KEMENTERIAN DESA PEMBANGUNAN DAERAH TERTINGGAL DAN TRANSMIGRASI
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) Tentang BUM Desa (BUKU T ANYA J AWAB TENTANG BUM DESA)
Diterbitkan oleh: Direktorat Pengembangan Usaha Ekonomi Ekonomi Desa Direktorat Jenderal Pembangunan dan Pemberday Pemberdayaan aan Masyarakat Desa Kementerian Desa, Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal dan Transmigrasi
2016
Tanya Jawab Tentang BUM Desa
| Hal - i
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Sejak dikeluarkan Undang-Undang No. 6 Tahun 2014 tentang Desa, Direktorat Jenderal Pembangunan dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat DesaKementerian Desa Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal dan Transmigrasi memiliki mandat besar untuk membangun desa sebagaimana tertuang di dalam Agenda Nawakerja Kementerian Desa Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal dan Transmigrasi, yaitu (1) Peluncuran “Gerakan Desa Mandiri” di 5.000 desa sampai tahun 2019; (2) Pendampingan dan Penguatan kapasitas kelembagaan dan masyarakat desa dengan menyediakan tenaga pendamping sebanyak 84.000 orang; (3) Pembentukan dan pengembangan 5.000 BUM Desa; (4) Revitalisasi Pasar Desa di 5.000 desa/kawasan perdesaan; (5) Pembangunan Infrastruktur jalan pendukung pengembangan produk unggulan di 5.000 Desa Mandiri; (6) Penyiapan implementasi penyaluran Dana Desa Rp. 1,4 miliar per desa secara bertahap; (7) Penyaluran Modal bagi BUM Desa/UKM di 5.000 Desa; (8) Pilot project sistem pelayanan publik jaringan koneksi online di 5.000 desa; dan (9) “Save villages” villages” di daerah perbatasan dan pulau-pulau terdepan, terluar dan terpencil. Khusus terkait dengan BUM Desa maka sampai saat ini telah terbentuk lebih dari 14.000 BUM Desa di seluruh Indonesia. Sebagaimana kondisi desa-desa di Indonesia yang begitu beragam dari berbagai hal, maka kondisi dan perkembangan BUM Desa tersebut juga sangat beragam sejak dicetuskannya UU No. 6/2014 tentang Desa dan Peraturan Menteri Desa Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal Tertinggal dan dan Transmigrasi No. 4 tahun 2015 tentang Pendirian, Pengurusan dan Pengelolaan, dan Pembubaran Badan Usaha Milik Desa. Pengalaman melakukan fasilitasi kebijakan, pembinaan, monitoring dan supervisi sejak dikeluarkannya Permendesa PDT dan Transmigrasi No. 4 tahun 2015 tersebut, menghasilkan pembelajaran yang sangat berarti untuk memberikan informasi dan wawasan yang lebih luas namun praktis kepada berbagai pihak baik pada level provinsi, kabupaten/kota, maupun desa. Beberapa isu penting yang perlu segera mendapatkan tanggapan terkait dengan implementasi BUM Desa ini antara lain tentang (a) Apa arti dan makna dilaksanakannya dan didirikannya BUM Desa, mengapa tidak bentuk kelembagaan yang lain misalnya UKM, Koperasi, atau lainnya; (b) Bagaimana
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bagaimana menghindarkan dari kepentingan tertentu Pemerintah Desa, adakah kriteria personal yang bisa menjadi Pelaksana Operasional BUM Desa; (d) Bagaimana memulai kegiatan BUM Desa sebagai lembaga penggerak ekonomi desa, kebutuhan atau persiapan apa saja yang diperlukan untuk memulainya, ataukah BUM Desa dapat dibentuk begitu saja; (e) Apa saja usaha atau bisnis yang bisa dikembangkan oleh BUM Desa, dari mana modal awalnya, apa peran dan tugas Pemerintah Desa; (f) Adakah prosedur pertanggungjawaban kegiatan BUM Desa, siapa saja yang melakukan pembinaan dan pengawasan terhadap BUM Desa; (g) Bisakah antar BUM Desa melakukan kerja sama, bagaimana proses atau persyaratan untuk melakukan kerja sama, dalam konteks seperti apa kerja sama bisa dilakukan. Dalam rangka untuk memberikan informasi dan wawasan mengenai hal-hal tersebut maka dirasa perlu menerbitkan Buku Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) (FAQ) Tentang BUM Desa atau atau Buku Tanya Jawab Tentang BUM Desa ini. Meskipun substansi buku ini dikemas dalam bentuk “tanya -jawab”, namun secara umum buku ini ingin menjawab dan menjelaskan berbagai pertanyaan dan mungkin keraguan yang muncul dalam implementasi BUM Desa selama ini sebagaimana sudah dijelaskan sebelumnya. Buku ini diperuntukkan bagi para pelaku penggerak atau pemberdaya masyarakat desa, baik mulai dari Pemerintah Desa, Pemerintah Kabupaten/Kota, PemerintahProvinsi dan Pemerintah, maupun pihak lain yang memiliki perhatian terhadap pembangunan desa. Oleh karena itu buku ini disusun sedemikian rupa dengan bahasa yang relatif ringan, tidak banyak konsep dan teori tentang pembangunan desa, serta langsung pada pokok pembahasan persoalan yang terkait dengan pendirian dan pengembangan BUM Desa. Kami berharap buku ini dapat bermanfaat bagi kita semua agar dapat memberikan pemahaman secara praktis sehingga BUM Desa semakin dikenal luas dan dipahami secara lebih baik.
