Blending en La Refineria Gualberto Villarroel Para La Obtencion de La Gasolina Especial (PROYECTO CORREGIDO GRUPO 7)

UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR DE SAN ANDRES FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA CARRERA DE INGENIERIA PETROLERA

BLENDING EN LA REFINERIA GUALBERTO VILLARROEL PARA LA OBTENCIÓN DE LA GASOLINA ESPECIAL

ESTUDIANTES:

ALARCON CATARI JORGE LUIS AGUILAR SANCHEZ JESUS REYNALDO ARCE VILLARROEL IGOR ARIEL CRUZ LUCAS ELIZABETH RUEDA SILVA JAVIER FERNANDO

DOCENTE :

ING. RAMIRO FLORES

GRUPO

7

:

FECHA DE ENTREGA:

1 - DICIEMBRE - 2014

LA PAZ - BOLIVIA INDICE

Ble!"# e l$ %e&"e%'$ G($l)e%*+ V"ll$%%+el ,$%$ l$ +)*e" !e #$/+l"$ e/,e"$l

1. RESUMEN ABSTRACT

2. INTRODUCCION 3. PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA 4. OBJETIVOS OBJETIVO GENERAL OBJETIVOS ESECIFICOS

. JUSTIFICACION !. ALCANCE ". MARCO TEORICO OBTENCIN DE LA GASOLINA ESECIAL ROCESOS DE LA GASOLINA ROCESOS ARA MEJORAR LA GASOLINA GASOLINA ESECIAL ROIEDADES DE LA GASOLINA

I.

OCTANAJE

II.

CURVA DE DESTILACION

III.

VOLATILIDAD

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IV.

CONTENIDO DE AZUFRE

V.

DENSIDAD DE LAS GASOLINAS

VI.

RESION DE VAOR DE LAS GASOLINAS

COMOSICIN DE LA GASOLINA ROCESOS BSICOS DE OBTENCIN DE GASOLINA DESTILACIN ISOMERIZACIN REFORMADO AL3UILACIN DEFINICIN DE VOLATILIDAD Y RV ADITIVOS ARA GASOLINAS

A. ADITIVOS DETERGENTES B. ESTRUCTURAS 3UMICAS DE LOS ADITIVOS DETERGENTES ARA GASOLINAS ADITIVOS MEJORADORES DEL N5MERO DE OCTANO

A. FUNCIN DE ADITIVOS MEJORADORES DEL N5MERO DE OCTANO B. ESTRUCTURAS 3UMICAS EFICACES ARA MEJORAR EL N5MERO DE OCTANO DE LAS GASOLINAS

#. DESARROLLO BLENDING DE LA GASOLINA GUALBERTO VILLARROEL EN FORMA GENERAL

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 GASOLINA LIVIANA  GASOLINA LATFORMADA  GASOLINA ESECIAL DETERMINACIN DE LA RESION DE VAOR REID Y DEL OCTANAJE DE UNA MUESTRA DE GASOLINA EN BASE A SU CROMATOGRAFA METODOLOGA DE CLCULO CLCULO DE LA RESIN DE VAOR REID CLCULO DEL OCTANAJE EJERCICIO MODELO RIMERO CLCULO DE LA RESIN DE VAOR REID SEGUNDO CLCULO DEL OCTANAJE TERCERO SIMULACIN DEL BLENDING DE LA GASOLINA ESECIAL CON AYUDA DEL SIMULADOR ASEN HYSYS 7.6

$. CONCLUSIONES 1%.REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS

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BLENDING EN LA REFINERIA GUALBERTO VILLARROEL PARA LA OBTENCION DE LA GASOLINA ESPECIAL 1. RESUMEN L$ #$/+l"$ l""$$ + LSR e/*8 +9,(e/*$ ,%"",$l9e*e ,+% $!e$/ !e :"!%+$%)(%+/ !e ; < = $%)++/> e/*$ #$/+l"$ e/ e9,le$!$ +9+ $%#$ e l$ ("!$! !e A"#$/ ,$%$ l$ %e(,e%$" !e "/+,e*$+ < $l?("l$*+/> ?(e @(*+ $l %e!e/*"l$!+ !e ,l$*&+%9$!+ /+ +9e%"$l"$!+/ +9+ #$/+l"$ !e $"$". O*%$ ,$%*e !el LSR ,%+!("!+ /e e9,le$ e el )le!"# @(*+ $ l$ #$/+l"$ ,l$*&+%9$!$ e l$ el$)+%$" !e #$/+l"$ e/,e"$l < el %e/*$*e !e l$ ,%+!(" !e LSR /e 9el$ + el %(!+ %e!("!+ ,$%$ /e% e!"!+ +9+ ( %(!+ %e+/*"*("!+ Re+> el ($l e/ ($ 9el$ !e ,e*%le+ %(!+ @(*+ $ l+/ %e/"!(+/ ,e/$!+/ ?(e + ,(e!e /e% ,%+e/$!+/ e ,l$*$ < /e e!e $ +*%+/ ,$'/e/ ?(e /" *"ee l$ $,$"!$! !e &%$"+$%l+/ < +)*ee% ,%+!(*+/ !e%"$!+/ + $l+% $#%e#$!+. O*%$ !e l$/ ,%+)le98*"$/ !el + (9,l"9"e*+ !e l$/ ,%+,"e!$!e/ e/*$)le"!$/ e el %e#l$9e*+ !e $l"!$! !e $%)(%$*e/ e/,e"$l9e*e el 9e%+ !e +*$+ RON

4


Re/e$%: +*$e (9)e% ,+!%'$ #ee%$% ( 9$l %e!"9"e*+ !e l+/ 9+*+%e/ ,%++$!+ ($ +9)(/*" $+%9$l. $%$ el 9e@+% e*e!"9"e*+ !el )le!"# /e :"+ 2 e@e%""+/ *",+ e l+/ ($le/ /e ,(e!e +)/e%$% 9+ /e !e*e%9"$ l$ ,%e/" VR < el 9e@+%$9"e*+ !el +*$$@e < el $!""+$% !e $!"*"+/ ,$%$ 9e@+%$% el +*$$@e> $/' (9,l"% + l$/ e/,e"&"$"+e/ %e?(e%"!$/.

ABSTRACT T:e l"#:*e"#:* ,e*%+l +% LSR "/ 9$"l< +9,+/e! +& : *:"/ #$/ "/ (/e! $/ $ &"lle% " ("* A"#$/ &+% %e+e%< +& "/+,e*$e> $l :": $l+# "*: %e!"/*"lle! +& ,l$*&+%9"# $%e 9$%e*e! $/ $"$*"+ #$/+l"e. A+*:e% ,$%* +& *:e LSR ,%+!(e! "/ (/e! " *:e )le!"# #$/+l"e "*: *:e ,l$*&+%9"# /,e"$l ,%+e//"# " *:e %e9$""# #$/+l"e ,%+!(*"+ "/ 9"e! "*: *:e LSR %e!(e! *+ )e /+l! $/ $ %e+/*"*(*e! %(!e Re+ +"l> :": "/ $ %(!e +"l "*: :e$< +"l %e/"!(e/ :": $ )e ,%+e//e! + ,l$* $! /+l! *+ +*:e% +(*%"e/ "& *:e< :$e *:e $)"l"*< *+ &%$*"+$l $! #e* $l(e-$!!e! ,%+!(*/. A+*:e% ,%+)le9 +& +-+9,l"$e +& *:e ,%+,e%*"e/ e/*$)l"/:e! " *:e %e#(l$*"+ +& &(el ?($l"*< e/,e"$ll< +*$e RON Re/e$%: +*$e (9)e% +(l! $(/e ,++% ,e%&+%9$e +& *:e e#"e/ $(/"# $)+%9$l +9)(/*"+. F+% )e**e% (!e%/*$!"# +& *:e )le!"# %$*e $/ 2 ee%"/e/ " :": <+( $ 5


+)/e%e :+ *:e ,%e//(%e $! VR "9,%+e! +*$e $! $!! $!!"*"e/ *+ "9,%+e /,e"&"$*"+/ 9ee* %e?("%e! "/ !e*e%9"e!.

2. INTRODUCCION E &+%9$ #ee%$l l$ #$/+l"$ /e +)*"ee $ ,$%*"% !el ,e*%le+> $ *%$/ !e l$/ /"#("e*e/ e*$,$/ •

O,e%$"+e/ !e !e/*"l$" /e,$%$" &'/"$ !e l+/ +9,+e*e/ !el ,e*%le+> (+ !e l+/ ($le/ e/ l$ #$/+l"$.

•

•

%+e/+ !e !e/"*e#%$" !e l+/ +9,+e*e/ ,e/$!+/ !el ,e*%le+> ,$%$ +e%*"%l+/ e #$/+l"$ < #$/ l"($!+. %+e/+ ?(e /e e9,le$ ,$%$ 9e@+%$% l$/ $%$*e%'/*"$/ !e l$ #$/+l"$ +9+ el !e %e&+%9$" $*$l'*"$> "/+9e%"$"> $l?("l$" < $!"" !e +9,(e/*+/ +"#e$*e/ +9+ el 9e*"l *e%)(*"l *e% < 9e*"l *e%$9"l *e%.

•

%+e/+/ !e ,(%"&"$" ,$%$ ?(e /( $l"!$! (9,l$ + el %e#l$9e*+ !e $l"!$! !e $%)(%$*e/ )le!"#.

El )le!"# !e l$ #$/+l"$ e/ ( ,%+e/+ e el ($l /e 9el$ !"&e%e*e/ ,%+,+%"+e/ !e ,%+!(*+/ +)*e"!+/ !e l$ !e/*"l$" !el ,e*%le+> $!e98/ !e "e%*+/ $!"*"+/> + el +)@e*"+ !e l+#%$% ($ #$/+l"$ ?(e (9,l$ + l$/ e/,e"&"$"+e/ !el %e#l$9e*+ !e $l"!$! !e $%)(%$*e/> ,$%$ /( e*$ $ "el +9e%"$l. 6


El )le!"# !e l$ #$/+l"$ ,%+,+%"+$ 9$<+% &le")"l"!$! !e +,e%$" < l+/ )ee&""+/ /e ,%+!(e ($!+ l$/ +,e%$"+e/ < ,%+e/+/ !e %e&"e%'$ ,%+!(e +%*e/ "*e%9e!"+/ ?(e ,(e!e 9el$%/e ,$%$ ,%+!("% ($ $%"e!$! !e ,%+!(*+/ *e%9"$!+/. +% e@e9,l+ E el $/+ !e l$ ,%e,$%$" !e #$/+l"$ e/,e"$l /e /(ele e9,le$% ( 6; !e #$/+l"$ l""$$ !e !e/*"l$" !"%e*$ LSR + ( =; !e #$/+l"$ ,l$*&+%9$!$K $ e/*$ 9el$ /e /(ele $$!"% ( $!"*"+ !e+9"$!+ MMT T%"$%)+"l+ !e 9e*"l-"l+,e*$!"-e"l 9$#$e/+ ,$%$ ele$% el +*$$@e.

3. PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA E B+l""$ l$/ #$/+l"$/ ?(e /e ,%+!(e /+ l$ E/,e"$l < l$ %e9"(9 + ; RON < ; RON %e/,e*"$9e*e. L$ ,%+)le98*"$ $9)"e*$l < l$/ "9,+%*$"+e/ !e +9)(/*")le/ :$ +$/"+$!+ ?(e e (e/*%+ ,$'/ /e )(/?(e l$ 9$e%$ !e +)*ee% ($ #$/+l"$ ?(e + +*$9"e !e9$/"$!+ (e/*%+ 9e!"+ $9)"e*e. +% *+!+ ell+ /e %e$l"$%$ ( $8l"/"/ $ l$/ ,%+,"e!$!e/ !e )le!"# !e l$ #$/+l"$ ,%+e"e*e !e l$ %e&"e%'$ G($l)e%*+ V"ll$%%+el e/,e'&"$9e*e !e l$ #$/+l"$ e/,e"$l +9+ el RON Re/e$%: +*$e (9)e%> TVR Te/" !e V$,+% Re"!> De/"!$! !e l$ #$/+l"$> (%$ !e !e/*"l$"> el '!"e !e l$ +l$*"l"!$! !e l$/ #$/+l"$/. O*%$ !e l$/ ,%+)le98*"$/ !el + (9,l"9"e*+ !e l$/ ,%+,"e!$!e/ e/*$)le"!$/ e el %e#l$9e*+ !e $l"!$! !e $%)(%$*e/ e/,e"$l9e*e el 9e%+ !e +*$+ RON Re/e$%: +*$e (9)e% ,+!%'$ #ee%$% ( 9$l %e!"9"e*+ !e l+/ 9+*+%e/ ,%++$!+ ($ +9)(/*" $+%9$l.

4. OBJETIVOS 7


OBJETIVO GENERAL  A$l"$% l$/ ,%+,"e!$!e/ e e/,e"$l l$ TVR Te/" !e V$,+% Re"! < el +*$$@e !e l$ #$/+l"$/ (*"l"$!$/ $*e/ < !e/,(/ !el )le!"# !e l$ %e&"e%'$ G($l)e%*+ V"ll$%%+el < +9,$%$% l+/ %e/(l*$!+/ + l$/ e/,e"&"$"+e/ !el %e#l$9e*+ !e $l"!$! !e $%)(%$*e/ < e,l"$% 9e!"$*e ( e@e%""+ *",+ 9+ /e ele$ el 9e%+ !e +*$+/ $ ,$%*"% !e l$ 9el$ !e #$/+l"$/ #$/+l"$ ,l$*&+%9$!$> #$/+l"$ l""$$> #$/+l"$ FCCFl("! C$*$l<*" C%$"#> $l?("l$*+/ $$!"e!+ $!"*"+/ ,$%$ +)*ee% ($ #$/+l"$ e/,e"$l.

OBJETIVOS ESPECIFICOS  Me"+$% l+/ 9*+!+/ ,%+e"e*e !el AI-17=> 1;B1.1 ,$%$ el 8l(l+ !e l$ TVR Te/" !e V$,+% Re"! e )$/e $ l$ %+9$*+#%$&'$ !e l$ #$/+l"$ l""$$ < #$/+l"$ ,l$*&+%9$!$.  Me"+$% l+/ 9*+!+/ ,$%$ el 8l(l+ !el +*$$@e !e l$ #$/+l"$ T:e !e&$(l* PBC )le!"# 9e*:+!Q < !el ,%+9e!"+ +l(9*%"+ e )$/e $ l$ %+9$*+#%$&'$.  E("$% l+/ $!"*"+/ (*"l"$!+/ e l$ #$/+l"$ ,$%$ 9+*+%e/ !e +9)(/*".  A$l"$% l$/ ,%+,"e!$!e/ !e l$ #$/+l"$ e/,e"$l + %e/,e*+ $ l$/ e/,e"&"$"+e/ $l %e#l$9e*+ !e $l"!$! !e $%)(%$*e/.  Re$l"$% ($ /"9(l$" !el )le!"# !e l$ #$/+l"$ e/,e"$l + $<(!$ !el /"9(l$!+% A/,e HYSYS 7.6 < +)*ee% l$/ ,%+,"e!$!e/ e/*$)le"!$/ ,+% l$/ +%9$/ de reglamento de calidad.

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. JUSTIFICACION C+/"!e%$!+ ?(e B+l""$ e/ ( ,$'/ %"+ e :"!%+$%)(%+/ l""$+/> l+/ l'?("!+/ ,%+!("!+/ %e/(l*$ "/(&""e*e/ ,$%$ ()%"% l$ !e9$!$ !el 9e%$!+ "*e%+> $!e98/ !e ?(e l$ !el"$" e l$ ,%+!(" !e l+/ <$"9"e*+/ !el ,e*%le+ +!e/$)le < l$ &$l*$ !e "e%/" e e/*e 89)"*+> /+ l$ $(/$ ,+% l$ ?(e el ,$'/ !e)e "9,+%*$% $!$ e 9$<+%e/ $*"!$!e/ !e D"e/el O"l> G$/+l"$ E/,e"$l < G$/ l"($!+ !e e*%le+. +% +*%+ l$!+> l$ %e"e*e !e9$!$ e l$ ,%+!(" !e #$/+l"$ e/,e"$l el$)+%$!$ e l$ Re&"e%'$ G($l)e%*+ V"ll$%%+el> ,$%$ ()%"% l$/ ee/"!$!e/ !el 9e%$!+ "*e%+> :$e ee/$%"+ e$l($% !"&e%e*e/ &+%9$/ !e $(9e*$% l+/ +l9ee/ !e ,%+!(" 9e!"$*e el )le!"# $l"9e*$!$ ,+% l+/ &l(@+/ !e l$ #$/+l"$ ,l$*&+%9$!$> #$/+l"$ l""$$> #$/+l"$ FCCFl("! C$*$l<*" C%$"#> $l?("l$*+/ l$/ ($le/ + /e *"ee e l$ %e&"e%'$ G($l)e%*+ V"ll$%%+el ,$%$ el )le!"# !e l$ #$/+l"$ e/,e"$l. L$ #$/+l"$ l""$$ + LSR e/*8 +9,(e/*$ ,%"",$l9e*e ,+% $!e$/ !e :"!%+$%)(%+/ !e ; < = $%)++/> e/*$ #$/+l"$ e/ e9,le$!$ +9+ $%#$ e l$ ("!$! !e A"#$/ ,$%$ l$ %e(,e%$" !e "/+,e*$+ < $l?("l$*+/> ?(e @(*+ $l %e!e/*"l$!+ !e ,l$*&+%9$!+ /+ +9e%"$l"$!+/ +9+ #$/+l"$ !e $"$". O*%$ ,$%*e !el LSR ,%+!("!+ /e e9,le$ e el )le!"# @(*+ $ l$ #$/+l"$ ,l$*&+%9$!$ e l$ el$)+%$" !e #$/+l"$ e/,e"$l < el %e/*$*e !e l$ ,%+!(" !e LSR /e 9el$ + el %(!+ %e!("!+ ,$%$ /e% e!"!+ +9+ ( %(!+ %e+/*"*("!+ Re+> el ($l e/ ($ 9el$ !e ,e*%le+ %(!+ @(*+ $ l+/ %e/"!(+/ ,e/$!+/ ?(e + ,(e!e /e% ,%+e/$!+/ e ,l$*$ < /e e!e $ +*%+/ ,$'/e/ ?(e /" *"ee l$ $,$"!$! !e &%$"+$%l+/ < +)*ee% ,%+!(*+/ !e%"$!+/ + $l+% $#%e#$!+. 9


Te"e!+ e (e*$ e/*e $*ee!e*e> < ,(e/*+ ?(e /e (e*$ + "e%*$ $,$"!$! "/*$l$!$ e ,l$*$> /e (ele $*%$*"+ ( ,%+ !8!+le 9$<+% (*"l"!$!> )ee&""+/ < $l+% $#%e#$!+. F"$l9e*e> e"/*e el ,%+ ,$%$ /e% "9,le9e*$!$ $ 9e!"$+ ,l$+> (<+ ,%+,/"*+ e/ el 9"/9+ "%e9e*$% l$ $*"!$! ,%+!("!$ !e #$/+l"$ e/,e"$l.

