Biorhythm in soccer - Research paper

REVIEW OF THE INFLUENCE OF BIORHYTHM ON PERFORMANCE OF SOCCER PLAYERS - PARTICIPANTS OF THE 20TH WORLD SOCCER CHAMPIONSHIP „BRAZIL 2014“

Research work Drago Marić, B.Sc (Psychology) and Journalism Boris Marić, B.Sc.Business Adminisraion Adminisraion !ladimir Marić, Media Analysis "#$er

http://biorhythminsoccer.blogspot.com/

1

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.













SUMMARY

%n modern age, &eing success'ul in almos any aciiy  &usiness, s$ors and een $ersonal li'e decision making * dominanly de$ends on he leel o' success in 'orecasing. %n he enironmen o' dominan neoli&eral limilessness, biorhythm &ecomes biorhythm &ecomes one o' old*new $ossi&iliies o' $redicing &ehaiour and success. +owadays, eery com$uer andor smar$hone a$$licaion worh menioning ena&les a user o calculae more han en &iorhyhm indicaors. % is no sur$rising ha &iorhyhm has inrigued coaches and ahlees alike. -he o$ic o' his research is a reiew o' &iorhyhm heory on a s$eci'ic s$or sam$le  he las %A World %A World Cup in Cup in Bra/il (0123 ). -he research $lan 'ocused on 'ie segmens, each wih is own hy$ohesis. Research coered 44 maches each haing a winning oucome (ou o' which 567 o' icories were achieed in regular ime including re'eree ime, and 007 in he course o' e#ended ime and in he course course o' he eliminaion rules alid 'or he 'inal $hase). -here hae &een calculaions 'or 2,381 indiidual &iorhyhm ses. -esing o' saisical signi'icance o' di''erences in num&er o' $lus, minus and 9:;  days o' 'our $rimary and hree secondary &iorhyhm cycles  conduced in $airs o' soccer $layers and coaches as seleced &y research $lan * has con'irmed all 'ie iniial +ull*hy$ohesis (H). Des$ie &iorhyhm heory relaed conroersies (which, as we &eliee, &ecame more ariculaed wih resuls o' our research), we 'ind ha &iorhyhm, o a cerain e#en, can increase moiaional ca$aciies o' ahlees, in his case, soccer $layers. !"#$%&'( biorhythm, biorhythm cycles, plus and minus phase, „C“- days, motivation of athletes













A%"*+,+' ,& "%/+# '"& + 3+' %"'",%3 $%5

Biorhythm abbreviations A. PRIMARY BIORHYTHMS Pc Physical cycle Ec Emotional cycle Ic Intellectual cycle INTc Intuitive cycle Plus Sign for active# more favourable days of each cycle !" Minus Sign for %assive, unfavourable days of each cycle $" ays of each cycle !hen biorhythm shifts from from active to &'&$ passive (ays phase "and vice versa# $ the most unfavourable period B. Secon(ary biorhythms MsB PsB )sB

%inomial combination of Physical and Intellectual cycle Pc!Ic" %inomial combination of Physical and Emotional cycle Pc!Ec" %inomial combination of Emotional and Intellectual cycle Ec !Ic"

Research terminolo*y Ho H+ %Ho %H+ ,$score ,$score

/0

12 34

&ull'hypothesis (lternative hypothesis &ull'subhypothesis (lternative subhypothesis Single )hi's*uare statistics, calculated value for subhypothesis level "one biorhythm cycle# (ggregate )hi's*uare statistics $calculated value for subhypothesis level "all four ' or three ' biorhythm cycles# +evel of freedom-$integral part of the procedure for determination of  'score signi0cance. he base for )ontingency table table "table !ith statistically statistically analysed fre*uencies#, and is calculated according to the formula  "number of ro!s'1# 3 "number of columns'1# of this table 4arginal value for determination of signi0cance of obtained results