Jakarta, Penyusun
Desember 2016
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Kata Pengantar - i Daftar Isi - iii Daftar Istilah - iv
1
Pendahuluan - 1 1.1. Latar Belakang Belakang - 1 1.2. Maksud dan dan Tujuan - 4 1.3. Sasaran Buku Ini - 5
2
Tanya Jawab Tentang Pendirian BUM Desa - 6 2.1. Pengertian BUM Desa - 6 2.2. Tujuan Didirikannya BUM Desa - 7 2.3. Perbedaan BUM Desa Dengan Lembaga Lain Yang Bergerak di Bidang Ekonomi - 8 2.4. Proses dan Cara Mendirikan BUM Desa - 10 2.5. Tentang Badan Badan Hukum BUM Desa dan AD/ART - 13 2.6. Bentuk Organisasi BUM Desa - 16 2.7. Pertanggungjawaban, Pembinaan, dan Pengawasan BUM Desa - 19 2.8. Pengaturan Musyawarah Desa - 20
3
Tanya Jawab Tentang Pengembangan BUM Desa - 21 3.1. Modal BUM Desa - 21 3.2. Jenis Usaha Yang Dapat Dikembangkan BUM Desa - 24 3.3. Strategi Pengembangan BUM Desa - 26 3.4. Alokasi Hasil Usaha BUM Desa - 27 3.5. Kerja Sama BUM Desa Antar Desa - 28
4
Kisah-Kisah Tentang BUM Desa - 31 4.1. BUM Desa Tirta Mandiri, Kabupaten Klaten - 31 4.2. BUM Desa Sukamanah, Kabupaten Bogor – 32 4.3. Inisiatif Membangun Membangun Desa Relokasi Relokasi - 33 4.4. Manajer BUM Desa Yang Indisipliner - 33
5
P e n u t u p - 35
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AD/ART APB Desa APBN BPD BUM Desa BUMA Desa BUMD BUMN Ditjen Perpres PDT PPMD PT RPJM Desa RPJMN SDA UU
Anggaran Dasar/Anggaran Rumah Tangga Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Desa Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Nasional Badan Permusyawaratan Desa Badan Usaha Milik Desa Badan Usaha Milik Antar Desa/BUM Desa Bersama Badan Usaha Milik Daerah Badan Usaha Milik Nasional Direktorat Jenderal Peraturan Presiden Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal Pembangunan dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Desa Perseroan Terbatas Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Desa Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional Sumber Daya Alam Undang-Undang
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1 Pengembangan basis ekonomi di pedesaan sudah sejak lama dilaksanakan oleh Pemerintah melalui berbagai program, namun upaya itu belum membuahkan hasil yang memuaskan sebagaimana diinginkan bersama. Terdapat banyak faktor yang menyebabkan kurang berhasilnya programprogram tersebut, salah satunya adalah karena “fokus” perhatian terhadap desa dari berbagai segi permasalahan yang ada belum saling terintegrasi satu sama lain. Itu sebabnya maka sistem dan mekanisme kelembagaan dan pengembangan ekonomi di pedesaan tidak memperoleh perhatian yang berkelanjutan dan kurang efektif. Momentum diluncurkannya diluncurkannya Undang-Undang No. 6 Tahun 2014 2014 tentang Desa dan yang kemudian diikuti dengan Peraturan Menteri Desa, Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal dan Transmigrasi No. 4 Tahun 2015 tentang Pendirian, Pengurusan dan Pengelolaan, dan Pembubaran Badan Usaha Milik Desa, bisa diharapkan sebagai “kepercayaan baru” terhadap desa untuk mengelola sebagian besar kehidupan ekonomi desa, yang salah satu caranya adalah dengan didirikannya Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUM Desa). UU No. 6/2014 tentang tentang Desa tersebut sangat sejalan sejalan dengan agenda prioritas prioritas (Agenda NAWACITA) pembangunan dalam era pemerintahan saat ini, di mana salah satu agendanya (agenda ke-3) ad alah: “Membangun Indonesia dari pinggiran dengan