!. ALCANCE De)"!+ $ l$ &$l*$ !e ,%+e/+/ !e 9e@+%$9"e*+ < +e%/" ,$%$ el )le!"# !e l$ #$/+l"$ e/,e"$l e e/*e e/*(!"+ *%$*$%e9+/ !e e,l"$% ( e@e%""+ *",+ !+!e /e (*"l"$ e/*+/ ,%+e/+/ !e 9e@+%$9"e*+ < +e%/" +9+ l$ %e&+%9$" $*$l'*"$> "/+9e%"$"> $l?("l$"> %$" $*$l'*"*"$ !e l$ #$/+l"$ ,l$*&+%9$!$> #$/+l"$ l""$$> #$/+l"$ FCCFl("! C$*$l<*" C%$"#> $l?("l$*+/ ?(e ,(e!$ (9,l"% (e/*%$ e($" !$!$ ,$%$ el "%e9e*+ !el +*$$@e *$9)" :$e% ( $8l"/"/ !e l$/ ,%+,"e!$!e/ !e l$/ #$/+l"$/ $*e/ < !e/,(/ !el )le!"#.

". MARCO TEORICO OBTENCIÓN DE LA GASOLINA ESPECIAL El )le!"# !e l$ #$/+l"$ e/ l$ ,%e,$%$" !e e/*e +9)(/*")le> e/ ( ,%+e/+ e el ($l /e 9el$ !"&e%e*e/ ,%+,+%"+e/ !e ,%+!(*+/ +)*e"!+/ !e l$ !e/*"l$" !el ,e*%le+> $!e98/ !e "e%*+/ $!"*"+/> + el +)@e*"+ !e l+#%$% ($ #$/+l"$ ?(e (9,l$ + l$/ e/,e"&"$"+e/ ,$%$ /( e*$ $ "el +9e%"$l.

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E el $/+ !e l$ ,%e,$%$" !e #$/+l"$ e/,e"$l /e /(ele e9,le$% ( 6; !e #$/+l"$ l""$$ !e !e/*"l$" !"%e*$ LSR + ( =; !e #$/+l"$ ,l$*&+%9$!$K $ e/*$ 9el$ /e /(ele $$!"% ( $!"*"+ !e+9"$!+ MMT T%"$%)+"l+ !e 9e*"l"l+,e*$!"-e"l 9$#$e/+ ,$%$ ele$% el +*$$@e. E l$ $*($l"!$! l$ #$/+l"$ e/ ( ,%+!(*+ :e:+ ,+% el :+9)%e> + /e$ ?(e e/ /"**"$. L$/ ,%"",$le/ %$+e/ /+ 1. L+/ %(!+/ *"ee ( 98"9+ !e 2;-60 !e #$/+l"$ $*(%$l + '!"e/ !e +*$+ !e 40 $ =0> l+/ ($le/ /+ !e9$/"$!+ )$@+/ ,$%$ (/$%/e e l+/ 9+*+%e/ 9+!e%+/ !e +9)(/*" "*e%$. E/*+ /e !e)e $ l$ e/*%(*(%$ 9+le(l$% !e l+/ :"!%+$%)(%+/ ?(e l$ +/*"*(
L$/ !+/ %$+e/ $?(' 9e"+$!$/ %e$%+ el %e*+ ,$%$ l+/ "e*'&"+/ 9+ %e9+!el$% l$/ 9+l(l$/ ,$%$ ,%+!("% 98/ < 9e@+%e/ #$/+l"$/. S" e9)$%#+> $ 9e!"!$ ?(e /e :$'$ 9e@+%e/ #$/+l"$/> /"9(l*8e$9e*e l+/ !"/e$!+%e/ !e $(*+9"le/ $(9e*$)$ l$ +9,%e/" !e l+/ 9+*+%e/ ele$!+ $/' /( +*e"$. Se ee/"* e*+e/ ( '!"e !e +*$+ 9$<+%. V$9+/ $ /(,+e% ?(e !e ( )$%%"l !e 1; l"*%+/ !e ,e*%le+ %(!+ l+#%e9+/ /e,$%$% ;0 l"*%+/ !e #$/+l"$ (<+/ +9,+e*e/ *"ee !e "+ $ (ee 8*+9+/ !e $%)++ 11


> < ?(e !e l+/ 10 l"*%+/ %e/*$*e/ $l#(+/ !e l+/ :"!%+$%)(%+/ + /e$ $,%+,"$!+/ ,$%$ (/$%l+/ +9+ #$/+l"$> <$ /e$ ,+%?(e /( +9,+/"" + (e*$ + /(&""e*e/ 8*+9+/ !e $%)++ ,+% 9+l(l$

+ ,+%?(e *"ee !e9$/"$!+/

.

PROCESOS DE LA GASOLINA El /e*"!+ +9 +/ !"e ?(e /" *ee9+/ 9+l(l$/ + 98/ 8*+9+/ !e $%)++ !e l+/ ?(e ee/"*$9+/> :$< ?(e %+9,e% l$/ $!e$/ ?(e (e l+/ 8*+9+/ !e $%)++ ,$%$ +)*ee% 9+l(l$/ 98/ :"$/> (<+ 9e%+ !e $%)++ /e$ !e "+ $ (ee. e%+ /" l$/ 9+l(l$/ *"ee 9e+/ 8*+9+/ !e $%)++ !e l+/ ?(e )(/$9+/> e*+e/ e/ ee/$%"+ ("% !+/> *%e/ + 98/ !e ell$/ e*%e /'> ,$%$ $#%$!$%l$/ :$/*$ +/e#("% el *$9$+ !e/e$!+. $%$ l+#%$% e/*+> l+/ "e*'&"+/ e "#e"e%+/ *("e%+ ?(e *%$)$@$% +@(*$9e*e ,$%$ !e/$%%+ll$% l$/ *e+l+#'$/ %e?(e%"!$/. E/*$ l$)+% e e?(",+ e/ l$%#$> l$)+%"+/$ < 9(< +/*+/$> ,e%+ /" /e *"ee "*+> l$/ +9,$'$/ ?(e ,$*%+"$ l$ l$)+% +)*"ee e+%9e/ !""!e!+/> <$ ?(e ?("e !e/ee (/$% /(/ *e+l+#'$/ *e!%8 ?(e ,$#$% 9(:+ !"e%+ ,+% +e,*+ !e %e#$l'$/> l+ ?(e "!(!$)le9e*e $(9e*$ el +/*+ &"$l !el ,%+!(*+ el$)+%$!+. L+ $*e%"+% +/ ,e%9"*e +9,%e!e% 9e@+% l$ !"&e%e"$ e*%e ,$'/e/ !e/$%%+ll$!+/ < ,$'/e/ /()!e/$%%+ll$!+/. L+/ ,%"9e%+/ *"ee *e+l+#'$ ,%+,"$> ?(e + e/ 98/ ?(e el /"9,le ++"9"e*+ !e 9+ /$*"/&$e% l$/ ee/"!$!e/ + l+/ %e(%/+/ !"/,+")le/. M"e*%$/ *$*+> /" l+/ /e#(!+/ + *"ee e/*+/ ++"9"e*+/> /e e +)l"#$!+/ $ +9,%8%/el+/ $ l+/ ,%"9e%+/ $ ( $l*+ +/*+> ,$#$!+ + %e(%/+/ $*(%$le/> l+/ ($le/ le/ /+ *+9$!+/ $ ,%e"+/ "%%"/+%"+/.

12


+% e/+ *+!+/ l+/ ,$'/e/ /()!e/$%%+ll$!+/ (<+ +/(9+ !e #$/+l"$ < !e ee%#*"+/ e #ee%$l e/ ele$!+> *"ee +/*+/ !e &$)%"$" $l*+/ <$ ?(e $(?(e /e$ ,%+!(*+%e/ !e ,e*%le+> /e e +)l"#$!+/ $ ,$#$% %e#$l'$/ e *+!+/ l+/ ,%+e/+/ !e *e+l+#'$ e*%$@e%$ (/$!+/ e l$/ %e&"e%'$/. L+/ ,%+e/+/ (/$!+/ e l$/ %e&"e%'$/ ,$%$ :$e% 98/ < 9e@+%e/ #$/+l"$/ /+ !+/ l+/ ,%+e/+/ !e !e/"*e#%$" *%9"$ < l+/ !e !e/"*e#%$" $*$l'*"$. L$ ,%"9e%$ (*"l"$ )8/"$9e*e *e9,e%$*(%$ < ,%e/" $l*$ ,$%$ %+9,e% l$/ 9+l(l$/. L+/ :"!%+$%)(%+/ ?(e ,%+!(e /e $%$*e%"$ ,+% *ee% !+)le/ l"#$!(%$/ e /(/ 9+l(l$/> $ l$/ ($le/ /e le/ ll$9$ +le&"$/ < /+ 9(< %e$*"$/. C($!+ *"ee !e "+ $ (ee 8*+9+/ !e $%)++ < /e "+%,+%$ $ l$/ #$/+l"$/ $<(!$ $ /()"% el '!"e !e +*$+. S" e9)$%#+> *"ee el "+e"e*e !e /e% 9(< %e$*"$/K $l ,+l"9e%"$%/e> &+%9$ #+9$/ ?(e ,e%@(!"$ l+/ 9+*+%e/. +% l+ *$*+ e l$/ 9el$/ !e #$/+l"$/ e !+!e /e (/$ &%$"+e/ + $l*+ +*e"!+ !e +le&"$/ e/ ee/$%"+ $#%e#$% $!"*"+/ ?(e ":")$ l$ &+%9$" !e #+9$/. L+/ ,%+e/+/ !e !e/"*e#%$" *%9"$ /e (/$ ,%"",$l9e*e ,$%$ :$e% +le&"$/ l"#e%$/> + /e$ !e !+/ $%)++/ e*"le+> *%e/ ,%+,"le+> ($*%+ )(*e+/ ($!+ *"ee ($ /+l$ !+)le l"#$!(%$ e l$ 9+l(l$ < )(*$!"e+ ($!+ *"ee !+/ !+)le/ l"#$!(%$/> < "+ ,e*e+/ ($!+ *"ee ($ /+l$ !+)le l"#$!(%$ e "/+,%e+ ($!+ *"ee !+/ !+)le/ l"#$!(%$/. L$/ &%$"+e/ !el ,e*%le+ ?(e /"%e !e 9$*e%"$ ,%"9$ + $%#$ ,(e!e /e% !e/!e #$/+l"$/ ,e/$!$/ :$/*$ #$/le+/ ,e/$!+/. E e/*+/ $/+/ /"e9,%e /e +)*"ee *$9)" l$/ ll$9$!$/ #$/+l"$/ !e !e/"*e#%$". L+/ ,%+e/+/ !e !e/"*e#%$" $*$l'*"$ *$9)" (/$ *e9,e%$*(%$/ < ,%e/" ,$%$ %+9,e% l$/ 9+l(l$/> ,e%+ /+ 13


9e+%e/ ?(e e el $/+ $*e%"+%> #%$"$/ $ "e%*+/ +9,(e/*+/ ?('9"+/ ll$9$!+/ $*$l"$!+%e/.

F&'()* 1 P+,&)&/*0&. U" !e 9+l(l$/ ,$%$ :$e% 98/ #$/+l"$.

L+/ $*$l"$!+%e/ + /l+ ,e%9"*e ?(e el ,%+e/+ *%$)$@e $ *e9,e%$*(%$/ < ,%e/"+e/ "&e%"+%e/ /"+ ?(e *$9)" $(9e*$ l$ el+"!$! !e l$ %e$". A!e98/ $*$ +9+ !"%e*+%e/ :$"e!+ ?(e l$/ 9+l(l$/ /e %+9,$ !e "e%*$ 9$e%$K l+/ ,e!$+/ /e (e < &+%9$ ,%e&e%e"$l9e*e ( !e*e%9"$!+ *",+ !e :"!%+$%)(%+/. A/'> ,+% e@e9,l+> ($ 9+l(l$ + 1= 8*+9+/ !e $%)++ +9+ e/ el :e$!e$+ > ,(e!e %+9,e%/e ,$%$ &+%9$% ( ,$% !e 9+l(l$/ +  8*+9+/ !e $%)++ $!$ ($

+ /e$ +*$+  +*e+. El +*e+ e/ ( :"!%+$%)(%+ +le&'"+>

e/ !e"%> ?(e *"ee !+/ 8*+9+/ !e :"!%#e+ 9e+/ ?(e el +*$+> ?(e e/ ( :"!%+$%)(%+ ,$%$&'"+. L+/ ,%+e/+/ !e !e/"*e#%$" $*$l'*"$ ,$%$ +)*ee% ,%e&e%e"$l9e*e l$/ #$/+l"$/ !e $l*+ +*$+ (/$ +9+ $%#$ l+/ #$/le+/> + /e$ l$ &%$" ?(e 14


+*"ee !e 14 $ 20 8*+9+/ !e $%)++ e /(/ 9+l(l$/. L$/ #$/+l"$/ +)*e"!$/ ,+% !e/"*e#%$" $*$l'*"$> < e ,$%*"(l$% l$/ &%$"+e/ l"#e%$/> +*"ee :"!%+$%)(%+/ $l*$9e*e %$9"&"$!+/> *$*+ ,$%$&'"+/ +9+ +le&'"+/. E/*$/ %$9"&"$"+e/ e l$/ 9+l(l$/ +*e"!$/ e l$ &%$" !e l$ #$/+l"$ le "9,$%*e ( $l*+ '!"e !e +*$+. A!e98/ !e l$ #$/+l"$ *$9)" /e ,%+!(e )$/*$*e #$/> +9+ el "/+)(*$+ ($*%+ 8*+9+/ !e $%)++ %$9"&"$!+/> < ($ ele$!$ $*"!$! !e e*"le+> ,%+,"le+ < )(*e+/. O*%+/ +9)(/*")le/ ?(e /e &+%9$ /+ el !"e/el> l$ e%+/"$ < +*%+/ ,%+!(*+/ 98/ ,e/$!+/. L$/ +le&"$/ #$/e+/$/ $*e/ 9e"+$!$/ &+%9$ l$ 9$*e%"$ ,%"9$ ,$%$ :$e% 98/ #$/+l"$. C+9+ *"ee !+/> *%e/ < ($*%+ 8*+9+/ !e $%)++> e/*8 l$%+ ?(e ,$%$ +)*ee% ,%+!(*+/ !e "+ $ (ee $%)++/ /e%8 ee/$%"+ ("% l$/ 9+l(l$/. E l$/ %e&"e%'$/ e"/*e !+/ *",+/ !e ,%+e/+/ ,$%$ lle$% $ $)+ e/*e *",+ !e %e$"+e/. U+ e/ l$ ,+l"9e%"$". E/*e ,%+e/+ *$9)" (/$ $*$l"$!+%e/ ,$%$ l$ +)*e" !e #$/+l"$. Al +9)(/*")le ?(e %e/(l*$ /e le ll$9$ #$/+l"$ ,+l"9e%"$!$. El +*%+ ,%+e/+ !e /'*e/"/ ?(e (/$ l+/ #$/e/ !e l$/ !e/"*e#%$!+%$/ e/ el ll$9$!+ ,%+e/+ !e $l?("l$". E/ ($ %e$" ?('9"$ !e ($ +le&"$ + ($ ,$%$&"$ %$9"&"$!$> e ,%e/e"$ !e ( $*$l"$!+%. El ,%+!(*+ %e/(l*$*e *e!%8 *$9)" %$9"&"$"+e/K e/ !e"%> l+/ $%)++/ + e/*$%8 e ($ /+l$ l'e$. E e/*e ,%+e/+ /e :$e %e$"+$% l$/ +le&"$/ +9+ el e*"le+> el ,%+,"le+ < l+/ )(*e+/> + el "/+)(*$+> ?(e e/ ( :"!%+$%)(%+ ,$%$&'"+ %$9"&"$!+ + ($*%+ $%)++/ e /( 9+l(l$. Al ,%+!(*+ +)*e"!+ e el ,%+e/+ $*e%"+% /e le ll$9$ #$/+l"$ $l?("l$!$. S( $l*+ '!"e !e +*$+ /e !e)e ,%"",$l9e*e $ l$/ 9l*",le/ %$9"&"$"+e/ !e l+/ 15


:"!%+$%)(%+/ ?(e l+ &+%9$. +% l+ #ee%$l e/*$ #$/+l"$ *$9)" /e (/$ ,$%$ :$e% #$/$"> ?(e e/ el +9)(/*")le ?(e e9,le$ l$/ $"+e*$/ ?(e *"ee 9+*+%e/ !e ,"/*.

PROCESOS PARA MEJORAR LA GASOLINA L$ #$/+l"$ $*(%$l + ,%"9$%"$ e/*8 +9,(e/*$ ,+% el 9e%+ $!e($!+ !e $%)++/> ,e%+ l$ &+%9$ e ?(e e/*8 +l+$!+/ !e*%+ !e l$ 9+l(l$ + le "9,$%*e ( )(e +*$$@e. $%$ 9e@+%$% l$ $l"!$! !e e/*$ #$/+l"$ e"/*e !+/ *",+/ !e ,%+e/+/ e l$/ %e&"e%'$/> ?(e /+ l$ "/+9e%"$" < l$ %e&+%9$". A9)+/ %e?("e%e $*$l"$!+%e/. E el ,%"9e% $/+ l+/ :"!%+$%)(%+/ l"e$le/ !e l+/ ?(e e/*8 +9,(e/*$ l$ #$/+l"$ $*(%$l /e %$9"&"$> l+ ?(e ,e%9"*e ?(e /e "%e9e*e /( +*$$@e. A/' /(e!e> ,+% e@e9,l+> + el :e,*$+ +%9$l> ?(e *"ee /"e*e 8*+9+/ !e $%)++ &+%9$!+ ($ $!e$ l"e$l. C+9+ !"@"9+/ $*e%"+%9e*e> /( '!"e !e +*$+ e/ !e e%+. e%+ /" l+ "/+9e%"$9+/ < l+ :$e9+/ $l*$9e*e %$9"&"$!+ +)*ee9+/ el "/+:e,*$+> ?(e *"ee 110 !e +*$+.

