tok ]udsk h`jhkpt fjc f stucy `b
AE@LELEHQU Futo`rs Jeho`dfs Afikr, Lfrg`rek Afdduj, Jftofj Akhi, Xflfjtof Akjjktt, Nrfjt Bdejj, Lfrnfrkt Nrkn`ry, Lfri Oklpoedd, Iftor yj Ikjjkcy, G`souf D`bnrkkj
© 1=63 XHFC Xho``d `b Cksenj Fdd w`ri toft es j`t `urs es fttreautkc t` tok hrkft`r. hrkft`r.
Fcves`rs
]r`gkht ]frtehepfjts
Nukst ]frtehepfjts
Krjst I`rtshofi, Xhekjtest ft tok Cksenj Sfadk
Jeho`dfs Afikr Lfrg`rek Afdduj Jftofj Akhi Xflfjtof Akjjktt Nrfjt Bdejj Lfrnfrkt Nrkn`ry Lfri Oklpoedd Iftoryj Ikjjkcy G`souf D`bnrkkj
Xfjcy Afrtus Hftek Afusejnkr Lkdessf Akdd Ce`jes Hfrtkr Esdkf Nfdfzej Iftk O`ddfjc G`skpo Df Rfddkk Cfjf ^fet Oflpt`j ^ftts
Qknejf Q`wdfjc, Q`wdfjc, ]r`bkss`r `b Cksenj Lfjfnklkjt, Ae`lelehry Xpkhefdest
Berst fjc b`rkl`st, wk w`udc deik t` kxprkss `ur nrftetuck t`wfrcs jfturk, br`l skjcejn us l`lkjts `b g`y g`y,, t` nuecejn us tor`uno toes pr`gkht, t` detkrfddy pr`vecejn tok h`jcete`js jkhkssfry b`r us t` devk. Fccete`jfddy, wk tofji Ae`lelehry 8.? b`r tok brflkw`ri fjc tok pr`hkss fjc b`r tok hkrtehftk wk Fccete`jfddy, ofvk kfrjkc b`r toes w`ri – tok Ae`lelehry Afsehs b`r Cksenjkrs Hkrtehftk. ^k ^k fds` nevk nrftetuck t` `ur fcves`rs b`r dkfcejn us t` suhhkss fjc sofrejn toker ij`wdkcnk fjc wesc`l s` brkkdy. ^k kspkhefddy tofji kfho `tokr b`r lutufd ejsperfte`j, fjc fdd `ur nukst cksenjkrs b`r dkjcejn toker nkjeus curejn `ur hrkfte`j pofsk, ej pfrtehudfr, Ce`jes Hfrtkr, f akrs lfg`r wo` wfs ejstrulkjtfd ej tok h`jhkpte`j `b `ur jfd pr`t`typk. Xpkhefd lkjte`j es wfrrfjtkc t` Jeho`dfs Afikr fjc Lfr g`rek Afdduj b`r toker kxhkddkjt skrvehk t` tok nr`up ej h`lpdktejn toes pr`hkss a``i fa`vk fjc aky`jc toker hfdd `b cuty cuty.. Dfst aut j`t dkfst, wk tofji ]rkseckjt ^fddfhk fjc XHFC b`r lfiejn et p`sseadk b`r us t` ofvk ofc toes kxtrf`rcejfry dkfrjejn kxpkrekjhk ej tok akfutebud ]r`vkjîfd Qkne`j `b X`utokrj Brfjhk. ^k d`vkc dkfrjejn ej Dfh`stk!
tfadk `b
Ejtr`cuhte`j................... Ejtr`cuhte`j....... ....................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ..............5 ..5 Cksenj Skfl...........................................................................6= Ejtr` t` Ae`lelehry..... Ae`lelehry................ ....................... ....................... ...................... ....................... .............68 .68 Xh`pejn.....................................................................................62 Cesh`vkrejn..............................................................................8= Hrkftejn....................................................................................;1 ]udsk.........................................................................................>= Kvfduftejn................................................................................?= Hokhidest...................................................................................5> Fppkjcex................... Fppkjcex........ ....................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...............6=6 ....6=6 Qkbkrkjhks..............................................................................66>
ejtr`cuhte`j @ur pr`hkss a``i ckshreaks tok Ae`lelehry Brflkw`ri fjc tkdds tok tok st`ry `b tok Ae`lelehry Soejiejn cksenj pr`hkss toft wk b`dd`wkc t`wfrc tok tok h`lpdkte`j `b `ur ae`-ejsperkc ejj`vfte`j, br`l h`jhkpte`j t` f jfd crfbt, `b f p`tkjtefd pr`t`typk fccrkssejn tok cksenj hofddkjnk `b trfjsp`rtejn pk`pdk vkrtehfddy ej fj kbhekjt wfy. @j tok b`dd`wejn pfnks, wk frk sofrejn `ur tkfl― tkfl―ss cksenj kxpkrekjhk, ckshreaejn fdd `b `ur ejhrklkjtfd stkps ej `rckr t` ckl`jstrftk tok struhturk fjc tok pr`hkss `b `ur h`ddfa`rftevk cksenj g`urjky. @ur a``i es ceveckc ejt` b`ur skhte`js, b`dd`wejn tok b`ur pofsks `b tok Ae`lelehry Soejiejn cksenj pr`hkss. ^oedk tok pr`hkss ofs f dejkfr skqukjhk ej tok`r y, tok prfhtehk ejv`dvks pr`gkhtevk toejiejn, fs wkdd fs etkrftevk afhi-trfhiejn.. Ej `rckr t` stfy truk t` tok devkc pr`hkss, tok st`ry b`dd`ws `ur stkps fs afhi-trfhiejn toky klkrnkc ej rkfd telk. Sok a``i es h`jstruhtkc ej f pfrfddkd b`rlft, pferejn tok`ry weto prfhtehk, s` toft tok strftkny `b tok stkps es kxpdfejkc fd`jn weto tok ckshrepte`js `b tok fhtufd tkfl kxpkrekjhk – kjsurejn hdfrety ej tok pr`hkss ckshrepte`j fjc h`jrlejn tok h`lpdkte`j `b kfho pofsk. Kfho pofsk hofptkr `pkjs weto fj ejtr`cuhte`j toft b`husks `j tw` kdklkjts7 tok nuecfjhk `b Ae`lelehr y 8.? (hetejn tok tok Ae`lelehry Ofjca``i) fjc f ckshrepte`j ckshrepte`j `b kfho pofsk fs wk fhtufddy kxpkrekjhkc tok g`urjky. Sok hofptkrs tokj wfdi tor`uno tok fhteveteks, lkto`cs, fjc pr`hkss stkps toft tok tkfl w`rikc `j curejn tok pofsk. Bejfddy, kfho kfho hofptkr hd`sks weto h`jhducejn to`unots fa`ut `ur dkfrjejns fjc destejn woft wk tfik b`rwfrc t` tok jkxt pofsk.
Jftofj Akhi Xkrvehk Cksenj
cksenj tkfl @jdy f bkw `b tok stuckjts ej `ur hdfss ofc fjy ij`wdkcnk ij`wdkcnk `b woft Ae`lelehry wfs, aut tok r``l wfs budd `b cksenjkrs toft wkrk pfsse`jftk fa`ut jfturk. Fs toes pr`gkht stfrtkc far`fc ej Dfh`stk, Brfjhk, `ur usufd telkbrflks fjc cksenj rks`urhks wkrk j`t rkfcedy fvfedfadk t` us. O`wkvkr, tok rusteh dfjcshfpk `bbkrkc lfjy s`urhks `b jfturfd ejsperfte`j, fjc `ur slfdd veddfnk debkstydk fdd`wkc b`r l`rk oulfj ejtkrfhte`j fjc pdkjty `b `utc``r kxpd`rfte`j. Ej fccete`j t` `ur pr`bkss`r, `ur tkfl wfs duhiy kj`uno t` fds` ofvk f —Xhekjtest ft tok Cksenj Sfadk“ g`ej us `j `ur dkfrjejn g`urjky, wo`sk kxpkrtesk ej kh`d`ny lfck oel f ujequk fjc kxtrklkdy okdpbud h`jsudtfjt. ^eto brkso lejcs, jkw tkrret`ry, tkrret`ry, fjc fj faujcfjhk `b jfturk, `ur nr`up wfs rkfcy t` dkfrj tok Ae`lelehry brflkw`ri fjc cksenj pr`hkss.
Jftofj es f pkrs`j toft d`vks t` skrvk pk`pdk. Fdd `b oes pfjts frk t`` so`rt fjc ok wkfrs `wkrs ej oes br`jt p`hikts. Ok es dkfrjejn o`w t` ak f skrvehk cksenjkr fjc tok akfho es oes o`lk. Xuj`wkrs arejn oel g`y fjc auttkreks lfik oel houhidk.
G`rek Afdduj Cksenj b`r Xustfejfaedety @utseck `b dkfrjejn fa`ut sustfejfaedety ej sho``d, G`rek kjg`ys pdfyejn akfho v`ddkyafdd, pfejtejn, fjc rkfcejn. Okr bfv`retk pdfjt es f a`xw``c pdfjt akhfusk `b ets tkxturk fjc tok faedety t` sofpk et. Okr bfv`retk fjelfd es f nerfbbk akhfusk et d``is s` n``by fjc ofs fwks`lk sp`ts. Sok jfturfd skttejn sok kjg`ys l`st es Q`hiy L`ujtfej Jfte`jfd ]fri akhfusk tok vekws frk bfaud`us fjc sok d`vks t` oeik.
G`so D`bnrkkj Ejcustrefd Cksenj ^okj G`so es j`t w`riejn `j sho``d w`ri `r burtokre jn oes ij`wdkcnk, ok kjg`ys rfbtejn, oeiejn, fjc pdfyejn pr`bksse`jfd pfejtafdd. Oes bfv`retk pdfjt es fj Fd`k Rkrf pdfjt akhfusk `b o`w et rkdekvks tok pfej `b f sujaurj. G`so―s bfv`retk fjelfd es f Qevkr @ttkr akhfusk `b toker d`vk b`r pdfy. Oes bfv`retk jfturfd skttejn es `j tok revkr.
Jeho`dfs Afikr Ejcustrefd Cksenj
Xflfjtof Akjjktt Ejcustrefd Cksenj
^okj J eho`dfs es j` t ckse njejn , ok k jg`ys auedc ejn burjeturk, pdfyejn ]ejn-]`jn, fjc hflpejn. Oes bfv`retk pdfjt w`udc ofvk t` ak tok Rkjus ytrfp9 oes bfv`retk fjelfd es tok Adfhi ]fjtokr. Sok akst pdfhk ej jfturk, ok akdekvks, es f jehk, lfturk b`rkst weto dfrnk trkks `j f l`ujtfej.
Fseck br`l stucyejn Ejcustrefd Cksenj, Xflfjtof b`husks `j w`riejn, r`hi hdelaejn, fjc kxpd`rejn tok `utc``rs. Okr bfv`retk pdfjt es fj Fd`k Rkrf pdfjt akhfusk et rkquerks vkry dettdk fttkjte`j, aut nevks s` lfjy lfjy `pp`rtujeteks b`r jutrekjts. Okr bfv`retk fjelfd es f c`dpoej akhfusk `b toker ejhrkceadk ejtkddenkjhk fjc ujequkjkss fs f spkheks. Xok rkfddy kjg`ys fjy skttejn ej tok suj, woktokr toft ak tok akfho `r ej f kdc `b nrfss.
Nrfjt Bdejj Ejcustrefd Cksenj (Cksenj b`r Xustfejfaedety Lej`r)
Lfri Oklpoedd Ejcustrefd Cksenj
@utseck `b hdfss Nrfjt hrkftks frtw`ris lfck `ut `b jfturfd lftkrefds, n`ks oeie jn, fjc swels. Nrfjt―s bfv`retk pdfjt es tok Rkjus Bdy Srfp, oes bfv`retk fjelfd es tok Ckkr, fjc oes bfv`retk jfturfd skttejn es tok w``cs `b J`rto Hfr`dejf.
Fseck br`l oes hurrkjt kcuhfte`jfd b`hus `j ejcustrefd cksenj, Lfri kjg`ys surjn, rkfcejn, fjc h``iejn. Oes bfv`retk pdfjt es westkref akhfusk ets purpdk aujcdks `b fr`lf rklejc oel `b fj fra`r `utseck `b oes hoedco``c o`lk. Oes bfv`retk fjelfd es f skfnudd, l`stdy akhfusk ok fclerks tok bfht toft et hfj kft trfso fjc creji skfwftkr. Sok jfturfd skttejn ej woeho ok bkkds l` st fdevk es f r`wcy `hkfj akhfusk ok d`vks tok p`wkr fjc kdknfjhk et a`to ckl`jstrftks fjc cklfjcs.
Ifty Ikjjkcy Ejtkre`r Cksenj
Lfnnek Nrkn`ry Ejcustrefd Cksenj
@utseck `b sho``d Ifty rkfcs f d`t `b hdfsseh detkrfturk, w`ris fs fj ejtkrj ft fj ejtkre`r cksenj r l, fjc c`ks l`rk sho``d w`ri! Okr bfv`retk pdfjt es f wftkr dedy akhfusk toky pr`veck ujkxpkhtkc p`ps `b h`d`r `j t`p `b tok fqufteh kjver`jlkjt. Okr bfv`retk fjelfd es f nkhi`! Xok ofc `jk b`r kenot ykfrs, fjc fbtkr stucyejn Ae`lelehry, sok fpprkheftks tok fjelfd―s jfturfd faedeteks f d`t l`rk. Okr bfv`retk jfturfd skttejn es tok ckskrt.
Lfnnek pdfys tok nuetfr, rkfcs, fjc shuaf cevks `utseck `b sho``d. Okr bfv`retk pdfjt es tok Xkqu`ef akhfusk `b ets ellkjsk sezk fjc prkskjhk. Okr bfv`retk fjelfd es tok wofdk sofri. Xok toejis toky frk lfrvkd`us pkfhkbud sofris. Okr bfv`retk jfturfd skttejn es tok skfso`rk.
ejtr`cuhte`j t` —Ae`lelehry es tok h`jshe`us kludfte`j `b jfturk―s nkjeus. Et es fj ejtkrceshepdejfry fppr`fho toft arejns t`nktokr tw` `btkj cesh`jjkhtkc w`rdcs7 jfturk fjc tkhoj`d`ny, tkhoj`d`ny, ae`d`ny fjc ejj` vfte`j, debk fjc cksenj. Sok prfhtehk `b ae`lelehry skkis t` arejn tok telk-tkstkc wesc`l `b debk t` tok cksenj tfadk t` ejb`rl oulfj s`dute`js toft hrkftk h`jcete`js h`jcuhevk t` debk. Ft ets l`st prfhtehfd, ae`lelehry es f wfy `b skkiejn sustfejfadk s`dute`js ay a`r r`wejn debk―s adukprejts, hoklehfd rkhepks, fjc kh`systkl strftkneks. Ft ets l`st trfjsb`rlftevk, ae`lelehry h`jjkhts us ej wfys toft t, fdenj, fjc ejtknrftk tok oulfj spkheks ejt` tok jfturfd pr`hkssks `b Kfrto.“ (Afulkestkr, 1=68)
ksskjstefd kdklkjts Ksskjtefd Kdklkjts7 Ae`lelehry CksenjDkjs —Sok prfhtehk `b ae`lelehry kla`ceks torkk ejtkrh`jjkhtkc, aut ujequk ejnrkcekjts9 tok torkk Ksskjtefd Kdklkjts `b Ae`lelehr y rkprkskjt tok b`ujcfte`j `b tok ae`lelehry lklk. Ay h`laejejn tok ksskjtefd kdklkjts t`nktokr, ae`-ejsperkc cksenj akh`lks ae`lelehry.
• Sok kto`s kdklkjt b`rls tok ksskjhk `b `ur ktoehs, `ur ejtkjte`js, fjc `ur ujckrdyejn poed`s`poy b`r woy wk prfhtehk ae`lelehry. Kto`s rkprkskjts `ur rkspkht b`r, rksp`jseaedety t`, fjc nrftetuck b`r `ur bkdd`w spkheks fjc `ur o`lk. • Sok (rk)h`jjkht kdklkjt rkejb`rhks tok ujckrstfjcejn toft, woedk skklejndy —skpfrftk,“ pk`pdk fjc jfturk f rk fhtufddy ckkpdy ejtkrtwejkc. ^k frk jfturk. (Qk)h`jjkhtejn es f prfhtehk fjc f lejcskt toft kxpd`rks fjc ckkpkjs toes rkdfte`jsoep aktwkkj oulfjs fjc tok rkst `b jfturk. • Sok kludftk kdklkjt arejns tok prejhepdks, pfttkrjs, strftkneks, fjc bujhte`j b`ujc ej jfturk t` ejb`rl cksenj. Kludfte`j es fa`ut akejn pr`fhtevk ej fhoekvejn tok vese`j `b oulfjs ttejn ej sustfejfady `j kfrto.“ (Afulkestkr, 1=68)
debk prejhepdks —Debk―s ]rejhepdks frk cksenj dkss`js br`l jfturk. Afskc `j tok rkh`njete`j toft —Debk―s Debk `j Kfrto es ejtkrh`jjkhtkc fjc ejtkrckpkjckjt, fjc suagkht t` tok sflk skt `b `pkrftejn h`jcete`js, Debk ofs kv`dvkc kv`dvkc f skt `b strftkneks toft ofvk sustfejkc `vkr 8.? aedde`j ykfrs. Debk―s ]rejhepdks rkprkskjt toksk `vkrfrhoejn pfttkrjs b`ujc fl`jnst tok spkheks survevejn fjc torevejn `j Kfrto. Debk ejtknrftks fjc `ptelezks toksk strftkneks t` hrkftk h`jcete`js h`jcuhevk t` debk. Ay dkfrjejn br`l toksk ckkp cksenj dkss`js, wk hfj l`ckd ejj`vftevk strftkneks, lkfsurk `ur cksenj fnfejst toksk sustfejfadk akjholfris, fjc fdd`w `urskdvks t` ak lkjt`rkc ay jfturk―s nkjeus usejn Debk―s ]rejhepdks fs `ur fsperfte`jfd eckfds.“ (Afulkestkr, (Afulkestkr, 1=68)
ae`lelehry toejiejn —Ae`lelehry Soejiejn pr`vecks h`jtkxt t` wokrk, o`w,, woft, fjc woy ae`lelehry ts ejt` tok pr`hkss o`w `b fjy ceshepdejk `r fjy shfdk `b cksenj. ^oedk fiej t` f lkto`c`d`ny, Ae`lelehry Soejiejn es f brflkw`ri toft es ejtkjckc t` okdp pk`pdk prfhtehk ae`lelehr y woedk cksenjejn fjytoejn. Soksk frk b`ur frkfs ej woeho f ae`lelehry dkjs pr`vecks tok n rkftkst vfduk t` tok cksenj pr`hkss (ejckpkjckjt `b tok ceshepdejk ej woeho et es ejtknrftkc)7 sh`pejn, cesh`vkrejn, hrkftejn, fjc kvfduftejn. B`dd`wejn B`dd`wejn tok spkheh stkps wetoej kfho pofsk okdps kjsurk tok suhhkssbud ejtknrfte`j `b debk―s strftkneks ejt` oulfj cksenjs. cksenjs.““ (Afulkestkr, 1=68)
ejtr`cuhte`j t` —Ej nkjkrfd, sh`pejn `hhurs pre`r t` fhtufd cksenj fjc ejhducks prkpfrft`ry w`ri cktkrlejejn tok pr`gkht―s hofddkjnks, h`ddkhtejn fjc fjfdyzejn tok bfhts, skttejn n`fds, fjc ofrl`jezejn tok pr`gkht tkfl. Xh`pejn fds` skts tok vese`j b`r tok pr`gkht. Et pr`vecks tok `pp`rtujety b`r stfiko`dckrs t` ujetk akoejc f h`ll`j fsperfte`j, b`hus `j pre`reteks, fjc skt pkrb`rlfjhk stfjcfrcs. Sok pr`gkht sh`pk es tok hofjhk t` cktkrlejk woeho n`fds frk j`j-jkn`tefadk fjc woeho n`fds frk frkfs t` ak l`jet`rkc b`r elpr`vklkjts. ^okj et h`lks t` hrkftejn f sustfejfadk cksenj, tok sh`pejn pofsk es tok telk t` skt tok afr fs oeno fs p`sseadk t` stfrt, rkh`njezejn tok hurrkjt systkl wk frk fdd tekc t` wedd deikdy kft fwfy ft tok kcnks `b toft kxpfjsevk vese`j. F wkdd-fcfptkc cksenj lust lkkt tok bujhte`jfd jkkcs `b tok cksenj hofddkjnk ej tok h`jtkxt ej woeho et lust kxest ej `rckr t` h`jtreautk t` ets suhhkss. suhhkss.““ (Afulkestkr, 1=68) Fs ej ej jfturk jfturk,, wk wk ofc ofc `ur `ur cksen cksenj j hofddk hofddkjnk jnk klkr klkrnk nk h`ddk h`ddkhte htevkd vkdyy. ^oedk stedd fdd`wejn rkquesetk ujhkrtfejty t` rklfej, wk l`vkc b`rwfrc ej ckjejn f oulfj h`jtkxt t` rkbkrkjhk curejn `ur ejquery ejt` jfturk. Ay ikkpejn f suaskt `b —lust ofvk“ debk prejhepdks ej lejc tor`uno`ut toes pr`hkss, wk wkrk udtelftkdy fadk t` frtehudftk f hdkfr cksenj vese`j. Sok b`dd`wejn skhte`j wfdis tor`uno tok pr`hkss `b ckjejn tok h`jtkxt, eckjtebyejn tok bujhte`j, ejtknrftejn debk―s prejhepdks, fjc ckjejn f vese`j b`r `ur pr`g kht.
ckbe jejn tok h`jtkxt Sok n`fd `b toes stkp wfs t` cktkrlejk f spkheh cksenj hofddkjnk wetoej ets h`jtkxt s` toft tok nr`up ujckrst``c tok rkskfrho spfhk fjc tok h`jtkxt ej woeho t` w`ri. Et ejv`dvkc pehiejn f cksenj hofddkjnk hftkn`ry, fjc rkskfrhoejn tok spkheh kjver`jlkjt(s) tok hofddkjnk w`udc skrvk. Ej `rckr t` arfejst`rl fjc kxpd`rk p`sseadk cksenj hofddkjnks, `ur nr`up pkrb`rlkc f —stehiy j`tk `j wfdd“ (X.J.@.^.) fhtevety t` ckjk f cksenj cerkhte`j t` pursuk. ^k kfho wfdikc ej f herhdk fr`ujc tok r``l, stehiy j`tks fjc lfrikrs lfrikrs ej ofjc, fjc b`r ? lejutks wk wr`tk fs lfjy eckfs fs p`ssea dk `j p`st-ets. Sok eckfs nkjkrftkc br`l toes arfejst`rlejn fhtevety yekdckc ckpto fjc h`lpdkxety, fjc tok pr`lejkjt `vkrdfps ej t`pehs okdpkc us n rfvetftk t`wfrcs tw` prkbkrrkc hofddkjnk t`pehs7 trfjsp`rtfte`j fjc wfstk.
Ej f h`jvkrsfte`j fttklptejn t` lkrnk tok h`jhkpts `b trfjsp`rtfte`j fjc wfstk, wk hflk up`j trfbh gfls fs f wfstkbud fhtevety ej trfjsp`rtfte`j. ^k tokj kxtkjckc tok j`te`j `b trfbh gfls br`l r`fcwfys t` auedcejn ejtkre`rs. ^fetejn ^fetejn b`r kdkvft`rs ej tfdd auedcejns skklkc deik f hkrtfej fv`r `b —trfbh gfl,“ s` wk ckheckc ckheckc t` l`vk b`rwfrc br`l tokrk.
vkrtehfd trfjsp`rtfte`j
rkskfrhoejn tok h` jtk jtkxt xt
Fs f jkxt stkp, `ur tkfl rkskfrhokc rkskfrhokc tok h`jtkxt `b ejc``r vkrtehfd trfjsp`rt fjc pkrb`rlkc f r`ujc `b —denotjejn-spkkc rkskfrho,“ ej woeho kfho pkrs`j skfrhokc b`r ejb`rlfte`j b`r f so`rt pkre`c `b telk akb`rk h`laejejn tok rksudts. Soes lkto`c wfs kbhekjt ej quehidy pr`cuhejn f oeno v`dulk `b ejb`rlfte`j. Fs kfho pkrs`j fppr`fhokc rkskfrho cebbkrkjtdy, tok rksudts vfrekc ej suagkht lfttkr fjc skklkc t` h`lprkokjsevkdy fccrkss tok t`peh.
Ej `ur huludftevk rkskfrho jcejns, wk cesh`vkrkc toft fjy auedcejn weto ludtepdk ``rs rkquerks f b`rl `b vkrtehfd trfjsp`rt b`r pk`pdk t` fhhkss kfho dkvkd. Sok torkk l`st h`ll`j l`cks `b vkrtehfd trfjsp`rt wkrk stfers, kshfdft`rs, fjc kdkvft`rs. Soksk l`cks frk typehfddy cksenjkc t` w`ri t`nktokr ej f h`laejkc kbb`rt fs cktkrlejkc ay tok auedcejn sofpk, julakr `b ``rs, v`dulk `b trfbh `w wetoej tok auedcejn, brkqukjhy `b usk, fjc kvkj tok fkstokteh cksenj cksenj `b tok spfhk.
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l`st h`l l`j typks `b vk r tehfd trfjsp`rt ^okj wk h`jseckrkc o`w ejcevecufds ejtkrfht weto kfho `b toksk vkrtehfd trfjsp`rt `pte`js, wk b`ujc toft tok stfers rkquerk dfrnk fl`ujts `b poysehfd kbb`rt br`l tok uskr woedk tok `tokr `pte`js ejv`dvk pkre`cs `b wfetejn fjc stfjcejn. Sok kdkvft`r es tok l`st fhhksseadk b`r uskrs fs tok spfhk ej woeho toky stfjc lust dknfddy fhh`ll`cftk f rfjnk `b poysehfd cesfaedeteks. Sok stfers ofvk akjkts ej toft toky c` j`t rkquerk p`wkr t` w`ri fjc frk f bkfseadk `pte`j curejn rks (lfiejn tokl rkquerkc kxet r`utks ej fdd auedcejns). @j tok `tokr ofjc, kshfdft`rs fjc kdkvft`rs `bbkr h`jvkjekjhk fjc kfsk ay c`ejn tok w`ri `b trfjsp`rtejn b`r tok uskr. ^oedk fdd `pte`js ofvk toker skddejn p`ejts, p`ejts, fdd ofvk crfwafhis ej hftkn`reks suho fs sfbkty, spfhk bkfseaedety, `r h`st, b`r kxflpdk. Sok rkskfrho ejb`rlkc us toft tok cksenj lust t tok typk `b auedcejn fjc tok h`jtkxt ej woeho et wedd `pkrftk. Ay ujckrstfjcejn tok hofrfhtkrestehs, `pte`js, fjc deletfte`js wetoej tok auedcejn `b ho`ehk, tok cksenj hfj fccrkss toksk toksk trfck-`bbs ej `rckr t` kbhekjtdy l`vk pk`pdk ft tok rftk fjc ej tok cerkhte`j toky rkquerk. Burtokrl`rk, senjehfjt kbb`rts ofvk fdrkfcy akkj lfck ej tok kdkvft`r skht`r ej `rckr t` elpr`vk spkkc, h`st, fjc kbhekjhy `b tok cebbkrkjt systkls t` rkcuhk `vkrfdd usk `b rks`urhks fjc `ptelezk trfjsp`rt pr`hkssks. Soksk tkhojequks ejcehftk toft tok cksenj so`udc h`jseckr h`jseckr tok kjterk systkl `b tok auedcejn ej ets `pkrfte`jfd strftkny.
cksenje jn tok h`jtkxt Sok h`jtkxt b`r woeho wk cksenjkc h`jsests `b f tfdd auedcejn, weto b`ur `r l`rk ``rs, toft utedezks fj kdkvft`r-typk kdkvft`r-typk systkl fs ets lfej l`ck `b vkrtehfd trfjsp`rt. Soes lkfjs toft tok fucekjhk prkbkrs f d`w-kbb`rt d`w-kbb`rt s`dute`j s`dute`j b`r toker trfjsp`rt jkkcs, es kxp`skc t` wfet telks, fjc jkkcs fhhkss t` fjy ``r ej tok auedcejn wetoej f so`rt telk pkre`c. ^oedk stfers lust ak `bbkrkc fs fj fttrfhtevk fdtkrjftevk, tok cksenj so`udc skrvk fs tok lfej lkfjs `b trfjsp`rt tor`uno`ut tok kjterk auedcejn, pr`vecejn f cerkht r`utk t` f ckserkc ``r. Fccete`jfddy, Fccete`jfddy, tok b`hus `b tok auedcejn es hkjtkrkc
up`j rkfhoejn f jfd ckstejfte`j, suho fs fj `bhk `r ckpfrtlkjt, rftokr tofj jfvenftejn tok kjterk auedcejn (k.n. vesetejn f luskul). Soes lkfjs toft tok trfbh es l`rk ejtkrlettkjt fjc pkrs`jfdezkc fs pk`pdk trfvkd ej ceshrktk treps, vkrsus l`vejn ej f h`jstfjt `w `w,, tor`uno`ut tok auedcejn. Deletejn bfht`rs t` h`jseckr ejhduck auedcejn nk`lktreks, kjkrny rkquerklkjts, d`fc hfpfhety, fucekjhk jkkcs, jkkcs, pr`nrfllejn, fkstoktehs, fjc `b h`ursk kjver`jlkjtfd elpfht.
eckfd fucekjhk
Sok h`jtkxt ej woeho wk kjvese`j `ur cksenj t` kxest es fj ejj`vftevk spfhk wokrk cevkrsety es ejvetkc t` ejtkrrkdftk (fs jfturk w`udc c`), kjnkjckrejn eckf fjc ejb`rlfte`j trfjsfhte`js aktwkkj vkry cebbkrkjt h`llujeteks `b auedcejn `hhupfjts. Ej toes l`ckd, `ur cksenj skrvks fs tok hkjtrfd trfjsp`rt b`r f auedcejn ej `rckr t` deji cestejht skts `b n r`ups curejn l`vklkjt. Sokrk es f nr`up `b resi-tfikrs toft ejhducks ejvkst`rs, ejvkst`rs, cksenjkrs, fjc vkjturk hfpetfdests wo` arejn tok buturesteh lejcskt t` toes h``pkrftevk kjver`jlkjt. S` nr`ujc fjc h`ujtkrafdfjhk toes cyjfleh h`laejfte`j, fj kdklkjtfry sho``d fjc f h`ddkhte`j `b —wesc`lfteh“ ejcevecufds (k.n.. poed`s`pokrs, tok`d`nefjs, kth.) frk prkskjt t` lex (k.n eckfs, dkfrj br`l tok ausejkssks ausejkssks,, fjc skr vk fs ejsperfte`j. Soksk oenokr toejiejn `rnfjezfte`js ejhduck cevejety sho``ds, toeji tfjis, fhfckleh rkskfrho bfhedeteks, `r fjy julakr `b wesc`l-klarfhejn kjteteks. @vkrfdd, @vkrfdd, tok auedcejn―ss `hhupfjts b`r l fj kh`-systkl toft torevks auedcejn― up`j ejb`rlfte`jfd kxhofjnk bfhedetftkc ay tok cksenj etskdb. Soes hkjtrfdezkc vkrtehfd trfjsp`rt systkl l`vks f oeno v`dulk `b trfbh h`jsestejn `b ejcevecufds weto f weck rfjnk `b fnks fjc kxpkrtesk. Burtokrl`rk, tok ejtkre`r h`dulj `b tok auedcejn skrvks fs fj kxoeaete`j spfhk, h`jvkyejn tok `jn`ejn fhteveteks fhtevet eks `b kfho `rnfjezfte`j t` tok `tokrs. Soes hurfte`j `b j`jpr`prektfry `rnfjezfte`jfd ij`wdkcnk fjc/`r prfhtehks es bfhedetftkc ay f pkrs`j `r n r`up `b pk`pdk wo`sk rksp`jseaedety et es t` okdp auedcejn `hhupfjts kduhecftk fjc vesufdezk toker `wj eckfs. Ay kjh`urfnejn fjc okdpejn kfho `rnfjezfte`j ej tok auedcejn kxtkrjfddy prkskjt ets `wj pr`hkssks `b to`unot fjc pr`cuhte`j, ij`wdkcnk es rkejb`rhkc ejtkrjfddy. Sor`uno toes pr`hkss `b hurftkc sofrejn, ejb`rlfte`j es rksoubkc fjc ujkxpkhtkc eckfs hfj ak ejh`rp`rftkc ejt` tok lkjtfd shoklks `b `tokrs.
cksenj stftk stftklkjt7 lkjt7 @ur cksen j es t` trfjsp`r t pk`pdk vkr tehfddy ej fj kbbehekjt wfy. vee s e ` j s t f t k l k j t 7 v
@ur c ksen j suhh kkcs ay `rnfjehfddy bfhedetftejn trfjsp`r tfte`j `b pk`pdk fjc eckfs tor`uno`ut ejtkre`r spfhks.
usejn ae`lelehr y tfx`j`ly ^okj tryejn t` kxprkss tok ejtkjte`j `b tok cksenj, et wfs jkhkssfry t` cestejnueso f bujhte`j, rftokr tofj f poysehfd poysehfd `uth`lk, s` toft s`dute`js w`udc j`t ak deletkc deletkc t` f jfrr`w prkh`jhkpte`j `b kdkvft`r b`rl. Sous, pursuejn f bujhte`j fdd`wkc b`r tok tkfl t` ejvkstenftk strftkneks t` kludftk rftokr tofj b`rls t` cupdehftk. Sok Ae`lelehry Sfx`j`ly wfs tok nueck b`r toes stkp fjc tok tkfl―s pftowfy `j tok hfrc wfs fs b`dd`ws7 • Nr`up7 —L`vk `r Xtfy ]ut“ – b`husejn `j vkrtehfd trfjsp`rt • Xua-Nr`up7 —L`vk“ – b`husejn `j o`w toejns l`vk, j`t o`w toky —fttfho“ t` s`lktoejn toft es fdrkfcy l`vejn • Bujhte`j7 —Ej/@j X`decs, Ej/@j Dequecs, Ej nfsks“ – t` ejsperk `ur rkskfrho `b jfturk― jfturk―ss nkjeus
ejtknrftejn debk prejhepdks Curejn sh`pejn, wk h`llettkc t` ejh`rp`rftejn spkheh debk prejhepdks ejt` `ur cksenj ej `rckr t` hrkftk h`jcete`js h`jcuhevk t` debk. ^k lfck surk t` h`jtejufddy rkbkrkjhk toksk tor`uno`ut h`jhkptufdezfte`j fjc syjtokses t` kjsurk tok o`desteh kv`dute`j `b `ur cksenj. ‘ ^k akdekvk tokrk Qkpdehftk Xtrftkneks Soft ^`ri ‘ lust ak f vefadk strftkny br`l tok pdkto`rf `b kxestejn ae`d`nehfd trfjsp`rtfte`j lkto`cs. Xkdb-@rnfjezk ‘ Sok cksenj so`udc fttujk etskdb t` tok `rnfjeh, spftefd, spftefd, fjc tklp`rfd `w `b pk`pdk tor`uno`ut tok auedcejn. Ak D`hfddy Fttujkc fjc Qksp`jsevk ‘ Sok cksenj so`udc ak shfdfadk fjc akofve`rfddy hust`lezfadk b`r spkheh elpdklkjtfte`js. Dkvkrfnk Hyhdeh ]r`hkssks ‘^k akdekvk toft tok ejcevecufd―ss huludftevk g`urjky aknejs fjc kjcs ft tok ejcevecufd― auedcejn kjtrfjhk, tokrkb`rk hrkftejn f hyhdk (e.k. woft n`ks up lust h`lk c`wj). [sk Bkkcafhi D``ps ‘ Sok cksenj so`udc rksp`jc t` tok uskr, ejh`rp`rftejn toker d`hfte`j, ckstejfte`j fjc telk spkjt ej kfho stfnk `b tok kxpkrekjhk.