memperkuat daerah-daerah dan desa dalam kerangka negara kesatuan ”. Agenda “membangun desa dari pinggiran” tersebut telah diakomodir di dalam Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional (RPJMN) 2015-2019, yang salah satunya adalah untuk mengurangi kesenjangan antara desa dengan kota, melalui percepatan pembangunan desa-desa mandiri serta membangun keterkaitan ekonomi lokal antara desa dengan kota melalui pembangunan kawasan perdesaan. Sedangkan sasarannya untuk kurun waktu 2015-2019 adalah: (a) mengurangi jumlah desa tertinggal sampai dengan 5.000 desa, dan (b) meningkatkan jumlah desa mandiri sedikitnya 2.000 desa. Dalam rangka mewujudkan Agenda ke-3 NAWACITA
tersebut maka
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Pemerintah Desa. BUM Desa dimungkinkan untuk dikembangkan diseluruh desa di Indonesia oleh karena UU No. 6/2014 tentang Desa telah mengamanatkannya, dimana dikatakan (Pasal 87) bahwa: (1) Desa dapat mendirikan Badan Usaha Milik Desa yang disebut BUM Desa; (2) BUM Desa dikelola dengan semangat kekeluargaan dan kegotongroyongan; dan (3) BUM Desa dapat menjalankan usaha di bidang ekonomi dan/atau pelayanan umum sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan. Peraturan Pemerintah No. 43 tahun 2014 tentang pelaksanaan UU No. 6/2014 tentang Desa, yang kemudian mengalami perubahan melalui Peraturan Pemerintah No. 47 tahun 2015, juga Permendesa PDT dan Tranmigrasi No. 4 tahun 2015 tengan BUM Desa, menegaskan bahwa Desa dapat mendirikan BUM Desa, dimana pendiriannya dilakukan melalui mekanisme Musyawarah Desa dan ditetapkan melalui Peraturan Desa. Dengan Perdes tentang pendirian BUM Desa tersebut, maka sesungguhnya badan usaha yang disebut BUM Desa sudah bisa berjalan dan dikembangkan. BUM Desa bukan dan sangat berbeda dengan lembaga/badan usaha lain seperti PT, CV, Koperasi, LKM (Lembaga Keuangan Mikro) lainnya. BUM Desa adalah lembaga/badan usaha yang merupakan bagian dari Desa. Marwah BUM Desa adalah terletak pada Musyawarah Desa dan menyatu dengan Desa, baik Desa sebagai kesatuan pemerintahan di tingkat lokal maupun Desa sebagai kesatuan masyararakat sebagaimana dijelaskan dalam UU No. 6/2014 tentang Desa. Selain momentum positif tentang pembangunan dan pemberdayaan desa digambarkan di atas, dengan kondisi desa yang begitu beragam dalam segala aspeknya, gerakan pembangunan desa ke depan mau tidak mau akan menghadapi isu global yang gencar yaitu isu global tentang perubahan iklim (climate change). change). Isu ini telah mendorong perubahan cara dan orientasi berpikir tentang kebijakan pembangunan ekonomi, dimana kebijakan tersebut mengarah atau berorientasi pada pengelolaan dan pelestarian sumberdaya alam. Itulah sebabnya maka muncul istilah policy dan
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mengurangi peran para tengkulak yang seringkali menyebabkan biaya transaksi (transaction (transaction cost ) antara harga produk dari produsen kepada konsumen akhir. Melalui lembaga ini diharapkan setiap produsen di pedesaan dapat menikmati selisih harga jual produk dengan biaya produksi yang layak. Lembaga ini diharapkan juga dapat membangun dan menghidupkan kegiatan-kegiatan yang bernuansa business di masyarakat, tanpa mengurangi jiwa kegotong-royongan masyarakat desa. Peraturan Presiden No. 12 12 Tahun 2015 2015 tentang Kementerian Desa Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal dan Transmigrasi, pada Pasal 