16


F&'()* 2. I+)&/*0&. M+!"&"$" !e l+/ :"!%+$%)(%+/ ,$%$ ele$% +*$$@e/. El /e#(!+ ,%+e/+ + /e$ l$ %e&+%9$"> + /l+ &$+%ee l$ %$9"&"$" !e l+/ :"!%+$%)(%+/ +9+ e el $/+ $*e%"+%> /"+ ?(e *$9)" le/ ,e%9"*e "l"$%/e> &+%9$!+ $"ll+/ !e /e"/ 8*+9+/ !e $%)++> < !e/,(/ ,e%!e% 8*+9+/ !e :"!%#e+ !8!++/ l+/ :"!%+$%)(%+/ 'l"+/ ll$9$!+/ $%+98*"+/.

17


F&'()* 3. I++0*+5 '!"e !e +*$+ 100.

/*+/ e/*8 +/*"*("!+/ ,%"",$l9e*e ,+% )ee+ "le+/ A l+/ #%(,+/

> *+l(e+

><

. > ?(e +*"ee l+/ $"ll+/ )e"+/ !el *+l(e+ < l+/ "le+/> /e le/

ll$9$ 9e*"l+/. El *+l(e+ *"ee ( /+l+ 9e*"l+> 9"e*%$/ ?(e el "le+ *"ee !+/> l+/ ($le/> !e,e!"e!+ !e l$ &+%9$ !e /( (" $l $"ll+ )e"+> /e ll$9$ +%*+"le+> 9e*$"le+> + ,$%$"le+.

18


E/*+/ :"!%+$%)(%+/ $%+98*"+/ le "9,$%*e ( $l*+ '!"e !e +*$+ $ l$ #$/+l"$ %e&+%9$!$ ,%+e"e*e !e l$ %e&+%9$" $*$l'*"$ !e l$ #$/+l"$ $*(%$l.

GASOLINA ESPECIAL L$ #$/+l"$ ?(e +9,%$9+/ e l$/ #$/+l"e%$/ /e :$e 9el$!+ #$/+l"$ $*(%$l + !"&e%e*e/ ,+%e*$@e/ !e #$/+l"$ ,%+e"e*e !e l+/ ,%+e/+/ !e ,+l"9e%"$"> $l?("l$"> "/+9e%"$"> %e&+%9$" < !e/"*e#%$". A e/*$/ 9el$/ /e le/ !e*e%9"$ /( +*$$@e> < /e le/ $#%e#$ ($ /e%"e !e $!"*"+/ $*e/ !e e!e%l$/ $l ,)l"+. E l$ $*($l"!$! /e ,(e!e :$e% 9el$/ !e #$/+l"$/ + '!"e/ !e +*$+ 9$<+%e/ ?(e el !el "/++*$+ ,(%+> + /e$ :$/*$ !e 110. E/*+ /e l+#%$ $#%e#$!+ $ l$ 9el$ !e #$/+l"$ +9,(e/*+/ ll$9$!+/ $*"!e*+$*e/. El +9,(e/*+ !e e/*e *",+ 98/ +9 e/ el *e*%$e*"l+ !e ,l+9+ TE. E/*e ,%+!(*+ "9,"!e ?(e l$ #$/+l"$ e,l+*e !e*%+ !e l+/ "l"!%+/ !el 9+*+% + !e9$/"$!$ %$,"!e. A!e98/ ,e%9"*e (/$% e l$/ 9el$/ 9$<+% $*"!$! !e #$/+l"$ !e 9e+% $l"!$!> +9+ e/ l$ #$/+l"$ $*(%$l 40-=0 +*$+/> < $l$$% !e *+!+/ 9+!+/ l+/ +*$$@e/ %e?(e%"!+/ ,+% l$/ #$/+l"$/ +9e%"$le/. L$ $*"!$! ,*"9$ !e *e*%$e*"l+ !e ,l+9+ ?(e /e (/$ e l$/ 9el$/ !e #$/+l"$/ e/ !e *%e/ 9"l"l"*%+/ ,+% $!$ #$l ( #$l *"ee $,%+"9$!$9e*e 6. l"*%+/. N+ $le l$ ,e$ $#%e#$% +e*%$"+e/ 9$<+%e/ $ l$/ $*e/ 9e"+$!$/> ,(e/ el ee/+ ,e%@(!"$ $ l$/ 9el$/. El *e*%$e*"l+ !e ,l+9+ /()e 98/ el +*$$@e !e l$/ 9el$/ ($!+ /*$/ +*"ee 9$<+% $*"!$! !e :"!%+$%)(%+/ %$9"&"$!+/> ,+% e@e9,l+ l$/ #$/+l"$/ !e l$ "/+9e%"$!+%$ < l+/ !e l$ $l?("l$!+%$.

19


S" e9)$%#+> ($!+ l$/ 9el$/ *"ee ( $l*+ +*e"!+ !e +le&"$/> +9+ l$/ !e l$ ,+l"9e%"$!+%$> + *"ee !e9$/"$!+/ +9,(e/*+/ !e $(&%e> l$ /(/e,*")"l"!$! $l *e*%$e*"l+ !e ,l+9+ !"/9"( ?(e $(?(e /e $#%e#(e l$ 9"/9$ $*"!$! !e TE> el '!"e !e +*$+ /()"%8 9e+/ ?(e e el $/+ $*e%"+%. L$/ #$/+l"$/ + ,l+9+> +9+ /e le/ ll$9$ $ $?(ell$/ ?(e +*"ee TE> %e/(l*$ 98/ )$%$*$/ ?(e l$/ ?(e + l+ lle$. E/*+ /e !e)e $ ?(e el +*e"!+ !e #$/+l"$ $*(%$l 98/ )$%$*$ e/ 9$<+% e e/*e $/+. A!e98/> *%e/ 9"l"l"*%+/ ,+% #$l !e TE +/"#(e e $l#(+/ $/+/ ele$% el +*$$@e !e l$/ #$/+l"$/ :$/*$ e 20 +*$+/. A/' ,+% e@e9,l+> /" *ee9+/ ($ 9el$ !e #$/+l"$ + ( '!"e !e +*$+ !e =0> $l $#%e#$%le el TE ,(e!e lle#$% $ *ee% ( +*$$@e !e 0. S" l$ 9el$ +%"#"$l *e'$ 0 !e +*$+> + el $!"*"+ ,(e!e /()"% :$/*$ 110. De/#%$"$!$9e*e> /" )"e e/*e &$)(l+/+ $!"*"+ e/ 9(< )(e+ ,$%$ l+/ $(*+9"le/ < ,$%$ (e/*%+/ )+l/"ll+/> + l+ e/ ,$%$ (e/*%$ /$l(!. El ,%"",$l ,%+)le9$ ?(e /e ,%e/e*$ + el (/+ !el TE +9+ $*"!e*+$*e e/*%")$ e el :e:+ !e ?(e el ,l+9+ /e el"9"$ + l+/ #$/e/ !e +9)(/*" ?(e /$le ,+% el 9+&le !e l+/ $(*+9"le/> $(/$!+ ( ,%+)le9$ #%$e !e +*$9"$" $9)"e*$l !e)"!+ $ /( *+""!$!. E ,$'/e/ +9+ E/*$!+/ U"!+/ l+/ $(*+9"le/ e/*8 ,%+"/*+/ !e l+/ ll$9$!+/ 9+&le/ $*$l'*"+/ $ &" !e !"/9"("% el ,%+)le9$ !el ll$9$!+ /9+#. L+/ e:'(l+/ ?(e *"ee "/*$l$!+/ e/*e *",+ !e 9+&le/ + !e)e (/$% #$/+l"$ + ,l+9+> ,(e/ el ,l+9+ !e/*%(
PROPIEDADES DE LA GASOLINA L$ #$/+l"$ e/ ($ 9el$ !e $%"+/ :"!%+$%)(%+/ ,%+e"e*e/ !el ,e*%le+> l'?("!$ $ *e9,e%$*(%$ < ,%e/" +%9$l> < (<$/ ,%+,"e!$!e/ 98/ "9,+%*$*e/ /+ 20


I.

OCTAN AJE El +*$$@e e/ ($ !e l$/ ,%"",$le/ ,%+,"e!$!e/ !e l$ #$/+l"$ <$ ?(e e/*8 $l*$9e*e %el$"+$!+ $l %e!"9"e*+ !el 9+*+% !el e:'(l+. El +*$$@e /e %e&"e%e $ l$ 9e!"!$ !e l$ *e!e"$ !e l$ #$/+l"$ $ !e*+$% e el 9+*+%. E/*$ /e 9"!e +9+ el #+l,e*e+ + !e*+$" ?(e ,%+!(e l$ #$/+l"$ +9,$%$!$ + l+/ ,$*%+e/ !e %e&e%e"$ ++"!+/ !e "/++*$+ < -:e,*$+> (<+/ 9e%+/ !e +*$+ /+ 100 < e%+ %e/,e*"$9e*e. C+ %e/,e*+ $ l$ +9)(/*"> e/*$> e +!""+e/ +%9$le/ /e %e$l"$ !e 9$e%$ %8,"!$ < /"le"+/$> ,e%+ ($!+ el +*$$@e e/ "$!e($!+ ,$%$ el &("+$9"e*+ !el 9+*+%> l$ +9)(/*" /e ,%+!(e !e 9$e%$ "+le*$ $(/$!+ ($ e,l+/" + !e*+$" ?(e ,+% /( "*e/"!$! ,(e!e $(/$% !$+/ /e%"+/ $l 9+*+% !el e:'(l+. El +*$$@e> + '!"e !e +*$+ + 9e%+ !e +*$+/ /e %e&"e%e el(/"$9e*e $ l$ ($l"!$! $*"!e*+$*e ?(e /e "+%,+%$ $ l$ #$/+l"$. El +*$$@e + e/ +*%$ +/$ ?(e l$ 9e!"!$ !e l$ ($l"!$! $*"!e+*$$*e ?(e /e %e?("e%e e el +9)(/*")le ,$%$ ?(e e/*e %e/"/*$ + e"*$% /( *e!e"$ $ l$ $(*+!e*+$" + $(*+ee!"+ !el 9"/9+> ,+% l+ ?(e el 9e%+ !e +*$+/ %e?(e%"!+ !e,e!e !"%e*$9e*e !e l$ %el$" !e +9,%e/" !el 9+*+%. C+ el "el !e +*$$@e $!e($!+ /e e"*$ l$ $(*+!e*+$" < /e l+#%$ ( /+l+ &++ !e ll$9$ !$!+ ,+% el ee!"!+ e el 9+9e*+ ,%e"/+> + l+ ($l /e +)*"ee ($ +9)(/*" 98/ e&e*"$. D":+ '!"e !e +*$+ /e +)*"ee ,+% +9,$%$" !el ,+!e% $*"!e*+$*e !e l$ #$/+l"$ + el !e ($ 9el$ ,$*% +9,(e/*$ !e :e,*$+ e "/++*$+.

21


Al "/++*$+ /e le $/"#$ ( ,+!e% $*"!e*+$*e !e 100 9(< ,++ !e*+$*e + $l*$9e*e $*"!e*+$*e < $l :e,*$+ !e 0 9(< !e*+$*e + e/$/$9e*e $*"!e*+$*e> !e 9+!+ ?(e> ,+% e@e9,l+> ($ #$/+l"$ !e ; +*$+/ /e +%%e/,+!e%'$ e /( $,$"!$! $*"!e*+$*e $ ($ 9el$ + el ; ,+% "e*+ !e "/+*$+ 9(< $*"!e*+$*e < el ; ,+% "e*+ !e :e,*$+ e/$/$9e*e $*"!e*+$*e. L$/ #$/+l"$/ ?(e *"ee ( $l*+ '!"e !e +*$+ ,%+!(e ($ +9)(/*" 98/ /($e < e&e*"$> ,e%+ el ee/+ !e +*$$@e ,+% /+)%e l+ %e?(e%"!+ ,+% el 9+*+% + $#%e#$ 9$<+%e/ )ee&""+/ " e *%9"+/ !e ,+*e"$> /($"!$! + %e!"9"e*+. El )(*$+ ,+% e@e9,l+> *"ee ( +*$$@e !e '!"e 0> 9"e*%$/ ?(e l$ #$/+l"$ /,e% *"ee ( '!"e 7> < el $l+:+l 9e*'l"+ (+ !e 120. E/ "9,+%*$*e %e+%!$% e/*$ $&"%9$" A 9$<+% '!"e !e +*$+> 9e+% /e%8 el ,+!e% !e !e*+$" ?(e ,+/ee el +9)(/*")le. E/*+ ,+%?(e l+ ?(e /e )(/$ e l+/ 9+*+%e/ !e e,l+/" e/ ( ee!"!+ +*%+l$!+ !e l$ 9el$> l+ ?(e /e ++e +9+ !e&l$#%$" !el +9)(/*")le> < + ($ 9$<+% $,$"!$! !e !e*+$".

II.

CURVA DE DESTILACION +% /e% ($ 9el$ !e !"e%/+/ ,%+!(*+/> l$ #$/+l"$ + *"ee ( ,(*+ !e e)(ll"" &"@+> /"+ ($ (%$ !e !e/*"l$" + (%$ !e *e9,e%$*(%$ !e e)(ll"" ?(e !e,e!e !el *",+ < +*e"!+ !e +9,(e/*+/ ?(e +*e#$ l$ #$/+l"$> +9"e$ e $,%+"9$!$9e*e 60 C < *e%9"$> #ee%$l9e*e $*e/ !e l+/ 200 CK /( !e/"!$! $%'$ e*%e 0>700 < 0>70 #l

III. 22

VOL ATILIDAD


L$ +l$*"l"!$! !e l$ #$/+l"$ e/ ($ 9e!"!$ "!"%e*$ !el +*e"!+ !e +9,(e/*+/ +l8*"le/ < e/ (+ !e l+/ ,$%89e*%+/ ?(e "!"$ el +9,+%*$9"e*+ !e /*$ e el 9+9e*+ !el ee!"!+ !el 9+*+%> !$!+ ?(e "!"$ l$ &$"l"!$! + ?(e el 9+*+% e"e!e e &%'+ +l!/*$%*"# < el +9,+%*$9"e*+ !e /*e $ $l*$/ *e9,e%$*(%$/ l$/ +l$*"l"!$!e/ $l*$/ ,(e!e #ee%$% ,%+)le9$/ +9+ /ell+/ !e $,+%  $,+% l+Q e l$/ )+9)$/ !e +9)(/*")le. E/*e ,$%89e*%+ *$9)" e/ "9,+%*$*e !e/!e el ,(*+ !e "/*$ $9)"e*$l> <$ ?(e $l+%e/ $l*+/> "!"$ ($ *e!e"$ 98/ 9$%$!$ :$"$ l$ e$,+%$" < ,+% +/"#("e*e e9"/" !e +9,(e/*+/ +%#8"+/ +l8*"le/ :$"$ l$ $*9/&e%$ ,%+e"e*e !e l$ #$/+l"$. E/*$ 9$#"*(!> ll$9$!$> $ 9e(!+ F(el V+l$*"l"*< I!e FVI> /e $l(l$ ,+% 9e!"+ !e l$ %el$"

e l$ ?(e l$ %e/" !e V$,+% Re'!> VR> e/*8 e,%e/$!$ e MB$% < E70 e/ el ,+%e*$@e e +l(9e !e !e/*"l$!+ $ 70 $C. E e/$<+/ %e$l"$!+/ e e:'(l+/ /e :$ !e9+/*%$!+ ?(e el '!"e !e +l$*"l"!$! $/' !e&""!+ e,%e/$ !e 9$e%$ /$*"/&$*+%"$ el ,$,el !el $%)(%$*e e el +9,+%*$9"e*+ e $l"e*e !el 9+*+% Le B%e*> 14. L$/ e/,e"&"$"+e/ &"@$ ?(e /( $l+% /e l"9"*e> %e/,e*"$9e*e> $ 00> 1.000  1.1;0 /e# l$/ e/*$"+e/ e%$+> ,%"9$ e %$-+*++> ""e%+. L+/ &$)%"$*e/ !e $(*+9"le/> 98/ e"#e*e/ $> ,"!e e /(/ ,l"e#+/ !e +!""+e/ ?(e el FVI + ,$/e !e ;0 e e%$+.

IV. 23

CONTENIDO DE AZUFRE


El +*e"!+ ee/"+ !e $(&%e ,(e!e "%e9e*$% l$/ e9"/"+e/ +"$/ $/' +9+ l+/ !e,/"*+/ e el 9+*+%K *$9)" ,(e!e #ee%$% +9,(e/*+/ 8"!+/ ?(e %e!(e l$ e&""e"$ !el $e"*e l()%"$*e < /(/ $!"*"+/> + l+ ($l /e !"/9"(
V.