INTRODUCTION

Among all human as$iraions, wo o' hem hae accom$anied human deelo$men 'or he longes $eriod o' ime. -he 'irs one is summarised in he message o man, coming 'rom ancien
orecasing he 'uure is in he mids o' consan &ale &eween sce$ical scieni'ic enhusiass and sel'*con'iden >uacks. ?hile scieniss are looking 'or mehodologically mehodologically and saisically relean $roo', hose on he oher side o' he wall * classi'ied as 'alse $ro$hes * &ase heir $o$ulariy on consan demand 'or heir heir isions. -he $ro&lem is ha his demand, saring 'rom &eginning o' his cenury, cenury, has &een acceleraed &y enormous growh o' aaila&le a$$licaions a$$licaions designed 'or com$uers and mo&ile $hones. @ence, oday een hose who neer cared 'or asrology, asrology, aro, numerology, or iner$reaion o' dreams, can eas ily download a$$licaions 'or su$$osed 'orecas o' heir &ehaiour &ehaiour and u$coming u$coming eens &y using hese 9echni>ues;. % is only a maer o' ime when (he already 'amous) Balkan $ro$heess using kichen s$oons 'or 'orune elling will a$$ear on he inerne and o''er a mo&ile a$$licaion 'or her mehod. or ha maer, i is no sur$rising o see 9he resurrecion; o' some earlier heories which, een a he ime o' heir greaes $o$ulariy, could no win oer enough scieni'ic a''irmaion. @oweer, wih he a&sence o' documened research couner*argumens, hey managed o ge a new chance in he modern imes. ne o' hese reanimaed ideas, and now aaila&le in a$$lica&le 'orm, is he -heory o' Biorhyhm.

I. HISTORY AND CONCEPT OF THE BIORHYTHM THEORY2

maic of numbers I.1 . – It all bean with the maic -he crossroad &eween he 2h and 01h cenury was marked &y a cou$le o' inriguing ideas &rough a&ou &y hree hree docors 'rom wo "uro$ean ca$ials (!ienna (!ienna and Berlin). ne o' hese ideas, much more 'amiliar &u also more o'en dis$ued, was inroduced &y D% S+/& F%"&. -he idea in >uesion is, o' course, ha o' $sychoanalysis. -he oher idea ha looked a s$eci'ic $eriodiciy o' inernal changes and mani'esed &ehaiour o' a $erson was named biorhythm (!e biorhythm (!ery ry o'en used in $lural 'orm= Biorhyhms).













%niial auhorshi$ 'or &iorhyhm is shared &eween wo eminen "uro$ean inellecuals a he end o' nineeenh cenury= D% H"%/, S$&,6 $ro'essor o' $sychology a !ienna Cniersiy and D% W+3"/ F+"', a Berlin*&ased academician who was a nose and hroa s$ecialis. Judging &y more han 211 leers e#changed &eween lies and reud in he $eriod 'rom 2665 o 210, he 'aher o' $sychoanalysis was a ery srong su$$orer o' liess &iorhyhm activities and at the same time was almost failin to notice „loud ossips“ in !ienna !ienna medical circles regarding Swo&odaEs work. -heir 'riendshi$ was surely one o' he reasons 'or reud $re'erring lies, as well as he 'ac he 'aher o' $sychoanalysis was acually one o' liesEs $aiens. (reud eenually died o' one y$e y$e o' mouh cancer). %n his iniial $ar o' is hisory, &iorhyhm com$rised o' wo se$arae cycles disinguisha&le &y rhyhmical shi's o' $hysicalorganic and a nd $sychological oscillaions in he human &ody. &ody. ne o' hem was P3#'+, 7P) and he oher E/+, 7E). -he 'irs lass 286 and he laer 29 days. Some $romoers hae assigned gender ari&ues o hese cycles, cycles, so he $hysical cycle was called masculine, while emoional was re'erred o as he feminine he feminine cycle. lies himsel' himsel' was o&sessiely $racicing he magic o' num&ers (es$ecially muli$liers o' num&er num&er 0FG). @e een &elieed his &iorhyhm 'ormula could deermine deermine he gender o' a conceied child. A he &eginning o' las cenury, Swo&oda Swo&oda $u&lished 3*4 &ooks a&ou his ersion o' &iorhyhm, one o' hose wih an im$ressie 811 $ages. lies was no less $roducie, $u&lishing 3*4 &ooks, one wih 483 $agesG Des$ie such e#ensie lieraure, due o srong conem$ 'rom he academic guild communiy, $rimarily in !ienna !ienna and Berlin, he enire &iorhyhm conce$ was doomed doomed o &e 'orgoen (as was $sychoanalysis oo). Biorhyhm 'ound isel' again in he 'ocus o' $u&lic ineres immediael y a'er ?orld ?orld ?ar ?ar %. An Ausrian engineer A:%"& T" T"'3"% '3"% (eaching $ro'essor in %nns&ruck) noed he e#isence o' good and &ad days days 'or sudying among his sudens. -he 'ac ha his resul mached wih P,;' conce$ o' cyclical changes o' 'aoura&le and un'aoura&le $eriods in human li'e, has made i $aricularly aracie. -elscher -elscher le' no &ooks wrien on he o$ic, &u neerheless neerheless he did esa&lish he hird &iorhyhm cycle. @e named i +"", 7I) whose sinusoidal cycle lass FF calendar days. And so, he $sychologis (Swo&oda), docor (lies) and an engineer (-elcher), inde$enden o' each oher, com$leed he uni>ue &iorhyhm heory, ye i ook Hus a lile oer hal' a cenury 'or i o reach is golden age. -he sory a&ou &iorhyhm was reied in he CSA a'er ?orld ?orld ?ar ?ar %%. -his idea was srongly s$urred u$ in he mid seenies o' he las cenury &y he &ook o' <.S. T3/" „Is "his #our $ay%&0