2 Perspres tersebut, dengan sangat jelas memberikan mandat kepada kementerian tersebut untuk melaksanakan pembangunan dan pemberdayaan desa, dimana kementerian tersebut mempunyai tugas untuk menyelenggarakan urusan pemerintahan di bidang pembangunan desa dan kawasan perdesaan, pemberdayaan masyarakat desa, percepatan pembangunan daerah tertinggal, dan transmigrasi untuk membantu Presiden dalam menyelenggarakan menyelenggarakan pemerintahan negara. Lebih lanjut pada Pasal 9 Perpres No. 12/2015 tersebut, bahwa Direktorat Jenderal Pembangunan dan Pembedayaan Masyarakat Desa sebagai salah satu bagian dari struktur kelembagaan Kemendesa PDT dan Transmigrasi, mempunyai tugas menyelenggarakan perumusan dan pelaksanaan kebijakan di bidang pembinaan pengelolaan pelayanan sosial dasar, pengembangan usaha ekonomi desa, pendayagunaan sumber daya alam dan teknologi tepat guna, pembangunan sarana prasarana desa, dan pemberdayaan masyarakat desa. Dalam rangka mengemban tugas-tugas tersebut, termasuk tugas dalam pengembangan usaha ekonomi desa dan pemberdayaan masyarakat desa pada umumnya, maka Ditjen PPMD mengembangkan mengembangkan Program Program Unggulan yang didesain untuk mendorong integrasi, sinergi, dan harmonisasi antar
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Lumbung Ekonomi Desa. Desa. Pilar ini mendorong muncul dan berkembangnya geliat ekonomi yang menempatkan rakyat (masyarakat) sebagai pemilik dan partisipan gerakan pengembangan ekonomi di desa. Lingkar Budaya Desa. Desa. Pilar ini mempromosikan pembangunan yang meletakkan partisipasi warga dan komunitas sebagai akar gerakan sosial, ekonomi, budaya dan lain-lain
BUM Desa dalam konteks 3 (tiga) pilar pendekatan tersebut, merupakan bagian dari gerakan pembangunan ekonomi desa pada pilar kedua. Peran dan tugas Pemerintah yaitu menyusun NSPK, merumuskan dan melaksanakan kebijakan, memberikan bimbingan teknis, supervisi dan evaluasi terkait pengembangan usaha ekonomi desa. Salah satunya adalah melakukan sosialisasi dan penyadaran kepada masyarakat desa melalui pemerintah provinsi dan/atau pemerintah kabupaten tentang arti penting BUM Desa. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan upaya untuk menyebarluaskan informasi dan wawasan mengenai mengenai peran BUM Desa sebagai strategi strategi gerakan pembangunan pembangunan ekonomi masyarakat desa. Berdasarkan hal itu maka disusun Buku Tanya Jawab Tentang BUM Desa. Desa . Dikeluarkannya buku ini adalah berdasarkan pembelajaran yang diperoleh selama melakukan fasilitasi pembinaan, monitoring dan supervisi terhadap BUM Desa diberbagai daerah. Dari pengalaman itu dirasakan perlunya untuk menyusun materi (media diseminasi informasi) yang lebih praktis, langsung pada pokok-pokok permasalahan yang paling sering muncul dalam pelaksanaan BUM Desa, serta ditulis dalam materi yang lebih ringan untuk dipahami berbagai kalangan, terutama bagi masyarakat masyarakat desa.
Buku yang disusun dalam bentuk
“Tanya Jawab Tentang BUM Desa ” ini
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2) Meningkatkan pemahaman masyarakat desa dan perangkat desa agar dapat mencerna maksud, tujuan, tahapan pendirian dan pengembangan BUM Desa. 3) Menyediakan semacam bahan ajar bagi siapapun pelaku pemberdayaan masyarakat desa secara lebih simpel mengenai BUM Desa, agar mereka dapat ikut membantu mendesiminasikan substansi buku ini kepada masyarakat luas khususnya di desa-desa.