DENSIDAD DE LAS GASOLINAS Gee%$l9e*e> /e 9"!e $ 1; WC> ,+% 9e!"+ !e ( $%e9e*%+ 9*+!+ NF T =0101K /e e,%e/$ e #l + ($ ,%e"/" !e 0>0002 $ 0>000; /e# l$ $*e#+%'$ !e l+/ $%e9e*%+/ (*"l"$!+/. N+ +)/*$*e> e l$ ,%8*"$> + &%e(e"$ + /e +/e%$ 98/ ?(e *%e/ !e"9$le/. L$ !e/"!$! $%'$ + l$ *e9,e%$*(%$ !e $(e%!+ + l$ %el$"

D+!e T %e,%e/e*$ l$ *e9,e%$*(%$ e WC> ,X; < p r l$ !e/"!$! $ 1; WC < $ T WC %e/,e*"$9e*eK  e/ ( +e&""e*e (9%"+ ?(e ,$%$ l$/ #$/+l"$/ $le e *+%+ $ 0>000;. A/"> ($!+ l$ *e9,e%$*(%$ /e ele$ !e 1; C $ 2; WC. +% e@e9,l+> , !"/9"(00> + /e$ e *+%+ $l 1 . E/*$/ $%"$"+e/> $(?(e ,e?(e$/ e $l+% $)/+l(*+> !e)e *+9$%/e e (e*$ e l$/ !"e%/$/ *%$/$"+e/ +9e%"$le/ l"#$!$/ $l $l9$e$9"e*+ < l$ !"/*%")(" !e #$/+l"$/. L$/ e/,e"&"$"+e/ &%$e/$/ L"@$ ,$%$ $!$ $*e#+%'$ !e $%)(%$*e #$/+l"$ +%9$l> /(,e%$%)(%$*e + + /" ,l+9+ ( l'9"*e /(,e%"+% < +*%+ 24


"&e%"+% $ %e/,e*$% ,$%$ l$ !e/"!$! $ 1; WCK l$ $9,l"*(! !el "*e%$l+ !e $%"$" ,+/")le e/ !e 0>060 #l + +$/ !e /+l$,$9"e*+ ,+/")le !e (+/ ,%+!(*+/ + +*%+/> *e%"$- 9e*e ,+/")le ,e%+ 9(< ,++ &%e(e*e e l$ ,%8*"$. L$/ #$/+l"$/ +%!"$%"$/ /+ $/" /"e9,%e 98/ l"#e%$/ ?(e l+/ /(,e%$%)(%$*e/ l8/"+/> "l(/+ 9e+/ !e/$/ ?(e l+/ /(,e%$%)(%$*e/ /" ,l+9+. $%$ 8l(l+/ $,%+"9$!+/> /e ,(e!e (*"l"$% +9+ $l+%e/ 9e!"+/ !e !e/"!$! 0>720> 0>7;0 < 0>7=0 #l %e/,e*"$9e*e ,$%$ $!$ *",+ !e #$/+l"$. $%$ el +%%e*+ &("+$9"e*+ !e ( e:'(l+ e/ ee/$%"+ 9$*ee% ( "e%*+ "*e%$l+ !e !e/"!$! e ( 9"/9+ *",+ !e $%)(%$*e. E e&e*+> l+/ +/*%(*+%e/ !e $(*+9"le/ l+ *"ee e (e*$ !(%$*e el !"/e+ < +/*%(" !e l+/ /"/*e9$/ !e $l"9e*$" $l 9+*+%. E +/e(e"$> !(%$*e l$ (*"l"$" %e$l> ($ $%"$" 9(< #%$!e e l$ !e/"!$! e*%e !"&e%e*e/ $%)(%$*e/ ,(e!e ,e%*(%)$% l$ ,(e/*$ $ ,(*+ $l 9+!"&"$% l$ %"?(e$ !e l$ 9el$ !e $l"9e*$". E l$ %el$" e*%e l$ !e/"!$! < l$ %"?(e$ "*e%"ee $%"+/ ,$%89e*%+/ #ee%$l9e*e> "&l( #ee%$!+ ($ 9$<+% +*$9"$" ,+% "?(e9$!+/K e/*$/ !"&"(l*$!e/ /e%8 9""9"$!$/ e el &(*(%+ + l$ #ee%$l"$" !el +*%+l !e l$ %"?(e$ e "%("*+ e%%$!+ ?(e /e "/*$l$ e l+/ (e+/ e:'(l+/ ,%+"/*+/ !e $*$l"$!+%. E l$ ,%8*"$ el (/($%"+ ,%e&"e%e el $%)(%$*e l+ 98/ !e/+ ,+/")le> +9,$*")le + l$/ e/,e"&"$"+e/> <$ ?(e le ,%+,+%"+$ ( 9$<+% CI +l(9*%"+ < ( 25


+/(9+ e/,e'&"+ e l"*%+/ ,+% 100 9 9e+%. Se e/*"9$ ?(e ( $(9e*+ !e l$ !e/"!$! !el 4  ;  e*%$$ ( %e!(" !el +/(9+ !el 6 $l ; . F"$l9e*e ( 9$%#e !e ;0 9"l/"9$/ e l$ !e/"!$! ,$%$ $!$ *",+ !e #$/+l"$> +/*"*( 9"e*%$/ ?(e ( e/*%e:$9"e*+ /e%'$ !e9$/"$!+ l"9"*$*e.

VI.

PRESION DE VAPOR DE LAS GASOLINAS El %"*e%"+ (*"l"$!+ :$/*$ :+< e l$/ e/,e"&"$"+e/ + e/ l$ ,%e/" !e $,+% e%!$!e%$> /"+ ($ 9$#"*(! %el$"+$!$ + ell$ ll$9$!$ %e/" !e V$,+% Re'! VR. El ,%+e!"9"e*+ +/"/*e e l$ 9e!"!$ !e l$ ,%e/" %el$*"$ !e/$%%+ll$!$ ,+% l+/ $,+%e/ !e/,%e!"!+/ ,+% ($ 9(e/*%$ !e $%)(%$*e ee%%$!$ e ( %e","e*e 9e*8l"+ $ 67> WC. El e%%+% !el 9*+!+ +%9$l"$!+ e/ !e 1; 9)$% e %e,e*")"l"!$! < !e 2; 9)$% e %e,%+!(")"l"!$!. E el 9*+!+ e/*$!$%"$!+> el %e","e*e 9e*8l"+ ll$9$!+ 89$%$ !e $"%e !e/*"$!+ $ %e")"% l+/ $,+%e/ !e :"!%+$%)(%+ e/*8 """$l 9e*e /(9e%#"!+ e $#($K $*e/ !el e/$<+ /e e/(%%e> ,e%+ + /e /e$. E/*e 9*+!+ +,e%$*+%"+> ll$9$!+ $ 9e(!+ !e )+9)$ :9e!$> /e (*"l"$ el(/"$9e*e + ,%+!(*+/ ,e*%+l'&e%+/> e%+ /" l+/ $%)(%$*e/ +*"ee $l+:+le/ ( +*%+/ ,%+!(*+/ +%#8"+/ /+l()le/ e $#($> /e /e$ el +@(*+ ,$%$ ?(e l+/ $,+%e/ + /e !"/(el$ e el $#($ !e l$/ ,$%e!e/. E/*$ *"$> ll$9$!$ !e )+9)$ /e$> +!(e $ $l+%e/ 98/ $l*+/> (+/ 100 9)$% ,$%$ $l#(+/ $%)(%$*e/ +"#e$!+/. +% ell+ e/ "9,+%*$*e ++e% l$ *"$ (*"l"$!$K e *+!+ $/+> /e%8 ,%e&e%")le l$ !e )+9)$ /e$. Se +*$%8 ?(e l$ VR e/ ($ ,%e/" %el$*"$> e/ !e"%> ($ !"&e%e"$ /+)%e l$ ,%e/" $*9+/&%"$> L$ VR !e l$/ #$/+l"$ e/*8 #ee%$l9e*e +9,%e!"!$

26


e*%e 6;0 < 1.000 9)$%K J+/ "ele/ +%%e/,+!"e*e/ $ l$/ e/,e"&"$"+e/ e(%+,e$/ e/*8 "!"$!$/ e l$ T$)l$ 5.6. E/ ee/$%"+ e/*$)lee% $ l$ e ( (9)%$l 9'"9+ < ( $l+% 98"9+> "!*"+/ ,$%$ *+!+/ l+/ *",+/ !e $%)(%$*e/ +%9$l> /,e% ,e%+ !"&e%e*e/ /e# l$/ e/*$"+e/ !el $+ 1. E e&e*+> l$ +l$*"l"!$! !el $%)(%$*e !e)e /e% /(&""e*e ,$%$ $/e#(%$%> e *"e9,+ &%'+> ( $%%$?(e %8,"!+ < ($ 9$%:$ /$*"/&$*+%"$ !el e:'(l+> A l$ "e%/$> !(%$*e el &("+$9"e*+ e *"e9,+ 8l"!+> e/ +e"e*e l"9"*$% l$ +l$*"l"!$! + el &" !e e"*$% "e%*+/ ""!e*e/ !"/9"(" !e l$ +9+!"!$! !e +!(" + ,$%$!$/ !el 9+*+% !e)"!$/ $ l$ &+%9$" !e *$,+e/ !e $,+% e el "%("*+ !e $l"9e*$"> !"&"(l*$!e/ + "9,+/")"l"!$! ,$%$ $%%$$% !e/,(/ !e ( ,e%"+!+ !e ,$%$!$ e e%$+ $,$%$9"e*+> ,e$@e e $(*+,"/*$. A*($l9e*e> l$/ e"#e"$/ !e l+/ e:'(l+/ /e 9$"&"e/*$ 98/ e *"e9,+ 8l"!+ ?(e e &%'+ ,+% !"e%/$/ %$+e/ 9e@+%$/ e l$ $e%+!"89"$> !"/,+/"" *%$/e%/$l !el 9+*+%> ele$" #ee%$l !e l$/ *e9,e%$*(%$/ )$@+ el $,> !e &+%9$ ?(e l+/ &$)%"$*e/ !e $(*+9"le/ !e/e$ ($ %e!(" 98/ ?(e ( "%e9e*+ !e l$ VR> A e/*$/ %e/*%""+e/ !e *",+ *e+l#"+> :$< ?(e $$!"% ($ ,%e+(,$" %e"e*e ,+% l"9"*$% l$/ ,%!"!$/ ,+% e$,+%$"> ?(e ,$%$ l+/ 9+*+%e/ !e #$/+l"$ /+ ($ &(e*e "9,+%*$*e !e +*$9"$" $*9+/&%"$ F"$l9e*e> l$ *e!e"$ $*($l $> $!$ e 98/> :$"$ ($ %e!(" !e l$ ,%e/" !e $,+% !e l$/ #$/+l"$/. E/*+ + /$*"/&$e $ l+/ %e&"$!+%e/ <$ ?(e /e e +)l"#$!+/ $ l"9"*$% l$ $!"" !e &%$"+e/ l"#e%$/ e /( pool !e #$/+l"$/. Se$l$%e9+/ $ e/*+/ e&e*+/ ?(e l$ $!"" !e $!$ 1  e ,e/+ !e ( +%*e C4 )(*$+/> )(*e+/ /(,+e +9+ 9e!"+ ( "%e9e*+ !e VR !e ;0 9)$%. 27


L$ "+%,+%$" !e "e%*+/ $l+:+le/ 9e*$+l> e*$+l ,%++$> "#($l9e*e> ( "%e9e*+ +*$)le !e l$ VR e%$ !e 1;0 9)$% ,$%$ ($ $!"" !el 1  !e 9e*$+[ < ;0 9)$% ,$%$ l$ 9"/9$ $!"" !e e*$+l. Se e*"e!e> ,+% l+ *$*+> ?(e L+/ $%)(%$*e/ + $l+:+le/ !e)e &+%9(l$%/e + ( +*e"!+ l"9"*$!+ !e :"!%+$%)(%+/ l"#e%+/. C+/"!e%$9+/ :$)e% ,(e/*+ !e 9$"&"e/*+ ?(e l$ VR !e l$/ #$/+l"$/ +/*"*( %e/(l*$!+ !e ( !el"$!+ +9,%+9"/+ e*%e l$/ e"#e"$/ !e l+/ e:'(l+/> l$ +,*"9"$" !el %e&"+ < l$ ,%+*e" !el 9e!"+ $9)"e*e.

COMPOSICIÓN DE LA GASOLINA L$ #$/+l"$ e/*8 +9,(e/*$ ,+% ($ 9el$ !e :"!%+$%)(%+/ ?(e $ !e/!e l+/ ?(e ,+/ee 4 8*+9+/ !e $%)++ :$/*$ l+/ ?(e *"ee 10 ( 11 8*+9+/ !e $%)++K /*+/ :"!%+$%)(%+/ ,(e!e /e% ,$%$&'"+/> "/+,$%$&'"+/> +le&'"+/> $&*"+/ < $%+98*"+/> +)*e"!+/ !e !"e%/+/ ,%+e/+/ !e %e&"$" +9+ !e/*"l$"> %$e+ *%9"+ < $*$l'*"+> %e&+%9$" $*$l'*"$> $l?("l$"> e "/+9e%"$". De l$/ ($*%+ 4 l$/e/ e ?(e /e /()!""!e l+/ :"!%+$%)(%+/ ,$%$&'"+/> $&*"+/> $%+98*"+/ < +le&'"+/> l$ ?(e ,%e!+9"$ e el ,e*%le+ )%(*+ e/ l$ l$/e !e l+/ :"!%+$%)(%+/ ,$%$&'"+/ ,$%$&"$/> ?(e ,(e!e /e% !e $!e$ l"e$l ,$%$&"$/ + %$9"&"$!$ "/+,$%$&"$/. L$ -,$%$&"$ ,+/ee ( +*$$@e "&e%"+% $ l$ +%%e/,+!"e*e $ l$/ "/+,$%$&"$/ < l$/ 9el$/ !e -,$%$&"$/ e "/+,$%$&"$/> ,%e/e*e/ e el ,e*%le+ )%(*+ e e/*$!+ !e e?("l")%"+

PROCESOS B6SICOS DE OBTENCIÓN DE GASOLINA 28


L$ #$/+l"$ /e +)*"ee $ ,$%*"% !el ,e*%le+ $ *%$/ !e l$/ /"#("e*e/ e*$,$/ #ee%$le/  %+e/+ !e !e/*"l$" /e,$%$" &'/"$ !e l+/ +9,+e*e/ !el ,e*%le+ ,+% !"&e%e"$ !e +l$*"l"!$! e*%e $!$ (+ !e ell+> !e e/*e ,%+e/+ /e +)*"ee l$ #$/+l"$ $*(%$l.  %+e/+ !e !e/"*e#%$" !e l+/ +9,+e*e/ ,e/$!+/ !el ,e*%le+> ,$%$ +e%*"%l+/ e #$/+l"$ < #$/ l"($!+.  %+e/+/ ?(e /e e9,le$ ,$%$ 9e@+%$% l$/ $%$*e%'/*"$/ !e l$/ #$/+l"$/ +9+ el !e %e&+%9$!+ $*$l'*"+> "/+9e%"$"> $l?("l$" < $!"" !e +9,(e/*+/ +"#e$*e/ +9+ el 9e*"l*e%)(*"l *e% MTBE> 9e*"l*e%$9"l *e% TAME> < 98/ %e"e*e9e*e e*$+l $%)(%$*e.  %+e/+/ !e ,(%"&"$" ?(e ,e%9"*$ +)*ee% #$/+l"$/ 98/ l"9,"$/> *$le/ +9+ l$ :"!%+!e/(l&(%$".

DESTILACIÓN L+/ ,%+!(*+/ ee/$%"+/ ,$%$ +)*ee% #$/+l"$ +9e%"$l /e *"ee e ,%"9e%$ "/*$"$> ,+% !e/*"l$" &%$"+$!$ !el ,e*%le+ )%(*+ %(!+> /*$ !e/*"l$" /e lle$ $ $)+ $ ,%e/" $*9+/&%"$ < /e +)*"ee !"e%/+/ ,%+!(*+/ !e $(e%!+ + l$ &%$" ?(e /e *+9e !e*%+ !e l$ +l(9$ !e !e/*"l$" < l$ *e9,e%$*(%$ ?(e /e e9,lee ,$%$ %e$l"$% l$ /e,$%$" &'/"$ !e l+/ +9,+e*e/. L$ !e/*"l$" e/ el ,%+e/+ e el ($l> ,+% e&e*+ !e l$ *e9,e%$*(%$> l+/ !"&e%e*e/ +9,+e*e/ !e ($ /(/*$"$ /e $ /e,$%$!+ !e)"!+ $ l$/ !"&e%e"$/ e*%e /(/ +l$*"l"!$!e/> l$ ($l !e,e!e !e l$ !"/*%")(" !e e/*+/ +9,+e*e/ e*%e ($ &$/e $,+% < ($ l'?("!$> e/*$!+ $9)+/ +9,+e*e/ ,%e/e*e/ e $9)$/ &$/e/. El #%$!+ 29


!e /e,$%$" !e e/*+/ +9,(e/*+/ e/*8 !"%e*$9e*e %el$"+$!+ + /(/ ,(*+/ !e e)(ll"" <$ ?(e l$ &$/e $,+% /e +%"#"$ !e l$ &$/e l'?("!$ ,+% $,+%"$" e !":+ ,(*+. El %e?("/"*+ )8/"+ ,$%$ /e,$%$% l+/ +9,+e*e/ ,+% !e/*"l$"> +/"/*e e ?(e l$ +9,+/"" !el $,+% /e$ !"&e%e*e !e l$ +9,+/"" !el l'?("!+ + el ($l e/*8 e e?("l")%"+ e el ,(*+ !e e)(ll"" L$ !e/*"l$" !el ,e*%le+ /e ,%+!(e e +l(9$/ !e ,l$*+/ + e9,$$!$/> !+!e l+/ !"&e%e*e/ +9,(e/*+/ /e !e/,l$$ $ *%$/ !e l$ *+%%e> !e 9+!+ ?(e l+/ +9,+e*e/ l"#e%+/ /e 9(ee :$"$ el *+,e !e l$ *+%%eK 9"e*%$/ ?(e l+/ 98/ ,e/$!+/ /$le ,+% el &+!+.

ISOMERIZACIÓN C+"e%*e l$/ 9+l(l$/ !e $!e$ l"e$l e :"!%+$%)(%+/ "/9e%+/ !e $!e$/ %$9"&"$!$/. El ,%+e/+ e/ ($ &(e*e $l*e%$ ,$%$ "%e9e*$% el +*$$@e !e l$ #$/+l"$ < #ee%$l9e*e /( 9$*e%"$ ,%"9$ e/ l$ #$/+l"$ $*(%$l ?(e /e /e,$%$ !el %(!+ ,+% !e/*"l$"> :$"e!+ ?(e l$/ 9+l(l$/ 98/ +l8*"le/ +9+ l$/ ,$%$&"$/ l"e$le/> /e$ 9+!"&"$!$/ < l$ +l$*"l"!$! !e l$ 9el$ !"/9"(<$.