ceshusse`j `b ho`ehks ^okj lfiejn toksk ho`ehks, wk wk b`huskc `j tok prejhepdks wk to`unot wkrk l`st rkdkvfjt rkdkvfjt t` `ur h`jtkxt fjc w`udc akst skrvk fs f strftkneh pdftb`r l fjc afses b`r n r`wto. Fdto`uno wk rkh`njezk toft fdd `b debk―s prejhepdks frk elp`rtfjt t` try t` ejh`rp`rftk, toksk vk sp`ik t` us fs kxhkpte`jfddy p`enjfjt b`r `ur cksenj hofddkjnk `b trfjsp`rtejn pk`pdk vkrtehfddy ej fj kbhekjt wfy wfy..
h`jhduse`j t` Sor`uno`ut `ur sh`pejn pofsk, wk w`rikc t`nktokr fs f tkfl t` ckheck up`j `ur cksenj hofddkjnk. Sor`uno toes pr`hkss, wk akhflk bfledefr weto fvfedfadk Ae`lelehry t``ds, suho fs tok tfx`j`ly. ^k ^k dkfrjkc fa`ut tok wfys `tokrs ofc fdrkfcy fccrksskc `ur cksenj cksenj hofddkjnk ay rkskfrhoejn kxestejn fjc jkfr-buturk s`dute`js ej tok hftkn`reks `b kdkvft`rs, kshfdft`rs, fjc stfers. Sok ejb`rlfte`j wk nftokrkc dkc `ur tkfl t` ckheck up`j f spkheh h`jtkxt, fs wkdd fs ejb`rl us `b tok h`jseckrfte`js jkkckc t` hrkftk f suhhkssbud cksenj b`r `ur ejtkjckc fucekjhk. ^eto tok j`vkd pkrspkhtevk (b`r us) `b jfturk fs f l`ckd, lkjt`r, fjc lkfsurk wk prkpfrkc `urskdvks t` trfjsete`j ejt` dkfrjejn br`l jfturk cerkhtdy cerkhtdy..
ejtr`cuhte`j t` —^oedk s`lk lfy adkjc rkskfrho h`ll`jdy ej tok cesh`vkre cesh`vkrejn jn pofsk weto tok afhinr`ujc fssksslkjt fssksslkjt `b tok sh`pejn pofsk, wk tkfsk tokl fpfrt okrk t` ckl`jstrftk tok ujequk vfduk toft ae`lelehry toejiejn arejns t` tok rkskfrho fspkhts `b tok cesh`vkrejn cesh`vkrejn pofsk… Sok nkjkrfd `agkhtevk `b tok cesh`vkrejn cesh`vk rejn pofsk es t` kjtkr tok rkfdl `b cevkrnkjt to`unot, to`unot, wokrk tkfl lklakrs ar`fckj toker pkrspkhtevks pkrspkhtevks t` fdd`w b`r f weck rfjnk `b eckfs, ejputs fjc ejukjhks…^oedk lfrikt rkskfrho es `btkj tok crevejn ejput ejt` l`st cksenj pr`hkssks, l`st rfcehfd ejj`vfte`js h`lk br`l `utseck `b tok j`rl, ak et vese`js `b f p`sseadk buturk, h`lpdktkdy ujkxpkhtkc h`jjkhte`js fjc ejsperfte`js, `r purkdy areddefjt ejsenots. Ej lfjy wfys, ae`lelehry toejiejn akst skrvks rfcehfd ejj`vfte`j akhfusk jfturfd l`ckds nkjkrfddy frkj―t stfjcfrc s`urhks, ykt jf turk― turk―ss strftkneks hfj pr`veck vkry h`lpkddejn buturk vese`js fjc areddefjt ejsenots, pr`vkj ay 8.? aedde`j ykfrs `b Q&C Q&C.“ .“ (Afulkestkr, 1=68) Fbtkr ujvkedejn `ur cksenj hofddkjnk hofddkjnk br`l tok sh`pejn pofsk, wk l`vkc `j t` tok cesh`vkrejn pofsk, kqueppkc weto f s`dec h`jtkxt fjc cksenj vese`j. S` stfrt, stfrt, wk aknfj tok hretehfd pkre`c `b tfrnktkc ae`d`nehfd ejquery ay b`rludftejn `ur cksenj stftklkjt ejt` f ae`d`nezkc qukste`j. [sejn toft fs `ur nueck, `ur tkfl s`unot ejsperfte`j br`l jfturk fjc nrfspkc strftkneks uskc ay `rnfjesls b`r budddejn toker bujhte`js wetoej devejn systkls. @ur tkfl uskc cebbkrkjt dkjsks t` kxpd`rk jfturk―s nkjeus br`l ludtepdk pkrspkhtevks, pkrspkhtevks, ejhducejn to`sk `b tok ae`d`nehfd, kh`d`nehfd, jfturfdest, d`hfd, fjc bujhte`jfd vfrekty. Fdd `b tok cesh`vkreks wkrk hfpturkc ej —bujhte`j hfrcs“ (b`rlfttkc sullfreks `b deb k b`rls) toft kxpdfejkc tok ujequk bujhte`js, strftkneks, fjc lkhofjesls `b to`sk l`ckds. Br`l to`sk ckshrepte`js wk fastrfhtkc cksenj prejhepdks t` pr`l`tk kludfte`j `b jfturk―s strftkneks strftkneks ej tok b`dd`wejn hrkftejn pofsk.
cesh `vkr jfturfd l`ckds Curejn toes pfrt `b `ur cesh`vkrejn pofsk, wk b`huskc `j dkfrjejn fa`ut tok jfturfd l`ckds b`ujc ej jfturk. ^k fsikc tok qukste`j —o`w c`ks jfturk l`vk (fjc j`t l`vk) vkrtehfddy ej fj kbhekjt wfy0“ ^k cerkhtdy kxpd`rkc jfturk fr`ujc us t` poysehfddy `askrvk toksk bujhte`js fjc suppdklkjtkc toes lkto`c`d`ny ay rkskfrhoejn `jdejk fjc fsiejn b`r tok ejput `b Krjst I`rtshofi, `ur shekjtest ft tok cksenj tfadk.
S` b`hus `ur tkfl―s cksenj hofddkjnk `jt` f pfto `b ae`d`nehfd ejvkstenfte`j, et wfs elp`rtfjt t` —ae`d`nezk“ tok cksenj bujhte`j s` toft wk h`udc jc suetfadk hfsk stuceks b`r kludfte`j. Qkbkrkjhejn tok Ae`lelehry tfx`j`ly fjc ejh`rp`rftejn `ur spkheh cksenj ejtkjte`j, wk ho`sk tok qukste`j7
O`w c` ks j ftur k trfjsp`r t ` rnfjesls vkrtehfddy0
Ej tok pr`hkss `b cesh`vkrejn jfturfd jfturfd l`ckds, wk pfrtehepftkc ej f vfrekty `b lkto` cs, ejhducejn jfturk fcvkjturks, dls, dkhturks, fjc pkrs`jfd sikthoejn. Sok fcvkjturks ejhduckc kdc treps t` d`hfd setks, ho`skj ay `ur shekjtest ft tok cksenj tfadk, woeho `bbkrkc ujequk skttejns suho fs h`fstfd l`ujtfejs `r hkcfr b`rksts. Sok dls fjc dkhturks b`huskc `j ujckrstfjcejn spkheh kh`systkls fjc tok pdfjkt fs `jk systkl ay pr`vecejn shekjteh kxpdfjfte`js fjc jk-tujkc vesufdezfte`js. Ejcevecufddy, tkfl lklakrs spkjt telk ej `ur jfturfd skttejn t` fttujk weto jfturk fjc `askrvk et tor`uno eXetk fhteveteks fjc sikthoejn. S` r`ujc `ut cesh`vkrejn weto l`rk pkrtejkjt l`ckds, `ur tkfl fds` rkskfrhokc tok FsiJfturk cftfafsk fjc `tokr rks`urhks. Ae`lelehry toejiejn ejv`dvks fc`rjejn `ur lejcs weto cebbkrkjt pkrspkhtevks, hfddkc dkjsks. Soksk fdd`w y`u t` b`hus `j fjc pr`hkss ejb`rlfte`j br`l f hkrtfej p`ejt `b vekw vekw,, hrkftejn vfrekc vkrse`js `b o`w t` ujckrstfjc tok l`ckds. Sok pkrspkhtevk `bbkrkc ay tok kh`d`nehfd fjc ae`d`nehfd dkjsks dkc us t` h`jcuht f detkrfturk rkvekw fjc kjnfnk ej h`jvkrsfte`j weto `ur shekjtest ft tok cksenj tfadk. Ejvkstenftejn ujckrdyejn tok`ry fjc ofvejn fj kxpkrt weto woeho t` sofrk `ur hure`sety (fjc h`jbuse`j) pr`veckc us weto s`dec b`ujcfte`j t` auedc up`j. Sor`uno`ut tok pr`hkss, wk `btkj c`jjkc tok jfturfdest dkjs, rfjc`ldy kxpd`rejn jfturk fjc b`rhejn fss`hefte`js ay tfiejn woft wk `askrvkc fjc rkdftejn et t` `ur spkheh hofddkjnk `b vkrtehfd trfjsp`rt. Xeledfr, aut sdenotdy cebbkrkjt, wfs tok d`hfd dkjs. Soes fds` kjtfedkc wfdiejn fr`ujc tok l`ujtfejs, h`fstdejk fjc b`rksts `b ]r`vkjhk, Brfjhk, aut ejstkfc `b c`ejn s` rfjc`ldy, wk wkrk frlkc weto tok spkheh n`fd `b eckjtebyejn vkrtehfd trfjsp`rt systkls ej jfturk. Bejfddy, tok bujhte`jfd dkjs fdd`wkc us t` zkr` ej `j strftkneks fjc lkhofjesls tor`uno woeho cebbkrkjt `rnfjesls fhoekvk spkheh bujhte`js, udtelftkdy dkfcejn t` tok fastrfhte`j `b cksenj prejhepdks. Ej sullfry, toksk dkjsks ejcuhkc suatdk soebts ej `ur pkrspkhtevk woedk kxpd`rejn cebbkrkjt h`jtkxts, tokrkay h`jtreautejn t` f l`rk jufjhkc vekw `b woft jfturk ofs t` `bbkr.
rkskfrhoejn jfturfd l`ckds
Ej `rckr t` hrkftk spkheh rkskfrho fvkjuks, `ur tkfl pfrtehepftkc ej f arfejst`rlejn fhtevety hfddkc —^oft0 ^oy0 ^o`0 O`w0“ Ej rkspkhtevk `rckr, wk eckjtekc fs lfjy kxflpdks `b woft jfturk trfjsp`rts vkrtehfddy, woy et jkkcs t` c` toft, wo` c`ks tok l`vejn, fjc o`w toky lfjfnk t` c` et. F dfrnk dest wfs h`lpedkc `b p`sseadk rkskfrho t`pehs, fdd`wejn us t` ejvkstenftk f ludtetuck ludtetuck `b spkheh jfturfd l`ckds.
fastrfhtejn ae`d`nehfd strftkneks Sor`uno`ut toes pr`hkss, wk t``i woft wk b`ujc curejn `ur cesh`vkry `b jfturfd l`ckds fjc aknfj t` eckjteby ae`d`nehfd strftkneks. ^k ^k fastrfhtkc tok h`jhkpts uskc ay `ur jfturfd l`ckds ej `rckr t` ckjk fccete`jfd `pp`rtujeteks b`r fppdehfte`j fjc cerkht `ur lejcs t`wfrcs kludfte`j rftokr tofj rkpdehfte`j. ^k tokj h`jckjskc toft ejb`rlfte`j ay b`rludftejn ejtkddkhtufddy fhhksseadk —bujhte`j hfrcs“ ej `rckr t` nftokr ejsperfte`j fjc nueck cksenj curejn `ur dftkr hrkftejn pofsk.
b `rludftejn bujhte`j hfrcs L`rk spkhehfddy, tok hfrcs kxpdfejkc tok jfturfd l`ckd― l`ckd―ss bujhte`j (f spkheh fspkht `b l`vejn vkrtehfddy, kbhekjtdy, kbhekjtdy, `r fjytoejn skle-rkdftkc), tok strftkny uskc t` pkrb`rl tok b ujhte`j, tok lkhofjesl akoejc toft strftkny, fjc jfddy fastrfhtkc cksenj prejhepdks br`l tok ckshrepte`js `b tok spkheh lkhofjesls. Bujhte`js, strftkneks, fjc lkhofjesls wkrk cerkhtdy crfwj br`l ae`d`nehfd h`jtkjt, woedk tok fastrfhte`j `b tok cksenj prejhepdk rkquerkc f trfjsdfte`j br`l ae`d`ny ejt` dfjnufnk toft h`udc ak ujckrst``c ay f weck rfjnk `b pfrtehepfjts ej tok hrkfte`j pofsk. Soes typk `b prejhepdk rkprkskjtkc tok ksskjhk `b tok nkjeus cksenj `b fj `rnfjesl, fs et pkrtfejkc t` oulfj cksenj,
fjc skrvkc fs f nuecejn t``d t` kjsurk tok tkfl pr`pkrdy kludftkc jfturk ej tok hrkftejn pofsk. @j tok jkxt bkw pfnks es f skreks `b hfrcs t` skrvk fs kxflpdks `b tok dkvkd `b cktfed toft wfs kxpd`rkc b`r kfho. Sok rkst `b tok hfrcs frk h`jtfejkc wetoej fj fppkjcex ft tok kjc `b tok a``i. Ej `rckr t` fec ej d`hftejn f ckserkc hfrc, f lftrex (woeho b`dd`ws tok sflpdk hfrcs) wfs hrkftkc toft es s`rtkc ay nkjkrfd bujhte`j. @jhk tok ckserkc hfrc es eckjtekc, tok fppkjcex h`jtfejs tok hfrcs destkc ej fdpofaktehfd `rckr ay tok jflk `b tok `rnfjesl.
po`t`syjtokses Bujhte`j7 S` h`jvkrt kjkrny Xtrftkny7 ]dfjts usk po`t`syjtokses t` h`jvkrt s`dfr kjkrny ejt` hoklehfd kjkrny. Lkhofjesl7 ]dfjts, s`lk pr`tests, afhtkref fjc aduk-nrkkj fdnfk `atfej kjkrny tor`uno po`t`syjtokses. ]o`t`syjtokses usufddy `hhurs wetoej tok `rnfjesl―s dkfvks, woeho fas`ra sujdenot, wftkr fjc hfra`j ce`xeck. Soky h`jvkrt toksk jutrekjts ejt` sunfr, `r pdfjt bukd, fjc `xynkj. ]dfjts bujhte`j kbhekjtdy usejn toker surr`ujcejn rks`urhks. Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` h`jvkrt denot s` toft et pr`cuhks kjkrny t` trfjsp`rt ets uskrs.
fas`ras sujdenot
`xynkj dkfvks hfra`j ce`xeck kjtkrs
r``ts fas`ra wftkr Hetfte`j7 Hrkftejn Kjkrny br`l Xujdenot7 ]dfjts. (j.c.). FsiJfturk. Qktrekvkc Lfy ;, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/3f>>a?;36b=138>25;;16b6h36?;h58f#.[1bqAxAC2Ch Srfhy, ^. (1==2, Fpred 16). O`w tok Kfrto ^`ris. O`wXtubb^`ris.h`l. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6>, 1=63, br`l ottp7//shekjhk.o`wstubbw`ris. h`l/kjver`jlkjtfd/kfrto/nk`poysehs/kfrto8.otl
spettdkaun ]r`sfpef aehejhtf
Bujhte`j7 S` pr`tkht fjc husoe`j Xtrftkny7 Sok auaadks pr`cuhkc ay spettdkauns fdd`w tok aun t` pr`tkht fjc husoe`j etskdb. Lkhofjesl7 Xpettdkauns pr`cuhk f woetk auaadk suastfjhk `j pdfjts. Sok spettdkaun hrkftks toes b`fl-deik suastfjhk t` pr`tkht etskdb br`l `tokr ejskhts fjc t` husoe`j etskdb. ^okj spettdkauns bkkc, toky pujhturk tok pdfjt―s stkl, kftejn tok sfp. Sok sfp es tokj pulpkc tor`uno tok a`cy fjc kxpkddkc tor`uno tok fjus. Sok skhrktkc uec h`laejks weto fer fjc pr`cuhks tok pr`tkhtevk auaadks. Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` hrkftk f kxeadk, auaadk-deik struhturk s` toft et pr`vecks pr`tkhte`j fjc husoe`jejn.
spettdkaun pr`cuhks auaadk suastfjhk `j dkfb
spettdkaun sets ej auaadks b`r husoe`j fjc pr`tkhte`j
Hetfte`j7 Iudzkr, D. (6552, Gujk 6). Xpettdkauns. Hrfwb`rc.jkt. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6>, 1=63, br`l ottp7//hrfwb`rc.tfrcenrfck.jkt/auns/Aun`bL`jto16.otld @ptelfddy ]fhiejn Xpokrks7 Xpettdk Aun. (j.c.). FsiJfturk. Qktrekvkc Lfy ;, 1=63 , br`l ottp7//www.fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/1b1c3?h6>1b=f6b3=??;3c?ffa1kca=1#.[1brLxAC2Ch
nerfbbk Nerfbbf hflkd`pfrcfdes Bujhte`j7 S` pulp ad``c ej f h`jtr`ddkc `w Xtrftkny7 Sok kdfsteh ad``c vksskds ofvk vfdvks t` bfhedetftk rkturj `b ad``c br`l tok dkns t` tok okfr t. Sok vfdvks ej tok jkhi elpkck tok afhi `w `b ad``c t` tok okfc wokj f nerfbbk d`wkrs ets okfc t` creji. Lkhofjesl7 Nerfbbks ofvk twehk tok fl`ujt `b ad``c prkssurk tofj `tokr lfllfds. S` okdp ckfd weto oeno ad``c prkssurk, toky ofvk f h`lpdkx prkssurk rknudfte`j systkl (Leifd`wsiy, 1=61). Ad``c prkssurk ckpkjcs `j tok strkjnto `b tok hfrce`vfshudfr systkl, fs wkdd wkdd fs tok kbhekjhy `b tok pulp. Nerfbbks fcgust tok lushdks `b tok hfrce`vfshudfr systkl t` kjfadk sorejiejn fjc kxpfjcejn `b tok ad``c vksskds s` toft ad``c lfy rkfho bfr cestfjhks br`l tok okfrt. S ok jkhi h`jtfejs kdfsteh ad``c vksskds toft `pkj fjc hd`sk, woeho frk uskc t` prkvkjt t`` luho ad``c br`l n`ejn t` tok okfc. Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` usk h`jtrfhtejn tuak str uhturks fjc vfdvks s` toft wk hfj h`jtr`d tok `w `b rks`urhks.
kdfsteh ad``c vksskds h`jtrfht t` pulp ad``c
vfdvks `pkj fjc hd`sk t` h`jtr`d ad``c `w Hetfte`j Herhudft`ry Xystkl. (j.c.). Herhudft`ry Xystkl. Qktrekvkc Fpred 8=, 1=63, br`l ottp7//weie.oehisveddksho``ds.`rn/nr`ups/osae`d`ny/weie/ h85>3/Herhudft`ryPXystkl.otld Nerfbbk. (j.c.). 7 Herhudft`ry Xystkl. Qktrekvkc Fpred 8=, 1=63, br`l ottp7//pfenkleifd`wsiynerfbbk.ad`nsp`t.br/1=61/=3/herhudft`ry-sys-
dejkc skf stfr Duecef hdftorftf
l`vk fjc ofjcdk b``c Bujhte`j7 S` l`vk Xtrftkny7 Sok Dejkc Xkf Xtfr usks f oycrfudeh systkl `b h`jtrfhtejn tuaks. Lkhofjesl7 Sok Dejkc Xkf Xtfr usks f oycrfudeh systkl ej ets tuak bkkt ej `rckr nkt b``c. Fa`vk kfho tuak b``t es f auda`us hoflakr, `r tok flpuddf, toft es kqueppkc weto herhudfr lushdks fjc pkrpkjcehudfr, rkejb`rhejn akrs (G`jftofj, 1===). ^okj tok b``t lushdks h`jtrfht, uec es b`rhkc ejt` tok flpuddf, kxpfjcejn tok v`dulk `b toes lushdk. Ft tok sflk telk, f `jk-wfy fp vfdvk prkvkjts h`jtrfhte`j h`jtrfhte`j `b ketokr b``t `r flpuddfry lushdk br`l selpdy b`rhejn wftkr afhi ejt` to`sk pepks. Soksk tuak bkkt frk uskc b`r d`h`l`te`j fjc pulpejn b``c. Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` usk f oycrfudeh systkl `b h`jtrfhtejn tuaks s` toft et hfj trfjsp`rt etskdb fjc ejtfik ckserkc `agkhts. `agkhts.
wftkr `r `tokr lftkrefd es pulpkc
h`jtrfhtejn fjc kxpfjcejn lushdks
Hetfte`j G`jftofj, C. (1===, Lfy 6=). O`w Xtfrso L`vk. Sok Lfcrkp`retk Jkxus. Qktrekvkc Lfrho 6>, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.lfcrkp`retk. h`l/shekjhk/l`vklkjt.otl
kfrtow`rl Dularehus tkrrkstres
Bujhte`j7 S` l`vk Xtrftkny7 Kfrtow`rls so`rtkj fjc dkjntokj toker a`ceks ej `rckr t` ndeck tor`uno tok s`ed fjc lfjkuvkr fr`ujc `astfhdks. Lkhofjesl7 Kfrtow`rls l`vk tor`uno s`ed ay h`jtrfhtejn fjc dkjntokjejn toker a`ceks. F sknlkjt `b tok a`cy rklfejs fjho`rkc t` tok s`ed fr`ujc et weto ofers fjc arestdks woedk fj`tokr fcvfjhks. X`lk spkheks kxhrktk f duarehftejn luhus woeho okdps tokl ndeck fs toky aurr`w tor`uno tok s`ed.
h`lprksse`j fjc kxpfjse`j Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` elpdklkjt h`lprksse`j s` toft l`vklkjt es hrkftkc.
fjjkdecs frk sknlkjtkc pfrts `b tok w`rl toft okdp et l`vk
w`rl es h`vkrkc weto tejy ofers hfddkc sktfk
sktfk fjho`r pfrt `b tok w`rl t` tok nr`ujc woedk tok `tokr sknlkjts l`vk Hetfte`j Dfrnk v`dulks l`vk tor`uno slfdd spfhks7 h`ll`j kfrtow`rl. (j.c.). FsiJfturk. Qktrekvkc Lfy ;, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.fsijfturk. `rn/strftkny/3h3?hcf;=1?=?>a2;523a>3k8?bk12>6#.[1btbQAC2Ch H`ll`j Kfrtow`rls, H`ll`j Kfrtow`rl ]ehturks, H`ll`j Kfrtow`rl Bfhts - Jfte`jfd Nk`nrfpoeh. (j.c.). Qktrekvkc br`l ottp7//fjelfds.jfte`jfdnk`nrfpoeh.h`l/fjelfds/ejvkrtkarftks/kfrtow`rl/
frly fjts Khet`j aurhokddee
l`vk dfrnk nr`ups `b fjts ej fj `rnfjezkc lfjjkr Bujhte`j7 S` l`vk Xtrftkny7 Frly Fjts usk pokr`l`jk trfeds t` nueck toklskdvks ej lfss qufjteteks. Lkhofjesl7 Ay b`dd`wejn pokr`l`jk trfeds, frly fjts l`vk ej nr`ups up t` >==,===, a`to kb hekjtdy fjc strftknehfddy. Fdto`uno toky frk adejc fjc l`vejn ej `pp`setk cerkhte`js, frly fjts stfy ej h`rrkdftkc dejks woedk vkry rfrkdy arkfiejn fwfy. fwfy. S` c` toes, toes, toky b`rl torkk dfjks `b trfbh. Sok hkjtkr dfjk h`jsests `b fjts hfr ryejn b``c woedk tok `tokr fjts b`dd`w f pokr`l`jk trfed dkbt ay ets prkckhkss`r. Sok `utseck dfjks frk b`rlkc ay fjts okfcejn t`wfrcs b``c, fs cerkhtkc ay tok hkjtkr dfjk. ]okr`l`jk trfeds frk skhrktkc tor`uno tok vkjtrfd vkj`l ndfjc weto tok prelfry n`fd n`fd `b dkfcejn `tokr fjts t` b``c s`urhks (H`uzej & Brfjis, 1==1). Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` rkdkfsk f senjfd s` toft lfss trfjsp`rtfte`j es nueckc ej fj `rnfjezkc cerkhte`j.
fjts hrkftk `rnfjezkc trfbh `w
b``c pokr`l`jk trfed Hetfte`j Nr`ups l`vk kbhekjtdy7 frly fjts. (j.c.). FsiJfturk. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6>, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/kh61?1fottp7//www.fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/kh61?1fcf5>ca>af3>=b5fc2h2k>??56#.[6Fkc_cC2Ch
l`squet`beso Nflausef fbjes
Bujhte`j7 S` l`vk ej dfrnk lfssks weto`ut h`ddecejn weto `jk fj`tokr Xtrftkny7 L`squet`so usk f dftkrfd dejk skjsejn systkl t` cktkht surr`ujcejn `agkhts. Lkhofjesl7 Sok dftkrfd dejk es f r`w `b udtrf skjsetevk hkdds d`hftkc fr`ujc tok okfc fjc seck `b tok a`cy. Ej `rckr t` cktkht surr`ujcejn `agkhts, l`squet`so skjsk hofjnks ej wftkr l`te`j fjc prkssurk nrfcekjts tor`uno `utkr shfdks (Dftkrfd Dejk Xystkls `b Beso, j.c.). Sok wftkr es tokj skjskc wetoej tok dftkrfd dejk hfjfd. F rkhkptevk rkhkptevk bkfturk, hfddkc f jkur`lfst (h`lp`skc `b skjsetevk ofer hkdds, supp`rt hkdds, hkdds, fjc skjs`ry jkur`js), cktkhts prkssurk wfvks nkjkrftkc ay tok l`vklkjts l`vklkjts `b jkenoa`rejn l`squet`so. Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` usk kxtkrjfd bkkcafhi fa`ut rkdftevk p`sete`j s` toft ets kdklkjts hfj ukjtdy l`vk ej dfrnk lfssks.
wftkr cespdfhklkjt dftkrfd dejk hfjfd
jkur`lfst
Hetfte`j Ejcevecufds fv`ec h`jtfht7 l`squet`so. (j.c.). - FsiJfturk. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6>, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/5?==cottp7//www.fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/5?==cha>=?6621a3b2258?f1?6a2?b5a#.[6Axp6];jks
sdelk l`dc ]oysfrul p`dyhkpofdul
Bujhte`j7 S` jktw`ri fjc h`js`decftk ej `rckr t` jc b``c s`urhks Xtrftkny7 Sok Xdelk L`dc skdb-`rnfjezks fjc usks fj kbhekjt jktw`ri `b tuaks t` d`hftk ets b``c.
preletevk debk b`r l weto Lkhofjesl7 Xdelk L`dc es f sejndk-hkddkc, preletevk f s`poestehftkc b`rfnejn tkhojequk. Et pudsks fjc sprkfcs fj kbhekjt jktw`ri `b tuaks ej `rckr t` d`hftk b``c. Fbtkr et ofs d`hftkc f s`urhk `b b``c et sorejis afhi ets ujuskc tuaks t` h`jskrvk rks`urhks . Kfho h`jjkhtejn tuak skrvks fs f wfy b`r tok l`dc t` trfjsbkr jutrekjts. Sok l`dc fdwfys ofs l`rk tofj `jk h`jjkhtejn tuak t` f b``c s`urhk ej `rckr t` pr`tkht etskdb br`l cflfnk. jktw`ris fjc h`js`decftk Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` usk kbhekjt jktw`ris s` toft et hfj b`hus `j hkrtfej rks`urhks.
6
1 sdelk l`dc kxpfjcs ej skfrho skfrho `b tok b``c
8
3 `jhk et jcs b``c, tok sdelk l`dc trels fjy ujuskc tuaks t` h`jskrvk kjkrny
Hetfte`j Hyt`pdfsl skkis kbhekjt r`utks7 sdelk l`dc. (j.c.). FsiJfturk. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6>, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/ c52hfca6ahff=h=a=363?8c2=f5h>>16#.[6A[vR];jks Xdelk L`dcs. (j.c.). Lehr`akw`rdc. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6>, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.lehr`akw`rdc.`rn/typks-`b-lehr`aks/pr`testf/sdelkl`dcs
skf urhoej Oktkr`hkjtr`tus lfleddftus
Bujhte`j7 S` trfjsp`rt rks`urhks br`l f hkjtrfd p`ejt t` kxtkjckc arfjhoks Xtrftkny7 Xkf urhoejs usk rfceftejn tuaks t` lejelezk tok cestfjhk lftkrefds ofvk t` ak trfjsp`rtkc. Lkhofjesl7 Xkf [rhoejs usk rfceftejn tuaks t` kbhekjtdy trfjsp`rt rks`urhks br`l toker hkjtkr t` toker kxtkjckc dkns. Ofvejn tok tuaks h`lk br`l f hkjtrfd p`ejt so`rtkjs tok cestfjhk toft rks`urhks ofvk t` trfvkd. Ay ejh`rp`rftejn hkjtrfdezkc arfjhoejn b`rls, skf urhoejs frk fadk t` nftokr rks`urhks fjc trfjsp`rt tokl t` toker kxtrkleteks (`r vehk vkrsf) l`rk kbhekjtdy. Soes hkjtrfd frkf es hfddkc tok pkrest`lk. Xpejks fr`ujc toes frkf frk hfpfadk `b fecejn d`h`l`te`j, aurr`wejn, fjc b``c nftokrejn (B`dd` & Bfutej, j.c.). ]kcehkddfrejk, d`hftkc aktwkkj spejks, fdd`w tok urhoej t` hdutho b``c. Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` ejh`rp`rftk rfceftejn sofpks s` toft cestfjhk es lejelezkc woedk trfjsp`rtejn rks`urhks.
pkcehkddfrejk
skf urhoej trfjsp`rts lftkrefds tor`uno kxtkjckc spejks t` lejelezk cestfjhk trfvkdkc
pkrest`lk
Hetfte`j B`dd`, G., & Bfutej, C. (j.c.). Khoej`eckf. Fjelfd Cevkrsety. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6>, 1=63, br`l ottp7//fjelfdcevkrsety.ullz.uleho.kcu/ fhh`ujts/Khoej`eckf/
ndfss sp`jnk Kupdkhtkddf fspkrneddul
Bujhte`j7 S` pr`veck f s`dec, ykt denotwkenot struhturk Xtrftkny7 Et ckvkd`ps hresshr`sskc pfttkrjs ej vfryejn sezks fjc fjndks a`to fd`jn fjc pkrpkjcehudfr t` tok pdfjk `b nr`wto.
auedc f Lkhofjesl7 Sok ndfss sp`jnk usks d`jn spehudks `b sedehf t` auedc fcvfjtfnk `b tok stfaedezejn kbbkht `b `b hresshr`sskc r`aust sikdkt`j, tfiejn fcvfjtfnk stebb akrs. Soksk akrs fdd`w tok sp`jnk t` rkcuhk tok wkenot `b ets sikdkt`j ay fv`ecejn s`dec surbfhks. Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` usk hresshr`sskc akrs s` toft et hfj h`jstruht f denotwkenot, r`aust struhturk.
spehudk struhturk
skf sp`jnk sikdktfd struhturk
hresshr`sskc sedehf auedc up
Hetfte`j Okxfhtejkddec. (j.c.). . Qktrekvkc Lfy ?, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.n``ndk.br/urd0sft`NFA-gf&ufht&vkc<=HH=VBgFF&urdt`NFA F&usnCNJ36B=G6^A8;3X@tn@qGw&sen1t`NFAF&usn
bujhte`j hfrc lftrex Nr`up Fttfho
Au`yfjhy
H `` `` rc rc ej ft ft e` j
Sok b`dd`wejn lftrex lftrex fecs ej d`hftejn spkheh bujhte`j hfrcs. hfrcs. Et es `rnfjezkc ay nkjkrfd bujhte`j fjc tok h`rrksp`jcejn bujhte`j hfrcs frk destkc ej tok fppkjcex (ej fdpofaktehfd `rckr ay `rnfjesl jflk).
Bujhte`j
@rnfjesl
Xtrftkny
t` fttfho t` `agkhts
Qkl`rf
Ay sdecejn afhiwfrcs `j `rnfjesls, Qkl`rf Qkl`rf hrkftk suhte`j, `jdy rkdkfsejn toft toft suhte`j wokj toky swel @ur cksenj es t` usk suhte`j t` fttfho kdklkjts t` dfrnkr kjteteks s` toft kjkrny es sfvkc. b`rwfrc ej rkdfte`j t` toker hurrkjt o`st.
Cksenj ]rejhepdk
t` fttfho t` `agkhts
Nd`ry Dedy
Nd`r y Dedeks hdela `v kr jkenoa`rejn pdfjt debk ej `rckr t` rkhkev k l`rk denot.
t` `ft up fjc c`wj ej wftkr
Aduk Xkf Xdun
Sok nfs-ddkc nfs-ddkc sfh sfh ej ets st`lfho st`lfho fdd`ws ` ws tok aduk u k skf sdun sdun t` `ft upseck upseck c`wj c`wj fjc t` tok surbfhk surbfhk..
@ur cksenj n j es t` hofjnk hofjnk ckjsety t y s` toft et `fts `r sejis. j is.
t` lf lfejtfej jk jkutrfd au au`yfjhy ej u uec
Qfy - -jjkc Be Bes o
Et rk rknudftks to tok fl fl`ujt `b `b nf nfs pr prkskjt ej ej fj fj ejtkrjfd, ej ejftfadk ho hoflakr.
@ur ck cks enj es t` t` ho hofjnk ck ckjsety s` s` to toft et ` `fts `r `r se sejis.
t` `ft `r seji
W``pdfjit`j f jit`j
Et fdtkrs fdtkrs ets ckjset ckjsety y tor`uno tor`uno v`dulk v`dulk hofjnk ft pofsk pofsk trfjset trfjsete`js e `js (deque (dequec t` s`dec ft h`dc h`dc tklpkrf tklpkrfturks turks fjc @ur cksenj es t` hofjnk ckjsety s` toft et `fts `r sejis. vehk vkrsf).
t ` l `v `v k d fr fr nk nk nr nr `u `u ps ps `b `b fj fj ts ts ej ej fj fj `r `r nf nf je je zk zk c l fj fj jk jk r
F rl rl y F jt jt s
@ur cks enj es t` usk `tokr struhtur ks t` hdela s ` toft dkss kjkr ny es kxkrtkc.
F rl rl y F jt jt s u sk sk po po kr kr `l `l `j `j k t rf rf ed s t ` n ue ue ck ck to to kl kl sk sk dv ks ks ej lf lf ss ss qu qu fj fj tete tete ks ks .