o $redic im$oran $ersonal and social eens. % was also a kind o' imid $relude 'or 9 'ew (e;. (e;. By uncriical a''irmaion o' $sychological $sychological and, een more, more, $ara$sychological a$$roaches o eeryday li'e, his moemen was raising &elie' in he $ossi&iliy o' sel'* im$roemen, &u also in managing inernal and e#ernal 'acors o' healh and ha$$iness. ' course, he criics were also ery acie, $roiding saisically su$$ored resuls in 'aour o' senselessness o' hose e#$ecaions. Soon, his &ale s$read ra$idly 'rom America o oher oher coninens and resuled in muliude o' research $a$ers, scieni'ic aricles and &ooks F. %n he closing wo decades o' he las cenury, &iorhyhm was again a&ou o &e 'orgoen, 'or i seemed adocaes o' sricly mehodological $roisions and relean saisical $arameers $reailed oer users o' he so called 9anecdoe*&ased a$$roach;3 o researched $henomena. -he &oom limi o' olerance 'rom he 'irs grou$, as i seems, was an a$$roal 'or use o' &iorhyhm as a pseudoscience a pseudoscience4. Des$ie he consan and &ale &eween he $ros and cons, &iorhyhm enered he in'ormaion age sill sanding on is 'ee. So'ware $resenaion o' &iorhyhm &iorhyhm re$laced he $reious com$le# 9$encil calculaion;. "asy access and een easier use o' com$uer and mo&ile a$$licaions reignied he $u&lic ineres 'or )woboda-*lies-"eltscher )woboda-*lies-"eltscher theory. theory. -o $u i sim$ly, i was ery

9in“ again o hae a $ersonal

or eam &iorhyhm. %n he enironmen o' dominan neoli&eral limilessness, biorhythm &ecomes biorhythm &ecomes one o' old*new $ossi&iliies o' $redicing &ehaiour and success. +owadays, eery com$uer com$uer andor smar$hone a$$licaion worh menioning ena&les he user o calculae more han en &iorhyhm indicaors. -he -he $ossi&iliy o' calculaing he so*called compatibility factors  factors  indicaors o' muual (in)com$ai&iliy o' wo or howeer many $ersons, has &rough an addiional a$$eal. 8aboratory, as part of NASA, NASA, in 1=@1 published a 9 The 7S Army Research 8aboratory, voluminous overvie! of then available titles from all parts of the !orld related to biological rhythms in human organism. organism. Ane special chapter in this overvie! overvie! !as dedicated to biorhythm. %ibliography comprises of a bit more more than 2BBB 2BBB titles, out of !hich 212 212 are biorhythm related "mostly published in the period bet!een 1=>6 and 1=@B#. Ane c(otal tal metho( met ho(  Anecdotal evidence# ; Anec(o evidence# consists of an all'round specialist processing of individual cases !ith the intention to con0rm hypotheses about something ne! based on rich sample of determined particularities/uni*uenesses. It is often used in medicine and psychology as „Case report“ "atypical report“ "atypical case#, for e3ample in cases !hen there is a suspicion of an un8no!n disease disease occurrence occurrence or psychic syndrome. syndrome. Co!ever, ta8ing into account it does not carry statistically representative representative *uality in relation to assumed population, it is not considered relevant to be able to undermine valid, or promote ne! theories.