REFORMADO El %e&+%9$!+ e/ ( ,%+e/+ ?(e $(9e*$ el +*$$@e !e ($ +%%"e*e < /( !e/*"+ e/ &+%9$% ,$%*e !e l$ #$/+l"$K +"e%*e l+/ :"!%+$%)(%+/ /$*(%$!+/ e $%+98*"+/> e*%e +*%$/ +/$/> el ,%+!(*+ &"$l ,(e!e *ee% =0 !e ell+/> $!e98/ !e #ee%$% *$9)" "/+,$%$&"$/. E/*e ,%+e/+ $" e l+/ $+/ 60 < l$ ,%"9e%$ ,l$*$ &(e +/*%("!$ e 140. I""$l9e*e el ,%+e/+ + /e +")" ,$%$ +)*ee% #$/+l"$ /"+ ,$%$ ,%+!("% *+l(e+> + el ($l /e #ee%$ el *%""*%+*+l(e+> el e,l+/"+ TNT.

30


F&'()* 4. R7+)*8+ C**,9&0+ ALUILACIÓN E l$ $l?("l$" /e :$e %e$"+$% +le&"$/ + "/+,$%$&"$/ ,$%$ :$e% %ee% l$ $!e$ !e :"!%+$%)(%+/ < %$9"&"$%l$. Gee%$l9e*e el ,%+!(*+ ?(e /e +)*"ee e/*8 !e*%+ !el %$#+ !e l$/ #$/+l"$/ < +*%")( e*%$'!+ !el %$"# + /e#(!$ !e/*"l$". Al %e/(l*$!+ !e l$ /'*e/"/ /e le !e+9"$ $l?("l$!+ + #$/+l"$ $l?("l$!$> ,%+!(*+ +/*"*("!+ ,+% +9,+e*e/ "/+,$%$&'"+/. S( +)@e*"+ e/ ,%+!("% ($ &%$" (<$/ $%$*e%'/*"$/ *$*+ *"$/ $l*+ +*$+ +9+ $9)"e*$le/ )$@$/ ,%e/" !e $,+% < %e$*""!$! &+*+?('9"$ l$ :$e :+< e !'$> (+ !e l+/ +9,+e*e/ 98/ "9,+%*$*e/ !e l$ #$/+l"$ %e&+%9(l$!$. L$ $l?("l$" e/ ( ,%+e/+ $*$l'*"+ ?(e %e?("e%e !e ( $*$l"$!+% !e $*(%$le$ 8"!$ &(e%*e> < /e (*"l"$ ,$%$ e/*e ,%+,/"*+ <$ /e$ 8"!+ &l(+%:'!%"+ + 8"!+ /(l&%"+.

31


F&'()* . A,;(&,*0&

DEFINICIÓN DE VOLATILIDAD Y RVP L$ $,$"!$! !e $,+%"$" !e l$ #$/+l"$ /e ll$9$ +l$*"l"!$!> e/*$ #ee%$l9e*e e/ !e*e%9"$!$ $ *%$/ !e l$ 9e!"" !e l$ ,%e/" !e $,+% Re"! RV> ?(e $ /( e e/ ($ 9e!"!$ "!"%e*$ !e l$ ,%e/" !e $,+% %e$l !e l$ #$/+l"$. E/*e ,$%89e*%+ e/ 9(< "9,+%*$*e <$ ?(e ,(e!e !$%/e !+/ *",+/ !e &e9e+/ !e,e!"e!+ /" l$ +l$*"l"!$! e/ )$@$ + 9(< $l*$. S" l$ #$/+l"$ + e/ l+ /(&""e*e9e*e +l8*"l $l#+ +9 e l+/ $+/ /e/e*$> el ee!"!+ !el 9+*+% /e !"&"(l*$> l$ *e9,e%$*(%$ !e +,e%$" !el 9+*+% e/ )$@$ l+ ?(e *%$e +9+ +/e(e"$ ?(e l$ !"/*%")(" !el $%)(%$*e e el "l"!%+ + /e$ :+9+#e$ < /e "%e9e*e l+/ !e,/"*+/ e el 9+*+%. S" ,+% el +*%$%"+ e/ 9(< +l8*"l *e!e"$ !e l+/ $+/ +:e*$ /e $,+%"$ 9(< %8,"!$9e*e < e)(lle e l$/ )+9)$/ ?(e l$ *%$/,+%*$ $l $%)(%$!+% + " l+ ($l ,(e!e $(/$% ?(e /e ,"e%!$ ,+!e% < el 9+*+% /e $:+#(e> e/*e &e9e+ e/ ++"!+ +9+ V$,+% l+ /ell+ !e $,+%. E/*e ,$%89e*%+ *$9)" e/ !e #%$ "9,+%*$"$ !e)"!+ $ ?(e e/*8 %el$"+$!+ e/*%e:$9e*e + l$/ ,%!"!$/ !e)"!$/ $ l$ e$,+%$"> *$*+ e el *%$/,+%*e> $l9$e$9"e*+ !el !"/*%")("!+%> $/' +9+ e el e:'(l+. +% /*$ %$ l$/

32


%e#(l$"+e/ $*($le/ e !"e%/+/ ,$'/e/ *"ee ($ 9$%$!$ *e!e"$ $ %e!("% el $l+% !e l$ RV e l$/ #$/+l"$/ +9e%"$le/. El e?(",+ e el ?(e /e 9"!e l$ ,%e/" !e $,+% Re"!> ?(e !e,e!e%8 !e l$ *e9,e%$*(%$ $ l$ ($l /e e(e*%$ l$ #$/+l"$> +9,%e!e ( %e","e*e e el ?(e /e +l+$ l$ 9(e/*%$> ($ 89$%$ !e $"%e !e 98/ + 9e+/ ($*%+ ee/ el +l(9e !el %e","e*e> ( )$+ $ *e9,e%$*(%$ +/*$*e < ( 9e!"!+% !e ,%e/" + 9$9e*%+. Se lle$ l$ 89$%$ + l$ 9(e/*%$ < /e +e*$ $ l$ 89$%$ !e $"%e. El +@(*+ /e $#"*$ ,e%"!"$9e*e < el 9$9e*%+ e/ +l+$!+ e l$ ,$%*e /(,e%"+% !e l$ 89$%$ !e $"%e !$!+ l$ le*(%$ !e ($ ,%e/" ?(e /e e/*$)"l"$ ($!+ el e?("l")%"+ /e $l$$. L$ &"#(%$ ; 9(e/*%$ e/*e e?(",+. El $l+% ?(e /e +)*"ee e/ el !e l$ *e/" !el $,+% Re"! !e l$ #$/+l"$ ?(e /e e,+e e #%$9+/ ,+% e*'9e*%+ ($!%$!+ + l")%$/ ,+% ,(l#$!$ ($!%$!$. A/' ($ #$/+l"$ !e 10 RV *"ee ($ ,%e/" !e $,+% Re"! !e 10 l")%$/,(l#$!$. L$ ,%(e)$ !e ,%e/" !e $,+% e/ 9(< "9,+%*$*e <$ ?(e !e 9$e%$ "!"%e*$ "!"$ el +*e"!+ !e ,%+!(*+/ 9(< +l8*"le/ ?(e +!""+$ l$ /e#(%"!$! e el *%$/,+%*e> ,%!"!$/ e $l9$e$9"e*+ < +l$*"l"!$! !e l$ #$/+l"$.

ADITIVOS PARA GASOLINAS Se :$ :$)l$!+ /"e9,%e !e l$ ee/$%"$ $!e($" e*%e 9+*+% < +9)(/*")le> !e l$ e"#e"$ !e l$ $l"!$! !e l+/ $%)(%$*e/> l+ ($l + :$ !e@$!+ !e /e% ($ ,%e+(,$" !e l+/ %e&"$!+%e/ !e/!e ?(e :$ $(9e*$!+> e+%9e9e*e> el +/(9+ !e #$/+l"$/. De/,(/ !el %e&"+> /e $$!e $ l$/ #$/+l"$/ !+/ l$/e/ ,%"",$le/ !e ,%+!(*+/ l+/ 9e@+%$!+%e/ !el 9e%+ !e +*$+ < l+/ !e*e%#e*e/. 33


De/,(/ !e l+/ $+/ =0> !+/ "!e$/ :$ e*%$!+ l$ $*e" l$ l(:$ +*%$ l$ +*$9"$" $*e/ !e l$ %"/"/ !el ,e*%+le%+ !el $+ 176> < !e/,(/ l$ !"/9"(" !el +/(9+. Se ,(e!e +/"!e%$%> !e :e:+> ?(e l+/ !+/ +)@e*"+/ e/*8 '*"9$9e*e %el$"+$!+/. E e&e*+ *+!+ !e/$@(/*e !e ( /"/*e9$ !e $!9"/" ,%++$%$ ($ 9+!"&"$" !e l$ %"?(e$ !e l$ 9el$ $"%e-+9)(/*")le < +/e(e*e9e*e /e *%$!("%8 e ($ 9+!"&"$"> ,+% ($ ,$%*e> !el +/(9+> < ,+% +*%$> !e l$ $*(%$le$ < !e l$ $*"!$! !e +*$9"$*e/ e9"*"!+/ CO> NO> :"!%+$%)(%+/ "?(e9$!+/. L$ l"9,"e$ +*"($ !e ( "%("*+ !e $!9"/" ,+% ( $!"*"+ +*e"!+ e l$ #$/+l"$ +*%")("%8 $ 9$*ee% el %e#l$@e e /( $l+% ,*"9+ e "9,e!"%8 ($ *e!e"$ $l e9,e+%$9"e*+ !el &("+$9"e*+ !el 9+*+%. L+/ $%)(%$*e/ e/*8 /+9e*"!+/ $ ($ %e#l$9e*$" e/*%"*$ e l+ ?(e %e/,e*$ $ l$/ ,%+,"e!$!e/ &'/"$/ < !e +9)(/*"> *$l +9+ e/ el 9e%+ !e +*$+ ?(e e/ l$ $%$*e%'/*"$ 98/ %e,%e/e*$*"$. El %e&"$!+% + ,(e!e /(9""/*%$% e +!""+e/ e+9"$/ ( +9)(/*")le + l$/ e/,e"&"$"+e/ %e?(e%"!$/ < l$ &(" !e l+/ !e%"$!+/ +%#8"+/ !el ,l+9+ :$ /"!+> !(%$*e l$%#+ *"e9,+> !"/9"("% l$ !"&e%e"$ e*%e el 9e%+ !e +*$+ l$%+ < el +*$+ %e?(e%"!+ ,+% l$ le#"/l$" El !e/$%%+ll+ !e $*$l"$!+%e/ ,$%$ l$ +9)(/*" !e :"!%+$%)(%+/ "?(e9$!+/ "9,+e l$ ee/"!$! !e + (*"l"$% !e%"$!+/ !el ,l+9+ < l+/ %e&"$!+%e/ :$ +,*$!+ ,+% $!+,*$% +9,(e/*+/ +"#e$!+/ +9+ +9,+e*e/ !e l$/ #$/+l"$/> $(?(e $ +e*%$"+e/ 9(< /(,e%"+%e/ $ l$/ !e l+/ !e%"$!+/ !el ,l+9+. A*($l9e*e /e e/*8 !"/e$!+ (e$/ #$/+l"$/ /" ,l+9+> + ( +*e"!+ e $%+98*"+/ 98/ )$@+> ,e%+ "+%,+%$!+ !"e%/+/ !e%"$!+/ +"#e$!+/ $%ee %$+$)le ,e/$% ?(e> e e/*$ /"*($"> el +@(*+ !e $!"*"+/ ?(e e*%$%$ $ &+%9$% ,$%*e !e l$/ #$/+l"$/ *$9)" /e 9+!"&"$%$. 34


A. ADITIVOS DETERGENTES U$ ,%"9e%$ l$/e !e $!"*"+/ e/*8 +/*"*("!$ ,+% l+/ !e*e%#e*e/. E$9"$%e9+/ /(e/"$9e*e el ,$,el @(#$!+ ,+% e/*+/ $!"*"+/ e l+/ $%)(%$*e/ < l$/ e/*%(*(%$/ ?('9"$/ ?(e %e/(l*$. E ,%"","+> l$ (*"l"$" !e l+/ $!"*"+/ !e*e%#e*e/ e l$/ #$/+l"$/ *e'$ +9+ &(" ,%"",$l e"*$% el $l$!+ !e l+/ 9+*+%e/ e el $%%$?(e> ,+% :(9e!$! < )$@$/ *e9,e%$*(%$/. L$ e$,+%$" !e l$ #$/+l"$ e el "%("*+ !e $!9"/" ,%++$> e e&e*+> l$ +!e/$" < %"/*$l"$" !el $#($ /+)%e l$/ ,$%e!e/ *+!$'$ &%'$/> !(%$*e el ,e%"+!+ !e $%%$?(e. S" e9)$%#+> e/*e *$,+$9"e*+> !e)"!+ $l :"el+> ?(e ,%++$ ,e%!"!$ !e ,+*e"$ e l+/ "l"!%+/ + "l(/+ el 9"/9+ $l$!+> 9"e*%$/ ?(e el %e"e*e !e/$%%+ll+ e el %e"l+ !e l+/ #$/e/ !el $%*e% ,%++$ !e,/"*+/ +%#8"+/ /l"!+/ ,e%9$e*e/ /+)%e l$/ ,$%e!e/ !el "%("*+ < e ,$%*'(l$/ !el $%)(%$!+%. L$ "*%+!(" !e *e/+$*"+/ e ,e?(e$/ $*"!$!e/> !e ;0 $ 12; ,,9> ,e%9"*e l$ el"9"$" !e e/*+/ !+/ ,%+)le9$/. E/*+/ *e/+$*"+/ e/*8 +/*"*("!+/ !e ($ ,$%*e +%#$"$l",+&"l$ < !e ($ $)e$ ,+l$% ?(e /e $)/+%)e /ele*"$9e*e /+)%e l$ ,$%*e 9e*8l"$ !e l+/ +!(*+/ !e $!9"/". E/*+/ ,%+!(*+/ *"ee> ,(e/> ( 9+!+ !e $" !+)le E l+/ "%("*+/ (e+/ < l"9,"+/> *$,"$ l$/ ,$%e!e/ + ($ $,$ +%#8"$> ?(e /e +,+e $ l$ $!:e/" !e l+/ %"/*$le/ !e :"el+ < !e l+/ !e,/"*+/ +%#8"+/. E l+/ "%("*+/ ?(e <$ :$ /"!+ +*$9"$!+/> $*$ + /( ,+!e% !e !"/+l(" /+)%e l+/ !e,/"*+/ +%#8"+/. 35


A*($l9e*e /e !e9$!$ $ e/*+/ *e/+$*"+/ ($ $,$"!$! !e l"9,"e$ !e l$/ ,$%*e/ $l"e*e/ !el "%("*+ !e $!9"/" @(/*+ :$/*$ el $/"e*+ !e l$ 8l(l$. De*%+ !e l+/ $!"*"+/ !e*e%#e*e/> ( $/+ ,$%*"(l$% /+ l+/ $!"*"+/ $*"-ORI O*$+ Re?("e%e9e* I%e$/e. El "%e9e*+ %e?(e%"!+ !el 9e%+ !e +*$+> ORI> e/ ( &e9e+ ?(e /e 9$"&"e/*$ !e)"!+ $ l$ $,$%"" !e ( %("!+ *',"+> ?(e +)l"#(e $ $(9e*$% el 9e%+ !e +*$+ e el 9+*+% + el ,$/+ !el *"e9,+> e/ !e"%> +&+%9e ee@ee el 9+*+%. E/*e &e9e+ e/*8 %el$"+$!+ + el $(9e*+ !e l+/ !e,/"*+/ /l"!+/ e l$ 89$%$ !e +9)(/*". A(?(e l$/ $(/$/ + :$ /"!+ !e*e%9"$!$/ + e$*"*(!> "e%*$/ e9,%e/$/ :$ ,$*e*$!+ $!"*"+/ 9+!"&"$!+%e/ !e e/*+/ !e,/"*+/> ?(e *e!%8 ( e&e*+ l"9"*$*e e el $(9e*+ +*"($!+ e l$ e"#e"$ !e +*$+ !e l$/ #$/+l"$/.

B. ESTRUCTURAS U /+)%e l$ ?(e e/*8 &"@$!$ ($ ,$%*e ,+l$% !e $%8*e% :"!%&"l+> \. R-\ L$ ,$%*e R +%#$+&"l$ ,(e!e ,%++$% !e ( 8"!+ #%$/+ $*(%$l (<+ 9e%+ !e 8*+9+/ $%)++ e/*8 e*%$!+ e 1> < (<$ $!e$ +*"ee "e%*+ 9e%+ !e "/$*(%$"+e/K *$9)" /e :$ (*"l"$!+ !"9e%+/ !e 8"!+/ #%$/+/ !"8"!+/ C6=. U$ /e#(!$ &$9"l"$ /e )$/$ e ,+l'9e%+/ !el "/+)(*e+ IB> 36


!e ,e/+ 9+le(l$% =00 $ 2000> ?(e /+ "#($l9e*e 9$*e%"$/ ,%"9$/ "9,+%*$*e/ ,$%$ l+/ $!"*"+/ !e*e%#e*e/. A &" !e ,%+!("% %e$*"+/ + ($ ,$%*e :"!%&"l$ ,(e!e l+%$%/e + +!e/$%/e + $:'!%"!+ 9$le"+. U$ *e%e%$ '$ /e )$/$ e l$ (*"l"$" !e ,+l",%+,"l&e+le/> !e ,e/+ 9+le(l$% +9,%e!"!+ e*%e =00 < 6000. L$/ ,$%*e/ :"!%&"l$/ ,(e!e +*ee% $#%(,$9"e*+/ +"#e$!+/ *",+ *e% !e #l"+l + $9'"+/. L+/ ,%"9e%+/ !e*e%#e*e/ (*"l"$%+ /$le/ !e $9"$/ < 8"!+ &+/&%"+ + e/*e%e/ &+/&%"+/. N$*(%$l9e*e e l+/ 9+*+%e/ 9+!e%+/> e?(",$!+/ + $*$l"$!+%> *$le/ +9,(e/*+/ e/*8 +*%$"!"$!+/. L$ /"#("e*e &"#(%$ %e,%e/e*$ *%e/ &$9"l"$/ ?('9"$/ %e,%e/e*$*"$/ !e *e/+$*"+/ e&"$e/ /+)%e l+/ "%("*+/ !e $!9"/".