@ ur ur ck ck se se nj nj es t` t` rk rk dk fs fs k f se se nj nj fd fd s` s` to to ft ft lf lf ss ss tr tr fj fj sp sp `r `r tf tf tete `j `j es nu nu ec kc kc ej ej fj fj `r `r nf nf je je zk zk c c er kh kh tete `j `j .
t` l`vk ej dfrnk lfssks weto`ut h`ddecejn weto `jk fj`tokr L `s `s qu qu etet ` ` so so
L `s `s qu qu etet ` ` s o u sk sk f df tk tk rf rf d d ej ej k s kj kj se se jn jn s ys ys tk tk l t ` c kt kt kh kh t s u rr rr `u `u jc jc ej n ` ag ag kh kh ts ts .
@ ur ur ck ck s en j es t ` u sk sk kx kx tk tk rj rj fd fd bk bk kc kc af af hi hi f a` a` ut ut rk rk df tete vk vk p` p` se se tete `j `j s` s` to to ft ft etet s k dk dk lk lk jt jt s h fj fj u u kj kj tdtd y l `v `v k ej df df rn rn k lfssks.
t` jktw`ri fjc h`js`decftk ej `rckr t` jc b``c s`urhks
Xdelk L`dc
Sok Xdelk L`dc skdbskdb-`rnfje `rnfjezks z ks fjc fjc usks usks fj kbhekjt k jt jktw`r jktw`ri i `b tuaks t` d`hftk ` hftk ets b``c. ` `c.
@ur cksenj cksenj es t` usk kbhekj kbhekjtt jktw`ris jktw`ris fjc h`js`de h`js`decftk c ftk s` toft toft et hfj b`hus b`hus `j hkrtfej hkrtfej rks`urh rks`urhks. ks.
Husoe`j
t` pr`tkh t fjc husoe`j
Xpettdkaun
Sok auaadks pr`cuhkc ay spettdkauns fdd`w tok aun t` pr`tkh t fjc husoe`j etskdb.
@ur cksenj es t` hrkftk f kxeadk, auaadk-deik struhturk s` toft et pr`vecks pr`tkhte`j fjc husoe`j.
Bdfppejn
t` nkjkrftk debt fjc o`v kr ej pdfhk
Oullejnaerc
Q`tftejn so`udckrs ckrs `vkr weck frhs fdd`ws wejns t` nkjkrftk debt br`l r`l a`to cerkhte`js `b fppejn.
@ur cksenj es t` r`tftk wejns ej swkkpejn nurk kenot pfttkrjs s` toft et hfj o`vkr.
t` nkjkrftk debt
Bruet Bru et Bdy
Bruet Bru et ek eks s akf akftt tok toker er wej wejns ns ft kxt kxtrkl rklkdy kdy oen oeno o brk brkquk qukjhe jheks. k s.
@ur cks cksenj enj es t` usk usks s quehi h i wej wejn n fp fppej pejn n s` tof toftt deb debtt es nkj nkjkrf krftkc tkc..
Sok vflperk squec j`rlfddy usks js t` h`jskrvk kjkrny fjc kjnfnks tok trfcete`jfd squec gkt pr`pudpr`pudse`j `jdy ej telks `b jkkc.
@ur cksenj es t` ejhduck f afhiup pr`pudse`j systkl s` toft ejhrkfskc spkkc ej telks `b jkkc es fvfedfadk.
t` pr`veck dftkrfd pr`pudse`j b`r kbhekjhy fjc f skh`jcfry Rflperk Xquec pr`pudse`j systkl b`r aursts `b spkkc
Bdkxeaedety
Gulpejn L es hk hk d fj fj k` k` us us
t` nkjkrftk debt kbhekjtdy
]frfseteh ^fsp
t` fhoekv fhoekvk k prkhesk prkhesk lfjk lfjkuvk uvkrfa rfaede edety t y fjc kbh kbhekj ekjhy hy ej enot enot
Crfn`j Crf n`jy y
Crfn`j Crf n`jek eks s usk cerkht cerkht lush lushudf udftur turk k t` h`jtr`d r `d ludte ludtepdk p dk pfers `b wejns j ns ej fdtk fdtkrjf rjftej tejn n pofsk. pofsk.
t` rkcuhk cr fn fn fjc elpr`vk debt cur ejn e enot
Auttkry
Lehr `- se sezkc shfdks `j `j wejn surbfhk elpr`vk e enot kbhekjhy.
@ur ck cks enj es t` t` usk s hf hfdks t` t` h`jtr `d u uec `w fd`jn sur bfhks s` s` toft enot es l`rk kbhekjt.
t` l`v k
Hftkrpeddfr
Hftkrpeddfrs usk toker lushdks fjc ujequk s truhturk t` l`vk `vkr f julakr `b surbfhks.
@ur cksenj elpdklkjts kxeadk struhturks s` toft et hfj l`vk ej wfvk-deik l`te`js.
t` l`v k queh idy
Hokktfo
Hokktfos of ofvk spejfd cesis toft kd`jnftk fjc h `lprkss ej `r `rckr t` tfi k d`jnkr st strecks fj fjc ejhrkfsk spkkc.
@ur cksenj es t` elpdklkjt h`lprksse`j fjc kxpfjse`j `b fj frtehudftkc struhturk s` toft l`vklkjt es `ptelezkc.
t` l`v k
Kfrtow`rl
Kfrtow`rls so`rtkj fjc dkjntokj toker a`ceks ej `rckr t` ndeck tor`uno tok s`ed fjc lfjkuv kr fr`ujc `astfhdks.
@ur cksenj es t` elpdklkjt h`lprksse`j fjc kxpfjse`j s` toft l`vklkjt es hrkftkc.
]`s ete`jejn
@ur cksenj es t` hdfp fjc pkkd wejns s` toft et hrkftks debt. @ur cksenj es t` elpdklkjt cerkht tkjsedk h`jtr`d `b pr`pudse`j lkhofjesls s` toft et es lfjkuvkrfadk.
t` l`v k `r s tfy put
J`rtokrj Dk`pfrc Br`n Sok j`rtokrj okrj dk`pfrc br`n st`rks kdfsteh kjkrny ej ets tkjc`js kjc`js fjc rkdkfsks et wokj gulpejn.
@ur cksenj es t` st`rk kdfsteh eh kjkrny s` toft et hfj ak uskc wokj l`vejn dftkr.
t` gulp weto rfpec p`wkr
Auso Afay
@ur cksenj es t` usk f hftfpudt l`te`j s` toft wk hfj quehidy fjc kbhekjtdy trfjsp`rt ejcevecufds.
Sok strkjnto fjc s of ofpk `b `b tok auso af afay―s dkns fd fdd`w fnedk dkfpejn fj fjc hdelaejn tor`uno trkks.
t ` l` vk vk nf nf s t or or `u `u no no f t ua ua k
Q kk c
S ok oky us us k o ke no no t- ck ckp kj kj ck ck jt jt we we jc sp sp kk kk c ( fj fj c t ok ok rk rk b` rk rk fe fer pr pr ks ks su su rk rk ) t` su su hi hi fe fer ej ej t` f o `d `dd `w `w tu tu ak ak .
@ ur ur ck ck se sen j u sk sk s p rk rk ss ss ur ur k c ebbk rk rk jt jte fd fd s s ` t of t e t h fj fj l` l` vk vk nf nf s to r` r` un un o f tu tu ak ak .
t` quehidy ckdevkr `xynkj
B dy
B de ks ks o fv fv k ar ar fj fj ho ho ej ej n tu tu ak ak s trtr uh uh tu tu rk rk s to to ft ft c kd kd ev kr kr ` xy xy nk nk jf jf tk tk c fe fe r,r, e js tk tk fc fc ` b a d` d` `c `c , c erer kh kh tdtd y t` t` lu lu sh sh dk dk s .
@ur cksenj es t` usk arfjhoejn tuaks s` toft et hfj quehidy trfjsp`rt suastfjhks.
t` hrkftk struhturks b`r l`vejn r ks `u `urhks ]f cc cc de jn jn
F —hdfp fjc pkkd“ fppejn fppejn lkto`c hrkftks v`rtehks fr`ujc wejns.
[sejn ets okfc t` ehi `ut sfjc, tok fjtde`j hrkftks f sdeppkry sfjc pet ft tok fjndk `b rkp`sk.
@ur cksenj es t` hrkftk f bujjkd sofpk struhturk s` toft oulfjs `r rks`urhks bfdd t` f ckserkc d`hfte`j.
t ` l` vk vk to r` r` un un o d eq ue ue c
]f rf rf lk he he f
Se jy jy, o fe fe rr- dei k ` rn rn fj fj kd kdd ks ks f r` r` uj ujc to k a` cy cy ` b to k pf rf rf lk lk he he f f ht ht f s pf cc cc dk s t` l `v `v k e t.
@ ur ur ck se sen j es t` u te dez k lu dte pd pd k p fc fc cd cd ks ks s ` to ft ft e t h fj fj k fs fs ed y l `v `v k t or or `u `u no w ft ftk r.
t` hofjnk hofjnk cerkhte` r khte`j j swebtdy swebtdy, ej f h`jtr`d h`jtr`ddkc dkc lfjj lfjjkr kr
^oerdenen r denen Akkt Akktdk dk
Fjtde`j
Sok woerd woerdene e nen akktdk d k l`vks l`vks ay hrkfte hrkftejn j n torust torust fjc fjc r`tfte` r`tfte`j j weto ets ets oejc oejc dkns dkns woedk tok leccd leccdk skt `b dkns dkns stfaedezk l`vklkjt.
@ur cksenj es t` usk strftknehfddy pdfhkc pfccdejn struhturks s` toft et turjs quehidy, ej f stfaedezkc lfjjkr.
t` kb kbhek hekjtd jtdy swel tor tor`un `uno o wft wftkr kr
C`nso C`n so Xof Xofri ri
Sok c`n c`nso so sof sofri ri hrk hrkftk ftks s gkt gkts s ay vfr vfryej yejn n tok stebbjkss b bjkss `b ets tfed ej f swejne j nejn j n l`te`j. e `j.
@ur cks cksenj enj es t` usk usks s vfr vfryej yejn n stebbjkss b bjkss cur curejn ejn tfed `sh `shedd eddfte f te`j ` j s` tof toftt sl` sl``to `to fjc kb kbhek hekjt jt tor torust ust es hrk hrkftk ftkc. c.
t` dfjc s`btdy
O`jky Akk
Sok o`jkyakk usks f selpdk v esufd pr `h kssejn fdn`retol t` kjfadk sl``to dfjcejns .
@ur cksenj es t` hrkftk f selpdk dfjcejn systkl s` toft et dfjcs kbhekjtdy.
t` jfvenftk
Lfnjkteh Afhtkref
Lfnjkt Lfn jkteh eh Afht fhtkre kref f usk usk lfn lfnjkt jkt`s` `s`lks lks fjc tok Kfr Kfrto― to―s lfnj lfnjkte kteh kdc kdc t` jfv jfvenf enftk. tk.
@ur cksenj n j es t` t` usk usk lfnj lfnjkte kteh kdcs kdcs s` tof toftt etet `rek `rekjts jts ets etskdb kdb ej spf spfhk. hk.
]r `v eck Kjkrny
t` h`jvkrt kjkrny
]o`t`syjtokses
]dfjts usk po`t`syjtokses t` h`jvkrt s`dfr kjkrny ejt` hoklehfd kjkrny.
@ur cksenj es t` h`jvkrt denot s` toft et pr`cuh ks kjkrny t` trfjsp`rt ets uskrs.
]ulpejn
t` pulp ad``c ej f h`jtr`ddkc `w
Nerfbb Ner fbbk
Sok kdf kdfste steh ad``c ` `c vkss vksskds kds ofv ofvk k vfdvk vfdvks s t` bfh bfhede edetftk t ftk rktur rkturj j `b ad` ad``c `c br`l br`l tok dkn dkns s t` tok okf okfrt. rt. Sok vfdvks v ks @ur cksenj es t` usk h`jtrfhtejn tuak struhturks fjc vfdvks s` toft wk hfj h`jtr`d `w `b rks`urhks. ej tok jkhi elpkck tok afhi `w `b ad``c t` tok okfc wokj f nerfbbk d`wkrs ets okfc t` creji.
t ` l `v `v k f jc jc o fj fj cd cd k b `` `` c
D ej ej kc kc X kf kf X tf tf r
S ok ok D ej kc kc X kf kf X tf tf r u s ks f o yc yc rf rf ud ud eh s ys ys tk tk l ` b h `j `j tr tr fh fh tete jn jn t ua ua ks ks .
@ ur ur c ks ks en en j e s t ` u sk sk f o yc yc rf rf ud ud eh s ys ys tk tk l ` b h `j `j tr tr fh fh tete jn jn t ua ua ks ks s ` t of of t e t h fj fj t rf rf js js p` p` rt rt e ts ts kd kd b f jc jc e jt jt fi fi k ckserkc `agkhts.
t` l`vk
L``j L`` j Gkddy Gkddyso so
L``j L`` j gkddy gkddyso so l`vk l`vk sl``t sl``tody ody tor`uno tor`uno wftkr k r ay pr`cu pr`cuhej hejn n h`lpdk h`lpdkx x v`rtkx k x rejns. rejns.
@ur cksenj es t` usk rfcefddy h`jtrfhtejn l`vklkjts s` toft `agkhts frk pr`pkddkc b`rwfrc.
t` l`vk
Xfdp
Lfrejk sfdps l`vk tor`uno wftkr ay crfwejn ej uec tor`uno `jk kjc `b toker a`ceks fjc b`rhejn et `ut tor`uno tok `pp`setk kjc, f tkhojequk ij`wj fs gkt pr`pudse`j.
@ur cksenj es t` usk gkt pr`pudse`j s` toft wk hfj trfjsp`rt rks`urhks.
Xfjetfte`j
t` rkpkd afhtkref
Hehfcf
Hehfcf wejns iedd afhtkref tor`uno poys eh fd (ejstkfc `b hokleh fd) lkfjs.
@ur cksenj es t` usk f h`ftejn `b lehr`sh `peh peddfrs s` toft afh tkref fjc cert frk r kpkddkc.
Xpfhk @ptelezfte`j
t` utedez k kxtrf spfhk
Xurejfl S`fc
Xurejfl S`fcs usk tok spfhk `j toker afhi t` rfesk toker y`ujn.
@ur cksenj es t` usk tok kxtr f spfhk `b f str uh turk s` toft s ur bfhks frk uskc `ptelfddy.
t` lf xe xe le zk zk s pf pf hk hk
X ks ks se se dk Af rj rj fh fh dk s
Xk ss ss ed k A fr fr jf jf hd hdk s h `l `l pk tk tk a y r fp fp ec dy r kp kp r` r` cu cu he he jn s ` t ok ok y h fj fj k xp xp fj fj c e jt jt` uj `h `h hu hu pe pek c s pf pf hk hk b fs fs tk r tofj `tokr `rnfjesls.
t` tr tr fv fv kr kr sk sk df df rn rn k, k, o` o`r ez `j `j tf tf d c es tf jh jh ks ks wo wo edk bf bf d ej n
X yh yh fl fl` rk rk Lf Lf pd pd k Xk kc kc C ur ur ej n to ke ke r b fd fd d, to to k s yh yh fl fl` rk rk lf lf pd k s kk kk cs cs r` r` tf tf tk fj fj c h rk rk ft ftk dede btbt.
@ ur ur ck ck se se nj nj es es t` t` us us k r `t `t ft fte `j `j t` t` hr hr kf kf tk dedeb t s ` t of of t e t h fj fj tr tr fv fv kd kd bf bf r.
t ` c ev k e jt jt ` w ft ft kr kr ft ft oe oe no no sp sp kk kk cs cs
H fp fp k N fj fj jk jk t
S ok ok a` a` cy cy `b `b f c ev ej n n fj fj jk jk t s fb fb kd kd y k jt jt kr kr s t ok ok wf wf tk tk r e j f r` r` tf tf tete jn jn h` h` jk jk so so fp fp k f t f sp sp kk kk c ` b 6 == == il il /o /o .
@ur cksenj es t` usk f r`tftejn h`jk sofpk s` toft uec cyjfleh pr`pkrteks frk elpr`vkc.
t ` l `v `v k f jc jc h fr fr ry ry
S` rj rj fc fc `
H of of jn jn ks ks e j w ej c c er kh kh tete `j `j f jc jc f er t kl kl pk pk rf rf tu tu rk rk h rk rk ft ft k f s ua ua st st fj fj tete fd fd r `t `t ft ft ej n b uj uj jk jk d ` r t `r `r jf jf c` c` .
@ ur ur c ks ks en j e s t ` u sk sk s pe pe jj jj ej n h yh yh d` jk jk l `t `t e` j s ` t of of t e t h fj fj t rf rf js js p` p` rt rt r ks ks `u `u rh rh ks ks u p f jc jc c `w `w j. j.
t` l`vk ej f sperfd
Kcceks
Kcceks trfjsp`rt lftkr efd r fcefddy fjc v kr tehfddy ej c`wjwfrc s perfds.
@ur cksenj es t` usk f v `rtkx s` toft et hfj trfjsp`rt lftkrefds vkrteh fddy.
t ` t rf rf js js p` p` rt rt rk rk s `u rh rh k s b r` r` l f hk hk jt jt rf rf d p `e `e jt jt t` t` kx kx tk tk jc jc kc kc arfjhoks
Xkf [rh [rhoej oej
Xkf urho urhoejs ejs usk rfc rfceft eftejn ejn tua tuaks ks t` t` lejelezk j elezk tok o k cest cestfjh fjhk k lftkr lftkrefd efds ofvk ofvk t` ak trfj trfjsp` sp`rtk rtkc. c.
@ur cks cksenj enj es t` t` ejh`rp ejh`rp`rf `rftk tk rfce rfcefte f tejn j n sofpk fpks s s` toft toft ces cestfj tfjhk hk es es lejel lejelezk ezkc c woedk woedk trf trfjsp jsp`rt `rtejn ejn rks rks`ur `urhks hks..
t ` n de ck ck d` d` jn jn ce ce st st fj fj hk hk s b `r `r `p `p tete lf lf d c es au au rs rs kl kl kj kj t
F ds `l `l et rf rf Re Re jk jk Xk Xk kc kc
D fr fr nk nk , d en ot ot we we jn jn st st ru ru ht ht ur ur ks ks fd fd d` w t ok ok sk sk kc kc t` t` nd nd ec k t ` t ok ok nr nr `u `u jc jc .
@ ur ur ck ck se se nj nj es es t` t` us us k d en ot ot wk wk en ot ot we we jn jn s s ` t of of t e t h fj fj nd nd ec k d `j `j n c es tf tf jh jh ks ks wo wo kj kj bf bf d ej n. n.
t` pr`vec pr`veck k f s`dec ykt denot denotwkenot wkenot struh struhturk turk
Ndfss Xp`jn Xp`jnk k
Et ckvkd` ckvkd`ps ps hresshr hresshr`sskc `sskc pfttkrjs ej vfryej vfryejn n sezks fjc fjndk fjndks, s, a`to fd`jn fjc pkrpkj pkrpkjcehud cehudfr f r t` tok pdfjk @ur cksenj es t` usk hresshr`sskc akrs s` toft et hfj h`jstruht f denotwkenot, r`aust struhturk. `b nr`wto.
t` swel ej ludtepdk cerkhte`js
Fbrehfj Ijebk Beso
Sok ijebk so p`sskssks f g`ejkc hfucfd fjc fjfd j, fdd`wejn et t` hrkftk h`ujtkr-pr`pfnftejn wfvks. @ur cksenj es t` usk ujcudftejn wfvks s` toft wk hfj pr`pkd s`lktoejn ej ludtepdk cerkhte`js.
Xp ej je je jn
X tr tr uh uh tu tu rk rk
^fv ks
t ` k xt xt kj kj c f jc jc h` h` jt jt rf rf ht ht ej ej fj fj fh fh h` h` rc rc e` jj- de ik ik l` l` tete `j `j
A `f `f H` H` js js trtr eh t` t` r
^f vk vk s ` b d ft ft kr kr fd fd ak ak jc jc ej n f rk rk us us kc kc to to r` r` un un o` o` ut ut to to k a `c `c y b r` r` l o kf kf c t ` t fe fe d.
@ur cksenj es t` usk l`cudfrety s` toft spfhk es uskc `ptelfddy.
@ ur ur ck ck se se nj nj es es t` t` us us k f hh hh `r `r ce ce `j `j -d-d ei k l `t `t e` j s ` t of of t e t h fj fj l` l` vk vk ej ej f de jk jk .
h`jtkxt fjc h `jtkj `jtkjtt Sor`uno `ur rkskfrho, wk rkfdezkc toft jfturk ofs ejjetk fjswkrs t` l`vejn l`vejn vkrtehfddy ej fj kbhekjt wfy. wfy. Ejetefddy, et wfs wfs f hofddkjnk t` rkl`vk `ur prkh`jhkpte`js ej pkrhkevejn fjc pr`hkssejn tok cksenj hofddkjnk, aut tofjibuddy, jfturk―s nkjeus wfs faujcfjt fjc fvfedfadk t` us ft fjy telk. ^k ^k b`ujc lfjy ejsperejn pr`hkssks `j tok suagkhts `b vkrtehfd fjc kbhekjt l`vklkjt fjc akhflk kvkj l`rk kjtouskc fa`ut tok p`tkjtefd b`r jfturk-ejsperkc cksenj, fs prfhtehkc ej tok Ae`lelehry S oejiejn cksenj pr`hkss. Fbtkr jcejn kxflpdks `b l`vklkjt ej a`to dfrnk-shfdk skttejns fjc sejndk `rnfjesls, `rnfjesls, fs wkdd fs h`jckjsejn `ur jcejns ejt` bujhte`j hfrcs, tok tkfl bkdt h`jckjt toft toker rkskfrho h`ddkhte`j w`udc pr`veck kxhkddkjt bukd b`r tok hrkftejn pofsk. Xpkheh kxflpdks toft st``c `ut t` tok nr`up ejhduckc to`sk toft ejh`rp`rftkc lkhofjehfd l`vklkjt `b lftkrefds, fs skkj ej tok kfrtow`rl, nerfbbk, fjc dejkc skf stfr kxflpdks. Sok rkskfrho kxtkjckc fs bfr fs t` ejhduck l`ckds toft utedezkc pr`pudse`j, trfjsp`rtkc rks`urhks rks`urhks kbhekjtdy cuk t` ujequk struhturks, fjc uskc h`llujehfte`j t` `rnfjezk trfbh `w, b`r kxflpdk. Sok fss`rtlkjt `b eckf-spfriejn cksenj prejhepdks, ejbkrrkc br`l tok kxflpdks, b`rlkc f dfrnk a`cy `b w`ri t` crfw br`l ej tok hrkftejn pofsk, skttejn tok tkfl up t` kxpd`rk ludtepdk strftkneks toft pr`l`tkc a`to l`vklkjt fjc kbhekjhy,, fs wkdd fs lej`r bkfturks toft okdpkc tok cksenj `pkrftk fjc t wetoej tok h`jtkxt ej f debk-sustfejejn lfjjkr. kbhekjhy
h`jhduse`j t`
Curejn tok cesh`vkrejn pofsk, wk akhflk `jk weto jfturk fjc dkfrjkc o`w t` dkfvk oulfj kn` fjc eckfs akoejc. Sok kxp`surk t` jfturk ft f pkrs`jfd dkvkd pr`veckc fj `pp`rtujety b`r lkl`rfadk rkskfrho fjc rkbrksoejn telk spkjt `utc``rs, j`tfady cestfjt br`l `ur h`lputkrs. Sok `askrvfte`j p`rte`j `b tok kxpkrekjhk hfddkc up`j tok frtesteh siedd skt `b tok n r`up fjc okdpkc trfjsdftk jfturfd systkls systkls weto bfledefr b`rls `b vesufd kxprksse`j. Fccete`jfddy, Fccete`jfddy, wk wkrk fadk t` cenkst tok debk prejhepdks l`rk buddy weto fhtufd kxflpdks br`l `ur d`hfd kjver`jlkjt, fjc fs `ur kxp`surk t` jfturk ejhrkfskc, `ur h`lprkokjse`j fjc kjg`ylkjt `b tok Ae`lelehry pr`hkss nrkw fs wkdd. Ej f skjsk l`rk spkheh t` cksenj lkto`c`d`ny, et wfs fj kyk-`pkjejn kxpkrekjhk t` cesh`vkr tok jfturfd l`ckds fjc kxfhtdy o`w toky fhh`lpdesokc toker spkheh bujhte`js. Et es h`ll`j prfhtehk t` fpprkheftk tok kdknfjhk `b oulfj-hrfbtkc cksenj, aut t` fppr`fho jfturfd kxflpdks weto tok sflk dkvkd `b rkspkht wfs ouladejn fjc f arkfi-tor`uno pr`hkss b`r tok tkfl. B`husejn `j spkheh hofrfhtkrestehs `b tok cebbkrkjt `rnfjesls, fjc pkkdejn fwfy tok dfykrs `b tok bujhte`j ujted wk ujckrst``c tok ae`d`nehfd lkhofjesl `b o`w kxfhtdy et wfs fhh`lpdesokc, surpreskc fdd `b us fjc rkvkfdkc truk kdknfjhk ej cksenj7 selpdesteh pkrbkhte`j toft detkrfddy bujhte`js ej tok l`st kbhekjt fjc kb bkhtevk wfy p`sseadk. S` skk fjc ujckrstfjc trudy wkdd-cksenjkc hrkfturks kshfdftkc `ur kxhetklkjt fjc ejsperfte`j, auedcejn l`lkjtul t` stfrt tok jkxt pofsk.
ejtr`cuhte`j t` —Sok hrkftejn stfnk es tok oeno pr`dk pekhk `b cksenjejn9 et rksudts ej f jkw oulfj pr`cuht `r cksenj. Et es hrkftejn s`lktoejn jkw jkw,, puttejn toejns t`nktokr ej f jkw wfy, lfiejn, fjc ejvkjtejn. ejvkjtejn. Sok eckfte`j pofsk `b hrkftejn es tok l`st buj fjc trfcete`jfddy trfcete` jfddy ejv`dvks f h`laejfte`j `b ejh`rp`rftej ejh`rp`rftejnn rkskfrho rksudts `j o`w `tokrs ofvk s`dvkc b`r toft `pp`rtujety `r hofddkjnk fjc arfejst`rlejn jkw s`dute`js… Ejstkfc `b rkdyejn `j oulfj hdkvkrjkss fd`jk, ejtknrftejn ae`lelehry toejiejn ejt` tok hrkftejn pofsk lkfjs akejn ejsperkc ay suhhkssks b`ujc ej jfturk. Ae`lelehry ej tok hrkftejn stfnk l`ckds s`dute`js fbtkr cksenj prejhepdks fastrfhtkc curejn tok cesh`vkrejn pofsk fjc/`r Debk―s ]rejhepdks.“ (Afulkestkr, 1=68)
Curejn `ur hrkfte`j pofsk, wk d``ikc t` `ur rkskfrho `b jfturk―s nkjeus t` okdp us ejj`vftk. ^k ejvetkc `tokr hrkftevk toejikrs t` f cksenj hofrrkttk ej `rckr t` kxpfjc `ur pkrspkhtevks fjc fccrkss `ur cksenj hofddkjnk tor`uno h`ddfa`rftev h`ddfa`rftevkk arfejst`rlejn. Br`l tokrk, wk l`vkc t` pr`t`typejn fjc rkjejn `ur cksenj.
cksenj hofrrkttk Fbtkr h`lpdktejn tok cesh`vkrejn pofsk, `ur cksenj tkfl ejvetkc stuckjts stuckjts br`l `tokr lfg`rs t` g`ej us kfrdy `j f Xfturcfy l`rjejn t` aknej f shokcudkc cksenj hofrrkttk. ^k w`rikc w`rikc br`l 57== fl ujted 6=7== pl, weto arkfis b`r dujho fjc cejjkr. Sok h`ddkhtevk cksenj tkfl (h`lp`skc `b tok `renejfd cksenjkrs fjc `tokr ejvetkc hrkftevk pr`bksse`jfds) wfs kqueppkc weto f reho ckshrepte`j `b tok h`jtkxt, pre`r jfturk-afskc rkskfrho, fastrfhtkc cksenj prejhepdks br`l tok strftkneks `b `rnfjesls rkskfrhokc, fjc Ae`lelehry―s debk prejhepdks. @ur n`fd b`r tok cfy wfs t` h`jcuht fj ejtkjsk arfejst`rlejn w`riso`p ej `rckr t` rst cevkrnk hrkftevkdy
fjc suaskqukjtdy ckvkd`p f hdkfr fjc cerkht vese`j, prelkc b`r buturk ckvkd`plkjt. Sok ejtkjte`j `b tok fdd-cfy w`riso`p wfs t` ellkrsk `urskdvks ej f spkheh, hrkftevk lkto`c`d`ny, surr`ujckc ay tok kdklkjts wk wfjtkc t` ejh`rp`rftk ejt` `ur eckfs. eckfs. Fs s``j fs tok h`rk cksenj tkfl ejtr`cuhkc Ae`lelehry fjc `ur h`ddkhte`j `b cksenj prejhepdks t` `ur nuksts, iejkstokteh l`ckdejn aknfj. Sok pr`hkss e jv`dvkc f struhturkc skt `b hrkftevk sksse`js ej `rckr t` nkjkrftk faujcfjt fjc hrkftevk eckfs, udtelftkdy `bbkrejn kfho `tokr h`jstruhtevk hretehesl rknfrcejn to`sk eckfs.
Sok prkpfrfte`j ejhduckc nftokrejn slfdd etkls br`l jfturk fjc kvkry-cfy debk, uskc b`r h`jstruhtejn poysehfd l`ckds. Berst, b`ur tkfls auedt eckfs `j toker `wj tfadk usejn f h`ddkhte`j ` b toksk etkls. Rkrafd Rkrafd fjc wrettkj h`llujehfte`j wfs j`t pkrlettkc ej `rckr t` tfp ckkpdy ejt` —ejtuetevk ij`wejn.““ Eckfs wkrk kxprksskc poysehfddy, weto`ut fjy vkrafd ejput t` ij`wejn. nueck `r st`p hrkfte`j. @jhk tok nr`ups ofc h`jstr uhtkc toker eckfs, kfho nr`up t``i f t`ur fr`ujc tok r``l. Jkenoa`rejn tkfls rkh`rckc toker rst elprksse`js `b kfho pr`t`typk `j ujckrdyejn pfpkr tfadkhd`tos. tfadkhd`tos. Fbtkr toes pr`hkss, wk rkturjkc t` `ur stfte`js t` h`jseckr tok h`llkjts fjc h`jtejuk t` auedc, toes telk usejn `ur pkkrs― rksp`jsks fs ejsperfte`j. S ok pr`hkss `b h`llkjt h`llkjtfry fry wfs tokj rkpkftkc weto dests `b `askrvfte` `askrvfte`js, js, ejtkrprktfte`js, fjc f tetdk b`r kfho pekhk. Bejfddy, wk destkc tok cksenj fjc debk prejhepdks ejh`rp`rftkc ejt` kfho nr`up―s r`uno pr`t`typk.
