeiras de Tubos Retos...................... Retos ............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..........................37 ...37 2.2.2.2 Caldeiras de Tubos Curvos...........................................................................................37 Curvos ...........................................................................................37 2.2.2.3 Caldeiras com Circulação Forçada ...............................................................................38 2.3 Eficiência da Caldeira ............................................. .................................................................... ............................................................40 .....................................40 2.3.1 Método entrada-saída.............................................. ..................................................................... ........................................................40 .................................40 2.3.2 Método perdas de calor ...................................................................................................40 ...................................................................................................40 2.3.3 Perdas na chaminé ............................................. .................................................................... .............................................. .......................................40 ................40 2.3.4 Perdas de Convecção e Radiação.............................................. ..................................................................... ......................................41 ...............41 2.3.5 Componentes da Eficiência ............................................. .................................................................... .............................................. ..........................41 ...41 2.3.5.1 Temperatura dos gases....................... gases .............................................. .............................................. ....................................................41 .............................41 2.3.5.2 Excesso de ar ............................................ ................................................................... .............................................. ..............................................42 .......................42 2.3.5.3 Temperatura ambiente..................................................................................................43 ambiente ..................................................................................................43 2.4 Aplicação e Utilização das Caldeiras Aquatubulares .........................................................43 2.5 Caldeira de Biomassa..................... Biomassa ............................................ .............................................. .............................................. .......................................44 ................44 2.5.1 Biomassa.............................................. ..................................................................... .............................................. .....................................................44 ..............................44 2.6 Tratamento de água de caldeiras .............................................. ..................................................................... ...........................................46 ....................46 2.6.1 Métodos de tratamento de água ....................46
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4 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS
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7
1 INTRODUÇÃO Desd Desdee que que o home homem m domi domino nouu os proc proced edim imen ento toss de tran transf sfor orma maçã çãoo de ener energi gia, a, o aproveitamento das fontes geradoras de energia nos meios científicos e tecnológicos vem sendo constante. Com isso este trabalho tem como objetivo, estudar caldeiras de biomassa util utiliz izad adas as em um fábr fábric icaa de celu celulo lose se para para gera gerarr vapo vapor, r, enfa enfati tiza zand ndoo suas suas prin princi cipa pais is características e os seus princípios de funcionamento. Deste modo ao longo deste pretende-se conceituar a função de uma caldeira, os seus tipos e classificações, classificações, e assim caracterizar o principio de funcionamento funcionamento de uma caldeira que utiliza a biomassa como combustível. Também enfatizar a utilização da biomassa, que inicialmente seria um rejeito do beneficiamento da celulose, e ao final serve para fornecer energia em forma de vapor para a fabrica.
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7
2 FUNDAMENTAÇÃO TEÓRICA
2.1 Aspectos Gerais Relacionados a Caldeiras