Buku ini ditujukan untuk: 1) Para pelaku atau praktisi baik dari unsur pemerintah dan non-pemerintah pada level provinsi dan kabupaten yang berkaitan dengan kegiatan penguatan dan pemberdayaan masyarakat desa khususnya yang menyangkut BUM Desa. 2) Para pelaku atau praktisi dari unsur pemerintah dan non-pemerintah yang bekerja langsung pada level masyarakat desa, yang diharapkan dapat langsung menyebarluaskan isi buku ini baik melalui diskusi/pertemuan formal maupun informal yang terkait dengan upaya menumbuhkan gerakan BUM Desa secara lebih tepat.
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2 Apakah BUM Desa itu? itu? Undang-Undang No. 6 Tahun 2014 tentang Desa dan yang kemudian diikuti dengan terbitnya Peraturan Menteri Desa Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal dan Transmigrasi (Permendesa PDTT) No. 4 Tahun 2015 Tentang Pendirian, Pengurusan dan Pengelolaan, dan Pembubaran Badan Usaha Milik Desa, menyebutkan bahwa Badan Usaha Milik Desa selanjutnya disebut BUM Desa, adalah badan usaha yang seluruh atau sebagian besar modalnya dimiliki oleh desa melalui penyertaan secara langsung yang berasal dari kekayaan desa yang dipisahkan guna mengelola aset, jasa pelayanan, dan usaha lainnya untuk sebesarbesarnya kesejahteraan masyarakat desa. Melihat dari maksud yang terkandung dalam peraturan perundangan mengenai pengertian BUM Desa tersebut, maka tergambar dengan jelas bahwa BUM Desa ditujukan untuk dua (2) kepentingan, yaitu kepentingan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat desa dari sudut ekonomi, dan kepentingan untuk mendorong pemerintah desa memiliki sumber pedapatan khususnya Pendapatan Asli Desa. Dalam kedua ranah tersebut maka apa yang disebut “kemandirian desa” bisa d ibangun, termasuk kemandirian dari sudut finansial desa.
Mengapa desa-desa perlu mendirikan BUM Desa? Permendesa PDTT No. 4 tahun 2015 tersebut, pada Pasal 2, menyatakan bahwa pendirian BUM Desa dimaksudkan sebagai upaya menampung seluruh kegiatan di bidang ekonomi dan/atau pelayanan umum yang dikelola oleh desa dan/atau kerja sama antar desa.
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c)
Rakyat (masyarakat) (masyarak at) melalui BUM Desa memiliki kewenangan dan otoritas untuk mengelola pembangunan ekonomi secara otonom, dimana Pemerintah Desa berperan memfasilitasi sesuai kewenangan yang dimilikinya yang sudah diatur dalam perundangan-undangan.
BEBERAPA KENYATAAN KONDISI DESA : Rendahnya SDM Desa: Jumlah penduduk miskin sebagian besar berada di desa: 62,76 % (BPS 2015); Rendahnya tingkat pendidikan; Lemahnya kapasitas aparatur desa. Infrastruktur dan Fasilitas Umum yang Buruk: Sebanyak 2.519 Desa belum teraliri listrik, (BPS, 2015); Sebanyak 12.636 Desa dan kelurahan kondisi jalan rusak, tidak dapat dilalui kendaraan roda empat (BPS, 2015). Minimnya akses terhadap informasi, transportasi, dan aktivitas ekonomi: Belum optimalnya pengelolaan potensi desa; Buruknya infrastruktur jalan dan jembatan menjadi kendala dalam mendukung tumbuhnya perekonomian desa; Pasar desa dan/atau pasar kecamatan tidak terkelola dengan baik; Masih banyak desa dengan kategori sangat tertinggal dan tertinggal: 46 %. Sedangkan desa mandiri hanya sekitar 0,23 %; dan belum optimal dukungan regulasi dari pemerintah supradesa terhadap kewenangan desa.