37


F&'()* ! L$/ $9"!$/ !e 8"!+/ #%$/+/ $ !e l$ &"#(%$ => + ,e%9"*e $%"$" e l+ ?(e %e/,e*$ $ l$ ,$%*e l",+&"l$. L+/ !e%"$!+/ !el ,+l""/+)(*"le+ ) !e l$ &"#(%$ = +&%ee l$ e*$@$ !e ( +*%+l !el ,e/+ 9+le(l$% !el ,+l""/+)(*"le+> +)*e"!+ ,+% ,+l"9e%"$" $*"+"$ !el "/+)(*e+. L$ +!e/$" !el $:'!%"!+ 9$le"+ ,(e!e :$e%/e !"%e*$9e*e ,+% $*"$" *%9"$ !e l$ %e$" !e e+-S"/*e/"/ 2.1 + ,+% el "*e%9e!"+ !el ,+l""/+)(*e+ l+%$!+ 2.2. L$

38


+!e/$" !el IBSA + ,+l"e*"le-,+l"$9"$/ +!(e $ l$/ /(""9"!$/. E/ ee/$%"+ %e/$l*$% ?(e ,(e!e /e% 9++ !"/(""9"!$/.

F&'()* " L$/ 9+-/(""9"!$/ /e (*"l"$ +9+ $!"*"+/ ,$%$ l+/ $%)(%$*e/ < l$/ !"/(""9"!$/ /+ $!"*"+/ !"/,e%/$*e/ (*"l"$!+/ e l+/ $e"*e/ l()%"$*e/. L$ *e%e%$ &$9"l"$  !e l$ &"#(%$ 7 9e+/ e*e!"!$> !e%"$ !e l+/ $l?("l&e+le/> +&%ee *$9)" +9+ l$/ /(""9"!$/ 9(:$/ ,+/")"l"!$!e/ !e 9+!"&"$" !e l$ %el$" !e l+/ #%(,+/ :"!%&"l+/ < l",&"l+/. L$ %e$" !e M$": !e l+/ $l?("l-&e+le/ *$9)" !$ l(#$%> $ $!"*"+/ ,$%$ $e"*e/ l()%"$*e/. 39


ADITIVOS MEJORADORES DEL N=MERO DE OCTANO U$ /e#(!$ /e%"e !e $!"*"+/ e/*8 +/*"*("!$ ,+% l+/ !e/*"$!+/ $ 9e@+%$% el 9e%+ !e +*$+. E$9"$%e9+/ /(e/"$9e*e el ,$,el @(#$!+ ,+% e/*+/ $!"*"+/> l$/ /(/*$"$/ :+< (*"l"$!$/ < l$/ ,e%/,e*"$/ &(*(%$/ e 9$*e%"$ !e $!"*"+/.

A. FUNCIÓN DE ADITIVOS MEJORADORES DEL N=MER O DE OCTANO El 9e%+ !e +*$+ e/ ($ 9e!"!$ ?(e "!"$ l$ $,$"!$! !el $%)(%$*e !e %e/"/*"% $l $(*+ "&l$9$" !(%$*e el ,e%"+!+ !e +9,%e/"> @(/*+ $*e/ !e ?(e /$l*e l$ :"/,$. L+/ $!"*"+/ +,e%$ ,+% %e$" + l+/ ,%+!(*+/ !e +"!$" ,$%"$le/ !e l+/ :"!%+$%)(%+/> !e*e"e!+ l$ %e$" e $!e$ !e +"!$" ?(e +!("%'$ $ l$ +9)(/*". C+ !+/"/ %el$*"$9e*e ,e?(e$/> :$ /"!+ ,+/")le ?(e el %e&"$!+% :$<$ #$$!+ $%"+/ ,(*+/ e 9e%+ !e +*$+ < :$<$ ,+!"!+ $@(/*$% l+/ /(,e%$%)(%$*e/ $ l$/ e/,e"&"$"+e/ e "#+%.

B. ESTRUCTURAS U :$ /"!+ l+/ +9,(e/*+/ %#$+ 9e*8l"+/> < e ,$%*"(l$% l+/ !e%"$!+/ !el ,l+9+> ?(e :$ /"!+ +9e%"$l"$!+/ !e/!e 120. A &" !e /(9""/*%$% ( +*e"!+ +/*$*e !e ,l+9+ $ l+ l$%#+ !e *+!$ l$ (%$ !e !e/*"l$"> /e :$ (*"l"$!+ !+/ !e%"$!+/> el ,l+9+ *e*%$e*"l+ < el ,l+9+ *e*%$9e*"l+> < /(/ 9el$/ e ,%+,+%"+e/ $%"$)le/. E/*+/ +9,(e/*+/ /e +)*"ee ,+% %e$" !e !e%"$!+/ :$l+#e$!+/ /+)%e $le$"+e/ !e ,l+9+ $le$" + 9$#e/"+ + 9e*$le/ 40


$l$l"+/. O*%$/ e/*%(*(%$/ +%#$9e*$l"$/ $ )$/e !e 9$#$e/+ e ,$%*"(l$% +)*e"!+/ !e l$ ?('9"$ !e +9,le@+/ ," + e/*%(*(%$/ $%+98*"$/> ,(e!e /e%"% "#($l9e*e !e 9e@+%$!+%e/ !el 9e%+ !e +*$+. Re/,e*+ $ +9,(e/*+/ + 9e*'l"+/> <$ /e :$ 9e"+$!+ l$/ ,%+,"e!$!e/ $*"!e*+$*e/ !e l+/ +9,(e/*+/ !e "*%#e+ *$le/ +9+ l+/ !e%"$!+/ !e l$ $"l"$> !el "!+l < !e l$ ?("+le'$> < "e%*+/ !e%"$!+/ !el &e+l.

#. DESARROLLO

F&'()* #

41


F&'()* $

F&'()* 1%

42


F&'()* 11

F&'()* 12

43


F&'()* 13

BLENDING DE LA GASOLINA GUALBERTO VILLARROEL EN FORMA GENERAL GASOLINA LIVIANA RON

VR

==

12

VOL De/*"l$!+  ; 10 20 60 40 ;0 44

TWF

107 116 121 127 164 141


=0 70 0 0 ;

1;0 1=1 17= 200 21=

GASOLINA LIVIANA (LSR) 250 200 150

T (°F) 100 50 0 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 1 00

%Vol (d estilado

F&'()* 14 GASOLINA PLATFORMADA

RON

VR

6>4

.10

>VOL ?D&,*8+@ 1% %

%$45

T?F@ 162> 217>4 611


GASOLINA PLATFORMADA 350 300 250 200

T (°F) 150 100 50 0 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 1 00

%Vol (destilado)

F&'()* 1

GASOLINA ESPECIAL RON

VR

;



>VOL ?D&,*8+@ 1% %

%$46

T?F@ 140 240 6=;


GASOLINA ESPECIAL 400

300

T (°F)

200

100

0 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 1 00

%Vol (destilado)

F&'()* 1!

F&'()* 1"

DETERMINACIÓN DE L A PRESION DE VAPOR REID Y DEL OCTANAJE DE UNA MUESTRA DE G ASOLINA EN BASE A SU CROMATOGRAF

D+/ !e l$/ e/,e"&"$"+e/ 98/ "9,+%*$*e/ ?(e *"ee ?(e (9,l"% l$ #$/+l"$ /+ l$ Te/" !e V$,+% Re"! TVR < el +*$$@e RON. De)"!+ $l $8l"/"/ +9,le@+ e l$)+%$*+%"+ + /"e9,%e e/ ,+/")le !e*e%9"$% !":$/ $%$*e%'/*"$/ !e &+%9$ $$l'*"$> ,+% e/*e 9+*"+ /e ,%e/e*$ $ +*"($" el ,%+e/+ !e 8l(l+ ,$%$ !e*e%9"$% $9)$/ ,%+,"e!$!e/ !e &+%9$ *e%"$> $ ,$%*"% !e l$ %+9$*+#%$&'$ %e$l"$!$ e l$)+%$*+%"+ < !e l$/ ,%+,"e!$!e/ !e l+/ +9,+e*e/ ,(%+/.

METODOLOG /e e(e*%$ e el M$($l !e ,%+,"e!$!e/ F'/"$/ ETROFINE> PBC A!$e! Te:+l+#"e/

48


F&'()* 1#

49


C6LCULO DE LA PRESIÓN DE VAPOR REID L$ %e/"+ !e V$,+% Re"! e/ l$ ,%+,"e!$! $l(l$!$ $ ,$%*"% !e l$ ,%e/" !e $,+% !e l+/ +9,+e*e/ ,(%+/ ?(e &+%9$ ($ #$/+l"$. E"/*e !+/ 9*+!+/ ,$%$ /( 8l(l+. %"9e%+ /e !e)e +e%*"% l$ ,%e/" !e $,+% TV !e $!$ +9,+e*e $ Te/" !e V$,+% Re"!. L$ e($" e9,le$!$ ,%+"ee !e l$ AI AI17=> 1;B1.1. L$/ +/"!e%$"+e/ ?(e /e !e)e *ee% /+ l$ /"#("e*e

D+!e "Q e/ el 9e%+ !e +9,+e*e !e l+/ Q ?(e /e *"ee e *+*$l. E /e#(!+ l(#$%> /e +)*"ee el '!"e !e 9el$ !el TVR ,$%$ $!$ +9,+e*e 9e!"$*e l$ /"#("e*e e($"

$%$ e+*%$% el TVR !e l$ 9el$ /e (*"l"$ e )$/e +l(9*%"$

50


S"e!+ V"]  !e +l(9e !el +9,+*e " e l$ 9el$ F"$l9e*e> el TVR !e l$ 9el$ e/ !e*e%9"$!+ +9+

C6LCULO DEL OCTANAJE A +*"($" /e !e/%")e !+/ 9*+!+/ ,$%$ el 8l(l+ !el +*$$@e !e ($ #$/+l"$> el ,%"9e%+ e/ T:e !e&$(l* PBC )le!"# 9e*:+!Q < el /e#(!+ e/ el 9*+!+ !el ,%+9e!"+ +l(9*%"+. $%$ el ,%"9e% 9*+!+ /e +/"!e%$

D+!e O"] +*$$@e !el +9,+e*e " O)" ] 9e%+ !e +*$+ !e 9el$ !el +9,+e*e " U$ e !e*e%9"$!+/ l+/ +*$$@e/ !e 9el$ !e l+/ +9,+e*e/> /e $l(l$

51


L+ ($l +/ ,e%9"*e l$ +)*e" !el RON le$% 9e!"$*e l$ /"#("e*e +/"!e%$"

El /e#(!+ 9*+!+ e )$/e $l ,%+9e!"+ +l(9*%"+> +)*"ee el RONC !e l$ /"#("e*e 9$e%$

EJERCICIO MODELO PRIMERO

C6LCULO DE LA PRESIÓN DE VAPOR REID

52


L$ ,%e/" !e $,+% !e ($ #$/+l"$ e/ +)*e"!+ ,+% el )le!"# -)(*$+ + C;60WF N$&*$/^C; C;-16WC. L$ $*"!$! !e -)(*$+ %e?(e%"!+ /e $l(l$ + l$ /"#("e*e e($" n

Mt ( RVP ) t =

Mi ( RVP) i ∑ = i

1

D!e M*] N(9e%+ !e 9+le/ *+*$le/ RV*] E/,e"&"$" RV ,$%$ el ,%+!(*+ e SI M"] M+le/ !e $!$ +9,+e*e RV"] %e/" !e $,+% ,$%$ $!$ +9,+e*e e SI + P$ D$*+/ !el ,%+)le9$ ,l$*e$!+ ,$%$ el )le!"# !e l$ #$/+l"$

B*&0+0 LSR G*+,&*

B PD 4000

R7+)*8+ A,;(&,*+ FCC '*+,&*

=000 6000 000

T+*,

21000

PM = 11; 104 10

RVP 11.1

PVP 2.62

?LPG@ ;.=2

2. 4.= 4.4

0.0 0.=2 1.=4

=.== ;.4 =.2;

H$"e!+ 8l(l+/ :$ll$9+/ el &l(@+ 9$/"+> &l(@+ 9+l$%> < el ,+%e*$@e 9+l$% 53


B*&0+0 LSR

B PD 4000

L  6620

G*+,&* R7+)*8+ A,;(&,*+ FCC

=000 6000 000

=00 60=0 7;20

PM =

M+, 4;7

>+, 21

RVP 11.1

PVP 2.62

?LPG@ ;.=2

=17 2; 10

2.4 16.4 67.2

2. 4.= 4.4

0.0 0.=2 1.=4

=.== ;.4 =.2;

217

100

11; 104 10

'*+,&* 21000

T+*,

$%$ ( )le!"# !e 10 SI RV -)(*$+ M];K RV];2K _]4.; LG C$l(l$!+ el VR !e l$/ +%%"e*e/ !e l$/ $&*$/ $,l"$!+ l$ /"#("e*e e($" Mt ( Mezcla )∗ RVPt ( Mezcla )=

RVP ( MezclaNafta )=

RVP ( MezclaNafta )=

∑ Mi ( Nafta )∗RVPi ( Nafta)

M ( LSR )∗RVP ( LSR ) + M ( Reform. )∗ RVP ( Reform. ) + M ( Alquilato)∗RVP ( Alquilato ) + M ( FC M ( Mezcla Nafta)

∗

+

∗

457 11.1 617 2.8

+ 295∗4.6 + 810∗4.4

2179

RVP ( Mez cla Nafta )=5.379 ( PSI )

A,l"$!+ l$ &%9(l$ 1 e el )le!"# + )(*$+ n

Mt ( RVP ) t =

Mi ( RVP ) i ∑ = i

Mt = M ( Flujo nafta ) + M ( Butano )

54

1

```A

Ble!"# e l$ %e&"e%'$ G($l)e%*+ V"ll$%%+el ,$%$ l$ +)*e" !e #$/+l"$ e/,e"$l Mt = 2179 + M ( Butano)

````%ee9,l$$!+ e A

∑ Mi ( PVR ) i= M ( Na fta )∗RVP ( Nafta )+ M ( Butano)∗RVP (Butano) A Ree9,l$$!+ e A *ee9+/ ( 2179+ M ( Butano )∗10 psi )=2179∗( 5.38) + M ( butano)∗( 52.0 )

De/,e@$!+ el &l(@+ !el )(*$+ ∗M ( Butano )−10∗M ( Butano )=−( 2179∗5.38 ) + 2179∗ 10

52

M ( Butano) =240 (

Moles !e n−butano ) 

A8l"/"/ ,$%$ el )(*$+ %e?(e%"!+

ṁ

=240

Moles ∗58 lb  lb =13920 1 mol −lb 

$%$ l+/ &l(@+/ +l(9*%"+/

V ( LSR )= 4000

55

Bbl ∗1 !ia !ia ∗42 "al 24  =7000 #al 1 Bbl 

` %ee9,l$$!+ e


V ( Reform .)= 6000

Bbl ∗1 !ia !ia ∗42 "al 24  =10500 #al  1 Bbl

V ( Alquilatos)= 3000

Bbl ∗1 !ia !ia ∗42 "al 24 

=5250 #al

1 Bbl

V ( FCC )= 8000



Bbl ∗1 !ia !ia ∗ 42 "al 24  =14000 #al  1 Bbl

$%$ l+/ &l(@+/ 98/"+/ "al lb lb ∗5.62 =39320  "al 

ṁ

( LSR ) =V ( LSR )∗ $ ( LSR )=7000

ṁ

( Reform. )=V ( Reform. )∗$ ( Reform. )=10500

ṁ

( Alquilatos )=V ( Alquilatos )∗$ ( Alquilatos )=5250

ṁ

( FCC)= V ( FCC )∗ $ ( FCC )=14000

"al lb lb ∗6.66 =69900  "al 

"al lb lb ∗5.84 =30690  "al 

"al lb lb ∗6.25 = 87520  "al 

H$ll$9+/ el +l(9e !e -)(*$+ +9+ 9]1620 l): < _]4>; LG

56

Ble!"# e l$ %e&"e%'$ G($l)e%*+ V"ll$%%+el ,$%$ l$ +)*e" !e #$/+l"$ e/,e"$l "al ∗24 lb  ∗1 Bbl 13920 ṁ  1 !ia V= = =2870.1 $ lb 42 "al 4.85 "al

V =1640 BP%

$%$ el +l(9e *+*$l !el )le!"# V ( &otal)=V ( Naftas ) + V ( n −butano)

V ( &otal)=( 21000 + 1640 )( BP% )

V ( &otal)= 22640 ( BP% )

SEGUNDO C6LCULO DEL OCTANAJE El 9e%+ !e +*$+ !el )le!"# /e 9el$ e ($ )$/e +l(9*%"$ (/$!+ el '!"e !e +*$+ !e l$ 9el$ !e l+/ 9e%+/ !e +9,+e*e/. L+/ 9e%+/ !e +*$+ e%!$!e%+/ + /e 9el$ l"e$l9e*e> < e/ ee/$%"+ el (/+ !e '!"e/ !e +*$+ !e l$ 9el$ ,$%$ :$e% l+/ 8l(l+/. El )le!" # !e l+/ 9e%+/ !e +*$+/ /e )$/$ e l$ e,e%"e"$ < /+ $?(ell+/ ?(e ($!+ $$!"!+/ /+)%e ($ )$/e ,%+9e!"+ +l(9*%"+ !$%8 el e%!$!e%+ +*$$@e !e l$ 9el$. El e%!$!e%+ +*$+ /e !e&"e +9+ el 9e%+ !e +*$+ (*"l"$!+ ( 9+*+% !e ,%(e)$ CFR C++,e%$*"e &(el %e/e$%:. 57


E($" ,$%$ :$ll$% el +*$$@e n

( Bi'Ni ) ∑ =

Bt'Nt =

i

1

D!e B*] E/ el +l(9e *+*$l !e l$ #$/+l"$ e B)l ON*] O*$+ !e/e$!+ !el )le!"# B"] V+l(9e !e $!$ +9,+e*e e B)l ON"]O*$$@e !e $!$ +9,+e*e ". $%$ l$ ,%"9e%$ %+!$ !e l+/ 8l(l+/> l+/ +9,+e*e/ ,$%$ l$ el$)+%$" /ele"+$!+/ ,$%$ l$ ,%"9e%$ #$/+l"$ !e)e%'$ $/e!e% $ e%$ !e l$ &%$" e +l(9e !e #$/+l"$ %e9"(9> $ ee/ l$/ e"/*e"$/ *+*$le/ !e 9el$. Se (*"l"$ l$/ /"#("e*e/ ,+)l$"+e/ El &l(@+ !e )le!"# !e l$ #$/+l"$ /e +/"#(e !e/!e $%"+/ l(#$%e/ l+/ ($le/ /+ ("!$!e/ !e "/+9e%"$"> %e&+%9$!+> $l?("l$"> %$"# +9+ /e e e l$)+%$*+%"+. D$*+/ !el ,%+)le9$

BPD

MON

RON

RVP

I+)&/*0&

?V+,(@ ;76;

1.1

6

16.;

R7+)*8+ FCC ?C-

1474 120117

=. 7=.