As caldeiras ou geradores de vapor são equipamentos que se destinam a gerar vapor através de um umaa troc trocaa térm térmic icaa entr entree o comb combus ustí tíve vell e a água água,, send sendoo que que isto isto é feit feitoo por por este este equipamento equipamento construído com chapas e tubos cuja finalidade é fazer com que água se aquece e passe do estado líquido para o gasoso, aproveitando aproveitando o calor liberado pelo combustível combustível que faz com as partes metálicas da mesma se aqueçam e transfiram calor à água produzindo o vapor. A finalidade de se gerar o vapor veio da revolução industrial e os meios da época que se tinha era de pouca utilização, mas o vapor no inicio serviu para a finalidade de mover máquinas e turbinas para geração de energia e locomotivas, com advento da necessidade industrial se fez necessário à necessidade de cozimentos e higienização e fabricação de alimentos, se fez necessário à evolução das caldeiras. Com isto se utiliza o vapor em lacticínios, fabricas de alime alimento ntoss (extra (extrato to de tomat tomate, e, doces) doces),, gelat gelatina inas, s, curtum curtumes, es, frigor frigoríf ífic icos, os, ind indúst ústria riass de vulcanização, usinas de açúcar e álcool, tecelagem, fabricas de papel e celulose entre outras. O vapor de água é usado como meio de geração, transporte e utilização de energia desde os primórdios do desenvolvimento industrial. Inúmeras razões colaboraram para a geração de energia através do vapor. A água é o composto mais abundante da Terra e, portanto de fácil obtenção e baixo custo. Na forma de vapor tem alto conteúdo de energia por unidade de massa e volume. As relações temperatura e pressão de saturação permitem utilização como fonte de calor a temperaturas temperaturas médias e de larga utilização industrial com pressões de trabalho
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8
indiretamente a temperatura dos processos. O controle de pressão, por ser um controle mecânico de ação direta é conseguido muito mais fàcilmente que o controle direto de temperatura. A faixa de temperaturas até 170 ºC utiliza utiliza vapor saturado até 10 kgf./cm², cuja temperatura de saturação é 183 ºC. Nesta faixa está a grande maioria de pequenos e médios consumidores de vapor. Maiores temperaturas são possíveis a custa do aumento da pressão de saturação, o que implica num maior custo de investimento devido à necessidade de aumento da resistência mecânica e requisitos de fabricação e inspeção do gerador de vapor. O limite da temperatura de vapor saturado é o ponto crítico, a 374 ºC e 218 atmosferas. Não é vantajoso utilizar-se vapor vapor supera superaque queci cido do para para proce processo ssoss de aquec aquecime imento nto a tempe temperat ratura urass mais mais alta altas, s, já que perde perdería ríamos mos a faci facili lidad dadee de contro controle le de tempe temperat ratura ura e dimin diminuir uiríam íamos os drasti drastica camen mente te a disponibilidade de energia por unidade de massa ou volume de vapor. Vapor superaquecido é utilizado e produzido para geração de energia elétrica ou mecânica em ciclos termodinâmicos, e neste caso a limitação limitação de temperaturas temperaturas de trabalho fica por conta dos materiais de construção empregados. Grandes caldeiras, as quais são utilizadas utilizadas tanto para geração própria de energia elétrica quanto para processos de aquecimento, estão limitadas a pressões da ordem de 100 kgf./cm². Existem caldeiras de maiores pressões, mas somente em grandes centrais termoelétricas ou grandes complexos industriais, representando um número muito reduzido de unidades, em comparação com os milhares de pequenas caldeiras em operação.
2.1.1 Desenvolvimento das Caldeiras
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7
Figura 1: Caldeira de Haycock, 1720 Fonte: BIZZO, Valdir A.
James Watt modificou um pouco o formato em 1769, desenhando a caldeira. Vagão, a pre precu curs rsor oraa das das cald caldei eira rass util utiliz izad adas as em loco locomo moti tiva vass a vapo vapor. r. Apes Apesar ar do gran grande de desenvolvimento que Watt trouxe a utilização do vapor como força motriz, não acrescentou muito ao projeto de caldeiras. caldeiras. Todos estes modelos provocaram desastrosas explosões, explosões, devido à utilização de fogo direto e ao grande acúmulo de vapor no recipiente. A ruptura do vaso causava grande liberação de energia na forma de expansão do vapor contido.
Figura 2: Caldeira Vagão de James Watt Fonte: BIZZO, Valdir A.
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7
Figura 3: Caldeira de tubos retos,Babcock e Wilcox, 1877. Fonte: BIZZO, Valdir A.
Em 1880, Alan Stirling desenvolveu desenvolveu uma caldeira de tubos curvados, cuja concepção básica é ainda hoje utilizada nas grandes caldeiras de tubos de água.
Figura 4: Caldeira de tubos curvados, Stirling Fonte: BIZZO, Valdir A.
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9