Alhough he was no occu$ied wih his o$ic a all, he auhor o' 'ormer worldEs &esseller  he &ook „)tumblin on +appiness“* +appiness“ * &rie'ly diagnoses he human need 'or $redicing 'uure eens (so eiden wih &oh 'ounders and 'ollowers o' &iorhyhm)= 9"he influence of feelin that we eep thins under control is beneficial, whilst the belief that we create our own future maes us happy (LIT. 26 =. 42 ). ; Alhough he reurn o' &iorhyhm ino he $u&lic s$here (in 'ac, ino he marke) was more isi&le in media han in scieni'ic circles8, his 'ac does no reduce he need o coninue esing o wha e#en his heory really works. Be'ore we &ring u$ he resuls o' one horough research o' &iorhyhm in'luence on $er'ormance in one (eam) s$or, we will &rie'ly inroduce main elemens and 'eaures o' he heory isel'.

I.2. - inus is lie every/ minus, but „C& is even worse... -he e#ising so'ware soluions  mainly hanks o imaginaie gra$hics  ena&le easy reading o' cyclical alues, ena&ling 'as com$rehension o' he idea o' &iorhyhm isel'. -he conce$ is sim$le= each cycle is really a sinusoid wih a =' (acie) and /+' ($assie) =3,'". Besides, he $oins on cenral 'la line, where cyclical sinusoids cross 'rom one $hase o anoher, are s$ecially em$hasi/ed. -hey are ime*synchronous wih he 'irs and middle day o' each cycle cycle $eriod. %n P*cycle (which lass 'or 0F days) hese are day 2 and day 20, in E* cycle day 2 and day 24, in I*cycle day 2 and day 25, and in he I++*"*cycle (F6 days) day 2 and day 01. -hese $oins are called „critical days“ („C“-d)  heory,, he („C“-d) &ecause hey hide, according o his heory highes risk and he highes lack o' energy, energy, will, $hysical srengh, o$imism and $aience. 9C; days in he middle o' each cycle are es$ecially risky. %n addiion, &y de'aul, criical days &elong o he minus ($assie) $hase, &u wih a much much more em$hasised dimension o' dys'uncion o' all kinds. or ha reason, each &iorhyhm sory in eery research $ays s$ecial aenion o 9 C;*days.













* <%,=3 1. Biorhyhm sinusoids o' each cycle hae a $lus and minus $hases, while „C“*days are ideni'ied on hori/onal line wih he num&er o' days (2*F6), locaed on he $oins o' $assoer 'rom $lus o minus $hase (and ice ersa)

Regardless o' heir di''eren duraion $eriods (0F, 06, FF and F6 days), all &iorhyhm cycles, according o he heory, sar ogeher wih he day o' &irh. %n he 'irs 22 days o' li'e, all 'our cycles are in he $lus $hase. A'erwards, P3#'+, cycle eners he minus $hase 'irs, while INT*cycle does so las. -he siuaion o' all 'our cycles saring ogeher (0raph ( 0raph 1.) 1.) re$eas isel' only a he age o' 45. % is ineresing o menion ha in Ja$anese radiion here is a &elie' ha human li'e sars anew e#acly a he age o' 45. Due o heir relaiely low re$resenaion in oal num&er o' &iorhyhm days o' each cycle (u$ o a$$ro#. 017), and due o rigorous mehodological consrains 'or grou$s wih small num&er o' 're>uencies, „C“-days are o'en saisically analysed com&ined wih he minus $hase daa.













aourie and o'en illusraed e#am$le o' his rule is a $racice in some Swiss and Ja$anese hos$ials where&y surgeons do no conduc surgery during heir 9 C*days;. :erain airline com$anies gie heir $ilos 'ree days, and some a#i com$anies in cerain counries do he same.