.; 2.6

2.2 4.4

G*+,&* 58


H&8)+0)*0&' A,;(&,*+ P+,&)&/*0&

14 4117 2071

 TOTAL

47=06

2.4 ;. 4.0

2. 7.6 =.

12. 4.= .7

D$*+/ !el )(*$+ e+*%$!+ +9+ el e@e%""+ $*e%"+% 1.2 47>=06 a ] 64>= 16a ==>67; 1.2a ]64>=16a 11.a] 471>=7 a]667 B)l C4 D$*+/ !el )(*$+ e+*%$!+ +9+ el e@e%""+ $*e%"+% -)(*$+ V )(*$+]6.67 B)l C4 RV];1.= SI C+l("!+/ +9+ e el $*e%"+% e@e%""+ RV*)le!"#]10>2 SI < ,$%$ #$/+l"$ %e9"(9 V*];1;40 BD

D*+ 8 ,*+)*+)&+ B PD 59

F)*00&

MON

RON


-B(*$+ I/+9e%+ Re&+%9$!+ FCC H"!%+%$"# A?("l$*+/ +l"9e%"$!+

?V+,(@ 667 ;76; 1474 20117 14 4117 2071

V+,()&0* 0.077 0.111 0.2= 0.60 0.01= 0.00 0.040

TOTAL

;1;40

1

2 1.1 =. 7=. 2.4 ;. 4

6 6 .; 2.6 2. 7.6 =.

$%$ el MON *+*$l

∑ (V∗M'Ni

M'N ( &otal)=

M'N ( &otal)= 0.077∗92+ 0.111∗81.1 + 0.286∗86.9 + 0.390∗76.8 + 0.016∗82.4 + 0.080∗95.9+ 0.040∗84

M'N ( &otal)=7.05 + 9.02+ 24.85 + 29.97 + 1.3 + 7.66 + 3.38

M'N ( &otal)= 83.23

$%$ el RON *+*$l

∑ (V ∗R'Ni

R'N ( &otal)=

R'N ( &otal) =0.077∗93 + 0.111∗83 + 0.286∗98.5 + 0.390∗92.3 + 0.016∗82.8 + 0.080∗97.3 + 0.040∗96.9

R'N ( &otal) =7.161+ 9.213 + 28.171 + 35.997 + 1.325 + 7.784 + 3.876

R'N ( &otal) =95.53

60


$%$ el ON P'N =

M'N + R'N 2

=

83.23

+ 95.53 2

P'N = 88.38

El ON e/ el ,%+9e!"+ ?(e (/$9+/ ,$%$ el $8l"/"/ *+*$l !el RON ?(e /e ee/"*$ e el )le!"#. De)"!+ $ ?(e + /e lle#$ $l +*$$@e %e?(e%"!+ l+ l#"+ /e%'$ $(9e*$% el %e&+%9$!+ ,%+!("!+ $ > + 100 !e RON ,e%+ e/*+ + e/ $,$%e*e9e*e $*%$*"+ ,+%?(e +*"ee $%+98*"+/ < e/+ ,+!%'$ "%e9e*$% el +*$$@e !e l$ #$/+l"$ ,e%+ ,+!%'$ !"/9"("% el +l(9e. U/$!+ $!"*"+/ e el )le!"# +9+ MTBE < ETBE e/*+ "%e9e*$ el +*$$@e !el ON +"%*"!+/e e/*+ e l$ 9e@+% +,". Re$l(l$% el ON !e l$ #$/+l"$ + MTBE ,$%$ "%e9e*$% el ON ,$%$ +)*ee% .0 !e +*$$@e

-B(*+ I+)&/*0& R7+)*8+ FCC ?C

V+,( a ;76; 1474 20117

RVP ;1.= 16.; 2.2 4.4

VPBI 16.0 2;. 2.7 =.4

V+,?.VPBI@ 16 a 146 6;17 1211

'*+,&*@ H&8)+0)*0&

14

12.

24.4

1;

' A,;(&,*+ P+,&)&/*8+

4117 2071

4.= .7

=.7 14.

27762 60;0

61


MTBE TOTAL

1;6 41;a

.0

1;.=

2462 41;2016a

C+9+ /e :"+ e el ,%"9e% e@e%""+ e+*%$9+/ el +l(9e !e -)(*$+ 41>;20 16a] 1.2 4>1; a 11.a] ;>64 - 41>;20] 47;>2 a] 64 B)l

BPD

F)*00&

M ON

RON

-B(*+ I+)+ R7+)*8+ FCC H&8)+0)*0&

?V+,(@ 64 ;76; 1474 20117 14

V+,()&0* 0.07 0.111 0.24 0.60 0.01=

2 1.1 =. 7=. 2.4

6 6 .; 2.6 2.

' A;(&,*+ P+,&)&/*8+ TOTAL

4117 2071 ;1;7

0.00 0.040 1

;. 4

7.6 =.

$%$ el MON *+*$l

∑ (V∗M'Ni

M'N ( &otal)=

M'N ( &otal)= 0.079∗92 + 0.111∗81.1 + 0.284∗86.9 + 0.390∗76.8 + 0.016∗82.4 + 0.080∗ 95.9+ 0.040∗ 84

M'N ( &otal)=7.268 + 9.02+ 24.68+ 29.95 + 1.32 + 7.67 + 3.36

62

Ble!"# e l$ %e&"e%'$ G($l)e%*+ V"ll$%%+el ,$%$ l$ +)*e" !e #$/+l"$ e/,e"$l M'N ( &otal)= 83.90

$%$ el RON *+*$l

∑ (V ∗R'Ni

R'N ( &otal)=

R'N ( &otal) =0.079∗ 93 + 0.111∗83 + 0.284∗98.5 + 0.390∗92.3 + 0.016∗82.8 + 0.080∗97.3 + 0.040∗96.9 R'N ( &otal) =8.916 + 9.23 + 28.974 + 36.02 + 1.31 + 7.77 + 3.88

R'N ( &otal) =96.1

$%$ el ON P'N =

M'N + R'N 2

=

83.90

+ 96.1

2

P'N = 90

TERCERO SIMULACIÓN DEL BLENDING DE LA GASOLINA ESPECIAL CON AYUDA DEL SIMULADOR ASPEN HYSYS ".3

63


PASO 1. CREAMOS UN NUEVO CASO

PASO 2. SELECCIONAMOS LA ESTAbA COMONENTS Y RESIONAMOS ADD Y SELECIONAMOS LOS COMONENTES 3UE ENTRARAN ENLA SIMULACION DEL BLENDINDG Y CREAMOS UN COMONENTE HYO C7

64


PASO 3. SELECIONAMOS EL MODELO TERMODINAMICO EN FLUID ACPAGES EN ROBISON >EOS

PASO 4. SELECIONAMOS LA ESTAbA OIL MANAGER Y ENTER TO ENVEIROMENT OIL> Y SELECCIONAMOS ADD 65


PASO . INTRODUCIMOS LOS DATOS DE LA CURVA TB DEL LSR

PASO !. INTRODUCIMOS LOS DATOS DE LA LATFORMADA

66


PASO ". SELECIONAMOS CUTBLEND Y ADD LOS ASSAY OR SEARADO

VEMOS LA DISTRIBUCIN 67


68


69


PASO #. SELECCIONAMOS INSTAL OIL

PASO $. SELECIONAMOS ENTER TO SIMULATION 70


PASO 1%. INTRODUCIMOS EL MI\ER

DANDO LAS CONDICIONES SE OBTIENE UN RON # 71


$. CONCLUSIONES Se ,(e!e +l("% ?(e %e$l"$!+ ( $8l"/"/ +9,$%$*"+ !e l$/ !"/*"*$/ ,%+,"e!$!e/ !e l$ #$/+l"$ + el +*$$@e> l$ ,%e/" !e $,+% %e"!> (%$ !e !e/*"l$" (9,le %e#l$9e*+ !e $l"!$! !e $%)(%$*e/ e l$ %e&"e%'$ G($l)e%*+ V"ll$%%%+el. 72


C+/"!e%$!+ ?(e B+l""$ e/ ( ,$'/ %"+ e :"!%+$%)(%+/ l""$+/> l+/ l'?("!+/ ,%+!("!+/ %e/(l*$ "/(&""e*e/ ,$%$ ()%"% l$ !e9$!$ !el 9e%$!+ "*e%+> $!e98/ !e ?(e l$ !el"$" e l$ ,%+!(" !e l+/ <$"9"e*+/ !el ,e*%le+ +!e/$)le < l$ &$l*$ !e "e%/" e e/*e 89)"*+> /+ l$ $(/$ ,+% l$ ?(e el ,$'/ !e)e "9,+%*$% $!$ e 9$<+%e/ $*"!$!e/ !e D"e/el O"l> G$/+l"$ E/,e"$l < G$/ l"($!+ !e e*%le+. +% +*%+ l$!+> l$ %e"e*e !e9$!$ e l$ ,%+!(" !e #$/+l"$ e/,e"$l el$)+%$!$ e l$ Re&"e%'$ G($l)e%*+ V"ll$%%+el> ,$%$ ()%"% l$/ ee/"!$!e/ !el 9e%$!+ "*e%+> :$e ee/$%"+ e$l($% !"&e%e*e/ &+%9$/ !e $(9e*$% l+/ +l9ee/ !e ,%+!(". +% l+ e,(e/*+ ,+!e9+/ +l("% ?(e l$ Re&"e%"$ G($l)e%*+ V"ll$%%+el /e !e)e%'$ "9,le9e*$% (e$/ *e+l+#'$/ ,$%$ ,%+e/+/ !e 9e@+%$9"e*+ Re&+%9$"+ C$*$l"*"$> I+9e%"$"+> Al?("l$"+ < +e%/" C%$"# *%9"+> Re&+%9"# Te%9"+> C%$"# C$*$l"*"+> H"!%+%$"# ,$%$ el $,%+e:$9"e*+ !e l+/ ,%+!(*+/ !el ,e*%le+ e e/,e"$l !e l$ #$/+l"$ l""$$ < ,e/$!$ ,$%$ el ()%"% l$ !e9$!$ "*e%$ !el ,$'/. C+ l+/ ,%+)le9$/ ,l$*e$!+/ +9+ *",+> /e $l(l$ l$ ,%e/" !e $,+% %e"! < el +*$e@e !el )le!"# !e l$ #$/+l"$ l+/ ($le/ /+ $l"9e*$!+/ ,+% l+/ &l(@+/ ,%+e"e*e/ !e l+/ ,%+e/+/ +9+ l$ "/+9e%"$"> %e&+%9$"> FCCC%$"# C$*$l"*"+> H"!%+%$"#> $l?("l$*+> < ,+l"9e%"$" l$/ ($le/ /+ ,%+e/+/ !e 9e@+%$9"e*+ < !e +e%/". $%$ l$ ($l /e %e$l"$%+ 8l(l+/ ,$%$ el 9e@+%$9"e*+ !el +*$$@e $$!"e!+ ( $!"*"+ MTBE ,+% (l*"9+ ,+!e9+/ +l("% ?(e ,$%$ el )le!"# !e l$ #$/+l"$ e/ ee/$%"+ $$!"% )(*$+ ,$%$ $@(/*$% l$ +l$*"l"!$! !e l$ #$/+l"$ 9e!"$*e l$ $!"" + 73


/(/*%$" !e -)(*$+ ?(e e/ 9(:+ 98/ ,%+,e/+ $ l$ e$,+%$" !e l$ #$/+l"$. U$ e ?(e l$/ *e9,e%$*(%$/ +9"e$ $ ele$%/e /e $$!e 98/ )(*$+ l+ ?(e $(9e*$ l$ +l$*"l"!$! !e l$ #$/+l"$ < $<(!$ $ l+/ 9+*+%e/ &%'+/ /e le$*e $ l$ *e9,e%$*(%$ ( ,++ 98/ %8,"!+. M"e*%$/ ?(e e el ""e%+ < l$ e++9'$ !el +9)(/*")le el )(*$+ +*"ee 9e+/ ee%#'$ ,+% ,"e ()"+ ?(e l$ #$/+l"$> el )(*$+ $!""+$l e+*%$!$ e l+/ %e/(l*$!+/ !e l$ #$/+l"$ !e ""e%+ 9el$!+/ e ($ ,%!"!$ e*$ !e ee%#'$ !e $l%e!e!+% !e 1>7 .  Se ,(e!e +l("% ?(e + el /"9(l$!+% !el )le!"# e HYSYS ?(e $(9e*$!+ el &l(@+ ?(e +*"ee 9$<+% 9e%+ !e +*$+ ,+!e9+/ (9,l"% + l$/ e/,e"&"$"+e/ e/*$)le"!$/ e l$/ +%9$/ $!e98/ !e +)*ee% l$/ !"&e%e*e/ ,%+,"e!$!e/ !e l$ #$/+l"$ e/,e"$l ?(e $l(l$ el HYSYS $(*+98*"$9e*e. 1%.REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS A"9+. 200. biblioteca digital. Re(,e%$!+ el /e,*"e9)%e !e 2014> !e :**,)")l"+*e$!"#"*$l."le.e!(.9/"*e/"e"$+l(9e1"e"$26:*9l/ec1 1.:*9l Ce%(**"> A. A. 2002. Refinación del petroleo. L$ L(. google. /.&.. O)*e"!+ !e .#++#le.+9.)+/e$%:d

?]"/+9e%"$"+,$%$#$/+l"$/)"]120)":]=/+(%e]l9/*)9]"/: /$]\e"]SeJ7VNTICIO-##SP:YLIC#e!]0CAY3cAU+A3 J$9e/ H. G$%<> G. E. 2001. Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics. Ne Y+% f B$/el M$%el Dee%> I.

74


R$&$el T+%%e/ R+)le/> J. J. 2002. Análisis y simulación de procesos de Refinación del petróleo. T%e/#(e%%$/ 27> 0=040> M"+> DF I/*"*(*+ +l"*"+ N$"+$l.

a$(?("e%> J. . 200=. Refino del petroleo. I/*"*(*+ S(,e%"+% !e l$ Ee%#"$. Wiuipedia. /.&.. O)*e"!+ !e :**,e/."",e!"$.+%#""I/+9e%"$"C6B6

11. ANEOS REGLAMENTO DE CALIDAD DE C ARBURANTES C*K9(,+ I D&K+&0&+ ')*, A)90(,+ 1.- ?O+@ El ,%e/e*e Re#l$9e*+ *"ee ,+% +)@e*+ e/*$)lee% l$/ e/,e"&"$"+e/ !e $l"!$! !e l+/ $%)(%$*e/> ($!+ e/*+/ /e$ ,%+!("!+/> *%$/,+%*$!+/> $l9$e$!+/> "9,+%*$!+/ + +9e%"$l"$!+/ +9+ ,%+!(*+/ *e%9"$!+/ !e*%+ !el *e%%"*+%"+ !el E/*$!+ l(%"$"+$l !e B+l""$. A)90(,+ 2.- ?6&+ 8 *K,&0*0&@ El ,%e/e*e Re#l$9e*+ /e $,l"$ ,$%$ el +*%+l !e $l"!$! e l+/ ,(*+/ !e *%$/&e%e"$ !e (/*+!"$ !e l+/ $%)(%$*e/ e l$/ $*""!$!e/ !e ,%+!("> *%$/,+%*e> $l9$e$@e> "9,+%*$" < +9e%"$l"$"> e *+!+ el *e%%"*+%"+ $"+$l.

C*K9(,+ II C$l"!$! !e l+/ $%)(%$*e/

A)90(,+ 3.- ?C*)()*@ L$/ e/,e"&"$"+e/ !e $l"!$! ,$%$ l+/ $%)(%$*e/> /e e(e*%$ !e&""!$/ e l+/ /"#("e*e/ Ae+/ A. G$/ L"($!+ !e e*%le+ - GLK B. G$/+l"$ E/,e"$lK 75


C. G$/+l"$ %e9"(9K D. G$/+l"$ !e A"$" G%$!+ 100K E. Je* F(el A-1K F. D"e/el O"lK G. Pe%+/ee.

C*K9(,+ III C+)+, 8 ,* K0&7&0*0&+ 8 0*,&8*8 8 ,+ 0*)()* A)90(,+ 4.- ?P)+&&0&@ 3(e!$ ,%+:")"!$ l$ ,%+!("> *%$/,+%*e> $l9$e$@e> "9,+%*$" < +9e%"$l"$" !e $%)(%$*e/ ?(e + (9,l$ + l$/ e/,e"&"$"+e/ !e $l"!$! "!"$!$/ e l+/ Ae+/ A> B> C> D> E> F < G !el ,%e/e*e Re#l$9e*+.

A)90(,+ .- ?C+)+,@ L$ A#e"$ N$"+$l !e H"!%+$%)(%+/ - ANH> e (9,l"9"e*+ $ /( 9$!$*+ +/*"*("+$l < le#$l %e#(l$%8> +*%+l$%8> /(,e%"/$%8 < &"/$l"$%8 l$ $l"!$! !e l+/ $%)(%$*e/ 9e!"$*e l+/ 9e!"+/ < ,%+e!"9"e*+/ *"+/-+,e%$*"+/> e/*$)le"!+/ e el ,%e/e*e Re#l$9e*+.

A)90(,+ !.- ?S0()+ 8 K)+8(0+@ C($!+ l$ ANH !e*e*e !e*%+ !el *e%%"*+%"+ $"+$l $%)(%$*e/ &(e%$ !e l$/ e/,e"&"$"+e/ !e $l"!$!> ,+% /" 9"/9$ + $ *%$/ !e l$/ &(e%$/ ,)l"$/ !e l$ ,+l"'$ <+ &(e%$/ $%9$!$/> e&e*($%8 el /e(e/*%+ !e l+/ ,%+!(*+/> !e $(e%!+ $ +%9$*"$ le#$l "#e*e.

A)90(,+ ".- ?D&+@ L+/ ,%+!(*+/ /e(e/*%$!+/ !e)e%8 /e#("% el ,%+e!"9"e*+ e/*$)le"!+ e el A%*'(l+  !el ,%e/e*e %e#l$9e*+.