Apakah desa berwenang mendirikan BUM Desa? Pendirian BUM Desa merupakan kewenangan lokal berskala desa berdasarkan prakarsa dari desa sesuai dengan kemampuan,
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Yang diamanatkan oleh UU no. 6/2014 tentang Desa dan Permendesa PDTT No. 4/2015, adalah bahwa pendirian BUM Desa bertujuan untuk: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h)
Meningkatkan Meningkatka n perekonomian desa; Mengoptimalkan Mengoptimalk an aset desa agar bermanfaat untuk kesejahteraan kesejaht eraan desa; Meningkatkan Meningkatka n usaha masyarakat dalam pengelolaan potensi ekonomi desa; Mengembangkan rencana kerja sama usaha antar desa dan/atau dengan pihak ketiga; Menciptakan peluang dan jaringan pasar yang mendukung kebutuhan layanan umum warga; Membuka lapangan kerja; Meningkatkan Meningkatka n kesejahteraan kesejahter aan masyarakat melalui perbaikan pelayanan umum, pertumbuhan dan pemerataan ekonomi desa; dan Meningkatkan Meningkatka n pendapatan masyarakat desa dan Pendapatan Asli Desa.
Mencermati tujuan-tujuan tersebut, tersirat bahwa BUM Desa memiliki harapan untuk dapat berkiprah secara luas dari berbagai sudut dan jenis usaha yang dapat dan dimungkinkan dikembangkan di desa, berdasarkan potensi dan SDM yang ada. Dengan tujuan semacam itu, BUM Desa dimungkinkan bergerak secara integral, tidak sepotong-sepotong. BUM Desa tidak hanya mengelola simpan-pinjam. BUM Desa boleh berbisnis sejauh tetap sesuai dengan aturan perundangan yang ada.
Apa orientasi pendirian pendirian BUM Desa? Pendirian BUM Desa harus berorientasi atau dilandasi pada:
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BUM Desa merupakan lembaga yang unik dan khas sepadan dengan keunikan desa2 yaitu antara lain:
BUM Desa merupakan sebuah usaha desa milik kolektif yang digerakkan oleh aksi kolektif antara pemerintah desa dan masyarakat. BUM Desa merupakan bentuk public and community partnership partnership atau kemitraan antara pemerintah desa sebagai sektor publik dengan masyarakat setempat. BUM Desa lebih inklusif dibanding dengan koperasi, usaha pribadi maupun usaha kelompok masyarakat yang bekerja di ranah desa. Koperasi memang inklusif bagi anggotanya, baik di tingkat desa maupun tingkat yang lebih luas, namun koperasi tetap ekslusif karena hanya untuk anggota.
Perbedaan BUM Desa dengan Koperasi dan Perseroan Terbatas (PT): ASPEK PERBEDAAN
BUM DESA
KOPERASI
PT
Kepemilikan
Dimiliki oleh Desa
Dimiliki oleh anggota
Dimiliki oleh pemegang saham
Status Badan Hukum
Didirikan dengan Peraturan Desa
Didirikan dengan Badan Hukum Koperasi
Badan Hukum PT
Area Pelayanan
Desa
Antar Desa, Kecamatan, Kabupaten, bahkan nasional
Antar Desa, Kecamatan, Kabupaten, bahkan nasional
Orientasi Pelayanan
Benefit bagi
Profit bagi koperasi dan
Profit bagi pemegang
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Perbedaan BUM Desa dengan Badan Kredit Desa dan BMT: ASPEK PERBEDAAN
BUM DESA
BADAN KREDIT DESA
BAITUL MAL WA TAMWIL (BMT)
Kepemilikan
Desa
Masyarakat Desa
Anggota
Area Pelayanan
Desa
Desa
Antar Desa, Kecamatan
Orientasi Pelayanan
Benefit bagi masyarakat desa
Sebagian besar pada profit juga benefit
Menampung dan menyalurkan dana
Peran/Fungsi
Mengelola dan mengolah potensi desa
Mengelola dan mengolah potensi desa
Menampung dan mengelola dana
Mengelola dana titipan untuk kegiatan produktif
Pelayanan kebutuhan kredit untuk produksi atau konsumsi
Mengelola dana titipan untuk keuntungan masyarakat yang membutuhkan
Pendiri
Desa
Masyarakat Desa
Anggota
Pertanggung Jawaban
Desa melalui musyawarah desa
Musyawarah Desa
Nasabah melalui musyawarah desa
Sumber Dana dan Aset
Mayoritas desa dan sisanya masyarakat desa
Mayoritas desa dan sisanya masyarakat desa
Nasabah
Keanggotaan
Tidak ada sistem keanggotaan
Tidak ada sistem keanggotaan
Tidak ada sistem keanggotaan
Unit Usaha
Dapat beragam
Disesuaikan
Disesuaikan
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Apa azas dan pertimbangan pertimbangan ketika hendak mendirikan mendirikan BUM Desa? BUM Desa didirikan dengan maksud sebagai upaya bersama antara masyarakat desa dengan pemerintah desa, untuk mengembangkan seluruh kegiatan di desa yang memiliki potensi guna meningkatkan kesejahteraan dan perekonomian masyarakat dan meningkatkan pendapatan desa. Meskipun peraturan perundangan saat ini memberikan keleluasaan seluasnya kepada desa untuk mendirikan BUM Desa, namun hendaknya pendiriannya dipertimbangan dan dipersiapkan dengan matang agar tidak menimbulkan permasalahan dikemudian hari. Peraturan perundangan yang berlaku mengenai BUM Desa menyebutkan bahwa dalam mendirikan BUM Desa ada beberapa hal yang perlu dipertimbangkan atau dipersiapkan, yaitu sebagai berikut: 1) 2)
Inisiatif Pemerintah Desa dan/atau masyarakat Desa; Potensi usaha ekonomi Desa;
3) 4)
Sumberdaya alam di Desa; Sumberdaya manusia yang mampu mengelola BUM Desa;
5)
Penyertaan modal dari Pemerintah Pemerinta h Desa dalam bentuk pembiayaan; dan Kekayaan Desa yang diserahkan untuk dikelola sebagai bagian dari usaha BUM Desa.