Fbtkr iejkstokteh arfejst`rlejn ft tok tfadks, kfho kfho nr`up l`vkc t` f wfdd t` burtokr ckvkd`p toker eckfs `j dfrnk pfjkds. Klpofses wfs pdfhkc `j ejh`rp`rftejn fjc ckvkd`pejn tok ckserkc debk prejhepdks ft f ckkpkr dkvkd. Sor`uno f skreks `b h`ddfa`rftevk bkkcafhi, tok hofrrkttk pfrtehepfjts rkjkc toker eckfs, strkjntokjkc tok ejh`rp`rfte`j `b prejhepdks, fjc stfrtkc t` kduhecftk p`tkjtefd cksenj s`dute`js. Kvkjtufddy, Kvkjtufddy, fdd `b tok nr`ups lkrnkc fbtkr w`riejn tor`uno f skreks `b hrkftejn fjc jk-tujejn sksse`js, fs wkdd fs nr`up sofrks fjc ceshusse`js.
kbbehekjhy ceshusse`j Curejn tok pfjkd sksse`js (fs nr`ups wkrk ckvkd`pejn p`tkjtefd s`dute`js toft f elkc t` —trfjsp`rt pk`pdk vkrtehfddy ej fj kbhekjt wfy“), et turjkc `ut toft kfho nr`up―s ckjete`j `b —kbhekjt“ cebbkrkc. Sok lkfjejn `b `ur cksenj stftklkjt wfs kveckjtdy ujhdkfr fjc jkkckc t` ak fccrksskc. Qftokr tofj b`rhejn tok kjterk hofrrkttk nr`up ejt` f rl ckjete`j, kfho nr`up rkkhtkc up`j toker `wj ejtkrprktfte`j fjc prkskjtkc et curejn tok jkxt bkkcafhi sksse`j, woeho fdd`wkc b`r cevkrsk cksenj strftkneks. Soes fppr`fho b`stkrkc cksenjs toft fppr`f hokc kbhekjhy essuks ej cespfrftk, ykt cerkht, pftos weto`ut jkndkhtejn kjkrny usk, trfbh `w, trfvkd trfvkd spkkc, wfet telk rkcuhte`j, fjc ejhrkfskc qufdety `b telk spkjt trfvkdejn. @ur jfd ckjete`j `b kbhekjhy wfs7 d`w kjkrny usfnk fjc f psyho`d`nehfd kxpkrekjhk ej woeho j` telk spkjt ej tok systkl es pkrhkevkc fs wfstkc.
hofrrkttk `uth`lk Sok `uth`lk `b tok hofrrkttk wfs fj kdkvft`r-deik s`dute`j s`dute`j toft wfs ejsperkc l`stdy ay tok vkrtehfd ad``c herhudfte`j ej f nerfbb k―s jkhi jkhi (`ur hoflpe`j `rnfjesl). Sok eckf wfs t` —pulp“ kdkvft`r hfpsudks up fjc c`wj usejn dfykrs `b h`jtrfhtejn bfareh toft lkhofjehfddy b`rhkc tok hfpsudks ej tok cerkhte`j `b ckserkc trfvkd. Xeledfr t` tok vkejs ej lfjy herhudft`ry systkls, tok p`cs w`udc ak squkkzkc aktwkkj tok bfareh dfykrs ay f h`jstrehtejn ar`us lkhofjesl toft bujhte`jkc deik lushdks – h`jtrfhtejn wokj fhtevftkc ay f senjfd.
kludftejn kl udftejn cksenj prejhepd ks Ej tok p`st-hofrrkttk p`rte`j `b tok Hrkftejn ]ofsk, et wfs jkhkssfry t` ckvkd`p tok pr`p`skc cksenj s`dute`j burtokr woedk seludtfjk`usdy ejh`rp`rftejn a`to julkr`us fjc rkdkvfjt cksenj fjc debk prejhepdks. F prkdelejfry kvfdufte`j `b tok cksenj wfs pkrb`rlkc ay fsskssejn tok s`dute`j fnf ejst kfho debk prejhepdk, qufjtebyejn fjc qufdebyejn o`w wkdd tok cksenj pkrb`rlkc wokj fsikc, —C`ks —C`ks et b`dd`w toes prejhepdk0“ Sok `pte`js wkrk j`, lfyak, fjc yks9 lfyak lfyak wfs ejhduckc s` toft wk h`udc p`ejt `ut p`tkjtefd wfys t` ejh`rp`rf tk tok prejhepdks l`rk kbbkhtevkdy. Fs kxpkhtkc, kxpkhtkc, tokrk wkrk lfjy frkfs toft jkkckc l`rk fttkjte`j, `r kvkj afseh h`jseckrfte`j, fjc kbb`rts wkrk tous lfck t` elpr`vk tok cksenj b`dd`wejn `ur prkdelejfry fssksslkjt.
debk prejhepdks rkcerkht cksenj Fj ejtkrkstejn pokj`lkj`j rknfrcejn debk―s debk―s prejhepdks `hhurrkc ludtepdk telks curejn tok w`ri sksse`js. ^okjkvkr tokrk wfs fj ujhdkfr p`rte`j `r fj essuk weto tok cksenj, tkfl lklakrs ceshusskc wfys t` fdtkr et ej `rckr t` lfik et l`rk suhhkssbud. Ej c`ejn s`, l`rk `btkj tofj j`t, debk―s prejhepdks wkrk ketokr fcckc t` tok cksenj `r wkrk ejtknrftkc ft f ckkpkr dkvkd. @jk `hhurrkjhk `b toes pokj`lkj`j hflk up wokj fj essuk fr`sk rknfrcejn o`w tok bfareh w`udc bujhte`j eb p`cs wkrk pfssejn kfho `tokr
fjc tokrkb`rk fhtevftejn seledfr akrs. Sok cksenj soebtkc br`l `jk dfrnk pekhk `b bf areh t` h`jjkhtkc, l`cudfr skhte`js `b bfareh, tous stfrtejn t` ejh`rp`rftk `jk `b tok debk prejhepdks7 h`laejk l`cudfr fjc jkstkc h`lp`jkjts. ^oedk et lenot ofvk `hhfse`jfddy pr`vkj hofddkjnejn t` ejhduck tok prejhepdks, udtelftkdy, jfturk―s wesc`l sunnkstkc d`nehfd s`dute`js t` kfho cksenj fw.
rk-kxpd `rej n fj c rk-cesh`vkrejn S` h`jtejuk h`jtejuk ckvkd`pejn p`tkjtefd s`dute`j b`rlfte`j fjc t` okdp hrkftk f rkfdesteh vese`j `b tok cksenj, fccete`jfd rkskfrho wfs pkrb`rlkc t` burtokr ujckrstfjc `ur jfturfd cksenj prejhepdks, shfj b`r l`rk h`jtkxtufd ejsenots, fjc rkskfrho fjc lejk kxestejn lftkrefds fjc lkto`cs toft h`udc ak uskc ej pr`t`typejn tok cksenj. Xlfdd nr`ups wkrk b`rlkc t` fhh`lpdeso toksk tfsis. S` S` l`rk ckkpdy fjfdyzk `ur jfturfd l`ckds, f nr`up wkjt afhi t` `ur bujhte`j hfrcs, pehiejn `ut tok rkdkvfjt `jks fjc h`jcuhtejn burtokr rkskfrho ejt` kfho bujhte`j. @ur hdfss trfvkdkc t` ]fres curejn toes telk fjc ofc tok `pp`r tujety t` `askrvk lfjy vkrtehfd trfjsp`rt systkls ej tok luskuls. Lfjy stuckjts t``i j`tks, tokrkay hdfrebyejn tok usk fjc skttejn(s) ej woeho `ur hofddkjnk hurrkjtdy kxests. Bejfddy, f nr`up ckv`tkc kjkrny t` rkskfrhoejn tkhoj`d`nehfd fcvfjhks toft h`udc ak uskc ej bfarehftejn tok cksenj, ejhducejn oeno-strkjnto, ar`us lftkrefds, fjc lkto`cs b`r steludftejn tok jkhkssfry bfareh bujhte`js.
pfres rkskfrho Ej `ur h`jtkxtufd rkskfrho, tok lfej `askr vfte`j `b vkrtehfd trfjsp`rts ej tok ]fresefj luskuls wfs toft `jk-cerkhte`jfd l`cks wkrk prkbkrrkc b`r vkrtehfddy trfjsp`rtejn vfst fl`ujts `b veset`rs. Fs tokrk wkrk wkrk typehfddy bkwkr tofj b`ur ``rs ej kfho auedcejn, tok lfej b`hus wfs `j nkttejn pk`pdk t` wfjckr tor`uno tok kxoeaete`j spfhks (e.k. tok o`rez`jtfd trfjsp`rt `j kfho ``r). Srfjsp`rt wfs bfhedetftkc vef tok usfnk `b kshfdft`rs, rknudftejn tok trfbh fjc nuecejn tok `w `b pk`pdk ejt` f sejndk dejk (skpfrftk br`l tok `pp`sejn `w). Ay sprkfcejn `ut tok pk`pdk toft wkrk n`ejn up fjc n`ejn c`wj, tok o`rez`jtfd trfbh h`udc trfvkd tor`uno tok kxoeaets weto ejtkjte`jfd cerkhte`jfdety cerkhte`jfdety..
Burtokrl`rk, l`st `b tok trfjsp`rt l`cks wkrk ej f hkjtrfdezkc d`hfte`j, aut tok kdkvft`rs wkrk typehfddy d`hftkc `bb t` tok seck s` toft toky wkrk `jdy uskc wokj jkhkssfry. Sok c`lejfjt b`rl `b trfjsp`rt wfs stfers, woeho wkrk usufddy usufddy ejh`rp`rftkc ejt` tok luskul kxpkrekjhk tor`uno fkstokteh fppkfd fjc spftefd pr`xelety t` kxoeaet spfhks.
Ej tok h`jtkxtufd rkskfrho br`l ]fres, et wfs fppfrkjt toft tok trfjsp`rt systkls lust ak cksenjkc fr`ujc tok ckserkc trfbh `w. `w. Xejhk `ur h`jtkxt wedd ak f auedcejn weto f dfrnk julakr `b ``rs, eckfddy weto cevkrsk nr`ups sofrejn tok spfhk, `ur klpofses so`udc rklfej `j rkfhoejn cebb krkjt ``rs kbhekjtdy. Soes eckfd es s`lkwoft ej `pp`sete`j t` tok nueckc, `jk-cerkhte`jfd `w klpofsezkc ej tok o`rez`jtfddy c`lejfjt, pkckstrefj trfjsp`r t systkls prkskjt ej tok luskuls `b ]fres.
bfareh rkskfrho Qkhkjt fcvfjhks ej lftkrefd shekjhk ofvk rksudtkc ej syjtokteh lushdk akrs toft frk hfpfadk `b p`wkrbud fjc rkpkftkc h`jtrfhte`j. Soes h`jtrfhte`j hfj ak ejcuhkc kdkhtrehfddy, hoklehfddy, hoklehfddy, `r po`t`jehfddy (Iel kt fd, 1=61), fjc tok akrs toklskdvks h`udc ak h`lpreskc `b supkr str`jn, pfrfbj-ddkc hfra`j jfj`tuaks fjc/`r ejkxpkjsevk soejn dejk (Xpejis kt fd, 1=63). Soksk ae`lelkteh lushdk akrs hfj ak syjtoksezkc fjc —w`vkj, skwj, arfeckc fjc ij`ttkc,“ fjc frk tous fppr`preftk fs f lftkrefd b`r `ur vkrtehfd trfjsp`rt systkl wetoej f auedcejn. Xpkhehfddy, `ur h`jtrfhtevk bfareh squkkzks oulfj trfjsp`rt hfpsudks gust fs vkejs ej herhudft`ry systkls fssest ej pulpejn ad``c afhi t` tok okfrt. ^k fds` kxpkrelkjtkc kxpkrelkjtkc weto typks `b l`cudfr, akr struhturks. [tedezejn [tedezejn l`hi-ups, wk tkstkc tkstkc woeho `jks wrfppkc fr`ujc `agkhts akttkr fjc woeho `jks h`udc h`jtrfht fjc kxpfjc. Soes kxpd`rfte`j `b lftkrefd okdpkc us vesufdezk `ur cksenj fjc kjh`urfnkc `ur toejiejn.
kjkrny rkskfrho Ej `rckr t` usk rkfcedy fvfedfadk s`urhks `b kjkrn y, `ur vkrtehfd trfjsp`rt systkl klpd`ys vfrefte`j fjc ckhkjtrfdezfte`j vef torkk kjkrny h`ddkhte`j lkhofjesls7 po`t`v`dtfeh, trea`kdkhtreh fjc pekz`kdkhtreh p`wkr s`urhks. ^oft wk lkfj ay toes es toft tok suj, tok ruaaejn l`te`j `b tok hfpsudks fnfejst tok bfareh, fjc tok vearfte`js br`l pkckstrefjs `j tok stfers hfj fdd h`jtreautk kjkrny t`wfrcs p`wkrejn `ur systkl. Hfra`j jfj`tuak (Xòckrakrno, 1=63) fjc nrfpokjk-afskc (Nduaf fjc Jehikd, 1=68) po`t`v`dtfehs frk elpr`vejn tok tok kh`j`leh bkfseaedety `b udtrf-toej, `ptehfddy trfjspfrkjt s`dfr hkdds. Soes typk `b po`t`v`dtfeh h`udc ak ejh`rp`rftkc `jt` tok kjterk surbfhk `b `ur bfareh, weto sujdenot bkc ejt` tok auedcejn―s `pkj hkjtrfd h`dulj vef f r``bt`p dkjs. ^oedk tokrk frk ludtepdk l`tevfte`js b`r usejn hfra`j-afskc struhturks ej po`t`v`dtfehs (kjkrny h`ddkhte`j kbhekjhy, hkdd toehijkss, fv`ecejn rfrk kdklkjts, kth.), kth.), `jk afr rekr t` elpdklkjtfte`j tous bfr ofs akkj h`st. Sofjibuddy, jkw pr`hkssks frk hurrkjtdy ujckr ckvkd`plkjt toft w`udc fdd`w b`r ejcustrefd-shfdk lfjubfhturk `b nrfpokjk (H`dklfj, 1=63). Burtokrl`rk, tok trfjsp`rt hfpsudks wedd ak h`jstfjtdy ruaaejn tok bfareh surbfhk fs toky arejn pk`pdk aktwkkj ``rs ej tok auedcejn. Soes l`te`j es p`wkrkc ay tok bfareh―s ae`lelkteh lushdk akrs fjc tok trea`kdkhtreh kbbkhts
h`udc ak utedezkc t` rkhfpturk f p`rte`j `b toft kjkrny. Xpkhehfddy, Xpkhehfddy, eb fj kdkhtr`j c`j`r fjc fj fhhkpt`r t`uho fjc skpfrftk rkpkftkcdy, rkpkftkcdy, fjc `jk `b toksk lftkrefds es f p`dylkr jfj`lftkrefd weto ounk surbfhk frkf, f hurrkjt es pr`cuhkc ft f ckjsety `b 8== wftts pkr squfrk lktkr (S``j, 1=68). Soes kbbkht h`udc ak utedezkc a`to aktwkkj tok hfpsudk fjc tok bfareh fjc fds` aktwkkj tok hfpsudk―s ``r fjc ejjkr wfdd (skk h`jhkpt sikthoks b`r eddustrfte`j). S ous, toes h`jstfjt l`te`j h`udc letenftk tok t`tfd kjkrny usfnk `b tok systkl ay h`jstfjtdy rkhyhdejn p`wkr trea`kdkhtrehfddy. Bejfddy, tok hkjtrfd sperfd stferhfsk toft h`lpdklkjts tok p`wkr bfareh h`udc h`ddkht pkckstrefj kjkrny vef pekz`kdkhtreh nkjkrft`rs. ]ekz`kdkhtrehety es nkjkrftkc ay fppdyejn prkssurk t` f hkrtfej typk `b lftkrefd (hkrtfej hrystfds `r hkrflehs), woeho pr`cuhks fj kdkhtreh hofrnk wokj lkhofjehfddy strksskc. F tkfl `b rkskfrhokrs ofs lfjfnkc t` syjtoksezk f oenody pekz`kdkhtreh ej`rnfjeh lftkrefd, afreul tetfjftk (AfSe@8), ay klpd`yejn tok fssestfjhk `b f l`cekc L68 verus (Dkk fjc Jfl, 1=68). Soes pr`hkss bfhedetftks tok skdb-fssklady `b f s`poestehftkc jfj`struhturk weto`ut tok usk `b t`xeh, kxpkjsevk, kxpkjsevk, `r kxtrklk kjver`jlkjts. ^okj tok sperfd stferhfsk rkhkevks pkckstrefj trfbh, et j`t `jdy sfvks kjkrny ay fv`ecejn tok p`wkr b fareh, aut et fhtufddy nkjkrftks kdkhtrehety toft hfj ak uskc ellkceftkdy t` trfjsp`rt `tokr auedcejn `hhupfjts.
ckstejfte`j cespftho systkl ]dfhejn oulfj trfjsp`rt hfpsudks ej toes hydejcrehfd bfareh struhturk fdd`ws b`r l`vklkjt ej ludtepdk celkjse`js. Ej h`jtrfst t` tok `jk-celkjse`jfd l`te`j `b stfjcfrc kdkvft`rs, toes brkkc`l fdd`ws b`r tok hfpsudks t` pfss ay kfho `tokr weto`ut elpkcejn pr`nrkss br`l `jk ``r t` fj`tokr. Ej `rckr t` pr`nrfllftehfddy h`jtr`d tok l`te`j `b toksk hfpsudks, f nkjkteh fdn`retol h`udc ak klpd`ykc. Ay kstfadesoejn tjkss ejcehft`rs t` `ptelezk (k.n (k.n.. wfet telks, trfvkd telks, kjkrny usfnk, fjc fhhkdkrfte`j), fjc fdd`wejn tok ckstejfte`j cespftho systkl fdn`retol t` —rkpr`cuhk“ elpkrbkhtdy,, tok h`lputkr h`ck ej h`jtr`d `b tok systkl hfj kv`dvk weto`ut burtokr oulfj ejv`dvklkjt. Ludtepdk elpkrbkhtdy kxflpdks `b nkjkteh fdn`retols ofvk fdrkfcy akkj elpdklkjtkc, rkfhoejn fs bfr afhi fs 65;5 (G`ojs`j, 1==6).
bejfd cksenj
@ur pr`t`typk b`husks `j kbhekjt vkrtehfd trfjsp`rtfte`j wetoej f auedcejn. Ay d``iejn t`wfrcs t`wfrcs jfturk fs `ur l`ckd, wk hrkftkc f pr`t`typk toft ejh`rp`rftks bujhte`js fjc pr`hkssks br`l `rnfjesls wk rkskfrhokc. Lfej s`urhks `b ejsperfte`j ejhduckc tok nerfbbk, ndfss sp`jnk, sdelk l`dcs, fjc l`squet` so. ^k t``i pr`hkssks toft toksk `rnfjesls usk fjc trekc t` leleh tokl ej `ur cksenj. ^k hrkftkc fj kdkvft`r h`jhkpt toft usks syjtokteh lushdk akrs, hfpfadk `b rkpkftkc h`jtrfhte`j, ejcuhkc ay kdkhtrehety, t` trfjsp`rt p`cs vkrtehfddy.
auedcejn struhturk Sok auedcejn etskdb es ejsperkc ay tok ndfss sp`jnk fjc lelehs ets b`rl. Et es f tfdd `bhk auedcejn toft ejh`rp`rftks tok kdkvft`r h`jhkpt ej tok hkjtkr t` fht fs tok lfej lkfjs `b trfjsp`rtfte`j. @j kfho ``r, ej tok hkjtkr `b tok kdkvft`r, es fj klpd`ykk d`ujnk wokrk pk`pdk hfj ofvk tok `pp`rtujety t` s`hefdezk, h``i fjc kft b ``c, `r tfik f rkdfxejn arkfi. @bhks frk d`hftkc aktwkkj tok kdkvft`rs toklskdvks fjc tok kcnks `b tok auedcejn. @j tok `utkr kcnks `b tok auedcejn, fccete`jfd stferhfsks hfj ak b`ujc. Soksk w`udc ak uskc b`r klkrnkjhy purp`sks t` fdd`w kvkry`jk t` kfsedy kvfhuftk tok auedcejn eb jkhkssfry.
ndfss sp`jnk struhturk
hkjtkr struhturk ]udsk es d`hftkc ej tok hkjtkr `b tok auedcejn. Et es f hydejcrehfd struhturk toft fdd`ws tok hfpsudks t` l`vk kbhekjtdy ej f vkrtehfd cerkhte`j fjc ujetk tok pk`pdk ej tok auedcejn ej f hkjtrfd d`hfte`j. @j tok t`p `b toes hydejcrehfd struhturk es f ndfss c`lk toft fdd`ws sujdenot t` `w ejt` tok auedcejn. Kjkrny br`l tok sujdenot es ofrjksskc t` suppdy s`lk `b tok kjkrny tor`uno`ut tok auedcejn. Ejcevecufd p`cs trfvkd fr`ujc tok struhturk, trfjsp`rtejn pk`pdk t` toker ckstejfte`js. Sok p`cs h`llujehftk weto `jk fj`tokr fa`ut p`sete`jejn, seledfr t` tok wfy l`squet` so fv`ec h`ddese`j fjc sdelk l`dc jktw`ris kxpd`rk, ej `rckr t` hrkftk kbhekjt r`utks t` rkfho toker ejtkjckc ckstejfte`js.
l`squet` so h`ddese`j fv`ecfjhk
p udsk p`c Sok p`cs wedd trfjsp`rt pk`pdk vkrtehfddy br`l `jk d`hfte`j t` fj`tokr. ]k`pdk wedd kjtkr f p`c ft `jk ``r, ejput toker ckserkc ckstejfte`j, fjc tok p`c wedd tfik tokl tokrk. Sok p`cs frk hfpfadk `b jfvenftejn up, c`wj, fjc seckwfys fr`ujc tok hkjtkr str uhturk. Sok p`c bkfturks f nyr`sh`peh ``r s` toft ft fdd telks, tok ``r wedd ak dyejn ft, kvkj kvkj eb tok p`c etskdb es tedtkc. Sok p`c ofs f r`ujckc sofpk, woeho fdd`ws tok bfareh t` trfjsp`rt tok p`c weto lejelfd brehte`j tor`uno`ut tok struhturk. Sok p`c ejtkrfhts weto tok systkl ay akejn —pulpkc“ t` ets ckserkc ckserkc d`hfte`j, seledfr t` o`w f nerfbbk pulps ad``c ej ets d`jn jkhi. Sok p`cs rkseck aktwkkj tok lfej struhturk fjc tok bfareh fs toky frk squkkzkc t` tok ckstejfte`j wokj pr`lptkc, deik f herhudft`ry systkl.
nerfbbk vkej pulpejn lkhofjesl
bfareh Sok bfareh es ejtkjckc t` h`jtrfht deik lushdks ej `rckr t` squkkzk squkkzk p`cs ej tok cerkhte`j toft toky jkkc t` trfvkd. Sok akrs h`udc ak lfck `b lftkrefds toft pkrb`rl kdkhtrehfddy-ejcuhkc, lkhofjehfd `pkrfte`js toft frk hfpfadk `b rkpkftkc h`jtrfhte`j l`te`js fjc d`hfd fhtevfte`j. Sok bfareh etskdb es trfjspfrkjt t` fdd`w tok pk`pdk ejseck t` pkkr `ut fs tok p`c trfvkds aktwkkj ``rs.
ejtkrbfhk Autt`js frk uskc fs tok ejtkrfhte`j lkhofjesl weto tok kdkvft`r, s` toft tok uskr hfj cerkht et wokrk et jkkcs t` n`. Sok ejtkrbfhk `b tok autt`j cksenj h`jsests `b f =-5 julakr pfc wokrk pk`pdk frk fadk t` kfsedy kjtkr tok ``r dkvkd ckserkc. Et fds` h`jtfejs f cerkht`ry t` okdp pk`pdk `rekjt toklskdvks wetoej tok auedcejn. Soes sfvks tokl telk akhfusk woedk toky frk trfvkdejn, toky frk f ds` cerkhtejn toklskdvks, rftokr tofj `jhk toky dkfvk tok p`c.
l`sqet` so prkssurk skjsejn
c`hiejn stfte`j Sok c`hiejn stfte`j es wokrk p`cs st`p ft c``rs t` dkt uskrs a`frc fjc kxet. Sok ``r pfjkd ej br`jt `b tok c``r skjsks f prkssurk prkskjhk, deik tok L`squet`so skjsks ets jkenoa`r, fjc tous hfdds f p`c t` fr revk pr`lptdy. pr`lptdy. Sok rfjnk `b tok skjsejn hfj ak kxtkjckc ej `rckr t` arejn p`cs t` frkfs weto okfvy trfbh s``jkr s` toft wfet telks frk rkcuhkc. Soes wedd ejhrkfsk tok kbhekjhy `b trfjsp`rt fjc fcfpt t` tok auedcejn h`jcete`js. Burtokrl`rk, et nevks tok uskr f bkkdejn `b h`jjkhte`j weto tok auedcejn fs et skkls t` rkfc toker trfvkd l`vklkjts
rkvese tejn tok cksenj hofddkjnk @ur nr`up―s pr`p`skc s`dute`j t` tok cksenj hofddkjnk b`huskc lfejdy `j `ur hoflpe`j, tok nerfbbk, fjc tok strftkneks jfturk `bbkrs b`r pulpejn ad``c afhi t` tok okfrt. Sok cksenj prejhepdk wk ckrevkc br`l tok lkhofjesl `b toft strftkny wfs7 @ur cksenj es t` usk h`jtrfhtejn tuak struhturks fjc vfdvks s` toft wk hfj h`jtr`d `w `b rks`urhks. ^eto ejsperfte`j br`l tok `w ejcuhkc ay lushdk h`jtrfhte`j, f dfrnk h`dulj struhturk wfs ckvkd`pkc toft utedezks h`jstrehtejn bfareh dfykrs t` lkhofjehfddy l`vk trfvkdejn p`cs. Sok eckf t` pulp oulfj trfjsp`rt hfpsudks up fjc c`wj deik ad``c ej f nerfbb k―s jkhi dkc t` vkrtehfd trfjsp`rt toft `bbkrs tok `pp`rtujety b`r f ujequk h`jtr`d systkl t` ckdevkr p`cs ej l`rk cyjfleh fjc cerkht pftowfys toft fcfpt t` tok d`hfd trfbh h`jcete`js. ^oedk f nerfbbk―s ad``c lfy ak h`jstrfejkc t` pulpejn ej tok vkejs, `ur p`cs trfvkd ej f seledfr bfsoe`j, aut hfj fcgust toker r`utk fs jkkckc.
h`jhduse`j t` @ur hofrrkttk w`rikc wkdd wetoej tok —arfejst`rl ae`-ejsperkc eckfs“ frkjf fs et pr`veckc f struhturkc lkfjs b`r hrkftejn f lyrefc `b wedc eckfs t` sofpk ejt` f s`dute`j. ^k wkrk wkrk cedenkjt ej ikkpejn tok cksenj fjc debk―s prejhepdks ft tok tfadk weto us, fjc ay nkjkrftejn eckfs ej wfvks fjc cebbkrkjt nr`ups, kjcdkss kjcdkss pkrlutfte`js `b prejhepdk h`laejfte`js hr`sskc `ur lejcs ujted f hdkfr s`dute`j wfs fnrkkc up`j. Sok cknrkk t` woeho hkrtfej nr`ups fttklptkc t` ejh`rp`rftk cksenj fjc debk―s prejhepdks vfrekc fs wkdd, rfesejn tok qukste`j `b woktokr tok nr`up wfjtkc t` pfhi ej fs lfjy fs p`sseadk `r str`jndy b`hus `j tok h`laejfte`j `b f skdkht bkw. bkw. Ej tok kjc, wk b`huskc `j tok julakr `b kla`cekc prejhepdks, tokrkay a`dstkrejn tok cksenj weto l`rk `pp`rtujety b`r suhhkss. Ej tok eckfte`j pr`hkss, tok akjkts `b h`ddfa`rfte`j wkrk kveckjt. Xpkhehfddy, Xpkhehfddy, `ur ckhese`j t` ejhduck ejtkre`r cksenjkrs, akr cksenjkrs, fjc f pfejtkr (jk frtest) kjofjhkc `ur ceshusse`js surr`ujcejn tok h`jtkxt `b trfjsp`rt wetoej f auedcejn. Dkfrjejn fa`ut tok elp`rtfjhk `b tok fkstoktehs fjc d`hfte`js d`hfte`js `b stfers, kshfdft`rs, kshfdft`rs, fjc `tokr l`cks `b trfjsp`rt wetoej f auedcejn sofpkc `ur toejiejn fa`ut tok rkquerklkjts fds` jkkcejn t` ak auedt ejt` `ur s`dute`js, fjc pr`veckc h`jckjhk ej tok tfjneaedety `b tok cksenjs. Ej fccete`j, tok h`jtkxtufd rkskfrho ej ]fres okdpkc eddustrftk o`w ejtkre`r trfjsp`rtfte`j cksenj hfj cktkrlejk trfbh `w fjc rklejckc us `b tok frly fjts― torkk-dfjk, cerkhte`jfd, trfbh h`jnurfte`j. ^oedk jfdezejn `ur pr`p`skc h`jhkpt, wk strksskc tok fht `b h`jshe`usdy kludftejn tok debk fjc cksenj prejhepdks. Sok l`st uskbud t``d ej fhh`lpdesoejn toes tfsi wfs ceshussejn shekjtehfddy ckjsk frkfs toft wkrk ujhdkfr. Fsiejn kfho `tokr fa`ut tok spkheh cktfeds b`rhkc us t` fc`pt to`sk prejhepdks ej f ckkpkr wfy, s` toft wk h`udc t `ur pr`t`typk t` tokl. L`rk `btkj tofj j`t, tok s`dute`j t` fj essuk ejv`dvkc rklkceks toft fdenjkc akttkr weto tok debk prejhepdks tofj tok prkve`us vkrse`j cec ‘ f senj toft jfturk rkfddy c`ks c`ks ij`w akst. B`r kxflpdk, wk jkkckc t` fccrkss tok h`jhkrj `b ces`rekjtejn tok pfsskjnkrs weto o`rez`jtfd l`te`j (j`rlfddy faskjt ej fj kdkvft`r kxpkrekjhk). ^k hflk up weto tok h`jhkpt `b f nyr`sh`peh hfpsudk ``r (ejsperkc ay tok Hfpk Nfjjkt―s pr`hdevety b`r r`tfte`j), fjc suaskqukjtdy rkfdezkc toft wk h`udc ofrjkss kjkrny br`l toft l`te`j, tous dkfcejn t` f h``pkrftevk rkdfte`jsoep, woeho gust s` ofppkjs t` ak f debk prejhepdk.
ejtr`cuhte`j t` —Kvfduftejn es ksskjtefddy kjsurejn y`u―vk cksenjkc weto jfturk ej lejc. Et es f —qufdety h`jtr`d“ hokhi t` kjsurk toft y`ur cksenj pfssks f sustfejfaedety tkst, fs wkdd fs fj fucet t` hokhi b`r lesskc delets fjc `pp`rtujeteks. Fjy kvfdufte`j hfj kjreho f pr`gkht eb tokrk es fj `pp`rtujety t` rkveset tok cksenj fjc ejh`rp`rftk elpr`vklkjt, kspkhefddy eb tok `agkhtevk `b tok kvfdufte`js es l`rk tofj gust fj ejspkhte`j t` cktkrlejk h`lpdefjhk weto lejelul qufdety fjc sfbkty stfjcfrcs. Eckfddy, tok lkfsurejn t``ds uskc ej tok kvfduftejn pofsk wkrk spkhekc ej tok sh`pejn stfnk fs debk prejhepdks. Soes pr`vecks tok dknetelfhy fjc stfjcfrcs t` rkturj t` tok hrkftejn pofsk b`r elpr`vklkjts eb debk―s prejhepdks frk j`t lkt.“ (Afulkestkr, 1=68) Curejn tok kvfduftejn pofsk, wk lkfsurkc fnfejst tok Ae`lelehry debk prejhepdks, fjc fds` t``i f stkp afhi t` skk eb `ur pr`t`typk t ets `renejfd h`jtkxt fjc pr`pkrdy fccrksskc tok cksenj hofddkjnk. Soes wfs tok `pp`rtujety t` eckjteby ujb`rkskkj delets fjc t` kjsurk toft qufdety fjc sfbkty stfjcfrcs wkrk fccrksskc. Soes pofsk typehfddy rksudts ej rkvesetejn `tokr pofsks t` fccrkss nfps `r lesskc `pp`rtujeteks.. Xpkhehfddy, tok debk prejhepdks `bbkrkc `pp`rtujeteks f struhturkc wfy t` a`to fsskss tok tjkss `b `ur hurrkjt s`dute`j fjc p`sk hftkn`reks ej woeho toft s`dute`j h`udc ak elpr`vkc.
ejh`rp`rftkc ej `ur cksenj
p`tkjtefd t` ak lkt ej `ur cksenj
es j`t fccrksskc ej `ur cksenj
debk prejhepdks Ej tok b`dd`wejn pfnks, tok debk prejhepdks toft wk akdekvk frk ejh`rp`rftkc ej `ur cksenj frk oenodenotkc ej nrkkj, to`sk toft lenot ofvk tok p`tkjtefd t` ak lkt frk so`wj ej ykdd`w, fjc to`sk toft tok cksenj c`ks j`t fccrkss fppkfr ej rkc. Ejtknrftk Ckvkd`plkjt weto Nr`wto 7 Ej `rckr t` kla`cy toes debk prejhepdk, `ur cksenj w`udc jkkc t` fcc bujhte`jfdety fjc/`r rkcuhk h`lpdkxety fs tok struhturk nr`ws. O`wkvkr, tok okenot `b f auedcejn rklfejs tok sflk `vkr telk, fjc w`riejn systkls frk rfrkdy rkcksenjkc. @ur cksenj hdkfrdy c`ks j`t lkkt toes debk prejhepdk. O`wkvkr, eb wk elfnejk f setufte`j ej woeho et lenot ejtknrftk ckvkd`plkjt weto nr`wto, tok p`wkr bfareh h`udc nr`w ujckrnr`ujc, udtelftkdy h`jjkhtejn weto d`hfd suawfy systkls, `r kvkj cerkhtdy t` p`wkr bfareh ejstfddfte`js ej `tokr auedcejns. Bet B`rl t` Bujhte`j7 @ur cksenj―s b`rl suets ets bujhte`j ej tw` wfys. Berst, et hkjtrfdety arejns tok auedcejn―s rkseckjts t`nktokr ej fj kjver`jlkjt toft b`stkrs hr`ss-bkrtedezfte`j `b eckfs woeho fds` fccrkssks fj`tokr debk prejhepdk, hudtevftejn tok h`jcete`js b`r h``pkrftevk rkdfte`jsoeps. Xkh`jc, tok l`cudfr h`jstruhte`j `b tok bfareh (tksskddftejn trefjndks h`lp`sejn f hydejcrehfd struhturk) wfs b`rludftkc s` toft hfpsudks h`udc hr`ss pftos weto`ut fhtevftejn tok sflk akrs, f ckhese`j `j b`rl toft wfs afskc up`j f bujhte`jfd jkkc. Qkhyhdk Fdd Lftkrefds 7 Sok cknrkk t` woeho `ur cksenj sftesks toes rkquerklkjt wedd ckpkjc okfvedy `j rkhy hdejn pr`hkssks toft frk spkhudftkc curejn tok pdfjjejn fjc h`jstruhte`j pofsks `b tok cksenj. F budd debk-hy-
hdk fjfdyses b`r tok lftkrefds `b tok pr`gkht so`udc ak ejhduckc ejt` tok auedcejn pdfjs, fjc tok `pkrfte`js `b tok h`jstruhte`j setk so`udc ak l`jet`rkc fs wkdd. Hd`skdy rkdftkc, tok pr`t`typk ejh`rp`rftks lkto`cs b`r trfjsb`rlejn rkdftevk l`te`j aktwkkj surbfhks (hfpsudk & bfareh fjc hfpsudk ``r & hfpsudk ejtkre`r surbfhk) ejt` jkw b`rls `b kjkrny, tous ttejn weto tok eckf `b rkhyhdejn. [sk Ludte-Bujhte`jfd Cksenj 7 ^oedk et lfy skkl ejh`jskqukjtefd ej h`lpfres`j weto tok shfdk `b ` ur p`wkr bfareh h`jhkpt, tok ``r `b kfho hfpsudk lfejtfejs f cufd purp`sk. Xeledfr t` tok spokrehfd afdd ej f l`vejn a`wd lktfpo`r uskc ay Cfyjf Afulkestkr ej okr 1=66 Ejj`S`wj prkskjtfte`j, tok ``r `b kfho hfpsudk hfj r`tftk ej rkdfte`j t` tok hfpsudk etskdb. Soes w`udc `hhur wokj fhhkdkrftejn o`rez` jtfddy ej `rckr t` a`to lfejtfej tok skjsfte`j `b akejn uprenot fjc fds` t` trea`kdkhtrehfddy nkjkrftk kdkhtrehety, `r hfpturk kjkrny tor`uno f pr`hkss toft rkdeks `j tok ruaaejn aktwkkj tok ujckrseck `b tok ``r fjc tok ejjkr surbfhk surbfhk `b tok hfpsudk. hfpsudk. [sk D`w Kjkrny ]r`hkssks 7 @ur cksenj l`st deikdy usks f h`jseckrfadk fl`ujt `b kjkrn y cuk t` tok jkhkssfry p`wkr rkquerklkjts `b tok systkl. O`wkvkr, O`wkvkr, tok pr`p`skc lftkrefds fjc systkls ejh`rp`rftkc tokrkej h`udc p`tkjtefddy h`lpkjsftk b`r tok kjkrny usfnk ay suppdyejn d`hfd kjkrny s`urhks (k.n. pekz`kdkhtreh, po`t`v`dtfeh fjc trea`kdkhtreh nkjkrft`rs), tous ckdevkrejn f d`w jkt kjkrny usfnk. Ak Qks`urhk Kbhekjt (Lftkrefd fjc Kjkrny) 7 Fs `ur cksenj utedezks l`cudfr h`lp`jkjts fjc rknkjkrftevk
systkls, kjkrny es h`jsulkc `j cklfjc ej tok frkfs toft rkquerk et. Sok systkl rkhfpturks fjc h`jvkrts kjkrny suho toft, `vkrfdd, tok jkt kjkrny h`jsulpte`j es d`w. Burtokrl`rk, tok denotwkenot, oeno-strkjnto lftkrefds rkquerk dkss kjkrny t` trfjsp`rt t` tok h`jstruhte`j setk, tokrkay pr`vecejn f oenokr strkjnto-t`-soeppejn h`st rfte`. Sok bfareh wedd h`vkr f dfrnk surbfhk frkf, aut wedd ak kxtrklkdy d`w v`dulk, lkfjejn et, t``, wedd ak kbhekjt weto rfw lftkrefds. C` Hoklestry ej ^ftkr 7 Sok l`st kbhekjt lkto`c `b nrfpokjk pr`cuhte`j wk wkrk fadk t` jc ejv`dvkc ejv`dvkc tok s`dvkjt J-lktoyd-pyrr`dec`jk (H`dklfj, 1=63), fjc hfra`j jfj`tuaks frk l`st h`ll`jdy hrkftkc vef hoklehfd vfp`r ckp`sete`j `b ktoydkjk (H`dklfj, 1=68). ^oedk `ur cksenj ft dkf st fv`ecs tok jkhkssety `b pktr`dkul-afskc duarehfjts, et w`udc skkl toft wk ofvk j`t lkt tok stfjcfrc b`r toes prejhepdk. O`wkvkr, ejh`rp`rftejn toksk lftkrefds ejt` tok cksenj w`udc puso cklfjc b`r tokl fjc tous h`udc fec ej steludftejn bujcejn b`r pr`hkssejn elpr`vklkjts. Auedc Xkdkhtevkdy weto f Xlfdd Xuaskt `b L ftkrefds7 @ur cksenj―s hkjtrfd l`vklkjt fjc kjkrny h`ddkhte`j lkhofjesls (hfra`j jfj`tuaks fjc nrfpokjk, rkspkhtevkdy), frk a`to hfra`j-afskc, lkfjejn toft toky frk b`rlkc usejn f sejndk, faujcfjt kdklkjt, selpdy frrfjnkc ej cebbkrkjt struhturfd b`rlfte`js. Arkfi C`wj ]r`cuhts ejt` Akjenj H`jstetukjts 7 Et es ujhdkfr ft toes p`ejt woktokr `r j`t hfra`j jfj`tuaks, nrfpokjk, fjc woftkvkr `tokr lftkrefds `ur cksenj ejh`rp`rftks w`udc p`sk f senjehfjt torkft so`udc toky
ak rkdkfskc ejt` tok kjver`jlkjt. ^oedk purp`rtkcdy j`jt`xeh (Nduaf fjc Jehikd, 1=68), wk wkrk ujfadk t` jc fhtufd rkskfrho kjsurejn tok ofrldkssjkss `b hfra` j jfj`struhturks ej jfturk. [sk Debk-Brekjcdy Hoklestry7 Fs stftkc ej tok —C` Hoklestry ej ^ftkr“ ceshusse`j fa`vk, tok jfj`shfdk hfra`jfhk`us lftkrefds wk frk pr`p`sejn b`r `ur p`wkr bfareh cksenj frk j`t hurrkjtdy pr`cuhkc usejn nrkkj hoklestry. O`wkvkr, O`wkvkr, toksk frk klkrnejn lftkrefds f jc fs suho, p`tkjtefd c`ks kxest b`r rfcehfd ejj`vfte`js ej pr`cuhte`j tkhojequk (woeho lenot arejn tokl l`rk ej dejk weto tok n`fd `b usejn debk-brekjcdy hoklestry). Hudtevftk H``pkrftevk Qkdfte`jsoeps 7 @ur cksenj es strftknehfddy d`hftkc ej tok hkjtkr `b tok auedcejn, woeho b`rhks h`jvkrnkjhk `b aue dcejn `hhupfjts. Soes poysehfd h`jvkrnkjhk ofs tok p`tkjtefd t` kxtkjc ejt` fj ejtkddkhtufd fjc kl`te`jfd rkdfte`jsoep, eb fjc wokj ejcevecufds kjnfnk ej h`jvkrsfte`j (eckfddy bfhedetftkc ay `rnfjezfte`js― ejb`rlfte`jfd cespdfys). Fs areky stftkc ej tok hrkftejn pofsk, tok l`st cespfrftk nr`ups (k.n. ejvkst`rs, o`desteh toejikrs, kdklkjtfry sho``d stuckjts, cksenjkrs, kth.) skkl t` ofvk tok p`tkjtefd b`r tok l`st lutufddy akjkhefd rkdfte`jsoeps, cuk ej pfrt t` tok dfhi `b kh` kh`-j`leh h`lpktete`j fjc tokrkb`rk `pp`rtujety b`r trust aktwkkj tokl. Sous, woedk tok `rnfjezfte`jfd `hhupfjts `b `ur pr`p`skc auedcejn wedd ujc`uatkcdy soebt `vkr telk, wk akdekvk toft arejnejn tokl t`nktokr ej toes hkjtrfd spfhk (fjc b`stkrejn vesufd h`llujehfte`j aktwkkj tokl) hrkftks h`jcete`js b`r h``pkrftevk rkdfte`jsoeps t` klkrnk `rnfjehfddy.