A)90(,+ #.- ?C+)+, 8 0*,&8*8@ I. L$ ANH %e$l"$%8 e *+!+ el *e%%"*+%"+ $"+$l> el +*%+l !el (9,l"9"e*+ !e l$/ e/,e"&"$"+e/ !e $l"!$! !e l+/ $%)(%$*e/. 76


II. $%$ el +*%+l !e l$/ e/,e"&"$"+e/ !e $l"!$! !e l+/ $%)(%$*e/> l$ ANH !e/$%%+ll$%8 ( /"/*e9$ "&+%98*"+ e l'e$> 9e!"$*e el ($l l$/ e9,%e/$/ ?(e %e$l"e l$ ,%+!("> *%$/,+%*e> $l9$e$@e> +9e%"$l"$" e "9,+%*$" !e $%)(%$*e/ !e)e%8 %e,+%*$% l+/ +l9ee/ < !+(9e*+/ ?(e e%*"&"?(e l$ $l"!$! !e l+/ 9"/9+/> el ($l e/*$%8 /(@e*+ $ Re#l$9e*$" ,+% ,$%*e !e l$ ANH. III. $%$ e%"&"$% el (9,l"9"e*+ !e l$/ e/,e"&"$"+e/ !e $l"!$! !e l+/ $%)(%$*e/ /e$l$!+/ e l+/ Ae+/ !el ,%e/e*e Re#l$9e*+> ?("ee/ %e$l"e l$/ $*""!$!e/ !e ,%+!("> *%$/,+%*e> $l9$e$@e> +9e%"$l"$" e "9,+%*$" !e $%)(%$*e/> !e)e%8 9$*ee% e (/*+!"$ ,+% ,e%"+!+/ !e :$/*$ !+/ 2 $+/ l+/ e%*"&"$!+/ !e $l"!$! + "&+%9e/ !e e/$<+ < $8l"/"/ ?(e /e$ %e?(e%"!+/ ,+% l$ ANH.

A)90(,+ $.- ?M()*@ I. $%$ el +*%+l !e e/,e"&"$"+e/ !e $l"!$! !e l+/ $%)(%$*e/> l$ ANH ,+% /" + $ *%$/ !e +*%$*+/ ele)%$!+/ + *e%e%+/> *+9$%8 !+/ 2 9(e/*%$/ !e $%)(%$*e/> l$/ ($le/ /e%8 ,%e"*$!$/> /ell$!$/ < %()%"$!$/ e ,%e/e"$ !el ,%+,"e*$%"+ + %e/,+/$)le !el ,%+!(*+. L$ ,%"9e%$ 9(e/*%$ /e%8 ,$%$ %e$l"$% el $8l"/"/ """$l !e $l"!$! < l$ /e#(!$ 9(e/*%$ /e%8 e*%e#$!$ $l ,%+,"e*$%"+ + %e/,+/$)le !el ,%+!(*+. II. $%$ +)*ee% l+/ %e/(l*$!+/ !el $8l"/"/ """$l> l$ ANH *e!%8 ( ,l$+ 98"9+ !e "+ ; !'$/ :8)"le/ +9,(*$)le/ $ ,$%*"% !e l$ +)*e" !e l$/ 9(e/*%$/. III. E $/+ !e ?(e l+/ ,%+!(*+/ /e e(e*%e &(e%$ !e e/,e"&"$"+e/ !e $l"!$!> l$ ANH ,%e"*$%8 l+/ 9e!"+/ ?(e +*e#$ el ,%+!(*+> :$/*$ ?(e /e *e#$ l+/ %e/(l*$!+/ !e l$)+%$*+%"+. IV. U$ e +)*e"!+ el %e/(l*$!+ !el l$)+%$*+%"+ ?(e e/*$)le$ l$ $!(l*e%$" !el ,%+!(*+> el %e/,+/$)le ,+!%8 $e,*$%l+ + %e:$$%l+ !e*%+ l$/ "e*"($*%+ 24 77


:+%$/ !e /( +9("$" &+%9$l. E $/+ !e $e,*$" el %e/,+/$)le &"%9$%8 ( !+(9e*+ !e e*%e#$ !e&""*"$ !el ,%+!(*+ $ Y$"9"e*+/ e*%+l'&e%+/ F"/$le/ B+l""$+/ g YFB ,$%$ /( *%$*$9"e*+ +%%e/,+!"e*e <+ !"/,+/"" &"$l. E *$l $/+> el "&%$*+% !e)e%8 e*%e#$% el ,%+!(*+ e el !"/*%"*+ +9e%"$l 98/ e%$+ !e YFB. V. E $/+ ?(e el %e/,+/$)le !el ,%+!(*+ + $e,*e el %e/(l*$!+ !el $8l"/"/ """$l> $ /( /+l""*(!> l$ /e#(!$ 9(e/*%$ ,%e"*$!$ /e%8 (*"l"$!$ ,$%$ ,%+e!e% + ( $8l"/"/ +9,le9e*$%"+> e ( l$)+%$*+%"+ !e/"#$!+ ,+% l$ ANH < ?(e e/* $%e!"*$!+. El %e/(l*$!+ !e e/*e $8l"/"/ !e)e%8 /e% e*%e#$!+ e ( ,l$+ 98"9+ !e e"*e 20 !'$/ :8)"le/ +9,(*$)le/ $ ,$%*"% !e l$ /+l""*(!> !(%$*e e/*e ,l$+ l+/ +/*+/ !el *%$/,+%*e < $l9$e$@e !el ,%+!(*+ /e%8 ()"e%*+/ ,+% l$ ANH. T+!+/ l+/ +/*+/ ?(e !e9$!e el $8l"/"/ +9,le9e*$%"+> +%%e%8 ,+% (e*$ !el %e/,+/$)le !el ,%+!(*+> ?("e !e)e%8 !e,+/"*$% e ($ (e*$ !e l$ ANH l+/ 9+*+/ /(&""e*e/ ,$%$ ()%"% el $8l"/"/ 9e"+$!+> :$/*$ ( ,l$+ 98"9+ !e e"*"($*%+ 24 :+%$/ +9,(*$)le/ $ ,$%*"% !e /( /+l""*(!. A*e el "(9,l"9"e*+ !el !e,/"*+ e el ,l$+ e/*$)le"!+> /e $/(9"%8 ?(e el %e/,+/$)le $e,*$ l+/ %e/(l*$!+/ !el $8l"/"/ """$l e&e*($!+ ,+% l$ ANH. VI. E $/+ !e ?(e l+/ %e/(l*$!+/ !el $8l"/"/ !e l$)+%$*+%"+ + +%%+)+%e l$ /(,(e/*$ $!(l*e%$"> el ,%+!(*+ < el +/*+ !el $8l"/"/ +9,le9e*$%"+ /e%8 !e(el*+/ $ /( %e/,+/$)le ,+% l$ ANH. S" e/*+/ %e/(l*$!+/ +%%+)+%$ l$ $!(l*e%$" /e ,%+e!e%8 $ l$ e*%e#$ !e&""*"$ $ YFB /e# l+ e/*$)le"!+ e el $%8#%$&+ IV !e e/*e A%*'(l+ < /e $,l"$%8 $l %e/,+/$)le l$/ /$"+e/ < 9(l*$/ e/*$)le"!$/ e el ,%e/e*e Re#l$9e*+.

78


A)90(,+ 1%.- ?P(+ 8 )*7)0&* 8 0(+8&*@ El ,(*+ !e *%$/&e%e"$ !e (/*+!"$ ,$%$ el +*%+l !e e/,e"&"$"+e/.

A)90(,+ 11.- ?A,&&@ I. L$ ANH ,%+e!e%8 $ %e$l"$% !+/ 2 *",+/ !e $8l"/"/ $. A8l"/"/ """$lK ). A8l"/"/ +9,le9e*$%"+. II. L+/ $8l"/"/ /e %e$l"$%8 (9,l"e!+ l+/ ,l$+/ ,%e"/*+/ e el A%*'(l+  !el ,%e/e*e Re#l$9e*+. III. E $9)+/ $/+/ l+/ "&+%9e/ !e l$)+%$*+%"+ +/*"*("%8 %e/,e*"$9e*e ,%(e)$ /(&""e*e ,$%$ ,%+9+e% l$ $" !e "9,+/"" !e /$"+e/ < 9(l*$/.

A)90(,+ 12.- ?C)&7&0*8+ 8 0*,&8*8 + &7+) 8 *+@ $%$ e%"&"$% el (9,l"9"e*+ !e l$/ e/,e"&"$"+e/ !e $l"!$! !e l+/ $%)(%$*e/ /e$l$!+/ e l+/ Ae+/> l$/ ,e%/+$/ ?(e %e$l"e *%$/,+%*e> $l9$e$@e e "9,+%*$" !e $%)(%$*e/> ,$%$ e/*$/ $*""!$!e/ !e)e%8 +*$% + l+/ e%*"&"$!+/ !e $l"!$! + "&+%9e !e e/$<+> e9"*"!+/ ,+% el ,%+!(*+% !e l+/ $%)(%$*e/> l+/ ($le/ $!?("%"%8 l$ $l"!$! !e !el$%$" @(%$!$.

A)90(,+ 13.- ?E0K0&@ S" $l#($ ,e%/+$ $*(%$l + @(%'!"$> ,)l"$ + ,%"$!$ %e?("e%$ !e ( $%)(%$*e + ($ e/,e"&"$" !"&e%e*e $ l$/ !e*$ll$!$/ e l+/ Ae+/ A> B> C> D> E> F < G !el ,%e/e*e Re#l$9e*+> /*$ !e)e%8 $,e%/+$%/e $*e l$ ANH $+9,$$!+ l$ "&+%9$" *"$ < *+!$ +*%$ !+(9e*$" ?(e @(/*"&"?(e /( %e?(e%"9"e*+. L$ ANH> ,%e"$ e$l($" *"$ ,+/"*"$> !"*$%8 ($ %e/+l(" $!9""/*%$*"$ e,%e/$ !e $(*+%"$"> +*e9,l$!+ l$ &"/$l"$" !el !e/*"+ !el $%)(%$*e %e/,e*"+. 79


C*K9(,+ IV I&%$"+e/ < /$"+e/

A)90(,+ 14.- ?I7)*00&+@ S+ "&%$"+e/ $ l$ $l"!$! !e l+/ $%)(%$*e/ $. L$ e*%e#$ !e $%)(%$*e/ e l$/ $*""!$!e/ !e ,%+!("> *%$/,+%*e> $l9$e$@e> "9,+%*$" < +9e%"$l"$" &(e%$ !e l$/ e/,e"&"$"+e/ !e $l"!$! e/*$)le"!$/ e el ,%e/e*e Re#l$9e*+K ). N+ e9"*"% el e%*"&"$!+ !e $l"!$! + "&+%9e !e e/$<+K . N+ "#%e/$% l$ "&+%9$" $l /"/*e9$ "&+%98*"+ e l'e$ !e l$ ANHK !. N+ ,%+,+%"+$% l$ "&+%9$" %e?(e%"!$ ,+% l$ ANHK e. N+ ,e%9"*"% el $e/+ $ l$ ANH $ l$/ "/*$l$"+e/ !e l$ e9,%e/$> ,$%$ %e$l"$% l$/ "/,e"+e/ *"$/ < +,e%$*"$/K &. I(9,l"9"e*+ !e l$/ %e/+l("+e/ e "/*%("+e/ !e l$ ANH> +%9$/ /e*+%"$le/ $,l"$)le/ $ l$ $l"!$! !e l+/ $%)(%$*e/> < +*%$/ !"/,+/""+e/ !el ,%e/e*e Re#l$9e*+ ?(e + e/*8 +*e9,l$!$/ e l+/ ""/+/ $*e%"+%e/.

A)90(,+ 1.- ?S*0&+@ I. L$ ANH /$"+$%8 $ l$ e9,%e/$ + ($ 9(l*$ !e 1>00 UFVl"*%+ ($ U"!$! !e F+9e*+ $ l$ V""e!$ ,+% l"*%+> !el 8l(l+ e/*$)le"!+> e $/+ !e "(%%"% e l$ "&%$" e/*$)le"!$ e el ""/+ $ !el A%*'(l+ 14 !el ,%e/e*e %e#l$9e*+. $%$ l+/ ?(e ,%+!($> *%$/,+%*e < $l9$ee $%)(%$*e/ &(e%$ !e e/,e"&"$"+e/ !e $l"!$!> el 8l(l+ /e %e$l"$%8 !e/!e el e%+ ,(*+ "+ ,+% "e*+ 0.; :$/*$ el (+ ,+% "e*+ 1 !el +l(9e !el l+*e "/,e"+$!+ e el ?(e /e e%"&"?(e l$ "&%$". L$/ /$"+e/ ?(e "9,+#$ l$ ANH + ,+!%8 $&e*$% l$ +*"("!$! !el /e%""+> $/' +9+ el $,"*$l !e +,e%$"+e/ !e l$ e9,%e/$ /$"+$!$. 80


$%$ l+/ ?(e +9e%"$l"e $%)(%$*e/ &(e%$ !e e/,e"&"$"+e/ !e $l"!$!> el 8l(l+ /e %e$l"$%8 !e/!e el "+ ,+% "e*+ ; $l !"e ,+% "e*+ 10 !el +l(9e +9e%"$l"$!+ el 9e/ $*e%"+% $ l$ &e:$ !e "/,e"> e l$ ?(e /e e%"&"?(e l$ "&%$". $%$ l+/ ?(e "9,+%*e $%)(%$*e/ &(e%$ !e e/,e"&"$"+e/ !e $l"!$!> el 8l(l+ /e %e$l"$%8 !e/!e el "+ ,+% "e*+ ; $l !"e ,+% "e*+ 10 !el +l(9e !el l+*e "9,+%*$!+> e el ?(e /e e%"&"?(e l$ "&%$". II. L$ ANH /$"+$%8 $ l$ e9,%e/$ + ($ 9(l*$ !e UFV ;.000.- CINCO 9"l 00100 UNIDADES DE FOMENTO A LA VIVIENDA> e $/+ !e "(%%"% e l$/ "&%$"+e/ e/*$)le"!$/ e l+/ ""/+/ )> > ! < e !el A%*'(l+ 14 !el ,%e/e*e Re#l$9e*+. III. L$ ANH /$"+$%8 $ l$ e9,%e/$ + ($ 9(l*$ !e UFV 6.000.- TRES 9"l 00100 UNIDADES DE FOMENTO A LA VIVIENDA> e $/+ !e "(%%"% e l$ "&%$" e/*$)le"!$ e el ""/+ & !el A%*'(l+ 14 !el ,%e/e*e Re#l$9e*+. IV. E $/+ !e "(%%"% e %e""!e"$> l$ /$" e/*$)le"!$ e l+/ $%8#%$&+/ II < III !el ,%e/e*e A%*'(l+> /e "%e9e*$%8 e ( "(e*$ ,+% "e*+ ;0 !e l+/ 9+*+/ e/*$)le"!+/ e l$ l*"9$ /$" "9,(e/*$> < $/' /(e/"$9e*e. Se e*"e!e ,+% %e""!e"$ ($!+ e"/*$ l$ 9"/9$ "&%$".

A)90(,+ 1!.- ?A0+ + )+,(0& *8&&)*&*@ Re")"!+ el $8l"/"/ """$l + +9,le9e*$%"+ e&e*($!+ $ l+/ $%)(%$*e/ +)/e%$!+/> l+/ "&+%9e/ + $*$/ ?(e !e*e%9"e l+/ %e/(l*$!+/> /e ,+!%8 e ++"9"e*+ ,+% l$ ANH $l %e/,+/$)le !el ,%+!(*+> $ *%$/ !e ( A*+ A!9""/*%$*"+ e ( ,l$+ !e "+ ; !'$/ :8)"le/ $!9""/*%$*"+/ el ($l !e)e%8 e/*$)lee%> /e# +%%e/,+!$> l+ /"#("e*e $. L$ "e"/*e"$ !e l$ "&%$" $,l"$!+ el le$*$9"e*+ !e *+!$ 9e!"!$ ,%ee*"$K 81


). L$ e"/*e"$ !e l$ "&%$" $,l"$!+ l$ /$" ?(e +%%e/,+!$.

A)90(,+ 1".- ?R0()+@ C+*%$ l$/ %e/+l("+e/ $!9""/*%$*"$/ e/,e"&"$!$/> ,%+e!e%8 l+/ %e(%/+/ !e "9,(#$" ,%e"/*+/ e l$ +%9$*"$ "#e*e.

A)90(,+ 1#.- ?DK&+ 8 ,* (,*@ I. L$/ 9(l*$/ e9e%#e*e/ !e "&%$"+e/ $l ,%e/e*e Re#l$9e*+> !e)e%8 /e% !e,+/"*$!$/ ,+% l+/ "&%$*+%e/ $ &$+% !e l$ ANH e l$ (e*$ )$$%"$ !e !":$ "/*"*("> l$ ($l /e "!"$%8 e l$ Re/+l(" A!9""/*%$*"$> !e*%+ !e l$/ /e*e*$ < !+/ 72 :+%$/ !e e&e*($!$ l$ +*"&"$" %e/,e*"$. II. L$ ANH + !"/,+!%8 !e l$/ 9(l*$/ :$/*$ ?(e /e :$<$ $#+*$!+ l$/ "/*$"$/ le#$le/ !e "9,(#$". III. L+/ &+!+/ +)*e"!+/ ,+% el +)%+ !e 9(l*$/ /e%8 !e/*"$!+/ !e $(e%!+ $ l+ e/*$)le"!+ ,+% l$ +%9$*"$ le#$l "#e*e.

A)90(,+ 1$.- ?C*)0) *8&&)*&+ 8 ,* *0&+@ L$/ /$"+e/ !e/%"*$/ e el ,%e/e*e Re#l$9e*+ /+ !e $%8*e% $!9""/*%$*"+ < /e%8 $,l"$!$/ /" ,e%@(""+ !e l$ "9,+/"" !e ,e$l"!$!e/ e9e%#e*e/ !e l$ +9"/" !e !el"*+/ + l$ %e/,+/$)"l"!$! ""l %e/(l*$*e.

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Blending en La Refineria Gualberto Villarroel Para La Obtencion de La Gasolina Especial (PROYECTO CORREGIDO GRUPO 7)

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