I.3. - $uets perhaps/ say more than a sinle cycle Since is emergence, he idea o' &iorhyhm seemed un'inished. -his re$resened a grea challenge 'or re'ormers and innoaors. innoaors. %n he muliude o' aem$s, o'en linked o ar "as $hiloso$hies and hinkers 'rom ancien . And so, wih uare. Mos o' curren com$uer and mo&ile a$$licaions include all 'our cycles. -hese 'our cycles are named =%+/,%# #"', while heir &inomial com&inaions ( P?I6 P?E ,& E?I ) make he grou$ o' '"&,%# '"&,%# +%3#3/'. :om&inaion o' P and I-cycle is named astery named astery 2iorhythm  /. ?hen &oh cycles are in MsB /. ?hen $lus $hase, he $ersonEs $hysical and inellecual su$erioriy &ooss and $romises $romises a&oe aerage success on hose days. or he cone# o' his research, and 'or he s$or as a whole, o' s$ecial ineres is he &inomial com&inaion o' P and E-cycle 3assion 2iorhythm, PsB / which / which is res$onsi&le 'or he conrol o' $hysical endurance and enhusiasm (moiaion). Since he 'irs research o' he a$$licaion a$$licaion o' &iorhyhm in s$ors, asserions arose ha hese wo cycles are crucial 'or moiaional and $hysical readiness o' ahlees. -here are many sudies ha $roe, wih more more or less argumenaion, a higher 're>uency o' inHuries and une#$eced &ad resuls 'or ahlees in $eriods o' P-#" minus $hase5  he oher hand, hand, ohers hae discoered a connecion &eween













%n any case, i a$$ears logical  i' he &iorhyhm heory is (a all) susaina&le  ha hese or di''eren com&inaions hae much more in'luence on &ehaiour, and success o' 'ailure o' &iorhyhm, han single &iorhyhms &iorhyhms and heir indiidual $hases.

I.4. - *ast, fitter – the most successful% Mass $ro'essionalism and &laan commerciali/aion o' many s$ors ineia&ly caused $anic $ursui 'or raining mehods, and game acic likewise, ha would $roduce $roduce cham$ions more >uickly, >uickly, or would ensure $romoed leaders remain in he winning rack as long $ossi&le. %n his unso$$a&le $rocess he naie lym$ic moo= *aster, moo= *aster, +iher, +iher, )troner )troner has has oer ime &een re'ormulaed ino an im$eraie o' *ast, o' *ast, *itter, ost successful , where (non)$er'ormance is closely inerwined wih careers and desinies o' s$orsmen and rainers. or he same reason and e>ually $assionaely, he demand 'or hel$ 'rom $sychologiss and s$ors medicine s$ecialiss is on he increase. increase. -he >ues 'or „a formula of fast/ success“, i.e. success“, i.e. 'or he more desira&le „formula of happiness“ in happiness“ in $redicing s$ors resuls, does no so$ on he &oundaries o' science, &u dies ino he ur&id waers o' >uackery. >uackery. -here are many coaches, ahlees and s$ors &eing $layers who srongly &eliee in asrological $roHecions and in $ower $ower o' arious alismans. hers 'ollow numerology a#ioms, or kee$ in ouch regularly wih cele&riy 'orune*ellers o' di''eren orienaions. -he %nerne 'ame o' 3aul o' 3aul the 6ctopus, 'rom 6ctopus, 'rom an a>uarium in he












un$recened indiidual achieemen sared and 'inished wih a due o' criical 9 C;*days o' F and E cycles, he secre o' success was acually hiding hiding &eween hem. +amely, during hese en or so days in &eween, &oh cycles were in he $lus $hase 7LIT . == -100). Somehow a he same ime (250), &ased on he analysis o' $ersonal &iorhyhms o' 2111 s$ors record*holders, <. S33@"%6 <. S3++ and H. M"% 'rom he )wiss centre for the research of biorhythm, resoluely biorhythm, resoluely concluded ha &iorhyhm heory has neiher &iological, nor mahemaical 'oundaion. A$$lying &iorhyhm &iorhyhm in collecie*eam s$ors is more com$le# com$le# and more >uesiona&le. Some een e#$licily re'use such a $ossi&iliy ( LIT .6 == -91 ). ory years ago, a research due, M+3," R. W,"%'"+ and N,# L"" R"%' &ecame media cele&riies in American news$a$ers and maga/ines &y claiming o &e a&le o $redic no only indiidual, &u also eam resuls, &y using heir mahemaical*gra$hical inenion 9 2io9 2iocurve;. curve;. -hey were $rey success'ul in $redicing resuls in American 'oo&all, and were also $assionae adocaes o' using &iorhyhm in &usiness &usiness s$heres. Su&se>uenly, Su&se>uenly, many research $a$ers 'ollowed, s$reading o$imism 'or &iorhyhm uilisaion in eam s$ors. -here were also hose who used &iorhyhm &iorhyhm in $racice. -he lieraure $oins $oins ou an e#am$le o' a Swiss soccer coach H"/3 B"3,' who, 'rom his $ersonal e#$erience, claimed &iorhyhm was an e#cellen ool in $re$aring*raining o' he $layers 7LIT 8. =. 16 LIT 4.6 ==. 102-8).