De modo geral, as substancias podem existir em diferentes fases, que são a fase s6lida, Fase liqu li quid idaa e a fa fase se ga gaso sosa sa.. As Assi sim m e de defi fini nido do fa fase se um umaa po pors rsçã çãoo ho homo moge gene neaa de ma maté téri riaa . Relacionado à fase gasosa da substancia, utiliza-se com freqüência o nome vapor para essa fase quando a substancia esta pr6xima de um estado em que parte da mesma pode condensarse. O comportamento pressão, volume e temperatura, que para as chamados Gases Perfeitos e expressos pela equação PV = RT, para o vapor, que e considerado um gás r e r eal, essa equação não representa muito bem comportamento mencionado. As equações de estado utilizado para expressar o comportamento dos gases reais é em geral muito complexas, inviabilizando de forma rápida os seus usos. usos . Para tanto, tanto, utiliza-se na maioria das aplicações em engenharia, os diagramas e as tabelas termodinâmicas termodinâm icas para as diferentes fases das substânci substâncias. as. Nesses recursos, especial especialmente mente para as fases liquida e gasosa (vapor), são apresentadas os diversos valores das propriedades termodinâmicas: alem das três identificadas acima, título, entalpia e entropia. E impo importan rtante te dest destacar acar aqui que o vapo vaporr d'ág d'água ua e uti utiliz lizado ado como agent e transportador de energi ene rgiaa em di diver versos sos pro proce cesso ssoss in indus dustri triais ais e nas ce centr ntrai aiss te terme rmelét létric ricas. as. ls lsso so s e deve as vantag va ntageens a seguir: • A água e a substância mais abundante sobre a Terra . • Possui grande contelldo energetico (entálpico). • Pouco corrosivo. • N Não ão e tóxico. tóxico . • N Não ão e inflamável nem explosivo . A pressão identificada nos diagramas e a pressão absoluta, a qual e medida em Relação a um refere ref erenc ncial ial fi fixo, xo, di dito to ab absol soluto uto.. Des Desse se mod modoo , uma pre pressã ssãoo med medida ida Acima da pr preess ssãão
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11
• N Nos os diagramas são identificados os estados de liquido comprimido, de liquido satur ado, ado, de saturação liquida-vapor, de vapor saturado e de vapor super aquecido. aquecido. Identifica-se ainda nos diagramas T x h e h x s, s , o ponto critico da água de d efinido por p= p =22,09MPa e T=374,I4° T=374,I4 °C, a parti partirr da qu qual al nã nãoo se ide identi ntific ficaa mai maiss a pr esença da fase liquida e vapor existindo em equilíbrio.. equilíbrio • Para o estado de mistura liquida-vapor e comum definir-se o titulo (x) do vapor, que e a fração em massa (ou percentual em massa) do vapor em relação a massa total da mistura. lsso significa diz di zer, por exemplo, se o vapor que sai de uma cald ldeeir a tem uma uma qu qualid lidaade (tit (titulo ulo)) de 97% 7%,, signi nif f ica qu quee 3% 3% e umid midaade (águ (água li liquid uida). a). • Ao inic iniciiarr-se se a pr a pr oduçã çãoo de va va p poor r eem um uma cald caldeeir a, prim primeeir ament ntee tod todo o calor r forne forneci ciddo a águua ( pe ág pela queim imaa do com bu bust stíível e p peelos gase asess de co com m b buustão) ser ser ve p paar a aument ntaar sua tem te m p peerat ratuura ra.. Ao ca callor assoc associa iaddo à mudan mudança ça de tem p peer atur a da água dada -se o nome de calor sen ensí sívvel el.. Em uma ca calldeir a, co com mo em um uma p paanela de pressão de co cozzinh nhaa, po por r se serr um r ecipi ipient entee r ígido do,, à medid didaa qu quee o ca callor r éé f or or nec eciido a ág água ua,, a pr essã essão aum umeenta ta junto junto com a temp mpeer atur a ate qu quee acont aconteç eçaa a a b beer tur tur a da válvula de de seg egur ur ança. ça. N Naa temperatur a de sat atur ur ação ação r elati tiva va à pr ess ssão ão de a b beert rtuura da válvula de se seggura urannça ( pres pressão são de traba trab alh lhoo da caldeir a) a) iniciainicia-se se a ger ge r açã çãoo de va por por ccom alta inte intensida dadde e to todo do calor forne fornecid cidoo a água e para sua muda mudança de f ase, ase, que aco acont ntece ece a p a pr r essão essão e temp mpeer atura atura cons constan tanttes. Ao ca callor r ass associad ociadoo à mud udaanç nçaa de fas fasee da ág águua da-se o nome de ca calor lor late latent ntee Se o va p poor r oo btid btidoo na va p poori rização zação a p pr r esent esentaa qua ualid lidaade
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12
e fic ficaa, p poor tan tanto to,, se p paar ado por uma uma sup supeerfí rfíccie. Esse método é em pr egad egado quand ndoo for for nnecessá ecessári riaa uma grande quantidade de calor e/ou em processos que devem ser livres de co cont ntaamin inaçã ação. o. Exemploss de equ Exemplo quipa ipam mentos que ope operam ram co com m vap vapor or de uso ind indiret ireto: o: cal caland andras ras,, boy boyler lers, s, radiadores, autoclaves, autoclaves, etc .. Par a a pr odução de de p pote otenncia cia,, o va p poor e utitililiza zaddo em maquina quinass alte alter r nat ativa ivass e em turbinas urbinas,, send ndoo que nessa essass o va po por r e em geral su p peera raqu queecid cido. o. Exe Exemp mpllos de máquin quinaas alt lteernativ rnativaas: pre p rennsas, mart marteelo p paara forj forjaari riaa, locomóv omóvei eiss, loco ocomoti motiva vas, s, etc etc .. O va p poor pode ser r eemp mpreg regaado ta tamb mbéém par a ext extr r açao de gases não co conndensáve áveiis, tai taiss co com mo o ar , dos es p paaços ços;; os evacu evacuado dos, s, na nass chama amada dass b bom om bas de j jaato. Outra a p pllica caçã çãoo muito co com mum do va p poor r ee no no b boomb mbeeio da da águ água de de ali alim mentaçã taçãoo de cal caldeira rass nos ch cham amaados in jeto jetor r es.