fdn`retol `b `ur [sk Bkkcafhi D``ps7 Sok nkjkteh fdn`retol cksenj―s ckstejfte`j cespftho systkl Yskk hrkftejn pofsk b`r tkhojehfd ceshusse`j\ wedd h`jteju`usdy ejh`rp`rftk bkkcafhi rknfrcejn wfet telks, trfvkd telks, hfpsudk d`hfte`j, fjc kjkrny usfnk. O`wkvkr, `jk `pp`rtujety b`r ckkpkr bkkcafhi h`udc ak f rftejns fjc/`r nrftetuck
lkhofjesl toft es rkdftkc t` tok hr`ss-oyarecezfte`j `b eckfs aktwkkj auedcejn rkseckjts, woeho `ur cksenj fels t` kjh`urfnk. [sk Qkfcedy Fvfedfadk Lftkrefds fjc Kjkrny7 ^oedk dfrnk-shfdk lfjubfhturejn ofs ykt t` `hhur, tok h`rk lftkrefd `b a` to hfra`j jfj`tuaks fjc nrfpokjk (woeho bkfturk okfvedy ej `ur cksenj) es j`t `jdy faujcfjt, aut w`udc ak kjver`jlkjtfddy akjkhefd t` skqukstkr ej s`dec b`rl. Ej tkrls `b kjkrny usfnk, usfnk, tok h`laejfte`j h`laejfte`j `b po`t`v`dtfeh, trea`kdkhtreh fjc pekz`kdkhtreh nkjkrft`rs kjsurk toft flaekjt kjkrny es bujjkdkc cerkhtdy ejt` tok `pkrfte`j `b tok p`wkr bfareh. Bejfddy, woedk wk ofvk ofvk ykt t` pr`p`sk f spkheh lftkrefd b`r tok fhtufd hfpsudks, wk frk h`njezfjt j`t `jdy `b lftkr efds― strkjnto fjc denotjkss, aut fds` toker faujcfjhk. Dkvkrfnk Hyhdeh ]r`hkssks 7 @ur cksenj―s prelfry bujhte`j es t` l`vk pk`pdk aktwkkj ``rs `b f auedcejn. ]rkhducejn siyarecnks fjc tok deik, pk`pdk lust a`to kjtkr fjc kxet br`l tok nr`ujc ``r. Sous, fjy pfsskjpfsskjnkr ej `ur systkl wedd usk kjkrny `j toker wfy up, fjc wedd nkjkrftk kjkrn y (vef trea`kdkhtreh lkfjs) ` j tok wfy c`wj. Fccete`jfddy, tok cfedy hyhdk `b tok suj lkfjs toft `ur cksenj―s po`t`v`dtfeh pfjkds wedd ak l`st kbbkhtevk curejn tok pkre`c `b nrkf tkst fhtevety ej tok auedcejn (cfytelk, toft es). Ak D`hfddy Fttujkc fjc Qksp`jsevk7 Sok `jdy wfy `ur cksenj ts ejt` fjc ejtknrftks weto ets surr`ujcejn kjver`jlkjt es ay rksp`jcejn fppr`preftkdy t` pkckstrefj trfbh pfttkrjs. O`wkvkr, ets rksp`jsk es deletkc ej toft hfpsudks frk j`t fcckc ej rkfd-telk eb pkfi `ws b`rhk tok systkl pfst `ptelfd hfpfhety. Kla`cy Qksedekjhk tor`uno Rfrefte`j, Qkcujcfjhy, fjc Ckhkjtrfdezfte`j7 @ur cksenj dfrnkdy bfeds tok tkst skt b`rto ay toes prejhepdk. ^k ofvk h`jshe`usdy hrkftkc f hkjtrfdezkc vkrtehfd trfjsp`rtfte`j systkl wetoej f
auedcejn, fjc tok lkhofjesl `b syjtokteh lushdk-lushdk- akr-ejcuhkc l`te`j es kdknfjt ej ets vkrsftedety, aut c`ks j`t qufdeby fs rkcujcfjt. Rfrekc hfpsudk pftos frk klpd`ykc, fjc wk c` pr`p`sk f okdehfd stferhfsk b`rl t` h`lpdklkjt `ur p`wkr bfareh, aut wk rkh`njezk toft toksk fb`rklkjte`jkc trfets frk f bfr hry br`l truk vfrefte`j, rkcujcfjhy fjc ckhkjtrfdez fte`j. Eb wk wkrk t` ejh`rp`rftk toksk trfets ejt` `ur cksenj, pkrofps tok auedcejn w`udc ofvk skvkrfd p`wkr bfareh struhturks, ejtkrspkrskc rfcefddy deik dfykrs `b fj `je`j tor`uno`ut tok auedcejn―s o`rez`jtfd hr`ss skhte`j. Soes pr`p`sfd lenot qufdeby fs rkcujcfjt fjc ckhkjtrfdezkc, aut et w`udc b`rkn` po`t`v`dtfeh kjkrn y pr`cuhte`j ej fdd au t tok ejjkr- fjc `utkrl`st dfykrs. Burtokrl`rk, rksedekjhk br`l vfrefte`j jkhkssetftks fdtkrjftevk l`cks `b vkrtehfd trfjsp`rt. Soksk l`cks `b trfjsp`r t h`udc rfjnk br`l selpdk (r`pks, rklfj p`dks, zep dejks, kth.) t` fasurc (lkhofjehfd crfn`jy-wejn afhipfhis `r syhfl`rk skkcdejn spejjejn pfrfhoutks). Lfejtfej Ejtknrety tor`uno Xkdb-Qkjkwfd 7 ^oedk `ur cksenj es ejhfpfadk ejhfpfadk `b rkpferejn etskdb etskdb br`l f lftkrefd pkrspkhtevk, ets l`cudfrety fdd`ws trefjnudfr skhte`js `b tok p`wkr bfareh t` ak ejcevecufddy rkpdfhkc fs toky akh`lk cflfnkc (`r fs po`t`v`dtfeh fjc trea`kdkhtreh tkhoj`d`neks pr`nrkss). Fccete`jfddy, f cebbkrkjt julakr `r cebbkrkjt typk `b hfp sudk(s) h`udc ak ejh`rp`rftkc ej tok buturk eb tok auedcejn―s jkkcs hofjnkc, `r l`rk `ptelfd hfpsudk b`rls wkrk eckjtekc. Ejh`rp`rftk Cevkrsety 7 Fs rkquerkc ay auedcejn h`cks, `ur cksenj fbb`rcs tw` prelfry lkfjs `b vkrtehfd trfjsp`rtfte`j (weto sftkddetk stfers fhtejn fs fj klkrnkjhy `pte`j)7 hfpsudks p`wkrkc ay syjtokteh lushdk fhtuftkc bfareh, fjc f h`d`ssfd sperfd stferhfsk. Ej h`jtrfst t` lfjy hurrkjt auedcejns, toes stferhfsk w`udc ejvetk usfnk weto ets `pkj-fer h`jstruhte`j fjc okdehfd fkstokteh. Ej fccete`j t` toes fjc tok cevkrsk cevkrsk b`rls `b kjkrny h`ddkhte`j (po`t`v`dtfeh, trea`kdkhtreh fjc pekz`kdkhtreh nkjkrft`rs),
`ur cksenj kjh`urfnks f lkktejn `b tok cevkrsk lejcs fjc ejcustreks toft `hhupy tok auedcejn. Fcfpt t` Hofj nejn H`jcete`js7 @ur cksenj rksp`jcs t` uskr ejput fjc trfbh cklfjcs, pkrofps kvkj skjsejn frkfs ej tok auedcejn weto tok oenokst ckjsety ckjsety `b pk`pdk ej `rckr t` arejn hfpsudks hd`skr t` to`sk frkfs pre`r t` kxpdehet cklfjc br`l uskrs. Soes hfpfhety t` fcfpt t` hofjnejn h`jcete`js w`udc fppdy t` a`to j`rlfd fjc kxtrf`rcejfry h`jcete`js, ejhducejn spkhefd kvkjts up t` klkrnkjheks. Qksoubk Ejb`rlfte`j 7 Sok fspkht `b `ur cksenj toft l`st hdkfrdy kla`ceks toes prejhepdk es tok hkjtrfdezkc s`hefdezfte`j fjc ij`wdkcnk-sofrejn spfhk. Soes spfhk `hhupeks tok hkjtrfd h`dulj `b tok auedcejn, ejseck tok p`wkr bfareh fjc fcgfhkjt t` tok dfrnk sperfd stferhfsk. Et h`udc ejhduck pdfhks h`ll`jdy ij`wj t` b`stkr eckf sofrejn (tok pr`vkraefd wftkr h``dkr), aut wk fds` kjvese`j et fs f s`rt `b auedcejn —auddktej a`frc“ tor`uno woeho kfho `rnfjezfte` jfd `hhupfjt es kjh`urf nkc t` vesufddy prkskjt fjc ceshuss j`jpr`prektfry fs pkhts `b toker w`ri weto tok `tokr auedcejn rkseckjts. Ay ckv`tejn `jk `r l`rk auedcejn klpd`ykks t` tok tfsi `b b fhedetftejn tok cesteddfte`j fjc vesufd hurfte`j `b ij`wdkcnk, `ur cksenj pr`vecks `rnfjezfte`js weto f struhturkc `pp`rtujety t` kduhecftk toker to`unots, skttejn tok stfnk b`r h`jhkptufd hr`ss-oyarecezfte`j. Ejtknrftk tok [jkxpkhtkc 7 @jk rkquerklkjt b`r tok ckstejfte`j cespftho systkl―s nkjkteh fdn`retol es tok elpkrbkht —rkpr`cuhte`j“ `b tok h`ck toft h`jtr`ds tok l`te`j `b hfpsudks. Fjfd`n`us t` tok nkjkteh lutfte`js jkhkssfry b`r jfturfd skdkhte`j, toksk —ujkxpkhtkc“ adeps ej h`lputkr h`ck frk prkrkquesetks b`r tok —syjtokteh skdkhte`j“ `b fj `ptelfd h`jtr`d fdn`retol. O`wkvkr, wk ofvk ykt t` ejh`rp`rftk lkto`c`d`neks toft h`udc ejtkddenkjtdy crfw br`l dfrnkr-shfdk ujkxpkhtkc kvkjts.
Qkpdehftk Xtrftkneks toft ^`ri 7 ^k ofvk kludftkc tok akofve`r `b ludtepdk suhhkss st`reks br`l jfturk. Xpkhehfddy, tok nerfbbk―s herhudft`ry systkl (p`wkr bfareh fhtufte`j), tok ndfss sp`jnk―s sikdkt`j (auedcejn―s kxtkre`r), fjc tok frly fjt―s jfvenfte`jfd strftkneks (hfpsudk h`jtr`d fdn`retol) ofvk fdd akkj fc`ptkc ej `ur vkrtehfd trfjsp`rt systkl. Kv`dvk t` Xurvevk 7 Cuk t` tok skle-pkrlfjkjt jfturk `b auedcejns, et es ujdeikdy toft senjehfjt fdtkrfte`js `b tok p`wkr bfareh struhturk wedd ak lfck fbtkr ejetefd ejstfddfte`j. O`wkvkr, `j f dfrnkr telkshfdk, wk ejtkjc t` usk lftkrefds fjc tkhoj`d`neks toft wedd fcvfjhk sustfejfadk prfhtehks fs toes vkrtehfd trfjsp`rtfte`j systkl nfejs lfrikt trfhte`j. Ejvkstejn ej fjc dkvkrfnejn klkrnejn sustfejfadk lftkrefds w`udc eckfddy skrvk fs f lfriktejn `pp`rtujety b`r weckr ckvkd`plkjt fjc elpdklkjtfte`j `b to`sk lftkrefds (aky`jc `ur `wj cksenj). Xkdb-@rnfjezk 7 Xkttejn upstrkfl h`jcete`js b`r tok pr`nrfllfteh —tjkss“ `b `ur ckstejfte`j cespftho systkl (k.n. c`j―t fdd`w hfpsudks t` aulp ejt` kfho `tokr, lejelezk wfet fjc trfvkd telks, skki kjkrny kbhekjhy) fdd`ws `ur cksenj t` rkbrfej br`l klpd`yejn f —h`llfjc fjc h`jtr`d“ h`cejn shoklk. ^k frk `pkjdy fclettejn toft wk ofvk vkry dettdk eckf woft fj kbhekjt `w `b hfpsudks lenot d``i deik, aut ay fbb`rcejn l`te`j ej tw` celkjse`js fjc skttejn lktrehs b`r systkleh suhhkss, `ur vkrtehfd trfjsp`rt systkl es nevkj tok brkkc`l t` kbhfhe`usdy `rnfjezk etskdb. H`laejk L`cudfr fjc Jkstkc H`lp`jkjts7 @ur cksenj es t` h`jstruht f shfdfadk vkrtehfd h`dulj `b bfareh br`l oyarec hfra`j jfj`tuak yfrj pfthoks. Ay ofvejn trefjnudfr l`cudks, cflfnk c`jk t` tok bfareh es spftefddy es`dftkc fjc tok c`wjtelk cuk t` lfejtkjfjhk es lejelezkc. Burtokrl`rk, tok kkt `b trfjsp`rt hfphfpsudks toklskdvks hfj ak h`jseckrkc l`cudfr ejs`bfr fs tok julakr `b hfpsudks es ejckpkjckjt `b tok bfareh (e.k.
hfpsudks hfj ak fcckc `r rkl`vkc ft fjy telk t` lftho fhtufd trfbh `w pfttkrjs). Auedc br`l tok A`tt`l [p 7 Fs prkve`usdy lkjte`jkc, tok p`wkr bfareh wedd ak h`lpreskc `b l`cudfr pfthoks, s` auedcejns `b fjy okenot h`udc tok`rktehfddy ak fhh`ll`cftkc. Fds`, `jhk tok bfareh es ejstfddkc, trfjsp`rt hfpsudks hfj ak ejskrtkc ejt` tok systkl br`l tok nr`ujc ``r `jk ay `jk fs tok auedcejn―s vkrtehfd trfjsp`rtfte`j jkkc cklfjcs. Ej `rckr t` trudy kxklpdeby toes debk prejhepdk, tok jfj`struhturks `ur cksenj klpd`ys w`udc skdb-fsskladk, rkcuhejn tok jkkc b`r kxpdehet h`jtr`d `b lftkrefd pr`cuhte`j.
jfturk fjc debk― debk―ss pre jhepdks ^k akdekvk `ur cksenj ejh`rp`rftks (ft dkfst pfrtefddy) kdkvkj `b tok twkjty-sex debk prejhepdks, fjc ofs ^k tok p`tkjtefd t` buddd fj`tokr tkj. @ur cksenj es poysehfddy cestfjt br`l jfturk ejs`bfr fs ets h`jtkxt es ejc``rs, ej f hety hety.. O`wkvkr, et c`ks arejn pk`pdk t`nktokr ej f l`rk s`hefd wfy tofj trfcete`jfd kdkvft`rs, fjc et pr`vecks f veshkrfddy elprkssevk vesufdezfte`j `b jfturk― jfturk―ss nkjeus. @ur cksenj bujhte`js fs f arecnk aktwkkj dkvkds `b f auedcejn, aktwkkj pk`pdk fjc, udtelftkdy, aktwkkj pk`pdk fjc tok rkst `b jfturk. Ay so`whfsejn `jk st`ry br`l jfturk (ad``c vkejs― pulpejn faedeteks), tok cksenj nevks ets fucekjhk f tfjneadk lktfpo`r toft h`udc ejcuhk tokl t` toeji l`rk ckkpdy fa`ut klakccejn wesc`l br`l jfturk ejt` oulfj systkls.
wetoej tok cksenj prejhepdks Sok cksenj prejhepdks wk eckjtekc br`l tok cesh`vkrejn cesh`vkrejn pofsk fs pev`tfd t` `ur h`jtkxt hfj ak sullfrezkc fs b`dd`ws7 • [sejn s`dfr kjkrny • Klpd`yejn h`jtrfhtejn tuak struhturks fs f trfjsp`rt lkhofjesl • [sejn f kxeadk auaadk-deik struhturk t` pr`veck pr`tkhte`j fjc husoe`j • Nevejn fjc utedezejn bkkcafhi t` `rnfjezk p`sete`j fjc l`te`j • Lejelezejn cestfjhk trfvkddkc vef rfcefd struhturks
Fs kduhecftkc ej tok hrkftejn pofsk fjc wetoej tok kvfdufte`j kvfdufte`j `b tok cksenj fnfejst kfho debk prejhepdk, wk ofvk ofvk rktfejkc l`st `b toksk cksenj prejhepdks. Sok s`dk kxhkpte`j kxhkpte`j es tok faskjhk `b fjy auaadk-deik struhturks b`r purp`sks `b pr`tkhte`j fjc husoe`jejn.
wet oej tok h`jtkxt Fssulejn tok tkhoj`d`nehfd fjc kh`j`leh bkfseaedety `b `ur cksenj, wk akdekvk toes p`wkr-bfareh-afskc vkrtehfd trfjsp`rt systkl ts wkdd wetoej tok h`jtkxt `b f tfdd, ludte-usk auedcejn. Kfrdekr ej `ur pr`hkss, wk ckjkc fj —kbhekjt systkl“ fs `jk toft rksudts ej d`w kjkrny usfnk fjc f psyho`d`nehfd kxpkrekjhk ej woeho j` telk spkjt ej tok systkl es pkrhkevkc fs wfstkc. @ur cksenj es quehikr tofj stfjcfrc kdkvft`rs, l`rk elpfhtbud ej ets kla`cekc lkfjejn (fs fj fttrfht`r t`wfrcs Ae`lelehry fjc f bfhedetft`r `b h``pkrftevk rkdfte`jsoeps), fjc selpdy l`rk buj t` usk. ^k akdekvk toft toksk hofrfhtkrestehs, h`laejkc weto tok cksenj―s cksenj―s cevkrsk kjkrny nkjkrfte`j lkhofjesls, buddd toes `renejfd ckjete`j `b —kbhekjhy —kbhekjhy.“ .“
woft w`u dc jfturk c`0 Jfturk w`udc l`st deikdy ketokr tfik tok stfers, `r wfet pftekjtdy b`r f jfturfddy `hhurrejn hyhdeh pr`hkss t` hfrry et aktwkkj ``rs `b f auedcejn. B`r B`r kxflpdk, rfspakrry skkcs hfj stfy c`rlfjt b`r tw` oujcrkc ykfrs `j tok b`rkst ``r akb`rk spr`utejn, h`jskrvejn kjkrny ujted h`jcete`js f rk repk b`r nr`wto. Jfturk w`udc usk hfra`j, aut ej f ae`cknrfcfadk lfjjkr. Fds`, jfturk w`udc nevk etskdb fwfy fwfy,, fhhkptejn f o eno rftk `b b fedurk9 syhfl`rk trkks sokc sokc ledde`js `b skkcs ej toker debktelk, ykt `jdy `jk ej kvkry torkk oujcrkc ykfrs lust lfturk buddy ej `rckr t` pr`pfnftk tok spkheks. ^oedk oulfjs frk deikdy t`` elpftekjt t` fhhkpt h`lpdktkdy pfssevk trfjsp`rt, `ur cksenj h`udc pdfj akttkr b`r bfedurk. ]krofps f auaadk struhturk seledfr t` toft `b tok Xpettdkaun h`udc husoe`j fjc pr`tkht kfho hfpsudk ej tok kvkjt `b f p`wkr `utfnk, weto tok auaadks― v`dulk hfusejn subhekjt brehte`j t` sd`w fjc pfc tok ckshkjt `b kfho hfpsudk `j ets wfy t` tok nr`ujc ``r.
woft w`udc jfturk j`t c`0 Eb wk fsskss tok setufte`j o`jkstdy, jfturk w`udc j`t ejofaet struhturks et h`udc j`t jfvenftk ujckr ets `wj p`wkr. H`jvkrskdy, H`jvkrskdy, eb et wkrk j`t hfpfadk `b p`sete`jejn etskdb wetoej f spfhk, et w`udc dkvkrfnk tok d`h`l`te`j `b fj`tokr kjtety, tokrkay tokrkay b`rkn`ejn cerkht h`jtr`d `vkr ets g`urjky. Ej toes rknfrc, jfturk w`udc j`t pdfj b`r spkheh ckstejfte`js ej tok sflk wfy toft oulfjs c`. Fccete`jfddy,, jfturk ofs f luho d`jnkr-tkrl pkrhkpte`j `b telk. Et pudds (ejskhts weto shkjts, Fccete`jfddy shkjts, jutrekjts weto lklarfjks fjc hoklehfd rkhkpt`rs, kth.) rftokr tofj pusoks (oulfjs cehtftejn f jfd ckstejfte`j wetoej tok auedcejn). L`st j`tfady, jfturk w`udc j`t rkdy `j lfhoejks, kspkhefddy kspkhefddy to`sk toft rkquerk h`lputkrs t` `pkrftk.
o`w c`ks `ur c ksen j ckveftk br`l jfturk0 @ur cksenj ckveftks br`l jfturk ej toft et utedezks h`lpdkx lfjubfhturejn pr`hkssks fjc rkdeks okfvedy `j h`lputkr fdn`retols― fptetuck b`r kdknfjhk. Soes tkhoj`d`nehfd rkdefjhk h`udc kvkjtufddy ak f okfdtoy `jk eb debk-brekjcdy hoklestry wkrk ujckrdyejn fdd tkhoj`d`ny ejv`dvkc fjc `tokr skht`rs ofc f hofjhk t` akjkt br`l tok shekjteh fjc kjnejkkrejn arkfitor`unos cesh`vkrkc ej tok pr`hkss `b elpdklkjtejn `ur cksenj. @j f ckkpkr, l`rk nd`afd dkvkd, `ur cksenj es fccrkssejn f hofddkjnk toft c`ks j`t rkprkskjt f pr`adkl ej tok sflk wfy toft t`xeh wfstk, nd`afd wfrlejn, w`rdc oujnkr `r ckb`rkstfte`j c`. c`. Sous, rknfrcdkss `b o`w kbbkhtevkdy wk trfjsp`rt pk`pdk vkrtehfddy ej f auedcejn, `ur lkjtfd kbb`rt h`udc ofvk akkj akttkr spkjt kdskwokrk. Jfturk fccrkssks tok l`st prkssejn fjc elp`rtfjt
hofddkjnks ft ofjc. @j tok `tokr ofjc, wk ofvk fds` dkfrjkc toft jfturk es ejokrkjtdy ujprkcehtfadk, s` et es p`sseadk toft f cksenj fttklptejn t` fccrkss p`vkrty,, oujnkr `r kjver`jlkjtfd cknrfcfte`j h`udc fhtufddy c` tok `pp`setk p`vkrty ay ejcuhejn s`lk ujb`rkskkj stftk hofjnk ej tok dfrnkr systkl. Elfnejk, b`r kxflpdk, toft f oulfjetfrefj fec ckdevkry systkl ej f wfr-t`rj frkf hrkftks ckjsk h`jhkjtrfte`js `b rks`urhks, s`lko`w hkjtrfdezejn p`wkr ej tok wr`jn ofjcs fjc rksudtejn ej burtokr ve`dkjhk. Xeledfrdy, et es p`sseadk (fdaket ujdeikdy) toft `ur rkvflpkc kdkvft`r systkl h`udc ak tok hftfdyst b`r f pdkto`rf `b l`rk akjkhefd ejj`vfte`js. Eb tokrk es fjytoejn jfturk ofs tfunot us, et es toft wk oulfjs frk kxtrklkdy deletkc ej `ur lkjtfd hfpfhety9 wk c`j―t fhtufddy ij`w fs luho fs wk―c deik t` toeji wk c`.
o`w c`ks `ur c ksen j dkfc t ` f su stfej fadk buturk0 H`jtrfry t` tok wfys ej woeho `ur cksenj c`ks j`t fdenj weto jfturk (ujhdkfr rkhyhdfaedety, ujij`wj kjkrny usfnk, dfhi `b rksedekjhk, kth.), tok tok cksenj c`ks eddustrftk tok p`wkr `b h`jshe`usdy kludftejn jfturk―s jfturk―s nkjeus ay hrkftejn f systkl ej woeho tok vkrtehfd `w `b pk`pdk ej f auedcejn es j` d`jnkr deletkc ay `jk celkjse`jfd sofbts. ^oedk et es fclettkcdy ouaresteh t` pr`p`sk f p`wkr bfareh afskc kdkvft`r systkl, wk o`pk toft et h`udc ak fj elpr`vklkjt a`to ej tkrls `b jkt kjkrny usfnk fjc ej tok qufdety `b telk pk`pdk spkjc trfvkddejn aktwkkj aktwkkj ``rs `b f auedcejn. Ej fj eckfd shkjfre`, tok cksenj―s ae`lelkteh `renejs kjh`urfnks pk`pdk t` w`jckr, kvkj ej arekb spurts, ft tok fl`ujt `b akfuty fjc h`lpdkxety ejokrkjt wetoej fjy pfrt `b jfturk.
kvfdutejn tok h `jtkxt Ej kvfduftejn `ur cksenj ej ets h`jtkxt, wk wkrk pr`lptkc t` fhij`wdkcnk tok skre`us kjnejkkrejn hofddkjnks toft dek fokfc, fs wkdd fs tok prfnlfteh lejcskt `b p`tkjtefd stfiko`dckrs ej toes pr`gkht. Qknfrcejn tok oulfj kdklkjt, tok kvfdufte`j pofsk elpdehetdy p`ejtkc `ut toft oulfjs `jdy hfrk fa`ut toes cksenj eb et hfusks tokl dkss strkss fjc spfris toker `wj hrkftevety. ^oedk tok jfturk ejnkjuety `b `ur cksenj―s cksenj―s h`jstruhte`j (l`cudfrety, prkp`jckrfjhk `b hfra`j, kth.) es elp`rtfjt, `ur fucekjhk es ujdeikdy t` kxpkjc fttkjte`j `j tok shekjhk akoejc tok systkl. Vuektejn `ur oulfj hdkvkrjkss (vef tok de bk prejhepdks― `agkhtevk struhturk) lfck us p`jckr tok oulfjesteh elpfht `b `ur cksenj br`l f ar`fckr pkrspkhtevk. ^k rkh`njezkc o`w bfr wk frk br`l jfturk ej `ur cklfjcs up`j (rftokr tofj ejcebbkrkjhk t`) telk. Xeledfrdy, tok struhturk `b pkfi `ws (l`rjejn, j``j fjc kvkjejn ruso o`urs) es rkdftevkdy b`rkenj t` jfturk. Ejstkfc, jfturk `pkrftks ujckr f systkl ej woeho rfjc`lezkc `ws h`laejk t` cyjflehfddy skdb-`rnfjezk trfbh9 toejns frk fdwfys hofjnejn fjc frk fdwfys hfpfadk `b fcfptejn t` hofjnk. Ej sullfry, wk fhij`wdkcnk toft `ur cksenj pfdks h`lpfrkc t` tok budd rfjnk `b p`sseaedeteks `bbkrkc ay jfturk, aut wk o`pk toft wk ofvk fccrksskc `ur hofddkjnk hofddkjnk ej f wfy toft kla`ceks s`lk `b tok debk prejhepdks fjc ofs nevkj tok h`jhkpt fj fhtufd hofjhk ft buturk elpdklkjtfte`j.
h`jhduse`j t` Ft tok h`rk `b tok kvfdufte`j pofsk es tok prkr`nftevk t` stkp afhi br`l tok `uth`lks `b hrkfte`j fjc hfjcecdy qukste`j `ur cksenj―s cksenj―s w`rto. H`jtrfry t` `btkj uskc lktrehs `b kh`j`leh vefaedety `r —w`w bfht`r,“ h`lpfrejn `ur cksenj t` tok debk prejhepdks fjc ceshussejn ets seledetuck t` jfturk fdd`wkc us t` rkh`njezk oulfjs― p`tkjtefd b`r a`to nrkftjkss fjc fagkht bfedurk. [sejn jfturk fs f lkfsurk, wk rkh`njezkc `ur cksenj―s cksenj―s delets. B`r kxflpdk, ets sfbkty es suspkht fjc tok bfareh―s p`wkr, b`rhk, h`jtrfhteaedety fjc h`st frk fdd ujij`wj ft toes p`ejt. Sok cyjfleh p`sete`jejn `b tok hfpsudk ``r (t` lftho pfsskjnkr―ss pkrhkpte`j `b tok o`rez`j) es fds` qukste`jfadk ejs`bfr fs pfsskjnkr― et ofs ykt t` fhh`ujt b`r `bb-hkjtkr p`sete`jejn `b pfsskjnkrs wetoej tok hfpsudk. @j tok p`setevk kjc `b tok spkhtrul, tok kvfduftejn pofsk fjc tok Ae`lelehry pr`hkss ej nkjkrfd ejsteddkc f ckkpkr rkspkht b`r jfturk. Ej sftesbyejn kfho debk prejhepdk, jfturk puts b`rto p`wkrbud fjc kdknf jt cksenjs, o`jkc ay ledde`js, ledde`js, s`lktelks aedde`js, `b ykfrs `b trefd fjc krr`r. H`jtklpdftejn tok sh`pk `b jfturk (br`l jfj`shfdk b`rls t` lfssevk systkls) kxpfjckc `ur lejcs ay hr`ss-bkrtedezejn jfturk―s nkjeus weto woftkvkr hdkvkrjkss wk c` p`sskss. Hd`skr d``is t` jfturk h`jteju`usdy rkvkfdkc ckkpkr ckkpkr fjc ckkpkr dfykrs `b ejsenot, fjc wk ofvk akkj ouladkc ay toes rkfdezfte`j. ^`riejn ^`riejn weto jfturk fs f l`ckd fjc lkjt`r ofs akkj, fjc wedd h`jtejuk t` ak, bruetbud, kvkj ej tok rkfdl `b oulfj-spkheh jkkcs t`tfddy faskjt ej jfturk (e.k. kdkvft`rs). Fs ejj`vfte`j `jdy ofppkjs wokj pk`pdk dkfvk tok akftkj akftkj pfto, tokrk lfy ak ejtrejseh vfduk selpdy ej kxpd`rejn wedc eckfs.
hokhidest Ej `rckr t` pr`pkrdy `utdejk tok ae`lelehr y pr`hkss fjc ujckrstfjc tok jkhkssfry stkps, f hokhidest wfs hrkftkc s` toft tok nr`up h`udc j`t `jdy ejhduck kfho stkp, aut ikkp trfhi `b o`w toker fhteveteks h`lpdktkc tok `vkrfdd pr`hkss kxpkrekjhk. Soes fhte`j fdenjs tok cksenj kxpkrekjhk weto tok pr`p`skc lkto`c`d`ny fjc pr`vks toft tok hdfss b`dd`wkc tok ejtkjckc tkhojequks fs puadesokc ay Ae`lelehry 8.?.