II.

RESEARCH TOPIC AND METHODOLO
II.1 - "he dream sample – *I*( World Cup in 2ra;il :<1= rom he mehodological and a nd research $oin o' iew, ?orld ?orld cham$ionshi$s and lym$ic














1. Primarily, we were ineresed in knowing i' &iorhyhm $arameers s$eci'y di''erences &eween winning and losing eams.

%n his com$eiion, in he 'irs grou$ $hase o' 36 maches, F maches ended wih one o' he naional eams winning. +ine maches in his $hase ended wih a draw, draw, and hese maches were no coered &y his research (&u heir $layers were included in all research records o' indiidual achieemens such as scored goals, goals, $enaly cards, ec.) %n ne#, eliminaory $hase wih 28 maches, eigh ended wih a winning oucome &y he end o' regular ime (1 mins.), while he winners o' 'our maches were decided a'er e#ra ime (F1 min), or a'er he $enaly shoo ou. -here'ore, his research com$rises 44 maches wih winning oucomes (ou o' which 567 icories were achieed direcly in regular ime and 007 hrough eliminaory rules alid 'or he 'inal sage). 2. urhermore, we waned o es wheher &eer*ranked soccer $layers had su$erior &iorhyhm han heir colleagues 'rom he de'eaed eam.

Saisical esing was $er'ormed on marks allocaed &y re$orers o' eminen American inerne media com$any Bleacher Report Report (BR) 21 ha  in our o$inion * o&Heciely and com$eenly 22 coered all 83 maches in Bra/il. Soccer $layers wih marks 8.1 and a&oe made he grou$ o' &eer*ealuaed $layers (210 $layers), and hose wih marks 4. and lower were classi'ied in he grou$ o' o' lower ealuaed (F81 $layers) 20. ?e were also ineresed inerese d in=













8. Peculiariies o' &iorhyhm $arameers o' goal scorers and heir com$arison wih e>uialen $arameers o' $layers who did no score goals in he Championship (in Championship (in his grou$, o' course, here were no goalkee$ers).

Peculiariies o' &iorhyhm $arameers o' soccer $layers wih yellow and red 4. cards and heir com$arison wih e>uialen $arameers o' $layers wih no cards, and Peculiariies o' &iorhyhm $arameers o' coaches o' winning and de'eaed . naional eams. %n accordance wih research sandards, we hae 'ormaed deailed and $recise em$laes 'or kee$ing records o' necessary daa. Pre*designed research $lan also included crieria 'or re$resenaion in daa2F as well as all oher necessary mehodological limiaions in relaion o de$enden and inde$enden aria&les. %n addiion, we hae deermined in adance he relean sources o' necessary &iogra$hical daa o' soccer $layers (and coaches)23, and seleced he a$$ro$riae com$uer so'ware 'or calculaion o' &iorhyhm $arameers. 24 Summari/ed, $er each mach we enered in a$$ro$riae em$laes a$$ro#. 811 arious daa (indiidual ideni'icaion daa, &iorhyhm alues, y$es o' $er'ormance in he 'ield and oher in'ormaion 'or each soccer $layer $layer and coach). %n his way 31,111 31,111 $ieces o' daa was was $rocessed 'or all 83 maches.