2.2 Tipos e classificação das caldeiras A pr imeir a tenta ntattiva do hom homeem em pr odu duzzir ir va va p por or na na evolu evolução ção da da hi histor stor ia da humani humanida dadde f oi no séc sécul uloo II II A.C A.C.. qu quan anddo Her He r on de d e Alexa xandri ndriaa con co nce b beeu um a p paar elh lhoo que va po pori rizzav avaa água e movimentava um umaa es esf f er a em e m torn tornoo de seu seu eixo. Ess ssee fo foii o a p a paar elho p pr r ecur sor r da dass cald ca ldeeir as as e das tur binas a va p poor . Entr etanto nto,, fo foii na é p poc ocaa da R evolu evolução ção Indu Indusstri triaal que que te tevve impuls impulso o usa do va va p poor r sso b b pr pr essão essão
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8
Por r vo vollta de 183 1835, hav haviam iam a pr oximadam oximadamen entte 6 mil tear es oper antes antes a va p poor . Entret retaanto, foi a p poos a 1 ª Guerra Mundi Mundiaal qu quee o empr ego ego do va por se acentu ntuoou. Mes esm mo com a tecnolog ogiia, nor mas as,, proc proceedi dim mentos e en ensaios que ho ho j jee ex exiiste tem m, as ca calldeir as as ainda ex pl ploodem em,, imagin inaa-se quantos aci aciddent entes es ocorr er am e quanta ntass vit vitim imas as houve veram ram des esdde a é p poca oca em em qu quee o va p poor passo p assouu a ser r oo prin princci pa pal ag ageente de mov oviime menntação das ma maqui quinnas. Atualm ualmeente as cald ldeeira de uso indus industri riaal pr odu oduze zem m at ate 10 to toneladas ou ou mais de va p poor po por r hhor a e o fato fatorr limitante limitante da ca p paacidade de produç produção ão de vapor e as dimen imenssões da un uniidad dadee e as pr p r o pr iedad iedades es meta talúr lúr gica cass do doss mat mateeri riaais utili ilizzado ados. s. Ali liaado aos avan avançços da tec tecnnologia na na pr pr odu dução ção de va v a p por or , houve a nec eceess ssid idaade de d e avanços na nass técnicas de pr oteçã teçãoo ta tant ntoo do doss o p peer ador es es dos eq equip uipam ameentos gerad gerador or es es de va p poor , qu quaanta da comunid co munidaade ao r edor da da fa br ica ica. Foi a p paar tir d tir de um do dos aci acident ntes es mais cat catas asttr óf icos icos oco ocor r rido ridoss dur ant ante a ev evooluçã çãoo indu indusstr ial, o qu quaal aco acont ntece eceuu em 1905 na cid idaade de Mas Masssac achu husetts setts//EUA EUA,, onde nde morr er am 58 pessoa pessoas, s, que que a socieda edadde alerto rtou-se pa par a a necessidade de normas e pr p r ocedim ocedimeentos par par a a const constr ução ução,, man manuutenção e o p o peer ação ação das cal caldeir as. Assim,, fora Assim foram m criados os c6digos digos da Ameri Americcan Societ y o f M echan echaniical En g inee ineer s(ASME s(A SME ) , ,o qua qual se con constitu titueem na princ principa ipal f onte de refer refer encia normat rmatiiva so br e ca cald ldeeir as as e vasos de pre p ressão ssão do mundo. Nos gerad gera dores de va po por , a en ener gia térmi térmica ca e libe liber ada atr atr avés avés das seguint seg uintes es form formas: as: • Pe Pella qu queima de um co combu mbust stííve vell s6 s6lid lidoo (car (car vão, vão, lenha) nha),, liqu liquiido (6l (6leos deriva rivaddos do pet petr r 6leo)
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10
Nas calde ldeir as as f umo umotubulares tubulares que que o pera peram m co com m com bus bustív tíveis líquidos ou gasosos gasosos,, o queima queimaddor é ins instala talado na parte parte f r ro ntal ntal da f or nalh nalha. Nessa essa,, predo predomin minaa a troca de cal ca lor por radiação luminosa e nas as p paar tes tes pos p ostter ior es es da ca c alde ldeir a (cai (caixas de r ever ever são são e tu tu bos) a tr oca oca de calor calor se se proces processa sa esse ssenncia cialm lmeente nte po por radia radiação ção gasosa gasosa e convecção. A f or or nalha e os tubos tub os ficam circunda circundados de ág á gua e são ancora ancorados dos nos espe esp elhos (discos (discos externos) externos) po por r so sollda ou par mandrilage ndrila gem m.