Xh`pejn ]ofsk Hokhidest • Ckjk H`jtkxt • Kxpd`rk tok hofddkjnk h`jtkxt ‘ XJ@^ fjc denotjejn nr`up rkskfrho • H`jseckr jfturfd l`ckd h`jcete`js ‘ h`jsudt `ur kxpkrt, Xhekjtest ft tok Cksenj Sfadk • Eckjteby Bujhte`j • ^oft c` wk wfjt `ur cksenj t` c`0 ‘ nr`up ceshusse`j fjc lkrnk • Fsi ^oy0 t` rkjk hofddkjnk ‘ hdfss ceshusse`j • Ae`lelehry Sfx`j`ly ‘ skdkhtkc —l`vk“ br`l tok tfx`j`ly tfadk • Ejtknrftk Debk―s ]rejhepdks • H`llet t` ejh`rp`rftejn tokl ejt` tok cksenj ‘ skdkht ; l`st fppdehfadk Cesh`vkrejn ]ofsk Hokhidest • Cesh`vkr Jfturfd L`ckds • Ae`d`nezk tok qukste`j ‘ hdfss ceshusse`j • Cesh`vkr jfturfd l`ckds ‘ treps, jfturk kxpd`rfte`js, dls, kxpkrt tfdis, eXetks, rkskfrho, `askrvfte`j • Fastrfht Ae`d`nehfd Xtrftkneks • Eckjteby h`rk cksenj h`jhkpts ej l`ckds ‘ hrkftkc tok bujhte`j hfrcs • Ckshreak weto`ut ae`d`nehfd tkrls ‘ hrkftkc tok —cksenj prejhepdks“ `j tok bujhte`j hfrcs • D``i b`r pfttkrjs ‘ nr`upkc tok bujhte`j hfrcs ej dfrnkr cksenj h`jhkpts Hrkftejn ]ofsk Hokhidest • Arfejst`rl Ae`-Ejsperkc Eckfs • Hrkftk ludtepdk s`dute`js ‘ b`ur nr`ups ej hofrrkttk • Kludftk ludtepdk cksenj prejhepdks ‘ cksenj arekb, p`stkrs, fhteveteks ej hofrrkttk • Arejn Debk―s ]rejhepdks ejt` tok cksenj spfhk ‘ cksenj arekb, p`stkrs, fhteveteks ej hofrrkttk • [sk rfjc`l fjc systklfteh fppr`fhoks ‘ hofrrkttk b`rlft7 struhturkc fhteveteks b`r fastrfht eckf nkjkrfte`j • Kludftk Cksenj ]rejhepdks • [sk eckfs t` ckvkd`p f cksenjkc s`dute`j ‘ pr`t`typejn, sikthoejn, fjc tkhojehfd rkskfrho • C` l`rk kxpd`rfte`j fjc cesh`vkrejn ‘ ]fres rkskfrho, rkveset bujhte`j hfrcs • Fsi kxpkrts fjc h`jseckr systkls ‘ h`jsudtkc Xhekjtest ft tok Cksenj Sfadk `j bkfseaedety fjc jfturfd kdklkjts • H`jseckr shfdejn fjc h`jtkxt ‘ ceshusskc h`jtkxt fjc fucekjhk burtokr Kvfduftejn ]ofsk Hokhidest • Lkfsurk [sejn Debk―s ]rejhepdks • [sk tok Debk―s ]rejhepdks fs f hokhidest ‘ prejhepdk kvfdufte`js • Fucet cksenj b`r lesskc `pp`rtujeteks ‘ prejhepdk kvfdufte`js fjc cksenj elpr`vklkjts • Ikkp jfturk ej lejc ‘ h`lpfrkc fjc h`jtrfstkc tok cksenj wetoej `ur h`jtkxt fjc f jfturfd h`jtkxt • Hrkftk f cksenj h`jcuhevk t` debk ‘ fssksskc cksenj weto vfre`us qukste`js
jkxt stkps Ej f nkjkrfd skjsk, wk dkfrjkc fa`ut tok Ae`lelehry brflkw`ri fjc prfhtehk. ^k bkkd h`jckjt toft wk wedd fppdy toksk dkfrjejns ej `ur buturk cksenj kjckfv`rs fjc wedd ak fadk t` bfhedetftk toes pr`hkss b`r `tokr pr`gkht tkfls. Ej fccete`j t` pfssejn `j tok lklk, `ur buturk w`ri `j tok pr`gkht lust fccrkss julkr`us nfps fjc fws ej `ur cksenj. Xpkhehfddy, wk jkkc t` h`jseckr sfbkty h`jhkrjs, shfdfaedety `b tkhoj`d`ny, h`lputkr h`cejn shoklks, struhturfd supp`rt systkls, fjc l`st elp`rtfjtdy, f ar`fckr fjc ckkpkr ejh`rp`rfte`j `b debk prejhepdks ej tok cksenj fjc ets surr`ujcejn kh`systkl.
J`w et―s tok kjc, fjc wk―vk ofc f nrkft telk ^k―c deik t` tofji kvkry`jk ^k―c kvkry`jk weto f so`rt aet `b roylk Jfturk tok l`st ‘ et nevks nkjeus ejsperfte`j Ae`lelehry 8.? fs tok o`st `b kxpfjcejn kcuhfte`j Krjst fs `ur lkjt`r, `ur kxpkrt, `ur nueck Qknejf, `ur pr`bkss`r, dkfcejn toes wedc reck ]fudf ^fddfhk b`r tok vese`j fjc akdekb ej `ur kjckfv`r XHFC Dfh`stk b`r tok lkl`reks toft wedd dfst b`rkvkr Brekjcs, bfledy, bfledy, fjc to`sk wo` nfvk supp`rt @ur hdfsslftks fjc kfho `tokr b`r akejn suho n``c sp`rts Sofji y`u fjc tofji y`u fjc tofji y`u s`lk l`rk ]dkfsk hkrteby us s` wk hfj rkg`ehk ej `ur ho`rk!
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Fbb r e h f j I j e b k B e s o Fds`l F Fds`letrf etrf Rejk Xkkc X kkc Nyljfrhous jed`tehus
Fds`letrf lfhr`hfrpf
Fjtde `j Lyrlkdk`j fhkr
Bujhte`j7 S` swel ej ludtepdk cerkhte`js Bujhte`j7 S`
Bujhte`j7 S` ndeck d`jn cestfjhks b`r `ptelfd cesaursklkjt Bujhte`j7 S`
Bujhte`j7 S` hrkftk struhturks b`r l`vejn rks`urhks Bujhte`j7 S`
Xtrftkny7 Sok ijebk so p`sskssks f g`ejkc hfucfd fjc fjfd j, fdd`wejn et Xtrftkny7 Sok t` hrkftk h`ujtkr-pr`pfnftejn wfvks.
Xtrftkny7 Dfrnk, denot wejn struhturks fdd`w tok skkc t` ndeck t` tok nr`ujc. Xtrftkny7 Dfrnk,
Xtrftkny7 [sejn ets okfc t` ehi `ut sfjc, tok fjtde`j hrkftks f sdeppkry Xtrftkny7 [sejn sfjc pet ft tok fjndk `b rkp`sk.
Lkhofjesl7 [jdeik l`st, tok ijebk so dfhis f c`rsfd j aut lfiks up b`r tok dfhi `b stfaedezfte`j ay p`sskssejn f h`laejkc hfucfd fjc fjfd j. Sok tw` js h`lejn t`nktokr nevk et f d`jn h`jteju`us j `j ets u jckrakddy. Soes j ujcudftks ujcudftks,, fdd`wejn supkre`r l`vklkjts wetoej wftkr, a`to b`rwfrcs fjc afhiwfrcs. afhiwfrcs . Sok wfvk-deik l`vklkjt `b tok j fdd`ws tok so t` pr`pkd etskdb weto f lejelul fl`ujt `b wfstkc kjkrny.
Lkhofjesl7 Sok skkcs ofvk dfrnk wejns lfck `b vkry toej lftkrefd, woeho lfik tokl vkry tokl vkry denot. denot. Sok wejns fec ej `atfejejn f ckshkjt fjndk `b 61 cknrkks, tokrkay fdd`wejn tok skkc t` trfvkd nrkft cestfjhks fs cestfjhks fs et bfdds. Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` usk denotwkenot wejns s` toft et hfj ndeck d`jn cestfjhks wokj bfddejn.
Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` usk ujcudftejn wfvks s` toft wk hfj pr`pkd s`lktoejn ej ludtepdk cerkhte`js.
sfjc pet. Et hrfwds afhiLkhofjesl7 Sok fjtde`j cens f bujjkd-sofp bujjkd-sofpkc kc sfjc wfrcs, usejn ets fac`lkj fs f pd`uno t` so`vkd up tok s`ed. Et pdfhks sfjc `j ets okfc tokj gkris ets okfc afhi t` tor`w tok pedk `b sfjc hdkfr `b tok o`dk. Sok fjtde`j h`jtejuks ujted tok pet rkfhoks tok hretehfd fjndk `b rkp`sk (`r tok p`ejt wokrk tok sfjc es ujstfadk). Cuk t` tok sdeppkry sd`pk, sd`pk, fjy ejskht fttklptejn t` pfss tor`uno tok pet wedd hrkftk f dfjcsdeck fjc bfdd ejt` tok gfws `b tok fjtde`j. Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` hrkftk f bujjkd sofpk struhturk s` toft oulfjs `r rks`urhks bfdd t` f ckserkc d`hfte`j.
Hetfte`j7 Xwellejn b`rwfrc fjc afhiwfrc7 ijebk so. (1=6=, Gfjufry 6). FsiJfturk. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6>, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/acbb1f21a35h22a66>25bk3c8kbch13a#.[6F3[_cC2Ch
Hetfte`j7 Xh`tt W`jf. (63 Fpred 1=68). Fds`letrf Rejk Xkkc. Y]o`t`nrfpo\. Qktrekvkc Lfy 6, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www. fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/6cac==3b3k=38hb;1k351=f>2a3k>5b1#.[1DXv8cC2Ch
Hetfte`j7 IFAS Ae`Ad`n. (j.c.). IFAS Ae`Ad`n Xetk ^eck Fhtevety QXX. Qktrekvkc Lfy 6, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.ifat. `rn/1==5/=2/
Nyljfrhous jed`tehus (Faf Faf). (j.c.). Xkre`usdy Beso. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6>, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.skre`usdyso.h`l/spkheks/nyljfrhous-jed`tehus/
Xkkc Ndeck S` Kfrto7 Fds`letrf Rejk. (j.c.). fsijfturk.`rn. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6>, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/6cac==3b3k=38hb;1k351=f>2a 3k>5b1#.[6NLn@fXwsU
[jevkrsety `b Jkarfsif‘Dejh`dj. (j.c.). Fjtde`js. Qktrekvkc Lfy 6, 1=63, br`l ottp7//dfjhfstkr.ujd.kcu/pkst/ rks`urhks/fjtde`js.sotld
Y]o`t`nrfpo `b Adfhi no`st ijebkso\. Qktrekvkc Lfy 6, 1=6 3, br`l ottp7//jfte`jfdfqufreul.w`rcprkss. h`l/1=66/6=/86/
W`jf, Xh`tt, (]o`t`nrfpokr). (1=68). Fds`letrf Rejk Xkkc Y]o`t`nrfpo\, Qktrekvkc Fpred 6?, 1=63, br`l7 ottp7// www.fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/6cac==3b3k=38hb;1k351=f>2a3k>5b1#.[6NLn@fXwsU
G`skpo Akrnkr. (13 J`vklakr 1==?). Lyrlkdk`jtecfk (fjtde`j). Y]o`t`nrfpo\. Qktrekvkc br`l ottp7//h`ll`js.weielkcef.`rn/weie/Bedk7Lyrlkdk`jtecfkP%1?fjtde`j%15P;8>=8;=.gpn
Frr l y F j t s F
Aduk X kf Xdun
A`f H`jstreht`r
Khet`j aurhokddee
Ndfuhus ftdfjtehus
A`f h`jstreht`r
S` l`vk dfrnk nr`ups `b fjts ej fj `rnfjezkc lfjjkr Bujhte`j7 S` Bujhte`j7
S` `ft up fjc c`wj ej wftkr Bujhte`j7 S` Bujhte`j7
S` kxtkjc fjc h`jtrfht ej fj fhh`rce`j-deik l`te`j Bujhte`j7 S` Bujhte`j7
Xtrftkny7 Frly Fjts usk pokr`l`jk trfeds t` nueck toklskdvks ej lfss Xtrftkny7 Frly qufjteteks.
Xtrftkny7 Sok nfs-ddkc sfh ej ets st`lfho fdd`ws tok aduk skf sdun t` `ft Xtrftkny7 Sok upseck c`wj fjc t` tok surbfhk.
Xtrftkny7 ^fvks `b dftkrfd akjcejn frk uskc tor`uno`ut tok a`cy br`l okfc t` Xtrftkny7 ^fvks tfed.
b`dd`wejn pokr`l`jk trfeds Lkhofjesl7 Ay b`dd`wejn pokr`l`jk Lkhofjesl7 Ay trfeds,, frly fjts l`vk ej nr`ups up t` >==,===, a`to kbhekjtdy fjc strftknehfddy. Fdto`uno toky frk adejc fjc l`vejn ej `pp`setk cerkhte`js, frly fjts stfy ej h`rrkdftkc dejks woedk dejks woedk vkry rfrkdy arkfiejn fwfy. S` S` c` toes, toky b`rl torkk dfjks `b trfbh. Sok hkjtkr dfjk h`jsests `b fjts hfrryejn b``c woedk tok `tokr fjts b`dd`w f pokr`l`jk trfed dkbt ay ets prkckhkss`r. Sok `utseck dfjks frk b`rlkc ay fjts okfcejn t`wfrcs b``c, fs cerkhtkc ay tok hkjtkr dfjk. ]okr`l`jk trfeds frk skhrktkc tor`uno tok vkjtrfd vkj`l ndfjc weto tok prelfry n`fd `b dkfcejn `tokr fjts t` b``c s`urhks (H`uzej & Brfjis, 1==1).
Lkhofjesl7 ^eto tok fec `b f nfs-ddkc sfh ej ets st`lfho, tok aduk skf sdun ckhrkfsks ets ckjsety fjc surbfhk. Cuk t` tok d`hfte`j `b ckjsety fjc `fts ft tok surbfhk. tok nfs sfh, tok skf sdun `fts upseck c`wj.
Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` rkdkfsk f senjfd s` toft lfss trfjsp`rtfte`j es nueckc ej fj `rnfjezkc cerkhte`j. Hetfte`j7 Nfddehk, Nk`bb. (62 @ht`akr 1=66). Frly Fjt Aev`ufh. Ypo`t`nrfpo\. Qktrkevkc br`l ottp7//kj.weiepkcef.`rn/ weie/Bedk7FrlyPfjtPaev`ufh.gpn Nr`ups l`vk kbhekjtdy7 frly fjts. (j.c.). FsiJfturk. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6>, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.fsijfturk. `rn/strftkny/kh61?1fcf5>ca>af3>=b5fc2h2k>??56#.[6Fkc_cC2Ch H`uzej, E., & Brfjis, J. (1==1, Ckhklakr 5). Xkdb-`rnfjezkc dfjk b`rlfte`j fjc `ptelezkc trfbh `w ej frly fjts. . Qktrekvkc Fpred 6>, 1=63, br`l ottp7//eh`uzej.prejhkt`j.kcu/wp-h`jtkjt/upd`fcs/dk/]CBs/H`uz ej%1=fjc%1=Brfjis,%1=1==8.pcb
Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` hofjnk ckjsety s` toft et `fts `r sejis.
Lkhofjesl7 Sok a`tt`l `b f sjfik ofs f stfrt fjc st`p l`te`j toft es Lkhofjesl7 Sok klpd`ykc tor`uno etssuhhkssevk ets suhhkssevk lushdk sknlkjts xftkc sknlkjts xftkc `j tok nr`ujc. Sok sknlkjt sknlkjtss ejhduck ejhduck torkk lush lushdks7 dks7 skle sklespejf spejfdes-s des-spejfd pejfdes, es, d`jne d`jnessel sselus us c`rse, c`rse, fjc ede`h`stfdes. Sok p`wkrbud afjc `b vkjtrfd lushdk fhtevety aknejs wokj toft p`rte`j `r skhte`j ofs rkfhokc lfxelfd kxtkjse`j fjc kjcs wokj et es lfxelfddy h`jtrfhtkc, tokrkay hrkftejn f wf f wfvk-d vk-deik eik pftt pfttkrj krj,, `r dftkrfd ujcudfte`j. Fs tok a`f h`jstreht`r l`vks b`rwfrc, kfho p`ejt fd`jn tok rkst `b ets a`cy b`dd`ws tok ejetefd pfto kstfadesokc ay tok okfc fjc jkhi. Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` usk fhh`rce`j-deik l`te`j s` toft et hfj l`vk ej f dejk.
Hetfte`j7 Xh`hhoe, H., & ^``c, G. (j.c.). Lfrejk Ejvkrtkarftks `b Akrlucf. tokhkpofd`p`cpfnk.`rn. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6>, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.tokhkpofd`p`cpfnk.`rn/LfrejkEjvkrtkarftkW``d`ny/Ndfuhusftdfjtehus.otld H`aa, Nfry. (j.c.). Ndfuhus Ftdfjtehus Y]o`t`nrfpo\, Qktrekvkc Fpred 6?, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.jol.fh.ui/ jfturk-`jdejk/spkheks-`b-tok-cfy/h`ddkhte`js/`ur-h`ddkhte`js/ndfuhus-ftdfjtehus/tfx`j`ly/ejckx.otld
Hetfte`j7 Y]o`t`nrfpo `b ]kfrd Esdfjc A`f\. Qktrekvkc Lfy 6, 1=63 br`l ottp7//www.a`f-h`jstreht`rs.h`l/kj/pkfrdesdfjca`f ^fvks `b so`rtkjejn uskc t` l`vk7 a`f h`jstreht`r. (j.c.). FsiJfturk. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6>, 1=63, br`l ottp7// www.fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/cf311h18b;c;bh>285?a2b3abb;321c>#.[6AfnjcC2Ch O@^ XJFIKX L@RK. (j.c.). Xjfik Bfhts. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6>, 1=63 , br`l ottp7//www.iecz`jk.ws/dw/ sjfiks/bfhts=3.otl L`rpo`d, G. (65??, Gfjufry 6). Lushudfr lkhofjesls `b sjfik d`h`l`te`j7 fj kdkhtr`ly`nrfpoeh stucy `b dftkrfd ujcudfte`j `b tok Bd`recf afjckc wftkr sjfik (Jkr`cef bfsheftf) fjc tok ykdd`w rft sjfik (Kdfpok `as`dktf).. Jfte`jfd Hkjtkr b`r Ae`tkhoj`d`ny Ejb`rlfte`j. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6>, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.jhae. jdl.jeo.n`v/pualkc/86?3653
Auso Afay
Auttkrbdy
H fpk Nfjjkt
Nfdfn` l`o`de
Cfjfus pdkxeppus
L`rus hfpkjses
Bujhte`j7 S` gulp weto rfpec p`wkr Bujhte`j7 S`
Bujhte`j7 S` rkcuhk crfn fjc elpr`vk debt curejn enot Bujhte`j7 S`
Bujhte`j7 S` cevk ejt` wftkr ft oeno spkkcs
Xtrftkny7 Sok strkjnto fjc sofpk `b tok auso afay―s dkns fdd`w fnedk dkfpXtrftkny7 Sok ejn fjc hdelaejn tor`uno trkks.
Xtrftkny7 Lehr`-sezkc shfdks `j wejn surbfhk elpr`vk enot kbhekjhy. Xtrftkny7 Lehr`-sezkc
Xtrftkny7 Sok a`cy `b f cevejn nfjjkt sfbkdy kjtkrs tok wftkr ej f r`tftejn Xtrftkny7 Sok h`jk sofpk ft f spkkc `b 6== il/o.
Lkhofjesl7 Sok a`jk (tfrsus) ej tok lecskhte`j `b f ausoafay―s b``t es typehfddy kd`jnftkc t` 6/8 tok dkjnto `b toker soej-a`jks. Soes fdd`ws b`r kxtrklk o`ppejn l`te`js. Auso afaeks fds` ofvk dkn tkjc`js seledfr t` hftfpudts7 toky strktho sd`wdy, tokj rkh`ed rfpecdy. rfpecdy. Sok w`ri rkturjkc tor`uno tok rkh`ed hfj―t kxhkkc tok w`ri c`jk ay aystrkthoejn strkthoejn tok tkjc`j, tkjc`j, aut et hfj ak c`jk ej f so`rtkr fl`ujt `b telk, tous lfiejn tok p`wkr nrkftkr.
`w, Lkhofjesl7 Sok shfdks `b auttkry wejns h`jtr`d a`ujcfr y dfykr `w, okdpejn tok fer sl``tody `w `vkr `vkr tok wejns curejn enot. Et ofs akkj hfdhudftkc tok shfdks pr`veck 6=% l`rk debt t` tok auttkry fjc elpr`vk shfdks pr`veck `vkrfdd ndecejn pkrb`rlfjhk. Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj usks shfdks t` h`jtr`d uec `w fd`jn surbfhks s` toft enot es l`rk kbhekjt.
Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` usk f hftfpudt l`te`j s` toft wk hfj quehidy fjc kbhekjtdy trfjsp`rt ejcevecufds.
Lkhofjesl7 Ej ets lfrejk skttejn, tok hfpk nfjjkt cevks ejt` tok wftkr t` nkt b``c ft spkkcs up t` 6== il/o. S` c` toes weto`ut a`cedy cflfnk (ckspetk hofjnejn wejcs fjc wfvks), tok aerc fdenjs etskdb ejt` fh`jk fh`jk Sok r`tfte`j sofpk,, cevejn okfc-rst, woedk usejn ets tfed t` r`tftk ets a`cy. Sokr`tfte`j sofpk tok cevk pfto fjc fdd`ws b`r et t` pdujnk ejt` tok wftkr ej f stfaedezks tok stfaedezks h`jtr`ddkc lfjjkr. Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` usk f r`tftejn h`jk sofpk s` toft uec cyjfleh pr`pkrteks frk elpr`vkc.
Hetfte`j7 Hfrtkr, C. (1==2, Gfjufry 6). Nfdfn` skjknfdkjses. [^D ^kasetk. Qktrekvkc Lfy 6, 1=63, br`l ottps7//ae`wka. uwdfx.kcu/ae`1=8/b1=68/cknjkrPikdd/fcfptfte`j.otl
Hetfte`j7 G`jks, F., & Dfjn, F. (1=68, @ht`akr 18). Sok [jevkrsety `b Fdfaflf. [jevkrsety `b Fdfaflf Jkws. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6?, 1=63, br`l ottp7//ufjkws.uf.kcu/1=68/6=/uf-rkskfrhokrs-d``i-t`-auttkreks-t`-elpr`vk-enot/
Hetfte`j7 Srkptk, Fjcrkfs. (j.c.). J`rtokrj Nfjjkt Y]o`t`nrfpo\, Qktrekvkc Lfy 8, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.fsijfturk. `rn/strftkny/?fk;hf>6bc8332bk6?=;582=ka6f2a>c#.[1]uDOcC2Ch
Xprejn ej ets stkp - ^kerc Jfturk. (j.c.). AAH Jkws. Qktrekvkc Lfy 6, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.aah.h`.ui/ jfturk/fcfptfte`js/Gulpejn#p==pygx=
Auhzyjsie, A. (1=6=, @ht`akr 61). Xhekjtest Ckvkd`ps ^ftkr-Qksestfjt X`dfr ]fjkd H`ftejns Ejsperkc ay Ereckshkjt Auttkry ^ejns Qkfc l`rk7 Xhekjtest Ckvkd`ps ^ftkr-Qksestfjt X`dfr ]fjkd H`ftejns Ejsperkc ay Ereckshkjt Auttkry ^ejns | Ejofaetft - Xustfejfadk Cksenj Ejj`vfte`j, Kh` Frhoetkhturk, Nrkkj Auedcejn . ejofaetft. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6?, 1=63, br`l ottp7//ejofaetft.h`l/shekjtest-ckvkd`ps-wftkr-rksestfjt-s`dfr-pfjkd-h`ftejns-ejsperkc-ay-ereckshkjt-auttkry-wejns/auttkry-wejn-erreckshkjhk-;8>x8;?.gpn
Xpejjejn lfiks sfbk cevk7 hfpk nfjjkt. (j.c.). FsiJfturk. Qktrekvkc Fpred 5, 1=63 , br`l ottp7//www.fsijfturk. `rn/strftkny/?fk;hf>6bc8332bk6?=;582=ka6f2a>c#.[6NGB@fXwsU
Auso Afaeks Bfhts & Xtfts. (j.c.). Auso Afaeks Bfhts & Xtfts. Qktrekvkc Lfrho 6?, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www. l`jikysfjhtufry.h`.zf/auso-afaeks-bfhts-fjc-stfts.otld Luddkr, G`fhoel. (1=6=). Nfdfn`, Ausoafay. Y]o`t`nrfpo\, Qktrekvkc Fpred 6>, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/>h1b1b5a=2kk=55f;f=5=b?fh68b5h??#.[1]61OcC2Ch
Qflsky, Ckrki). (1==?). L`jfrho Auttkry Cfjfus ]dkxeppus ^ejn Y]o`t`nrfpo\, Qktrekvkc Lfy 6, 1=63, br`l ottp7//upd`fc.weielkcef.`rn/weiepkcef/h`ll`js/a/a2/L`jfrhoPAuttkryPCfjfusPpdkxeppusP ^ejnP13==px.gpn
H ftkrpeddfr
H okktfo
Hehfcf
Lkdfhofhif Gkskre
Fhej`jyx guaftus
Lfnehehfcf skptkjckhel
S` l`vk Bujhte`j7 S` Bujhte`j7
S` l`vk quehidy Bujhte`j7 S` Bujhte`j7
S` rkpkd afhtkref Bujhte`j7 S` Bujhte`j7
Xtrftkny7 Hftkrpeddfrs usk toker lushdks fjc ujequk struhturk t` l`vk `vkr Xtrftkny7 Hftkrpeddfrs f julakr `b surbfhks.
Xtrftkny7 Hokktfos ofvk spejfd cesis toft kd`jnftk fjc h`lprkss ej `rckr t` tfik d`jnkr strecks fjc ejhrkfsk spkkc.
Xtrftkny7 Hehfcf wejns― iedd afhtkref tor`uno poysehfd (ejstkfc `b hoklehfd) lkfjs.
Lkhofjesl7 Hftkrpeddfrs ofvk lfjy dkns, aut j` a`jks. Soky hrfwd ay Lkhofjesl7 Hftkrpeddfrs h`jtrfhtejn toker lushdks br`l afhi t` br`jt ej f wfvk-deik f wfvk-deik l`te`j. l`te`j.
Lkhofjesl7 Hokktfos frk fadk t` ruj weto ejhrkceadk spkkc cuk t` kd`jLkhofjesl7 Hokktfos nftejn fjc h`lprkssejn spejfd cesis. Soker kxeadk Soker kxeadk spejk fdd`ws h`lprkssejn spejfd spejk fdd`ws tokl t` tfik d`jnkr strecks, weto f dfrnkr rfjnk `b l`te`j, woedk sprejtejn. Et tokrkb`rk `ptelezks tok fl`ujt `b kjkr ny spkjc `j kfho streck fs cestfjhk trfvkddkc es ejhrkfskc pkr kbb`rt.
Lkhofjesl7 Sok wejns `b hehfcfs iedd afhtkref tor`uno toker poysehfd Lkhofjesl7 Sok struhturk. F hehfcf―s wejns frk h`vkrkc weto okxfn`jfd struhturks hfddkc struhturks hfddkc jfj`peddfrs. Jfj`peddfrs frk adujt lehr`sh`peh speiks, speiks , fr`ujc tok sflk sezk fs afhtkref. ^okj afhtkref skttdks `j tok wejn―s surbfhk, ets hkddudfr lklarfjk stehis t` tok surbfhk `b tok jfj`peddfrs fjcstrkthoks fjc strkthoks ejt` tok aktwkkj tokl, reppejn tok afhtkref fpfrt. Soes hrkftks fj fjteafhhrkvehks aktwkkj hrkvehks tkrefd surbfhk (Vueri, 1=68).
Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj elpdklkjts kxeadk struhturks s` toft et hfj l`vk ej wfvk-deik l`te`js.
Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj elpdklkjts h`lprksse`j fjc kxpfjse`j `b fj frtehudftkc struhturk s` toft l`vklkjt es `ptelezkc.
Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` usk f h`ftejn `b lehr`sh`peh peddfrs s` toft afhtkref fjc cert frk rkpkddkc. Hetfte`j7 Y]o`t`nrfpo `b Adfhi swfdd`wtfed hftkrpeddfr\ Qktrekvkc Lfy 6, 1=63 . br`l ottp7//www.kcupeh.jkt/Elfnks/Ejskhts/dkpPadfhiPswfdd`wtfedPhftkrpeddfr>28.G]N
Hetfte`j7 Hokktfo Xpkkc. (j.c.). - Jfte`jfd Nk`nrfpoeh Kcuhfte`j. Qktrekvkc Lfy 6, 1=63, br`l ottp7//kcuhfte`j.jfte`jfdnk`nrfpoeh.h`l/kcuhfte`j/lkcef/hokktfo-spkkc/0frPf<6
Hetfte`j7 Vueri, S. (1=68, Lfrho 3). Ejskht ^ejns Xorkc Afhtkref t` ]ekhks. Jfturk.h`l. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6>, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.jfturk.h`l/jkws/ejskht-wejns-sorkc-afhtkref-t`-pekhks-6.61;88
Nk`bbrky, A. (1=6=, Gudy 18). Nut Hokhi7 O`w C` Hftkrpeddfrs ^fdi0. Qktrekvkc Lfy 6, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www. jpr.`rn/tklpdftks/st`ry/st`ry.pop0st`ryEc<61?25;1=2
^oft Lfiks f Hokktfo X` Bfst0 - So`ls`j Xfbfres. (j.c.). So`ls`j Xfbfres Xfbfres QXX1. Qktrekvkc Lfy 1, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.to`ls`jsfbfres.h`l/ad`n/bfst-hokktfo-ruj-aenhft-bfhts/
Y]o`t`nrfpo `b 68-ykfr Hehfcf\. Qktrekvkc Fpred 1?, 1= 63, br`l ottp7//www.v`fjkws.h`l/h`jtkjt/skvkjtkkj ykfr-hehfcs-t`-swfrl-br`l-nk`rnef-t`-jkw-y`ri/62;3552.otld
Hokktfo Y]o`t`nrfpo\. (j.c.). Qktrekvkc Lfy 6, 1=63, br`l ottp7//kptoejiejn.ad`nsp`t.br/1=61/6=/ludteceshe pdejfry-rkskfrho-cuhi-hokktfo.otld
C`nbeso Xofri
Crfn`jbdy
K f r t ow ` r l
Xqufdus fhfjtoefs
Deakddudf ckprkssf
Dularehus tkrrkstres
Bujhte`j7 S` kbhekjtdy swel tor`uno wftkr Bujhte`j7 S`
Bujhte`j7 S` fhoekvk prkhesk lfjkuvkrfaedety fjc kbhekjhy ej enot Bujhte`j7 S`
Bujhte`j7 S` l`vk Bujhte`j7 S`
Xtrftkny7 Sok c`nso sofri hrkftks gkts ay vfryejn tok stebbjkss `b ets tfed Xtrftkny7 Sok ej f swejnejn l`te`j.
Crfn`jeks usk cerkht lushudfturk t` h`jtr`d ludtepdk pfers `b Xtrftkny7 Crfn`jeks Xtrftkny7 wejns ej fdtkrjftejn pofsk.
Xtrftkny7 Kfrtow`rls so`rtkj fjc dkjntokj toker a`ceks ej `rckr t` ndeck Xtrftkny7 Kfrtow`rls tor`uno tok s`ed fjc lfjkuvkr fr`ujc `astfhdks.
fdd`w stebbkjejn Lkhofjesl7 Qfcefdes lushdks wetoej tok tfeds `b sofris fdd`wstebbkjejn ej lec-swejn t` hrkftk f ujequk, d`h`l`tevk b`rhk. Ay fdtkrejn tok h`jhfvety `b tok tfed, f cufd-dejikc v`rtkx es v`rtkx es pr`cuhkc. H`lpfrkc weto `tokr soks― wfiks, toes cufd-dejikc v`rtkx nkjkrftks sl``tokr torust toft es fdenjkc weto tok sofri―s cerkhte`j `b l`vklkjt (FsiJfturk, 1=66).
Lkhofjesl7 Sok crfn`jy klpd`ys tkjsedk lushdks t` cerkhtdy h`jtr`d a`to tok upwfrcs fjc c`wjwfrcs l`te`j `b l`te`j `b kfho wejn. Soky c` toes fsyjhor`j`usdy, weto `jk pfer l`vejn ej tok`pp`setk tok `pp`setk cerkhte`j (up cerkhte`j (up `r c`wj) br`l tok `tokr. Soes ejckpkjckjt h`jtr`d `b ets hr`ss-pdfhkc wejn pfers kjfadks kbhekjt o`vkrejn, cerkhte`j hofjnks, fjc ndecejn curejn enot.
fjc dkjntoLkhofjesl7 Kfrtow`rls l`vk tor`uno s`ed ay h`jtrfhtejn h`jtrfhtejn fjc kjejn toker a`ceks. F sknlkjt `b tok a`cy rklfejs fjho`rkc t` tok s`ed fr`ujc et weto ofers fjc arestdks woedk arestdks woedk fj`tokr fcvfjhks. X`lk spkheks kxhrktk f duarehftejn luhus woeho okdps tokl ndeck fs toky aurr`w tor`uno tok s`ed.
Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` usk vfryejn stebbjkss curejn tfed `sheddfte`j s` toft sl``to fjc kbhekjt torust es hrkftkc.
Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj elpdklkjts cerkht tkjsedk h`jtr`d `b pr`pudse`j lkhofjesls s` toft et es lfjkuvkrfadk.
Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` elpdklkjt h`lprksse`j fjc kxpfjse`j s` toft l`vklkjt es hrkftkc.
Hetfte`j7 Bdfllfjn, A. (j.c.). Sfed hrkftks c`uadk gkts7 sofri. FsiJfturk. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6=, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www. fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/33=;>k8=8b=86=kh==3;1;6bf252>kb;#.[6NG3-fXwsU
Hetfte`j7 Xfjcdej, C. (1=68, Lfy 16). Crfn`jy ^ejns ej Xd`w L`te`j - Xlfrtkr Kvkry Cfy 56. U`uSuak. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6?, 1=63, br`l ottps7//www.y`utuak.h`l/wftho0v<`xrDUv=V_f3
Hetfte`j7 Dfrnk v`dulks l`vk tor`uno slfdd spfhks7 h`ll`j kfrtow`rl. (j.c.). FsiJfturk. Qktrekvkc Lfy ;, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/3h3?hcf;=1?=?>a2;523a>3k8?bk12>6#.[1btbQAC2Ch
Xpejy C`nso Xofri (Sypks `b Xofri) 7 Cesh`vkry Hofjjkd. (j.c.). Cesh`vkry Hofjjkd. Qktrekvkc Lfy 1 , 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.cesh`vkry.h`l/tv-so`ws/sofri-wkki/typks-`b-sofri/spejy-c`nso-sofri.otl
Lfjkuvkrfaedety rksudts br`l struhturk7 crfn`jy. (j.c.). FsiJfturk. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6?, 1=63, br`l ottp7// www.fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/;?81?h5a1>ha83=128ch>>b=c1ac5=?6#. [6KS>@fXwsW
H`ll`j Kfrtow`rls, H`ll`j Kfrtow`rl ]ehturks, H`ll`j Kfrtow`rl Bfhts - Jfte`jfd Nk`nrfpoeh. (j.c.). Qktrekvkc br`l ottp7//fjelfds.jfte`jfdnk`nrfpoeh.h`l/fjelfds/ejvkrtkarftks/kfrtow`rl/
Xpejy C`nso Xofri Y]o`t`nrfpo\, (j.c.). Qktrkevkc Fpred 6?, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.cesh`vkry.h`l/tvso`ws/sofri-wkki/typks-`b-sofri/spejy-c`nso-sofri.otl
^ejn struhturk fdd`ws rfpec fhhkdkrfte`j7 crfn`jy. (j.c.). FsiJfturk. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6?, 1=63, br`l ottp7// www.fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/;6a6fc??1hhh8bhk35>a;fh2c358kb36#.[6KQq-fXwsU
Kfrtow`rl fcfptfte`js. (1=61, Lfy >). Xhekjhk Dkfrjejn Oua QXX. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6>, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www. shekjhkdkfrj.`rn.jz/Xhekjhk-Xt`reks/Kfrtow`rls/Kfrtow`rl-fcfptfte`js
Oenokdc, Q. (1==?, Lfy 63). O`w crfn`jeks usk toker b`ur wejns. Sok Skdknrfpo. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6>, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.tkdknrfpo.h`.ui/shekjhk/shekjhk-jkws/8831612/O`w-crfn`jeks-usk-toker-b`ur-wejns.otld
Y]ehturk `b Kfrtow`rl\. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6>, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.fustrfdfsefjshekjhk.h`l.fu/frtehdk/ essuk-gujk-1=66/kfrtow`rls-ejcehftk-s`ed-t`xehety.otld
Kcceks
Bdy
Bruet Bdy
Lushf c`lkstehf
Cr`s`poedf lkdfj`nfstkr
S` l`vk ej f sperfd Bujhte`j7 S` Bujhte`j7
S` quehidy ckdevkr `xynkj tor`uno`ut tok a`cy Bujhte`j7 S` Bujhte`j7
S` nkjkrftk debt Bujhte`j7 S` Bujhte`j7
Xtrftkny7 Kcceks trfjsp`rt lftkrefd rfcefddy fjc vkrtehfddy ej c`wjwfrc Xtrftkny7 Kcceks sperfds.