Alhough he aaila&le daa 'undus allowed 'or higher num&er o' hy$oheses  in sandard research 'orm o' N-3#=3"'+' 7H)  auhors o' his work chose he 'ollowing 'ie 28= 2. -here is no saisic saisically ally signi'ican signi'ican di''erence di''erence in re$resenaion re$resenaion o' $lus, $lus, minus minus $hases and C*days  a he leel o' each o' he 'our &iorhyhm cycles, &eween winning eams and de'eaed eamsL 0. -here is is no saisically saisically signi'i signi'ican can di''eren di''erence ce in he re$resen re$resenaion aion o' $lus, $lus, minus minus $hases and C*days * a he leel o' each o' he 'our &iorhyhm cycles * &eween $layers who go higher marks 'or heir mach $er'ormance (8.1 and higher) and hose wih lower marks (4.4 and lower)L F. -here is no saisic saisically ally signi'ican signi'ican di''erence di''erence in re$resenaion re$resenaion o' $lus, $lus, minus minus $hases and C*days  a he leel o' each o' 'our &iorhyhm &iorhyhm cycles * &eween goal scorers 'rom one side, and soccer $layers who did no score goals in his :ham$ionshi$ on he oher sideL 3. -here is no saisic saisically ally signi'ican signi'ican di''erence di''erence in re$resenaion re$resenaion o' $lus, $lus, minus minus $hases and :*days  a he leel o' each o' 'our &iorhyhm cycles  &eween soccer $layers wih yellow and red cards and $layers wihou hese y$es o' re'ereeKs $unishmenL and 4. -here is no saisic saisically ally signi'ican signi'ican di''erence di''erence in re$resenaion re$resenaion o' $lus, $lus, minus minus $hases and :*days  a he leel o' each o' 'our &iorhyhm cycles  &eween coaches o' winning eams and coaches o' he de'eaed ones. (lternative hypotheses + ᴀ /, as well as alternative subhypotheses  p+o/, p+o/, in he cone# o' his research de'ines he e#isence o' relean correlaion &eween he same aria&les as well as













"ach indiidual $ackage includes 'our $rimary ( P6 E6 I and INT) and hree secondary &iorhyhms (M'B6 P'B and W'B). %ndiidually, %ndiidually, hey &elong o 29 soccer $layers. -ha is 87 ou o' oal num&er o' $layers $arici$aing eams su&mied o %A.25 -hese $layers $layed F maches on aerage, and ha is also he aerage num&er o' &iorhyhm ses $er each soccer $layer. Resuls o' saisical analysis, whose iner$reaion is a&ou o &e $resened, can &e e#$ressed wih a common s$ors headline= N-3#=3"'"' N-3#=3"'"' *' B+%3#3/ (0 G

III.

RESULTS

a nd 2iorhythm III.1. * Common debacle of 2ra;il - and -he 'irs semi*'inal mach o' his cham$ionshi$ was $layed on July 6h 0123 &eween he hos counry Bra/il and












Darker shaded  s>uare 'or E-cycle is ery close o he &orderline alue &u remains in he acce$a&le /one o' +o o' +o.. @oweer,  'or I-cycle (non*shaded 'ield in he a&le) is higher han &orderline alue 'or N 1.14, so he Alernaie su&hy$ohesis su&hy$ohesis p+ ᴀ ), ), or &eer said * he $ossi&iliy hese di''erences are no coincidenal * is acce$ed. Bu, are hese di''erences in 'aour o' he &iorhyhm heoryO %n cases where i*s>uare does no ideni'y direcion and he logic o' real di''erences &eween e#amined grou$s, he occurrence and he logic se>uence o' he o&ained resuls is deermined &y insigh in he disri&uion o' he o&ained o&ained daa isel'. -a&le -a&le 2& (Anne# $age 03), wih 're>uencies o' num&er o' soccer $layers in each o' he hree &iorhyhm $hases ($lus, minus,















or his reason, he 'irs 'ormulaed +ull*hy$ohesis, claiming ha here is no saisically signi'ican di''erences in re$resenaion o' $lus, minus $hases and C*days in &iorhyhms o' winning and de'eaed eams, can &e acce$ed. -a&le -a&le 2a also shows ha (Q) 'or he grou$ o' secondary &iorhyhms does no come een close o &orderline alue eiher and his, again, goes in 'aour o' he 'ormulaed +ull* hy$ohesis.

III.2.  "he one and only – and missed@

%n Bra/il, L+" M"''+ (Argenina) has &een $roclaimed as he &es $layer o' he ournamen. Many argued ha here were &eer $layers, among oher hings, due o he 'ac Argenina los in he 'inals, and ha Messi was no he &es goal scorer. @oweer, Messi was he only $layer in he :ham$ionshi$ :ham$ionshi$ gien sraigh en mark mark (21,1) &y ealuaors ealuaors o' he 2leacher he 2leacher Aeport 'or his $lay $er'ormance in a game. % ha$$ened in he +igeria*Argenina mach (0=F), when he scored wo ou o' 'our goals he scored in oal during his ournamen.