Figura 6: Caldeira Flamotubular Fonte: Apostila Tipos de Caldeiras
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11
cir cul ulação ação natur al da ág água ua esta condici condicioonada as unidad unidades es qu quee o p peer am a b baaixas pr pr essõ essões de tra b baalh lhoo, poi poiss valor es pr es pr 6xim 6ximos a pr a pr essão essão cr ititicca to torn rnam am a cir cir cul ulação ação nat atural ural def def iciente.
Figura 7: Caldeira aquotubular Fonte: Apostila Tipos de Caldeiras
Existem, emb Exi mboor a sej ejaam r aras, aras, cald caldeeir as as que poss ossuuem pa part rtees f umo umotubula tubularres e p paarte rtess aquat uatubul ubulaar es, es, co connst stituindo ituindo,, dessa forma forma,, o qu quee se pod se podee denominar de de cald caldeeir as as mi misstas. As cald caldeiras eiras f umotubul umotubulares são são em ge ger r al, com p pactas actas,, is isto to e, sae saem m prontas prontas da fa bric bricaa, restando a p peenas sua in insstal talação ação no lo loccal em qu quee ser ão ão o p peer ada das. s. As cald ca ldeeir as as aqu quat atubu ubula lar r es, es, p possue ossuem m,
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7
• Tubulão • Superaquecedor Superaquecedor • Pré-aquecedor de ar • Economizador Economizador • Queimadoras • Refratário • Sopradores de fuligem • Ventiladores • Chaminé • Válvulas de segurança.
2.2.1.1 Sistema de controle da água de alimentação
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Figura 9: Bicos injetores Fonte: Caldeiras e dispositivos
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2.2.1.4 2.2. 1.4 Câmara de combu c ombustã stãoo A câmara de combustão é a região onde se dá a queima do combustível, com produção dos gases de combustão que fornecem calor à água. Os tubos servem para a circulação de vapor e água dentro da caldeira, a fim de permitir a troca de calor entre os gases quentes de combustão e a água ou vapor. Os colet coletore oress são peças peças cilí cilíndr ndrica icas, s, às quais quais chegam chegam e saem saem conju conjunto ntoss de tub tubos, os, cuja cuja finalidade, como o próprio nome indica, é coletar água ou vapor.
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Além de acumular o vapor, o tubulão recebe também à água de alimentação, que vem do economizador. O espaço acima do nível d’água no tubulão chama-se espaço de vapor. Para evitar o arraste de gotículas de líquido junto ao vapor no espaço de vapor existem chicanas com a finalidade de separar o líquido arrastado. O vapor saturado separado no tubulão passa a outro conjunto de serpentinas, o superaquecedor, onde é obtido o seu superaquecimento. As serpentinas do superaquecedor têm suas extremidades ligadas a dois coletores de vapor.
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O calor absorvido da fornalha por radiação ou proveniente da combustão dos gases, evapora primeiro a umidade transportada pelo vapor e posteriormente o superaquece até um nível determinado. Os superaquecedores possuem vários circuitos de tubos dispostos em paralelo, com um ou mais curvas duplas, conectadas entre coletores. Os tubos curvados podem ser de raio pequeno ou grande, executados a partir de tubos retos,
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fluxo fluxo de vapor vapor no int interio eriorr dos tubos. Superaquece Superaquecedores dores e reaquece reaquecedore doress drenavam drenavam são necessários na secção de convecção devido à probabilidade de condensação. Válvulas operadas por piloto são usadas nos superaquecedores superaquecedores suspensos para liberar umidade e partículas depois de parada da unidade.
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existir uma enorme superfície formada pelos elementos do rotor, este projeto pode ser considerado como um trocador de calor compacto. Diafragmas e vedações dividem diametralmente a unidade, fluindo o gás em uma parte ou zona e na outra o ar. A superfície corrugada de aquecimento é feita em secções que podem ser facilmente retiradas para manutenção. Os aquecedores de placas possuem passagens estreitas e alternadas para gás e ar, como
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