6)
Secara praktis sumber-sumber potensi apa yang perlu dikaji atau
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Apa saja hal-hal pokok yang perlu dibahas dalam Musyawarah Desa persiapan pendirian pendirian BUM Desa? Pendirian BUM Desa harus dilaksanakan melalui Musyawarah Desa. Pokok bahasan yang dibicarakan dalam Musyawarah Desa tersebut meliputi : 1)
Pendirian BUM Desa sesuai dengan kondisi ekonomi dan sosial budaya masyarakat. masyarakat . Hal ini dimaksudkan bahwa BUM Desa seyogyanya mengembangkan kegiatannya berdasarkan pada potensi SDA, lingkungan, keunikan budaya dan tradisi, aset dan kekayaan yang ada di desa tersebut.
2)
Organisasi pengelola BUM Desa. Desa. Organisasi dan kepengurusan BUM Desa harus ada dan pembentukannya sudah diatur melalui peraturan perundangan yang berlaku (Bagian Dua Organisasi Pengelolaan BUM Desa Pasal 9 sampai 16).
3)
Modal usaha BUM Desa. Desa. Dalam melaksanakan kegiatannya BUM Desa memerlukan modal awal. Permendesa PDTT No. 4 Tahun 2015
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anggota BPD dan pemuka masyarakat serta lembaga kemasyarakatan yang ada di desa. Tujuan dalam pertemuan Tahap I adalah untuk merumuskan :
Nama, kedudukan dan wilayah kerja BUM Desa Maksud dan tujuan pendirian BUM Desa Bentuk badan hukum BUM Desa Sumber Permodalan BUM Desa Unit-unit usaha BUM Desa Organisasi Organisas i BUM Desa Pengawasan BUM Desa Pertanggungjawaban Pertanggungj awaban BUM Desa Membentuk Panitia Ad-Hock perumusan Peraturan Desa tentang pembentukan BUM Desa
Tahap II : : Pengaturan organisasi BUM Desa yang mengacu kepada rumusan Musyawarah Desa pada Tahap I oleh Panitia Ad-hoc dengan menyusun dan pengajuan pengesahan terhadap hal-hal berikut :
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Apakah BUM Desa status hukumnya cuk up up hanya berbentuk “badan saja? usaha” saja? Status hukum lembaga yang disebut BUM Desa cukup dengan status “Badan Usaha”, yang menurut per aturan aturan perundangan yang ada harus disahkan melalui Musyawarah Desa dan ditetapkan melalui Peraturan Desa tentang Pendirian BUM Desa. Amanat UU No. 6/2014 tentang Desa dan Permendesa PDT dan Transmigrasi No. 4/2015 tentang BUM Desa, Pasal 5 Ayat (1) sampai (5) menjelaskan pendirian dan gambaran status hukum BUM Desa, sebagai berikut: Pendirian BUM Desa disepakati melalui Musyawarah Desa. Hasil kesepakatan Musyawarah Desa tersebut menjadi pedoman bagi Pemerintah Desa dan Badan Permusyawaratan Desa untuk menetapkan Peraturan Desa tentang Pendirian BUM Desa.