@oweer,  -'%" o' he 'ourh, "/+, cycle, e>uals 6.F06 and is here'ore higher han marginal alue (4.2), so in his case he alernaie =Hᴀ , ha is di''eren in num&er o' $lus, minus and 9:;*days o' &eer ealuaed and worse ealuaed $layers o' he ?orld :u$ in 9Bra/il  0123; are no coincidenal, &u saisically signi'ican.













completely different different performances III .4. * Identical biorhythms – completely Z5%, D+&+"%, an %ory :oas de'ender, was gien a yellow card in he 46h minue o' he mach agains Ja$an (0=2). or his $er'ormance in his game, ealuaors gae him Hus a













III.. –

Coaches in the aws of biorhythm biorhythm too













Saisics remained unchanged owards &iorhyhm in he case o' his $ar o' research oo. -here were no &iorhyhm cycles wih saisical indicaors () haing a re'erence leel o' signi'icance ("able ("able Da). @ence, he +ull*hy$oheses no. 4 is also a''irmed saing ha here are no signi'ican di''erences in he num&er o' $lus, minus minus and 9:; days &eween he grou$ o' winning eamsE coaches and grou$ o' coaches o' de'eaed eams. %' we a$$ly he so*called (nectodal so*called (nectodal method of comparison of comparison,, ha is, i' we 'ocus on indiidual cases, he siuaion is much more 'aoura&le owards &iorhyhm. Resul*wise ery rare semi*'inal mach &eween Bra/il and
M,,"%'

"'















ooking a he a&oe a&le, i is eiden ha he












IV. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION A. -esing o' saisical signi'icance o' di''erences in num&er o' $lus, minus and 9:;  days o' 'our $rimary and hree secondary &iorhyhm cycles * conduced in $airs o' soccer $layers and coaches as seleced &y research $lan * has con'irmed all 'ie iniial +ull* hy$ohesis (@o). -he aggregae i*s>uares ,-", as earlier shown in aggregae a&les (-a&les :%/ 1  case * e#ceed he sandard marginal alues (a a leel o' 47 saisical ) do no * in any case * error) o 'orm a saisical &asis 'or acce$ance o' any o' he a''irmaie a''irmaie hy$oheses













4. -here is no saisic saisically ally signi'ican signi'ican di''erence di''erence in re$resenaion re$resenaion o' $lus, $lus, minus minus $hases and C*days * a he leel o' each o' 'our &iorhyhm cycles  &eween coaches o' winning eams and coaches o' he de'eaed eams. A he leel o' indiidual &iorhyhm cycles, &ased on which he +ull*su&hy$oheses ( pHo# pHo# were 'ormulaed, here are e#am$les ha su$$or acce$ance o' alernaie su&hy$oheses " pHᴀ pHᴀ" &u, in he gien 'orm, hey do no corres$ond wih classic &iorhyhm $osulaes. B. n he oher hand, in he daa 'undus aaila&le 'or his research, here are >uie a lo o'













or all hese reasons, when ealuaing $er'ormance o' a s$ors eam, one should e>ually ake ino accoun 'acors deriing 'rom an indiidualEs characer, in $arallel wih hose acing as a conse>uence o' $laying $laying in a eam. %n $ursui 'or he he &es alen com$osiion, raining, moiaion and e''iciency in he eam sociogram, i is necessary o indiiduali/e he se>uence o' signi'icance o' hese com$onens. %n his $ackage, he moiaion o' an indiidual o make o$imal $er'ormance on he 'ield is $erha$s he &igges enigma, es$ecially when he $ar relaed o 'inancial sais'acion ($remiums, rans'ers, addiional &onuses) is $u aside. ne o' $rocedures ha are more













-his research does no su$$or a &elie' in $redicie $ower o' &iorhyhm a eam leel, a leas no in he case o' soccer. @oweer, his research does leae s$ace 'or use o' indiidual &iorhyhm $ro'iles o' im$oran $layers $layers as use'ul addiional in'ormaion in ealuaion o' com$eiie im$ac o' heir eam. E. ?e also wan o $oin ou he mehodological and iner$reaie limiaions o' his research.

-his research re'ers only o deermining he $ossi&le in'luence o' &iorhyhm on he



















































VI. LITERATURE AND OTHER SOURCES28













1. Sharma# R.# Sin*h# R. ;5::"# Eritical Anal(sis o &ior'(t'ms an

Biorhythm in soccer - Research paper

Recommend Documents