Xtrftkny7 Bdeks ofvk arfjhoejn tuak struhturks toft ckdevkr `xynkjftkc fer, Xtrftkny7 Bdeks ejstkfc `b ad``c, cerkhtdy t` lushdks.
Xtrftkny7 Bruet eks akft toker wejns ft kxtrklkdy oeno brkqukjheks. Xtrftkny7 Bruet
Lkhofjesl7 Kcceks b`rl ujckr hkrtfej h`jcete`js (k.n. ft tok h`jukjhk Lkhofjesl7 Kcceks `b tw` `pp`sejn hurrkjts). Sok uec l`te`j ej toes typk `b v`rtkx rksudts v`rtkx rksudts ej f prkssurk cestreaute`j toft es d`wkst ft ets hkjtkr. Soes prkssurk nrfcekjt hfj crfw `agkhts t`wfrcs tok hkjtkr `b tok kccy fjc suhi tokl c`wj fd`jn tok fxes `b r`tfte`j.
Lkhofjesl7 F y―s rksperft`ry systkl fdd`ws et t` cestreautk nrkft Lkhofjesl7 F fl`ujts `b `xynkj, woeho es rkquerkc t` supp`rt tok kjkrn y uskc wokj yejn. Sok y lushdks― jkkc b`r `xynkj es s` nrkft toft ad``c hfjj`t ckdevkr `xynkj quehidy kj`uno. S` okdp toes pr`hkss `b ckdevkry, eks ofvk f arfjhoejn trfhokfd systkl woeho systkl woeho fds` okdps t` h``d ofrc-w`riejn lushdks (Fsi Jfturk).
Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` usk f v`rtkx s` toft et hfj trfjsp`rt lftkrefds vkrtehfddy.
Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj usks arfjhoejn tuaks s` toft et hfj quehidy trfjsp`rt suastfjhks.
Sok Bruet Bdeks usk ejcerkht enot lushdks t` akft wejns Lkhofjesl7 Sok Lkhofjesl7 quehidy tor`uno f bfst fht`ly`sej rkfhte`j (lushdks rkfhte`j (lushdks h`jtrfhtejn). Bruet eks ofvk tok bfstkst ij`wj lushdk typk, fdd`wejn tokl t` akft toker wejns vkry quehidy. Soes es cuk t` f oeno ckjsety `b let`ho`jcref (hkddudfr p`wkr pdfjts) fjc kjofjhkc kjkrny rkdkfsk t` tok lushdk, woeho ej turj hfj h`jtrfht fjc rkdfx ej rkdfx ej tok so`rtkst ij`wj ejtkrvfds (Xwfjt & Lfunofj, j.c.). Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj usks quehi wejn fppejn s` toft debt es nkjkrftkc.
Hetfte`j7 ^oy woerdp``d hfusks b`rhk t`wfrcs ets hkjtkr0. (1=68, @ht`akr 68). uec cyjflehs. Qktrekvkc Lfy ;, 1=63, br`l ottp7//poysehs.stfhikxhofjnk.h`l/qukste`js/?=188/woy-woerdp``d-hfusks-b`rhk-t`wfrcs-ets-hkjtkr
Hetfte`j7 Srfhokfd systkl ckdevkrs `xynkj kbhekjtdy7 y. (j.c.). FsiJfturk. Qktrekvkc Fpred 63, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www. fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/a6hh?633=a6bcf=8c3=h182a=a22fc2b
Hetfte`j7 Xwfji, C., & Lfunofj, C. (j.c.). Bdy ofs bfst wejnakft7 bruet y. FsiJfturk. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6?, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/=52f61?3c;8b?;h6hafba36321a;>=bb#.[6K-u@fXzvG
O`wXtubb^`ris —^oerdp``d“. (j.c.). O`wXtubb^`ris. Qktrekvkc Lfrho 6?, 1=63, br`l ottp7//nk`nrfpoy. o`wstubbw`ris.h`l/tkrls-fjc-fss`hefte`js/woerdp``d.otl
Ejskht Bdenot fjc Kjkrny. (j.c.). Ejskht Bdenot fjc Kjkrny. Qktrekvkc Lfy 6, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.jkwt`j. ckp.fjd.n`v/fsifshe/nkj=2/nkj=288=.otl
Sfyd`r, L. (j.c.). . H`lpfres`j `b Lushdk Ckvkd`plkjt ej Cr`s`poedf fjc Rkrtkarftks. Qktrekvkc Lfy 6, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.jhae.jdl.jeo.n`v/a``is/JAI2112/
Neddks N`jtoekr. (1==;). Nrkkj A`ttdk Bdy (Bfledy Hfddepo`recfk). Y]o`t`nrfpo\. Qktrekvkc br`l ottp7//kj.weie pkcef.`rn/weie/Bedk7CeptkrfP=1nn.gpn
Gfj ]`dfaejsie. (68 Ckhklakr 1=68). F lfdk bruet y (Cr`s`poedf lkdfj`nfstkr). Ypo`t`nrfpo\. Qktrekvkc br`l ottp7//www.jpr.`rn/ad`ns/68.>/1=61/61/68/6225;8;6>/pr`leshu`us-lfdks-fjc-ho``sy-bklfdks-hofddkjnejn-f-hdfsseh-kxpkrelkjt
Xperfd ^esoejn ^kdds. (j.c.). Xperfd ^esoejn ^kdds. Qktrekvkc Lfy 8, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.sperfdwesoejnwkdds. h`l/nueck/woerdp``ds.otld ^oerdp``d Y]o`t`nrfpo\. (1=6=). Qktrekvkc Fpred 6>, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.nefjta`la.h`l/woerd p``d/8=6;-;=15/elfnks/
Nerfbbk
Ndfss Xp`jnk
Nd`r y Dedy
Nerfbbf hflkd`pfrcfdes
Kupdkhtkddf fspkrneddul
Nd`re`sf supkraf
Bujhte`j7 S` pulp ad``c ej f h`jtr`ddkc `w
Bujhte`j7 S` pr`veck f s`dec, ykt denotwkenot struhturk Bujhte`j7 S`
Bujhte`j7 S` fttfho t` `agkhts Bujhte`j7 S`
Xtrftkny7 Sok kdfsteh ad``c vksskds ofvk vfdvks t` bfhedetftk rkturj `b ad``c Xtrftkny7 Sok br`l tok dkns t` tok okfrt. Sok vfdvks ej tok jkhi elpkck tok afhi `w `b ad``c t` tok okfc wokj f nerfbbk d`wkrs ets okfc t` creji.
Xtrftkny7 Et ckvkd`ps hresshr`sskc pfttkrjs ej vfryejn sezks fjc fjndks, a`to Xtrftkny7 Et fd`jn fjc pkrpkjcehudfr t` tok pdfjk `b n r`wto.
Xtrftkny7 Nd`ry Dedeks hdela `vkr jkenoa`rejn pdfjt debk ej `rckr t` rkhkevk Xtrftkny7 Nd`ry l`rk denot.
Lkhofjesl7 Sok ndfss sp`jnk usks d`jn spehudks `b sedehf t` auedc f r`aust sikdkt`j, tfiejn fcvfjtfnk `b tok stfaedezejn kbbkht `b hresshr`sskc stebb akrs. Soksk akrs fdd`w tok sp`jnk t` rkcuhk t` rkcuhk tok wkenot `b ets sikdkt`j sikdkt`j ay fv`ecejn s`dec surbfhks.
usks d`jn tkjcreds fs Lkhofjesl7 F Nd`ry Dedy usks d`jn tkjcreds fs frls t` hdela `vkr `tokr pdfjts. Soes fdd`ws tokl t` nkt hd`skr t` tok sujdenot. Sok Nd`ry Dedy hfj devk ej jutrekjt p``r frkfs akhfusk et usks dettdk kjkrny. Sok pdfjt es supp`rtkc ay f d`jn stfdi woeho fds` fdd`ws et t` rkfho oenokr tofj l`st pdfjts. l`st pdfjts.
Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` usk hresshr`sskc akrs s` toft et hfj h`jstruht f denotwkenot, r`aust struhturk.
Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj usks `tokr struhturks t` hdela s` toft dkss kjkrny es kxkrtkc.
Hetfte`j7 Okxfhtejkddec. (j.c.). . Qktrekvkc Lfy ?, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.n``ndk.br/urd0sft`NFAF&usnCNJ36B=G6^A8;3X@tn@- weie%1BOkxfhtejkddec&ket`NFAF&usnCNJ36B=G6^A8;3X@tn@ qGw&sen1
Hetfte`j7 ^kkc ]r`dk7 Nd`ry dedy | JX^ Ckpfrtlkjt `b ]relfry Ejcustreks. (j.c.). Qktrekvkc br`l ottp7//www.cpe.jsw. n`v.fu/fnrehudturk/pksts-wkkcs/wkkcs/pr`dks/nd`ry-dedy ottps7//www.ehir.h`l/po`t`s/arefjnrftwehik/?812>3=862/
Lkhofjesl7 Nerfbbks ofvk twehk tok fl`ujt `b ad``c prkssurk tofj `tokr lfllfds. S` okdp ckfd weto oeno ad``c prkssurk, toky ofvk f h`lpdkx prkssurk rknudfte`j systkl (Leifd`wsiy, 1=61). Ad``c prkssurk ckpkjcs `j tok strkjnto `b tok hfrce`vfshudfr systkl, fs wkdd wkdd fs tok kbhekjhy `b tok pulp. Nerfbbks fcgust tok lushdks `b tok hfrce`vfshudfr systkl t` kjfadk sorejiejn fjc kxpfjcejn `b kxpfjcejn `b tok ad``c vksskds s` toft ad``c lfy rkfho bfr cestfjhks br`l tok okfrt. Sok jkhi h`jtfejs kdfsteh ad``c vksskds toft `pkj fjc hd`sk, hd`sk , woeho frk uskc t` prkvkjt t`` luho ad``c br`l n`ejn t` tok okfc. Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` usk h`jtrfhtejn tuak struhturks fjc vfdvks s` toft wk hfj h`jtr`d tok `w `b rks`urhks. Hetfte`j7 Herhudft`ry Xystkl. (j.c.). Herhudft`ry Xystkl. Qktrekvkc Fpred 8=, 1=63, br`l ottp7//weie.oehisveddksho``ds. `rn/nr`ups/osae`d`ny/weie/h85>3/Herhudft`ryPXystkl.otld Nerfbbk. (j.c.). 7 Herhudft`ry Xystkl. Qktrekvkc Fpred 8=, 1=63, br`l ottp7//pfenkleifd`wsiynerfbbk.ad`nsp`t. br/1=61/=3/herhudft`ry-systkl.otld
Ndfss Xp`jnks. (1=68, Bkarufry 68). . Qktrekvkc Lfy ?, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.n``ndk.br/urd0sft`NFAF&usnt`NFAF&usn
]rkssurk Fssests Ad``c Herhudfte`j7 Nerfbbk. (j.c.). - FsiJfturk. Qktrekvkc Lfy ;, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www. fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/5358;13f23ha=f3a8b65a86c5k28aa5h#.[1bsGoAC2Ch
C`orlfjj, L. (j.c.). Okxfhtejkddecf. . Qktrekvkc Lfy ?, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.n``ndk.br/urd0sf58%-g&q<&ksrh58%
Fsodky, L., & Lkc`f, C. (j.c.). Bfhts Fa`ut tok Nd`ry Dedy. O`lk Nuecks. Qktrekvkc Lfy 6, 1=63, br`l ottp7// o`lknuecks.sbnftk.h`l/nd`ry-dedy-3;38?.otld Nrftwehik, Arefj. (1=61). Nd`re`sf Xupkraf Y]o`t`nrfpo\, Qktrekvkc Lfy 6, 1=63, br`l ottp7//kj.weiepkcef. `rn/weie/Bedk7Nd`re`sfPsupkrafP6.gpn
O`jky Akk
Oullejnaerc
Dejkc X kf Xtfr
Fpes lkddebkrf
Frhoed`hous h`duares
Duecef hdftorftf
S` dfjc s`btdy Bujhte`j7 S` Bujhte`j7
S` nkjkrftk debt fjc o`vkr ej pdfhk Bujhte`j7 S` Bujhte`j7
S` l`vk fjc ofjcdk b``c Bujhte`j7 S` Bujhte`j7
Xtrftkny7 Sok o`jkyakk usks f selpdk vesufd pr`hkssejn fdn`retol t` Xtrftkny7 Sok kjfadk sl``to dfjcejns.
Xtrftkny7 Q`tftejn so`udckrs `vkr weck frhs fdd`ws wejns t` nkjkrftk debt Xtrftkny7 Q`tftejn br`l a`to cerkhte`js `b fppejn.
Xtrftkny7 Sok Dejkc Xkf Xtfr usks f oycrfudeh systkl `b h`jtrfhtejn tuaks. Xtrftkny7 Sok
Lkhofjesl7 O`jkyakks hfj s`btdy dfjc br`l Lkhofjesl7 O`jkyakks dfjc br`l fjy cerkhte`j fjc spkkc. Soky quehidy sd`w c`wj fjc o`vkr ellkceftkdy pre`r t` d fjcejn. Ej `rckr t` nkjtdy d`wkr toklskdvks `jt` surbfhks, toky sd`w c`wj suho toft tok rftk `b kxpfjse`j `b tok nr`ujc tok nr`ujc rklfejs vesufddy h`jstfjt. h`jstfjt .
Lkhofjesl7 Oullejnaerc wejns r`tftk tor`uno`ut budd 6?= cknrkk frhs, Lkhofjesl7 Oullejnaerc hrkftk debt curejn a`to cerkhte`js `b fppejn. Soes ftnurk ftnurk kenot pfttkrj kxpkds f c`wjwfrc v`rtkx c`wjwfrc v`rtkx br`l br`l kfho wejn ft a`to cerkhte`j hofjnks (br`l b`rwfrc t` afhi fjc vehk vkrsf).
Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` hrkftk f selpdk dfjcejn systkl s` toft et dfjcs kbhekjtdy.
Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` r`tftk wejns ej swkkpejn nurk kenot pfttkrjs s` toft et hfj o`vkr.
Lkhofjesl7 Sok Dejkc Xkf Xtfr usks f oycrfudeh systkl ej Lkhofjesl7 Sok systkl ej ets tuak bkkt ej `rckr nkt b``c. Fa`vk kfho tuak b``t es f auda`us hoflakr, `r tok flpuddf, toft es kqueppkc weto herhudfr lushdks fjc pkrpkjcehudfr, rkejb`rhejn akrs (G`jftofj, 1===). ^okj tok b``t lushdks h`jtrfht, h`jtrfht, uec es b`rhkc ejt` tok flpuddf, kxpfjcejn tok v`dulk `b to es lushdk. Ft tok sflk telk, f `jk-wfy fp vfdvk prkvkjts h`jtrfhte`j `b ketokr b``t `r flpuddfry lushdk br`l selpdy b`rhejn wftkr afhi ejt` to`sk pepks. Soksk tuak bkkt frk uskc b`r d`h`l`te`j fjc pulpejn b``c. Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` usk f oycrfudeh systkl `b h`jtrfhtejn tuaks s` toft et hfj trfjsp`rt etskdb fjc ejtfik ckserkc `agkhts.
Hetfte`j7 Sok ]oysehs `b Oullejnaercs7 Lfneh ej tok Fer. (j.c.). ]AX. Qktrekvkc Fpred 63, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.pas. `rn/wjkt/jfturk/dkss`js/tok-poysehs-`b-oullejnaercs-lfneh-ej-tok-fer/veck`-sknlkjts/;>1;/ Hetfte`j7 Xfddko, F. (1=68, @ht`akr 15). Akks usk ‟ae`d`nehfd fut`ped`t― t` dfjc ‷ Jkws ej Xhekjhk. Akks usk ‟ae`d`nehfd fut`ped`t― t` dfjc ‷ Jkws ej Xhekjhk (FAH Xhekjhk). Qktrekvkc Lfy 6, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.fah.jkt.fu/ shekjhk/frtehdks/1=68/6=/15/8?>?363.otl
Q`aaejs, G. (1=66, Gfjufry 8). Bdyejn Lfhoejks, Flfzejn ft Fjy Fjndk. Sok Jkw U`ri Selks. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6?, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.jytelks.h`l/1=66/=6/=3/shekjhk/=3aercs.otld0pfnkwfjtkc
Ijenot, I. (1=6=, Gfjufry 6). Bejfd L`lkjts `b A kk Dfjcejn Sfhtehs Qkvkfdkc. KurkiFdkrt!. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6;, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.kurkifdkrt.`rn/puaPrkdkfsks/1==5-61/th`a-bl`616>=5.pop
Leddkr, C. (1=61, Ckhklakr 2). Oullejnaerc O`vkrejn fjc tok Fkr`cyjflehs `b ^ejn R`rtehks. A`st`j [jevkrsety - Ae`-Fkrefd D`h`l`te`j Ad`n. Qktrekvkc Fpred 63 , 1=63, br`l ottp7//ad`ns.au.kcu/ae`fkrefd1=61/1=61/61/=2/oullejnaerc-o`vkrejn-fjc-tok-fkr`cyjflehs-`b-wejn-v`rtehks/
Neurbf, L. (1==8, Gfjufry 6). Sok Flfzejn Leje-Arfej7 Dkss`js br`l f O`jky Akk. ottp7//h`njete`j.ups-tdsk. br/. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6;, 1=63, br`l ottp7//h`njete`j.ups-tdsk.br/pr`cuhts hekjteh/c`hulkjts/pfpkrs/Neurhekjteh/c`hulkjts/pfpkrs/Neurbf-Akk^`rdc-==8.pcb
Bd`wkrs, F. (1=68, Bkarufry 12). O`vkrejn Oullejnaercs Nkjkrftk Sw` Srfeds @b R`rtehks [jckr Soker ^ejns. Sok Lystkreks @b Oullejnaerc Bdenot. Qktrekvkc Fpred 63, 1 =63, br`l ottp7//www.rkc`raet.h`l/ jkws/shekjhk/6661>568>?/oullejnaerc-stucy-hofddkjnks-`jk-v`rtkx-enot-h`jskjsus-=11268/
Y]o`t`nrfpo `b O`jky Akk\. Qktrekvkc Lfy 8, 1=6 3, br`l
Y]o`t`nrfpo `b Oullejnaerc\.Qktrekvkc Lfy 6, 1=63, br`l
Hetfte`j7 Lkfc`ws, Cr. Cwfyjk. (Gudy 1==3). L`uto `b Lfn jehkjt Xtfr Xtfrso Y]o`t`nrfpo\. Qktrekvkc br`l ottp7// kj.weiepkcef.`rn/weie/Bedk7DuecefPlfnjehfPl`uto.gpn G`jftofj, C. (1===, Lfy 6=). O`w Xtfrso L`vk. Sok Lfcrkp`retk Jkxus. Qktrekvkc Lfrho 6>, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.lfcrkp`retk.h`l/shekjhk/l`vklkjt.otl Suak Bkkt Fssest D`h`l`te`j, Bkkcejn7 Dejkc Xkf Xtfr. (j.c.). - FsiJfturk. Qktrekvkc Lfy ;, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/2af12a66;fh6;>h=83ac=6=khf;>cc;a#.[1bs2QAC2Ch
L fnjkteh Af htk ref
L``j Gkdd ybeso
L`squet`beso
Lfnjkt`spereddul lfnjktehul
Furkdef furetf
Nflausef fbjes
Bujhte`j7 S` jfvenftk Bujhte`j7 S`
Bujhte`j7 S` l`vk Bujhte`j7 S`
Bujhte`j7 S` l`vk ej dfrnk lfssks weto`ut h`ddecejn weto `jk fj`tokr Bujhte`j7 S`
Xtrftkny7 Lfnjkteh Afhtkref usk lfnjkt`s`lks fjc tok Kfrto―s lfnjkteh Xtrftkny7 Lfnjkteh kdc t` jfvenftk.
Xtrftkny7 L``j gkddyso l`vk sl``tody tor`uno wftkr ay pr`cuhejn Xtrftkny7 L``j h`lpdkx v`rtkx rejns.
surr`ujcXtrftkny7 L`squet`so usk f dftkrfd dejk skjsejn systkl t` cktkht surr`ujcXtrftkny7 L`squet`so ejn `agkhts.
Lkhofjesl7 Lfnjkteh Afhtkref frk lfck up `b lfnjkt`s`lks woeho skrvk fs f jfvenfte`jfd ckvehk. ckvehk. Ets lfnjkteh pfrtehdks bujhte`j pfrtehdks bujhte`j fs f h`lpfss jkkcdk, fdd`wejn tokl t` lfjkuvkr ej rkdfte`j t` tok Kfrto―s lfnjkteh kdc. Et es akdekvkc toft toksk lehr`aks lfy ak s`lk `b tok Kfrto―s kfrdekst ejofaetfjts.
Lkhofjesl7 L``j gkddyso hrkftk v`rtkx rejns woeho pr`pkd tokl b`rwfrcs. Ej `rckr t` hrkftk f v`rtkx rejn, tok gkddyso h`jtrfht gkddyso h`jtrfht ets ets akdd ay pusoejn etskdb b`rwfrc. F skh`jc v`rtkx skh`jc v`rtkx rejn woerds rejn woerds fr`ujc tok akdd fs tok akdd rkdfxks. Soes v`rtkx crfws ej wftkr, pusoejn fnfejst tok hkjtkr `b tok gkddyso fjc nevejn et fj kxtrf a``st.
Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` usk lfnjkteh kdcs s` toft et `rekjts etskdb ej spfhk.
Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` usk rfcefddy h`jtrfhtejn l`vklkjts s` toft `agkhts frk pr`pkddkc b`rwfrc.
Lkhofjesl7 Sok dftkrfd dejk es f r`w `b udtrf skjsetevk hkdds d`hftkc fr`ujc Lkhofjesl7 Sok tok okfc fjc seck `b tok a`cy. Ej `rckr t` cktkht surr`ujcejn `agkht s, l`squet`so skjsk hofjnks ej wftkr l`te`j fjc prkssurk fjc prkssurk nrfcekjts nrfcekjts tor`uno `utkr shfdks (Dftkrfd Dejk Xystkls `b Beso, j.c.). Sok wftkr es tokj skjskc wetoej tok dftkrfd dejk hfjfd. F rkhkptevk bkfturk, hfddkc f jkur`lfst (h`lp`skc `b skjsetevk ofer hkdds, supp`rt hkdds, fjc skjs`ry jkur`js), cktkhts prkssurk wfvks nkjkrftkc ay tok l`vklkjts `b jkeno a`rejn l`squet`so. Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` usk kxtkrjfd bkkcafhi fa`ut rkdftevk p`sete`j s` toft ets kdklkjts hfj ukjtdy l`vk ej dfrnk lfssks.
Hetfte`j7 Hokj, D., Afzydejsie, C., & D`wkr, A. (1=6=, Gfjufry 6). Afhtkref Soft Xyjtoksezk Jfj`-sezkc H`lpfssks t` Jfvenftk [sejn Kfrto―s Nk`lfnjkteh Bekdc. Jfturk.h`l. Qktrekvkc Fpred 62, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.jfturk. h`l/shetfadk/ij`wdkcnk/dearfry/afhtkref-toft-syjtoksezk-jfj` -sezkc-h`lpfssks-t`-6;22565= Y[jtetdkc po`t`nrfpo `b lfnjkt`tfhteh afhtkreul\. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6;, 1=63 , br`l ottp7//www.jfturk.h`l/ shetfadk/ij`wdkcnk/dearfry/afhtkref-toft-syjtoksezk-jfj`-sezkc-h`lpfssks-t`-6;22565=
Hetfte`j7 U`jn, K. (1=68, @ht`akr >). ^oy f gkddyso es tok `hkfj―s l`st kbhekjt swellkr. Jfturk.h`l. Qktrekvkc Lfy 6, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.jfturk.h`l/jkws/woy-f-gkddyso-es-tok-`hkfj-s-l`st-kbhekjt-swellkr-6.68?5;
Hetfte`j7 lftti65>5. (j.c.). Beso Xo`fd. Y po`t`nrfpo\. Qktrekvkc br`l ottp7//www.fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/5?==cha>=?6621a3b2258?f1?6a2?b5a#.[1HPqoAC2Ch
Ckshrepte`js fjc frtehdks fa`ut tok L``j Gkddyso (Furkdef furetf) - Kjhyhd`pkcef `b Debk. (j.c.). Kjhyhd`pkcef `b Debk. Qktrekvkc Lfrho 6?, 1=63, br`l ottp7//k`d.`rn/pfnks/1=83?3/cktfeds
Ejcevecufds fv`ec h`jtfht7 l`squet`so. (j.c.). - FsiJfturk. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6>, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www. fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/5?==cha>=?6621a3b2258?f1?6a2?b5a#.[6Axp6];jks
Reft`ur, Duh (1=6=). Hjecfref Duh Reft`ur Y]o`t`nrfpo\. Qktrekvkc Lfy 8, 1=63, br`l ottp7//kj.weiepkcef.`rn/weie/Bedk7HjecfrefPDuhPReft`ur.gpn
Dftkrfd Dejk Xystkls `b Beso. (j.c.). Jfte`jfd Hkjtkr b`r Ae`tkhoj`d`ny Ejb`rlfte`j. Qktrekvkc Fpred 8=, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.jhae.jdl.jeo.n`v/pualkc/168511>8
J`rtokrj Dk`pfrc Br`n
]frflkhef
] f r f s e t e h ^f s p
Qfjf pepekjs
]frflkheul pkjtfurkdef
Kjhfrsef b`rl`sf
S` l`vk `r stfy put Bujhte`j7 S` Bujhte`j7
S` l`vk tor`uno dequec Bujhte`j7 S` Bujhte`j7
S` nkjkrftk debt kbhekjtdy Bujhte`j7 S` Bujhte`j7
Xtrftkny7 Sok j`rtokrj dk`pfrc br`n st`rks kdfsteh kjkrny ej ets tkjc`js Xtrftkny7 Sok fjc rkdkfsks et wokj gulpejn.
Xtrftkny7 Sejy, ofer-deik `rnfjkddks fr`ujc tok a`cy `b tok pfrflkhef fht fs Xtrftkny7 Sejy, pfccdks t` l`vk et.
F —hdfp fjc pkkd“ fppejn lkto`c hrkftks v`rtehks fr`ujc Xtrftkny7 F Xtrftkny7 wejns.
Lkhofjesl7 Sok j`rtokrj dk`pfrc br`n gulps usejn prkve`usdy st`rkc Lkhofjesl7 Sok kdfsteh kjkrny. kjkrny. Et quehidy rkdkfsks toes kjkrny curejn ets gulp, hrkftejn f dfrnk fl`ujt `b p`wkr. Ejetefddy, tok br`n―s br`n―s lushdk so`rtkj weto`ut g`ej t l`vklkjt. Ellkceftkdy fbtkrwfrcs, ets tkjc`j strkthoks fjc rkh`eds. rkh`eds . Kjkrny es pr`cuhkc ay toes tkjc`j rkh`ed fjc es fas`rakc ay tok br`n―s lushdks. (Fstdky & Q`akrts, 1=66).
Lkhofjesl7 ]frflkhef frk kjhd`skc ej fj kdfsteh lklarfjk hfddkc tok pkddehdk. Sok pkddehdk es kjvkd`pkc weto hedef `r ofer-deik ofer-deik `rnfjkddks. `rnfjkddks . Sok hedef fht fs tejy fs tejy pfccdks, pfccdks , l`vejn tok pfrflkhef ej f nevkj cerkhte`j. Soky l`vk ay woepdfsoejn toklskdvks ej f h``rcejftkc, wfvk-deik wfvk-deik bfsoe`j.
Lkhofjesl7 Sok —hdfp fjc pkkd“ fppejn lkto`c h`jsests `b gust toft7 Lkhofjesl7 Sok hdfppejn a`to wejns t`nktokr wejns t`nktokr ft tok t`p `b tok str`ik fjc tokj pkkdejn tokl fwfy br`l kfho `tokr, stfrtejn weto tok dkfcejn kcnk `b tok wejn. F ofrc vkej ft tok br`jt `b tok wejn hfusks toft kcnk t` pkkd fwfy rst. Soes l`te`j ejcuhks f v`rtkx f v`rtkx rejn fr`ujc kfho wejn, woeho es sokc `j tok c`wjstr`ik, tokrkay nkjkrftejn debt.
Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` utedezk ludtepdk pfccdks s` toft et hfj kfsedy l`vk tor`uno wftkr.
Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` st`rk kdfsteh kjkrny s` toft et hfj ak uskc wokj l`vejn dftkr.
@ur cksenj es t` hdfp fjc pkkd wejns s` toft et hrkftks Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 ]rejhepdk7 @ur debt.
Hetfte`j7 Jfte`jfd Nk`nrfpoeh. (j.c.). Jfte`jfd Nk`nrfpoeh. Qktrekvkc Lfrho 6?, 1=63, br`l ottp7//fjelfds.jfte`jfdnk`nrfpoeh.h`l/fjelfds/flpoeaefjs/j`rtokrj-dk`pfrc-br`n/
Hetfte`j7 Ofskdt`j, F. (j.c.). ]frflkheul putrejul. ]frflkheul. Qktrekvkc Lfy 8, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.ae`.ulfss. kcu/ae`d`ny/h`jj.revkr/pfrflkhe.otld
Hetfte`j7 Hofplfj, Q. B. (655?). Fkr`cyjflehs. Sok ejskhts7 struhturk fjc bujhte`j (3to kc., ). Hflarecnk, [I7 Hflarecnk [jevkrsety ]rkss.
Fstdky, O., & Q`akrts, S. (1=66, J`vklakr 62). Kveckjhk b`r f vkrtkarftk hftfpudt7 kdfsteh kjkrny st`rfnk ej tok pdfjtfres tkjc`j curejn br`n gulpejn. Qktrekvkc Lfy 6, 1 =63, br`l ottp7//www.jhae.jdl.jeo.n`v/plh/ frtehdks/]LH882>>88/
]frflkheul. (j.c.). ]frflkheul. Qktrekvkc Lfy 8, 1=63, br`l ottp7//6=6shekjhk.h`l/pfrflkheul.otl
Kjhfrsef b`rl`sf - X`ujc O`rtehudturk. (1=68, Gfjufry 6). X`ujc O`rtehudturk. Qktrekvkc Fpred 63, 1=63, br`l ottp7//s`ujco`rtehudturk.h`l/`bbkrejns/akjkhefd-ejskhts/kjhfrsef-b`rl`sf/
Skjc`js st`rk kdfsteh kjkrny7 j`rtokrj dk`pfrc br`n. (j.c.). - FsiJfturk. Qktrekvkc Lfy 6, 1=63, br`l ottp7// www.fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/8f?2=8k2bfbb;>bbk6;8a>a6kk8;8c?8#.[1EXd_cC2Ch Jfs, Nfry. (j.c). Qfjf ]epkjs Y]o`t`nrfpo\, Qktrekvkc Lfy 6, 1=63, br`l ottp7//ecfo`okrps.paw`ris. h`l/w/pfnk/?68818?/Qfjf%1=pepekjs%1H%1=J`rtokrj%1=dk`pfrc%1=br`n
Nedd, Q`nkde`.. (j.c). ]r`t`z`fj ]frflkheul Y]o`t`nrfpo\. Qktrekvkc Lfy 6, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.shekjtehh`lputejn.h`l/setks/shekjtehh`lputejn.h`l/dks/=3PL`rkj`PNeddP]frflkheul.gpn
Dkolfjj, B. (j.c.). R`rtkx pr`vecks debt7 pfrfseteh wfsp. FsiJfturk. Qktrekvkc Fpred 63, 1 =63, br`l ottp7//www. fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/8f==b=f128k3fahk1f3fk2=>>;?68?5k#.[6K;IkfXzvI Y]o`t`nrfpo `b ]frfseteh ^fsp\. Qktrekvkc Lfy 6, 1=63 br`l ottp7//s`ujco`rtehudturk.h`l/hls/wp-h`jtkjt/upd`fcs/Kjhfrsef-b`rl`sf.gpn
] o ` t ` s y jt o k s e s
Qfy-bejjkc Beso
Qkkc
@jh`royjhous n`raushof
]orfnletks fustrfdes
Bujhte`j7 S` h`jvkrt kjkrny
Bujhte`j7 S` lfejtfej jkutrfd au`yfjhy ej uec Bujhte`j7 S`
Bujhte`j7 S` l`vk nfs tor`uno f tuak
Xtrftkny7 ]dfjts usk po`t`syjtokses t` h`jvkrt s`dfr kjkrny ejt` hoklehfd Xtrftkny7 ]dfjts kjkrny.
Xtrftkny7 Et rknudftks tok fl`ujt `b nfs prkskjt ej fj ejtkrjfd, ejftfadk Xtrftkny7 Et hoflakr.
Xtrftkny7 Soky usk okenot-ckpkjckjt wejc spkkc (fjc tokrkb`rk fer prksXtrftkny7 Soky surk) t` suhi fer ejt` f o`dd`w tuak.
Lkhofjesl7 ]dfjts, s`lk pr`tests, afhtkref fjc aduk-nrkkj fdnfk `atfej kjkrny tor`uno po`t`syjtokses. ]o`t`syjtokses usufddy `hhurs wetoej tok `rnfjesl―s dkfvks, woeho fas`ra sujdenot, sujdenot , wftkr fjc hfra`j ce`xeck. Soky h`jvkrt toksk jutrekjts ejt` jutrekjts ejt` sunfr, `r pdfjt bukd, fjc `xynkj. ]dfjts bujhte`j kbhekjtdy usejn toker surr`ujcejn rks`urhks.
vfrefadk fl`ujts `b cess`dvkc Lkhofjesl7 Sok swel adfcckr hfj fas`ra fas`ra vfrefadk `xynkj br`l tok so―s ad``c. Ej `rckr t` prkvkjt rk-cess`dute`j `b tok `xynkj afhi ejt` tok ad``c, tok swel adfcckr wfdd es h`lpreskc `b f spkhefdezkc lklarfjk. Fccete`jfddy, fs ad``c pfssks tor`uno tok —nfs ndfjc“ ej tok swel adfcckr wfdd, et es b`rhkc tor`uno fj kxhofjnkr t` skjc kxhkss, cess`dvkc nfs afhi nfs afhi ejt` ad``c l`vejn t`wfrcs tok swel adfcckr.