Jadi apakah status hukum pendirian BUM Desa berbeda dengan status hukum lembaga lain seperti BUMD dan BUMN? Status hukum pendirian BUM Desa memang berbeda dengan status
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lainnya untuk sebesar besarnya kesejahteraan masyarakat Desa (Psl 1 angka 6 UU 6/2014 tentang Desa)
(Pasal 1 angka 1, UU 19/2003 tentang BUMN)
BENTUK
Perseroan dan Perum (Psl 9 UU 19/2003)
Perusahaan Perseroan Daerah dan Perusahaan Umum Daerah (Psl 331 (3))
Berbentuk Badan Usaha dengan Unit Usaha yang Berbadan Hukum (Psl 7 3 Permendes 4/2015)
PENETAPAN
SK Kemenkumham utk PT (Psl 10 (2)) dan PP utk Persero (Psl 35(2))
PERDA (Psl 331 (2))
PERDES (Psl 88 (2))
Apa alasannya atau apa penjelasannya sehingga Desa memiliki kewenangan untuk mendirikan BUM Desa?
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kepemilikan, sedangkan BUM Desa masih dapat dimiliki sebagian oleh selain Pemerintah Desa.
Bagaimana proses penyusunan AD/ART BUM Desa? Peraturan Pemerintah No. 47 tahun 2015 tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Pemerintah No. 43 tahun 2014 tetang Peruturan pelaksana UU No. 6 tahun 2014 tentang Desa, pada Pasal 136 menjelaskan bahwa: 1)
Anggaran Dasar dan Anggaran Rumah Tangga BUM Desa disepakati melalui musyawarah Desa.
2)
Anggaran dasar sebagaimana dimaksud memuat paling sedikit nama, tempat kedudukan, maksud dan tujuan, modal, kegiatan usaha, jangka waktu berdirinya BUM Desa, organisasi pengelola, serta tata cara penggunaan dan pembagian keuntungan.
3)
Anggaran rumah tangga sebagaimana dimaksud memuat paling sedikit hak dan kewajiban, masa bakti, tata cara pengangkatan dan
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melibatkan masyarakat melalui musyawarah. AD/ART BUM Desa adalah dokumen penting yang menunjukkan tata kelola BUM Desa dan mekanisme pertanggungjawabannya sebagai sebuah lembaga ekonomi yang bisa melaksanakan usaha bisnis. Guna tetap menjunjung tinggi prinsip akuntabilitas dan transparansi maka masyarakat harus ikut berpartisipasi yakni melalui mekanisme Musyawarah Desa yang sudah dianjurkan melalui peraturan perundangan yang ada.
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Penasehat juga memiliki kewenangan untuk: (a) meminta penjelasan dari Pelaksana Operasional mengenai persoalan yang menyangkut pengelolaan usaha Desa; dan (b) melindungi usaha Desa terhadap hal-hal yang dapat menurunkan kinerja BUM Desa.
Apa yang dimaksud Pelaksana Opersasional itu? Apa saja tugas dan kewajibannya?
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c. mengundurkan diri; d. tidak dapat melaksanakan tugas dengan baik sehingga menghambat perkembangan kinerja BUM Desa; e. terlibat kasus pidana dan telah ditetapkan sebagai tersangka.
Siapa yang boleh duduk menjadi Pengawas BUM Desa, apa saja tugas kewajibannya? Pengawas sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 10 ayat (1) huruf c
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1)
2) 3)
Pelaksana Operasional melaporkan pertanggungjawaban pelaksanaan BUM Desa kepada Penasihat yang secara ex-officio dijabat oleh Kepala Desa. BPD melakukan pengawasan terhadap kinerja Pemerintah Pemerint ah Desa dalam membina pengelolaan BUM Desa. Pemerintah Desa mempertanggungjawabkan tugas pembinaan terhadap BUM Desa kepada BPD yang disampaikan melalui Musyawarah Desa.
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1)
Musyawarah Desa diselenggarakan diselengg arakan oleh Badan Permusyawaratan Permusyawarat an Desa yang difasilitasi oleh Pemerintah Desa.
2)
Musyawarah Desa Des a diikuti diikut i oleh Pemerintah Pe merintah Permusyawaratan Desa, dan unsur masyarakat.
3)
Unsur masyarakat terdiri atas: a. tokoh adat; b. tokoh agama; c. tokoh masyarakat;
Desa,
Badan
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