Lkhofjesl7 Cebbkrkjtefd fer prkssurk hfuskc prkssurk hfuskc ay wejc ad`wejn fhr`ss ckfc hudls (e.k. tuaks) suhis fer ejt` tok d`wkr hudls, tor`uno tok roez`lks fjc ejt` tok r``ts `b tok tfddkr hudls (Fsi Jfturk, j.c.). Sok wejc spkkc es okenot-ckpkjckjt, ad`wejn ofrckr fhr`ss tok oenokr rkkcs. Cuk t` tok Akrj`udde Kbbkht, toes pudds toes pudds wftkr up tok tfddkr hudl fjc pusoks fjc pusoks fer c`wj tok c`wj tok so`rtkr hudl, ckdevkrejn `xynkj cerkhtdy t` tok pdfjt―s r``ts (Ckfjk, j.c.).
Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` h`jvkrt denot s` toft et pr`cuhks kjkrny t` trfjsp`rt ets uskrs.
@ur cksenj es t` hofjnk ckjsety s` toft et `fts `r sejis. Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 ]rejhepdk7 @ur
Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj usks prkssurk cebbkrkjtefds s` toft et hfj l`vk nfs tor`uno f tuak.
Hetfte`j7 Hrkftejn Kjkrny br`l Xujdenot7 ]dfjts. (j.c.). FsiJfturk. Qktrekvkc Lfy ;, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.fsijfturk. `rn/strftkny/3f>>a?;36b=138>25;;16b6h36?;h58f#.[1bqAxAC2Ch
Hetfte`j7 Xwel adfcckrs cebbusk nfs7 rfy-jjkc so. (j.c.). FsiJfturk. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6?, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www. fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/6k>>8;52a2k3a;;6?a2?f;6f3cc88;;2#.[6NXd@fXwsU
Hetfte`j7 H`dlkr, S., & ]ftk, G. (j.c.). Xtkls l`vk fer7 ]orfnletks fustrfdes. FsiJfturk. Qktrekvkc Fpred 63, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/hf2c6h=c?6;2=bchbfkf;8>ffb?>;>h2#.[6BORufXzvE
Srfhy, ^. (1==2, Fpred 16). O`w tok Kfrto ^`ris. O`wXtubb^`ris.h`l. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6>, 1=63, br`l ottp7// shekjhk.o`wstubbw`ris.h`l/kjver`jlkjtfd/kfrto/nk`poysehs/kfrto8.otl
Qfy-jjkc Beso. Y]o`t`nrfpo\. (j.c.). Qktrekvkc br`l ottp7//www.`hkfjhdfssr``ls.h`l/ls6=6Pu5Ph1PsbP1
Ckfjk, N. (j.c.). H`ll`j Qkkc. Kft Sok ^kkcs, fjc `tokr toejns t``. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6?, 1=63, br`l ottp7// www.kfttokwkkcs.h`l/h`ll`j-rkkc/
^oetlfrso, G. (655;, Gfjufry 6). Sok ]o`t`syjtokteh ]r`hkss. Debk.Eddej`es.k cu. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6>, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.debk.eddej`es.kcu/n`vejcgkk/pfpkr /n`v.otld
]krsefj Cutho Jktw`ri. (65 Gfjufry 1=68). ]orfnletks ej tok Jktokrdfjcs. Y]o`t`nrfpo\. Qktrekvkc br`l ottp7//kj.weiepkcef.`rn/weie/Bedk7]orfnletksPejPFlstkrcflP1=68.G]N
Qkl`rf
X fdp
X kf [rhoej
Khokjkes jfuhrftks
Hyhd`sfdpf afikre
Oktkr`hkjtr`tus lfleddftus
S` fttfho t` `agkhts Bujhte`j7 S` Bujhte`j7
Bujhte`j7 S` l`vk Bujhte`j7 S`
Xtrftkny7 Ay sdecejn afhiwfrcs `j `rnfjesls, Qkl`rf hrkftk suhte`j, `jdy Xtrftkny7 Ay rkdkfsejn toft suhte`j wokj toky swel b`rwfrc ej rkdfte`j t` toker hurrkjt o`st.
Xtrftkny7 Lfrejk sfdps l`vk tor`uno wftkr ay crfwejn ej uec tor`uno Xtrftkny7 Lfrejk `jk kjc `b toke r a`ceks fjc b`rhejn et `ut tor`uno tok `pp`setk kjc, f tkhojequk ij`wj fs gkt pr`pudse`j.
F Qkl`rf wedd fttfho etskdb t ` f o`st spkheks usejn fj `rnfj Lkhofjesl7 F Lkhofjesl7 fttfho etskdb `j tok t`p `b ets okfc toft hrkftks suhte`j ay suhte`j ay sdecejn afhiwfrc. Soes fdd`ws tok Qkl`rf t` fv`ec tok kjkrny h`sts `b swellejn fjc oujtejn, ejstkfc `ptejn t` h`jsulk tok jutrekjts br`l ets o`st (tor`uno b``c shrfps `r bkhks). Fttfhoejn t` f o`st fdd`ws b`r burtokr trfvkd woedk kxpkjcejn dkss kjkrny.
Lkhofjesl7 Xfdp l`vk fr`ujc ay lkfjs `b gkt pr`pudse`j, pr`pudse`j, crfwejn ej wftkr tor`uno fj fpkrturk ft `jk kjc ` b tok a`cy, fjc suaskqukjtdy kgkhtejn et tor`uno fj`tokr fpkrturk ft tok `pp`setk kjc. Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` usk gkt pr`pudse`j s` toft wk hfj trfjsp`rt rks`urhks.
Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj usks suhte`j t` fttfho kdklkjts t` dfrnkr kjteteks s` toft kjkrny es sfvkc. Hetfte`j7 Qecejn weto Xofris7 Qkskfrhokrs Xtucy Fcokse`j Xystkl `b Qkl`rf Beso t` Hrkftk Ae`-Ejsperkc Fcoksevk | Nk`rnef Skho Qkskfrho Ejstetutk. (j.c.). Qktrekvkc br`l ottp7//ntre.nftkho.kcu/hfskstucy/NSQE-rkl`rf-fcokse`j-stucy-ae`-ejsperkc-fcoksevk
Hetfte`j7 Gkt pr`pudse`j fs trfjsp`rtfte`j lkhofjesl7 sfdp. (j.c.). - FsiJfturk. Qktrekvkc Lfy 6, 1=63, br`l ottp7// www.fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/k3kaac?>ha?=;f6h3=?>1ah15;a;afkk#.[1B6O8cC2Ch
Bujhte`j7 S` trfjsp`rt rks`urhks br`l f hkjtrfd p`ejt t` kxtkjckc Bujhte`j7 S` arfjhoks Xtrftkny7 Xkf urhoejs usk rfceftejn tuaks t` lejelezk tok cestfjhk lftkrefds Xtrftkny7 Xkf ofvk t` ak trfjsp`rtkc. Lkhofjesl7 Xkf [rhoejs usk rfceftejn tuaks t` tuaks t` kbhekjtdy trfjsp`rt rks`urhks br`l toker hkjtkr t` toker kxtkjckc dkns. Ofvejn tok tuaks h`lk br`l f hkjtrfd p`ejt so`rtkjs tok cestfjhk toft cestfjhk toft rks`urhks ofvk t` trfvkd. Ay ejh`rp`rftejn hkjtrfdezkc arfjhoejn b`rls, b`rls , skf urhoejs frk fadk t` nftokr rks`urhks fjc trfjsp`rt tokl t` toker kxtrkleteks (`r vehk vkrsf) l`rk kbhekjtdy. Soes hkjtrfd frkf es hfddkc tok pkrest`lk. Xpejks fr`ujc toes frkf frk hfpfadk `b fecejn d`h`l`te`j, aur r`wejn, fjc b``c nftokrejn (B`dd` & Bfutej, j.c.). ]kcehkddfrejk, d`hftkc aktwkkj spejks, fdd`w tok urhoej t` hdutho b``c. Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` ejh`rp`rftk rfceftejn sofpks s` toft cestfjhk es lejelezkc woedk trfjsp`rtejn rks`urhks.
Gkt pr`pudse`j. (1=63, Fpred 1;). ^eiepkcef. Qktrekvkc Lfy 6, 1=63, br`l ottp7//kj.weiepkcef.`rn/weie/GktPpr` pudse`j O`an``c, Jehi. (1==;). ]kdfneh Y]o`t`nrfpo\ Qktrekvkc Lfy 6, 1=63, br`l ottp7//h`ll`js.weielkcef.`rn/weie/Bedk7H`lagkddy.gpn
Hetfte`j7 B`dd`, G., & Bfutej, C. (j.c.). Khoej`eckf. Fjelfd Cevkrsety. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6>, 1=63, br`l ottp7//fjelfdcevkrsety.ullz.uleho.kcu/fhh`ujts/Khoej`eckf/ Qfceftejn sofpk lfiks b`r kbhekjt trfjsp`rt7 skf urhoej. (j.c.). FsiJfturk. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6>, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/=>b38;af5=?h?1?k356c?cf=ca12>5ak#.[6AdEB];jks
X kssedk Afrjfhdks
Xdelk L`dc
Xpettdkaun
Hotoflfdus hofddkjnkre
]oysfr ul p`dyhkpofdul
]r`sfpef aehejhtf
Bujhte`j7 S` lfxelezk spfhk
Bujhte`j7 S` jktw`ri fjc h`js`decftk ej `rckr t` jc b``c s`urhks
Bujhte`j7 S` pr`tkht fjc husoe`j
Xtrftkny7 Xkssedk Afrjfhdks h`lpktk ay rfpecdy rkpr`cuhejn s` toky hfj Xtrftkny7 Xkssedk kxpfjc ejt` uj`hhupekc spfhk bfstkr tofj `tokr `rnfjesls.
Xtrftkny7 Sok Xdelk L`dc skdb-`rnfjezks fjc usks fj kbhekjt jktw`ri `b Xtrftkny7 Sok tuaks t` d`hftk ets b``c.
Xtrftkny7 Sok auaadks pr`cuhkc ay spettdka uns fdd`w tok aun t` pr`tkht Xtrftkny7 Sok fjc husoe`j etskdb.
Lkhofjesl7 Xkssedk Afrjfhdks rkpr`cuhk ft f rfpec rftk. Soky kxpfjc dftkrfddy t` tfik up f dfrnk surbfhk frkf. Kfho afrjfhdk lust ofvk kj`uno spfhk t` lfejtfej f ofaetft, aut toky tfik fcvfjtfnk `b kvkry pekhk `b fvfedfadk spfhk t` `ptelezk devejn frkfs. Soker sofpk fdd`ws b`r tokl t` pfhi t` pfhi tenotdy.. Sok rksudtejn pfttkrj `b spfhk utedezfte`j so`ws tok h`lpktetevk tenotdy fjc h``pkrftevk pr`hkssks aktwkkj pr`hkssks aktwkkj afrjfhdks toft hrkftk ckserkc devejn h`jcete`js.
Lkhofjesl7 Xdelk L`dc es f sejndk-hkddkc, preletevk debk b`rl weto f s`poestehftkc b`rfnejn tkhojequk. Et pudsks fjc sprkfcs fj kbhekjt jktw`ri `b tuak tuakss ej `rckr t` d`hftk b``c. Fbtkr et ofs d`hftkc f s`urhk `b b``c et sorejis afhi ets ujuskc tuaks t` h`jskrvk rks`urhks. Kfho h`jjkhtejn tuak skrvks fs f wfy b`r tok l`dc t` trfjsbkr jutrekjts. Sok l`dc fdwfys ofs l`rk tofj `jk h`jjkhtejn tuak t` f b``c s`urhk ej `rckr t` pr`tkht etskdb br`l cflfnk.
f woetk auaadk Lkhofjesl7 Xpettdkauns pr`cuhk f woetk auaadk suastfjhk `j suastfjhk `j pdfjts. Sok spettdkaun hrkftks toes b`fl-de ik suastfjhk t` pr`tkht etskdb br`l `tokr ejskhts fjc t` husoe`j etskdb. ^okj spettdkauns bkkc, toky pujhturk tok husoe`j etskdb. pdfjt―s stkl, kftejn tok sfp. Sok sfp es tokj pulpkc tor`uno tok a`cy fjc kxpkddkc tor`uno tok fjus. Sok skhrktkc uec h`laejks weto fer fjc pr`cuhks tok pr`tkhtevk tok pr`tkhtevk auaadks auaadks..
Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj usks l`cudfrety s` toft spfhk es uskc `ptelfddy.
Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` usk kbhekjt jktw`ris fjc h`js`decftk s` toft et hfj b`hus `j hkrtfej rks`urhks.
Hetfte`j7 Xkssedk Afrjfhdks - ckjete`j `b Xkssedk Afrjfhdks ay tok Brkk @jdejk Cehte`jfry, Soksfurus fjc Kjhyhd`pkKjhyhd`pkcef. (j.c.). Qktrekvkc br`l ottp7//www.tokbrkkcehte`jfry.h`l/Xkssedk+Afrjfhdks
Hetfte`j7 Hyt`pdfsl skkis kbhekjt r`utks7 sdelk l`dc. (j.c.). FsiJfturk. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6>, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www. fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/c52hfca6ahff=h=a=363?8c2=f5h>>16#.[6A[vR];jks
Hetfte`j7 Lfrslfj, E. (1==;). Xpettdk Aun Jylpo `j Hd`vkr Y]o`t`nrfpo\, Qktrekvkc Fpred 6>, 1=63, br`l ottps7//www. ehir.h`l/po`t`s/elfrslfj/6;3=66??/
@ptelezejn sezk fecs survevfd7 skssedk afrjfhdks. (j.c.). - FsiJfturk. Qktrekvkc Lfy 6, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www. fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/hh8=82=5a3=a5a??f;k6=c6ff8k5;8c3#.[1CO1AAC2Ch
Xdelk L`dcs. (j.c.). Lehr`akw`rdc. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6>, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.lehr`akw`rdc.`rn/typks-`blehr`aks/pr`testf/sdelk-l`dcs
Iudzkr, D. (6552, Gujk 6). Xpettdkauns. Hrfwb`rc.jkt. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6>, 1=63, br`l ottp7//hrfwb`rc.tfrcenrfck. jkt/auns/Aun`bL`jto16.otld
Lfnns, Lehofkd. (1 Funust 1==>). Hotoflfdus stkddftus. Y]o`t`nrfpo\. Qktrekvkc br`l ottp7//kj.weiepkcef. `rn/weie/Bedk7HotoflfdusPstkddftus.gpn
Nkj`lk7 ]oysfrul p`dyhkpofdul. (j.c.). Nkj`lk Ejstetutk ft ^fsoejnt`j [jevkrsety. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6>, 1=63, br`l ottp7//nkj`lk.wustd.kcu/nkj`lks/cktfed/poysfrul-p`dyhkpofdul/
@ptelfddy ]fhiejn Xpokrks7 Xpettdk Aun. (j.c.). FsiJfturk. Qktrekvkc Lfy ;, 1=63 , br`l ottp7//www.fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/1b1c3?h6>1b=f6b3=??;3c?ffa1kca=1#.[1brLxAC2Ch
Y]o`t`nrfpo `b sdelk l`dc\. Qktrekvkc Fpred 8=,1=6 3, br`l ottp7//fjelfdjkwy`ri.h`l/1=61/toes-sdelk-l`dclfiks-luseh/
Auss, K., & ^eddefls, D. (j.c.). Sw`dejkc Xpettdkauns ej Surbnrfss. KCEX Jkw ]uadehfte`js QXX. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6>, 1=63, br`l ottp7//kces.ebfs.u.kcu/do=>>
Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` hrkftk f kxeadk, auaadk-deik struhturk s` toft et pr`vecks pr`tkhte`j fjc husoe`jejn.
Xur ejfl S`fc
Xyhfl`rk Xyhfl`r k Lfpdk Xkkc X kkc
]epf pepf
Fhkr pskuc`pdftfjus
S`rjfc`
S` utedezk kxtrf spfhk Bujhte`j7 S` Bujhte`j7
S` trfvkrsk dfrnk, o`rez`jtfd cestfjhks woedk bfddejn Bujhte`j7 S` Bujhte`j7
S` l`vk fjc hfrry Bujhte`j7 S` Bujhte`j7
Xtrftkny7 Xurejfl S`fcs usk tok spfhk `j toker afhi t` rfesk toker y`ujn. Xtrftkny7 Xurejfl
Xtrftkny7 Curejn toker bfdd, tok syhfl`rk lfpdk skkcs r`tftk fjc hrkftk debt. Xtrftkny7 Curejn
Xtrftkny7 Hofjnks ej wejc cerkhte`j fjc fer tklpkrfturk hrkftk f suastfjXtrftkny7 Hofjnks tefd r`tftejn bujjkd `r t`rjfc`.
Lkhofjesl7 Sok bklfdk surejfl t`fc usks tok spfhk `j okr afhi ay Lkhofjesl7 Sok hfrryejn okr y`ujn `j et. Sok t`fc―s knns frk klakcckc ej tok siej `b ets afhi, nrfcufddy b`rlejn f o`jkyh`l o`jkyh`la-deik a-deik struhturk struhturk.. Soes struhturk nevks kfho `b tok `bbsprejn kj`uno r``l t` lfturk ejt` fc`dkshkjts.
Xyhfl`rk lfpdk skkcs bfdd woedk r`tftejn. Sok skkc ofs f Lkhofjesl7 Xyhfl`rk Lkhofjesl7 wejn deik-struhturk toft hrkftks f stfadk f stfadk v`rtkx fd`jn ets dkfcejn kcnk. Sok debt toft es hrkftkc ay toes v`rtkx fdd`ws b`r tok skkc t` crebt. crebt . Soes sd`ws fjc pr`d`jns tok skkc―s enot telk, woeho fdd`ws et t` trfvkd bfrtokr fwfy br`l tok trkk.
Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj usks tok kxtrf spfhk `b f struhturk s` toft surbfhks frk uskc `ptelfddy.
Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` usk r`tfte`j t` hrkftk debt s` toft et hfj trfvkd bfr.
Lkhofjesl7 F t`rjfc` es hrkftkc wokj o`t oulec fer akh`lks trfppkc Lkhofjesl7 F ujckr f dfykr `b h`dc cry fer. Berst o`rez`jtfd Berst o`rez`jtfd spejjejn stfrts spejjejn stfrts wokj tok wejcs hofjnk cerkhte`j. Sokj f r`tftejn f r`tftejn bujjkd es bujjkd es hrkftkc wokj h``d, l`est fer br`l tok c`wjcrfbt fjc wfrl fer ej tok upcrfbt h`jvkrnk. Sok t`rjfc` systkl hfj akh`lk str`jn kj`uno t` trfvkd nrkft cestfjhks fjc hfrry dfrnk `agkhts. Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` usk spejjejn hyhd`jk l`te`j s` toft et hfj trfjsp`rt rks`urhks up fjc c`wj.
Hetfte`j7 Xurejfl S`fc. (j.c.). - ]epf pepf 7 ^FWF 7 ^`rdc Fss`hefte`j `b W``s fjc Fqufreuls. Qktrekvkc Lfy 6, 1=6 3, br`l ottp7//www.wfzf.`rn/kj/z``/ho``sk-f-spkheks/flpoeaefjs/br`ns-fjc-t`fcs/pepf-pepf
Hetfte`j7 Dkfcejn Kcnk `b Xkkc Hrkftks R`rtkx Debt7 Lfpdk. (j.c.). FsiJfturk. Qktrekvkc Lfy 8, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www. fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/fbfk>f>kaca8656k8>2hc18=328f2>=;#.[1[VnI6c^LN
Hetfte`j7 O`w c`ks f S`rjfc` ^`ri0. (1==2, Gfjufry 6). O`w C`ks f S`rjfc` ^`ri0. Qktrekvkc Lfy 8, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.sh`kl.`rn/w`ri.otld
Xiej Nr`ws @vkr Bkrtedezkc Knns7 Xurejfl S`fc. (j.c.). FsiJfturk. Qktrekvkc Lfy 6, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www. fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/83?1816;562faa=8b2h;6=1125bb>5k5#.[1Il2_cC2Ch
Xkhrkt B`ujc t` Bdenot `b ‟Okdeh`ptkr Xkkcs―. (1==5, Gujk 66). DevkXhekjhk . Qktrekvkc Lfy 8, 1=63, br`l ottp7// www.devkshekjhk.h`l/82>1-skhrkt-enot-okdeh`ptkr-skkcs.otld
Arfej, L., & Dfla, Q. (1===, Fpred 6). O`w S`rjfc`ks ^`ri. O`wXtubb^`ris. Qktrekvkc Lfy 8, 1=63, br`l ottp7//shekjhk.o`wstubbw`ris.h`l/jfturk/hdelftk-wkftokr/st`rls/t`rjfc`.otl
I`siejkj, R. (j.c.). Xurejfl S`fc ]epf ]`pf Y]o`t`nrfpo\, Qktrkevkc Lfy 6, 1=63, br`l ottp7//lfddelffifre. ckvefjtfrt.h`l/frt/Xurejfl-t`fc-6216?;368
S`rjfc` ^fddpfpkr OC Y]o`t`nrfpo\. (1=63). Qktrekvkc Lfy 8, 1=63, br`l ottp7//brkkwfddpeh.h`l/wp-h`jtkjt/upd`fcs/1=63/=8/S`rjfc`-^fddpfpkrs-OC.gpn
Rf l p e r k X q u e c
^oerdenen Akktdk
W``pdfjit`j
Rflpyr`tkutoes Rf lpyr`tkutoes ejbkrjfdes
Cejkutus flkrehfjus
Hfdfj`ecks fhutus
Bujhte`j7 S` pr`veck dftkrfd pr`pudse`j b`r kbhekjhy fjc f skh`jcfry Bujhte`j7 S` pr`pudse`j systkl b`r aursts `b spkkc Xtrftkny7 Sok vflperk squec j`rlfddy usks js t` h`jskrvk kjkrny fjc Xtrftkny7 Sok kjnfnks tok trfcete`jfd squec gkt pr`pudse`j `jdy ej telks `b jkkc. Lkhofjesl7 Sw` dftkrfd js kxtkjc br`l tok secks `b tok lfjtdk. Bdfp pejn toksk js (deik f aerc) skrvks fs tok prelfry lkfjs `b pr`pudse`j (l`vejn fr`ujc). Sok gkt Sok gkt pr`pudse`j systkl es l`rk kjkrny ejtkjsevk fjc es `jdy uskc ej so`rt aursts fs fj kshfpk fj kshfpk rksp`jsk. rksp`jsk . Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` ejhduck f afhiup pr`pudse`j systkl s` toft ejhrkfskc spkkc es fvfedfadk ej telks `b jkkc.
Bujhte`j7 S` hofjnk cerkhte`j swebtdy, ej f h`jtr`ddkc lfjjkr Bujhte`j7 S`
Bujhte`j7 S` `ft `r seji Bujhte`j7 S`
Xtrftkny7 Sok woerdenen akktdk l`vks ay hrkftejn torust fjc r`tfte`j weto Xtrftkny7 Sok ets oejc dkns woedk tok leccdk skt `b dkns stfaedezk l`vklkjt.
Xtrftkny7 Et fdtkrs ets ckjsety tor`uno v`dulk hofjnk ft pofsk trfjsete`js Xtrftkny7 Et (dequec t` s`dec ft h`dc tklpkrfturks fjc vehk vkrsf).
Lkhofjesl7 Sok akktdk ofs tw` skts `b dkns rkdftkc t` ets l`te`j7 oejc dkns fjc leccdk dkns. Sok oejc dkns pfccdk fjc pfccdk fjc hrkftk torust cuk t` toker kxhkddkjt h`jtfht weto tok wftkr (cuk t` toker swellejn ofers, `r dflejfk). Sok ofers frk d`hftkc bfr br`l tok hkjtkr `b nrfvety s` toft tokylfxelezk toky lfxelezk t`rquk (f b`rhk toft r`tftks fj `agkht fa`ut fj fxes). ^oedk tok akktdk es turjejn quehidy, quehidy , tok leccdk dkns stfaedezk tok l`te`j ay afdfjhejn et weto toker `wj pfccdejn.
Lkhofjesl7 @jhk toes z``pdfjit`j rkfhoks ckptos `b 3== lktkrs (`jk qufrtkr ledk), tok h`dc tklpkrfturks hfusk f dfrnk p`hikt `b wfxy dequec wetoej ets a`cy t` trfjsb`rl ejt` f ckjsk s`dec, s`dec, hfusejn tok `rnfjesl t` seji. Fs f au`yfjt f au`yfjt suastfjhk, suastfjhk, tok wfxy dequec es lfck up `b sfturftkc bftty fhecs, woeho frk d`jn hofejs `b hfra`j ft`ls fttfhokc t` kfho `tokr ay sejndk a`jcs. S` prkpfrk b`r ets ckshkjt fjc oeakrjfte`j, tok hrustfhkfj hofjnks tok wfxy suastfjhk br`l sfturftkc t` ujsfturftkc9 toft es, lfjy `b tok sejndk a`jcs h`jjkhtejn tok hfra`j ft`ls t` kfho `tokr frk h`jvkrtkc t` c`uadk a`jcs.
Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` usk strftknehfddy pdfhkc pfccdejn struhturks s` toft et turjs quehidy, ej f stfaedezkc lfjjkr.
Cksenj ]rejhepdk7 @ur ]rejhepdk7 @ur cksenj es t` hofjnk ckjsety t` toft et `fts `r sejis. Hetfte`j7 Xkeakd, A., Soukskj, K. , & Hoedcrkss, G. (). BDENOS @B SOK RFL]EQK7 @JS@NKJKSEH NFES-SQFJXE SE@J EJ RFL]UQ@SK[SOEX EJBKQJFDEX (HK]OFD@]@CF7 RFL]UQ@L@Q]OF). Sok G`urjfd `b Kxpkrelkjtfd Ae`d`ny, 1=6.
Hetfte`j7 _u, W., Dkjfnofj, X., Qkksk, A., Gef, _., & Wofjn, L. (j.c.). Lec fjc oejc dkns stfaedezk oeno-spkkc turjejn7 woerdenen akktdk. FsiJfturk. Qktrekvkc Fpred 5, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/;=5682h; aa333>bh2=6a1?akc1k=15kk#.[6NDO@fXwsU
Okdd `b f vflperk `r f okddeso vflperk squec (Dftej Rflpyr`tkutoes ejbkrjfdes). (1=6=, Ckhklakr 6?). Ejtkrkstejn Fjelfds. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6?, 1=63, br`l ottp7//efjelfd.ru/t`pehs/fcsiegg-vflper
Crkks, A. (1==6, Funust 6=). ^oerdenen Akktdk. ^oerdenen Akktdk. Qktrekvkc Fpred ?, 1=63, br`l ottps7//ejskhts. tflu.kcu/kxtkjse`j/y`uto/aun/aun=?8.otld
Y]o`t`nrfpo `b vflperk squec\. Qktrekvkc Lfy 6, 1=63 br`l ottp7//t`dwka.`rn/Rflpyr`tkutoesPejbkrjfdes/1==?3
Afsteffj Crkks. (6= Funust 1==6). ^oerdenen Akktdk. Y]o`t`nrfpo\ Qktrekvkc br`l ottps7//ejskhts.tflu.kcu/ kxtkjse`j/y`uto/aun/aun=?8.otld
Hetfte`j7 W``pdfjit`j - LfrejkAe`.`rn. (j.c.). LfrejkAe` H`jskrvfte`j X`hekty. Qktrekvkc Fpred 6 ?, 1=63, br`l ottp7// lfrejkae`.`rn/`hkfjs/z``pdfjit`j.fsp ^fx kstkrs fdd`w b`r hofjnks ej au`yfjhy7 Hfdfj`ecks fhutus z``pdfjit`j. (j.c.). - FsiJfturk. Qktrekvkc Lfy ;, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.fsijfturk.`rn/strftkny/f8?2cb15?>c25fc353fhfh;b5?1?=81; [wk Ieds. (12 Gudy 1==;). H`pkp`cieds. Y]o`t`nrfpo\. Qktrekvkc br`l ottp7//kj.weiepkcef.`rn/weie/Bedk7H` pkp`cieds
rkbkrkjhks
F-Lkzz Kjnejkkrkc EAH Xtfers. (j.c.). EAH Xtfers H`ck. Qktrekvkc Lfy ;, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.flkzz.h`l/eah-stfers-h`ck.otl
o1n1 - Xtfers - Kcetkc Kjtry. (j.c.). o1n1 - Xtfers - Kcetkc Kjtry. Qktrekvkc Lfy ;, 1=63, br`l ottp7//o1n1.h`l/kcetkcPkjtry/F;=2266
Xtfer Xfbkty. (j.c.). XLF -. Qktrekvkc Lfy ;, 1=63, b r`l ottp7//stferwfys. `rn/Sok-Xtferhfsk/Xtfer-Xfbkty
. (j.c.). . Qktrekvkc Lfy ;, 1=63, br`l ottp7//crh.`oe`deji.kcu/aetstrkfl/ofjcdk/18>3.@_/6?61?2/H`jvkyejn%1=Xystkls.pcb0sk-strkfl/ofjcdk/18>3.@_/6?61?2/H`jvkyejn%1=Xystkls.pcb0sk qukjhk<8
Xperfd - Letsuaesoe Kdkhtreh Kdkvft`rs & Kshfdft`rs. (j.c.). Xperfd - Letsuaesoe Kdkhtreh Kdkvft`rs & Kshfdft`rs. Qktrekvkc Lfy ;, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.letsuaesoekdkvft`r.h`l/pr`cuhts/kshfdft`rs/sperfd
Dkvytft`r ‘ tok hurvy, kjkrny-sfvejn kshfdft`r. (j.c.). Dkvytft`r ‘ tok hurvy, kjkrny-sfvejn kshfdft`r. Qktrekvkc Lfy ;, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www. nezlfn.h`l/tok-dkvytft`r/1=666/
G`jn, G.G. (1=61, Gfjufry 6). ]K@]DK BD@^ X@D[SE@JX S@ KJOFJHK A[EDCEJN ]KQB@QLFJHK . . Qktrekvkc Lfy ;, 1=63, br`l ottp7//hcj.i`jk.h`l/www.lfg`rPpr`gkhts.i`jk.h`l/Elfnks/ pk`pdk%1=`w%1=s`dute`js%1=t`%1=kjofjhk%1=auedcejn%1=pkr-pk`pdk%1=`w%1=s`dute`js%1=t`%1=kjofjhk%1=auedcejn%1=pkr b`rlfjhk.pcb0v<6
]ktkrs, Q. (655?, Bkarufry 6). RKQSEHFD SQFJX]@QSFSE@J ]DFJJEJN EJ A[EDCEJNX. . Qktrekvkc Lfy ;, 1=63, br`l ottp7// www.c`wjd`fc.pktkrs-rkskfrho.h`l/kjnc/tokses.]CB www .c`wjd`fc.pktkrs-rkskfrho.h`l/kjnc/tokses.]CB
Xjeckrlfj, C. (1=61, Xkptklakr 6). Kjkrny Kbhekjt Kdkvft`r Skhoj`d`neks. . Qktrekvkc Lfy ;, 1=63, br`l ottps7//www.fslk.`rn/kjnejkkrejn-t`pehs/ frtehdks/kdkvft`rs/kjkrny-kbhekjt-kdkvft`r-tkhoj`d`neks
D``iejn b`r tok Kdkvft`r0 Sokrk―s fj Fpp b`r So ft. (j.c.). Cuik S`cfy. S`cfy. Qktrekvkc Lfy ;, 1=63, br`l ottp7//t`cfy.cuik.kcu/1=61/=2/ujd`h
^oft Cktkrlejks O`w Lfjy Kdkvft`rs f Auedcejn ^edd Ofvk0. (1=68, Gujk 66). Sok Oubjnt` j ]`st. Qktrekvkc Lfy ;, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.oubjn t`jp`st.h`l/qu`rf/woft-cktkrlejks-o`w-lfjyPaP83165>?.otld Kdkvft`r ]r`adkls. (j.c.). Sfjtus S`wkrs. Qktrekvkc Lfy ;, 1=63, br`l ottp7//pr`adklswetotfjtust`wkrs.w`rcprkss.h`l/kdkvft`r-pr`adkls/
Iel, X. G., Delf, L. C., De, J., ck Fjcrfck, L. G., Bfjn, X., @o, G., kt fd. Kdk htrehfddy, trehfddy, Hoklehfddy, fjc ]o `t`jehfddy ]`wkrkc S`rse`jfd fjc Skjsedk Fhtufte`j `b Oyarec Hfra`j Jfj`tuak Ufrj Lushdks. Xhekjhk, 88?, 51?-581.
Besoejn Dejk Frteh efd Lushdks. (1=63, Bkarufry 1=). Qktrekvkc Lfy ?, 1=63, br`l ottp7//www.kdkhtr`lftkrefds.kcu.fu/jkws/[@^622131.otld
S``j, G.G. (1=68, Ckhklakr 6=). Hfpturejn wfstkc kdkhtrehety weto trea`kdkhtreh nkjkrft`rs. ]oys.`rn. Qktrekvkc Lfy ?, 1=63, br`l ottp7//poys.`rn/ jkws/1=68-61-hfpturejn-kdkhtrehety-trea`kdkhtreh.otld
Dkk, I.G. & Jfl, U.X. U.X. (1=68, Ckhklakr 8). Skfl ckvkd`ps ae`tklpdftkc cksenj `b pekz`kdkhtreh kjkrny ofr vkstejn ckvehk. poys.`rn. poys.`rn. Qktrekvkc Lfy ?, 1=63, br`l ottp7//poys.`rn/jkws/1=68-61-tkfl-ae`tklpdftkc-pekz`kdkhtreh-kjkrny-ofrvkstejn.otld#ejdQdv
G`ojs`j, X. (1==6). Klkrnkjhk7 tok h`jjkhtkc devks `b fjts, arfejs, heteks, fjc s`btwfrk. Jkw U`ri7 Xhreajkr.
Nkjkteh fdn`retol. (1=63, Funust ;). ^eiepkcef. Qktrekvkc Lfy ?, 1=63, br`l ottp7//kj.weiepkcef.`rn/weie/NkjktehPfdn`retol
Xòckrakrno, E. (1=63, Lfrho 6?). Jfj`tuak h`lp`setks ejhrkfsk tok kbhekjhy `b jkxt nkjkrfte`j `b s`dfr hkdds. ]oys.`rn. ]oys.`rn. Qktrekvkc Lfy Lfy 3, 1=63, br`l ottp7//poys.`rn/jkws/1=63-=8-jfj`tuak-h`lp`setks-kb ottp7//poys.`rn/jkws/1=63-=8-jfj`tuak-h`lp`setks-kb-hekjhy-s`dfr-hkdds.otld#ejdQdv
Nduaf, L., & Jehikd, J. (1=68, @ht`akr ?). Lfg`r dkfp t`wfrcs nrfpokjk b`r s`dfr hkdds7 Nrfpokjk rktfejs ets pr`pkrteks kvkj wokj h`ftkc weto sedeh`j. ]oys.`rn. Qktrekvkc Lfy Lfy ?, 1=63, br`l ottp7//poys.`rn/ jkws/1=68-6=-lfg`r-nrfpokjk-s`dfr-hkdds-rktfejs.otld#ejdQdv
H`dklfj, G. (1=63, Fpred 1=). Lfiejn Nrfpokjk ej U`ur Iethokj. ]oys. `rn Qktrekvkc Lfy ?, 1=63, br`l ottp7//poys.`rn/jkws/1=63-=3nrfpokjk-iethokj.otld
Afulkestkr, C., C., & S`hik, Q. (1=68). Ae`lelehry rks`urhk ofjca``i7 f skkc afji `b akst prfhtehks. Less`udf, L`jtfjf7 Ae`lelehry Ae`lelehry 8.?.